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{ "text": "Brooklyn Nine - Nine - wikipedia Brooklyn Nine - Nine Jump to : navigation, search Brooklyn Nine - Nine Genre Police procedural Sitcom Created by Dan Goor Michael Schur Starring Andy Samberg Andre Braugher Terry Crews Melissa Fumero Joe Lo Truglio Stephanie Beatriz Chelsea Peretti Dirk Blocker Joel McKinnon Miller Theme music composer Dan Marocco Jacques Slade Lamar Van Sciver Frank Greenfield Composer ( s ) Dan Marocco Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 91 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Goor Michael Schur David Miner Phil Lord Chris Miller Luke Del Tredici Producer ( s ) Andy Samberg Marshall Boone Norm Hiscock Matt Nodella Location ( s ) Los Angeles, California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Fremulon Dr. Goor Productions 3 Arts Entertainment Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Audio format Surround with Descriptive Video Service on SAP channel Original release September 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows New Girl External links Official website www.fox.com/brooklyn-nine-nine/ Brooklyn Nine - Nine is an American police sitcom that premiered on Fox on September 17, 2013, garnering 6.17 million viewers. Created by Dan Goor and Michael Schur, the series revolves around Jake Peralta ( Andy Samberg ), an immature but talented NYPD detective in Brooklyn 's 99th Precinct, who comes into immediate conflict with his new commanding officer, the serious and stern Captain Raymond Holt ( Andre Braugher ). The ensemble and supporting cast feature Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz, Terry Crews as Terrence `` Terry '' Jeffords, Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago, Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle, Chelsea Peretti as Regina `` Gina '' Linetti, Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock and Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman `` Norm '' Scully. Produced in Los Angeles as a single - camera comedy, Fox originally ordered thirteen episodes for its first season, eventually expanding to 22 episodes. Since its debut, the series has received critical acclaim, with the cast, especially Samberg, being singled out for praise. It has won two Creative Arts Emmy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards : one for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and one for Andy Samberg for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy. Andre Braugher has also been nominated for three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance. On May 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on September 26, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 3 Development and production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Popular culture and tie - ins 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in the fictional 99th Precinct of the New York City Police Department in Brooklyn, Brooklyn Nine - Nine follows a team of detectives headed by newly appointed Captain Ray Holt ( Andre Braugher ). Among the detectives is Jake Peralta ( Andy Samberg ), who frequently tops the squad in collars despite his relaxed, carefree attitude, much to the annoyance of his more by - the - book colleague, Amy Santiago ( Melissa Fumero ). Charles Boyle ( Joe Lo Truglio ) is a reliable but quirky detective whose emotions can sometimes go wild, as opposed to the stoic and mysterious Rosa Diaz ( Stephanie Beatriz ). The final two detectives, Michael Hitchcock ( Dirk Blocker ) and Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( Joel McKinnon Miller ), are older and often incompetent, although not without their usefulness. The detectives report to Sergeant Terry Jeffords ( Terry Crews ), a devoted family man who is initially afraid to go back to active police work for fear that he might die in the line of duty and thus leave his two children without a father. Rounding out the precinct is sarcastic civilian administrator Gina Linetti ( Chelsea Peretti ), who seems to value everything like dancing and her social life over work, and does anything to avoid her job. Cast and characters ( edit ) The NYPD 78th precinct building in Brooklyn. An exterior image is used as an establishing shot during the show. See also : List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine characters Andy Samberg as Detective Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta Stephanie Beatriz as Detective Rosa Diaz Terry Crews as Detective Sergeant Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords Melissa Fumero as Detective Amy Santiago Joe Lo Truglio as Detective Charles Boyle Chelsea Peretti as Administrator Regina `` Gina '' Linetti Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt Dirk Blocker as Detective Third Grade Michael Hitchcock ( season 2 - present ; recurring season 1 ) Joel McKinnon Miller as Detective Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( season 2 - present ; recurring season 1 ) Development and production ( edit ) On May 8, 2013, Fox placed a thirteen - episode order for the single - camera ensemble comedy. On October 18, 2013, the series was picked up for a full season of 22 episodes, and was later chosen to air with New Girl in a `` special one - hour comedy event '' as the Super Bowl XLVIII lead - out programs. The exterior view of the fictional 99th Precinct building, complete with numerous NYPD vehicles parked in front of it, is the actual 78th Precinct building at the corner of Sixth Avenue and Bergen Street, one block south of the Barclays Center and one block east of the Bergen Street station on the New York City Subway 's 2 3 4 5 routes. Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) March 25, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 23 September 28, 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 17, 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 23 September 27, 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) April 19, 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 22 September 20, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 23, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 5 TBA September 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave Season 1 a score of 88 % based on 49 reviews. The consensus is : `` Led by the surprisingly effective pairing of Andy Samberg and Andre Braugher, Brooklyn Nine - Nine is a charming, intelligently written take on the cop show format. '' For Season 2, it received a score of 100 % based on 11 reviews. That season 's consensus is : `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's winning cast, appealing characters and wacky gags make it good comfort food. '' Metacritic gives the first season of the show a weighted average rating of 70 / 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. The Huffington Post posted a list of `` 9 Reasons You Need To Start Watching Brooklyn Nine - Nine '', while Paste magazine celebrated `` The 10 Best Moments from Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's First Season '' in 2014. Popular culture and tie - ins ( edit ) During the 2013 Comedy Central Roast of James Franco, Bill Hader wore a white wig and pretended to be `` The President of Hollywood. '' Hader joked to Andy Samberg, `` Looking forward to your new show, Brooklyn Nine - Nine. Funny cops. You 're always pushing the envelope, Andy. What 's going to happen when you run out of funny crimes like graffiti and pickpockets? Ca n't wait to see episode 10 when Brooklyn 99 has to deal with a rape. ' Oh, I dropped the rape kit. Sporgie Dorg! ' '' Hader would later go on to appear on the show 's third season premiere, as Captain Seth Dozerman. Chelsea Peretti, who plays Gina, told an interviewer, `` I remember as a writer when actors would come in to Parks and Rec they were like, ' Oh my god this is the nicest set. ' And I think similarly people feel the same with Brooklyn Nine - Nine. '' In September 2014, The A.V. Club featured an interview with property master Chris Call, who talked about his hectic job ; for example : `` On a show like Brooklyn Nine - Nine, everything is a gag -- and a lot of them are sight gags -- so there 's a lot of different props that come up. If I was doing a show like Parenthood, it would be your standard everyday things that people have, like a cup of coffee or their dinner. Comedy -- I 've discovered especially -- is filled with props. And on Brooklyn Nine - Nine, it seems to be even more so. It 's such an ever - changing beast -- comedy -- because jokes change all the time. '' On January 3, 2015, Universal Partnerships & Licensing partnered with RED Games to launch a real - life version of the addictive puzzle game Kwazy Cupcakes! based on the very same app from Brooklyn Nine - Nine. The app is available on iOS and Android mobile devices. Ratings ( edit ) Season No. of episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended Nielsen ratings Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 2013 -- 14 22 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm ( episodes 1 - 14 ) Sunday 10 : 30 pm ( episode 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( episodes 16 - 22 ) September 17, 2013 6.17 March 25, 2014 2.59 98 4.80 2014 -- 15 23 Sunday 8 : 30 pm September 28, 2014 5.46 May 17, 2015 2.35 113 4.87 2015 -- 16 23 Sunday 8 : 30 pm ( 2015 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2016 ) September 27, 2015 3.14 April 19, 2016 2.02 118 3.98 2016 -- 17 22 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 2016 -- 17 ) Tuesday 8 : 30 pm ( 2017 ) September 20, 2016 2.39 May 23, 2017 1.50 137 2.87 5 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 9 : 30 pm September 26, 2017 2.00 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Brooklyn Nine - Nine Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result People 's Choice Awards January 8, 2014 Favorite Actor In a New TV Series Andy Samberg Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 12, 2014 Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Won Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Won NAACP Image Award February 22, 2014 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Satellite Awards February 23, 2014 Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 12, 2014 Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated American Comedy Awards May 8, 2014 Comedy Series Nominated Comedy Actor -- TV Andy Samberg Won Comedy Supporting Actress -- TV Chelsea Peretti Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards June 19, 2014 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Won TCA Awards July 19, 2014 Outstanding New Program Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Nominated Imagen Awards August 1, 2014 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Stephanie Beatriz Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 10, 2014 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards August 16, 2014 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Brooklyn Nine - Nine Won EWwy Award August 18, 2014 Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor, Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards August 25, 2014 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21, 2015 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NAACP Image Award February 6, 2015 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Terry Crews Nominated Satellite Awards February 15, 2015 Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NHMC Impact Awards February 20, 2015 Outstanding Achievements and Contributions to the Positive Portrayals of Latinos in Media Melissa Fumero Won GLAAD Media Awards March 21, 2015 Outstanding Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 16, 2015 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards August 21, 2015 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Melissa Fumero Nominated Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 12, 2015 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards September 20, 2015 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 6, 2016 Favorite Comedic TV Actor Andy Samberg Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards January 17, 2016 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Won NAACP Image Award February 5, 2016 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Terry Crews Nominated Satellite Awards February 21, 2016 Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 2, 2016 Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31, 2016 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards September 9, 2016 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Melissa Fumero Nominated Stephanie Beatriz Nominated Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 10, 2016 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Nominated Poppy Awards September 13, 2016 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Andy Samberg Won Best Supporting Actress, Comedy Chelsea Peretti Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards September 18, 2016 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards December 11, 2016 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18, 2017 Favorite Comedic TV Actor Andy Samberg Nominated Satellite Awards February 18, 2017 Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film Andre Braugher Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 1, 2017 Outstanding Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13, 2017 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards August 18, 2017 Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 10, 2017 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine was broadcast on City in Canada up to the second episode in the second season. In the United Kingdom, the show premiered on E4 in January 2014 The second season debuted on January 15, 2015, the third began on January 7, 2016 and the fourth on January 5, 2017. The series airs on RTÉ Two in Ireland. In New Zealand, Brooklyn Nine - Nine premiered on TV2 on February 13, 2014. In South Asia, it airs on Comedy Central India. In Australia, Brooklyn Nine - Nine premiered on SBS on July 28, 2014, and airs repeats on Universal Channel from January 7, 2015. It moved to SBS 2 in 2015 commencing with the second season, which premiered on March 3, 2015, and currently airs on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 8 p.m. every week. In Singapore, the show airs on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 pm on Mediacorp Channel 5. In December 2014, Netflix UK added the first season of Brooklyn Nine - Nine to its listings, with Netflix Australia following suit in March 2015. Since 2016 Netflix Germany / Austria / Switzerland carries the first season in both English and German audio. In South East Asia and Sri Lanka, Brooklyn Nine - Nine airs right after the U.S. on Diva. DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season One 22 September 23, 2014 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Two 23 September 8, 2015 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Three 23 August 23, 2016 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Four 22 August 22, 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schneider, Michael ( November 1, 2013 ). `` How The Goldbergs and Other New Shows Kept Their Theme Songs ''. TV Guide. Retrieved July 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( September 18, 2013 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ', ' Whose Line Is It Anyway? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2013. ^ Jump up to : CNN Staff ( January 13, 2014 ). `` Golden Globes 2014 : The winners list ''. Awards Season 2014. Cable News Network. Retrieved February 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ; Schwartz, Ryan ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ). `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Cops Season 5 Renewal at Fox ''. TVLine. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey ; Goldberg, Lesley ( May 8, 2013 ). `` Fox Comedy Series Orders : Chris Meloni Entry, ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine, ' ' Enlisted, ' ' Us & Them ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( May 8, 2013 ). `` Fox Orders Brooklyn Nine - Nine, Enlisted, Us & Them and Surviving Jack ''. TV Guide. Retrieved May 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( May 8, 2013 ). `` Fox Picks Up Andy Samberg & Chris Meloni Comedies, ' Us & Them ' And ' Enlisted ', Almost Doubles New Series Volume ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ; Roots, Kimberly ( October 18, 2013 ). `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Scores Touchdown, Snags Full - Season Pick - Up and Post-Super Bowl Berth ''. TV Line. Retrieved October 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Filming Locations ''. Movie Maps. Retrieved November 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster / Warner Bros. Retrieved January 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season 2 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Average Rating : 8.4 / 10. Reviews Counted : 10. Fresh : 10. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine -- Season 1 Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Duca, Lauren ( January 14, 2014 ). `` 9 Reasons You Need To Start Watching Brooklyn Nine - Nine ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 7, 2014. As it happens, `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' is actually pretty good. Not only does it have an excellent ( and diverse! ) ensemble cast, but it subverts stereotypes, while delivering the kind of silliness and absurdity that perhaps only `` 30 Rock '' has executed so well. Arguably, the show is still finding ( its ) footing, so before the entire world starts watching without you, we have some convincing to do. Jump up ^ Walters, Eric ( April 16, 2014 ). `` The 10 Best Moments from Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's First Season ''. Paste magazine. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Bell, Carrie ( August 26, 2013 ). `` James Franco 's Comedy Central Roast : The 26 best lines ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Davidson, Phil ( September 26, 2014 ). `` Chelsea Peretti on Brooklyn Nine - Nine, Writing for SNL, and Her New Netflix Special ''. Splitsider. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia ( September 25, 2014 ). `` The story behind the things actors pick up and hold on Brooklyn Nine - Nine, Alias, and more ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Mobile Game to Launch January 3rd ''. TV By the Numbers. January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( March 26, 2014 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ', ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings ''. Deadline. May 22, 2014. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( September 30, 2014 ). `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ', ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the numbers. Retrieved October 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( May 19, 2015 ). `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 2015 TV Season Series Rankings ''. Deadline. August 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani ( September 29, 2015 ). `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down, ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' ''. TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( April 20, 2016 ). `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up, ' Containment ' adjusts down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings ''. Deadline Hollywood. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( September 21, 2016 ). `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS, ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up, ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( May 24, 2017 ). `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up, ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues ''. Deadline Hollywood. May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( September 27, 2017 ). `` ' Bull, ' ' Voice, ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up, ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com ''. Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com. Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual NHMC Impact Awards Gala ''. National Hispanic Media Coalition. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy. `` Global Showbiz Briefs : ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' To UK 's Channel 4 ; Henry Winkler - Penned Kids Books In TV Deal ; ' Voice UK ' : More ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Season 2 ''. TV Wise. December 18, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos - Universal Channel Australia - Facebook ''. facebook.com. Jump up ^ Knox, David ( February 7, 2015 ). `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine to switch to SBS 2 ''. TV Tonight. Retrieved February 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Knox, David ( February 25, 2015 ). `` Returning : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ''. TV Tonight. Retrieved March 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine - Search Results - TV Tonight ''. tvtonight.com.au. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Brooklyn Nine - Nine Official website Brooklyn Nine - Nine on IMDb Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 Related Characters New Girl `` Homecoming '' Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) Ghosted ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. 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{ "text": "The Divergent Series - Wikipedia The Divergent Series Jump to : navigation, search For the book series on which the film series is based, see Divergent trilogy. For the mathematical use, see Divergent series. The Divergent Series Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20, 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18, 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick. The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ), respectively. The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, and Miles Teller. Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films. The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger, while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke. The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ', ' Insurgent ', ' Allegiant ' ). Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment. The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings, where it grossed $4.9 million. They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013, deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation. The first installment, Divergent ( 2014 ), grossed over $288 million worldwide, while the second installment, The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ), grossed over $297 million worldwide. Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D. The third installment, The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ), grossed $179 million. Thus, the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide. A fourth film, The Divergent Series : Ascendant was to be released theatrically, but due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office, it was announced it will be released as a TV movie. Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting the main roles 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast 2.4 Filming 2.5 Music 3 Plot 3.1 Divergent ( 2014 ) 3.2 The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) 3.3 The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) 3.4 Cancelled film 3.5 Ascendant ( TV series ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment, while Lionsgate distributes the franchise. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character. '' Daugherty further added, `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two - hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently. '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I 'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book. '' Initially, the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games. Analyst Ben Mogil said, `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable. '' In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent, the second novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20, 2015, as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film. On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of Divergent, would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film. On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script. Also in December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant, the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released in March 2016, serving as the finale of the series, which at the time was planned as a trilogy, but on April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film, much the like the Harry Potter, Twilight, and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series. Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that, `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant, ' a rich, action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies. The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films, a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise ''. Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9, 2014. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant. Casting the main roles ( edit ) Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18, 2014. On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four. Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ', no question. Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity. '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I 'm thrilled! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world. '' Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on April 16, 2013. Film Producers Director Screenwriters Novel by Veronica Roth Divergent Fisher, Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Burger, Neil Neil Burger Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent Schwentke, Robert Robert Schwentke Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Allegiant The Divergent Series : Ascendant Lee Toland Krieger Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series. Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films. Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. On April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the final book, Allegiant, into two parts, much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2, The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2, and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2. Directors ( edit ) Neil Burger directed the first film, Divergent, and was originally going to direct the sequel, The Divergent Series : Insurgent, but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return, due to him still working on post-production work for the first film. Speaking on the subject the director stated, `` There was no breathing room. They were like, ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date, and we have to start no later than May 2014. ' It was a recipe for failure, at least with me on board. I would n't be able to do either thing right. I reluctantly let it go ''. In February 2014, it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant. Scripts ( edit ) Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent. During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel, Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent, but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director, he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script. The screenplay for the two - part finale, The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant, was written by Noah Oppenheim, Adam Cooper, Bill Collage, and Stephen Chbosky. Cast ( edit ) On March 11, 2013, it was announced that the roles of Tori, Christina, and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q, Zoë Kravitz, and Ansel Elgort, respectively. Ray Stevenson, Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15, 2013, Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric, respectively. That same day, Miles Teller was cast as Peter. The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max. Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24, 2013. Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews. Talking about playing the negative character for the first time, Winslet said, `` I 'm no idiot. The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before, I was almost kind of surprised. '' Since Winslet joined the filming late, she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot. `` I wanted to break it and say, ' It 's OK, I 'm really fun. I promise. ' But I thought, just for today, I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch. '' On March 25, 2013, Ben Lamb was cast as Edward, Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will, and Christian Madsen as Al. In April 2013, Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior, Beatrice 's parents. In 2014, the cast for the second film was announced. On May 12, 2014, it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes. Late May 2014, Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively. Early June 2014, Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity, and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang. On June 9, 2014, Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn. On June 10, 2014, Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah. On June 11, 2014, Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector. On April 28, 2015, it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David, the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare. On May 1, 2015, it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013. Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26, 2014, in Los Angeles. Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27, 2014, in Atlanta, Georgia and concluded on September 6, 2014. Filming took place at United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta. In downtown Atlanta, a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center. For two days, production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street, Franklin Street, and Adams Street. Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots. Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015, with filming concluding on August 23, 2015. Music ( edit ) Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series, Divergent, while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries, Insurgent and Allegiant. Plot ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Divergent ( film ) In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues, Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group. When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents, Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late. The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising, Tris and Four are on the run. Hunted by Jeanine Matthews, leader of the Erudite faction, Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect, and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them. Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves, Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world. The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled, The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1. The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant. Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago. For the first time ever, they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city. Once outside, old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths. Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago. In order to survive, Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage, allegiance, sacrifice and love. Cancelled film ( edit ) A Third sequel to the film was initially planned, with a March 2017 release, based on the latter half of the Allegiant book. The timing was changed to a June 2017 release, with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director. Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) In July 2016, after the poor performance of the third film at the box office, the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film, which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series, moving beyond the books. In September 2016, Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized, and that it was `` a limbo waiting game ''. In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format, although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film. In February 2017, with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project, it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series. Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Divergent characters Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior Shailene Woodley TBA Tobias `` Four '' Eaton Theo James TBA Christina Zoë Kravitz TBA Peter Hayes Miles Teller TBA Caleb Prior Ansel Elgort TBA Marcus Eaton Ray Stevenson Tori Wu Maggie Q Jeanine Matthews Kate Winslet Natalie Prior Ashley Judd Eric Coulter Jai Courtney Max Mekhi Phifer Will Ben Lloyd - Hughes Andrew Prior Tony Goldwyn Lauren Justine Wachsberger Evelyn Johnson - Eaton Naomi Watts TBA Johanna Reyes Octavia Spencer Uriah Pedrad Keiynan Lonsdale Edgar Jonny Weston David Jeff Daniels TBA Matthew Bill Skarsgård TBA Al Christian Madsen Molly Amy Newbold Edward Ben Lamb Jack Kang Daniel Dae Kim Marlene Suki Waterhouse Lynn Rosa Salazar Hector Emjay Anthony Edith Prior Janet McTeer Crew ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Director Neil Burger Robert Schwentke Lee Toland Krieger Producer ( s ) Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian N / A Writer ( s ) Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Based on Divergent by Veronica Roth Insurgent by Veronica Roth Allegiant by Veronica Roth Composer Junkie XL Joseph Trapanese N / A Cinematographer Alwin H. Küchler Florian Ballhaus Editor ( s ) Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy Stuart Levy N / A Production companies Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films N / A Distributor Lionsgate Summit Entertainment N / A Running time 139 minutes 119 minutes 121 minutes TBA Release date March 21, 2014 March 20, 2015 March 18, 2016 TBA Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) § Reception, The Divergent Series : Insurgent § Reception, and The Divergent Series : Allegiant § Reception Though the first two films were commercially successful, the series as a whole has not been well received by critics. Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites. Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office. Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Divergent March 21, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) $85 million $150,947,895 $137,937,923 $288,885,818 # 283 # 375 The Divergent Series : Insurgent March 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) $110 million $130,179,072 $167,097,257 $297,276,329 # 392 # 372 The Divergent Series : Allegiant March 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) $110 million $66,184,051 $113,062,817 $179,246,868 # 1,088 # TBA Total $305 million $347,311,018 $418,097,997 $765,409,015 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Divergent 41 % ( 203 reviews ) 48 ( 38 reviews ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent 28 % ( 184 reviews ) 42 ( 40 reviews ) A - The Divergent Series : Allegiant 12 % ( 171 reviews ) 33 ( 33 reviews ) See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' ''. Retrieved June 6, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million, Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved May 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films, Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. IMDB. March 21, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters ''. Retrieved October 28, 2014. Jump up ^ White, James ( August 23, 2012 ). `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script ''. Retrieved July 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ). `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT, the Film 's Casting, How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own, the Final Book ALLEGIANT, and More ''. Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19. Retrieved June 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan ( March 13, 2013 ). `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ', ' Divergent ' Prospects ''. reelchicago.com. Retrieved June 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Trumbore, Dave ( December 16, 2013 ). `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT, Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN ''. Collider.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave ( May 7, 2013 ). `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel, INSURGENT ''. Collider.com. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer ''. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Retrieved December 17, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel ''. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Dave McNary. `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10, 2015 ). `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles, Logos ''. The Hollywood Reporter. ( Prometheus Global Media ). Retrieved September 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley? ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four '! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' ''. Retrieved December 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori, Caleb, and Christina roles ''. Hypable. Jump up ^ White, James ( March 15, 2013 ). `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie ''. Jump up ^ White, James ( January 24, 2013 ). `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent ''. Daily News ( New York ). Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan. `` On set of ' Divergent, ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean ''. USA Today. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al, Edward And Will ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior ''. Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse, Jonny Weston ( updated ) ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved June 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent, ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast ''. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) ''. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah ''. Retrieved June 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast ''. Retrieved June 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( 28 April 2015 ). `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff ; Ge, Linda ( 1 May 2015 ). `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive ''. The Wrap. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th! ''. Retrieved 27 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ''. Collider. Retrieved March 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 ′ ''. Retrieved March 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ). `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies ''. thewrap.com. Retrieved 11 April 2014. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( December 17, 2015 ). `` ' Power Rangers, ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back ''. Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters, Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29, 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor ''. Movie Insider. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' ''. variety. August 4, 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' ``. September 12, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise ''. Uproxx. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ). `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate ''. Deadline. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening, ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) ''. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops ''. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18, 2016 ). `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies? ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 19, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website Divergent on IMDb Divergent at AllMovie Divergent at Box Office Mojo Divergent at Metacritic Divergent at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Divergent series by Veronica Roth Book series Divergent Insurgent Allegiant Film series Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Music Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spin - offs Four : A Divergent Collection `` Free Four '' The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant Other Characters Factions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=843520125 '' Categories : English - language films Divergent trilogy Action films by series Adventure films by series Science fiction films by series IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 17 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Divergent Series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=843520125" }

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{ "text": "2017 in Hip Hop Music - wikipedia 2017 in Hip Hop Music Jump to : navigation, search 2017 in music By location Canada Europe United Kingdom Japan Norway Philippines South Korea Sweden United States By genre country classical heavy metal hip hop jazz Latin By topic List of albums released List of years in hip hop music... 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013... 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020... 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027... Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 June 1.6 July 1.7 September 1.8 October 1.9 November 1.10 December 2 Released albums 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 3 Highest - charting singles 4 Highest first - week consumption 5 Highest critically reviewed albums ( Metacritic ) 6 See also 7 References Events ( edit ) January ( edit ) On January 8, Drake 's Summer Sixteen Tour was declared the highest grossing hip - hop concert tour in history with a gross of $84,300,000 from a total of 54 different shows. The previous record holder was Jay - Z and Kanye West 's Watch the Throne Tour, which made a total of $75,000,000 from 63 live shows. On January 9, West Coast record producer and deejay DJ Crazy Toones died at the age of 45 from a heart attack. On January 18, 21 Savage announced that he has signed a deal with Epic Records. On January 18, Fat Joe announced that he signed a management deal with Jay Z 's Roc Nation company. On January 19, XXXTENTACION 's court date for his October 2016 arrest was pushed back to April 1. February ( edit ) On February 7, Jim Jones announced that he signed a management deal with Jay Z 's Roc Nation company, ending their long - standing feud. On February 10, Gucci Mane announced that Ralo is the first artist to sign to his latest imprint of 1017 Records. On February 13, Philadelphia rapper E-Dubble died from a blood infection. On February 16, Canadian rapper NAV announced that he had signed to The Weeknd 's label XO Records. On February 20, Atlanta - based rapper J.I.D announced that he had signed to J. Cole 's record label, Dreamville Records. On February 24, Nicki Minaj 's lyrics on the songs `` Make Love '' and `` Swalla '' ignited a feud between herself and Remy Ma. The following day, Remy Ma released the song `` ShETHER '' in response to Minaj. On February 28, Kodak Black was arrested for probation violation. On February 28, Vic Mensa was arrested in Beverly Hills and charged with carrying a concealed weapon. He was later released on a $35,000 bail. March ( edit ) On March 3, Shady Records announced that it has signed a deal with Griselda Records for artists Westside Gunn and Conway. On March 5, Lud Foe was involved in a life - threatening car accident with an 18 - wheeler that left him a broken jaw, two broken wrists, and several fractures and wounds. On March 7, PUMA announced that Big Sean had signed a deal to launch a line of clothing with the company under the title of `` Creative Collaborator and Global Brand Ambassador ''. On March 15, Meek Mill was charged with misdemeanor assault after being involved in an altercation with two employees at St. Louis International Airport. He was later given a court summons. On March 20, Nicki Minaj surpassed Aretha Franklin for the most entries on the Billboard Hot 100 of any female artist with 76 different entries on the chart. On March 29, both XXXTENTACION and Lil Twist were released from prison. April ( edit ) On April 1, Big Sean was awarded the key to the city of Detroit for his work with his own charity, the Sean Anderson Foundation. He is the youngest person in history to receive the award. Other holders of the key to the city of Detroit include former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Stevie Wonder. On April 4, Kanye West 's The Life of Pablo became the first streaming - only album to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry of America ( RIAA ), with it being streamed over 3,000,000,000 times worldwide. On April 12, Birdman revealed on picture - sharing social network, Instagram to announce he had accepted a plaque in honor of his record label Cash Money Records, selling 1,000,000,000 units. June ( edit ) On June 13, XXL released their tenth annual Freshman Class, including A Boogie wit da Hoodie, PnB Rock, Playboi Carti, Ugly God, KYLE, Aminé, MadeinTYO, Kamaiyah, Kap G, and XXXTENTACION. On June 15, 40 Glocc was shot twice while attending a funeral in San Bernardino, California. On June 20, Prodigy died in Las Vegas, Nevada with no official cause of death known. Initially, it was presumed his death was from sickle - cell anemia ; which he had suffered from his entire life. However, it was revealed in August that he died choking on an egg at a hospital in Las Vegas. July ( edit ) On July 17, Forbes reported that hip - hop / R&B ( which Nielsen SoundScan classifies as being the same genre ) has recently usurped rock as the most consumed musical genre, becoming the most popular genre in music for the first time in U.S. history. September ( edit ) On September 3, Lil Wayne was hospitalized in Chicago for suffering multiple seizures. On September 27, Young Dolph was ambushed during a gunfight in Hollywood. He was rushed to the hospital after gunshot wounds were discovered. On the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated October 7, 2017, Cardi B claimed the top spot with `` Bodak Yellow '', becoming the first solo female rapper to do so since Lauryn Hill in 1998. October ( edit ) On October 27, XXXTentacion announces on his Instagram story, that he will be retiring from the music industry due to negativity and backlash. On October 30, Remy Ma signed a deal with Columbia Records. November ( edit ) On November 5, Meek Mill is sentenced to 2 - 4 year of prison for violating probation on a 10 year drug and weapon case. On November 15, Lil Peep was pronounced dead due to an overdose after a show in Tucson. It was reported to be a mixture of Xanax laced with fentanyl. On November 27, Nipsey Hussle inked a multi-album deal with Atlantic Records. December ( edit ) On December 3, Quelle Chris and Jean Grae got engaged. Released albums ( edit ) January ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Pink Guy Pink Season Pink Records Debuted at No. 76 on the US Billboard 200 6 Jefe The World Is Yours Glizzy Gang, 300 Entertainment Debuted at No. 37 on the US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Jipsta Ban2oozle Bandoozle Beatz No Limit Boys We All We Got No Limit Forever Records Substantial The Past Is Always Present in the Future Hipnott Records 8 Stitches Cocaine Holiday Self released 12 Bones Disgrace TeamSESH 13 Chief Keef Two Zero One Seven Glory Boyz Entertainment, RBC Records PnB Rock GTTM : Going Thru the Motions Atlantic Records, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 Social Club Misfits The Misadventures of Fern & Marty Capitol CMG Debuted at No. 80 on the US Billboard 200 TriState & Oh No 3 Dimensional Prescriptions Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings Wiley Godfather Self - released Debuted at No. 9 on the UK Official Albums Chart Yukmouth JJ Based on Vill Story Smoke - a-Lot Records, Empire Distribution Nick Grant Return of the Cool Epic Records Debuted at No. 28 on the US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums 18 Alex Wiley & Mike Gao Village Party III : Stoner Symphony Self - released 20 Cardi B Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2 KSR Group Debuted at No. 25 on the US Independent Albums Dyme - A-Duzin Ghetto Olympics Focus Or Fold Music Fredo Santana Plugged In RBC Records Problem Chachiville Diamond Lane Music Group Prodigy Hegelian Dialectic ( The Book of Revelation ) Infamous Records 27 Agallah & Duke WestLake 3 - Day Theory The Order Label Boldy James The Art of Rock Climbing Mass Appeal Records Eric Biddines The Local Cafe Juggernaut Sound Productions, Empire Distribution M - Dot Ego and the Enemy Own Lane Music Matt Martians The Drum Chord Theory Three Quarter Migos Culture Quality Control Music, 300 Entertainment Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Mozzy Fake Famous Mozzy Records, Empire Distribution New Gen New Gen XL Recordings Debuted at No. 98 on the UK Official Albums Chart P.O.S Chill, Dummy Doomtree Records Bang Belushi Help yourself Self - released Twiztid The Continuous Evilution of Life 's? 's Majik Ninja Entertainment Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 28 Bishop Nehru Nehruvia Nehruvia LLC 29 Strictly Flowz 30 Riff Raff & DJ Aftertought Aquaberry Aquarius Neon Nation Corporation, Empire Distribution 31 Denmark Vessey x Azarias x DRXQUINNX Doppelganger Ether Jung February ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Big Sean I Decided. GOOD Music, Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Iamsu! Boss Up Eyes on Me Lil Reese Better Days RBC Records Kirk Knight Black Noise Pro Era Records, Cinematic Music Group Paul Wall & C Stone Diamond Boyz Paul Wall Music Slim Thug Welcome 2 Houston Hogg Life Entertainment, SoSouth Music Swifty McVay Grey Blood Arsonal Vision Entertainment Syd Fin The Internet, Columbia Records, Sony Music Debuted at No. 75 on the US Billboard 200 Wyclef Jean J'ouvert Heads Music, Entertainment One Music Debuted at No. 117 on the US Billboard 200 Young Dolph Gelato Paper Route Empire Debuted at No. 54 on the US Billboard 200 7 Planet Asia Velour Portraits Sovanna Yun 9 Ace B47 Ace of Spades No Limit Forever Records 10 Ces Cru Catastrophic Event Specialists Strange Music Debuted at No. 150 on the US Billboard 200 Clyde Carson S.T.S.A. 2 ( Something to Speak About ) Moe Doe Entertainment, Empire Distribution Devlin The Devil In Devlin Music Debuted at No. 16 on the UK Official Albums Chart Fly Guy Entertainment No Surrender, No Retreat Fly Guy Entertainment Larry June Larry Two Warner Bros. Records Lupe Fiasco Drogas Light 1st & 15th Entertainment Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 Mr. Criminal Palm Trees and Sunsets Crime Family Entertainment Nines One Foot Out XL Recordings Debuted at No. 4 on the UK Official Albums Chart Quelle Chris Being You Is Great, I Wish I Could Be You More Often Mello Music Group Siya Commitment R&B Money LLC Thundamentals Everyone We Know High Depth, Island Records Australia, Universal Music Australia Debuted at No. 2 on the ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums Two - 9 FRVR Ear Drummers Entertainment, Interscope Records Westside Gunn Riots on Fashion Avenue Effiscienz, Modular 12 Ralo Famerican Gangster II Famerica Records 13 Lucky Luciano 2017 Reasons GT Digital 14 Mickey Avalon Teardrops on My Tombstone R.E.A.L. Records Moneybagg Yo Heartless Be Great Music Group Debuted at No. 181 on the US Billboard 200 Tef Poe Black Julian Footklan Music Group, Stretched Out Management 16 Starlito Manifest Destiny Grind Hard Records 17 Celly Cel Dirty Mind Realside Records Fat Joe & Remy Ma Plata O Plomo RNG, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 44 on the US Billboard 200 Future Future A1 Recordings, Freebandz, Epic Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Jidenna The Chief Epic Records, Sony Music Debuted at No. 38 on the US Billboard 200 Jonwayne Rap Album Two Authors Recording Company, The Order Label Saga & Thelonious Martin Molotov Saga 718, Empire Distribution 21 Paper Tiger In Other Words : Part Three Doomtree Records Roc Marciano Rosebudd 's Revenge Marci Enterprises Wise Intelligent TheBlueKluxKlan Self - released 22 Berner & Blaze1 Packboys Blaze One Records Boldy James House of Blues Mass Appeal Records 24 Future Hndrxx A1 Recordings, Freebandz, Epic Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Horrorshow Bardo State Elefant Traks Debuted at No. 4 on the ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums Karriem Riggins Headnod Suite Stones Throw Records Messy Marv Still Marked for Death : Vol. 1 ( Recorded Live from Prison ) Champland LLC Mr. Capone - E Gangster Love Hi - Power Entertainment Nav Nav XO Records, Republic Records Debuted at No. 24 on the US Billboard 200 Oddisee The Iceberg Mello Music Group Stormzy Gang Signs & Prayer Merky Records Debuted at No. 1 on the UK Official Albums Chart Taelor Gray In The Way of Me Self - released Taylor Bennett Restoration Of An American Idol Tay Bennett Entertainment THEY. Nü Religion : Hyena Mind of a Genius Records, Warner Bros. Records Tracy T Millionaire Nightmares Money Bound Entertainment 25 Theory Hazit I See What You Did There Wet Music 28 Onry Ozzborn CVP ii D Self - released March ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Lil Durk Love Songs for The Streets Only The Family Entertainment Delinquent Habits It Could Be Round Two Self - released Lil Debbie XXIII Barong Family Nnamdi Ogbonnaya Drool Sooper Records, Father / Daughter Records Various artists Def Jam Presents : Direct Deposit, Vol. 2 Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 145 on the US Billboard 200 7 Hurricane Chris King Cane CD Enterprise Positive K & Greg Nice Gr8te Mindz Brainbust 8 Chris Webby Webster 's Laboratory II Eighty HD K Camp Kiss 4 Family Ties Entertainment, 4.27 Music Group Lil Bibby FC3 The Epilogue Kemosabe Records 10 Asher Roth, Nottz Raw & Travis Barker Rawther RetroHash Devin the Dude Acoustic Levitation Coughee Brothaz Enterprise, Empire Distribution J.I.D The Never Story Dreamville Records, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 197 on the US Billboard 200 Mod Sun Movie Rostrum Records Murs Captain California Strange Music Page Kennedy Torn Pages Kennedy Entertainment Trinidad James & Various artists The Force Gold Gang Records Young Chris The Network 4 Nicetown Entertainment Your Old Droog Packs Droog Recordings, Fat Beats Records 14 Impxct One of a Kind SremmLife Crew Records Smino Blkswn Zero Fatigue LLC, Downtown Records 15 Starlito & Don Trip Step Brothers Three Grind Hard LLC, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 189 on the US Billboard 200 17 The Alchemist Rapper 's Best Friend 4 : An Instrumental Series Self - released Apathy Dive Medicine, Chapter 1 Dirty Version Records Fredo Get Rich or Get Recalled Cake + Custard Debuted at No. 77 on the UK Official Albums Chart G Herbo Welcome to Fazoland 1.5 Machine Entertainment Group, 150 Dream Team Pitbull Climate Change RCA Records Debuted at No. 29 on the US Billboard 200 Rick Ross Rather You Than Me Maybach Music Group, Epic Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 18 Big Mike State of Mind Self - released Drake More Life Young Money Entertainment Cash Money Records, Republic Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 24 Boondox The Murder Majik Ninja Entertainment Debuted at No. 74 on the US Billboard 200 Chuuwee Paradiso Below System Records Daye Jack No Data Warner Bros. Records GoldLink At What Cost RCA Records Debuted at No. 145 on the US Billboard 200 Juice Post Interview Self - released Mansionz Mansionz Bear Trap, Monster Mountain, Island Records Debuted at No. 67 on the US Billboard 200 Mike WiLL Made It Ransom 2 EarDrummers Records, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 24 on the US Billboard 200 Raekwon The Wild Ice H20 Records, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 88 on the US Billboard 200 Shawty Lo Rico D4L Records, 300 Entertainment Troy Ave Dope Boy Troy BSB Records Turk Numbskull PAC Sound Productions 30 Amir Obè None of The Clocks Work Def Jam Recordings J. Stalin I Do n't Sell Dope No Moe Livewire Records 31 3D Na'Tee Songs That Did n't Make The Tape, Vol. 1 Self - released 50 Cent Best Of Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 135 on the US Billboard 200 BackWordz Veracity Stay Sick Cupcakke Queen Elizabitch Self - released Freddie Gibbs You Only Live 2wice ESGN Records, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 124 on the US Billboard 200 G - Eazy & DJ Carnage Step Brothers RCA Records Debuted at No. 81 on the US Billboard 200 Geechi Suede Fishnet SkyScrapers Self - released Homeboy Sandman Veins Stones Throw Records King Magnetic Everything Happens 4 a Reason King Magn Music Kodak Black Painting Pictures Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Locksmith Olive Branch Landmark Entertainment Group Mr. Envi ' All Nite Grind Southern Stisles Records April ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Young Dolph Bulletproof Paper Route Empire Debuted at No. 36 on the US Billboard 200 YFN Lucci Long Live Nut Think It 's A Game Records Debuted at No. 27 on the US Billboard 200 Killa Kyleon Lorraine Motel RBC Records 7 Abstract Rude & DJ Vadim The Owl 's Cry Keep The Feel Entertainment Allan Kingdom Lines So Cold Records, Empire Distribution Joey Badass All - Amerikkkan Badass Pro Era Records, Cinematic Music Group Debuted at No. 5 on the US Billboard 200 Spit Syndicate One Good Shirt Had Us All Fly One Day Entertainment, Inertia Music Debuted at No. 19 on the ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums Tech N9ne Dominion Strange Music, Inc Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 Tee Grizzley My Moment 300 Entertainment Debuted at No. 44 on the US Billboard 200 Toke Wright Bloodbath Self - released 13 Jae Millz Lenox Ave Legend Ether Boy Records 14 IshDARR Four the Better EP Empire Distribution Kap G SupaJefe Atlantic Records Kendrick Lamar DAMN. Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath Entertainment, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Nappy Roots Another 40 Akerz Not Regular Records Playboi Carti Playboi Carti AWGE, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 12 on the US Billboard 200 Quentin Miller Essentials, Vol. 1 1317 Recordings The R.O.C. Digital Voodoo Majik Ninja Entertainment Rich Homie Quan Back to the Basics RAIS, Motown Records Debuted at No. 84 on the US Billboard 200 Ronald Jenkees Rhodes Deep Self - released Sadistik Altars Equal Vision Records Shad da God God Gang Bankroll Mafia Talib Kweli & Styles P The Seven Javotti Media Debuted at No. 195 on the US Billboard 200 Tinie Tempah Youth Disturbing London Records, Parlophone Records Debuted at No. 9 on the UK Official Albums Chart G Perico All Blue So Way Out, LLC Various artists The Fate of the Furious : The Album Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 10 on the US Billboard 200 17 Troy Ave NuPac BSB Records 20 Bones Unrendered TeamSESH DJ Quik & Problem Rosecrans Diamond Lane Music Group, Blake Enterprises Merkules Trust Your Gut Merkules Music 21 Allday Speeding ONETWO Records Debuted at No. 6 on the ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums Berner Sleepwalking Bern One Entertainment David Dallas Hood Country Club Mean As Music Debuted at No. 10 on the New Zealand Top 40 Albums Iamsu! Boss Up 2 Eyes On Me LLC JellyRoll Addiction Kills Self - released Stro Grade a Frequencies Grade a Tribe Records T - Wayne Forever Rickey Unauthorized Entertainment, 300 Entertainment Ruff Ryders Past Present Future Ruff Ryders Entertainment Yukmouth JJ Based on a Vill Story Two Smoke - A-Lot Records, Empire Distribution 27 Young M.A Herstory M.A. Music, 3D Debuted at No. 166 on the US Billboard 200 28 Bliss n Eso Off the Grid Illusive Sounds Czarface First Weapon Drawn Silver Age Gorillaz Humanz Parlophone Records Debuted at No. 2 on the UK Official Albums Chart Lady Leshurr Mode Sony Music Entertainment Messy Marv Still Marked for Death : Vol. 2 ( Recorded Live from Prison ) Champland LLC Nef the Pharaoh The Chang Project Sick Wid It Records, Empire Distribution Wale Shine Maybach Music Group, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 16 on the US Billboard 200 May ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Mr. Criminal The Crime Family Album Crime Family Entertainment 5 Brother Ali All the Beauty in This Whole Life Rhymesayers Entertainment Debuted at No. 125 on the US Billboard 200 Ho99o9 United States of Horror 999 Deathkult Kid Ink 7 Series RCA Records Logic Everybody Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Organized Noize Organized Noize Self - released Russ There 's Really a Wolf Russ My Way Incorporated, Columbia Records Debuted at No. 7 on the US Billboard 200 Spose Good Luck With Your Life Preposterously Dank Entertainment Upchurch Son of the South Redneck Nation Records Wrekonize Into the Further Strange Music, RBC Records, INgrooves Music Group 8 Beleaf In Fatherhood Kings Dream Entertainment 9 Sy Ari Da Kid 2 Soon Self - released 12 B.o.B Ether Label No Genre, Grand Hustle Records, EMPIRE Distribution Debuted at No. 179 on the US Billboard 200 Ecid How To Fake Your Own Death Fill In The Breaks Gonzoe Happy Birthday Blocwize Entertainment J Hus Common Sense Black Butter Limited Lil Wyte Drugs Real Talk Entertainment Machine Gun Kelly Bloom EST 19XX, Bad Boy Records, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 8 on the US Billboard 200 Mistah F.A.B. Stan Pablo : 4506 Faeva Afta Music P - Lo More Than Anything Empire 17 Rejjie Snow The Moon & You 300 Entertainment, Honeymoon XXXTentacion Revenge Bad Vibes Forever, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 76 on the US Billboard 200 18 T - Wayne ( T - Pain and Lil Wayne ) T - Wayne Nappy Boy Entertainment, Young Money Entertainment 19 David Banner The God Box A Banner Vision Debuted at No. 76 on the US Billboard 200 Dorrough Ride Wit Me Real Talk Entertainment Faith Evans & The Notorious B.I.G. The King & I Rhino Entertainment Debuted at No. 65 on the US Billboard 200 Snoop Dogg Neva Left Doggystyle Records, EMPIRE Distribution Debuted at No. 54 on the US Billboard 200 The Underachievers Renaissance The Underachievers, RPM MSC Willie the Kid Deutsche Marks Serious Soundz, Embassy Entertainment 26 Bryson Tiller True to Self RCA Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Gorilla Zoe Do n't Feed da Animals 2 Real Talk Entertainment Gucci Mane DropTopWop GUWOP Enterprises, 1017 Brick Squad Records, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 12 on the US Billboard 200 Lil Yachty Teenage Emotions Quality Control, Capitol Records, Motown Records Debuted at No. 5 on the US Billboard 200 $ uicideboy $ Kill Yourself Part XI : The Kingdom Come Saga G * 59 Records Kill Yourself Part XII : The Dark Glacier Saga Kill Yourself Part XIII : The Atlantis Saga Kill Yourself Part XIV : The Vulture Saga Kill Yourself Part XV : The Coast of Ashes Saga 27 Master P Intelligent Hoodlum No Limit Forever Records June ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Gensu Dean & Wise Intelligent Game of Death Mello Music Group Kool G Rap Return of the Don Clockwork Music, Full Mettle Mozzy & Gunplay Dreadlocks & Headshots Real Talk Entertainment Stevie Stone Level Up Strange Music Yo Gotti & Mike Will Made It Gotti Made - It Self - released Debuted at No. 85 on the US Billboard 200 8 Vic Mensa The Manuscript Roc Nation 9 Billy Woods Known Unknowns Backwoodz Studioz Ampichino Back 2 Back Double F Records Brockhampton Saturation Brockhampton Records, Empire Gunplay The Plug Real Talk Entertainment Ice Cube Death Certificate ( 25th Anniversary Reissue ) Lench Mob Records, Interscope Records 15 Bones NoRedeemingQualities TeamSESH 16 2 Chainz Pretty Girls Like Trap Music Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 Lee Trelly No Motive Independent Release Big Boi Boomiverse Epic Records Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 Joyner Lucas 508 - 507 - 2209 Atlantic Records Krayzie Bone & Young Noble Thug Brothers 2 Real Talk Entertainment Rich the Kid, Famous Dex & Jay Critch Rich Forever 3 Rich Forever Music, TBD Records Debuted at No. 93 on the US Billboard 200 Sadat X The Sum of a Man Dymond Mine Records Young Thug Beautiful Thugger Girls 300 Entertainment, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 8 on the US Billboard 200 23 Berner & Styles P Vibes Bern One Entertainment Monty Monty Zoo II : Mixtape RGF Productions DJ Khaled Grateful We the Best Music Group, Epic Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Jarren Benton The Mink Coat Killa LP Benton Enterprise Krayzie Bone Eternal Legend Real Talk Entertainment Krayzie Bone & Bizzy Bone New Waves Entertainment One Music Debuted at No. 181 on the US Billboard 200 Outlawz # LastOnezLeft Outlaw Recordz, Elder Entertainment Vince Staples Big Fish Theory ARTium Recordings, Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 16 on the US Billboard 200 26 Members Only Members Only, Vol. 3 29 Public Enemy Nothing Is Quick in the Desert 30 Jay - Z 4 : 44 Roc Nation Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 MC Eiht Which Way Iz West Year Round Records, Blue Stamp Music Propaganda Crooked Humble Beast Records Ski Mask the Slump God YouWillRegret Young Buck 10 Toes Down Cashville Records Z - Ro No Love Boulevard 1 Deep Entertainment Debuted at No. 135 on the US Billboard 200 July ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Ghostemane Dæmon III London Jae 10 Summers No Genre 5 Lil Wayne In Tune We Trust Young Money Entertainment 7 21 Savage Issa Album Slaughter Gang, Epic Records Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 The Doppelgangaz Dopp Hopp Groggy Pack Entertainment Twista Crook County GMG Entertainment, Empire Distribution 14 Agallah Don Bishop Agnum Opus The Order Label French Montana Jungle Rules Bad Boy Records, Epic Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Jay 305 Taking All Bets The Other People 's Money Shabazz Palaces Quazarz : Born on a Gangster Star Sub Pop Quazarz vs. The Jealous Machines Sub Pop Smoke Screen Return To The Sun Self - Released 21 Meek Mill Wins & Losses Maybach Music Group, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Nav & Metro Boomin Perfect Timing Boominati Worldwide, XO Records, Republic Records Debuted at No. 13 on the US Billboard 200 Nyck Caution & Kirk Knight Nyck @ Knight Pro Era Records, Cinematic Music Group Sage the Gemini Morse Code Global Gemini, Atlantic Records Skyzoo Peddler Themes First Generation Rich, Empire Distribution Trae tha Truth Tha Truth, Pt. 3 ABN Entertainment, Empire Distribution Tyga Bitch I 'm the Shit 2 Last Kings Music, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 139 on the US Billboard 200 Tyler, The Creator Flower Boy Columbia Records Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 28 Aminé Good for You CLBN, Republic Records Debuted at No. 31 on the US Billboard 200 Ampichino Chasin Chicken Double F Records Lyte Psychopathic Monstar Psychopathic Records Madchild The Darkest Hour Battle Axe Records The Perceptionists Resolution Mello Music Group Stalley New Wave Real Talk Entertainment Tanya Morgan YGWY $4 Tanya Morgan Music Vic Mensa The Autobiography Roc Nation Debuted at No. 27 on the US Billboard 200 August ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Andy Mineo & Wordsplayed Andy Mineo and Wordsplayed Present Magic & Bird Reach Records Debuted at No. 49 on the US Billboard 200 ASAP Twelvyy 12 RCA Records Debuted at No. 148 on the US Billboard 200 Riff Raff The White West Neon Nation, Empire Distribution Ugly God The Booty Tape Asylum Records Debuted at No. 27 on the US Billboard 200 8 Sean Price Imperius Rex Ruck Down Records, Duck Down Music Debuted at No. 192 on the US Billboard 200 11 Dizzy Wright The Golden Age 2 Self - released Fashawn Manna Mass Appeal Records Milo Who Told You to Think??!!?!?!?! Ruby Yacht, The Order Label Wordsworth & Sam Brown Our World Today Wordsworth Production 15 Lil Peep Come Over When You 're Sober, Pt. 1 Warner Music Sweden 18 A $ AP Ferg Still Striving RCA Records Debuted at No. 12 on the US Billboard 200 Dave East Paranoia : A True Story Mass Appeal Records, Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 Declaime Young Spirit SomeOthaShip Connect, eOne Music Mozzy 1 Up Top Ahk Mozzy Records, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 68 on the US Billboard 200 No Malice Let the Dead Bury the Dead Reinvision Phora Yours Truly Forever Warner Bros. Records Debuted at No. 44 on the US Billboard 200 21 Ace Hood Trust the Process Hood Nation Ganxsta NIP Souljaz Only Psych Ward, SoSouth 25 Action Bronson Blue Chips 7000 Vice Records, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 53 on the US Billboard 200 Apollo Brown & Planet Asia Anchovies Mello Music Group A $ AP Mob Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 : Too Cozy ASAP Worldwide, Polo Grounds Music, RCA Records Debuted at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 Berner & Young Dolph Tracking Numbers Bern One Entertainment Brockhampton Saturation II Brockhampton Records, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 57 on the US Billboard 200 Grieves Running Wild Rhymesayers Entertainment Lil Uzi Vert Luv Is Rage 2 Generation Now, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 MadeinTYO True 's World Private Club, Commission Music XXXTentacion 17 Bad Vibes Forever, Empire Distribution Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 Wiki No Mountains in Manhattan XL Recordings September ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Audio Push Last Lights Left Good Vibe Tribe C - Bo The Problem West Coast Mafia, RBC Records EarthGang Rags Spillage Village Gonzoe Tha Code Blocwize Entertainment, Rapbay, Urbanlife Odd Ralph The Pink Tape Self - released Triple Threat ( Twiztid & Blaze Ya Dead Homie ) Triple Threat Majik Ninja Entertainment 5 Ghostemane Hexada 8 ¡ Mayday! Search Party Strange Music Project Pat M.O.B. Cleopatra Records 11 $ uicideboy $ Kill Yourself Part XVI : The Faded Stains Saga G * 59 Records Kill Yourself Part XVII : The Suburban Sacrifice Saga Kill Yourself Part XVIII : The Fall of Idols Saga Kill Yourself Part XIX : The Deep End Saga Kill Yourself Part XX : The Infinity Saga 15 Denmark Vessey & Azarias Buy My Drugs Ether Jung The Cool Kids Special Edition Grandmaster Deluxe Propelr Music Lil Wyte Liquor Real Talk Entertainment Open Mike Eagle Brick Body Kids Still Daydream Mello Music Group Prophets of Rage Prophets of Rage Fantasy Records, Caroline International Debuted at No. 16 on the US Billboard 200 Wyclef Jean Carnival III : The Fall and Rise of a Refugee Heads Music, Sony Music, Legacy Recordings Debuted at No. 112 on the US Billboard 200 18 Juicy J Highly Intoxicated Taylor Gang Entertainment 22 Apathy & O.C. Perestroika Dirty Version Records DJ Kay Slay The Big Brother StreetSweepers Entertainment, Empire Distribution Gorilla Zoe Gorilla Warfare Real Talk Entertainment G Herbo Humble Beast Machine Entertainment Group, 150 Dream Team, Cinematic Music Group, RED Distribution Debuted at No. 21 on the US Billboard 200 Kevin Gates By Any Means 2 Bread Winners ' Association, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 100 on the US Billboard 200 Lecrae All Things Work Together Reach Records, Columbia Records Debuted at No. 11 on the US Billboard 200 Macklemore Gemini Bendo Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 Rapsody Laila 's Wisdom Jamla Records, Roc Nation Debuted at No. 125 on the US Billboard 200 Rock Rockness A.P. Digital Deja Vu Records Ruste Juxx International Juxx Self - released Young Thug & Carnage Young Martha YSL, 300 Entertainment, Heavyweight 29 A Boogie wit da Hoodie The Bigger Artist Highbridge, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 4 on the US Billboard 200 Gunplay Haram Real Talk Entertainment Hoodie Allen The Hype Self - released Debuted at No. 166 on the US Billboard 200 Raven Felix Valifornication Taylor Gang, EMPIRE Masta Killa Loyalty Is Royalty Nature Sounds PMD Business Mentality RBC Records Rittz Last Call Strange Music Debuted at No. 43 on the US Billboard 200 Smokepurpp Deadstar Interscope, Alamo Records, Cactus Jack Debuted at No. 42 on the US Billboard 200 October ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position 6 Belly Mumble Rap XO, Roc Nation, Republic CunninLynguists Rose Azura Njano APOS, RBC Records Dame D.O.L.L.A. Confirmed Front Page Music Ed O.G. Freedom 5th & Union Krayzie Bone & Young Noble Thug Brothers 3 Real Talk Entertainment NF Perception NF Real Music, Capitol Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 Slaine & Termanology Anti-Hero ST. Records, Brick Records 13 Camp Lo The Get Down Brothers Vodka & Milk 2 Danny Diablo The Crackson Heights Project Force 5 Records Gucci Mane Mr. Davis Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 Hustle Gang We Want Smoke Grand Hustle Records, Roc Nation Krayzie Bone E. 1999 : The LeathaFace Project Real Talk Entertainment Lil Pump Lil Pump Warner Bros. Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billlboard 200 Tech N9ne Collabos Strange Reign Strange Music Debuted at No. 61 on the US Billboard 200 Wu - Tang Clan The Saga Continues 36 Chambers, Entertainment One Debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 20 Blu & Exile In the Beginning : Before the Heavens Dirty Science, Fat Beats Records EarthGang Robots Spillage Village Future & Young Thug Super Slimey Epic Records, 300 Entertainment, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 Rob $ tone Do n't Wait for It Grove Town Records Stalley Another Level Real Talk Entertainment Young Dolph Thinking Out Loud Paper Route Empire 27 Big K.R.I.T. 4eva Is a Mighty Long Time Multi Alumni, BMG Rights Management Debuted at No. 7 on the US Billboard 200 Defari Rare Poise Self - released Heavy Metal Kings Black God White Devil Enemy Soil Records, Uncle Howie Records Overdoz 2008 Polo Grounds Music, RCA Records Snoop Dogg Make America Crip Again Doggystyle Records, Empire Distribution Ty Dolla Sign Beach House 3 Atlantic Records Yelawolf Trial by Fire Slumerican, Shady Records, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 42 on the US Billboard 200 Yo Gotti I Still Am Epic Records Debuted at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 30 Last American RockStars ( Bizarre & King Gordy ) Foul World Majik Ninja Entertainment 31 21 Savage, Offset and Metro Boomin Without Warning Slaughter Gang, Epic Records, Quality Control Music, Motown. Capitol Records, Boominati Worldwide, Republic Records Debuted at No. 4 on the US Billboard 200 Chris Brown Heartbreak on a Full Moon RCA Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Lex the Hex Master Beyond Redemption Majik Ninja Entertainment November ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Aha Gazelle Trilliam 3 Reach Records Problem Selfish Diamond Lane Music Group, EMPIRE Distribution Ro Spit & 14KT RSXGLD Fat Beats Records 10 Wiz Khalifa Laugh Now, Fly Later Atlantic Records 2 Chainz Tyti Boi Dundridge Entertainment / Unlimited Business 17 Cyhi the Prynce No Dope on Sundays GOOD Music, Sony Music Debuted at No. 65 on the US Billboard 200 PnB Rock Catch These Vibes Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 17 on the US Billboard 200 T - Pain OBLiViON Nappy Boy Entertainment, RCA Records Debuted at No. 155 on the US Billboard 200 Jaden Smith Syre MSFTSMusic, Roc Nation Debuted at No. 24 on the US Billboard 200 Rexx Life Raj Father Figure 2 : Flourish Rexx Life, EMPIRE Distribution Dave B Pearl Dave B Music, PCA Talib Kweli Radio Silence Javotti Media, 3D Stalley Tell The Truth : Shame The Devil Blue Collar Gang Young Noble & Deuce Deuce For My People Concrete Enterprises 24 Fabolous and Jadakiss Friday on Elm Street Def Jam Records Debutead at No. 10 on the US Billboard 200 Hopsin No Shame Undercover Prodigy, 300 Entertainment Debutead at No. 42 on the US Billboard 200 Half - a-Mil ( Dom Kennedy & Hit - Boy ) Courtesy of a Half - A-Mil Half - A-Mil Dizzy Wright State of Mind 2 Still Movin ' Records, EMPIRE Distribution Futuristic What More Could You Ask for? Self - released 28 Sir Charm Jade Vision GF $ Records December ( edit ) Day Artist ( s ) Album Record label ( s ) Entering chart position Chief Keef Dedication RBC Records Majik Ninja Entertainment Twiztid Presents : Year of the Sword Majik Ninja Entertainment, INgrooves Music Group Debuted at No. 81 on the US Billboard 200 Roy Woods Say Less OVO Sound, Warner Bros. Records Young Buck 10 Street Commandments Cashville Records Z - Ro Codeine 1 Deep Entertainment, Empire Distribution 8 Big Sean & Metro Boomin Double or Nothing GOOD Music, Def Jam Recordings, Boominati Worldwide, Republic Records Debuted at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 Juicy J Rubba Band Business Kemosabe Records, Columbia Records, Taylor Gang Records Debuted at No. 191 on the US Billboard 200 Quality Control Quality Control : Control the Streets Volume 1 Quality Control Music, Motown Records, Capitol Records, Universal Music Group Debuted at No. 5 on the US Billboard 200 Statik Selektah 8 Duck Down Music Inc., Showoff Records Tee Grizzley & Lil Durk Bloodas Facemob BMG Rights Management Debuted at No. 96 on the US Billboard 200 G Perico 2 tha Left So Way Out LLC, Priority Records 15 Boosie Badazz BooPac Atlantic Records, Trill Entertainment Debuted at No. 38 on the US Billboard 200 Scarface Deeply Rooted : The Lost Files Facemob, BMG Rights Management Eminem Revival Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records, Interscope Records Debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 G - Eazy The Beautiful & Damned RCA Records Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Jeezy Pressure CTE World, Def Jam Recordings Debuted at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 N.E.R.D No One Ever Really Dies i am OTHER, Columbia Records Debuted at No. 31 on the US Billboard 200 RJ & DJ Mustard The Ghetto 10 Summers, Interscope Records Slim Thug The World Is Yours Hogg Life AD Blue 89 C2 2CC Baby, Swish MGMT Brockhampton Saturation III Question Everything, Inc, EMPIRE Distribution Debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 20 Chris Webby Wednesday EightyHD Huncho Jack ( Travis Scott and Quavo ) Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho Quality Control Music, Cactus Jack Records, Motown Records, Grand Hustle Records, Capitol Records, Epic Records * Debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 Gucci Mane El Gato : The Human Glacier GUWOP Enterprises, 1017 Brick Squad Records, Atlantic Records Debuted at No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 25 Lil Wayne Dedication 6 Young Money Entertainment Highest - charting singles ( edit ) Hip hop singles which charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 Song Artist Peak position `` Bad and Boujee '' Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert `` Black Beatles '' Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane `` Bodak Yellow '' Cardi B `` Humble '' Kendrick Lamar `` I 'm the One '' DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne `` Rockstar '' Post Malone featuring 21 Savage `` Wild Thoughts '' DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid `` Gucci Gang '' Lil Pump `` Unforgettable '' French Montana featuring Swae Lee `` Bad Things '' Machine Gun Kelly and Camila Cabello `` DNA '' Kendrick Lamar `` iSpy '' KYLE featuring Lil Yachty `` Juju on That Beat ( TZ Anthem ) '' Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall 5 `` Mask Off '' Future `` Bounce Back '' Big Sean 6 `` MotorSport '' Migos, Nicki Minaj and Cardi B `` Tunnel Vision '' Kodak Black `` No Limit '' G - Eazy featuring ASAP Rocky and Cardi B 7 `` XO TOUR Llif3 '' Lil Uzi Vert `` Congratulations '' Post Malone featuring Quavo 8 `` Fake Love '' Drake `` Passionfruit '' `` Rake It Up '' Yo Gotti featuring Nicki Minaj `` Portland '' Drake featuring Quavo and Travis Scott 9 `` Caroline '' Aminé 11 `` I Get the Bag '' Gucci Mane featuring Migos `` Bank Account '' 21 Savage 12 `` Gummo '' 6ix9ine `` Redbone '' Childish Gambino `` Loyalty '' Kendrick Lamar featuring Rihanna 14 `` No Frauds '' Nicki Minaj, Drake and Lil Wayne `` Walk On Water '' Eminem featuring Beyoncé `` Element '' Kendrick Lamar 16 `` Let You Down '' NF `` Free Smoke '' Drake 18 `` Love '' Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari `` I Fall Apart '' Post Malone 19 `` Ooouuu '' Young M.A `` T - Shirt '' Migos `` Rolex '' Ayo & Teo 20 `` Him & I '' G - Eazy and Halsey 21 `` No Favors '' Big Sean featuring Eminem 22 `` The Heart Part 4 '' Kendrick Lamar `` The Story of O.J. '' Jay - Z 23 `` The Way Life Goes '' Lil Uzi Vert featuring Nicki Minaj and Oh Wonder 24 `` Slide '' Calvin Harris featuring Frank Ocean and Migos 25 `` Swang '' Rae Sremmurd 26 `` Chill Bill '' Rob Stone featuring J. Davis and Spooks 29 `` Gyalchester '' Drake `` Magnolia '' Playboi Carti `` Slippery '' Migos featuring Gucci Mane `` Jocelyn Flores '' XXXTentacion 31 `` Goosebumps '' Travis Scott featuring Kendrick Lamar 32 `` Yah '' Kendrick Lamar `` Everyday We Lit '' YFN Lucci featuring PnB Rock 33 `` XXX '' Kendrick Lamar featuring U2 `` Look At Me '' XXXTentacion 34 `` 4 : 44 '' Jay - Z 35 `` Feel '' Kendrick Lamar `` Ghostface Killers '' 21 Savage, Offset & Metro Boomin featuring Travis Scott `` Teenage Fever '' Drake `` X '' 21 Savage & Metro Boomin featuring Future 36 `` Sacrifices '' Drake featuring 2 Chainz and Young Thug `` Signs '' Drake `` Pride '' Kendrick Lamar 37 `` Selfish '' Future featuring Rihanna `` Blem '' Drake 38 `` Drowning '' A Boogie wit da Hoodie featuring Kodak Black `` Moves '' Big Sean `` You da Baddest '' Future featuring Nicki Minaj `` Party '' Chris Brown featuring Gucci Mane and Usher 40 `` No Long Talk '' Drake featuring Giggs `` You Was Right '' Lil Uzi Vert Highest first - week consumption ( edit ) List of albums with the highest first - week consumption ( sales + streaming + track equivalent ), as of July 2017 in the United States. Number Album Artist 1st - week consumption 1st - week position Refs DAMN. Kendrick Lamar 603,000 More Life Drake 505,000 Revival Eminem 267,000 4 : 44 Jay - Z 262,000 5 Everybody Logic 247,000 6 I Decided. Big Sean 151,000 7 Grateful DJ Khaled 149,000 8 FUTURE Future 140,000 9 Luv Is Rage 2 Lil Uzi Vert 135,000 10 Culture Migos 131,000 Highest critically reviewed albums ( Metacritic ) ( edit ) Number Artist Album Average score Number of reviews Reference Kendrick Lamar DAMN. 95 39 reviews Vince Staples Big Fish Theory 89 25 reviews J Hus Common Sense 85 7 reviews Tyler, The Creator Flower Boy 84 16 reviews 5 Wiley Godfather 84 10 reviews 6 Loyle Carner Yesterday 's Gone 84 9 reviews 7 Young Thug Beautiful Thugger Girls 84 8 reviews 8 Jay - Z 4 : 44 83 28 reviews 9 Roc Marciano Rosebudd 's Revenge 83 5 reviews 10 Stormzy Gang Signs & Prayer 82 18 reviews See also ( edit ) Hip hop portal Previous article : 2016 in hip hop music Next article : 2018 in hip hop music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Drake 's Summer Sixteen Tour Earns Title of Highest Grossing in Hip - Hop History - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` DJ Crazy Toones Passes Away From Heart Attack - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ `` 21 Savage Inks Record Deal With Epic Records ''. Jump up ^ `` Fat Joe Signs With Roc Nation ''. Jump up ^ `` XXXTENTACION Not Released From Jail, Court Date Has Been Pushed Back ''. Jump up ^ `` Every Beef Jay Z Has Squashed in the Past 2 Years ''. Jump up ^ `` Ralo Signs To Gucci Mane 's New Label 1017 Eskimo Records ''. Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Rapper E-Dubble Has Died - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Nav Signs Deal With The Weeknd 's XO Records - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Dreamville Signs Atlanta 's J.I.D ''. Jump up ^ `` A Prelude to `` ShETHER '' : The History of Beef Between Remy Ma and Nicki Minaj ``. Complex. Jump up ^ `` Vic Mensa Arrested for Gun Possession, Released on $35,000 Bail ''. Jump up ^ `` Shady X Griselda Ink Deal For Westside Gunn and Conway ''. Shady Records. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Lud Foe Involved in Bad Car Accident ''. XXL. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07. Jump up ^ Woolf, Jake ( 7 March 2017 ). `` Big Sean Ditched Adidas for Puma ''. Jump up ^ `` Meek Mill Charged with Assault After St. Louis Airport Fight ( PHOTOS + VIDEO ) ''. TMZ. Jump up ^ `` Nicki Minaj Passes Aretha Franklin for Most Billboard Hot 100 Hits of Any Female Artist ''. Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion Released From Jail - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Lil Twist Released From Jail ''. Jump up ^ `` Big Sean Becomes Youngest Person To Ever Receive Key To Detroit ''. Jump up ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn ( 4 April 2017 ). `` Kanye West 's The Life of Pablo is the first album to go platinum entirely from streams ''. The Verge. Jump up ^ `` Birdman Gets Plaque In Honor Of Cash Money Selling A Billion Units ''. Jump up ^ `` 40 Glocc Shot Twice at California Funeral - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Mobb Deep 's Prodigy Reportedly Died From An Accidental Choking ''. Jump up ^ `` Hip - Hop Becomes Most Popular Genre In Music For First Time In U.S. History ''. Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh. `` Report : Hip - Hop / R&B Is The Dominant Genre In The U.S. For The First Time ''. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Says Hip - Hop / R&B Is Now Most Consumed Genre in U.S. - XXL ''. XXL Mag. Jump up ^ `` Hip - Hop Takes the Throne, Passes Rock as Most Consumed Genre in U.S. '' Jump up ^ http://www.thisis50.com/profiles/blogs/lil-wayne-released-from-hospital-will-need-2-weeks-to-recover Jump up ^ Queally, James ( 27 September 2017 ). `` Shooting of rapper in Hollywood could be tied to hip - hop feud '' -- via LA Times. Jump up ^ `` Cardi B is now the first female solo rapper to top the Billboard 100 chart since 1998 ''. Jump up ^ http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/10/xxxtentacion-quit-making-music/. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Remy Ma Signs Deal With Columbia Records. Readies Nicki Minaj Diss Track With Lil Kim ''. www.thisis50.com. Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com, HipHopDX -. `` Meek Mill Checks In To Prison For 2 - 4 Year Bid ''. 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Jump up ^ `` Yesterday 's Gone by Loyle Carner ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Thugger Girls by Young Thug ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 4 : 44 by Jay - Z ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Rosebudd 's Revenge by Roc Marciano ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Gang Signs & Prayer by Stormzy ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29. ( hide ) List of years in hip hop music 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_in_hip_hop_music&oldid=827984402 '' Categories : 2010s in hip hop music 2017 in music Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 21 : 50. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "2017 in hip hop music", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017_in_hip_hop_music&oldid=827984402" }

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{ "text": "List of most expensive buildings - wikipedia List of most expensive buildings This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below lists the most expensive buildings in the world, which cost the most money to construct. Rank Building City Country Architect / designer Current owner ( s ) Completed Nominal Cost ( $ US billion ) Inflation - Adjusted Cost, 2015 ( $ US billion ) Abraj Al Bait ( Mixed ) Mecca Saudi Arabia Dar Al - Handasah King Abdulaziz 2012 15.00 15.49 Berlin Brandenburg Airport Berlin Germany Gerkan, Marg & Partners Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH 2020 10.70 10.70 Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 Eurajoki Finland Areva NP and Siemens AG Teollisuuden Voima 2018 9.06 9.22 Marina Bay Sands Singapore Singapore Moshe Safdie Las Vegas Sands 5.50 5.98 Apple Park Cupertino, California United States Foster and Partners Apple Inc. 2017 5.00 5.00 6 Resorts World Sentosa Singapore Singapore Michael Graves Genting Group 4.93 7.16 7 The Cosmopolitan Las Vegas United States Friedmutter Group with Arquitectonica The Blackstone Group 3.90 4.24 8 One World Trade Center New York City United States Skidmore, Owings & Merrill The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2012 3.80 3.92 9 Emirates Palace Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates John Elliott Abu Dhabi Government 2005 3.00 3.64 10 Palace of the Parliament Bucharest Romania Anca Petrescu Romanian Government 3.00 4.43 11 Wynn Resort Las Vegas United States Butler / Ashworth Architects and Jerde Partnership Wynn Resorts 2005 2.70 3.28 12 Venetian Macau Macau Macau Aedas Las Vegas Sands 2005 2.40 2.91 13 City of Dreams Macau Macau Arquitectonica Melco Crown Entertainment 2009 2.40 2.65 14 Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide Australia Perkins & Will Government of South Australia 2017 3.0 3.0 15 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan C.Y. Lee & Partners Taipei Financial Center Corporation 1.80 2.26 16 The Palazzo Las Vegas United States HKS, Inc. Las Vegas Sands 2007 1.80 2.06 17 Nya Karolinska Hospital Stockholm Sweden 1.6 1.6 18 Bellagio Las Vegas United States DeRuyter Butler and Atlandia Design Bellagio ( MGM Resorts International is the owner of the company ) 1998 1.60 2.33 19 Seat of the ECB Frankfurt Germany Coop Himmelb ( l ) au European Central Bank 2013 1.57 1.60222 20 Wembley Stadium London UK Foster and Partners The Football Association 2006 1.50 1.76 21 Yankee Stadium New York City United States Populous New York City 2009 1.50 1.66 22 Termoelektrarna Šoštanj blok 6 Šoštanj Slovenia n.a. Sloveinan Government 2014 1.6 1.6 23 Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill Emaar Properties 1.50 1.63 24 Gigafactory 1 Storey County, Nevada United States HOK, Bennett Wagner & Grody Architects, RMH Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, Mortenson Construction, and CH2M HILL Tesla, Inc. 2020 1.31 1.31 25 Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur Malaysia César Pelli KLCC Holdings 1999 1.16 1.65 26 Australian Parliament Canberra Australia Romaldo Giurgola Australian Government 1.10 2.87 27 Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Atlantic City, New Jersey United States Francis Xavier Dumont Hard Rock International 1.10 2.00 See also ( edit ) Megaproject List of megaprojects List of largest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in the world List of largest hotels in the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wainwright, Oliver ( 23 October 2012 ). `` Mecca 's mega architecture casts shadow over hajj '' -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ Röbel, Sven ; Wassermann, Andreas ( 2012 - 07 - 30 ). `` BERLIN : `` Nicht mehr beherrschbar '' ``. Der Spiegel. 31. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Hauptstadtflughafen : Kosten für BER übersteigen sieben Milliarden Euro ''. Spiegel Online. 2018 - 02 - 23. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Suomenkin uusi ydinvoimala maksaa 8, 5 miljardia euroa ''. 13 December 2012. Jump up ^ Wainwright, Oliver ( 15 November 2013 ). `` All hail the mothership : Norman Foster 's $5 bn Apple HQ revealed '' -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ - Apple Campus 2 cost 5 billion Projects : Foster and Partners Jump up ^ `` Resorts World Sentosa : Singapore Buildings - e-architect ''. 20 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - Arquitectonica ''. 25 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` One World Trade Center Will Cost $3.8 Billion, Making It The Most Expensive Building In The World ''. 31 January 2012 -- via Huff Post. Jump up ^ http://www.aedas.com/Venetian-Macao-Resort-Hotel Jump up ^ eub2. `` ECB 's new building to cost more than expected, says official -- EUbusiness.com - EU news, business and politics ''. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Parliament House, Canberra Jump up ^ Topics, Lenny Glynn ; Lenny Glynn Is A. Freelance Writer Who Specializes In Financial ( 8 April 1990 ). `` Trump 's Taj - Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite '' -- via NYTimes.com. Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia, Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Mosques Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_buildings&oldid=861363316 '' Categories : Construction records Lists of most expensive things Lists of buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018, at 21 : 55 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of most expensive buildings", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_buildings&oldid=861363316" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below lists the most expensive buildings in the world, which cost the most money to construct. Rank Building City Country Architect / designer Current owner ( s ) Completed Nominal Cost ( $ US billion ) Inflation - Adjusted Cost, 2015 ( $ US billion ) Abraj Al Bait ( Mixed ) Mecca Saudi Arabia Dar Al - Handasah King Abdulaziz 2012 15.00 15.49 Berlin Brandenburg Airport Berlin Germany Gerkan, Marg & Partners Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH 2020 10.70 10.70 Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 Eurajoki Finland Areva NP and Siemens AG Teollisuuden Voima 2018 9.06 9.22 Marina Bay Sands Singapore Singapore Moshe Safdie Las Vegas Sands" ], "id": [ "12794659297127095282" ], "short_answers": [ "Abraj Al Bait" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Rebar - wikipedia Rebar For other uses, see Rebar ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A tied rebar beam cage. This will be embedded inside cast concrete to increase its tensile strength. Rebar ( short for reinforcing bar ), collectively known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression. Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar 's surface is often patterned to form a better bond with the concrete. The most common type of rebar is carbon steel, typically consisting of hot - rolled round bars with deformation patterns. Other readily available types include stainless steel, and composite sections made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. These alternate types tend to be more expensive or have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide. In practice, any material with sufficient tensile strength that is materially compatible with concrete could potentially be used to reinforce concrete, for example bamboo might be considered a viable substitution in regions where steel is not available. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress as the temperature changes. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Use in concrete and masonry 3 Physical characteristics 4 Sizes and grades 4.1 US sizes 4.2 Canadian sizes 4.3 European sizes 4.4 Australian sizes 4.4. 1 Bars 4.5 India 4.6 Jumbo and Threaded Bar sizes 4.7 Grades 5 Placing rebar 5.1 Stirrups 5.2 Welding 5.3 Mechanical connections 5.4 Safety 6 Designations 7 Reuse and recycling 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Reinforced concrete § History Rebar inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since at least the 15th century ( 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the Château de Vincennes ). During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. The cast iron used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no corrosion on the bars to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof, crowned with one of the first known lightning rods. However, it was not until the mid-19th century that rebar displayed its greatest strengths with the embedding of steel bars into concrete, thus producing modern reinforced concrete. Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include Joseph - Louis Lambot of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris ( 1854 ) and Thaddeus Hyatt of the United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams. Joseph Monier of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier patented reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges. The Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park Ernest L. Ransome, an English engineer and architect who worked in the United States, made a significant contribution to the development of reinforcing bars in concrete construction. He invented twisted iron rebar, which he initially thought of while designing self - supporting sidewalks for the Masonic Hall in Stockton, California. His twisted rebar was, however, not initially appreciated and even ridiculed at the Technical Society of California, where members stated that the twisting would weaken the iron. In 1889, Ransome worked on the West Coast mainly designing bridges. One of these, the Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park, was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. He used twisted rebar in this structure. At the same time Ernest L. Ransome was inventing twisted steel rebar, C.A.P. Turner was designing his `` mushroom system '' of reinforced concrete floor slabs with smooth round rods and Julius Kahn ( inventor ) was experimenting with an innovative rolled diamond - shaped rebar with flat - plate flanges angled upwards at 45 ° ( patented in 1902 ). Kahn predicted concrete beams with this reinforcing system would bend like a Warren Truss, and also thought of this rebar as shear reinforcement. Kahn 's reinforcing system was built in concrete beams, joists, and columns. The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn 's engineering contemporaries : C.A.P. Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures. He rejected the idea that Kahn 's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren Truss and also noted that this system would not provide the adequate amount of shear stress reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams, the place where the shear stress is greatest. Furthermore, Turner warned that Kahn 's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal reinforcement in the beams at the columns. This type of failure manifested in the partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach, California and total collapse of the Eastman Kodak Building in Rochester, New York, both during construction in 1906. It was, however, concluded that both failures were the consequences of poor quality labor. With the increase in demand of construction standardization, innovative reinforcing systems such as Kahn 's were pushed to the side in favor of the concrete reinforcing systems seen today. Requirements for deformations on steel bar reinforcement were not standardized in U.S. construction until about 1950. Modern requirements for deformations were established in `` Tentative Specifications for the Deformations of Deformed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement '', ASTM A305 - 47T. Subsequently, changes were made that increased rib height and reduced rib spacing for certain bar sizes, and the qualification of `` tentative '' was removed when the updated standard ASTM A305 - 49 was issued in 1949. The requirements for deformations found in current specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, among others, are the same as those specified in ASTM A305 - 49. Use in concrete and masonry ( edit ) `` Primary reinforcement '' and `` Secondary reinforcement '' redirect here. For primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement in psychology ( operant conditioning ), see Reinforcement § Primary reinforcers and Reinforcement § Secondary reinforcers. Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To compensate for this imbalance in concrete 's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads. Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement, but there are other minor uses : Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads. Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage. Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area. Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to accommodate their loads. External steel tie bars can constrain and reinforce masonry structures, as illustrated by the Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican. Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accommodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry. Physical characteristics ( edit ) Steel has a thermal expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from the temperature of the setting. Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often accompanies a larger - scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members ( 40 -- 60 times the diameter ), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place, while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete. Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel, making it susceptible to rusting. Normally the concrete cover is able to provide a pH value higher than 12 avoiding the corrosion reaction. Too little concrete cover can compromise this guard through carbonation from the surface, and salt penetration. Too much concrete cover can cause bigger crack widths which also compromises the local guard. As rust takes up greater volume than the steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, spalling, and, ultimately, structural failure. This phenomenon is known as oxide jacking. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications. Uncoated, corrosion - resistant low carbon / chromium ( microcomposite ), silicon bronze, epoxy - coated, galvanized, or stainless steel rebars may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project. Extra care is taken during the transport, fabrication, handling, installation, and concrete placement process when working with epoxy - coated rebar, because damage will reduce the long - term corrosion resistance of these bars. Even damaged bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars, though issues from debonding of the epoxy coating from the bars and corrosion under the epoxy film have been reported. These bars are used in over 70,000 bridge decks in the USA. The requirements for deformations are found in standard product specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, and dictate lug spacing and height. Fibre - reinforced plastic rebar is also used in high - corrosion environments. It is available in many forms, such as spirals for reinforcing columns, common rods, and meshes. Most commercially available rebar is made from unidirectional fibers set in a thermoset polymer resin, and is often referred to as FRP. Some special construction such as research and manufacturing facilities with very sensitive electronics may require the use of reinforcement that is non-conductive to electricity, and medical imaging equipment rooms may require non-magnetic properties to avoid interference. FRP rebar, notably glass fibre types have low electrical conductivity and are non-magnetic which is commonly used for such needs. Stainless steel rebar with low magnetic permeability is available and is sometimes used to avoid magnetic interference issues. Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as earthquakes, resulting in structural failure. The prime example of this is the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, causing 42 fatalities. The shaking of the earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and buckle. Updated building designs, including more circumferential rebar, can address this type of failure. Sizes and grades ( edit ) US sizes ( edit ) US / Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of 1⁄8 inch for bar sizes # 2 through # 8, so that # 8 = ​ ⁄ inch = 1 inch diameter. The cross-sectional area, as given by πr2, works out to ( bar size / 9.027 ) 2, which is approximated as ( bar size / 9 ) 2 square inches. For example, the area of # 8 bar is ( 8 / 9 ) 2 = 0.79 square inches. Bar sizes larger than # 8 follow the 1⁄8 inch rule imperfectly and skip sizes # 12 - 13, and # 15 - 17 due to historical convention. In early concrete construction bars 1 inch and larger were only available in square sections, and when large format deformed round bars became available around 1957 the industry manufactured them to provide the cross-sectional area equivalent of standard square bar sizes that were formerly used. The diameter of the equivalent large format round shape is rounded to the nearest 1⁄8 inch to provide the bar size. For example, # 9 bar has a cross section of 1.00 square inches, and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches. # 10, # 11, # 14, and # 18 sizes correspond to 1 ​ ⁄ inch, 1 ​ ⁄, 1 ​ ⁄, and 2 inch square bars, respectively. # 14 rebar is particularly affected by this approximation ; by diameter it would be # 13.5. Sizes smaller than # 3 are no longer recognized as standard sizes. These are most commonly manufactured as plain round undeformed rod steel, but can be made with deformations. Sizes smaller than # 3 are typically referred to as `` wire '' products and not `` bar '', and specified by either their nominal diameter or wire gage number. # 2 bars are often informally called `` pencil rod '' as they are about the same size as a pencil. When US / Imperial sized rebar are used in projects with metric units, the equivalent metric size is typically specified as the nominal diameter rounded to the nearest millimeter. These are not considered standard metric sizes, and thus is often referred to as a soft conversion or the `` soft metric '' size. The US / Imperial bar size system recognizes the use of true metric bar sizes ( No. 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 50 and 60 specifically ) which indicates the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, as an `` alternate size '' specification. Substituting a true metric size for a US / Imperial size is called a hard conversion, and sometimes results in the use of a physically different sized bar. There are no fractional bar sizes in this system. The `` # '' symbol in this system indicates the number sign, and thus `` # 6 '' is read as `` number six ''. The use of the `` # '' sign is customary for US sizes, however `` No. '' is sometimes used instead. Steel reinforcement bars with color codes indicating the grade U.S. rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Nominal diameter Nominal area ​ ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) # 2 No. 6 0.167 0.249 0.250 = ​ ⁄ 6.35 0.05 32 # 3 No. 10 0.376 0.561 0.375 = ​ ⁄ 9.525 0.11 71 # 4 No. 13 0.668 0.996 0.500 = ​ ⁄ 12.7 0.20 129 # 5 No. 16 1.043 1.556 0.625 = ​ ⁄ 15.875 0.31 200 # 6 No. 19 1.502 2.24 0.750 = ​ ⁄ 19.05 0.44 284 # 7 No. 22 2.044 3.049 0.875 = ​ ⁄ 22.225 0.60 387 # 8 No. 25 2.670 3.982 1.000 = ​ ⁄ 25.4 0.79 509 # 9 No. 29 3.400 5.071 1.128 ≈ ​ ⁄ 28.65 1.00 645 # 10 No. 32 4.303 6.418 1.270 ≈ ​ ⁄ 32.26 1.27 819 # 11 No. 36 5.313 7.924 1.410 ≈ ​ ⁄ 35.81 1.56 1006 # 14 No. 43 7.650 11.41 1.693 ≈ ​ ⁄ 43 2.25 1452 # 18 No. 57 13.60 20.284 2.257 ≈ ​ ⁄ 57.3 4.00 2581 Jump up ^ Historic size designation that is no longer in common use. Canadian sizes ( edit ) Corroded concrete and rebar at the bridge of Queen Elizabeth Way crossing the Welland River in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm. Metric bar size Linear Mass Density ( kg / m ) Nominal diameter ( mm ) Cross-sectional Area ( mm2 ) 10M 0.785 11.3 100 15M 1.570 16.0 200 20M 2.355 19.5 300 25M 3.925 25.2 500 30M 5.495 29.9 700 35M 7.850 35.7 1000 45M 11.775 43.7 1500 55M 19.625 56.4 2500 European sizes ( edit ) Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Preferred bar sizes in Europe are specified to comply with Table 6 of the standard EN 10080, although various national standards still remain in force ( e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom ). In Switzerland some sizes are different from European standard. Steel reinforcement in storage Metric bar size Linear mass density ( kg / m ) Nominal diameter ( mm ) Cross-sectional area ( mm2 ) 6, 0 0.222 6 28.3 8, 0 0.395 8 50.3 10, 0 0.617 10 78.5 12, 0 0.888 12 113 14, 0 1.21 14 154 16, 0 1.58 16 201 20, 0 2.47 20 314 25, 0 3.85 25 491 28, 0 4.83 28 616 32, 0 6.31 32 804 40, 0 9.86 40 1257 50, 0 15.4 50 1963 Australian sizes ( edit ) Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600 - 2009 ( Concrete Structures ) and AS / NZS4671 - 2001 ( Steel Reinforcing for Concrete ). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanising. The designation of reinforcement is defined in AS / NZS4671 - 2001 using the following formats : Bars ( edit ) Shape code Yield strength ( MPa ) Ductility class Nominal diameter ( mm ) D - deformed bar - Grade 300 300 MPa N - normal 10 D - deformed bar - Grade 500 500 MPa N - normal 10 R - round bar 250 MPa L - low 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Examples : D500N12 is deformed bar, 500 MPa strength, normal ductility and 12 mm nominal diameter - also known as `` N12 '' R250N20 is round bar, 250 MPa strength, normal ductility and 20 mm nominal diameter - also known as `` R20 '' Bars are typically abbreviated to simply ' N ' ( hot - rolled deformed bar ), ' R ' ( hot - rolled round bar ), ' RW ' ( cold - drawn ribbed wire ) or ' W ' ( cold - drawn round wire ), as the yield strength and ductility class can be implied from the shape. For example, all commercially available wire has a yield strength of 500 MPa and low ductility, while round bars are 250 MPa and normal ductility. India ( edit ) Rebars are available in the following grades as per IS : 1786 - 2008 FE 415 / FE 415D / FE 415S / FE 500 / FE 500D / FE 500S / FE 550, FE550D, FE 600. Rebars are quenched with water at a high level pressure so that the outer surface is hardened while the inner core remains soft. Rebars are ribbed so that the concrete can have a better grip. Coastal regions use galvanized rebars to prolong their life. Weight chart of Indians Rebars with tolerances and sizes. Jumbo and threaded bar sizes ( edit ) Very large format rebar sizes are widely available and produced by specialty manufacturers. The tower and sign industries commonly use `` jumbo '' bars as anchor rods for large structures which are fabricated from slightly oversized blanks such that threads can be cut at the ends to accept standard anchor nuts. Fully threaded rebar is also produced with very coarse threads which satisfy rebar deformation standards and allow for custom nuts and couplers to be used. Note that these customary sizes while in common use, do not have consensus standards associated with them, and actual properties may vary by manufacturer. Jumbo rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Nominal diameter ( outside of threaded zone ) Nominal area ( outside of threaded zone ) ​ ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) # 14J - 9.48 14.14 1.88 47.8 2.78 1794 # 18J - 14.60 21.78 2.34 59.4 4.29 2768 Threaded rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Maximum diameter Nominal area ​ ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) ( # 18 and smaller are the same as US / Imperial sizes ) # 20 No. 63 16.70 24.85 2.72 69 4.91 3168 # 24 No. 75 24.09 35.85 3.18 81 7.06 4555 # 28 No. 90 32.79 48.80 3.68 94 9.62 6207 1 '' No. 26 3.01 4.48 1.25 32 0.85 548 1 ​ ⁄ '' No. 32 4.39 6.53 1.45 37 1.25 806 1 ​ ⁄ '' No. 36 5.56 8.27 1.63 41 1.58 1019 1 ​ ⁄ '' No. 46 9.23 13.73 2.01 51 2.58 1665 2 ​ ⁄ '' No. 65 18.20 27.08 2.80 71 5.16 3329 3 '' No. 75 24.09 35.85 3.15 80 6.85 4419 Grades ( edit ) Rebar is available in grades and specifications that vary in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, chemical composition, and percentage of elongation. The use of a grade by itself only indicates the minimum permissible yield strength, and it must be used in the context of a material specification in order to fully describe product requirements for rebar. Material specifications set the requirements for grades as well as additional properties such as, chemical composition, minimum elongation, physical tolerances, etc. Fabricated rebar must exceed the grade 's minimum yield strength and any other material specification requirements when inspected and tested. In US use, the grade designation is equal to the minimum yield strength of the bar in ksi ( 1000 psi ) for example grade 60 rebar has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi. Rebar is most commonly manufactured in grades 40, 60, and 75 with higher strength readily available in grades 80, 100, 120 and 150. Grade 60 ( 420 MPa ) is the most widely used rebar grade in modern US construction. Historic grades include 30, 33, 35, 36, 50 and 55 which are not in common use today. Some grades are only manufactured for specific bar sizes, for example under ASTM A615, Grade 40 ( 280 MPa ) is only furnished for US bar sizes # 3 through # 6 ( soft metric No. 10 through 19 ). Sometimes limitations on available material grades for specific bar sizes is related to the manufacturing process used, as well as the availability of controlled quality raw materials used. Some material specifications cover multiple grades, and in such cases it is necessary to indicate both the material specification and grade. For example, material specification ASTM A615 has four grades ( 40, 60, 75 and 80 ) and one would need to indicate `` ASTM A615 Gr. 60 '' to be unequivocal. On the other hand, material specification ASTM A706 has only one grade which is 60, therefore indicating `` ASTM A706 '' is technically equivalent to `` ASTM A706 Gr. 60 '', however the latter is unambiguous. Rebar grades are customarily noted on engineering documents, even when there are no other grade options within the material specification, in order to eliminate confusion and avoid potential quality issues such as might occur if a material substitution is made. Note that `` Gr. '' is the common engineering abbreviation for `` grade '', with variations on letter capitalization and the use of a period. In certain cases, such as earthquake engineering and blast resistant design where post-yield behavior is expected, it is important to be able to predict and control properties such as the maximum yield strength and minimum ratio of tensile strength to yield strength. ASTM A706 is an example of a controlled property range material specification which has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi ( 420 MPa ), maximum yield strength of 78 ksi ( 540 MPa ), minimum tensile strength of 80 ksi ( 550 MPa ) and not less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength, and minimum elongation requirements that vary by bar size. In countries that use the metric system, the grade designation is typically the yield strength in megapascals MPa, for example grade 400 ( similar to US grade 60, however metric grade 420 is actually the exact substitution for the US grade ). Common US specifications, published by ACI and ASTM, are : American Concrete Institute : `` ACI 318 - 14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary '', ISBN 978 - 0 - 87031 - 930 - 3 ( 2014 ) ASTM A82 : Specification for Plain Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A184 / A184M : Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A185 : Specification for Welded Plain Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A496 : Specification for Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A497 : Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A615 / A615M : Deformed and plain carbon - steel bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A616 / A616M : Specification for Rail - Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A617 / A617M : Specification for Axle - Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A706 / A706M : Low - alloy steel deformed and plain bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A722 / A722M : Standard Specification for High - Strength Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete ASTM A767 / A767M : Specification for Zinc - Coated ( Galvanized ) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A775 / A775M : Specification for Epoxy - Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars ASTM A934 / A934M : Specification for Epoxy - Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars ASTM A955 : Deformed and plain stainless - steel bars for concrete reinforcement ( Supplementary Requirement S1 is used when specifying magnetic permeability testing ) ASTM A996 : Rail - steel and axle - steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A1035 : Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain, Low - carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM marking designations are : ' S ' billet A615 ' I ' rail A616 `` ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996 ) ''. Astm.org. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' IR ' Rail Meeting Supplementary Requirements S1 A616 `` ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996 ) ''. Astm.org. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' A ' Axle A617 `` ASTM A617 / A617M - 96a Standard Specification for Axle Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996 ) ''. Astm.org. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' W ' Low - alloy -- A706 Historically in Europe, rebar is composed of mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 MPa ( 36 ksi ). Modern rebar is composed of high - yield steel, with a yield strength more typically 500 MPa ( 72.5 ksi ). Rebar can be supplied with various grades of ductility. The more ductile steel is capable of absorbing considerably more energy when deformed - a behavior that resists earthquake forces and is used in design. These high yield strength ductile steels are usually produced using the TEMPCORE process, a method of thermomechanical processing. The manufacture of reinforcing steel by re-rolling finished products ( e.g. sheets or rails ) is not allowed. In contrast to structural steel, rebar steel grades are not harmonized yet across Europe, each country having their own national standards. However some standardization of specification and testing methods exist under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630 : BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. ( 2005 ) BS 4449 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product. Specification. ( 2005 / 2009 ) BS 4482 : Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products. Specification ( 2005 ) BS 4483 : Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specification ( 2005 ) BS 6744 : Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete. Requirements and test methods. ( 2001 / 2009 ) DIN 488 - 1 : Reinforcing steels - Part 1 : Grades, properties, marking ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 2 : Reinforcing steels - Part 2 : Reinforcing steel bars ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 3 : Reinforcing steels - Part 3 : Reinforcing steel in coils, steel wire ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 4 : Reinforcing steels - Part 4 : Welded fabric ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 5 : Reinforcing steels - Part 5 : Lattice girders ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 6 : Reinforcing steel - Part 6 : Assessment of conformity ( 2010 ) BS EN ISO 15630 - 1 : Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire. ( 2010 ) BS EN ISO 15630 - 2 : Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Welded fabric. ( 2010 ) Placing rebar ( edit ) Steel wire used to secure rebar before concrete is poured over it. A scale marked in centimetres is shown for size reference. Rebar cages are fabricated either on or off the project site commonly with the help of hydraulic benders and shears. However, for small or custom work a tool known as a Hickey, or hand rebar bender, is sufficient. The rebars are placed by steel fixers `` rodbusters '' or concrete reinforcing iron workers, with bar supports and concrete or plastic rebar spacers separating the rebar from the concrete formwork to establish concrete cover and ensure that proper embedment is achieved. The rebars in the cages are connected by spot welding, tying steel wire, sometimes using an electric rebar tier, or with mechanical connections. For tying epoxy coated or galvanised rebars, epoxy coated or galvanized wire is normally used, respectively. Stirrups ( edit ) Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage. Stirrups are usually rectangular, and are placed at regular intervals along a column or beam to prevent shear failure. Welding ( edit ) The American Welding Society ( AWS ) D 1.4 sets out the practices for welding rebar in the U.S. Without special consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is W grade ( Low - alloy -- A706 ). Rebar that is not produced to the ASTM A706 specification is generally not suitable for welding without calculating the `` carbon - equivalent ''. Material with a carbon - equivalent of less than 0.55 can be welded. ASTM A 616 & ASTM A 617 ( now replaced by the combined standard A996 ) reinforcing bars are re-rolled rail steel and re-rolled rail axle steel with uncontrolled chemistry, phosphorus and carbon content. These materials are not common. Rebar cages are normally tied together with wire, although spot welding of cages has been the norm in Europe for many years, and is becoming more common in the United States. High strength steels for prestressed concrete may absolutely not be welded. Mechanical connections ( edit ) Also known as `` mechanical couplers '' or `` mechanical splices '', mechanical connections are used to connect reinforcing bars together. Mechanical couplers are an effective means to reduce rebar congestion in highly reinforced areas for cast - in - place concrete construction. These couplers are also used in precast concrete construction at the joints between members. The structural performance criteria for mechanical connections varies between countries, codes, and industries. As a minimum requirement, codes typically specify that the rebar to splice connection meets or exceeds 125 % of the specified yield strength of the rebar. More stringent criteria also requires the development of the specified ultimate strength of the rebar. As an example, ACI 318 specifies either Type 1 ( 125 % Fy ) or Type 2 ( 125 % Fy and 100 % Fu ) performance criteria. Rebars with safety caps installed before being covered in concrete For concrete structures designed with ductility in mind, it is recommended that the mechanical connections are also capable of failing in a ductile manner, typically known in the reinforcing steel industry as achieving `` bar - break ''. As an example, Caltrans specifies a required mode of failure ( i.e., `` necking of the bar '' ). Safety ( edit ) To prevent injury, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel - reinforced plastic `` plate '' caps. `` Mushroom '' caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement. Designations ( edit ) Reinforcement is usually tabulated in a `` reinforcement schedule '' on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the notations used around the world. The following list provides examples of the notations used in the architectural, engineering, and construction industry. New Zealand Designation Explanation HD - 16 - 300, T&B, EW High strength ( 500 MPa ) 16 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm centers ( center - to - center distance ) on both the top and bottom face and in each way as well ( i.e., longitudinal and transverse ). 3 - D12 Three mild strength ( 300 MPa ) 12 mm diameter rebars R8 Stirrups @ 225 MAX D grade ( 300 MPa ) smooth bar stirrups, spaced at 225 mm centres. By default in New Zealand practice all stirrups are normally interpreted as being full, closed, loops. This is a detailing requirement for concrete ductility in seismic zones ; If a single strand of stirrup with a hook at each end was required, this would typically be both specified and illustrated. United States Designation Explanation # 4 @ 12 OC, T&B, EW Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on center ( center - to - center distance ) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well, i.e. longitudinal and transverse. ( 3 ) # 4 Three number 4 rebars ( usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail ) # 3 ties @ 9 OC, ( 2 ) per set Number 3 rebars used as stirrups, spaced at 9 inches on center. Each set consists of two ties, which is usually illustrated. # 7 @ 12 '' EW, EF Number 7 rebar spaced 12 inches apart, placed in each direction ( each way ) and on each face. Reuse and recycling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Workers extracting rebar from demolition rubble In China and many other countries, after the demolition of a concrete structure, workers are called in to remove the rebar. They scour the site, extracting the metal using bolt cutters, welding equipment, sledgehammers, and other tools. The metal is partially straightened, bundled and sold. Rebar, like almost all metal products, can be recycled as scrap. It is usually combined with other steel products, melted down, and re-formed. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merritt, Frederic S., M. Kent Loftin and Jonathan T. Ricketts, Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, Fourth Edition, McGraw - Hill Book Company, 1995, p. 8.17 Jump up ^ `` Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion ''. The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Le donjon de Vincennes livre son histoire ''. Jump up ^ The office of the first Russian oligarch ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of Building Construction : Materials and Methods. 4th ed. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, 2004. Jump up ^ Ransome, Ernest L, and Alexis Saurbrey. Reinforced Concrete Buildings : A Treatise on the History, Patents, Design and Erection of the Principal Parts Entering Into A Modern Reinforced Concrete Building. New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company, 1912. Jump up ^ `` Rebar and the Alvord Lake Bridge ''. 99 % Invisible. Retrieved 15 November 2017. Jump up ^ Salmon, Ryan ; Elliott, Meghan ( April 2013 ). `` The Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete : Why It Almost Mattered ''. Structure : 9 -- 11. Retrieved 15 November 2017. Jump up ^ SEAOSC Design Guide Vol. 1 `` City of Los Angeles Mandatory Earthquake Hazard Reduction in Existing Non-Ductile Concrete Buildings ''. International Code Council. 2016. p. 79. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60983 - 697 - 9. Jump up ^ `` GFRP Bar Transverse Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Effects on Concrete Cover '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 20. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Matthew ; Darwin, David ; Browning, JoAnn ; Locke Jr, Carl E. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ). `` Evaluation of multiple corrosion protection systems for reinforced concrete bridge decks ''. Jump up ^ `` Cost - Effective Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete - Epoxy Interest Group ( based on the KU study ) ''. epoxyinterestgroup.org. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ Recommended Field Handling of Expoy - Coated Reinforcing Bars, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Jump up ^ Ramniceanu, Andrei ( 1 ) Parameters Governing the Corrosion Protection Efficiency of Fusion - Bonded Epoxy Coatings on Reinforcing Steel, Virginia Transportation Research Council, January 2008 Jump up ^ Epoxy Interest Group. `` Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI ''. Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI. Retrieved 24 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` History of Reinforcing Steel ''. www.crsi.org. CRSI. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Jump up ^ Wang, Chu - Kia ; Salmon, Charles ; Pincheira, Jose ( 2007 ). Reinforced Concrete Design. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26286 - 2. Jump up ^ `` BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. '', pp. 19 ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ `` Reinforcement Bars / Re-barsAs / TMT as Per IS. 1786 ''. Indana. Retrieved June 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Rebar - # 14J & # 18J ''. www.haydonbolts.com. Haydon Bolts, Inc. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Threaded Rebar ''. www.portlandbolt.com. Portland Bolt & Manufacturing Company. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` THREADBAR Reinforcing System ''. www.dsiamerica.com. DYWIDAG - Systems International. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` 4 Ways to Abbreviate Grade ''. Retrieved November 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Noville, J.F. ( June 2015 ). TEMPCORE, the most convenient process to produce low cost high strength rebars from 8 to 75 mm ( PDF ). 2nd ESTAD - METEC. Düsseldorf. Jump up ^ `` BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. '', clause 6.4, pp. 13 ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ Jesse ( January 29, 2013 ). `` Reinforced Concrete Beam Design : Concrete Beam Stirrups? What are they and why are they important? ''. Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04. Jump up ^ ACI committee 318 ( 2014 ). ACI 318 - 14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute ( ACI ). ISBN 978 - 0870319303. Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ California Dept. of Transportation. `` METHOD OF TESTS FOR MECHANICAL AND WELDED REINFORCING STEEL SPLICES '' ( PDF ). Caltrans. Retrieved February 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration. `` Mushroom Style Plastic Rebar Covers Used For Impalement Protection ''. OSHA. Retrieved February 28, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebar. OSHA rebar impalement protection measures hide Concrete History Roman concrete Roman engineering Ancient Roman architecture Composition Cement Portland cement Water Water -- cement ratio Aggregate Reinforcement Fly ash Ground granulated blast furnace slag Silica fume Metakaolin Production Plant Concrete mixer Volumetric mixer Reversing drum mixer Slump test Flow table test Curing Concrete cover Cover meter Rebar Science Properties Degradation Environmental impact Recycling Segregation in concrete Alkali -- silica reaction Types Energetically modified cement Fiber reinforcement Rosendale cement ( natural cement ) Perviousity Precasting Pre-stressing Ready - mix Reinforcement Roller - compacting Self - consolidating Self - leveling Mass Polymer Filigree Voided biaxial slab Lunarcrete Reinforced column Foam Polished Construction Formwork Climbing formwork Slip forming Screed Power screed Finisher Power trowel Pump Float Sealer Organizations American Concrete Institute Institution of Structural Engineers Indian Concrete Institute Nanocem Portland Cement Association International Federation for Structural Concrete Standards Eurocode 2 EN 197 - 1 EN 206 - 1 EN 10080 Book : Concrete Category : Concrete Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebar&oldid=846456384 '' Categories : Building materials Concrete Foundations ( buildings and structures ) Reinforced concrete Russian inventions Steels Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Lietuvių Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West - Vlams 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 22 : 02 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Rebar", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rebar&oldid=846456384" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Further information : Reinforced concrete § History Rebar inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since at least the 15th century ( 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the Château de Vincennes ). During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. The cast iron used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no corrosion on the bars to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof, crowned with one of the first known lightning rods. However, it was not until the mid-19th century that rebar displayed its greatest strengths with the embedding of steel bars into concrete, thus producing modern reinforced concrete. Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include Joseph - Louis Lambot of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris ( 1854 ) and Thaddeus Hyatt of the United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams. Joseph Monier of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier patented reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges. The Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park" ], "id": [ "7917451492152788484" ], "short_answers": [ "the mid-19th century" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Benson ( surname ) - wikipedia Benson ( surname ) Benson Language ( s ) English Origin Region of origin England Meaning `` Son of Ben '' Other names Variant ( s ) Benison, Bensone, Bennison, Bennsone, Bennisoun, Bennisone Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Benson is a common patronymic surname of English origin meaning `` son of Ben '' ( Benedict, Benjamin, Bennett ). Benson is uncommon as a first name, but quite common as a surname in English speaking countries. Notable people with the name Benson include : A.C. Benson ( 1862 -- 1925 ), English poet and essayist Ada Benson ( 1840 -- 1882 ), British headmistress and educationist Adolph B. Benson ( 1881 -- 1961 ), Swedish - American educator and historian Al Benson ( 1908 -- 1978 ), American radio DJ, music promoter and record label owner Al Benson ( basketball ), American professional basketball player Alexander Benson ( 1872 -- 1947 ), American diplomat Alfred W. 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Benson ( c. 1798 -- 1889 ), American industrialist and real - estate developer Ashley Benson ( born 1989 ), American actress Aslag Benson ( 1855 -- 1937 ), member of the North Dakota Senate from 1903 to 1906 Benny Benson ( 1913 -- 1972 ), creator of Alaska 's state flag Bernadette Benson, Canadian born athlete specialising in ultra distance events Bernard Benson ( 1922 -- 1996 ), British inventor, author of The Peace Book Berry Benson ( 1843 -- 1923 ), American Civil War soldier depicted on the Augusta Confederate Monument, later an accountant who discovered the `` Ponzi scheme '' Bertil W. Benson ( 1843 -- 1907 ), Norwegian - born American politician in North Dakota Bill Benson ( rugby league ) ( 1893 -- 1968 ), Australian rugby league player Bob Benson ( 1883 -- 1916 ), English professional footballer Bobby Benson ( 1922 -- 1983 ), entertainer and musician who influenced the Nigerian music scene Brad Benson ( born 1955 ), American football player Brendan Benson ( born 1970 ), American musician Bruce Benson ( disambiguation ) Bryan Benson, Governor of the Bank of England from 1735 to 1737 Carl Benson, pseudonym of American writer Charles Astor Bristed ( 1820 -- 1874 ) Carla L. Benson, American vocalist, most known for her recorded background vocals Carville Benson ( 1872 -- 1929 ), American politician Catherine Benson ( born 1992 ), American rugby union player Catherine Brewer Benson ( 1822 -- 1908 ), one of the earliest women to earn a college bachelor 's degree in the U.S. Cedric Benson ( born 1982 ), American football player for the Green Bay Packers Charles Benson ( American football ) ( born 1960 ), American former professional football defensive end Chima Simone Benson ( born 1982 ), TV personality and freelance journalist Christopher Benson ( 1788 -- 1868 ), Cambridge educated theologian Claus Benson ( born 1889 ), American basketball player Cliff Benson ( born 1961 ), former American football tight end Connie Benson ( 1889 -- 1969 ), Canadian professional ice hockey player Constance Benson ( 1864 -- 1946 ), British stage and film actress Constantine Walter Benson ( 1909 -- 1982 ), British ornithologist Craig Benson ( born 1954 ), American businessman and politician Craig Benson ( swimmer ) ( born 1994 ), Scottish double Olympian ( London 2012 and Rio 2016 ) David Benson - Pope ( born 1950 ), New Zealand politician Dee Benson ( born 1948 ), American judge Doug Benson ( born 1964 ), American comedian and actor E.F. Benson ( Edward Frederic Benson, 1867 -- 1940 ), English novelist Edgar Benson ( born 1923 ), Canadian politician Edward Benson ( bishop ) ( Edward White Benson, 1829 -- 1896 ), Archbishop of Canterbury Edwin Benson ( 1931 -- 2016 ), American educator Egbert Benson ( 1746 -- 1833 ), American politician and jurist Elmer Austin Benson ( 1895 -- 1985 ), American politician Ezra Taft Benson ( 1899 -- 1994 ), American politician and the 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Frank Benson ( disambiguation ) George Benson ( disambiguation ) Gordon Benson ( born 1994 ), British triathlete Henry N. Benson ( 1872 -- 1960 ), American politician Herbert Benson ( born 1935 ), American cardiologist and Harvard professor, author of The Relaxation Response Howard Benson ( born 1956 ), music producer Ivy Benson ( 1913 -- 1993 ), British bandleader James Benson ( disambiguation ) Jessica Benson ( born 1988 ), American singer Joanne Benson ( born 1943 ), American politician Jodi Benson ( born 1961 ), American voice actress and singer John Benson ( disambiguation ) Karl Benson ( born 1951 ), American college sports administrator Kent Benson ( born 1954 ), American basketball player Kris Benson ( born 1974 ), American baseball player Lee Benson, American sports writer Margaret Benson ( 1865 -- 1916 ), English author and amateur Egyptologist Margaret Jane Benson ( 1859 - 1936 ), British botanist and scholar Mark Benson ( engineer ), German - born inventor of the Benson boiler Mark Benson ( born 1958 ), English cricketer Martin Benson ( actor ) ( 1918 -- 2010 ), British actor Mary Benson ( hostess ) ( 1841 -- 1918 ), English hostess Mary Benson ( campaigner ) ( 1919 -- 2000 ), South African writer and anti-apartheid activist Michael Benson ( disambiguation ) Mildred Benson ( 1905 -- 2002 ), American writer Mykel Benson ( born 1987 ), American football player Nicholas John Benson ( born 1961 ), Ghanaian - American soldier, lawyer, businessman, writer Nicholas Benson ( born 1964 ), American stone carver Nigel Benson ( born 1955 ), British author and illustrator. Ray Benson ( born 1951 ), American actor and composer Raymond Benson ( born 1955 ), American author Renaldo Benson ( `` Obie '' Benson, 1936 -- 2005 ), American soul and R&B singer and songwriter Rhian Benson ( born 1977 ), Ghanaian singer Richard Meux Benson ( 1824 -- 1915 ), Anglican clergyman and founder of an Anglican religious order Robert Benson ( disambiguation ) Ron Benson ( 1925 -- 1997 ), English professional footballer Sally Benson ( 1897 -- 1972 ), American screenwriter Sally Benson ( professor ), professor of energy engineering at Stanford University Sam Benson, CBE ( 1909 -- 1995 ), Australian politician Samuel P. Benson ( 1804 -- 1876 ), United States Representative from Maine Seve Benson ( born 1986 ), English professional golfer Shaun Benson ( born 1976 ), Canadian actor Shebin Benson ( born 1995 ), Indian film actor from the Malayalam film industry Sheila Benson, American journalist and film critic Sheri Benson, Canadian politician Simon Benson ( 1851 -- 1942 ), Norwegian - born American logging entrepreneur and philanthropist Stella Benson ( 1892 -- 1933 ), English feminist, novelist, poet, and travel writer Stephanie Benson ( Princess Akua Ohenewaa Asieanem of Kokobin ), UK based Ghanaian singer and performer Stephen Allen Benson ( 1816 -- 1865 ), President of Liberia 1856 -- 1864 Steve Benson ( disambiguation ) T.D. Benson ( 1857 -- 1926 ), British socialist activist T.O.S. Benson ( 1917 -- 2008 ), Nigerian lawyer Taylor Benson ( 1922 -- 1996 ), member of the Wisconsin State Senate Teco Benson, Nigerian film director and producer Tom Benson ( disambiguation ) Tony Benson ( athlete ) ( born 1942 ), Australian long - distance runner Tony Benson ( rugby league ) ( born 1965 ), New Zealand rugby league coach Troy Benson ( born 1963 ), former professional American football player Trudy Benson ( born 1985 ), American artist Vern Benson ( 1924 -- 2014 ), American baseball player Violet Benson, ( online alias Daddy Issues ), Russian - born American Internet personality Warren Benson ( 1924 -- 2005 ), American composer and timpanist Wayne Benson, American mandolinist and songwriter in the bluegrass tradition Wendy Benson ( born 1971 ), American actress seen in many television shows William Benson ( disambiguation ) Fiction ( edit ) Carly Corinthos ( née Benson ), role played by Sarah Joy Brown and Laura Wright in American soap opera General Hospital Freddie Benson, role played by Nathan Kress in American TV sitcom iCarly Kurt Benson, character in British soap opera Hollyoaks Olivia Benson, character in American polica drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Benson, brother - in - law of Deputy Arthel Queen in the novel Deliverance Jamesir Bensonmum, character played by Sir Alec Guinness in the 1976 comedy film `` Murder By Death '' Zoe Benson, character played by Taissa Farmiga in American Horror Story : Coven Barry B. Benson, Bee protagonist played by Jerry Seinfeld in Bee Movie See also ( edit ) Benson ( disambiguation ) Benton ( disambiguation ) Bengtsson, a similar surname References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Surname Meaning and Distribution ''. forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Benson Surname Meaning and Distribution ''. ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2014 Surname list This page lists people with the surname Benson. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benson_(surname)&oldid=854346814 '' Categories : Surnames Surnames of English origin Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Čeština Deutsch Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 17 : 21 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Benson (surname)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Benson_(surname)&oldid=854346814" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Benson ( surname ) - wikipedia Benson ( surname ) Benson Language ( s ) English Origin Region of origin England Meaning `` Son of Ben '' Other names Variant ( s ) Benison, Bensone, Bennison, Bennsone, Bennisoun, Bennisone Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Benson is a common patronymic surname of English origin meaning `` son of Ben '' ( Benedict, Benjamin, Bennett ). Benson is uncommon as a first name, but quite common as a surname in English speaking countries. Notable people with the name Benson include : A.C. Benson ( 1862 -- 1925 ), English poet and essayist Ada Benson ( 1840 -- 1882 ), British headmistress and educationist Adolph B. Benson ( 1881 -- 1961 ), Swedish - American educator and historian Al Benson ( 1908 -- 1978 ), American radio DJ, music promoter and record label owner Al Benson ( basketball ), American professional basketball player Alexander Benson ( 1872 --" ], "id": [ "15902301984505343852" ], "short_answers": [ "English origin" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of price index formulas - wikipedia List of price index formulas Jump to : navigation, search A number of different formulae, more than hundred, have been proposed as means of calculating price indexes. While price index formulae all use price and possibly quantity data, they aggregate these in different ways. A price index aggregates various combinations of base period prices ( p 0 ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( 0 ) ) ), later period prices ( p t ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( t ) ) ), base period quantities ( q 0 ( \\ displaystyle q_ ( 0 ) ) ), and later period quantities ( q t ( \\ displaystyle q_ ( t ) ) ). Price index numbers are usually defined either in terms of ( actual or hypothetical ) expenditures ( expenditure = price * quantity ) or as different weighted averages of price relatives ( p t / p 0 ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( t ) / p_ ( 0 ) ) ). These tell the relative change of the price in question. Two of the most commonly used price index formulae were defined by German economists and statisticians Étienne Laspeyres and Hermann Paasche, both around 1875 when investigating price changes in Germany. Contents ( hide ) 1 Laspeyres 2 Paasche 3 Unweighted indices 3.1 Carli 3.2 Dutot 3.3 Jevons 3.4 Harmonic mean of price relatives 3.5 Carruthers, Sellwood, Ward, Dalén index 3.6 Ratio of harmonic means 4 Precision Formulas 4.1 Marshall - Edgeworth 4.2 Superlative indices 4.2. 1 Fisher 4.2. 2 Törnqvist 4.2. 3 Walsh 5 Notes 6 References Laspeyres ( edit ) P L = ∑ ( p t ⋅ q 0 ) ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ q 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( L ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot q_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot q_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ) ) ) This compares the price of the old basket of goods q 0 ( \\ displaystyle q_ ( 0 ) ) for the old or new prices. Paasche ( edit ) P P = ∑ ( p t ⋅ q t ) ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ q t ) ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( P ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot q_ ( t ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot q_ ( t ) \\ right ) ) ) ) This compares the price of the new basket of goods q t ( \\ displaystyle q_ ( t ) ) for the old and new prices. Unweighted indices ( edit ) Unweighted price indices or elementary price indices only compare prices between two periods. They do not make any use of quantities or expenditure weights. These indices are called `` elementary '' because they are often used at the lower levels of aggregation for more comprehensive price indices. At these lower levels, weights are not necessary since only one type of good is being aggregated. Carli ( edit ) Developed in 1764 by Carli, an Italian economist, this formula is the arithmetic mean of the price relative between a period t and a base period 0. P C = 1 n ⋅ ∑ p t p 0 ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( C ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \\ cdot \\ sum ( \\ frac ( p_ ( t ) ) ( p_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) On 17 August 2012 the BBC Radio 4 program `` More or Less '' noted that the Carli index, used in part in the British Retail Price Index measure, has a built - in bias towards recording inflation even when over successive periods there is no increase in prices overall. Dutot ( edit ) In 1738 French economist Dutot proposed using an index calculated by dividing the average price in period t by the average price in period 0. P D = 1 n ⋅ ∑ p t 1 n ⋅ ∑ p 0 = ∑ p t ∑ p 0 ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( D ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \\ cdot \\ sum p_ ( t ) ) ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \\ cdot \\ sum p_ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum p_ ( t ) ) ( \\ sum p_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) Jevons ( edit ) In 1863, English economist Jevons proposed taking the geometric average of the price relative of period t and base period 0. When used as an elementary aggregate, the Jevons index is considered a constant elasticity of substitution index since it allows for product substitution between time periods. P J = ( ∏ p t p 0 ) 1 / n ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( J ) = \\ left ( \\ prod ( \\ frac ( p_ ( t ) ) ( p_ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 1 / n ) ) This is the formula that was used for the old Financial Times stock market index ( the predecessor of the FTSE 100 Index ). It was inadequate for that purpose. In particular, if the price of any of the constituents were to fall to zero, the whole index would fall to zero. Also, as the index is unweighted, large price changes in selected constituents can transmit to the index to an extent not representing their importance in the average portfolio. Harmonic mean of price relatives ( edit ) The harmonic average counterpart to the Carli index. The index was proposed by Jevons in 1865 and by Coggeshall in 1887. P H R = 1 1 n ⋅ ∑ p 0 p t ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( HR ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \\ cdot \\ sum ( \\ frac ( p_ ( 0 ) ) ( p_ ( t ) ) ) ) ) ) Carruthers, sellwood, ward, dalén index ( edit ) Is the geometric mean of the Carli and the harmonic price indexes. In 1922 Fisher wrote that this and the Jevons were the two best unweighted indexes based on Fisher 's test approach to index number theory. P C S W D = P C ⋅ P H R ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( CSWD ) = ( \\ sqrt ( P_ ( C ) \\ cdot P_ ( HR ) ) ) ) Ratio of harmonic means ( edit ) The ratio of harmonic means or `` Harmonic means '' price index is the harmonic average counterpart to the Dutot index. P R H = ∑ n p 0 ∑ n p t ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( RH ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum ( \\ frac ( n ) ( p_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( \\ sum ( \\ frac ( n ) ( p_ ( t ) ) ) ) ) ) Precision formulas ( edit ) Marshall - Edgeworth ( edit ) The Marshall - Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall ( 1887 ) and Edgeworth ( 1925 ), is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. The use of the Marshall - Edgeworth index can be problematic in cases such as a comparison of the price level of a large country to a small one. In such instances, the set of quantities of the large country will overwhelm those of the small one. P M E = ∑ ( p t ⋅ 1 2 ( q 0 + q t ) ) ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ 1 2 ( q 0 + q t ) ) = ∑ ( p t ⋅ ( q 0 + q t ) ) ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ ( q 0 + q t ) ) ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( ME ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( q_ ( 0 ) + q_ ( t ) \\ right ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( 0 ) + q_ ( t ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot \\ left ( q_ ( 0 ) + q_ ( t ) \\ right ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot \\ left ( q_ ( 0 ) + q_ ( t ) \\ right ) \\ right ) ) ) ) Superlative indices ( edit ) Superlative indices treat prices and quantities equally across periods. They are symmetrical and provide close approximations of cost of living indices and other theoretical indices used to provide guidelines for constructing price indices. All superlative indices produce similar results and are generally the favored formulas for calculating price indices. A superlative index is defined technically as `` an index that is exact for a flexible functional form that can provide a second - order approximation to other twice - differentiable functions around the same point. '' Fisher ( edit ) P F = P L ⋅ P P ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( F ) = ( \\ sqrt ( P_ ( L ) \\ cdot P_ ( P ) ) ) ) This is also called Fisher 's `` ideal '' price index. Törnqvist ( edit ) Further information : Tornqvist index The Törnqvist or Törnqvist - Theil index is the geometric average of the n price relatives of the current to base period prices ( for n goods ) weighted by the arithmetic average of the value shares for the two periods. P T = ∏ i = 1 n ( p t i p 0 i ) 1 2 ( p 0 i ⋅ q 0 i ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ q 0 ) + p t i ⋅ q t i ∑ ( p t ⋅ q t ) ) ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( T ) = \\ prod _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( p_ ( ti ) ) ( p_ ( 0i ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( p_ ( 0i ) \\ cdot q_ ( 0i ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot q_ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ) ) + ( \\ frac ( p_ ( ti ) \\ cdot q_ ( ti ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot q_ ( t ) \\ right ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) Walsh ( edit ) The Walsh price index is the weighted sum of the current period prices divided by the weighted sum of the base period prices with the geometric average of both period quantities serving as the weighting mechanism : P W = ∑ ( p t ⋅ q 0 ⋅ q t ) ∑ ( p 0 ⋅ q 0 ⋅ q t ) ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( W ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( t ) \\ cdot ( \\ sqrt ( q_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot q_ ( t ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ sum \\ left ( p_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot ( \\ sqrt ( q_ ( 0 ) \\ cdot q_ ( t ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ PPI manual, 598. Jump up ^ PPI manual, 602. Jump up ^ PPI manual, 596. ^ Jump up to : PPI manual, 600. Jump up ^ Export and Import manual, Chapter 20 p. 8 Jump up ^ PPI manual, 597. Jump up ^ Export and Import manual, Chapter 20, p. 8 Jump up ^ PPI manual, Chapter 15, p. 378. Jump up ^ PPI manual, 620. Jump up ^ PPI manual, Chapter 15, p. 378 Jump up ^ ILO CPI manual, Chapter 1, p. 2. Jump up ^ Export and Import manual, Chapter 18, p. 23. Jump up ^ PPI manual, p. 610 Jump up ^ `` Tornqvist Index and other Log - change Index Numbers '', Statistics New Zealand Glossary of Common Terms. References ( edit ) Export and Import Price Index Manual PPI Manual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_price_index_formulas&oldid=797801579 '' Categories : Price indices Monetary lists Mathematics - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017, at 07 : 35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of price index formulas", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_price_index_formulas&oldid=797801579" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "16144086749747080661" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "National human rights Commission of India - Wikipedia National human rights Commission of India Jump to : navigation, search National Human Rights Commission राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग national human rights commission logo Agency overview Formed 12 October 1993 Jurisdictional structure Federal agency India Operations jurisdiction India General nature Federal law enforcement Headquarters New Delhi, India Agency executives Justice H.L. Dattu, Chairman Ambuj Sharma, Secretary General Website Official website The Rights Commission'u ( NHRC ) of India ' is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 ( TPHRA ). The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as `` rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants ''. `` Human Rights '' means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India. `` Commission '' means the National Human Rights Commission constituted under section of All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights known as Human rights, as commonly understood, are the rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex and nationality, etc. ( Jagdish chand, 2007 ) In Declaration of Independence acknowledged the fundamental human rights. Human right means different thing to different people. Human Rights are not static, but are rather dynamic in nature. New rights are recognized and enforced from time to time. Only persons fully conversant with the latest development about the expanding horizons of Human Rights can promote their awareness better other. Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Composition 2.1 Chairman and Members 2.2 State Human Rights Commission 3 Appointment 4 Former chairpersons 4.1 Acting Chairpersons 5 Controversy 6 Human Rights Campaign 's recommendations 7 References 8 External links Functions ( edit ) TPHRA mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions : proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant by leave of the court, to intervene in court proceeding relating to human rights make recommendations review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation undertake and promote research in the field of human rights engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights. requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office. Composition ( edit ) The NHRC consists of : A Chairperson, should be retired Chief Justice of India ( though GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson ) One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India One member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights In addition, the Chairpersons of four National Commissions ( Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities ) serve as ex officio members. The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Chairman and members ( edit ) Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H.L. Dattu and the other members are : Justice Cyriac Joseph Justice D. Murugesan, Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Sharad Chandra Sinha, former Director General, National Investigation Agency Jyotika Kalra, Ex-officio members : Ram shankar Katheria, Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Castes Nand Kumar Sai, Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Syed Gayorul Hasan Rizvi, Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities Rekha Sharma, Chairperson, National Commission for Women State Human Rights Commission ( edit ) A State Government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon, and to perform the functions assigned to, a State Commission. In accordance to the amendment brought in TPHRA, 1993 point No. 10 below is the list of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA, 1993 ( with amendment act 2006 ). At present, 25 states have constituted SHRC State Commission City Date constituted Assam Human rights Commission Guwahati 19 January 1996 Andhra Pradesh State Human rights Commission Hyderabad 2 August 2006 Bihar Human rights Commission Patna 3 January 2000 Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission Raipur 16 April 2001 Gujarat State Human Rights Commission Gandhinagar 12 September 2006 Goa Human Rights Commission Panaji 2011 Meghalaya State Human Right Commission 2013 Himachal Pradesh State Human rights Commission Shimla -- Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission Srinagar January 1997 Kerala State Human Rights Commission Thiruvananthapuram 11 December 1998 Karnataka State Human Rights Commission Bangalore 28 June 2005 Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Bhopal 1 September 1995 Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission Mumbai 6 March 2001 Manipur State Human Rights Commission Imphal 2003 Odisha Human rights Commission Bhubaneswar 27 January 2000 Punjab Human Rights Commission Chandigarh Rajasthan State Human rights Commission Jaipur 18 January 1999 State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu Chennai 17 April 1997 Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission Lucknow 7 October 2002 West Bengal Human Rights Commission Kolkata 8 January 1994 Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission Ranchi Sikkim State Human Rights Commission Gangtok 18 October 2008 Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission Dehradun 13 May 2013 Haryana Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 2012 Tripura Human rights Commission Agartala 2015 Appointment ( edit ) Section 2 Sections 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on the recommendation of a committee consisting of : The Prime Minister ( Chairperson ) The Home Minister The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) Former chairpersons ( edit ) Sr No Name Tenure 1. Justice Ranganath Misra 12 October 1993 -- 24 November 1996 2. Justice MN Venkatachaliah 26 November 1996 -- 24 October 1999 3. Justice JS Verma 4 November 1999 -- 17 January 2003 4. Justice AS Anand 17 February 2003 -- 31 October 2006 5. Justice S. Rajendra Babu 2 April 2007 - 31 May 2009 6. Justice KG Balakrishnan 7 June 2010 - 11 May 2015 7. Justice H.L. Dattu 29 Feb - 2016 Acting Chairpersons ( edit ) Justice Cyriac Joseph from 11 May 2015 to 28 February 2016 Dr. Justice Shivaraj Patil, from 1 November 2006 to 1 April 2007 Justice G.P. Mathur, from 1 June 2009 to 6 June 2010. Controversy ( edit ) A report concerning the manner of which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder controversy case was rejected, a case which involved high - ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist, opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels. In mid-2011, the chairman of the NHRC, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income. His son - in - law P.V. Srinijan, an Indian National Congress politician, had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs. Many prominent jurists, including former CJ J.S. Verma, SC ex-Judge V.R. Krishna Iyer, noted jurist Fali S. Nariman, former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, have called on Balakrishnan 's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry. In February 2012, the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry. Human rights campaign 's recommendations ( edit ) NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual Report 1993 - 94 of the National Human Rights Commission ^ Jump up to : The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, as amended by the Protection of Human Rights ( Amendment ) Act, 2006 Jump up ^ Nath, Damini. `` NHRC issues notice to T.N. '' The Hindu. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23. Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-sc-judges-could-soon-be-appointed-nhrc-chiefs/article19824595.ece Jump up ^ NHRC website Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/HRActEng.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/GujratOrders.htm Jump up ^ The NHRC, and the Shivani Murder Controversy. Indiatogether.org. Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ CBDT to probe ex-CJI Balakrishnan 's assets - Videos India : IBNLive Videos. Ibnlive.in.com ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ). Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Ex-CJI's son amasses property in four years. Deccanherald.com ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ). Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ Fali Nariman wants judicial probe against ex-CJI, kin 's assets : South News -- India Today. Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ). Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ SC asks Centre about action taken against ex-CJI KG Balakrishnan -- India News -- IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30. Jump up ^ `` NHRC declares 16 out of 19 encounters fake, orders compensation of Rs. 80 lakh ''. 13 July 2012. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "National human rights Commission of India - Wikipedia National human rights Commission of India Jump to : navigation, search National Human Rights Commission राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग national human rights commission logo Agency overview Formed 12 October 1993 Jurisdictional structure Federal agency India Operations jurisdiction India General nature Federal law enforcement Headquarters New Delhi, India Agency executives Justice H.L. Dattu, Chairman Ambuj Sharma, Secretary General Website Official website The Rights Commission'u ( NHRC ) of India ' is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 ( TPHRA ). The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as `` rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants ''." ], "id": [ "11659821883932725375" ], "short_answers": [ "Justice H. L. Dattu" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Mary, mother of Jesus - Wikipedia Mary, mother of Jesus Jump to : navigation, search For the 1999 television film, see Mary, Mother of Jesus ( film ). Mary ( Miriam ) Madonna in the Church by Jan van Eyck, c. 1440 September 8 ( traditional ; Nativity of Mary ) c. 18 BC Home town Nazareth, Galilee Spouse ( s ) Joseph Children Jesus, possibly the brothers and sisters of Jesus. Parent ( s ) unknown, according to some apocryphic scripts : Joachim and Anne A series of articles on Mother of Jesus Chronology Presentation of Mary Annunciation Visitation Marriage Joseph Virgin birth Nativity Holy Family Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Cana Crucifixion Resurrection Pentecost Marian perspectives Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Anglican Lutheran Ecumenical Latter Day Saint Islamic Catholic Mariology Mariology History of Mariology Papal teachings Saints Marian dogmas Immaculate Conception Theotokos ( Mother of God ) Assumption Perpetual virginity Mary in culture Art Feast days Hymns Music Shrines Titles Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal Mary was a 1st - century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin ; according to Christian teaching she conceived Jesus while a virgin, through the Holy Spirit. The miraculous conception took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph. She accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Catholic and Orthodox teachings, at the end of her earthly life her body was assumed directly into Heaven ; this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption. Mary has been venerated since early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. She is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God ( Greek : Θεοτόκος, translit. Theotokos, lit. ' God - bearer ' ). There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary 's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a revered position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and titles 1.1 In Christianity 1.2 In Islam 2 New Testament 2.1 Genealogy 2.2 Annunciation 2.3 Birth of Jesus 2.4 In the life of Jesus 2.5 After the Ascension of Jesus 2.6 Later Christian writings and traditions 3 Perspectives on Mary 3.1 Christian 3.1. 1 Catholic 3.1. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.1. 3 Protestant 3.1. 3.1 Anglican 3.1. 3.2 Lutheran 3.1. 3.3 Methodist 3.1. 4 Nontrinitarian 3.2 Jewish 3.3 Islam 3.3. 1 Birth of Mary 3.3. 2 Motherhood 3.4 Baha'i 3.5 Others 3.5. 1 Biblical scholars 3.5. 2 Pre-Christian Rome 4 Christian devotion 4.1 2nd to 5th centuries 4.1. 1 4th - century Arabia 4.1. 2 Byzantium 4.2 Middle Ages 4.2. 1 Depiction in Renaissance art 4.3 Since the Reformation 4.4 Marian feasts 5 Catholic Mariology 6 Cinematic portrayals 7 Image gallery 8 Music 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Names and titles Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. Icon from around 600, from Saint Catherine 's Monastery. Main article : Titles of Mary Mary 's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name מרים ‎, translit. Maryam or Mariam. The English name `` Mary '' comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a shortened form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament. In Christianity In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husband 's involvement. Among her many other names and titles are the Blessed Virgin Mary ( often abbreviated to `` BVM '' ), Saint Mary ( occasionally ), the Mother of God ( primarily in Western Christianity ), the Theotokos ( primarily in Eastern Christianity ), Our Lady ( Medieval Italian : Madonna ), and Queen of Heaven ( Latin : Regina Coeli ), although the title `` Queen of Heaven '' was also a name for a pagan goddess being worshipped during the prophet Jeremiah 's lifetime. Titles in use vary among Anglicans, Lutherans, Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, Mormons, and other Christians. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos ( Greek : Θεοτόκος, lit. ' God - bearer ' or loosely `` Mother of God '' ), Aeiparthenos ( Greek : ἀειπαρθὲνος, lit. ' Ever - virgin ' ) as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, and Panagia ( Greek : Παναγία, lit. ' All - holy ' ). Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelo 's Pietà. The title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The direct equivalents of title in Latin are Deipara and Dei Genetrix, although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as Mater Dei ( Mother of God ), with similar patterns for other languages used in the Latin Church. However, this same phrase in Greek ( Μήτηρ Θεοῦ ), in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers `` did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God ''. Some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title `` Queen Mother '' has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the `` King of Kings '' due to his ancestral descent from King David. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals, or occasions for calling on Mary. To give a few examples, Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators, and Our Lady Undoer of Knots fit this description. In Islam Main article : Mary in Islam In Islam, she is known as Maryam ( Arabic : مريم ‎, translit. Maryām ), mother of Isa ( Arabic : عيسى بن مريم ‎, translit. ʿĪsā ibn Maryām, lit. ' Jesus, son of Mary ' ). She is often referred to by the honorific title sayyidatuna, meaning `` our lady '' ; this title is in parallel to sayyiduna ( `` our lord '' ), used for the prophets. A related term of endearment is Siddiqah, meaning `` she who confirms the truth '' and `` she who believes sincerely completely ''. Another title for Mary is Qānitah, which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam. She is also called `` Tahira '', meaning `` one who has been purified '' and representing her status as one of two humans in creation ( and the only woman ) to not be touched by Satan at any point. New Testament The Annunciation by Eustache Le Sueur, an example of 17th - century Marian art. The Angel Gabriel announces to Mary her pregnancy with Jesus and offers her White Lilies. The Gospel of Luke mentions Mary the most often, identifying her by name twelve times, all of these in the infancy narrative ( 1 : 27, 30, 34, 38, 39, 41, 46, 56 ; 2 : 5, 16, 19, 34 ). The Gospel of Matthew mentions her by name six times, five of these ( 1 : 16, 18, 20 ; 2 : 11 ) in the infancy narrative and only once ( 13 : 55 ) outside the infancy narrative. The Gospel of Mark names her once ( 6 : 3 ) and mentions her as Jesus ' mother without naming her in 3 : 31 and 3 : 32. The Gospel of John refers to her twice but never mentions her by name. Described as Jesus ' mother, she makes two appearances. She is first seen at the wedding at Cana. The second reference, listed only in this gospel, has her standing near the cross of Jesus together with Mary Magdalene, Mary of Clopas ( or Cleophas ), and her own sister ( possibly the same as Mary of Clopas ; the wording is semantically ambiguous ), along with the `` disciple whom Jesus loved ''. John 2 : 1 - 12 is the only text in the canonical gospels in which the adult Jesus has a conversation with Mary. He does not address her as `` Mother '' but as `` Woman ''. In Koine Greek ( the language that John 's Gospel was composed in ), calling one 's mother `` Woman '' was not disrespectful, and could even be tender. Accordingly, some versions of the Bible translate it as `` Dear woman ''. ( John 2 : 4 NLT ; NCV ; AMP ; NIV ). In the Acts of the Apostles, Mary and the brothers of Jesus are mentioned in the company of the Eleven ( apostles ) who are gathered in the upper room after the Ascension of Jesus. In the Revelation to John, Mary is never explicitly identified as the `` woman clothed with the sun ''. Jean - Pierre Ruiz makes that connection in an article in New Theology Review but the belief is quite ancient, as is the association of Mary and the Ark of the Covenant, mentioned at. Genealogy The New Testament tells little of Mary 's early history. The Gospel of Matthew does give a genealogy for Jesus by his father 's patristic line though only identifying Mary as the wife of Joseph. John 19 : 25 states that Mary had a sister ; semantically it is unclear if this sister is the same as Mary the wife of Clopas or if she is left unnamed. Jerome identifies Mary of Cleopas as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus. According to the early second - century historian Hegesippus, Mary of Clopas was likely Mary 's sister - in - law, understanding Clopas ( Cleophas ) to have been Joseph 's brother. According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi. Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the royal House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary, while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. ( Aaron 's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah. ) Annunciation The Virgin 's first seven steps, mosaic from Chora Church, c. 12th century Main article : Annunciation Mary resided in `` her own house '' in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal -- the first stage of a Jewish marriage -- the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and, after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement, she responded, `` I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word. '' Joseph planned to quietly divorce her, but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by `` an angel of the Lord '' ; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites. Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary that Elizabeth -- having previously been barren -- was then miraculously pregnant, Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in `` Hebron, in the hill country of Judah ''. Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary `` the mother of my Lord '', and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the Magnificat from her first word in the Latin version. After about three months, Mary returned to her own house. Birth of Jesus A nativity scene in France. Santons featuring the Virgin Mary. Main article : Nativity of Jesus According to the Gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman Emperor Augustus required that Joseph return to his hometown of Bethlehem to register for a Roman census. While he was there with Mary, she gave birth to Jesus ; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she used a manger as a cradle. After eight days, he was circumcised according to Jewish law, and named `` Jesus '' ( Hebrew : ישוע ‎, translit. Yeshua ), which means `` Yahweh is salvation ''. After Mary continued in the `` blood of her purifying '' another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem, so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood. They also presented Jesus -- `` As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord '' ( Luke 2 : 23 other verses ). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2 : 25 - 38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and `` returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth ''. According to the author of the gospel according to Matthew, the Magi arrived at Bethlehem where Jesus and his family were living. Joseph was warned in a dream that King Herod wanted to murder the infant, and the Holy Family fled by night to Egypt and stayed there for some time. After Herod 's death in 4 BC, they returned to the land of Israel. Because Herod 's son Archelaus was ruler of Judaea, they did not return to Bethlehem, but took up residence in Nazareth in Galilee instead. In the life of Jesus Stabat Mater in the Valle Romita Polyptych by Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1410 - 1412 Mary is involved in the only event in Jesus ' adolescent life that is recorded in the New Testament. At the age of twelve, Jesus, having become separated from his parents on their return journey from the Passover celebration in Jerusalem, was found in the Temple among the religious teachers. Mary was present when, at her suggestion, Jesus worked his first miracle during a wedding at Cana by turning water into wine. Subsequently there are events when Mary is present along with James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas, called Jesus ' brothers, and unnamed sisters. Following Jerome, the Church Fathers interpreted the words translated as `` brother '' and `` sister '' as referring to close relatives. The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament : `` And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, ' These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother '. '' Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because `` he is out of his mind '', and the famous quote : `` A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home. '' Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near `` the disciple whom Jesus loved '' along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene, to which list Matthew 27 : 56 adds `` the mother of the sons of Zebedee '', presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15 : 40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a `` pietà '' or `` pity ''. After the Ascension of Jesus In Acts 1 : 26, especially v. 14, Mary is the only one other than the eleven apostles to be mentioned by name who abode in the upper room, when they returned from Mount Olivet. Some speculate that the `` elect lady '' mentioned in 2 John 1 : 1 may be Mary. From this time, she disappears from the biblical accounts, although it is held by Catholics that she is again portrayed as the heavenly woman of Revelation. Her death is not recorded in the scriptures, but Catholic and Orthodox tradition and doctrine have her assumed ( taken bodily ) into Heaven. Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a dogma of the Catholic Church, in the Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches alike, and is believed as well by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church, and parts of the Anglican Communion and Continuing Anglican movement. Later Christian writings and traditions The Dormition : ivory plaque, late 10th - early 11th century ( Musée de Cluny ) According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary 's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12 -- 14 years old, and he was ninety years old, but such accounts are unreliable. According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary could have been betrothed at about 12. Hyppolitus of Thebes claims that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son Jesus, dying in 41 AD. The earliest extant biographical writing on Mary is Life of the Virgin attributed to the 7th - century saint, Maximus the Confessor, which portrays her as a key element of the early Christian Church after the death of Jesus. In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved, identified as John the Evangelist. Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John. Perspectives on Mary Blessed Virgin Mary The Virgin in Prayer, by Sassoferrato, c. 1650 Western Christianity : Mother of God, Queen of Heaven, Mother of the Church ( see Titles of Mary ) Eastern Christianity : Theotokos Islam : Sayyidatna ( `` Our Lady '' ), Greatest Woman, the Chosen One, the Purified One Honored in Christianity, Islam Canonized Pre-Congregation Major shrine Santa Maria Maggiore ( See Marian shrines ) Feast See Marian feast days Attributes Blue mantle, crown of 12 stars, pregnant woman, roses, woman with child, woman trampling serpent, crescent moon, woman clothed with the sun, heart pierced by sword, rosary beads Patronage See Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary Christian See also : Mariology, Theotokos, and Hymns to Mary Chinese Madonna, St. Francis ' Church, Macao Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to Mariological themes. Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutherans venerate the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally it includes composing poems and songs in Mary 's honor, painting icons or carving statues of her, and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints. Catholic Main articles : Roman Catholic Mariology and Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title `` Blessed '' ( Latin : beata, Greek : μακάρια, translit. makaria ) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. There is a difference between the usage of the term `` blessed '' as pertaining to Mary and its usage as pertaining to a beatified person. `` Blessed '' as a Marian title refers to her exalted state as being the greatest among the saints ; for a person who has been declared beatified, on the other hand, `` blessed '' simply indicates that they may be venerated despite not being officially canonized. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, but rather by God through her intercession. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are : her status as Theotokos, or Mother of God ; her perpetual virginity ; her Immaculate Conception ; and her bodily Assumption into heaven. The Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus has a more central role in Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs than in any other major Christian group. Not only do Roman Catholics have more theological doctrines and teachings that relate to Mary, but they have more festivals, prayers, devotional, and venerative practices than any other group. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` The Church 's devotion to the Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to Christian worship. '' For centuries, Catholics have performed acts of consecration and entrustment to Mary at personal, societal and regional levels. These acts may be directed to the Virgin herself, to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and to the Immaculate Conception. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God. Following the growth of Marian devotions in the 16th century, Catholic saints wrote books such as Glories of Mary and True Devotion to Mary that emphasized Marian veneration and taught that `` the path to Jesus is through Mary ''. Marian devotions are at times linked to Christocentric devotions ( e.g. the Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary ). The chapel based on the claimed House of Mary in Ephesus Key Marian devotions include : Seven Sorrows of Mary, Rosary and scapular, Miraculous Medal and Reparations to Mary. The months of May and October are traditionally `` Marian months '' for Roman Catholics, e.g., the daily Rosary is encouraged in October and in May Marian devotions take place in many regions. Popes have issued a number of Marian encyclicals and Apostolic Letters to encourage devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary. Catholics place high emphasis on Mary 's roles as protector and intercessor and the Catechism refers to Mary as `` honored with the title ' Mother of God, ' to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs ''. Key Marian prayers include : Ave Maria, Alma Redemptoris Mater, Sub Tuum Praesidum, Ave Maris Stella, Regina Coeli, Ave Regina Coelorum and the Magnificat. Mary 's participation in the processes of salvation and redemption has also been emphasized in the Catholic tradition, but they are not doctrines. Pope John Paul II 's 1987 encyclical Redemptoris Mater began with the sentence : `` The Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation. '' In the 20th century both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have emphasized the Marian focus of the Church. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger ( later Pope Benedict XVI ) suggested a redirection of the whole Church towards the program of Pope John Paul II in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the `` whole truth about Mary, '' writing : `` It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that ' truth about Jesus Christ, ' ' truth about the Church ' and ' truth about man. ' '' Eastern Orthodox A mosaic from the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ), depicting Mary with Jesus, flanked by John II Komnenos ( left ) and his wife Irene of Hungary ( right ), c. 1118 AD 15th - century icon of the Theotokos ( God - bearer ) Eastern Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ 's birth. The Theotokia ( i.e., hymns to the Theotokos ) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with : The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the `` Lady of the Angels ''. The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic : they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists ( i.e. standing hymns ) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary 's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos. The Orthodox view Mary as `` superior to all created beings '', although not divine. The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate. Gregory of Nazianzus, Archbishop of Constantinople in the 4th century AD, speaking on the Nativity of Jesus Christ argues that `` Conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost, He came forth as God with that which He had assumed, One Person in two Natures, Flesh and Spirit, of which the latter defined the former. '' The Orthodox celebrate the Dormition of the Theotokos, rather than Assumption. The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary 's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote : `` The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church. '' Theologians from the Orthodox tradition have made prominent contributions to the development of Marian thought and devotion. John Damascene ( c. 650 ─ c. 750 ) was one of the greatest Orthodox theologians. Among other Marian writings, he proclaimed the essential nature of Mary 's heavenly Assumption or Dormition and her mediative role. It was necessary that the body of the one who preserved her virginity intact in giving birth should also be kept incorrupt after death. It was necessary that she, who carried the Creator in her womb when he was a baby, should dwell among the tabernacles of heaven. From her we have harvested the grape of life ; from her we have cultivated the seed of immortality. For our sake she became Mediatrix of all blessings ; in her God became man, and man became God. More recently, Sergei Bulgakov expressed the Orthodox sentiments towards Mary as follows : Mary is not merely the instrument, but the direct positive condition of the Incarnation, its human aspect. Christ could not have been incarnate by some mechanical process, violating human nature. It was necessary for that nature itself to say for itself, by the mouth of the most pure human being : `` Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be it unto me according to Thy word. '' Protestant Further information : Protestant views on Mary Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints. Protestants typically hold the view that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but unlike Catholics, they believe that she was an ordinary woman who was also devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today 's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that `` the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology ''. Some early Protestants venerated and honored Mary. Martin Luther wrote that : `` Mary is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil. '' However, as of 1532 Luther stopped celebrating the feast of the Assumption of Mary and also discontinued his support of the Immaculate Conception. John Calvin remarked, `` It can not be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son, granted her the highest honor. '' However, Calvin firmly rejected the notion that anyone but Christ can intercede for man. Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants ; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment, any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her. Protestants acknowledge that Mary is `` blessed among women '' but they do not agree that Mary is to be venerated. She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God. In the 20th century, Protestants reacted in opposition to the Catholic dogma of the Assumption of Mary. The conservative tone of the Second Vatican Council began to mend the ecumenical differences, and Protestants began to show interest in Marian themes. In 1997 and 1998 ecumenical dialogs between Catholics and Protestants took place, but, to date, the majority of Protestants pay scant attention to Marian issues and often view them as a challenge to the authority of Scripture. Anglican Main article : Anglican Marian theology The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church ( the Church of England ) understands itself to be both `` Catholic '' and `` Reformed ''. Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion ( which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States ) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary. Mary 's special position within God 's purpose of salvation as `` God - bearer '' ( Theotokos ) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year 's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the `` Annunciation of our Lady '' in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8. The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, on December 8. In certain Anglo - Catholic parishes this feast is called the Immaculate Conception. Again, the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo - Catholics, but is considered a pious opinion by moderate Anglicans. Protestant minded Anglicans reject the celebration of these feasts. Prayers and venerative practices vary a great deal. For instance, as of the 19th century, following the Oxford Movement, Anglo - Catholics frequently pray the Rosary, the Angelus, Regina Caeli, and other litanies and anthems of Our Lady that are reminiscent of Catholic practices. On the other hand, Low - church Anglicans rarely invoke the Blessed Virgin except in certain hymns, such as the second stanza of Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones. The Anglican Society of Mary was formed in 1931 and maintains chapters in many countries. The purpose of the society is to foster devotion to Mary among Anglicans. The high - church Anglicans espouse doctrines that are closer to Roman Catholics, and retain veneration for Mary, e.g., official Anglican pilgrimages to Our Lady of Lourdes have taken place since 1963, and pilgrimages to Our Lady of Walsingham have gone on for hundreds of years. Historically, there has been enough common ground between Roman Catholics and Anglicans on Marian issues that in 2005 a joint statement called Mary : grace and hope in Christ was produced through ecumenical meetings of Anglicans and Roman Catholic theologians. This document, informally known as the `` Seattle Statement '', is not formally endorsed by either the Catholic Church or the Anglican Communion, but is viewed by its authors as the beginning of a joint understanding of Mary. Lutheran Main article : Luther 's Marian theology Stained glass of Jesus leaving his mother in a Lutheran Church, South Carolina. Despite Martin Luther 's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three - hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. `` Throughout his career as a priest - professor - reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety. '' Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the `` Papists '' for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints ' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death : Therefore, when we preach faith, that we should worship nothing but God alone, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, as we say in the Creed : ' I believe in God the Father almighty and in Jesus Christ, ' then we are remaining in the temple at Jerusalem. Again, ' This is my beloved Son ; listen to him. ' ' You will find him in a manger '. He alone does it. But reason says the opposite : What, us? Are we to worship only Christ? Indeed, should n't we also honor the holy mother of Christ? She is the woman who bruised the head of the serpent. Hear us, Mary, for thy Son so honors thee that he can refuse thee nothing. Here Bernard went too far in his Homilies on the Gospel : Missus est Angelus. God has commanded that we should honor the parents ; therefore I will call upon Mary. She will intercede for me with the Son, and the Son with the Father, who will listen to the Son. So you have the picture of God as angry and Christ as judge ; Mary shows to Christ her breast and Christ shows his wounds to the wrathful Father. That 's the kind of thing this comely bride, the wisdom of reason cooks up : Mary is the mother of Christ, surely Christ will listen to her ; Christ is a stern judge, therefore I will call upon St. George and St. Christopher. No, we have been by God 's command baptized in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, just as the Jews were circumcised. Certain Lutheran churches such as the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church however, continue to venerate Mary and the saints in the same manner that Roman Catholics do, and hold all Marian dogmas as part of their faith. Methodist Further information : Saints in Methodism § Virgin Mary Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, but reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary `` continued a pure and unspotted virgin '', thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion. Non-trinitarian Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians, Jehovah 's Witnesses, and Latter Day Saints also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but most reject any immaculate conception and do not recognize Marian titles such as `` Mother of God ''. The Latter Day Saint movement 's view affirms the virgin birth of Jesus and Christ 's divinity but only as a separate being than God the Father. The Book of Mormon refers to Mary by name in prophecies and describes her as `` most beautiful and fair above all other virgins '' and as a `` precious and chosen vessel. '' Since most Non-trinitarian groups are typically also Christian mortalists, Mary is not seen as an intercessor between humankind and Jesus, whom mortalists would consider `` asleep '', awaiting resurrection. Jewish The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However, the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty, and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, the time is now far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The tales from the Toledot Yeshu did impart a negative picture of Mary to ordinary Jewish readers. The circulation of the Toledot Yeshu was widespread among European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities since the 9th century. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos ( virgin ) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus that includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that because Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document with its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is `` most unlikely '' to have reliable historical information. Stacks of the copies of the Talmud were burnt upon a court order after the 1240 Disputation for allegedly containing material defaming the character of Mary. Islam Main article : Mary in Islam Persian miniature of Mary and Jesus The Virgin Mary holds a singularly exalted place in Islam and she is considered by the Qur'an to have been the greatest woman in the history of humankind. The Islamic scripture recounts the Divine Promise given to Mary as being : `` Mary! God has chosen thee, and purified thee ; He hath chosen thee above all the women of creation '' ( 3 : 42 ). Mary is often referred to by Muslims by the honorific title `` sayedetina '' ( our lady ). She is mentioned in the Qur'an as the daughter of Imran. Moreover, Mary is the only woman named in the Qur'an and she is mentioned or referred to in the scripture a total of fifty times. Mary holds a singularly distinguished and honored position among women in the Qur'an. A Sura ( chapter ) in the Qur'an is titled `` Maryam '' ( Mary ), which is the only Sura in the Qur'an named after a woman, in which the story of Mary ( Maryam ) and Jesus ( Isa ) is recounted according to the view of Jesus in Islam. Birth of Mary In a narration of Hadith from Imam Ja'far al - Sadiq, he mentions that Allah revealed to Imran, `` I will grant you a boy, blessed, one who will cure the blind and the leper and one who will raise the dead by My permission. And I will send him as an apostle to the Children of Israel. '' Then Imran related the story to his wife, Hannah, the mother of Mary. When she became pregnant, she conceived it was a boy, but when she gave birth to a girl, she stated `` Oh my Lord! Verily I have delivered a female, and the male is not like the female, for a girl will not be a prophet, '' to which Allah replies in the Quran Allah knows better what has been delivered ( 3 : 36 ). When Allah bestowed Jesus to Mary, he fulfilled his promise to Imran. Motherhood Mary was declared ( uniquely along with Jesus ) to be a `` Sign of God '' to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an `` obedient one '' ; `` chosen of her mother '' and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely ( amongst women ) `` Accepted into service by God '' ; cared for by ( one of the prophets as per Islam ) Zakariya ( Zacharias ) ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al - Mihrab ( understood to be the Holy of Holies ), and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God. Mary is also called a `` Chosen One '' ; a `` Purified One '' ; a `` Truthful one '' ; her child conceived through `` a Word from God '' ; and `` exalted above all women of The Worlds / Universes ( the material and heavenly worlds ) ''. The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam ( Mary ) in two places, Qur'an 3 : 35 -- 47 and 19 : 16 -- 34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these ( Luke, Sura 19 ) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya ( Zecharias ) and `` Good News of the birth of Yahya ( John ) '', followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone. In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary 's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. `` O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His ( Power ) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah ( as the One, Unique God ), and His Messengers ( including Jesus, as Messenger ) ; and do not say : ( Allah is one of ) a trinity. Give up ( this assertion ) -- ( it is ) for your own good ( to do so ). Allah is but One Allah ; All - Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred. '' Quran 4 / 171 The Qur'an says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Suras 3 and 19 of the Qur'an, where it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin. Bahá'í The Bahá'í Faith venerates Mary as the mother of Jesus. The Kitáb - i - Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baha'i religion, describes Mary as `` that most beauteous countenance, '' and `` that veiled and immortal Countenance. '' It claims that Jesus was `` conceived of the Holy Ghost. '' Others Biblical scholars The statement that Joseph `` knew her not till she brought forth her first born son '' ( Matthew 1 : 25 DouayRheims ) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos ( i.e., until ) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1 : 25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7 : 14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1 : 23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus 's father. Other biblical verses have also been debated, e.g., that the reference by Paul that Jesus was made `` of the seed of David according to the flesh '' ( Romans 1 : 3 ) may be interpreted as Joseph being the father of Jesus. However, most scholars reject this interpretation in the context of virgin birth given that Paul used the Greek word genomenos ( i.e., becoming ) rather than the word gennetos ( i.e., that is born, born ) and the reference to `` seed of David '' is likely to Mary 's lineage. Pre-christian Rome From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of his anti-Christian polemic The True Word, the pagan philosopher Celsus contended that Jesus was actually the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The church father Origen dismissed this assertion as a complete fabrication in his apologetic treatise Against Celsus. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion. Christian devotion Main article : Marian devotions Icon with a Madonna and Child depiction, surrounded by key events in Mary 's life. Trsat, Croatia ( c. 12th century ) 2nd to 5th centuries Christian devotion to Mary goes back to the 2nd century and predates the emergence of a specific Marian liturgical system in the 5th century, following the First Council of Ephesus in 431. The Council itself was held at a church in Ephesus which had been dedicated to Mary about a hundred years before. In Egypt the veneration of Mary had started in the 3rd century and the term Theotokos was used by Origen, the Alexandrian Father of the Church. The earliest known Marian prayer ( the Sub tuum praesidium, or Beneath Thy Protection ) is from the 3rd century ( perhaps 270 ), and its text was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt. Following the Edict of Milan in 313, by the 5th century artistic images of Mary began to appear in public and larger churches were being dedicated to Mary, e.g., S. Maria Maggiore in Rome. 4th - century Arabia According to the 4th - century heresiologist Epiphanius of Salamis the Virgin Mary was worshipped as a mother goddess in the Christian sect of Collyridianism, which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts. They made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis, who wrote about the group in his writings titled Panarion. The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. According to Sabrina Higgins, `` When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis. '' Conversely, Carl Olson and Sandra Miesel dispute the idea that Christianity copied elements of Isis 's iconography, saying that the symbol of a mother and her child is part of the universal human experience. Byzantium Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess ; the Temple of Artemis there is regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion `` Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary. '' Middle Ages The Middle Ages saw many legends about Mary, her parents, and even her grandparents. The Virgin 's popularity increased dramatically from the 12th century. This rise in popularity was linked to the Vatican 's designation of Mary as the mediatrix. Depiction in Renaissance art Madonna of humility by Fra Angelico, c. 1430. A traditional depiction of Mary wearing blue clothes. In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c. 500 AD, where blue was `` the colour of an empress ''. A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter 's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue. Transformations in visual depictions of the Virgin from the 13th to 15th centuries mirror her `` social '' standing within the Church as well as in society. Since the reformation Over the centuries, devotion and veneration to Mary has varied greatly among Christian traditions. For instance, while Protestants show scant attention to Marian prayers or devotions, of all the saints whom the Orthodox venerate, the most honored is Mary, who is considered `` more honorable than the Cherubim and more glorious than the Seraphim ''. Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote : `` Love and veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the soul of Orthodox piety. A faith in Christ which does not include his mother is another faith, another Christianity from that of the Orthodox church. '' Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as `` superior to all created beings '' and `` ceaselessly pray for her intercession ''. However, she is not considered a `` substitute for the One Mediator '' who is Christ. `` Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord '', he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather `` hyper - venerate '' her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two - dimensional icons, and not three - dimensional statues. The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary, Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury, said : `` It is not only that we can not understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ ; we can not understand Christ without seeing his attention to Mary. '' On September 4, 1781, 11 families of pobladores arrived from the Gulf of California and established a city in the name of King Carlos III. The small town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula ( after our Lady of the Angels ), a city that today is known simply as Los Angeles. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, in September 2011 the Queen of Angels Foundation, and founder Mark Anchor Albert, inaugurated an annual Grand Marian Procession in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles ' historic core. This yearly procession, held on the last Saturday of August and intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and concludes at the parish of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles which is part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, better known as `` La Placita ''. Marian feasts Main article : Marian feast days The earliest feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the Nativity of Jesus. Given that according to the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 2 : 22 - 40 ), forty days after the birth of Jesus, along with the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Mary was purified according to Jewish customs, the Feast of the Purification began to be celebrated by the 5th century, and became the `` Feast of Simeon '' in Byzantium. Village decorations during the Feast of the Assumption in Għaxaq, Malta In the 7th and 8th centuries four more Marian feasts were established in Eastern Christianity. In the West, a feast dedicated to Mary, just before Christmas was celebrated in the Churches of Milan and Ravenna in Italy in the 7th century. The four Roman Marian feasts of Purification, Annunciation, Assumption and Nativity of Mary were gradually and sporadically introduced into England by the 11th century. Over time, the number and nature of feasts ( and the associated Titles of Mary ) and the venerative practices that accompany them have varied a great deal among diverse Christian traditions. Overall, there are significantly more titles, feasts and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than any other Christians traditions. Some such feasts relate to specific events, e.g., the Feast of Our Lady of Victory was based on the 1571 victory of the Papal States in the Battle of Lepanto. Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues -- the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts. Catholic Mariology Mary with an inscription referencing Luke1 : 46 - 47 in St. Jürgen church in Gettorf ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Main articles : Mariology and Roman Catholic Mariology There is significant diversity in the Marian doctrines attributed to her primarily by the Catholic Church. The key Marian doctrines held primarily in Catholicism can be briefly outlined as follows : Immaculate Conception : Mary was conceived without original sin. Mother of God : Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is the Theotokos ( God - bearer ), or Mother of God. Virgin birth of Jesus : Mary conceived Jesus by action of the Holy Spirit while remaining a virgin. Perpetual Virginity : Mary remained a virgin all her life, even after the act of giving birth to Jesus. Dormition : commemorates Mary 's `` falling asleep '' or natural death shortly before her Assumption. Assumption : Mary was taken bodily into Heaven either at, or before, her death. The acceptance of these Marian doctrines by Roman Catholics can be summarized as follows : Doctrine Church action Accepted by Mother of God First Council of Ephesus, 431 Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, Lutherans, some Methodists Virgin birth of Jesus First Council of Nicaea, 325 Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, Anglicans, Baptists, mainline Protestants Assumption of Mary Munificentissimus Deus encyclical Pope Pius XII, 1950 Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox ( only following her natural death ), some Anglicans, some Lutherans Immaculate Conception Ineffabilis Deus encyclical Pope Pius IX, 1854 Catholics, some Anglicans, some Lutherans ( early Martin Luther ) Perpetual Virginity Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople, 553 Smalcald Articles, 1537 Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, some Anglicans, some Lutherans ( Martin Luther ) The title `` Mother of God '' ( Theotokos ) for Mary was confirmed by the First Council of Ephesus, held at the Church of Mary in 431. The Council decreed that Mary is the Mother of God because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human. This doctrine is widely accepted by Christians in general, and the term Mother of God had already been used within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the Sub tuum praesidium which dates to around 250 AD. The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus `` was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary '' ( the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form ) and the Apostles ' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7 : 14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ( `` young woman '' ) in Isaiah 7 : 14 as `` virgin '', though. The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus ' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had `` no relations with man '' before Jesus ' birth. This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else. The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died. Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed ex cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother 's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin ( the Greek term corresponding to the Latin `` original sin '' ) differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Catholic Church. The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary 's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever - Virgin ( Greek ἀειπάρθενος ) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus ' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step - siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus ' cousins. Cinematic portrayals Mary has been portrayed in various films and on television, including : The Miracle ( 1912 color silent film of the play The Miracle ( as a statue which comes to life ) ) Das Mirakel ( 1912 ) silent film ; a German version of the play The Miracle The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 film ) The Living Christ Series ( 1951 non-theatrical, non-television film twelve - part series ) The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima ( 1952 film ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 film ) The Miracle ( 1959 film ; a loose remake of the 1912 film Das Mirakel ) King of Kings ( 1961 film ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 film ) Jesus of Nazareth ( 1977 two - part television miniseries ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 film ) Mary, Mother of Jesus ( 1999 television film ) Saint Mary ( 2002 film ) The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 film ) Imperium : Saint Peter ( 2005 television film ) Color of the Cross ( 2006 film ) The Nativity Story ( 2006 film ) The Passion ( 2008 television miniseries ) The Nativity ( 2010 four - part miniseries ) Son of God ( 2014 film ) Image gallery See also : Life of the Virgin For a larger gallery, see Commons : Madonna structured gallery. Mary nursing the Infant Jesus. Early image from the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, c. 2nd century. Theotokos Panachranta, from the 11th century Gertrude Psalter Flight into Egypt by Giotto c. 1304 Lamentation by Pietro Lorenzetti, Assisi Basilica, c. 1310 -- 1329 Our Lady of Vladimir, a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos Michelangelo 's Pietà in St. Peter 's Basilica, Vatican City Visitation, from the St Vaast Altarpiece by Jacques Daret, 1434 -- 1435 Our Lady of La Naval de Manila statue in Quezon City, the Philippines, c. 1593 Adoration of the Magi, Rubens, 1634 Black Madonna and Child, Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, Axum, Ethiopia Inside of the Tomb of Mary, on the foothills of Mount of Olives, Jerusalem Music Claudio Monteverdi : Vespro della Beata Vergine ( 1610 ) Johann Sebastian Bach : Magnificat ( 1723, rev. 1733 ) Franz Schubert : Ave Maria ( 1835 ) Charles Gounod : Ave Maria ( 1859 ) See also Catholicism portal Christianity portal Book : Mary and Mariology Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission Christian mythology Fleur de lys History of Catholic Mariology Holy Name of Mary Hortus conclusus La Conquistadora Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Marian apparition Madonna ( art ) Marian and Holy Trinity columns May crowning Miraculous births Mother of the Church New Testament people named Mary Shrines to the Virgin Mary Society of Mary ( Marianists ) Notes Jump up ^ Undisputed according to the Bible and the Qur'an. Jump up ^ The parents of Mary are unknown, but according to apocryphal gospels and some denominational traditions, it is Joachim and Anne. Some denomination traditions believe Heli and his wife to be the parents of Mary. Both are highly disputed. See Genealogy of Jesus § Explanations for divergence. Jump up ^ ( Greek : Μαρία, translit. María ; Aramaic : ܡܪܝܡ ‎, translit. Mariam ; Hebrew : מִרְיָם ‎, translit. Miriam ; Coptic : Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ; Arabic : مريم ‎, translit. Maryam ), also known by various titles, styles and honorifics References Jump up ^ Pevehouse, James ( 2010 ). Spiritual Truths ( 1st ed. ). Pittsburgh : Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 9781434903044. Jump up ^ Raymond Edward Brown ; Joseph A. Fitzmyer ; Karl Paul Donfried ( 1978 ). `` consonant + with '' Mary in the New Testament. NJ : Paulist Press. p. 140. consonant with Mary 's Jewish background Jump up ^ ( Greek : παρθένος, translit. parthénos ) Matthew 1 : 23 uses Greek parthénos virgin, whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7 : 14, from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes, as Almah young maiden. See article on parthénos in Bauercc / ( Arndt ) / Gingrich / Danker, A Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Second Edition, University of Chicago Press, 1979, p. 627. Jump up ^ Browning, W.R.F. A dictionary of the Bible. 2004 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860890 - X page 246 Jump up ^ Ruiz, Jean - Pierre. `` Between the Crèche and the Cross : Another Look at the Mother of Jesus in the New Testament ''. New Theology Review ; Aug. 2010, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Munificentissimus Deus : Dogma of the Assumption by Pius XII, 1950, 17 Jump up ^ Holweck, Frederick ( 1907 ), The Feast of the Assumption, ( The Catholic Encyclopedia ), 2, New York : Robert Appleton Company, access date April 18, 2015 Jump up ^ Burke, Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ). Mariology : A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry, William J. Abraham 2006 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2569 - X page 142 Jump up ^ `` Mary, the mother of Jesus. '' The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. September 28, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Volume 3 2003 by Hans Joachim Hillerbrand ISBN 0 - 415 - 92472 - 3 p. 1174 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of First Names by Patrick Hanks, Kate Hardcastle and Flavia Hodges ( July 27, 2006 ) Oxford University Press ISBN 0198610602 entry for Mary Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 2007 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5455 - X pages 443 -- 444 ^ Jump up to : Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim. Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Volume 3 2003. ISBN 0 - 415 - 92472 - 3 page 1174 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 44 : 17 - 19 ^ Jump up to : Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22497 - 0 page 99 - 101 ^ Jump up to : Flinn, Frank K., J. Gordon MeltonEncyclopedia of Catholicism. 2007 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5455 - X pages 443 -- 444 ^ Jump up to : `` The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus ''. Ccel.org. June 1, 2005. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ M'Corry, John StewartTheotokos : Or, the Divine Maternity. 2009 ISBN 1 - 113 - 18361 - 6 page 10 Jump up ^ The Christian theology reader by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5358 - X page 273 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 32 Jump up ^ Isaiah 9 : 6 Jump up ^ 1Ki 2 : 19 - 20 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2 : 19 - 20 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 13 : 18 - 19 Jump up ^ What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 128 Jump up ^ Legends of the Madonna by Anna Jameson 2009 1406853380 page 50 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 515 Jump up ^ Candice Lee Goucher, 2007 World history : journeys from past to present ISBN 0 - 415 - 77137 - 4 page 102 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 525 Jump up ^ Glassé, Cyril ( 2008 ). `` Mary ''. The New Encyclopedia of Islam ( 3rd ed. ). Plymouth, United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 340 -- 341. ISBN 9780742562967. Retrieved 2 June 2016. Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Quran 66 : 12 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 42 Jump up ^ William Temple, Readings in St John 's Gospel. London : MacMillan, 1961. p. 35, 36 Jump up ^ Ruiz, Jean - Pierre. `` Between the Crèche and the Cross : Another Look at the Mother of Jesus in the New Testament. '' New Theology Review. Aug 2010, Vol. 23 Issue 3, pp. 5 - 15 Jump up ^ Smith, Scott. `` Proving the Assumption of Mary ''. All Roads Lead to Rome. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : The Perpetual Virginity of Mary ( Jerome ) ''. www.newadvent.org. Jump up ^ The Blessed Virgin Mary -- Catholic Encyclopedia -- Catholic Online Jump up ^ Douglas ; Hillyer ; Bruce ( 1990 ). New Bible Dictionary. Inter-varsity Press. p. 746. ISBN 0 - 85110 - 630 - 7. Jump up ^ `` New Advent Genealogy of Christ ''. Newadvent.org. September 1, 1909. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Henry, Matthew ( 1706 ). Luke in Matthew Henry commentary on the whole Bible ( complete ). Retrieved 18 April 2016. Jump up ^ An event described by some Christians as the Annunciation Luke 1 : 35. Jump up ^ Mills, Watson E., Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer dictionary of the Bible. 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 429 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 36 Jump up ^ Compare Luke 1 : 39 - 40 with Joshua 21 : 11 The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge says, `` This was most probably Hebron, a city of the priests, and situated in the hill country of Judea, ( Jos 11 : 21 ; 21 : 11, 13, ) about 25 miles south of Jerusalem, and nearly 100 from Nazareth. '' Jump up ^ Brown, Raymond Edward. Mary in the New Testament. 1978 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 7 Jump up ^ France 2007, p. 53. Jump up ^ Walvoord, John F., Roy B. Zuck. The Bible Knowledge Commentary : New Testament edition. 1983 ISBN 0 - 88207 - 812 - 7 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible by D.N. Freedman, David Noel, Allen Myers and Astrid B. Beck ( December 31, 2000 ) ISBN 9053565035 page 202 Jump up ^ The Bible : The Basics by John Barton ( March 2, 2010 ) Routledge ISBN 0415411351 page 7 Jump up ^ Gaventa, Beverly Roberts. Mary : glimpses of the mother of Jesus. 1995 ISBN 1 - 57003 - 072 - 3, p. 70 Jump up ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+3:21&version=NIV Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/religiousexplorations/home Jump up ^ de Bles, Arthur. How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes, Symbols and Attributes ', 2004 ISBN 1 - 4179 - 0870 - X page 35 Jump up ^ Jameson, Anna. Legends of the Madonna : as represented in the fine arts. 2006 ISBN 1 - 4286 - 3499 - 1 page 37 Jump up ^ Stephen J. Shoemaker, Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary 's Dormition and Assumption Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ( Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002, 2006 ) ; De Obitu S. Dominae as noted in ; Holweck, F. ( 1907 ). The Feast of the Assumption. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Munificentissimus Deus ' ' on the Assumption ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Coptic Church website, Accessed 2010 / 10 / 6. Jump up ^ Ronald Brownrigg, Canon Brownrigg Who 's Who in the New Testament 2001 ISBN 0 - 415 - 26036 - 1 page T - 62 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : St. Joseph ''. Newadvent.org. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Allison, Dale C., Matthew : A Shorter Commentary, p. 12 Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08249 - 0 Jump up ^ Rainer Riesner. Paul 's early period : chronology, mission strategy, theology. Retrieved August 20, 2011. Jump up ^ The Oxford handbook of early Christian studies by Susan Ashbrook Harvey, David G. Hunter 2008 ISBN 9780199271566 page 527 Jump up ^ The reception and interpretation of the Bible in late antiquity by Lorenzo DiTommaso, Lucian Turcescu 2008 ISBN 9004167153 page 507 Jump up ^ Maximus 's Mary, by Sally Cuneen, Commonweal Magazine, December 4, 2009 Jump up ^ `` Anna Katharina Emmerick ( 1774 - 1824 ), biography ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Emmerich, Anna Catherine : The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ ISBN 978 - 0 - 89555 - 210 - 5 page viii Jump up ^ Frommer 's Turkey by Lynn A. Levine 2010 ISBN 0470593660 pages 254 - 255 Jump up ^ Home of the Assumption : Reconstructing Mary 's Life in Ephesus by V. Antony John Alaharasan 2006 ISBN 1929039387 page 38 Jump up ^ The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary 's Dormition and Assumption by Stephen J. Shoemaker 2006 ISBN 0199210748 page 76 Jump up ^ Mary 's House by Donald Carroll ( April 20, 2000 ) Veritas, ISBN 0953818802 Jump up ^ Irenaeus, Adversus haereses III, 1, 1 ; Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, III, 1 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary ''. Newadvent.org. July 1, 1912. Retrieved September 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Schroedel, Jenny The Everything Mary Book, 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 pages 81 -- 85 Jump up ^ Miegge, Giovanni, The Virgin Mary : Roman Catholic Marian Doctrine, pgs. 15 -- 22, Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1963. ^ Jump up to : Fahlbusch, Erwin, et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 2003 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12654 - 6 pages 403 -- 409 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's encyclopedia of world religions by Wendy Doniger, 1999 ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 page 696 Jump up ^ `` Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam ''. Vatican. ^ Jump up to : `` CCC, 971 ''. Vatican.va. Jump up ^ The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 325 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website : Marian consecration and entrustment, item 204 ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Schroede, Jenny, The Everything Mary Book 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 page 219 Jump up ^ O'Carroll, Michael, The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary 2007, ISBN 1 - 882972 - 98 - 8 pages 10 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary ''. NewAdvent.org. October 1, 1912. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Urges Devotion to Rosary and Scapular ''. Zenit.org. July 17, 2008. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Handbook of Prayers by James Socías 2006 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 579 - 1 page 483 Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 page 575 Jump up ^ Pope Leo XIII. `` Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary ''. Octobri Mense. Vatican. Retrieved October 4, 2010. Jump up ^ A Beginner 's Book of Prayer : An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers by William G. Storey 2009 ISBN 0 - 8294 - 2792 - 9 page 99 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 365 Jump up ^ Our Sunday Visitor 's Catholic Almanac by Matthew Bunson 2009 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 441 - X page 122 Jump up ^ The Catholic Handbook for Visiting the Sick and Homebound by Corinna Laughlin, Sara McGinnis Lee 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56854 - 886 - 9 page 4 Jump up ^ Geoghegan. G.P. A Collection of My Favorite Prayers, 2006 ISBN 1 - 4116 - 9457 - 0 pages 31, 45, 70, 86, 127 Jump up ^ Mary, mother of the redemption by Edward Schillebeeckx 1964 ASIN B003KW30VG pages 82 -- 84 Jump up ^ Mary in the Redemption by Adrienne von Speyr 2003 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 955 - 5 pages 2 -- 7 Jump up ^ Salvation Through Mary by Henry Aloysius Barry 2008 ISBN 1 - 4097 - 3172 - 3 pages 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ The mystery of Mary by Paul Haffner 2004 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 page 198 Jump up ^ `` ' ' Redemptoris Mater ' ' at the Vatican website ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved September 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Burke, Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ). Mariology : A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page xxi Jump up ^ McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 pages 168 -- 169 ^ Jump up to : Ecclesiasticus II : Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer by George Dion Dragas 2005 ISBN 0 - 9745618 - 0 - 0 pages 81 - 83 Jump up ^ The Everything Mary Book by Jenny Schroedel 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 page 90 Jump up ^ Vasilaka, Maria Images of the Mother of God : perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium 2005 ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3603 - 8 page 97 ^ Jump up to : The Orthodox Church by Serge? Nikolaevich Bulgakov 1997 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 051 - 9 page 116 Jump up ^ Gregorius Nazianzenus. In theophania. Documenta Catholica Omnia. Jump up ^ Wybrew, Hugh Orthodox feasts of Jesus Christ & the Virgin Mary : liturgical texts 2000 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 203 - 1 pages 37 -- 46 Jump up ^ Damascene, John. Homily 2 on the Dormition 14 ; PG 96, 741 B Jump up ^ Damascene, John. Homily 2 on the Dormition 16 ; PG 96, 744 D Jump up ^ Barth, Karl, Church dogmatics, 1, pp. 143 -- 4, ISBN 0 - 567 - 05069 - 6 Jump up ^ Lehmann, H., ed. ' ' Luther 's Works, American edition, ' ' vol. 43, p. 40, Fortress, 1968. Jump up ^ Lee ( 1993 ), Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant : a doctrinal comparison, p. 249, ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 Jump up ^ Alternately : `` It can not even be denied that God conferred the highest honour on Mary, by choosing and appointing her to be the mother of his Son. '' Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, 1845, Jean Calvin, Rev. William Pringle, Edinburgh, Volume 2, page 87 quote. `` Neque etiam negari potest, quin Deus Mariam Filio suo matrem eligens ac destinans summo eam honore dignatus sit. '' Calvin 's Opera, vol. 45 ( Corpus Reformatorum, vol. 73 ), p. 348. no preview Jump up ^ McKim, Donald K ( 2004 ), The Cambridge companion to John Calvin, ISBN 0 - 521 - 01672 - X Jump up ^ Haffner, Paul ( 2004 ), The mystery of Mary, p. 11, ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 Jump up ^ Geisler, Norman L ; MacKenzie, Ralph E ( 1995 ), Roman Catholics and Evangelicals : agreements and differences, p. 143, ISBN 0 - 8010 - 3875 - 8 Jump up ^ Milton, Anthony Catholic and Reformed 2002 ISBN 0 - 521 - 89329 - 1 page 5 ^ Jump up to : Braaten, Carl, et al. Mary, Mother of God 2004 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2266 - 5 page 13 Jump up ^ Burnham, Andrew A Pocket Manual of Anglo - Catholic Devotion 2004 ISBN 1 - 85311 - 530 - 4 pages 1, 266,310, 330 Jump up ^ Duckworth, Penelope, Mary : The Imagination of Her Heart 2004 ISBN 1 - 56101 - 260 - 2 page 3 - 5 Jump up ^ Church of England yearbook : Volume 123 2006 ISBN 0 - 7151 - 1020 - 9 page 315 Jump up ^ Perrier, Jacques, Lourdes Today and Tomorrow 2008 1565483057 ISBN page 56 Jump up ^ Mary : grace and hope in Christ : the Seattle statement of the Anglican - Roman Catholics '' by the Anglican / Roman Catholic International Group 2006 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8155 - 8 pages 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Bäumer, Remigius. Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe, Leo Scheffczyk, ed., ( Regensburg : Institutum Marianum, 1994 ), 190. Jump up ^ Schroedel, Jenny ( 2006 ), The Everything Mary Book, pp. 125 -- 6, ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 Jump up ^ Jackson, Gregory Lee ( 1993 ), Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant : a doctrinal comparison, p. 249, ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 Jump up ^ Bäumer, 191 Jump up ^ Haffner, Paul ( 2004 ), The mystery of Mary, p. 223, ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 Jump up ^ Bäumer, 190. Jump up ^ Colonna, Vittoria ; Matraini, Chiara ; Marinella, Lucrezia ( 2009 ). Who Is Mary?. p. 34. ISBN 0 - 226 - 11400 - 7. Jump up ^ Eric W. Gritsch ( 1992 ). H. George Anderson ; J. Francis Stafford ; Joseph A. Burgess, eds. The One Mediator, The Saints and Mary, Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue. VII. Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress. p. 235. Jump up ^ Luther 's Works, 47, pp. 45f. Jump up ^ Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue VIII, p. 29. Jump up ^ Homiliae S. Bernardi super evangelio : `` Missus est angelus Gabriel '' - saint Bernard de Clairvaux - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 30 September 2013. Jump up ^ Doberstein, John W ; Lehmann, Helmut T, eds. ( 1959 ) ( 1546 ), `` Sermon on the Second Sunday after Epiphany '', Luther 's Works, 51 Sermons I, Fortress Press, p. 375, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 0351 - 9 Jump up ^ Dr. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, 51, Weimar, 1883, p. 128 Jump up ^ More FAQ The Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church archiveaccessdate = September 11, 2014 Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Immaculate Conception and the Virgin Birth? ''. Archives.umc.org. November 6, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Wesley 's Letters, The Wesley Center Online, 1749, archived from the original on November 5, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Perpetual Virginity ''. Davidmacd.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary? ''. Archives.umc.org. November 6, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Comparing Christian Denominations -- Beliefs : Nature of Mary ''. Christianity.about.com. July 30, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Stepp, Todd ( December 23, 2009 ). `` Theotokos ; Mary, Mother of God ''. Wesleyan / Anglican Society. We Protestants ( for the most part ) tend to say something to the affect ( sic ) that, if it is not found in Scripture it is not held to be required as an article of faith. Thus, the assumption of Mary would not be held as an article of faith ( i.e., as a required doctrine ). However, in as much as the Scripture does not say that Mary was not assumed into heaven, and, in as much as we do have other instances of some sort of `` assumption '' in Scripture ( e.g., Elijah, as mentioned, before ), there seems to be nothing that would require that a Protestant Christian could not have a private `` opinion '' ( in the Wesleyan sense of the term ) that agrees with Rome or Constantinople ( at least regarding Mary 's assumption ). Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America 2006 Page 73 Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft `` Jehovah 's Witnesses pray to God in the name of Jesus, but insist that the Bible never identifies Christ as an eternal... Jehovah God caused an ovum, or egg cell, in Mary 's womb to become fertile, accomplishing this by the transferal of '' Jump up ^ Colton, Eleanor ( 1992 ), `` Virgin Birth '', Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4, New York, NY : Macmillan Publishing Co., p. 1510 Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 11 : 13 -- 20 Jump up ^ Alma 7 : 10 Jump up ^ Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton Norman T. Burns - 1972 Jump up ^ Fronk, Camille ( 1992 ), `` Mary, Mother of Jesus '', Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 2, New York, NY : Macmillan Publishing Co., pp. 863 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco - Roman culture : Volume 3 - Page 369 Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser - 2002 The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and Sefer Zerubbabel by Martha Himmelfarb `` Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety. Unlike so many aspects of Christianity, veneration of the... '' Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer Mirror of His beauty : feminine images of God from the Bible to the... 2002 Page 233 `` On the one hand, it mockingly disapproves of the idea of the mother of God ; on the other hand, it treats Mary considerately and by no means only polemically. The talmudic and post-talmudic discussions about the Virgin Mary are classic... '' Jump up ^ Van Voorst, Robert E ( 2000 ). Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 9 pp. 122 and 127 Jump up ^ Michael J. Cook Jewish Perspectives on Jesus Chapter 14 in `` The Blackwell Companion to Jesus '' edited by Delbert Burkett 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2794 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Amy G. Remensnyder ( March 2014 ). La Conquistadora : The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds. OUP USA. pp. 138 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 989300 - 3. Jump up ^ Robert Van Voorst ( 13 April 2000 ). Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 122 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 5. Jump up ^ Mary in the New Testament by Raymond Edward Brown, et al. 1978 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 9 page 262 Jump up ^ Van Voorst, Robert E ( 2000 ). Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 9 page 128 ^ Jump up to : The new encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith 2003 ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0190 - 6 page 296 sayyidatuna Jump up ^ See the following verses : 5 : 114, 5 : 116, 7 : 158, 9 : 31, 17 : 57, 17 : 104, 18 : 102, 19 : 16, 19 : 17, 19 : 18, 19 : 20, 19 : 22, 19 : 24, 19 : 27, 19 : 28, 19 : 29, 19 : 34, 21 : 26, 21 : 91, 21 : 101, 23 : 50, 25 : 17, 33 : 7, 39 : 45, 43 : 57, 43 : 61, 57 : 27, 61 : 6, 61 : 14, 66 : 12. Jump up ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. Holy people of the world : a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3. 2004 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 355 - 6 page 558 Sayyidana Maryam Jump up ^ Qa'im, Mahdi Muntazir ( 2007 ). Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations ( bilingual ed. ). Queens, New York : Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. p. 16. ISBN 978 - 1879402140. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Quran 23 : 50 ^ Jump up to : Quran 66 : 12 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 36 ^ Jump up to : Quran 3 : 37 ^ Jump up to : Quran 3 : 42 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 75 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 45 Jump up ^ Jomier, Jacques. The Bible and the Qur'an. 2002 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 928 - 8 page 133 Jump up ^ Nazir - Ali, Michael. Islam, a Christian perspective. 1984 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24527 - 7 page 110 Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Mary In The Koran ''. EWTN.com. April 13, 1978. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Jackson, Montell. Islam Revealed. 2003 ISBN 1 - 59160 - 869 - 4 page 73 Jump up ^ Rodwell, J.M. The Koran. 2009 ISBN 0 - 559 - 13127 - 5 page 505 Jump up ^ Akhtar, Shabbir. The Quran and the secular mind : a philosophy of Islam. 2007 page 352 Jump up ^ Glassé, Cyril, Huston Smith. The new encyclopedia of Islam. 2003 ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0190 - 6 page 240 Jump up ^ Sarker, Abraham. Understand My Muslim People. 2004 ISBN 1 - 59498 - 002 - 0 page 260 no preview Jump up ^ The Kitáb - i - Íqán Part One. Baha'i Reference Library. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Coogan, Michael ( October 2010 ). God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says ( 1st ed. ). New York, Boston : Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. 39. ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54525 - 9. Retrieved May 5, 2011. Jump up ^ McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 95 Jump up ^ Cradle of redeeming love by John Saward 2002 Ignatius Press ISBN 0 - 89870 - 886 - 9 page 17 Jump up ^ Mary in the New Testament by Raymond Edward Brown 1978 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 9 page 86 Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart Did Jesus Exist page 294 Jump up ^ John 1 : 45 Jump up ^ John 6 : 42 Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart D. ( 2008 ). Whose Word is It? : The Story Behind who Changed the New Testament and why. A&C Black. pp. 158 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 314 - 4. Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart D. ( July 26, 1999 ). Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. pp. 96 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 983943 - 8. Jump up ^ Coogan, Michael ( October 2010 ). God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says ( 1st ed. ). New York, Boston : Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. 38. ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54525 - 9. Retrieved May 5, 2011. Jump up ^ http://classic.studylight.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=1084 Jump up ^ This Jesus by Markus Bockmuehl 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08296 - 2 page 32 Jump up ^ Aquinas on doctrine : a critical introduction by Thomas Gerard Weinandy, John Yocum 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08411 - 6 pages 245 - 246 Jump up ^ All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer 1988 ISBN 0 - 310 - 28051 - 6 page 43 Jump up ^ Bennett, Clinton, In search of Jesus 2001 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 4916 - 6 pages 165 -- 170 Jump up ^ Also see : Schaberg, Jane. Illegitimacy of Jesus : A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives ( Biblical Seminar Series, No 28 ), ISBN 1 - 85075 - 533 - 7. Jump up ^ Contra Celsum by Origen, Henry Chadwick ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1953 ) reprint 1980 ISBN 0 - 521 - 29576 - 9 page 32 Jump up ^ John Patrick The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus 1892 reprint 2009 ISBN 1 - 110 - 13388 - X pages 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Baldovin, John and Johnson, Maxwell, Between memory and hope : readings on the liturgical year 2001 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 6025 - 8 page 386 Jump up ^ Dalmais, Irénée et al. The Church at Prayer : The liturgy and time 1985 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 1366 - 7 page 130 Jump up ^ McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 186 Jump up ^ Benz, Ernst The Eastern Orthodox Church : Its Thought and Life 2009 ISBN 0 - 202 - 36298 - 1 page 62 Jump up ^ Burke, Raymond et al. Mariology : A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12654 - 6 page 406 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Constantine the Great ''. Newadvent.org. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Osborne, John L. `` Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente, Rome : The Madonna and Child in the Niche '' Gesta 20.2 ( 1981 : 299 -- 310 ) and ( note 9 ) referencing T. Klauser, Rom under der Kult des Gottesmutter Maria, Jahrbuch für der Antike und Christentum 15 ( 1972 : 120 -- 135 ). Jump up ^ `` The Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore ''. Vatican.va. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Collyridianism - EWTN Retrieved September 11, 2014 Jump up ^ Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 3 -- 4 -- 2012 Sabrina Higgins : `` Divine Mothers : The Influence of Isis on the Virgin Mary in Egyptian Lactans - Iconography '' Jump up ^ Carl Olson ; Sandra Miesel ( 2004 ). The Da Vinci Hoax : Exposing the Errors in The Da Vinci Code. Ignatius Press. ISBN 1 - 58617 - 034 - 1. Jump up ^ http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm Jump up ^ http://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/ Jump up ^ Laing, Gordon. `` Survivals of Roman Religion ''. Jump up ^ Phipps, William E. ( 2008 ). Supernaturalism in Christianity : Its Growth and Cure. Mercer University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978 - 0881460940. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Toronto Star article - In December 2010, Catherine Lawless of the University of Limerick stated that by analyzing 15th - century Florentine manuscripts, she had concluded that Ismeria was the maternal grandmother of Mary. Toronto Star Dec 2010 Discovery News Jump up ^ Mâle, Emile ( 1978 ). Religious Art in France : The Twelfth Century. Translated by Mathews, Marthiel. Jump up ^ Warner, Marina ( 1976 ). Alone of All her Sex : The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary. Jump up ^ Pelikan, Jaroslav ( 1996 ). Mary Through the Centuries : Her Place in the History of Culture. Yale University Press. Jump up ^ Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian. Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13Th, 14Th And 15Th Century. n.p. : 1991., 1991. University of South Florida Libraries Catalog. Web. April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Miravalle, Mark. Introduction to Mary ' '. 1993 Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 pages 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ The Orthodox word, Volumes 12 -- 13, 1976 page 73 Jump up ^ Trigilio, John and Brighenti, Kenneth The Catholicism Answer Book 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 58 Jump up ^ The History of the Christian Church by Philip Smith 2009 ISBN 1 - 150 - 72245 - 2 page 288 Jump up ^ The Celebration of Faith : The Virgin Mary by Alexander Schmemann 2001 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 141 - 8 p. 11 Jump up ^ De Sherbinin, Julie Chekhov and Russian religious culture : the poetics of the Marian paradigm 1997 ISBN 0 - 8101 - 1404 - 6 p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Pope John Paul II, General Audience, 1997 ''. Vatican.va. October 29, 1997. Retrieved September 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Kilmartin Edward The Eucharist in the West 1998 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 6204 - 8 page 80 Jump up ^ Ciaravino, Helene How to Pray 2001 ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0012 - 6 page 118 Jump up ^ Williams, Rowan Ponder these things : praying with icons of the Virgin 2002 ISBN 1 - 85311 - 362 - X page 7 ^ Jump up to : Clayton, Mary. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo - Saxon England. 2003 ISBN 0 - 521 - 53115 - 2 pages 26 -- 37 Jump up ^ EWTN on Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) Our Lady and Islam : Heaven 's Peace Plan - EWTN Jump up ^ by Butler, Alban, Peter Doyle. Butler 's Lives of the Saints. 1999 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 253 - 0 page 222 Jump up ^ Jackson, Gregory Lee, Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant : a doctrinal comparison. 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 page 254 Jump up ^ Jackson, Gregory Lee. Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant : a doctrinal comparison. 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 page 254 Jump up ^ Miravalle, Mark. Introduction to Mary ' '. 1993 Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 page 51 Jump up ^ Miravalle, Mark Introduction to Mary, 1993, ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7, pages 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ `` Virgin Birth '' britannica.com '. ' Retrieved October 22, 2007. Jump up ^ Translation by the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation, given on page 17 of Praying Together, a literal translation of the original, `` σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου '' archiveaccessdate September 11, 2014 ^ Jump up to : Miravalle, Mark Introduction to Mary, 1993, ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7, pages 56 -- 64 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Immaculate Conception ''. Newadvent.org. Retrieved March 2, 2010. Jump up ^ Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church ( Penguin Books, 1963, ISBN 0 - 14 - 020592 - 6 ), pp. 263 -- 4. Jump up ^ `` CCC, 499 ''. Vatican.va... Jump up ^ TV airing for Islam 's story of Christ -- Media -- The Guardian featured in ITV documentary Retrieved September 11, 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Muslim Jesus, ITV ─ Unreality Primetime ''. Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk. August 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2010. Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian. Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13Th, 14Th And 15Th Century. n.p. : 1991., 1991. University of South Florida Libraries Catalog. Web. April 8, 2016. Further reading Brown, Raymond, E., Donfried, Karl, P., Fitzmyer, Joseph A., & Reumann, John, ( eds. ), Mary in the New Testament, Fortress / Paulist Press, 1978, ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1345 - 7 Hahn, Scott, Hail, Holy Queen : The Mother of God in the Word of God, Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 0 - 385 - 50168 - 4 Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries : Her Place in the History of Culture, Yale University Press, 1998, hardcover, 240 pages ISBN Tumanov, Vladimir. `` Mary versus Eve : Paternal Uncertainty and the Christian View of Women. '' Neophilologus 95 ( 2011 ) 4 : 507 - 521. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal Mary was a 1st - century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin ; according to Christian teaching she conceived Jesus while a virgin, through the Holy Spirit. The miraculous conception took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph. She accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel" ], "id": [ "8479861891303615231" ], "short_answers": [ "Mary" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation, search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant. Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation. Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, `` light '', and σύνθεσις, synthesis, `` putting together ''. In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light - dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short - term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions : these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), the `` energy currency '' of cells. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle, to achieve the same end. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ), wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O, and fixes CO into sugar. Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis, used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen. Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation ; photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate. Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration ; in the latter, glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism. The two processes, reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate, are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( ​ CH O ​ ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction, but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO ) + photons → ( AsO ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more specifically, far - red radiation. Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis. Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals. The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight, acting as a proton pump. This produces a proton gradient more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy. The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen, and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4. stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5. thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8. thylakoid ( lamella ) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself. However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids, or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes. These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell, giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb. In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system. Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll. The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color. Besides chlorophyll, plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present, such as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae, phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors. These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins. In such proteins, the pigments are arranged to work together. Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex. Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves. Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity, such as many Euphorbia and cactus species, have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the mesophyll, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating. The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place. Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition, this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane, which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis, which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product. The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis. The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present. For example, in green plants, the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light. In red algae, the action spectrum is blue - green light, which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants. The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g., green plants, red algae, purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms. Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants, light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic. In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ). The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation. The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center. That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule, pheophytin. As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ), it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space. An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation, whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme. The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I. There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem. The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy. The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point, the path of that electron ends. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name cyclic reaction. Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts, which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions. Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ), which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron. The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin. However, since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme, an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules. The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water. Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center. That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron. The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction ( Dolai 's S - state diagrams ). Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water. The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis. Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions, but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration, including photosynthetic organisms. Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle, Carbon fixation, and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions, the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and, in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle, it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products. The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain. The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar, ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate, to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound, glycerate 3 - phosphate, also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate. Glycerate 3 - phosphate, in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages, is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate. This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or, more generically, as triose phosphate. Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue. The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates, which ultimately yield sucrose, starch and cellulose. The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids. Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions, plants close their stomata to prevent water loss. Under these conditions, CO will decrease and oxygen gas, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis, will increase, causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1, 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation. Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions. Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ), a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase, creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located, and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids. The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and, thus, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf. C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature. Many important crop plants are C plants, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet. Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle. Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation, compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however, the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution. Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes, such as cacti and most succulents, also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ). In contrast to C metabolism, which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle, CAM temporally separates these two processes. CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants, and fix the CO at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves, thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO. Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM. In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes, which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis. An enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO ). Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO, which is concentrated within the carboxysomes. HCO ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein. They can not cross the membrane as they are charged, and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase. This causes the HCO ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes. Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco. Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 %. Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat, with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths. This fact allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers. Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 %. By comparison, solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels, and above 40 % in laboratory devices. The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex. For example, the ATP and NADPH energy molecules, created by the light reaction, can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants. Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks. For this reason, it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction, and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction. It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system, or by using two separate systems together. Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO, and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s, parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars. By measuring CO assimilation, ΔH O, leaf temperature, barometric pressure, leaf area, and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR, it becomes possible to estimate, `` A '' or carbon assimilation, `` E '' or transpiration, `` gs '' or stomatal conductance, and Ci or intracellular CO. However, it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement, where appropriate, because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds, allowing the measurement of larger plant populations. Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels, above and below ambient, allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves, at different CO levels, to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response. Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms. While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci, or substomatal CO levels, the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci. The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast, or C, becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system. Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence, P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems, quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates. With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed. A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly. In the photosynthetic cell of an algae, bacterium, or plant, there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex. When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore, it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton, which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex, a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism. The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously, allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route, where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time. Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur, it is only possible over very short distances, due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play. These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop ''. The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks. Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems, such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, are thought to have been anoxygenic, and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water. Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors. Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor. Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules. The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time. Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old. More recent studies, reported in March 2018, also suggest that photosynthesis may have begun about 3.4 billion years ago. The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis, and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe. Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis, such as that in cyanobacteria, became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago. Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic. Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor, which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O ) in the photosynthetic reaction center. Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss, Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in corals, sponges and sea anemones. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. In addition, a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies. This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic - type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria. DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers. The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation. Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once, in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria. The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history, at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ), and, it is speculated, much earlier. Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis, it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen. Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma, but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered. A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma, revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae. Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ), in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation. Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic, but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form. Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres, as agents of biological nitrogen fixation, and, in modified form, as the plastids of marine algae. Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century. Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew. After noticing that the soil mass changed very little, he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water, the only substance he added to the potted plant. His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water. However, this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis, not the soil itself. Joseph Priestley, a chemist and minister, discovered that, when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air. He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant. In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, repeated Priestley 's experiments. He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours. In 1796, Jean Senebier, a Swiss pastor, botanist, and naturalist, demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light. Soon afterward, Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water. Thus, the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined. Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis. By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction, in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide. Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light. With the red alone, the light reactions were suppressed. When blue and red were combined, the output was much more substantial. Thus, there were two photosystems, one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths, the other up to 700 nm. The former is known as PSII, the latter is PSI. PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '', PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '', among other pigment. These include phycobilins, which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively, and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms. The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI, assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system, which in turn powers the photochemistry. Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory. Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ), another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms. These are linked by plastoquinone, which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant. Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water, were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939. He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate, ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light. The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light, chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor. Therefore, in light, the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved. Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water. Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson, along with James Bassham, elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle, which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson. Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle, Benson - Calvin, and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle. Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain. Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO, activated by the respiration. Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light, oxidize cytochrome f, chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light, but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome, stating the two light reactions are in series. Development of the concept In 1893, Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms, photosyntax and photosynthesis, for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid, in the presence of chlorophyll, under the influence of light. Over time, the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice. Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term. C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California, Berkeley, the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques. The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ). For that original and ground - breaking work, a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin in 1961. In parallel, plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec., with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight. Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University, field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight. This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean, indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants. At the University of Arizona, detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species. In tropical grasses, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus, leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec., and the leaves have two types of green cells, i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells. This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane. Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986. These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate. Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower, as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid. At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air, both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec. indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants. Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature. Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light ( shading by other plants is a major limitation of photosynthesis ), rate at which carbon dioxide can be supplied to the chloroplasts to support photosynthesis, the availability of water, and the availability of suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis. Light intensity ( irradiance ), wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent. The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions. The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere, and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life. The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable, with both time and space. In the early 20th century, Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation. At constant temperature, the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance, increasing as the irradiance increases, but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance. At low irradiance, increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation. At constant high irradiance, the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased. These two experiments illustrate several important points : First, it is known that, in general, photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature. However, these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation, so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation. These are the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage, and the light - independent, temperature - dependent stage. Second, Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors. Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light. Cyanobacteria, which reside several meters underwater, can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments. To combat this problem, a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center. This unit is called a phycobilisome. Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise, the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors. RuBisCO, the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions, has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide. However, if the carbon dioxide concentration is low, RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This process, called photorespiration, uses energy, but does not produce sugars. RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ). Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle. A high oxygenase activity, therefore, drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle. Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis. Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway, and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate. The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ), which is able to diffuse out of the plant, leading to a loss of nitrogen. A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration, since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide. See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Metabolism portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Jump up ^ φῶς. Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις. Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA, Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ). `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated ''. Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96. doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001. PMID 16997562. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 ( 46 ) : 17867 -- 71. Bibcode : 2008PNAS... 10517867R. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0804968105. PMC 2584685. PMID 19004808. Jump up ^ Douglas SE ( Dec 1998 ). `` Plastid evolution : origins, diversity, trends ''. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 8 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 61. doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 437X ( 98 ) 80033 - 6. PMID 9914199. Jump up ^ Reyes - Prieto A, Weber AP, Bhattacharya D ( 2007 ). `` The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants ''. Annual Review of Genetics. 41 : 147 -- 68. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 41.110306. 130134. PMID 17600460. Jump up ^ Raven JA, Allen JF ( 2003 ). `` Genomics and chloroplast evolution : what did cyanobacteria do for plants? ''. Genome Biology. 4 ( 3 ) : 209. doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2003 - 4 - 3 - 209. PMC 153454. PMID 12620099. Jump up ^ Tomitani A, Knoll AH, Cavanaugh CM, Ohno T ( Apr 2006 ). `` The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria : molecular - phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 ( 14 ) : 5442 -- 7. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600999103. PMC 1459374. PMID 16569695. Jump up ^ `` Cyanobacteria : Fossil Record ''. Ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ Smith A ( 2010 ). Plant biology. New York, NY : Garland Science. p. 5. ISBN 0815340257. Jump up ^ Herrero A, Flores E ( 2008 ). The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed. ). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8. Jump up ^ Walker DA ( 2002 ). `` ' And whose bright presence ' - an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction '' ( PDF ). Photosynthesis Research. 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 51 -- 4. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020479620680. PMID 16245102. Jump up ^ Otto Warburg -- Biography. Nobelprize.org ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ). Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03. Jump up ^ Gest H ( 2002 ). `` History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition ''. Photosynthesis Research. 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 7 -- 10. doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020419417954. PMID 16245098. Jump up ^ Calvin M ( July 1989 ). `` Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities ''. Photosynthesis Research. 21 ( 1 ). doi : 10.1007 / BF00047170 ( inactive 2018 - 03 - 04 ). Jump up ^ Verduin J ( 1953 ). `` A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal, near natural conditions ''. Am. J. Bot. 40 ( 9 ) : 675 -- 679. doi : 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1953. tb06540. x. JSTOR 2439681. Jump up ^ Verduin J, Whitwer EE, Cowell BC ( 1959 ). `` Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature ''. Science. 130 ( 3370 ) : 268 -- 9. doi : 10.1126 / science. 130.3370. 268. PMID 13668557. Jump up ^ Hesketh JD, Musgrave R ( 1962 ). `` Photosynthesis under field conditions. IV. Light studies with individual corn leaves ''. Crop Sci. 2 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 315. doi : 10.2135 / cropsci1962. 0011183x000200040011x. Jump up ^ Hesketh JD, Moss DN ( 1963 ). `` Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light ''. Crop Sci. 3 : 107 -- 110. ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy, MA, Hesketh JD ( 1965 ). `` Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances ''. Crop Sci. 5 ( 6 ) : 517 -- 521. doi : 10.2135 / cropsci1965. 0011183x000500060010x. ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy MA, Hesketh JD ( 1986 ). `` Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances '' ( PDF ). Curr. Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14. Jump up ^ Haberlandt G ( 1904 ). Physiologische Pflanzanatomie. Leipzig : Engelmann. Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy MA ( 1965 ). Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species ( Ph. D. thesis ). The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ). `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize ''. Proc. Kazan Agric. Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24. Jump up ^ Kortschak HP, Hart CE, Burr GO ( 1965 ). `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves ''. Plant Physiol. 40 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 213. doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209. Jump up ^ Hatch MD, Slack CR ( 1966 ). `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation ''. Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111. doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103. Jump up ^ Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA ( 2002 ). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York : Springer. pp. 97 -- 104. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95443 - 1. Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ). Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed. ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8. Further reading Books Bidlack JE, Stern KR, Jansky S ( 2003 ). Introductory plant biology. New York : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2. Blankenship RE ( 2014 ). Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed. ). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0. Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF ( 2006 ). Discoveries in Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20. Berlin : Springer. ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0. Reece JB, et al. ( 2013 ). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978 - 0321775658. Papers Gupta RS, Mukhtar T, Singh B ( Jun 1999 ). `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis ''. Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x. PMID 10361294. Rutherford AW, Faller P ( Jan 2003 ). `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53. doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186. PMC 1693113. PMID 12594932. External links Find more aboutPhotosynthesisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth, advanced treatment of photosynthesis, also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation, a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ). `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut ''. Discovery News. Photosynthesis -- Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages Khan Academy, video introduction Library resources about Photosynthesis Resources in your library ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map. Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article. Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes ). Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism. Violet nodes : photosynthesis. Red nodes : cellular respiration. Pink nodes : cell signaling. Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism. Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism. Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism. Green nodes : lipid metabolism. Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=834500485 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 118 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 01 : 42. 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{ "text": "Marlee Matlin - wikipedia Marlee Matlin Jump to : navigation, search Marlee Matlin Matlin receiving a Motion Pictures Star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2009 Marlee Beth Matlin ( 1965 - 08 - 24 ) August 24, 1965 ( age 52 ) Morton Grove, Illinois, U.S. Occupation Actress, author, activist Years active 1986 -- present Known for Children of a Lesser God, Switched at Birth, The West Wing, The L Word Spouse ( s ) Kevin Grandalski ( m. 1993 ) Children Website www.marleematlinsite.com Marlee Beth Matlin ( born August 24, 1965 ) is an American actress, author, and activist. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) and to date is the only deaf performer to have won the award. Her work in film and television has resulted in a Golden Globe award, with two additional nominations, and four Emmy nominations. Deaf since she was 18 months old, due to illness and high fevers, she is also a prominent member of the National Association of the Deaf. Her longtime interpreter is Jack Jason. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriage 4 Filmography 5 Awards 6 Published works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Matlin was born in Morton Grove, Illinois, to Libby ( née Hammer ) and Donald Matlin ( 1930 -- 2013 ), an automobile dealer. She lost all hearing in her right ear and 80 % of the hearing in her left ear at the age of 18 months. In her autobiography I 'll Scream Later, she suggests that her hearing loss may have been due to a genetically malformed cochlea. She is the only member of her family who is deaf. She and her two older brothers, Eric and Marc, grew up in a Reform Jewish household. Her family roots are in Poland and Russia. Matlin attended a synagogue for the Deaf ( Congregation Bene Shalom ), and after studying Hebrew phonetically, was able to learn her Torah portion for her Bat Mitzvah. She was later interviewed for the book Mazel Tov : Celebrities ' Bar and Bat Mitzvah Memories. Matlin graduated from John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights and attended Harper College. In her autobiography I 'll Scream Later, she described two instances when she was molested : by her babysitter at age 11, and by her teacher in high school. Career ( edit ) Matlin made her stage debut at the age of seven, as Dorothy in an International Center on Deafness and the Arts ( ICODA ) children 's theatre of The Wizard of Oz, and continued to appear with the ICODA children 's theatre group throughout her childhood. Her discovery by Henry Winkler during one of her ICODA theater performances ultimately led to her film debut in Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ). That film brought her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and an Academy Award for Best Actress. Two years later, she made a guest appearance on Sesame Street with Billy Joel performing a revised version of `` Just the Way You Are '' with lyrics by Tony Geiss. Matlin used sign language during the song and hugged Oscar the Grouch during the song 's conclusion. One year after that, Billy Joel invited her to perform in his video for `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' where she played the prom - queen - turned - hippie in the mid portion of that video. In 1989, Matlin portrayed a Deaf widow in Bridge to Silence ; in that role, she spoke in addition to using sign language. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work as the lead female role in the television series Reasonable Doubts ( 1991 -- 1993 ). Matlin was nominated for an Emmy Award for a guest appearance in Picket Fences ( 1992 ), and became a regular on that series during its final season ( 1996 ). She played Carrie Buck in the 1994 television drama Against Her Will : The Carrie Buck Story, based on the United States Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200, which the Court heard in 1927. In that role, Matlin portrayed a hearing woman for the first time in her career, which earned her a CableACE Nomination as Best Actress. Matlin later had recurring roles in The West Wing, and Blue 's Clues. Other television appearances include Seinfeld ( `` The Lip Reader '' ), The Outer Limits ( `` The Message '' ), ER, The Practice, and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit. She was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for her guest appearances in Seinfeld, Law & Order : Special Victims Unit, and The Practice. Matlin at the 2007 Texas Book Festival promoting one of her works In 2002, Matlin published her first novel, titled Deaf Child Crossing, which was loosely based on her own childhood. She later wrote and published a sequel titled Nobody 's Perfect, produced on stage at the John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in partnership with VSA Arts in October 2007. In 2004, she starred in the movie What the Bleep Do We Know!? as Amanda. She also hosted the 3rd annual Festival for Cinema of the Deaf in Chicago, from October 15 -- 18, likewise in 2004. In 2006, she played a Deaf parent in Desperate Housewives. She also had a recurring role as Joy Turner 's ( who made many jokes of Matlin 's Deafness at her expense ) public defender in My Name Is Earl and played the mother of one of the victims in an episode of CSI : NY. That same year, Matlin was cast in season 4 of The L Word as Jodi Lerner, a gay sculptor. She appeared in season 4 ( 2007 ), season 5 ( 2008 ), and season 6 ( 2009 ) as the girlfriend of one of the show 's protagonists, Bette Porter, played by Jennifer Beals. On February 4, 2007, and February 7, 2016, Matlin interpreted the `` Star Spangled Banner '' in American Sign Language at Super Bowl XLI in Miami, Florida and at Super Bowl 50 in Santa Clara, California, respectively. In January 2008, she appeared on Nip / Tuck as a television executive. In 2008, Matlin participated as a competitor in the sixth season of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars. Her dance partner was newcomer Fabian Sanchez. Matlin and Sanchez were the sixth couple eliminated from the competition. On May 6, 2009, Matlin received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On November 8, 2009, Matlin appeared on Seth & Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show, hosted by Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein. After Borstein imitated Matlin calling MovieFone and singing `` Poker Face, '' Matlin herself appeared and launched into a comical tirade against Borstein over being made fun of, and how she was not invited to provide her own voice for Family Guy. Matlin went on to voice Stella, Peter 's coworker, in the Season 10 episode `` The Blind Side ; '' Stella later became a recurring character. In 2010, Matlin produced a pilot for a reality show she titled My Deaf Family, which she presented to various national network executives. Although they expressed interest, no network purchased rights to the show for ongoing production. On March 29, 2010, Matlin uploaded the pilot to YouTube and launched a viral marketing campaign. On July 26, 2010, Matlin signed a speech at an event commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act. In the following year, Matlin was a finalist on the NBC show The Celebrity Apprentice, competing to win money for her charity, The Starkey Hearing Foundation, finishing in second place. However, on one episode of The Celebrity Apprentice, `` The Art of the Deal '', which was transmitted on April 3, 2011, she raised more funds than had ever been raised for charity in a single event on any television show before -- USD $986,000. Donald Trump, who was then moderating The Celebrity Apprentice, then donated an additional USD $14,000 to make the contribution an even million. In 2013, Matlin played herself in No Ordinary Hero : The SuperDeafy Movie. As of January 2015, Matlin also acted as the American Civil Liberties Union 's celebrity ambassador for disability rights. As a `` celebrity ambassador '' for the ACLU, in attempts to bridge the gap between law enforcement and the deaf community, Matlin discussed the communication barriers when deaf individuals are stopped by the police. Matlin played the recurring character of Melody Bledsoe on Switched at Birth. In September 2015, she made her Broadway debut in the revival production of the musical Spring Awakening. Beginning in 2017, Matlin played the recurring role of Harriet on the Syfy television series, The Magicians. On July 31, 2017, it was announced by Deadline that Matlin will join as a series regular in the third season of the ABC thriller Quantico in the role of ex-FBI agent, Jocelyn Turner. Personal life ( edit ) Matlin is actively involved with a number of charitable organizations, including Easter Seals ( where she was appointed an Honorary Board Member ), the Children Affected by AIDS Foundation, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, VSA arts, and the Red Cross Celebrity Cabinet. She was appointed by President Clinton in 1994 to the Corporation for National Service and served as chair of National Volunteer Week. Matlin was a participant in the first - ever national television advertising campaign supporting donations to Jewish federations. The program featured `` film and television personalities celebrating their Jewish heritage and promoting charitable giving to the Jewish community '' and included Greg Grunberg, Joshua Malina, Kevin Weisman, and Jonathan Silverman. Matlin as one of the presenters at the 2014 AHA Hero Dog Awards Matlin received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degree from Gallaudet University in 1987. In October 2007, she was appointed to the Gallaudet University Board of Trustees. In 1988, Matlin received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. Matlin attended the 1987 Oscars to present the Academy Award for Best Actor. After signing her introduction in ASL, she spoke aloud the `` names of the nominees '' and of Michael Douglas, the winner. On April 14, 2009, Matlin released an autobiography, I 'll Scream Later. In it, she describes her drug abuse and how it drove her to check herself into the Betty Ford Center. She also tells about her rocky, two - year relationship with her significantly older Children of a Lesser God co-star William Hurt, who she claims was physically abusive to her. She also addresses the sexual abuse she suffered as a child at the hands of her female babysitter. She enjoys a sense of humor about her deafness : `` Often I 'm talking to people through my speaker phone, and after 10 minutes or so they say, ' Wait a minute, Marlee, how can you hear me? ' They forget I have an interpreter there who is signing to me as they talk. So I say, ' You know what? I can hear on Wednesdays. ' '' Marriage ( edit ) Matlin married Burbank police officer Kevin Grandalski on August 29, 1993, at the home of actor Henry Winkler, five days after her 28th birthday. They first met while she was filming a scene from Reasonable Doubts outside the studio grounds ; the police department had assigned Grandalski to provide security and control traffic. They have four children : Sarah ( born 1996 ), Brandon ( born 2000 ), Tyler ( born 2002 ), and Isabelle ( born 2003 ). Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Marlee Matlin filmography Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Marlee Matlin In recognition of her philanthropic work and her advocacy for the inclusion of people with disabilities, Matlin received the 2016 Morton E. Ruderman Award in Inclusion, a $100,000 prize given annually by the Jay Ruderman of the Ruderman Family Foundation to one individual whose work excels at promoting disability inclusion. She won the Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards for disability advocacy in 2014. Published works ( edit ) Matlin, Marlee ( 2004 ). Deaf Child Crossing. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0689866968. Matlin, Marlee ; Cooney, Doug ( 2007 ). Leading Ladies. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0689869877. Matlin, Marlee ; Cooney, Doug ( 2007 ). Nobody 's Perfect. New York : Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 1416949763. Matlin, Marlee ( 2009 ). I 'll Scream Later. New York : Simon Spotlight Entertainment. ISBN 978 - 1439102855. See also ( edit ) List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 59th Academy Awards Memorable Moments ''. Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2014 - 08 - 26. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Marlee Matlin on her Best Actress win ''. EW.com. 2012 - 02 - 21. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07. Jump up ^ Matlin, Marlee, I 'll Scream Later, New York : Simon Spotlight Entertainment, 2009, p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin : ' Do What You Have To Do ' '', NPR, August 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Rick Rojas, `` Jack Jason gives voice to, but does n't talk over, Marlee Matlin '', Los Angeles Times, May 21, 2011. Jump up ^ Marlee Matlin profile, FilmReference.com ; accessed February 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Marlee Beth Matlin roots ''. Rootsweb.com. Retrieved June 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Inside Actress Marlee Matlin 's Silent World ''. Good Morning America. ABC. April 14, 2009. p. 4. Retrieved June 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Matlin, I 'll Scream Later ( 2009 ), pp. 21 -- 22. Jump up ^ Schleier, Curt, `` No challenge goes unmet for Deaf actress Marlee Matlin '', Jewish News Weekly, January 19, 2007. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mazel Tov : Celebrities ' Bar and Bat Mitzvah Memories '', amazon.com ; accessed February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Heidemann, Jason A. `` Vital signs '' Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine... Time Out Chicago, October 4, 2007. Jump up ^ Matlin, Marlee ( 2010 ). I 'll Scream Later ( First ed. ). London, UK. pp. 56 -- 61. ISBN 978 - 1439171516. Jump up ^ `` A gateway to arts for the deaf ''. 4hearingloss.com. August 18, 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Stark, John ( October 20, 1986 ). `` Deaf Actress Marlee Matlin Broke the Sound Barrier with New Love and Lesser God Co-Star Bill Hurt ''. People. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Why Marlee Matlin and Henry Winkler are captivating audiences ''. Greater Talent. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin Signs Off from Dancing ''. People. April 23, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin receives Walk of Fame star '' Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., The Los Angeles Independent, May 6, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin Launches ' ' My Deaf Family ' ' on YouTube ''. Insidetv.aol.com. March 31, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ 20th Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, The White House. ) Archived July 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Video at Hulu.com ^ Jump up to : `` SignTalk Joins Fundraiser for Marlee Matlin 's Cause... '', disabled-world.com, May 12, 2011. Jump up ^ `` ACLU Ambassadors - Marlee Matlin ''. aclu. olrg ( American Civil Liberties Union ). Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin On Deaf And Police Interaction ''. ACLU. March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael ; Viagas, Robert ( July 21, 2015 ). `` Children of a Lesser God Oscar Winner Marlee Matlin Will Make Broadway Debut in Spring Awakening ''. Playbill. Retrieved November 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Serrao, Nivea ( February 9, 2017 ). `` Marlee Matlin to cast her spell on The Magicians ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( July 31, 2017 ). `` ' Quantico ' : Marlee Matlin Cast In Season 3 Of ABC Series ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin, The Gift of Silence : A Conversation with Marlee Matlin ''. Voices Inc.com. April 4, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin Biography ''. The Kennedy Center. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Film and Television Celebrities Promote Jewish Federations in First - Ever National Television Advertising Campaign - Jewish Stars Promote Federations ' Initiatives and Mission '' Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Jewish Federations of North America, August 2, 2004. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Transcript of honorary degree ceremony at Gallaudet ' ' '' ( PDF ). Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ `` ' ' Photo in 1987 Gallaudet Tower Clock yearbook ' ' '' ( PDF ). Retrieved October 29, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Profile : Marlee Matlin. Gallaudet University. Access date : December 26, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Past Winners -- Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under ''. jeffersonawards.org. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Rubin, James H. ( June 21, 1988 ). `` Koop, Marlee Matlin Win Awards for Public Service ''. Associated Press. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Marlee Matlin, Betsy Sharkey ( 2009 ). I 'll Scream Later. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1 - 4391 - 7151 - 3. Jump up ^ William Hurt ( April 14, 2009 ). `` William Hurt to Marlee Matlin : `` I Apologize for Any Pain I Caused '' ``. Eonline.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Marlee Matlin : Baby sitter 's abuse led to life of drugs, violence ''. CNN. April 14, 2009. Jump up ^ Sterman, Paul. `` Ability Magazine : Marlee Matlin Story ''. Retrieved November 9, 2015. Jump up ^ http://people.com/politics/marlee-matlin-speaks-out-about-reports-that-donald-trump-called-her-retarded/ Jump up ^ `` Weddings of the Year ''. People. 42 ( 4 ). July 25, 1994. Jump up ^ Lipton, Michael A. ( March 15, 1993 ). `` Law and Ardor ''. People. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Rizzo, Monica ( March 28, 2008 ). `` At Home with Marlee Matlin ''. People. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Henry Viscardi Achievement Award Recipients ''. Viscardi Center. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMarlee Matlinat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Marlee Matlin at AllMovie Marlee Matlin on IMDb Marlee Matlin at the TCM Movie Database Works by or about Marlee Matlin in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Awards for Marlee Matlin Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1946 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Gloria Swanson ( 1950 ) Jane Wyman ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1959 ) Greer Garson ( 1960 ) Geraldine Page ( 1961 ) Geraldine Page ( 1962 ) Leslie Caron ( 1963 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1964 ) Samantha Eggar ( 1965 ) Anouk Aimée ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Marsha Mason ( 1973 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Jane Fonda ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Sharon Stone ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) VIAF : 80343754 LCCN : no99051177 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 1387 GND : 135907217 SUDOC : 143122371 BNF : cb14204586z ( data ) NDL : 01100899 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlee_Matlin&oldid=834279329 '' Categories : 1965 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American writers 21st - century American novelists Actresses from Illinois American deaf actresses American film actresses American people of Russian - Jewish descent American television actresses Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Deaf activists HIV / AIDS activists Jewish American actresses Living people People from Arlington Heights, Illinois People from Morton Grove, Illinois American autobiographers 21st - century American women writers Deaf writers Jewish American writers Writers from Chicago Women autobiographers American women novelists Deaf people from the United States American people of Polish - Jewish descent Novelists from Illinois Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 21 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Marlee Matlin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Marlee_Matlin&oldid=834279329" }

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{ "text": "List of Women 's One Day International cricket records - wikipedia List of Women 's One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation, search This is a list of Women 's One - Day International cricket records, that is record team and individual performances in Women 's One Day International cricket. Contents ( hide ) 1 Team records 1.1 Team wins, losses, and ties 1.1. 1 Most wins 1.1. 2 Most consecutive wins 1.1. 3 Most consecutive defeats 1.2 Team scoring records 1.2. 1 Highest innings totals 1.2. 2 Highest match aggregate 1.2. 3 Largest successful run chases 1.2. 4 Lowest team totals 2 Individual records 2.1 Batting 2.1. 1 Most career runs 2.1. 2 Highest career average 2.1. 3 Most career centuries 2.1. 4 Most career fifties 2.1. 5 Highest individual score 2.1. 6 Most runs in a calendar year 2.2 Bowling 2.2. 1 Best figures in a match 2.2. 2 Most career wickets 2.2. 3 Most wickets in a calendar year 2.3 Fielding records 2.3. 1 Most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in ODI career 2.3. 2 Most catches by a fielder in ODI career 2.4 Most matches played 3 Partnerships records 3.1 Highest wicket partnerships by wicket 4 References Team records ( edit ) Team wins, losses, and ties ( edit ) Most wins ( edit ) Teams are sorted by most wins, then most matches, then by alphabetical order. Ranking Team Span Matches Won Lost Tied NR % Win * Australia 1973 -- 2017 308 238 62 6 79.13 England 1973 -- 2017 320 188 120 10 60.96 New Zealand 1973 -- 2017 317 160 149 6 51.76 India 1978 -- 2017 247 136 106 56.17 5 South Africa 1997 -- 2017 170 82 79 7 50.90 6 West Indies 1979 -- 2017 156 74 77 49.01 7 Sri Lanka 1997 -- 2017 149 55 89 0 5 38.19 8 Pakistan 1997 -- 2017 144 40 102 0 28.16 9 Ireland 1987 -- 2017 145 39 100 0 6 28.05 10 Netherlands 1984 -- 2011 101 19 81 0 19.00 11 Bangladesh 2011 -- 2017 30 7 21 0 25.00 12 Denmark 1989 -- 1999 33 6 27 0 0 18.18 13 International XI 1973 -- 1982 18 14 0 17.64 14 Trinidad and Tobago 1973 - 1973 6 0 0 33.33 15 Scotland 2001 -- 2003 8 7 0 0 12.50 16 Young England 1973 - 1973 6 5 0 0 16.66 17 Jamaica 1973 - 1973 5 0 0 20.00 18 Japan 2003 - 2003 5 0 5 0 0 0.00 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 21 July 2017. * The percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win. Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Rank Wins Team Period 17 Australia 12 December 1997 to 7 February 1999 16 Australia 25 February 1999 to 18 December 2000 16 India 7 February 2016 to 17 May 2017 13 England 19 July 1989 to 20 July 1991 5 12 Australia 1 January 1978 to 30 January 1982 12 Sri Lanka 20 January 2002 to 23 March 2003 12 Australia 3 March 2002 to 17 February 2004 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 27 June 2017. Most consecutive defeats ( edit ) Rank Defeats Team Period 22 Netherlands 19 August 2005 to 26 April 2011 20 Netherlands 26 July 1998 to 14 April 2001 19 Sri Lanka 18 May 2015 to 7 February 2017 15 Pakistan 28 January 1997 to 1 August 2000 15 Pakistan 29 March 2004 to 26 January 2007 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 27 June 2017. Team scoring records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 455 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand v Pakistan Christchurch 1997 -- 1998 412 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) Australia v Denmark Mumbai 1997 -- 1998 397 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) Australia v Pakistan Melbourne 1996 -- 1997 378 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) England v Pakistan Worcester 2016 5 377 -- 7 ( 50 overs ) England v Pakistan Leicester 2017 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 27 June 2017. Highest match aggregate ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 678 -- 14 ( 100 overs ) England v South Africa Bristol 2017 577 -- 12 ( 96.4 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Sydney 2012 -- 13 570 -- 14 ( 98.0 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Hamilton 2008 -- 09 563 -- 16 ( 98.2 overs ) England v New Zealand Chennai 2006 -- 07 5 551 -- 15 ( 97.5 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Auckland 2016 -- 17 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated : 5 July 2017. Largest successful run chases ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 289 -- 6 ( 46.4 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Sydney 2012 -- 13 276 -- 5 ( 49.1 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Auckland 2016 -- 17 273 -- 5 ( 49.2 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Mount Maunganui 2016 -- 17 269 -- 4 ( 46.4 overs ) Australia v England Chennai 2006 -- 07 269 -- 6 ( 49.3 overs ) Australia v England Hobart 2013 -- 14 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 27 June 2017 Lowest team totals ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 22 ( 23.4 overs ) Netherlands v West Indies Deventer 2008 23 ( 24.1 overs ) Pakistan v Australia Melbourne 1996 -- 97 24 ( 21.3 overs ) Scotland v England Reading 26 ( 19.1 overs ) India v New Zealand St Saviour 2002 5 27 ( 13.4 overs ) Pakistan v Australia Hyderabad ( Deccan ) 1997 -- 98 Source : Cricinfo.com. Last updated 27 June 2017. Individual records ( edit ) This section shows individual players records. All players still available for selection on international matches appear in bold. Batting ( edit ) Most career runs ( edit ) Runs Player Innings Average ODI Career Span 6,190 Mithali Raj 167 51.58 1999 -- present 5,992 Charlotte Edwards 180 38.16 1997 -- 2016 4,844 Belinda Clark 114 47.49 1991 -- 2005 4,814 Karen Rolton 132 48.14 1995 -- 2009 4,101 Claire Taylor 120 40.20 1998 -- 2011 Source : Cricinfo. Last updated : 15 July 2017. Highest career average ( edit ) Batting average Player Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 58.45 Rachael Heyhoe - Flint 20 643 1973 -- 1982 57.44 Lindsay Reeler 23 1,034 1984 -- 1988 55.53 Meg Lanning 62 2,999 2011 -- present 53.40 Bronwyn Calver 21 534 1991 -- 1998 51.58 Mithali Raj 167 6,190 1999 -- present Qualification : Minimum of 20 innings. Source : Cricinfo. Last updated : 15 July 2017 Most career centuries ( edit ) Position Name Team 100 's Innings Meg Lanning Australia 11 62 Charlotte Edwards England 9 180 Suzie Bates New Zealand 8 99 Claire Taylor England 8 120 Karen Rolton Australia 8 132 6 Amy Satterthwaite New Zealand 6 95 Mithali Raj India 6 167 8 Jan Brittin England 5 59 Sarah Taylor England 5 101 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 5 104 Belinda Clark Australia 5 114 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most career fifties ( edit ) Position Name Team 50 + 50 's 100 's Innings Mithali Raj India 55 49 6 159 Charlotte Edwards England 55 46 9 180 Karen Rolton Australia 41 33 8 132 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 38 34 115 5 Belinda Clark Australia 35 30 5 114 6 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 31 26 5 98 7 Claire Taylor England 31 23 8 120 8 Suzie Bates New Zealand 30 22 8 95 9 Alex Blackwell Australia 26 23 116 10 Lisa Keightley Australia 25 21 78 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Highest individual score ( edit ) Position Name Runs Team Opponent Date Belinda Clark 229 * Australia Denmark 16 December 1998 Deepti Sharma 188 India Ireland 15 May 2017 Chamari Atapattu 178 Sri Lanka Australia 29 June 2017 Charlotte Edwards 173 * England Ireland 16 December 1997 5 Harmanpreet Kaur 171 * India Australia 20 July 2017 Stafanie Taylor 171 West Indies Sri Lanka 3 February 2013 7 Tammy Beaumont 168 * England Pakistan 27 June 2016 Suzie Bates 168 New Zealand Pakistan 19 March 2009 9 Rachel Priest 157 New Zealand Sri Lanka 7 November 2015 10 Lisa Keightley 156 * Australia Pakistan 7 February 1997 Claire Taylor 156 * England India 14 August 2006 Source Cricinfo.com -- Updated 20 July 2017 Most runs in a calendar year ( edit ) Position Name Team Runs Year Belinda Clark Australia 970 1997 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 880 1997 Amy Satterthwaite New Zealand 853 2016 Belinda Clark Australia 842 2000 5 Claire Taylor England 807 2005 6 Meg Lanning Australia 761 2016 7 Ellyse Perry Australia 732 2016 8 Emily Drumm New Zealand 722 2000 9 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 707 2013 10 Mithali Raj India 684 2006 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Bowling ( edit ) Best figures in a match ( edit ) Position Name Figures ( wickets -- runs ) Team Opposition Date Sajjida Shah 7 -- 4 Pakistan Japan 21 July 2003 Jo Chamberlain 7 -- 8 England Denmark 19 July 1991 Anisa Mohammed 7 -- 14 West Indies Pakistan 26 November 2011 Shelley Nitschke 7 -- 24 Australia England 19 August 2005 5 Jackie Lord 6 -- 10 New Zealand India 14 January 1982 Mamatha Maben 6 -- 10 India Sri Lanka 25 April 2004 Shabnim Ismail 6 -- 10 South Africa Netherlands 18 November 2011 8 Glenys Page 6 - 20 New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago 23 June 1973 Deepti Sharma 6 -- 20 India Sri Lanka 19 February 2016 10 Jhulan Goswami 6 -- 31 India New Zealand 5 July 2011 Source Cricinfo.com -- Updated 27 June 2017 Most career wickets ( edit ) Position Name Team Wickets Average Best ( wickets - runs ) 5w Jhulan Goswami India 195 21.95 6 -- 31 Cathryn Fitzpatrick Australia 180 16.79 5 -- 14 Lisa Sthalekar Australia 146 24.97 5 -- 35 Neetu David India 141 16.34 5 -- 20 5 Anisa Mohammed West Indies 136 18.72 7 -- 14 5 6 Jenny Gunn England 123 27.99 5 -- 22 7 Katherine Brunt England 120 22.28 5 -- 18 8 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 116 18.73 4 -- 17 0 Ellyse Perry Australia 116 24.12 5 -- 19 10 Dane van Niekerk South Africa 120 17.66 5 -- 17 Shashikala Siriwardene Sri Lanka 106 25.20 4 -- 11 0 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most wickets in a calendar year ( edit ) Position Name Team Wickets Year Anisa Mohammed West Indies 37 2011 Suné Luus South Africa 37 2016 Charmaine Mason Australia 36 2000 Neetu David India 33 2005 Neetu David India 33 6 Stefanie Taylor West Indies 32 2013 7 Dane van Niekerk South Africa 28 2013 Clare Taylor England 28 2000 9 Laura Marsh England 26 2009 Rachel Pullar New Zealand 26 2000 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Fielding records ( edit ) Most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in ODI career ( edit ) Position Name Team Dismissals Catches Stumpings Rebecca Rolls New Zealand 133 89 44 Trisha Chetty South Africa 131 90 41 Jane Smit England 114 69 45 Sarah Taylor England 113 73 40 5 Julia Price Australia 99 69 30 6 Batool Fatima Pakistan 97 51 46 7 Merissa Aguilleira West Indies 87 67 20 8 Rachel Priest New Zealand 86 67 19 9 Anju Jain India 81 30 51 10 Jodie Fields Australia 74 55 19 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most catches by a fielder in ODI career ( edit ) Position Name Team Catches Innings Jhulan Goswami India 59 162 Alex Blackwell Australia 54 141 Suzie Bates New Zealand 52 98 Lydia Greenway England 52 123 Charlotte Edwards England 52 187 6 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 49 99 Lisa Sthalekar Australia 49 125 8 Jenny Gunn England 47 135 10 Belinda Clark Australia 45 117 Mithali Raj India 45 186 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 20 July 2017 Most matches played ( edit ) Position Name Team Matches Mithali Raj India 186 Charlotte Edwards England 180 Jhulan Goswami India 158 Karen Rolton Australia 141 5 Alex Blackwell Australia 134 Sara McGlashan New Zealand 134 7 Jenny Gunn England 133 8 Anjum Chopra India 127 9 Lydia Greenway England 126 Claire Taylor England 126 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 < Partnerships records ( edit ) Highest wicket partnerships by wicket ( edit ) Wicket Runs Team Partners Opposition Date 1st. 320 India Poonam Raut & Deepti Sharma Ireland 15 May 2017 2nd. 275 England Tammy Beaumont & Sarah Taylor South Africa 5 July 2017 3rd. 244 Australia Karen Rolton & Lisa Sthalekar Ireland 31 July 2005 4th. 224 * South Africa Johmari Logtenberg & Mignon du Preez Netherlands 5 August 2007 5th. 188 * England Claire Taylor & Jane Smit Sri Lanka 12 December 2000 6th. 142 South Africa Suné Luus & Chloe Tryon Ireland 5 August 2016 7th. 104 * New Zealand Sarah Tsukigawa & Nicola Browne England 23 February 2007 104 England Natalie Sciver & Danielle Hazell Sri Lanka 17 November 2016 8th. 85 * England Sarah Clarke & Nicky Shaw Scotland 10 August 2001 9th. 73 England Lynsey Askew & Isa Guha New Zealand 3 March 2007 10th. 76 Australia Alex Blackwell & Kristen Beams India 20 July 2017 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 References ( edit ) Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_women%27s_One_Day_International_cricket_records&oldid=806487752 '' Categories : Cricket records and statistics Cricket - related lists Women 's One Day International cricket Women 's cricket Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017, at 10 : 15. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of women's One Day International cricket records", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_women%27s_One_Day_International_cricket_records&amp;oldid=806487752" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "23 8 120 8 Suzie Bates New Zealand 30 22 8 95 9 Alex Blackwell Australia 26 23 116 10 Lisa Keightley Australia 25 21 78 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Highest individual score ( edit ) Position Name Runs Team Opponent Date Belinda Clark 229 * Australia Denmark 16 December 1998 Deepti Sharma 188 India Ireland 15 May 2017 Chamari Atapattu 178 Sri Lanka Australia 29 June 2017 Charlotte Edwards 173 * England Ireland 16 December 1997 5 Harmanpreet Kaur 171 * India Australia 20 July 2017 Stafanie Taylor 171 West Indies Sri Lanka 3 February 2013" ], "id": [ "17507898328654184545" ], "short_answers": [ "229" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of hillside letters in Montana - wikipedia List of hillside letters in Montana Main article : List of hillside letters Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The M on Mt. Sentinel overlooks the University of Montana in Missoula The M of Montana Tech, overlooking Butte This is a list of hillside letters ( also known as mountain monograms ) in the U.S. state of Montana. There are at least 81 hillside letters, acronyms, and messages in the state, possibly as many as 88. While western Montana provides plenty of mountains to support these monograms, many towns in the eastern prairie have also placed them on whatever hill they can find. This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. Monogram Town Description Location Fish Livingston `` Trout capital of the world '' 45 ° 40 ′ 15 '' N 110 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W  /  45.6708 ° N 110.5641 ° W  / 45.6708 ; - 110.5641  ( ' Trout capital of the world ' ) h Absarokee 45 ° 31 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 26 ′ 15 '' W  /  45.5172 ° N 109.4376 ° W  / 45.5172 ; - 109.4376  ( Absarokee ) h Anaconda 46 ° 07 ′ 03 '' N 112 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W  /  46.1174 ° N 112.9706 ° W  / 46.1174 ; - 112.9706  ( Anaconda ) h Arlee 47 ° 09 ′ 23 '' N 114 ° 05 ′ 42 '' W  /  47.156506 ° N 114.094879 ° W  / 47.156506 ; - 114.094879  ( Arlee ) h ( uncertain existence ) Baker 46 ° 21 ′ 54 '' N 104 ° 16 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.3651 ° N 104.2741 ° W  / 46.3651 ; - 104.2741  ( Baker ) ( uncertain location ) h Dillon Beaverhead County High School 45 ° 14 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 40 ′ 03 '' W  /  45.2389 ° N 112.6676 ° W  / 45.2389 ; - 112.6676  ( Barrett High School ) h Bozeman 45 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 110 ° 58 ′ 57 '' W  /  45.7241 ° N 110.9825 ° W  / 45.7241 ; - 110.9825  ( Bozeman ) h Bridger 45 ° 17 ′ 43 '' N 108 ° 55 ′ 42 '' W  /  45.295342 ° N 108.928286 ° W  / 45.295342 ; - 108.928286  ( Bridger ) h Broadus 45 ° 26 ′ 52 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  45.4479 ° N 105.4107 ° W  / 45.4479 ; - 105.4107  ( Broadus ) h Helena Carroll College 46 ° 34 ′ 13 '' N 112 ° 01 ′ 48 '' W  /  46.5704 ° N 112.0299 ° W  / 46.5704 ; - 112.0299  ( Carroll College ) h Ekalaka Carter County High School 45 ° 53 ′ 50 '' N 104 ° 32 ′ 43 '' W  /  45.8973 ° N 104.5453 ° W  / 45.8973 ; - 104.5453  ( Carter Co. High School ) h Cascade 47 ° 16 ′ 53 '' N 111 ° 42 ′ 37 '' W  /  47.2815 ° N 111.7103 ° W  / 47.2815 ; - 111.7103  ( Cascade ) h Anaconda Anaconda High School 46 ° 06 ′ 50 '' N 112 ° 57 ′ 04 '' W  /  46.114 ° N 112.9512 ° W  / 46.114 ; - 112.9512  ( Central High School ) h Charlo 47 ° 27 ′ 01 '' N 114 ° 15 ′ 22 '' W  /  47.4502 ° N 114.256 ° W  / 47.4502 ; - 114.256  ( Charlo ) h Circle 47 ° 25 ′ 32 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W  /  47.4255 ° N 105.5889 ° W  / 47.4255 ; - 105.5889  ( Circle ) h ( uncertain existence ) Colstrip 45 ° 53 ′ 06 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 59 '' W  /  45.885 ° N 106.6331 ° W  / 45.885 ; - 106.6331  ( Colstrip ) ( uncertain location ) h Columbus 45 ° 39 ′ 08 '' N 109 ° 15 ′ 02 '' W  /  45.6521 ° N 109.2505 ° W  / 45.6521 ; - 109.2505  ( Columbus ) h Corvallis 46 ° 20 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 01 ′ 34 '' W  /  46.3359 ° N 114.0261 ° W  / 46.3359 ; - 114.0261  ( Corvallis ) h Culbertson 48 ° 08 ′ 50 '' N 104 ° 31 ′ 02 '' W  /  48.147222 ° N 104.517222 ° W  / 48.147222 ; - 104.517222  ( Culbertson ) h Great Falls C.M. Russell High School 47 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 111 ° 20 ′ 55 '' W  /  47.492892 ° N 111.348718 ° W  / 47.492892 ; - 111.348718  ( Great Falls ) h Darby Darby High School 46 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 114 ° 09 ′ 54 '' W  /  46.0248 ° N 114.1649 ° W  / 46.0248 ; - 114.1649  ( Darby ) h ( uncertain existence ) Glendive Dawson County High School 47 ° 06 ′ 44 '' N 104 ° 42 ′ 24 '' W  /  47.1123 ° N 104.7066 ° W  / 47.1123 ; - 104.7066  ( Dawson High School ) ( uncertain location ) h Denton 47 ° 18 ′ 45 '' N 109 ° 56 ′ 12 '' W  /  47.3124 ° N 109.9366 ° W  / 47.3124 ; - 109.9366  ( Denton ) h Drummond 46 ° 40 ′ 12 '' N 113 ° 08 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.6701 ° N 113.1407 ° W  / 46.6701 ; - 113.1407  ( Drummond ) h Ennis 45 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  45.3505 ° N 111.7478 ° W  / 45.3505 ; - 111.7478  ( Ennis ) h Lewistown Fergus High School 47 ° 03 ′ 15 '' N 109 ° 25 ′ 23 '' W  /  47.0541 ° N 109.4230 ° W  / 47.0541 ; - 109.4230  ( Fergus High School ) h Kalispell Flathead High School 48 ° 10 ′ 45 '' N 114 ° 22 ′ 54 '' W  /  48.1793 ° N 114.3816 ° W  / 48.1793 ; - 114.3816  ( Flathead High School ) h Forsyth 46 ° 15 ′ 41 '' N 106 ° 40 ′ 26 '' W  /  46.2613 ° N 106.674 ° W  / 46.2613 ; - 106.674  ( Forsyth ) h ( no longer exists ) Frazer 48 ° 03 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 02 ′ 23 '' W  /  48.0601 ° N 106.0398 ° W  / 48.0601 ; - 106.0398  ( Frazer ) ( uncertain location ) h Frenchtown 47 ° 01 ′ 18 '' N 114 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W  /  47.0218 ° N 114.2212 ° W  / 47.0218 ; - 114.2212  ( Frenchtown ) h ( uncertain existence ) Fromberg 45 ° 23 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 55 ′ 15 '' W  /  45.3886 ° N 108.9209 ° W  / 45.3886 ; - 108.9209  ( Fromberg ) ( uncertain location ) h Ft. Benton 47 ° 48 ′ 36 '' N 110 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.8101 ° N 110.6626 ° W  / 47.8101 ; - 110.6626  ( Ft. Benton ) h Gardiner 45 ° 02 ′ 17 '' N 110 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W  /  45.038 ° N 110.7062 ° W  / 45.038 ; - 110.7062  ( Gardiner ) h Geraldine 47 ° 36 ′ 21 '' N 110 ° 17 ′ 13 '' W  /  47.6057 ° N 110.287 ° W  / 47.6057 ; - 110.287  ( Geraldine ) h Geyser 47 ° 17 ′ 10 '' N 110 ° 30 ′ 32 '' W  /  47.2861 ° N 110.5089 ° W  / 47.2861 ; - 110.5089  ( Geyser ) Glasgow 48 ° 12 ′ 42 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W  /  48.2118 ° N 106.6395 ° W  / 48.2118 ; - 106.6395  ( Glasgow ) h Philipsburg Granite High School 46 ° 19 ′ 50 '' N 113 ° 16 ′ 59 '' W  /  46.3306 ° N 113.283 ° W  / 46.3306 ; - 113.283  ( Granite High School ) h Grass Range 47 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 108 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W  /  47.027 ° N 108.8087 ° W  / 47.027 ; - 108.8087  ( Grass Range ) h Great Falls Great Falls High School 47 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 20 ′ 07 '' W  /  47.5218 ° N 111.3353 ° W  / 47.5218 ; - 111.3353  ( Great Falls ) h Hamilton 46 ° 14 ′ 03 '' N 114 ° 13 ′ 53 '' W  /  46.2342 ° N 114.2315 ° W  / 46.2342 ; - 114.2315  ( Hamilton ) h Harlowton 46 ° 26 ′ 40 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 55 '' W  /  46.4445 ° N 109.8154 ° W  / 46.4445 ; - 109.8154  ( Harlowton ) h Havre Havre High School 48 ° 31 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 19 '' W  /  48.5232 ° N 109.6386 ° W  / 48.5232 ; - 109.6386  ( Saddle Butte ) h Havre Havre High School 48 ° 32 ′ 49 '' N 109 ° 41 ′ 14 '' W  /  48.546896 ° N 109.687308 ° W  / 48.546896 ; - 109.687308  ( Blue Pony stadium ) h Helena 46 ° 34 ′ 13 '' N 112 ° 01 ′ 48 '' W  /  46.5704 ° N 112.0299 ° W  / 46.5704 ; - 112.0299  ( Helena ) h ( no longer exists ) Missoula Hellgate High School 46 ° 51 ′ 45 '' N 113 ° 59 ′ 48 '' W  /  46.8624 ° N 113.9966 ° W  / 46.8624 ; - 113.9966  ( Hellgate High School ) ( uncertain location ) h Highwood 47 ° 34 ′ 48 '' N 110 ° 47 ′ 37 '' W  /  47.5801 ° N 110.7935 ° W  / 47.5801 ; - 110.7935  ( Highwood ) h Hinsdale 48 ° 22 ′ 40 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 47 '' W  /  48.3778 ° N 107.0964 ° W  / 48.3778 ; - 107.0964  ( Hinsdale ) h Hot Springs 47 ° 37 ′ 35 '' N 114 ° 39 ′ 04 '' W  /  47.6263 ° N 114.651 ° W  / 47.6263 ; - 114.651  ( Hot Springs ) h Hysham 46 ° 15 ′ 45 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W  /  46.2624 ° N 107.2249 ° W  / 46.2624 ; - 107.2249  ( Hysham ) h Jackson 45 ° 22 ′ 50 '' N 113 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W  /  45.3805 ° N 113.3982 ° W  / 45.3805 ; - 113.3982  ( Jackson ) ( uncertain location ) h Boulder Jefferson High School 46 ° 14 ′ 41 '' N 112 ° 08 ′ 55 '' W  /  46.2448 ° N 112.1486 ° W  / 46.2448 ; - 112.1486  ( Jefferson High School ) h Joliet 45 ° 28 ′ 51 '' N 108 ° 57 ′ 35 '' W  /  45.4808 ° N 108.9598 ° W  / 45.4808 ; - 108.9598  ( Joliet ) h Jordan 47 ° 18 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 53 ′ 54 '' W  /  47.3151 ° N 106.8984 ° W  / 47.3151 ; - 106.8984  ( Jordan ) h Klein 46 ° 24 ′ 02 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W  /  46.4006 ° N 108.5512 ° W  / 46.4006 ; - 108.5512  ( Klein ) h ( uncertain existence ) Gildford Kremlin - Gildford High School ( closed ) 48 ° 34 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 18 ′ 00 '' W  /  48.5698 ° N 110.3 ° W  / 48.5698 ; - 110.3  ( Kremlin - Gildford High School ) ( uncertain location ) h Lavina 46 ° 18 ′ 41 '' N 108 ° 56 ′ 01 '' W  /  46.3114 ° N 108.9335 ° W  / 46.3114 ; - 108.9335  ( Lavina ) h ( no longer exists ) Lewistown 45 ° 40 ′ 12 '' N 110 ° 33 ′ 44 '' W  /  45.67 ° N 110.5621 ° W  / 45.67 ; - 110.5621  ( Lewistown ) ( uncertain location ) h Libby 48 ° 23 ′ 39 '' N 115 ° 30 ′ 31 '' W  /  48.3943 ° N 115.5087 ° W  / 48.3943 ; - 115.5087  ( Libby ) h Lima 44 ° 37 ′ 07 '' N 112 ° 34 ′ 42 '' W  /  44.6185 ° N 112.5784 ° W  / 44.6185 ; - 112.5784  ( Lima ) h Eureka Lincoln County High School 48 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 115 ° 03 ′ 22 '' W  /  48.8842 ° N 115.0561 ° W  / 48.8842 ; - 115.0561  ( Lincoln High School ) h Missoula Loyola High School 46 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 113 ° 58 ′ 07 '' W  /  46.8728 ° N 113.9685 ° W  / 46.8728 ; - 113.9685  ( Loyola High School ) h ( uncertain existence ) Malta 48 ° 21 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 52 ′ 12 '' W  /  48.3549 ° N 107.8701 ° W  / 48.3549 ; - 107.8701  ( Malta ) ( uncertain location ) h St. Ignatius Mission High School 47 ° 18 ′ 03 '' N 114 ° 06 ′ 24 '' W  /  47.3007 ° N 114.1066 ° W  / 47.3007 ; - 114.1066  ( Mission High School ) h Bozeman Montana State University 45 ° 42 ′ 52 '' N 110 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W  /  45.7144 ° N 110.9735 ° W  / 45.7144 ; - 110.9735  ( Montana State University ) h Butte Montana Tech, built 1910 46 ° 01 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 33 ′ 31 '' W  /  46.0191 ° N 112.5587 ° W  / 46.0191 ; - 112.5587  ( Montana Tech Miners ) h Missoula University of Montana, built 1909 46 ° 51 ′ 34 '' N 113 ° 58 ′ 33 '' W  /  46.8594 ° N 113.9757 ° W  / 46.8594 ; - 113.9757  ( University of Montana ) h Dillon University of Montana Western 45 ° 13 ′ 15 '' N 112 ° 40 ′ 02 '' W  /  45.2209 ° N 112.6671 ° W  / 45.2209 ; - 112.6671  ( University of Montana Western ) h Havre Montana State University Northern 48 ° 32 ′ 49 '' N 109 ° 41 ′ 12 '' W  /  48.546977 ° N 109.686583 ° W  / 48.546977 ; - 109.686583  ( Blue Pony stadium ) P, with `` 14 '' Inside Livingston Park High School 45 ° 40 ′ 17 '' N 110 ° 33 ′ 45 '' W  /  45.6714 ° N 110.5624 ° W  / 45.6714 ; - 110.5624  ( Park High School ) h Plains 47 ° 27 ′ 43 '' N 114 ° 52 ′ 19 '' W  /  47.4619 ° N 114.872 ° W  / 47.4619 ; - 114.872  ( Plains ) h Polson 47 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 114 ° 08 ′ 50 '' W  /  47.6798 ° N 114.1471 ° W  / 47.6798 ; - 114.1471  ( Polson ) h Deer Lodge Powell County High School 46 ° 25 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W  /  46.4222 ° N 112.7599 ° W  / 46.4222 ; - 112.7599  ( Powell High School ) h Red Lodge 45 ° 10 ′ 36 '' N 109 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W  /  45.1766 ° N 109.2425 ° W  / 45.1766 ; - 109.2425  ( Red Lodge ) h Reed Point 45 ° 42 ′ 09 '' N 109 ° 32 ′ 33 '' W  /  45.7026 ° N 109.5424 ° W  / 45.7026 ; - 109.5424  ( Reed Point ) h Roberts 45 ° 22 ′ 35 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 11 '' W  /  45.3764 ° N 109.1864 ° W  / 45.3764 ; - 109.1864  ( Roberts ) R ( no longer exists ) Billings Rocky Mountain College 45 ° 48 ′ 08 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 17 '' W  /  45.8023 ° N 108.5547 ° W  / 45.8023 ; - 108.5547  ( Rocky Mountain College ) ( uncertain location ) h Rosebud 46 ° 16 ′ 23 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 14 '' W  /  46.273 ° N 106.4372 ° W  / 46.273 ; - 106.4372  ( Rosebud ) h ( uncertain existence ) Roundup 46 ° 26 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 32 ′ 15 '' W  /  46.4381 ° N 108.5376 ° W  / 46.4381 ; - 108.5376  ( Roundup ) ( uncertain location ) h Roy 47 ° 19 ′ 22 '' N 108 ° 57 ′ 10 '' W  /  47.3227 ° N 108.9527 ° W  / 47.3227 ; - 108.9527  ( Roy ) h Ryegate 46 ° 18 ′ 08 '' N 109 ° 15 ′ 24 '' W  /  46.3023 ° N 109.2568 ° W  / 46.3023 ; - 109.2568  ( Ryegate ) S ( no longer exists ) Missoula Sentinel High School 46 ° 50 ′ 49 '' N 114 ° 00 ′ 36 '' W  /  46.847 ° N 114.0099 ° W  / 46.847 ; - 114.0099  ( Sentinel High School ) ' h Shelby 48 ° 31 ′ 10 '' N 111 ° 52 ′ 02 '' W  /  48.5195 ° N 111.8671 ° W  / 48.5195 ; - 111.8671  ( Shelby ) h Sheridan Sheridan K - 12 Schools 45 ° 27 ′ 05 '' N 112 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  45.4514 ° N 112.1251 ° W  / 45.4514 ; - 112.1251  ( Sheridan ) h ( uncertain existence ) Saint Regis 47 ° 18 ′ 23 '' N 115 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W  /  47.3064 ° N 115.1053 ° W  / 47.3064 ; - 115.1053  ( St. Regis ) ( uncertain location ) h Stanford 47 ° 09 ′ 56 '' N 110 ° 16 ′ 21 '' W  /  47.1655 ° N 110.2724 ° W  / 47.1655 ; - 110.2724  ( Stanford ) h Superior 47 ° 11 ′ 44 '' N 114 ° 52 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.1955 ° N 114.8791 ° W  / 47.1955 ; - 114.8791  ( Superior ) h Terry 46 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 105 ° 18 ′ 55 '' W  /  46.81058 ° N 105.3153 ° W  / 46.81058 ; - 105.3153  ( Terry ) h Three Forks 45 ° 53 ′ 11 '' N 111 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.8864 ° N 111.6501 ° W  / 45.8864 ; - 111.6501  ( Three Forks ) h Twin Bridges 45 ° 33 ′ 55 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 46 '' W  /  45.5653 ° N 112.3127 ° W  / 45.5653 ; - 112.3127  ( Twin Bridges ) h Ulm 47 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W  /  47.4387 ° N 111.4999 ° W  / 47.4387 ; - 111.4999  ( Ulm ) h Victor 46 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 57 '' W  /  46.4396 ° N 114.1992 ° W  / 46.4396 ; - 114.1992  ( Victor ) h Whitehall 45 ° 54 ′ 37 '' N 112 ° 02 ′ 14 '' W  /  45.910345 ° N 112.037352 ° W  / 45.910345 ; - 112.037352  ( Whitehall ) h ( uncertain existence ) Wibaux 46 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 104 ° 11 ′ 16 '' W  /  46.9878 ° N 104.1877 ° W  / 46.9878 ; - 104.1877  ( Wibaux ) ( uncertain location ) h Windham 47 ° 05 ′ 02 '' N 110 ° 08 ′ 20 '' W  /  47.084 ° N 110.139 ° W  / 47.084 ; - 110.139  ( Windham ) h Winifred 47 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 109 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W  /  47.5651 ° N 109.3685 ° W  / 47.5651 ; - 109.3685  ( Winifred ) h Winnett 46 ° 59 ′ 31 '' N 108 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W  /  46.992 ° N 108.3458 ° W  / 46.992 ; - 108.3458  ( Winnett ) Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corning, Evelyn ( 2007 ). Hillside Letters A to Z : A Guide to Hometown Landmarks. Missoula, Montana : Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 533 - 4. OCLC 79256698. OL 8556565W. Jump up ^ Parsons, James J. ( 1988 ). `` Hillside Letters in the Western United States ''. Landscape. Sante Fe, New Mexico. 30 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23. Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 16. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Rocha, Guy ( June 2004 ). `` Hillside Letters : In Plain Sight But Not Intended for Planes ''. Sierra Sage. Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 17. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hillside letters in Montana. Mountain Monograms, a website explaining the origins and with an incomplete list and pictures Hillside Letters, a companion website to a book on the subject Letters on Hills, a category on waymarking.com for geocachers Modern Geoglyphs, a compilation of geoglyphs in Montana with photos and maps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hillside_letters_in_Montana&oldid=857729863 '' Categories : Hill figures in the United States Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Incomplete lists from June 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 September 2018, at 17 : 05 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of hillside letters in Montana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_hillside_letters_in_Montana&amp;oldid=857729863" }

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{ "text": "Internet Information Services - wikipedia Internet Information Services Jump to : navigation, search Internet Information Services Screenshot of IIS Manager console of Internet Information Services 8.5 Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release May 30, 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 - 05 - 30 ) Stable release 10 / 29 July 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) Development status Active Written in C++ Operating system Windows NT Available in Same languages as Windows Type Web server License Part of Windows NT ( same license ) Website iis.net Internet Information Services ( IIS, formerly Internet Information Server ) is an extensible web server created by Microsoft for use with the Windows NT family. IIS supports HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP and NNTP. It has been an integral part of the Windows NT family since Windows NT 4.0, though it may be absent from some editions ( e.g. Windows XP Home edition ), and is not active by default. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 IIS Express 2.2 Extensions 3 Usage 4 Security 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first Microsoft web server was a research project at the European Microsoft Windows NT Academic Centre ( EMWAC ), part of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and was distributed as freeware. However, since the EMWAC server was unable to handle the volume of traffic going to Microsoft.com, Microsoft was forced to develop its own web server, IIS. Almost every version of IIS was released either alongside or with a version of Microsoft Windows : IIS 1.0 was initially released as a free add - on for Windows NT 3.51. IIS 2.0 was included with Windows NT 4.0. IIS 3.0, which was included with Service Pack 2 of Windows NT 4.0, introduced the Active Server Pages dynamic scripting environment. IIS 4.0 was released as part of the `` Option Pack '' for Windows NT 4.0. It introduced the new MMC - based administration application. IIS 5.0 shipped with Windows 2000 and introduced additional authentication methods, support for the WebDAV protocol, and enhancements to ASP. IIS 5.0 also dropped support for the Gopher protocol IIS 5.1 was shipped with Windows XP Professional, and was nearly identical to IIS 5.0 on Windows 2000. IIS 6.0, included with Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, added support for IPv6 and included a new worker process model that increased security as well as reliability. IIS 7.0 was a complete redesign and rewrite of IIS, and was shipped with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. IIS 7.0 included a new modular design that allowed for a reduced attack surface and increased performance. It also introduced a hierarchical configuration system allowing for simpler site deploys, a new Windows Forms - based management application, new command - line management options and increased support for the. NET Framework. IIS 7.0 on Vista does not limit the number of allowed connections as IIS on XP did, but limits concurrent requests to 10 ( Windows Vista Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise Editions ) or 3 ( Vista Home Premium ). Additional requests are queued, which hampers performance, but they are not rejected as with XP. IIS 7.5 was included in Windows 7 ( but it must be turned on in the side panel of Programs and Features ) and Windows Server 2008 R2. IIS 7.5 improved WebDAV and FTP modules as well as command - line administration in PowerShell. It also introduced TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 support and the Best Practices Analyzer tool and process isolation for application pools. IIS 8.0 is only available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. IIS 8.0 includes SNI ( binding SSL to hostnames rather than IP addresses ), Application Initialization, centralized SSL certificate support, and multicore scaling on NUMA hardware, among other new features. IIS 8.5 is included in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. This version includes Idle worker - Process page - out, Dynamic Site Activation, Enhanced Logging, ETW logging, and Automatic Certificate Rebind. IIS 10 is included in Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10. This version includes support for HTTP / 2. All versions of IIS prior to 7.0 running on client operating systems supported only 10 simultaneous connections and a single website. Microsoft was criticized by vendors of other web server software, including O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape Communications Corp., for its licensing of early versions of Windows NT ; the `` Workstation '' edition of the OS permitted only ten simultaneous TCP / IP connections, whereas the more expensive `` Server '' edition, which otherwise had few additional features, permitted unlimited connections but bundled IIS. It was inferred that this was intended to discourage consumers from running alternative web server packages on the cheaper edition. Netscape wrote an open letter to the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice regarding this distinction in product licensing, which it asserted had no technical merit. Features ( edit ) IIS 6.0 and higher support the following authentication mechanisms : Anonymous authentication Basic access authentication Digest access authentication Integrated Windows Authentication UNC authentication. NET Passport Authentication ( Removed in Windows Server 2008 and IIS 7.0 ) Certificate authentication IIS 7.0 has a modular architecture. Modules, also called extensions, can be added or removed individually so that only modules required for specific functionality have to be installed. IIS 7 includes native modules as part of the full installation. These modules are individual features that the server uses to process requests and include the following : Security modules : Used to perform many tasks related to security in the request - processing pipeline, such as specifying authentication schemes, performing URL authorization, and filtering requests. Content modules : Used to perform tasks related to content in the request - processing pipeline, such as processing requests for static files, returning a default page when a client does not specify a resource in a request, and listing the contents of a directory. Compression modules : Used to perform tasks related to compression in the request - processing pipeline, such as compressing responses, applying Gzip compression transfer coding to responses, and performing pre-compression of static content. Caching modules : Used to perform tasks related to caching in the request - processing pipeline, such as storing processed information in memory on the server and using cached content in subsequent requests for the same resource. Logging and Diagnostics modules : Used to perform tasks related to logging and diagnostics in the request - processing pipeline, such as passing information and processing status to HTTP. sys for logging, reporting events, and tracking requests currently executing in worker processes. IIS 7.5 includes the following additional or enhanced security features : Client certificate mapping IP security Request filtering URL authorization Authentication changed slightly between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7, most notably in that the anonymous user which was named `` IUSR_ ( machinename ) '' is a built - in account in Vista and future operating systems and named `` IUSR ''. Notably, in IIS 7, each authentication mechanism is isolated into its own module and can be installed or uninstalled. IIS 8.0 offers new features targeted at performance and easier administration. The new features are : Application Initialization : a feature that allows an administrator to configure certain applications to start automatically with server startup. This reduces the wait time experienced by users who access the site for the first time after a server reboot. Splash page during application initialization : the administrator can configure a splash page to be displayed to the site visitor during an application initialization. ASP.NET 4.5 support : With IIS 8.0, ASP.NET 4.5 is included by default, and IIS also offers several configuration options for running it side - by - side with ASP.NET 3.5. Centralized SSL certificate support : a feature that makes managing certificates easier by allowing the administrator to store and access the certificates on a file share. Multicore scaling on NUMA hardware : IIS 8.0 provides several configuration options that optimize performance on systems that run NUMA, such as running several worker processes under one application pool, using soft or hard affinity and more. WebSocket Protocol Support Server Name Indication ( SNI ) : SNI is an extension to Transport Layer Security, which allows binding of multiple websites with different hostnames to one IP address ( similar to how Host Headers are used for non-SSL sites ). Dynamic IP Address Restrictions : a feature that enables an administrator to dynamically block IPs or IP ranges that hit the server with a large number of requests CPU Throttling : a set of controls that allow the server administrator to control CPU usage by each application pool in order to optimize performance in a multi-tenant environment IIS 8.5 has several improvements related to performance in large - scale scenarios, such as those used by commercial hosting providers and Microsoft 's own cloud offerings. It also has several added features related to logging and troubleshooting. The new features are : Idle worker - Process page - out : a function to suspend idle site to reduce the memory footprint of idle sites Dynamic Site Activation : a feature that registers listening queues only to sites that have received requests Enhanced Logging : a feature to allow collection of Server variables, request headers and response headers in the IIS logs ETW logging : an ETW provider which allows collecting real - time logs using various Event - tracing tool Automatic Certificate Rebind : a feature that detects when a site certificate has been renewed, and automatically rebinds the site to it IIS Express ( edit ) IIS Express, a lightweight ( 4.5 -- 6.6 MB ) version of IIS, is available as a standalone freeware server and may be installed on Windows XP with Service Pack 3 and subsequent versions of Microsoft Windows. IIS 7.5 Express supports only the HTTP and HTTPS protocols. It is portable, stores its configuration on a per - user basis, does not require administrative privileges and attempts to avoid conflicting with existing web servers on the same machine. IIS Express can be downloaded separately or as a part of WebMatrix or Visual Studio 2012 and later. ( In Visual Studio 2010 and earlier, web developers developing ASP.NET apps used ASP.NET Development Server, codenamed `` Cassini ''. ) By default, IIS Express only serves local traffic. Extensions ( edit ) IIS releases new feature modules between major version releases to add new functionality. The following extensions are available for IIS 7.5 : FTP Publishing Service : Lets Web content creators publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers with SSL - based authentication and data transfer. Administration Pack : Adds administration UI support for management features in IIS 7, including ASP.NET authorization, custom errors, FastCGI configuration, and request filtering. Application Request Routing : Provides a proxy - based routing module that forwards HTTP requests to content servers based on HTTP headers, server variables, and load balance algorithms. Database Manager : Allows easy management of local and remote databases from within IIS Manager. Media Services : Integrates a media delivery platform with IIS to manage and administer delivery of rich media and other Web content. URL Rewrite Module : Provides a rule - based rewriting mechanism for changing request URLs before they are processed by the Web server. WebDAV : Lets Web authors publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers, and lets Web administrators and hosters manage WebDAV settings using IIS 7 management and configuration tools. Web Deployment Tool : Synchronizes IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 servers, migrates an IIS 6.0 server to IIS 7, and deploys Web applications to an IIS 7 server. Usage ( edit ) According to Netcraft, on 13 February 2014, IIS had a market share of 32.80 %, making it the second most popular web server in the world, behind Apache HTTP Server at 38.2 %. Netcraft showed a rising trend in market share for IIS, since 2012. A day later, however, the W3Techs shows different results. According to W3Techs, IIS is the third most used web server behind Apache HTTP Server ( 1st place ) and Nginx. Furthermore, it shows a consistently falling trend for IIS use since February 2013. Netcraft data in February 2017 place indicate an IIS market share of 9.22 %, making it the third most popular web server in the world, behind Apache at 41.41 % and nginx at 28.34 %. Security ( edit ) IIS 4 and IIS 5 were affected by the CA - 2001 - 13 security vulnerability which led to the infamous Code Red attack ; however, both versions 6.0 and 7.0 have no reported issues with this specific vulnerability. In IIS 6.0 Microsoft opted to change the behaviour of pre-installed ISAPI handlers, many of which were culprits in the vulnerabilities of 4.0 and 5.0, thus reducing the attack surface of IIS. In addition, IIS 6.0 added a feature called `` Web Service Extensions '' that prevents IIS from launching any program without explicit permission by an administrator. By default IIS 5.1 and earlier run websites in a single process running the context of the System account, a Windows account with administrative rights. Under 6.0 all request handling processes run in the context of the Network Service account, which has significantly fewer privileges, so that should there be a vulnerability in a feature or in custom code it wo n't necessarily compromise the entire system given the sandboxed environment these worker processes run in. IIS 6.0 also contained a new kernel HTTP stack ( http. sys ) with a stricter HTTP request parser and response cache for both static and dynamic content. According to Secunia, as of June 2011, IIS 7 had a total of six resolved vulnerabilities while IIS 6 had a total of eleven vulnerabilities, out of which one was still unpatched. The unpatched security advisory has a severity rating of 2 out of 5. In June 2007, a Google study of 80 million domains concluded that while the IIS market share was 23 % at the time, IIS servers hosted 49 % of the world 's malware, the same as Apache servers whose market share was 66 %. The study also observed the geographical location of these dirty servers and suggested that the cause of this could be the use of unlicensed copies of Windows that could not obtain security updates from Microsoft. In a blog post on 28 April 2009, Microsoft noted that it supplies security updates to everyone without genuine verification. The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures made it more widely known that IIS is particularly bad in supporting perfect forward secrecy ( PFS ), especially when used in conjunction with Internet Explorer. Possessing one of the long term asymmetric secret keys used to establish a HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short term session key to then decrypt the conversation, even at a later time. Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( DHE ) and elliptic curve Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( ECDHE ) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property. Only 30 % of Firefox, Opera, and Chromium Browser sessions use it, and nearly 0 % of Apple 's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions. See also ( edit ) IIS Metabase Logparser Microsoft Personal Web Server Windows Activation Services Comparison of web servers List of mail servers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lextrait, Vincent ( February 2010 ). `` The Programming Languages Beacon, v10. 0 ''. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Running IIS 6.0 as an Application Server ( IIS 6.0 ) ''. TechNet. Microsoft. Jump up ^ `` Windows NT Internet Servers ''. Microsoft. 10 July 2002. Retrieved 26 May 2008. Jump up ^ Kramer, Dave ( 24 December 1999 ). `` A Brief History of Microsoft on the Web ''. Microsoft. Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 Next Stop on Microsoft Web Development Roadmap ''. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 - Overview of Internet Information Services 5.0 ''. Retrieved 25 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 - Managing the Migration Process ''. Retrieved 27 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` What 's New In IIS 6.0? ''. Retrieved 25 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` IIS 7.0 : Explore The Web Server For Windows Vista and Beyond ''. Retrieved 25 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Web Server ( IIS ) Role in Windows 2008 R2 ''. Retrieved 25 November 2010. Jump up ^ Mike Bishop ; David So ( September 11, 2015 ). `` HTTP / 2 on IIS ''. Microsoft. Jump up ^ `` Netscape goes to jail, does not collect $200 ''. InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Differences Between NT Server and Workstation Are Minimal ''. O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Authentication Methods Supported in IIS 6.0 ( IIS 6.0 ) ''. IIS 6.0 Documentation. Microsoft. Retrieved 13 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Changes Between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 Security ''. iis.net. Microsoft. 7 February 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2011. Jump up ^ Templin, Reagan ( 11 August 2010 ). `` Introduction to IIS 7 Architecture ''. iis.net. Microsoft. IIS 7 Modules. Retrieved 16 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Available Web Server ( IIS ) Role Services in IIS 7.5 ''. Microsoft TechNet. Microsoft. Retrieved 13 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : Eagan, Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 Application Initialization ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Yoo, Won ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 ASP.NET configuration management ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Eagan, Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 Centralized SSL certificate support ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ McMurray, Robert ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 Multicore Scaling on NUMA Hardware ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` IIS 8.0 WebSocket protocol support ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Eagan, Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 Server Name Indication ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ McMurray, Robert ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 Dynamic IP Address Restrictions ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Eagan, Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ). `` IIS 8.0 CPU Throttling ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Jump up ^ Benari, Erez ( 26 June 2013 ). `` Idle Worker - process Page Out ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Benari, Erez ( 3 July 2013 ). `` Dynamic Site Activation ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Benari, Erez ( 10 July 2013 ). `` Enhanced Logging ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Benari, Erez ( 15 July 2013 ). `` ETW Logging ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Benari, Erez ( 3 September 2013 ). `` Automatic Certificate rebind ''. IIS Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` IIS Express FAQ ''. iis.net. Microsoft. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 7.5 Express ''. Download Center. Microsoft. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` IIS Express Overview ''. iis.net. Microsoft. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : Hanselman, Scott ; Condron, Glen ( 15 September 2015 ). `` 3 Introducing Model View Controller ( MVC ) ''. Introduction to ASP.NET. Microsoft. 0 : 14 : 02. Jump up ^ Guthrie, Scott ( 29 June 2010 ). `` Introducing IIS Express ''. ScottGu 's Blog. Microsoft. Jump up ^ Gopalakrishnan, Vaidy ( 12 January 2011 ). `` Handling URL Binding Failures in IIS Express ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Jump up ^ `` FTP Publishing Service ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Administration Pack ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Application Request Routing ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Database Manager ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` IIS Media Services ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 30 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` URL Rewrite ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` WebDAV Extension ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Web Deploy 2.0 ''. iis.net. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` February 2014 Web Server Survey ''. news.netcraft.com. Netcraft. 13 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Usage statistics and market share of Microsoft - IIS for websites ''. w3techs. Q - Success. Jump up ^ `` February 2017 Web Server Survey ''. news.netcraft.com. Netcraft. 27 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` CA - 2001 - 13 Buffer Overflow In IIS Indexing Service DLL ''. CERT ® Advisory. Computer emergency response team. 17 January 2002. Retrieved 1 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Vulnerability Report : Microsoft Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 6 ''. Secunia. Secunia ApS. Retrieved 1 July 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Vulnerability Report : Microsoft Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 7. x ''. Secunia. Secunia ApS. Retrieved 1 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` IIS Installs in a Locked - Down Mode ( IIS 6.0 ) ''. Microsoft Developer Network ( MSDN ). Microsoft. Retrieved 1 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` How To : Run Applications Not in the Context of the System Account in IIS ( Revision 5.1 ) Microsoft Corporation ''. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2007. Jump up ^ Henrickson, Hethe ; Hofmann, Scott R. ( 2003 ). `` Chapter 15 : ASP.NET Web Services ''. IIS 6 : the complete reference. New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional. p. 482. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 222495 - 5. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Jump up ^ Henrickson, Hethe ; Hofmann, Scott R. ( 2003 ). `` Chapter 1 : IIS Fundamentals ''. IIS 6 : the complete reference. New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 222495 - 5. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Jump up ^ `` Web Server Software and Malware ''. Jump up ^ `` Windows Pirates Encouraged to Install Security Updates ''. USA Today. Technology Live. February 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2011. Jump up ^ Cooke, Paul ( 27 April 2009 ). `` Who Gets Windows Security Updates? ''. Windows Security Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 July 2011. Jump up ^ SSL : Intercepted today, decrypted tomorrow, Netcraft, 25 June 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Internet Information Services Official website IIS on Server and Cloud Platform portal Security Guidance for IIS on TechNet Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps 3D Builder Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub Get Help Groove Magnifier Mail Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX. 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Microsoft Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat : Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi LinkedIn Category Portal Email servers Open source Apache James Courier Mail Server Cyrus IMAP server Dovecot Exim hMailServer Kolab Kopano OpenSMTPD Postfix Qmail Sendmail ( dual - licensed ) Zarafa Zentyal Zimbra Proprietary Axigen CommuniGate Pro Eudora Internet Mail Server Gordano Messaging Suite IBM / Lotus Notes / Domino IceWarp Mail Server Internet Information Services Ipswitch IMail Server Kerio Connect Mercury Mail Transport System Microsoft Exchange Server Novell GroupWise Unison ( collaboration software ) Discontinued Delivermail Hula Related technologies Extended SMTP IMAP POP Push - IMAP SMAP SMTP UUCP Related articles Email Unicode and email List of mail servers Comparison of mail servers Category Comparison List VIAF : 184787002 LCCN : n96081435 GND : 4779322 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Information_Services&oldid=797651199 '' Categories : FTP server software Message transfer agents Microsoft server technology Web server software Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 12 : 40. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "and FTP modules as well as command - line administration in PowerShell. It also introduced TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 support and the Best Practices Analyzer tool and process isolation for application pools. IIS 8.0 is only available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. IIS 8.0 includes SNI ( binding SSL to hostnames rather than IP addresses ), Application Initialization, centralized SSL certificate support, and multicore scaling on NUMA hardware, among other new features. IIS 8.5 is included in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. This version includes Idle worker - Process page - out, Dynamic Site Activation, Enhanced Logging, ETW logging, and Automatic Certificate Rebind. IIS 10 is included in Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10. This version includes support for HTTP / 2. All versions of IIS prior to 7.0 running on client operating systems supported only 10 simultaneous connections and a single website. Microsoft was criticized by vendors of other web server software, including O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape Communications Corp., for its licensing of early versions of Windows NT ; the `` Workstation '' edition of the OS permitted only ten simultaneous TCP / IP connections, whereas the more expensive `` Server '' edition, which otherwise had few additional features, permitted unlimited connections but bundled IIS. It was inferred that this was intended to discourage consumers from running" ], "id": [ "14690296695156382743" ], "short_answers": [ "IIS 10" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Temple of the Inscriptions - wikipedia Temple of the Inscriptions Jump to : navigation, search For the temple at Tikal also called the Temple of the Inscriptions, see Tikal Temple VI. Temple of Inscriptions The Temple of the Inscriptions ( Classic Maya : Bʼolon Yej Teʼ Naah ( Mayan pronunciation : ( ɓolon jex teʔ naːh ) ) `` House of the Nine Sharpened Spears '' ) is the largest Mesoamerican stepped pyramid structure at the pre-Columbian Maya civilization site of Palenque, located in the modern - day state of Chiapas, Mexico. The structure was specifically built as the funerary monument for K'inich Janaab ' Pakal, ajaw or ruler of Palenque in the 7th century whose reign over the polity lasted almost 70 years. Construction of this monument commenced in the last decade of his life, and was completed by his son and successor K'inich Kan B'alam II. Within Palenque, the Temple of the Inscriptions is located in an area known as the Temple of the Inscriptions ' Court and stands at a right angle to the Southeast of the Palace. The Temple of the Inscriptions has been significant in the study of the ancient Maya, owing to the extraordinary sample of hieroglyphic text found on the Inscription Tablets, the impressive sculptural panels on the piers of the building, and the finds inside the tomb of Pakal. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 History 3 Piers 3.1 Pier A 3.2 Pier B 3.3 Pier C 3.4 Pier D 3.5 Pier E 3.6 Pier F 3.7 Coloration 4 Inscription tablets 5 The Tomb of Pakal 5.1 Structure 5.2 Artifacts 5.2. 1 Sarcophagus 5.2. 2 Other 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The structure consists of a `` temple '' structure that sits atop an eight - stepped pyramid ( for a total of nine levels ). The five entrances in the front of the building are surrounded by piers bearing both carved images and the hieroglyphic texts in Maya script for which the temple was named. Inside the temple, a stairway leads to the crypt containing the sarcophagus of Pakal. History ( edit ) The Temple of Inscriptions was finished a short time after 683. The construction was initiated by Pakal himself, although his son, K'inich Kan B'alam II completed the structure and its final decoration. Despite the fact that Palenque, and the Temple of Inscriptions itself, had been visited and studied for more than two hundred years, the tomb of Pakal was not discovered until 1952. Alberto Ruz Lhuillier, a Mexican archaeologist, removed a stone slab from the floor of the temple, revealing a stairway filled with rubble. Two years later, when the stairway was cleared, it was discovered that it led into Pakal 's tomb. Piers ( edit ) The temple has six piers, or vertical panels. These are labeled A through F, each with texts, artistic representations, or both executed in reliefs made from plaster stucco. Piers A and F have only hieroglyphic text on them. Piers B through E have images of people holding an infant - like figure, which has a snake as one leg. Pier a ( edit ) Pier A 's decoration consists entirely of hieroglyphic text. However, only eleven glyphs and glyph portions survive to this day. Among these glyphs, `` capture '' can be clearly seen, but who or what was captured is unknown because the corresponding glyphs are unreadable. Pier B ( edit ) Pier B depicts a scene in which a human figure holds the `` child '' God K, one of whose legs is a serpent, in his hand. The human figure is actually life size ( 165 cm tall ), but its position and perspective make it appear much larger. It wears an elaborate feather headdress, a jaguar skin skirt, and a belt. The figure also used to wear a loincloth and a short beaded cape, but due to damage those are largely missing today, as is the head of the figure. It is thought that the figure held by the human figure is God K, although his characteristic `` flared forehead '' is only visible on Pier D. The figure of God K, often described as an `` infant '' or `` child, '' has one human leg and one serpent - leg. The human leg ends in a six - toed foot that is cradled by the other figure. It is likely, especially considering the emphasis placed on the polydactyly, that this feature is a reference to Pakal 's son, Kan B'alam II, who is portrayed in portraits with six fingers on one hand and six toes on one foot. Pier C ( edit ) The standing figure on Pier C is thought to be a woman, possibly Pakal 's mother, Lady Zac - Kuk. The appearance of the psychoduct ( a hollow duct that goes from the outer temple into the tomb of Pakal ) and the stone band that connects to it have led many to compare the structure to an umbilical cord. The fact that this `` umbilical cord '' connects the figure on Pier C to Pakal 's tomb ( and by extension, Pakal himself ) supports the identification of the figure as Lady Zac - Kuk. The umbilical cord can then be interpreted as a reference to the royal bloodline. Pier D ( edit ) Pier D provides the evidence that the `` baby '' figure is, in fact, God K. In this depiction of the `` baby '' figure, it wears an `` axe '' or `` flare '' including a mirror ( visible below the feathers of the standing figure 's headdress ), something characteristic of God K. The figure on this pier is more complete than the same figure on any of the other piers. Also present in the depiction of God K are three vertical cuts on the god 's back. These have been shown to be intentional, but their meaning is still unknown. Pier E ( edit ) The standing figure on Pier E is most likely Kan B'alam I. The elaborate headdress worn by the figure contains glyphs that identify him as `` chan - bahlum. '' It is unlikely that this refers to Kan B'alam II because he is thought to be represented by the figure of God K. Because Kan B'alam II, great - great - grandson of Kan B'alam I, finished the decoration of the Temple of Inscriptions, this can be seen as an effort to reinforce the legitimacy of his claim to the throne ; he is emphasizing his relationship to his ancestor and namesake, as well as his relationship to his father and grandmother. Pier F ( edit ) Pier F has only one glyph block that remains today. It contains glyphs for what is thought to be a title, translated as `` dead rabbit '', followed by the title and name `` Kinich Kan - B'alam, '' after which comes an unknown glyph ( possibly another title ), and the glyph for Palenque. Coloration ( edit ) Although much of the color on the piers has deteriorated, some is still visible today. Originally, the piers would have been extraordinarily colorful. Bright red, yellow, and blue would have been seen on their stucco sculpture. A thin coat of light red paint would have been applied to all of the stucco sculpture as a sort of background coloring while the stucco was still wet, binding the color to the building. Because the temple was repeatedly repainted, one can observe layers of pigment between layers of stucco. The color blue signified the Heavens and the Gods and would have been applied to things relating to the gods, as well as the glyphic texts on the sculpture. The color yellow related to Xibalba, the Maya underworld, which was associated with jaguars, so the jaguar skirts were colored accordingly. Inscription tablets ( edit ) The Temple of Inscriptions gets its name from three hieroglyphic tablets, known as the East Tablet, the Central Tablet, and the West Tablet, on the temple 's inner walls. These tablets emphasize the idea that events that happened in the past will be repeated on the same calendar date, a theme also found in the Books of Chilam Balam, and constitute one of the longest known Maya inscriptions ( 617 glyphs ). Columns E through F mark the beginning of a record of various events in Pakal 's life that continues until the last two columns on the tablets, which announce his death and name Kan B'alam II as his heir. All of the tablets, excluding the final two columns, were completed during Pakal 's lifetime. The tomb of Pakal ( edit ) The lid of the sarcophagus. Structure ( edit ) To prevent the collapse of the tomb due to the immense weight of the pyramid, the architects designed the hut - shaped chamber using cross vaulting and recessed buttresses. Artifacts ( edit ) The tomb of Pakal yielded several important archaeological finds and works of art. Sarcophagus ( edit ) Among these finds was the lid of Pakal 's sarcophagus. In the image that covers it, Pakal lies on top of the `` earth monster. '' Below him are the open jaws of a jaguar, symbolizing Xibalba. Above him is the Celestial Bird, perched atop the Cosmic Tree ( represented by a cross ) which, in turn, holds a Serpent in its branches. Thus, in the image Pakal lies between two worlds : the heavens and the underworld. Also on the sarcophagus are Pakal 's ancestors, arraigned in a line going back six generations. Other ( edit ) Pakal 's death mask is another extraordinary artifact found in the tomb. The face of the mask is made entirely of jade, while the eyes consist of shells, mother of pearl, and obsidian. There were several smaller jade heads packed into Pakal 's sarcophagus and a stucco portrait of the king was found under the base of it. Five skeletons, both male and female, were found at the entrance of the crypt. These sacrificial victims were intended to follow Pakal into Xibalba. See also ( edit ) El Castillo, Chichen Itza List of Mesoamerican pyramids Pyramid of the Magician at Uxmal Tikal Temple I Tikal Temple II Tikal Temple III Tikal Temple IV Tikal Temple V Notes ( edit ) All information on the piers was taken from Robertson 1983 : 29 - 53. Jump up ^ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Jump up ^ Guenter : 1 Jump up ^ Guenter : 4 Jump up ^ Robertson 1983 : map 3 Jump up ^ Robertson 1983 : 24, 26, 54 Jump up ^ Stierlin 2001 : 79 Jump up ^ Guenter : 3 - 4 Jump up ^ Robertson 1983 : 23 Jump up ^ Robertson 1983 Jump up ^ Robertson 1983 : 54 Jump up ^ Stierlin 2001 : 77 Jump up ^ Stierlin 2001 : 80 Jump up ^ Stierlin 2001 : 79 References ( edit ) Guenter, Stanley ( n.d. ). `` The Tomb of K'inich Janaab Pakal : The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque '' ( PDF ). Mesoweb Articles. Mesoweb. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04. Robertson, Merle Greene ( 1983 ). The Sculpture of Palenque. Volume I : The Temple of Inscriptions. New Jersey : Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 03560 - 1. Stierlin, Henri ( 2001 ). The Maya : Palaces and Pyramids of the Rainforest. London ; New York : Taschen. ISBN 3 - 8228 - 1241 - 2. `` Descifra investigador de la UNAM el nombre jeroglífico de la tumba del rey Maya Pakal ''. 2015. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17. External links ( edit ) Apr. 27, 1953 LIFE Magazine article about tomb discovery Coordinates : 17 ° 29 ′ 01 '' N 92 ° 02 ′ 48 '' W  /  17.4836 ° N 92.0468 ° W  / 17.4836 ; - 92.0468 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_the_Inscriptions&oldid=837903406 '' Categories : Maya architecture Maya sites in Chiapas Palenque Tourist attractions in Chiapas Buildings and structures in Chiapas 7th - century religious buildings Pyramids in Mexico Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto ქართული Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 18 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Temple of the Inscriptions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Temple_of_the_Inscriptions&amp;oldid=837903406" }

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{ "text": "English Babu Desi Mem - Wikipedia English Babu Desi Mem Jump to : navigation, search English Babu Desi Mem इंग्लिश बाबू देसी मेम Directed by Praveen Nischol Produced by Praveen Nischol Written by G.M. Ayaz Ali Raza Starring Shah Rukh Khan Sonali Bendre Sunny Singh Music by Nikhil - Vinay Cinematography Ravikant Reddy Edited by V.N. Mayekar Production company Mumbai Distributed by Daasa Movies Release date 26 January 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 26 ) Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 3.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 13 crore or US $2.1 million in 2016 ) Box office ₹ 6.89 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 26 crore or US $4.1 million in 2016 ) English Babu Desi Mem ( Hindi : इंग्लिश बाबू देशी मेम, English : English sir, Indian madam ) is an Indian film of Bollywood, released in 1996 starring Shah Rukh Khan, Sonali Bendre and Sunny Singh. The rights for this film are now owned by Shah Rukh Khan 's Red Chillies Entertainment. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Plot 3 Soundtrack 4 Box office 4.1 India 4.2 Overseas 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Vikram Mayur, a rich Indian, born and raised in England, returns home to Bombay, to look for his late brother Hari 's eight - year - old son, Nandlal ( or Nandu ) raised by his caring aunt Bijuriya. Vikram faces a dilemma when he is torn between choosing to take Nandu back to England to learn his family 's business or risk throwing it all away by staying in India to be with Bijuriya, whom he slowly falls in love with. This film features Shahrukh Khan in a triple role as Gopal Mayur and his sons Hari and Vikram. Plot ( edit ) Hari and Vikram ( both played by Shah Rukh Khan ) are brothers of the head of Mayur group of industries. Hari is a registered pilot and elder of the two brothers. Hari 's father had promised his business partner that Hari will be married to the latter 's daughter. Hari tries to resist the marriage but receives clear signals that his father wo n't budge. Once during a test flight, while Hari is flying solo, he fakes an accident that leads everyone to believe he died. In reality, Hari survives. When he finally comes to the shore, he is in Mumbai. He meets a poor girl Katariya ( Rajeshwari Sachdev ) and the two fall in love. They get married and start their own family. Tragedy strikes when their house gets accidentally burnt and Hari and Katariya die. Their son, Nandlal `` Nandu '' ( Sunny Singh ) is brought up by Katariya 's little sister Bijuriya ( Sonali Bendre ) When Hari 's son is 8 years old, Vikram comes to Mumbai. Vikram was never satisfied by the story that his brother died in a plane crash. After years of investigating, Vikram correctly predicts that his brother survived and most likely landed in India. He learns that Hari is dead, but his son is alive. Vikram believes that as Hari 's son ( whom he affectionately calls Master Mayur ) is the next generation of Mayur industries, he should be taken back with him. Bijuriya, who is a bar dancer at Banjo 's Beer Bar, objects to this, thinking he is here to separate her and Nandu. Vikram and Bijuriya have not met yet. Vikram does not even know who has brought his nephew up. Bijuriya knows that if Vikram goes to court, she will lose Nandu forever. Bijuriya pretends to be Princess Sonali, a royal family member who was Vikram 's nephew 's guardian. Vikram falls for her charade and slowly falls in love with her. But one day, her truth is exposed to him. Vikram decides to take his nephew back with him immediately. The nephew, who detests his newfound uncle and adores his aunt like a mother figure, protests this, but Vikram remains adamant. Bijuriya forces Nandu to go with Vikram after getting to know that Nandu misses school and does petty jobs to earn money to marry off Bijuriya. She is forcibly taken to sleep with a goon Bheema Khalasi ( Kiran Kumar ) who had her eyes on her, just to fight for the child one last time. When Vikram learns about this, he comes to the hideout just before Bheema Khalasi is about to rape Bijuriya. Vikram overpowers the goon and saves Bijuriya. He is convinced that Bijuriya will be the best parent for his nephew. Vikram marries Bijuriya and takes her and his nephew back with him. Soundtrack ( edit ) # Title Singer ( s ) `` Bharatpur Lut Gaya '' Poornima `` Deewana Main Tera Deewana '' Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik `` O Bijuria Sun '' Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Jolly Mukherjee `` Na Tere Bina '' Kavita Krishnamurthy 5 `` Love Me Honey Honey '' Udit Narayan, Poornima 6 `` Kaise Mukhde Se '' Asha Bhosle 7 `` Dhol Baje Khuddam '' Vinod Rathod, Alka Yagnik Box Office ( edit ) English Babu Desi Mem grossed ₹ 6.40 crore ( US $1.0 million ) in India and $135,000 ( ₹ 49.61 lakh ) in other countries, for a worldwide total of ₹ 6.89 crore ( US $1.1 million ), against its ₹ 3.50 crore ( US $550,000 ) budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of ₹ 1.69 crore ( US $260,000 ), and grossed ₹ 2.78 crore ( US $430,000 ) in its first week. It is the 28th - highest - grossing film of 1996 worldwide. India ( edit ) It opened on Friday, 26 January 1996, across 145 screens, and earned ₹ 31 lakh ( US $48,000 ) nett on its opening day. It grossed ₹ 1 crore ( US $160,000 ) nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of ₹ 1.64 crore ( US $260,000 ) nett. The film earned a total of ₹ 3.78 crore ( US $590,000 ) nett, and was declared `` Flop '' by Box Office India. It is the 30th - highest - grossing film of 1996 in India. Overseas ( edit ) It earned $135,000 ( ₹ 49.61 lakh ) outside India. Overseas, it was the 10th - highest - grossing film of 1996. ' English Babu Desi Mem ' worldwide collections breakdown Territory Territory wise Collections break - up India Nett Gross : ₹ 3.78 crore ( US $590,000 ) Distributor share : ₹ 1.82 crore ( US $280,000 ) Total Gross : ₹ 6.40 crore ( US $1.0 million ) International ( Outside India ) $135,000 ( ₹ 49.61 lakh ) Worldwide ₹ 6.89 crore ( US $1.1 million ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` English Babu Desi Mem Budget ''. Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` English Babu Desi Mem Box office ''. Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` red chillies ''. Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 1996 ''. Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top India Total Nett Gross 1996 ''. Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Gross 1996 ''. Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015. External links ( edit ) English Babu Desi Mem on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Babu_Desi_Mem&oldid=800838434 '' Categories : 1996 films 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 00 : 21. About Wikipedia", "title": "English Babu Desi Mem", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=English_Babu_Desi_Mem&amp;oldid=800838434" }

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{ "text": "List of United States cities by crime rate - wikipedia List of United States cities by crime rate Jump to : navigation, search The following table of United States cities by crime rate is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics. The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end. The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter. This list is based on the reporting. In most cases, the city and the reporting agency are identical. However, in some cases such as Charlotte, Honolulu, and Las Vegas, the reporting agency has more than one municipality. Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report. Consequently, some agencies do not report all the crimes. If components are missing the total is adjusted to 0. Contents ( hide ) 1 Note about population 2 Crime rates per 100,000 people 3 Criticism of ranking crime data 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Note About population Often, one obtains very different results depending on whether crime rates are measured for the city jurisdiction or the metropolitan area. Information is voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or they did not meet deadlines. The FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates : For the 2009 population estimates used in this table, the FBI computed individual rates of growth from one year to the next for every city / town and county using 2000 decennial population counts and 2001 through 2009 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each agency 's rates of growth were averaged ; that average was then applied and added to its 2008 Census population estimate to derive the agency 's 2009 population estimate. Crime rates per 100,000 people State City Population Violent Crime Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Property Crime Burglary Larceny - Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson New Mexico Albuquerque 559,721 965.8 7.7 72.2 301.2 584.8 6073.2 1071.2 4076.7 925.3 15.9 California Anaheim 349,471 363.7 5.2 36.9 125.6 196.0 2872.3 422.4 1972.4 477.6 8.0 Alaska Anchorage 301,239 1070.9 8.6 171.6 206.1 684.5 3917.5 559.4 2975.0 383.1 35.2 Texas Arlington 387,565 502.1 53.7 136.5 309.9 3443.6 559.9 2657.1 226.5 7.5 Georgia Atlanta 464,710 1119.6 20.2 36.6 429.3 633.5 5499.3 1028.8 3549.1 921.4 10.8 Colorado Aurora 360,237 460.8 6.7 97.7 124.1 232.3 2936.7 467.2 2119.4 350.0 17.8 Texas Austin 938,728 372.5 2.5 51.9 99.0 219.2 3771.0 532.6 2990.0 248.3 9.7 California Bakersfield 373,887 484.1 5.9 19.0 175.2 284.0 4161.4 1036.9 2484.2 640.3 90.7 Maryland Baltimore 621,252 1535.9 55.4 46.2 694.2 740.1 4980.4 1248.6 2842.3 889.5 41.9 Massachusetts Boston 665,258 706.8 5.7 36.1 233.1 431.9 2316.1 354.3 1769.5 192.3 N / A New York Buffalo 258,096 1118.6 15.9 67.0 400.2 635.4 4330.2 1076.0 2875.3 378.9 67.0 Arizona Chandler 258,875 189.3 0.4 30.5 44.0 114.3 2083.2 297.4 1686.9 98.9 17.4 North Carolina Charlotte - Mecklenburg 877,817 677.6 6.9 24.6 221.8 424.2 3767.9 769.5 2744.4 253.9 24.6 Illinois Chicago 2,728,695 903.8 28.7 52.5 353.6 480.2 2946.3 482.0 2089.7 374.6 19.6 California Chula Vista 265,215 265.8 2.3 23.8 90.1 149.7 1741.6 267.7 1166.2 307.7 10.2 Ohio Cincinnati 298,478 925.0 22.1 79.1 423.1 400.7 5510.0 1478.5 3642.8 388.6 147.4 Ohio Cleveland * 388,655 1334.3 16.2 124.0 769.3 424.8 5434.4 1787.7 2659.2 987.5 78.2 Colorado Colorado Springs 452,410 438.3 5.5 75.4 83.1 274.3 3648.0 533.6 2732.7 381.7 27.9 Ohio Columbus 847,745 546.3 9.1 95.1 264.2 177.9 3934.3 851.6 2715.6 367.2 47.8 Texas Corpus Christi 324,326 645.0 5.2 86.9 121.5 431.4 3465.6 674.6 2632.8 158.2 18.2 Texas Dallas 1,301,977 694.2 10.4 60.1 320.8 302.8 3440.2 854.2 2002.8 583.3 26.8 Colorado Denver 682,418 673.9 7.8 80.3 180.2 405.6 3529.9 697.8 2192.5 639.6 16.4 Michigan Detroit 673,225 1759.6 43.8 78.7 513.5 1123.5 4093.6 1161.6 2157.2 774.8 125.1 North Carolina Durham 257,911 847.2 13.2 28.7 286.1 519.2 4115.8 1234.5 2644.7 236.5 12.0 Texas El Paso 686,077 366.6 2.5 46.9 59.8 257.4 1914.2 206.8 1591.1 116.3 8.3 Indiana Fort Wayne 259,712 378.9 9.6 37.3 171.7 160.2 3058.4 569.9 2360.7 127.8 18.9 Texas Fort Worth 829,731 525.4 6.7 62.2 118.2 338.2 3585.7 723.7 2589.9 272.1 17.1 California Fresno 520,837 551.2 7.5 32.1 194.3 317.4 4148.3 850.4 2723.3 574.7 49.0 North Carolina Greensboro 285,950 597.0 9.1 25.2 185.3 377.3 3568.5 828.5 2551.5 188.5 34.6 Nevada Henderson 282,554 168.5 1.4 34.7 63.7 68.7 1893.1 479.9 1225.6 187.6 7.1 Hawaii Honolulu 999,307 243.9 1.5 31.8 89.7 120.9 3110.7 428.7 2294.6 387.4 23.1 Texas Houston 2,275,221 966.7 13.3 43.3 451.7 458.3 4397.5 872.8 2928.7 596.0 29.5 Indiana Indianapolis 863,675 1288.0 17.1 78.4 440.2 752.3 4790.8 1283.5 2929.5 577.9 N / A California Irvine 258,198 55.8 0.8 10.5 22.1 22.5 1498.1 202.6 1217.7 77.8 3.1 Florida Jacksonville 867,258 648.3 11.2 54.3 161.2 421.6 3673.0 701.3 2704.6 267.0 8.2 New Jersey Jersey City 265,159 521.6 10.2 36.6 207.0 267.8 1594.9 368.1 998.6 228.2 23.4 Missouri Kansas City 473,373 1417.3 23.0 77.3 359.8 957.2 4441.3 1029.0 2587.6 824.7 41.8 Texas Laredo 256,280 379.3 3.1 51.9 63.2 261.0 3370.9 405.8 2843.8 121.4 34.3 Nevada Las Vegas 1,562,134 920.7 8.1 70.9 320.7 521.0 2995.3 952.3 1537.0 506.0 8.6 Kentucky Lexington 314,077 332.4 4.8 51.9 162.7 113.0 3949.7 797.6 2834.0 318.1 15.0 Nebraska Lincoln 276,585 370.6 0.4 69.8 77.4 223.1 3265.9 480.1 2655.2 130.5 32.9 California Long Beach 476,318 580.7 7.6 37.2 221.3 314.7 3010.0 649.6 1766.3 594.1 14.5 California Los Angeles 3,962,726 634.8 7.1 55.7 225.9 346.0 2359.6 407.8 1544.2 407.6 28.5 Kentucky Louisville Metro 680,550 631.8 11.9 30.1 227.0 362.8 4166.0 922.3 2769.8 473.9 N / A Tennessee Memphis 657,936 1740.1 20.5 80.6 475.9 1163.2 5630.8 1561.2 3655.2 414.3 45.9 Arizona Mesa 471,034 418.7 3.4 51.2 86.6 277.5 2527.4 471.1 1881.2 175.1 17.0 Florida Miami 437,969 1021.3 17.1 18.3 383.8 602.1 4367.4 709.9 3132.9 524.7 20.8 Wisconsin Milwaukee 600,400 1596.1 24.2 72.6 624.4 874.9 4264.2 912.9 2122.1 1229.2 37.1 Minnesota Minneapolis 413,479 1062.9 11.4 98.4 458.5 494.6 4193.9 859.8 2918.9 415.3 28.1 Alabama Mobile 250,346 610.8 9.6 46.3 160.6 394.3 4311.6 882.0 3186.4 243.3 N / A Tennessee Nashville Metropolitan 658,029 1101.0 10.9 77.0 280.7 732.3 3805.8 779.9 2805.8 220.1 8.1 Louisiana New Orleans 393,447 949.6 41.7 104.0 380.5 423.4 3874.2 736.6 2497.9 639.7 9.1 New York New York 8,550,861 585.8 3.0 14.0 198.2 357.2 1518.7 164.9 1267.4 86.4 N / A New Jersey Newark * 279,110 1077.7 33.3 17.6 688.6 338.2 2851.2 622.0 1365.1 864.2 14.0 California Oakland 419,481 1442.5 20.3 67.9 784.3 570.0 5856.8 794.6 3539.1 1523.1 42.7 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 630,621 765.6 11.6 76.1 189.0 488.9 3956.1 923.4 2573.3 459.4 14.7 Nebraska Omaha 452,252 515.0 10.6 38.5 144.8 321.1 3595.6 477.6 2555.7 562.3 17.9 Florida Orlando 268,438 940.6 11.9 67.8 194.5 666.4 6015.5 1267.0 4309.0 439.6 14.5 Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1,567,810 1029.0 17.9 84.3 431.5 495.3 3147.4 515.6 2310.7 321.1 21.0 Arizona Phoenix 1,559,744 593.8 7.2 65.1 193.6 327.8 3491.3 820.5 2198.3 472.5 N / A Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 306,870 706.2 18.6 26.7 279.6 381.3 3224.5 715.9 2312.7 195.8 56.0 Texas Plano 282,968 153.0 1.4 32.2 41.0 78.5 1799.1 260.1 1442.9 96.1 6.7 Oregon Portland * 615,672 472.8 4.2 42.6 137.6 288.5 5234.8 673.4 4013.0 548.3 27.0 North Carolina Raleigh * * 428,993 392.3 2.8 18.4 141.0 230.1 3063.0 735.9 2162.7 164.3 12.6 California Riverside 323,064 446.0 3.1 42.4 161.0 239.6 3259.7 505.5 2211.3 542.9 22.0 California Sacramento 489,717 737.4 8.8 21.4 239.7 467.4 3369.5 758.2 2014.4 596.9 28.6 Texas San Antonio 1,463,586 587.2 6.4 71.7 135.7 373.4 5029.5 794.8 3812.8 422.0 17.8 California San Diego 1,400,467 398.6 2.6 40.4 98.4 257.1 2082.0 366.2 1351.9 363.9 12.4 California San Francisco 863,782 776.8 6.1 39.8 417.9 312.9 6138.0 600.4 4737.1 800.5 31.5 California San Jose 1,031,458 329.6 2.9 36.4 110.5 179.8 2427.1 474.7 1273.7 678.7 9.0 California Santa Ana 337,304 482.1 3.6 45.7 155.1 277.8 2155.3 269.5 1332.3 553.5 11.0 Washington Seattle 683,700 598.7 3.4 21.1 224.1 350.2 5522.0 1122.9 3831.9 567.2 13.5 Missouri St. Louis 317,095 1817.1 59.3 82.9 564.5 1110.4 6316.1 1325.2 3998.8 992.1 70.3 Minnesota St. Paul 300,721 703.3 5.3 67.8 237.4 392.7 3282.1 706.6 1994.2 581.3 39.9 Florida St. Petersburg 255,821 741.9 5.5 53.2 224.0 459.3 5622.7 906.5 4120.9 595.3 25.0 California Stockton 304,890 1352.0 16.1 44.3 375.2 916.4 4263.2 948.2 2662.9 652.0 33.8 Florida Tampa 364,383 630.7 9.3 21.1 184.1 416.0 2295.9 503.0 1629.3 163.6 14.8 Ohio Toledo 279,552 1128.9 8.6 81.6 322.7 716.1 4475.0 1476.3 2676.8 321.9 N / A Arizona Tucson 529,675 655.5 5.9 79.7 199.9 370.0 6642.8 691.7 5586.8 364.2 22.1 Oklahoma Tulsa 401,520 903.6 13.7 90.9 212.7 586.3 5203.2 1372.8 3170.2 660.2 43.3 Virginia Virginia Beach 452,797 138.3 4.2 22.7 59.6 51.7 2205.6 211.1 1898.4 96.1 21.0 District Of Columbia Washington 672,228 1202.6 24.1 73.5 506.4 598.6 4516.2 442.0 3599.1 475.1 N / A Kansas Wichita 389,824 984.8 6.9 89.5 188.0 700.3 5041.2 892.7 3623.9 524.6 33.1 Notes : * 2014 Data * * 2013 Data The FBI does not publish arson data unless it receives data from either the agency or the state for all 12 months of the calendar year. The population for the city of Mobile, Alabama, includes 55,819 inhabitants from the jurisdiction of the Mobile County Sheriff 's Department. Criticism of ranking crime data The FBI web site recommends against using its data for ranking because these rankings lead to simplistic and / or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions adversely affecting cities and counties, along with their residents. The FBI web site also recommends against using its data to judge how effective law enforcement agencies are, since there are many factors that influence crime rates other than law enforcement. In November 2007, the executive board of the American Society of Criminology ( ASC ) went further than the FBI itself, and approved a resolution opposing not only the use of the ratings to judge police departments, but also opposing any development of city crime rankings from FBI Uniform Crime Reports ( UCRs ) at all. The resolution opposed these rankings on the grounds that they `` fail to account for the many conditions affecting crime rates '' and `` divert attention from the individual and community characteristics that elevate crime in all cities '', though it did not provide sources or further elaborate on these claims. The resolution states the rankings `` represent an irresponsible misuse of the data and do groundless harm to many communities '' and `` work against a key goal of our society, which is a better understanding of crime - related issues by both scientists and the public ''. The U.S. Conference of Mayors passed a similar statement, which also committed the Conference to working with the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice `` to educate reporters, elected officials, and citizens on what the ( UCR ) data means and does n't mean. '' See also Shrinking cities in the United States Crime in the United States Demographics of the United States List of U.S. states by homicide rate Latin American cities by murder rate List of cities by murder rate Homicide in world cities References Jump up ^ `` Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2015 ''. FBI. Retrieved 19 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Crime Rankings 2011 - 2012 ''. CQ Press. Jump up ^ `` Table 08, Data Declaration - Crime in the United States 2010 ''. Fbi.gov. Retrieved 16 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Caution Against Ranking ''. FBI. Retrieved 8 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` A Word About UCR Data ''. FBI. Retrieved 12 October 2010. ^ Jump up to : Criminologists Condemn City crime rankings ( November 16, 2008 ). PRNewswire. Retrieved 13 January 2008. External links Murder rate by U.S. state, highest to lowest ( hide ) United States Crime Rates By City Population 250,000 and Above 100,000 to 250,000 60,000 to 100,000 40,000 to 60,000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate&oldid=797194990 '' Categories : Crime rates in the United States Crime in the United States by city Lists of cities in the United States United States crime - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from December 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017, at 14 : 21. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of United States cities by crime rate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate&amp;oldid=797194990" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "California San Jose 1,031,458 329.6 2.9 36.4 110.5 179.8 2427.1 474.7 1273.7 678.7 9.0 California Santa Ana 337,304 482.1 3.6 45.7 155.1 277.8 2155.3 269.5 1332.3 553.5 11.0 Washington Seattle 683,700 598.7 3.4 21.1 224.1 350.2 5522.0 1122.9 3831.9 567.2 13.5 Missouri St. Louis 317,095 1817.1 59.3 82.9 564.5 1110.4 6316.1 1325.2 3998.8 992.1 70.3 Minnesota St. Paul 300,721 703.3 5.3 67.8 237.4 392.7 3282.1 706.6 1994.2 581.3 39.9 Florida St. Petersburg 255,821 741.9 5.5 53.2 224.0 459.3 5622.7 906.5 4120.9 595.3 25.0 California Stockton 304,890" ], "id": [ "5989300798956121096" ], "short_answers": [ "St. Louis" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Zombies ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Zombies ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zombies Genre Musical Dance Based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light & Joseph Raso Written by David Light & Joseph Raso Directed by Paul Hoen Starring Milo Manheim Meg Donnelly Composer ( s ) George S. Clinton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Effie Brown Paul Hoen Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Running time 94 minutes Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions, LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook, an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies. Those that were n't affected constructed a wall to quarantine the zombies, in a territory called Zombietown, from the rest of Seabrook. The government later created bracelets for zombies, called Z - Bands, that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains. In the present day, zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school, Seabrook High, where suburban life is filled with uniformity, traditions, and pep rallies. In Zombietown, Zed introduces himself to the viewers as he walks them through life in Zombietown, his sister Zoey who ca n't have a dog, and his father Zevon while making plans to join the football team. On the other side of the fence, Addison introduces herself to the viewers as she tells them of her cheer camp experience and reveals that she wears a wig to hide her naturally white hair, since nothing will stick to it. Her parents are Missy, who is the mayor of Seabrook, and her father is Dale, who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol which keeps the zombies in line. Addison and Zed meet in a Zombie Safe Room and they start talking. When Addison realizes that Zed is a zombie, she punches him in the face but later regrets it, and the two become friends and soon fall in love. The star - crossed lovers, who are not supposed to be together, keep their love a secret, but Zed 's friends, Eliza and Bonzo, come to know of it soon. To win football games, Zed makes Eliza hack into his Z - Band to make him ' a little more zombie '. This leads to severe pain on his wrist and rashes on that area. Addison 's self - centered cousin Bucky becomes jealous that Zed is getting more attention than him. Addison is invited by Zed to attend the zombie party in Zombietown with Eliza and Bonzo. During the trip there, Addison meets Zoey where it is mentioned that about the zombies not having pets. After Eliza takes Zoey home, the party is crashed by the Zombie Patrol where Addison is taken home by Zombie Patrol member Gus. At home, Missy and Dale find out that she has a new crush and advise her not to do any cheering until they know who it is. On the big football match day, Addison tells Zed about her parents wanting to meet him. Bucky finds out about Zed 's Z - Band hack, and has his followers Stacey, Tracey and Lacey steal Eliza 's laptop and hack Zed 's band. When Addison and Bree start showing their sympathy to the zombies during a cheer, Bucky has them kicked off the cheer squad. Stacey, Tracey, and Lacey succeed in their plot turning Zed, Eliza, and Bonzo into complete zombies. The Zombie Patrol captures them and has them detained. Later, Addison shouts at the crowd, telling them it was their fault Zed transformed into a full zombie. She then rips off the wig she used to cover up her naturally white hair. Following the incident, Zed, Eliza, and Bonzo are returned to Zombietown. Addison states to the viewers that Bucky is changing the line - up for the cheer squad. Bucky is then shown cutting three members from his cheerleading group due to them sympathizing with the zombies. On the day of the cheerleader competition, Addison and Bree find Zed and Bonzo trying to stop Eliza from sabotaging the competition, and after Eliza talks with her friends, she realizes that doing so is not the right thing to do. Bucky 's team is failing because they do not have enough members, so Zoey tries to get in and help him. At first, Zoey is booed by the crowd, but with help from Addison and Zed, the zombies and cheerleaders come together to make a cheer routine during the Cheer competition. Zed and Addison tell each other they love each other. Later, everyone has a block party at Zombietown. As Zoey finally gets her dog, the zombies and humans mingle with each other freely. Cast ( edit ) Milo Manheim as Zed, a zombie who wishes to be on the football team. Meg Donnelly as Addison, a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair. Trevor Tordjman as Bucky, Addison 's self - centered cousin who leads the Seabrook High School 's cheerleading team. Kylee Russell as Eliza, a zombie that is friends with Zed. Carla Jeffery as Bree, a girl and aspiring cheerleader whom Addison befriends. Kingston Foster as Zoey, Zed 's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets. James Godfrey as Bonzo, a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and / or Eliza. Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee, the principal of Seabrook High School. Jonathan Langdon as Coach, the unnamed coach of the Seabrook High School 's football team. Paul Hopkins as Dale, the father of Addison who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol. Marie Ward as Missy, the mother of Addison who is the mayor of Seabrook. Tony Nappo as Zevon, Zed and Zoey 's father. Emilia McCarthy as Lacey, a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky. Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey, a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky. Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey, a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky. Production ( edit ) Production on the film began in May 2017. The film was shot in Toronto over 10 weeks. Release ( edit ) The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. Ratings ( edit ) During its premiere in the 8 : 00 PM time slot, Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18 -- 49. Over its premiere weekend the movie reached 10.3 million viewers over 8 airings. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 11, 2017 ). `` Production Begins on Disney Channel 's Zombies for 2018 Premiere ''. Deadline. Retrieved December 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Production Has Begun on Disney 's Zombies, a Music - and Dance - Filled Movie, Set for 2018 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ). Disney Channel. May 11, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Peter Larsen ( February 15, 2018 ). `` Disney Channel 's Zombies arrives with hope that zombies and humans in high school can all get along ''. Orange County Register. Retrieved March 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( January 5, 2018 ). `` TV News Roundup : Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie ''. Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 20, 2018 ). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.16. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's Original Movie `` Zombies '' Reaches 10.3 Million Viewers Over the Holiday Weekend '' ( Press release ). Disney Channel. February 20, 2018 -- via The Futon Critic. External links ( edit ) Zombies on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up, Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie, It 's Christmas! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Films directed by Paul Hoen The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) You Wish! ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) Jump In! ( 2007 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) The Mistle - Tones ( 2012 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&oldid=837110657 '' Categories : 2010s dance films 2010s monster movies 2010s musical films 2010s teen films 2018 television films American dance films American films American teen musical films American television films American zombie films Cheerleading films Disney Channel Original Movie films English - language films Films directed by Paul Hoen Films shot in Toronto Musical television films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 19 : 41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Zombies (2018 film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&amp;oldid=837110657" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Running time 94 minutes Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions, LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook, an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies. Those that were n't" ], "id": [ "8355114446896206120" ], "short_answers": [ "February 16, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Padma Sachdev - wikipedia Padma Sachdev Jump to : navigation, search Padma Sachdev 1940 ( age 76 -- 77 ) purmandal Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India Occupation poet, writer Language Dogri language Nationality Indian Spouse First Vedpal Deep and later Surinder Singh ( 1966 - present ) Padma Sachdev ( born 1940 ) is an Indian poet and novelist. She is the first modern woman poet of the Dogri language. She also writes in Hindi. She has published several poetry collections, including Meri Kavita Mere Geet ( My Poems, My Songs ), which won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971. She has also received the Padma Shri, India 's fourth highest civilian award in 2001, and the Kabir Samman for poetry for the year 2007 - 08 given by Government of Madhya Pradesh. Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Further reading 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Padma Sachdev was born in purmandal, Jammu in 1940. She was the eldest of three children of a Sanskrit scholar, professor Jai Dev Badu, who was later killed during the partition of India in 1947. She first married famous Dogri poet Vedpal Deep and later married singer Surinder Singh of the musical duo `` Singh Bandhu '' in 1966. She lives in New Delhi. Career ( edit ) Sachdev worked in All India Radio, Jammu as an announcer since 1961. Here she met Surinder Singh, Hindustani vocalist of the Singh Bandhu musical duo, who was a duty officer at the time. In the following years, she also worked with All India Radio, Mumbai. Some of her books are Tavi Te Chanhan ( Rivers Tawi and Chenab, 1976 ), Nheriyan Galiyan ( Dark Lanes, 1982 ), Pota Pota Nimbal ( Fingertipful Cloudless Sky, 1987 ), Uttar Vahini ( 1992 ) and Tainthian ( 1992 ). She wrote the lyrics of the song ' Mera chhota sa ghar baar ' from the 1973 Hindi film by Ved Rahi `` Prem Parbat '' which had music by Jaidev. Thereafter, she wrote the lyrics of two songs of the 1978 Hindi film `` Aankhin Dekhi '', which had music by J.P. Kaushik including the famous duet `` Sona re, tujhe kaise miloo '' sung by Mohd Rafi and Sulakshana Pandit. She also wrote the lyrics along with Yogesh for the 1979 Hindi film `` Saahas '', which had music by Ameen Sangeet. Awards ( edit ) Dinu Bhai Pant Life Time Achievement Award, 2017 by D.B. Pant Memorial Trust, Jammu, J&K Krutitava Smagra Samman, 2015 by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, West Bengal Saraswati Samman, 2015 for her autobiography `` Chitt - Chete '' in Dogri language Padma Shri Award. 2001 Sahitya Akademi Award 1971 Kabir Samman for poetry. 2007 - 08 Bibliography ( edit ) Naushin. Kitabghar, 1995. Main Kahti Hun Ankhin Dekhi ( Travelogue ). Bharatiya Gyanpith, 1995. * Bhatko nahin Dhananjay. Bharatiya Gyanpith, 1999. ISBN 8126301309. Amrai. Rajkamal Prakashan, 2000. ISBN 8171787649. Jammu Jo Kabhi Sahara Tha ( Novel ). Bharatiya Jnanapith, 2003. ISBN 8126308869. Phira kyā huā?, with Jnaneśvara, and Partha Senagupta. National Book Trust, 2007. ISBN 8123750420. Translations Where Has My Gulla Gone ( Anthology ). Prabhat Prakashan, 2009. ISBN 8188322415. A Drop in the Ocean : An Autobiography. tr. by Uma Vasudev, Jyotsna Singh. National Book Trust, India, 2011. ISBN 8123761775. See also ( edit ) List of Indian writers List of Indian poets References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George, p. 522 ^ Jump up to : Mathur, p. 182 Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Akademi Award ''. Official website. Retrieved Feb 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 -- 2009 ) '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Home Affairs. Jump up ^ `` Rashtriya Mahatma Gandhi Award to be given to Seva Bharti ''. August 10, 2008. Retrieved Feb 26, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Song of the Singhs ''. The Hindu. May 6, 2004. Retrieved Feb 26, 2013. Further reading ( edit ) K.M. George ; Sahitya Akademi ( 1992 ). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology : Plays and prose. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8172013248. Shiv Nath ( 1997 ). 2 Decades of Dogri Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 19. ISBN 8126003936. Divya Mathur ( 2003 ). `` Padma Sachdev : Introduction ''. Aashaa : Short Stories by Indian Women Writers : Translated from Hindi and Other Indian Languages. Star Publications. ISBN 8176500755. Template : Url = https://www.google.co.in/?gfe rd = cr&ei = Kx4OV62XG - qK8Qez6oFI&gws rd = ssl External links ( edit ) Mother of Modern Dogri Poetry : A Literary Profile of Padma Sachdev VIAF : 116677537 LCCN : n84108982 ISNI : 0000 0000 8185 6134 GND : 1022634445 SUDOC : 094202230 BNF : cb131891883 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padma_Sachdev&oldid=804107088 '' Categories : 1940 births Living people People from Jammu ( city ) 20th - century Indian poets 20th - century Indian novelists Dogri language Hindi - language writers Indian women novelists Indian autobiographers Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi Indian women poets Indian women autobiographers Writers from Jammu and Kashmir Women writers from Jammu and Kashmir 20th - century Indian women writers 20th - century Indian writers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 19 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Padma Sachdev", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Padma_Sachdev&amp;oldid=804107088" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Padma Sachdev - wikipedia Padma Sachdev Jump to : navigation, search Padma Sachdev 1940 ( age 76 -- 77 ) purmandal Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India Occupation poet, writer Language Dogri language Nationality Indian Spouse First Vedpal Deep and later Surinder Singh ( 1966 - present ) Padma Sachdev ( born 1940 ) is an Indian poet and novelist. She is the first modern woman poet of the Dogri language. She also writes in Hindi. She has published several poetry collections, including Meri Kavita Mere Geet ( My Poems, My Songs ), which won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971. She has also received the Padma Shri, India 's fourth highest civilian award in 2001, and the Kabir Samman for poetry for the year 2007 - 08 given by Government of Madhya Pradesh. Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6" ], "id": [ "17114282770891206040" ], "short_answers": [ "Padma Sachdev" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "It is Well with my soul - wikipedia It is Well with my soul Jump to : navigation, search `` It Is Well '' redirects here. For the Kutless album, see It Is Well ( album ). `` It Is Well '' redirects here. For Hillsong Song, see It Is Well With My Soul ( Hillsong song ). ( Original lyrics ) When peace like a river, attendeth my way, When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to know It is well, it is well, with my soul. Refrain : It is well, ( it is well ), With my soul, ( with my soul ) It is well, it is well, with my soul. Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come, Let this blest assurance control, That Christ has regarded my helpless estate, And hath shed His own blood for my soul. My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought! My sin, not in part but the whole, Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more, Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul! For me, be it Christ, be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll, No pang shall be mine, for in death as in life, Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul. But Lord, ' tis for Thee, for Thy coming we wait, The sky, not the grave, is our goal ; Oh, trump of the angel! Oh, voice of the Lord! Blessed hope, blessed rest of my soul. And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight, The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend, A song in the night, oh my soul! `` know '' ( at the end of the third line ) was changed to `` say ''. `` A song in the night, oh my soul '' ( last line ) was changed to `` Even so, it is well with my soul ''. `` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ), it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model, appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Notable performances 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) This hymn was written after traumatic events in Spafford 's life. The first was the death of his son at the age of 2 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, which ruined him financially ( he had been a successful lawyer and had invested significantly in property in the area of Chicago that was extensively damaged by the great fire ). His business interests were further hit by the economic downturn of 1873, at which time he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the SS Ville du Havre. In a late change of plan, he sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business concerning zoning problems following the Great Chicago Fire. While crossing the Atlantic, the ship sank rapidly after a collision with a sea vessel, the Loch Earn, and all four of Spafford 's daughters died. His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram, `` Saved alone... ''. Shortly afterwards, as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife, he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died. Bliss called his tune Ville du Havre, from the name of the stricken vessel. The Spaffords later had three more children. On February 11, 1880, their son, Horatio Goertner Spafford, died at the age of four, of scarlet fever. Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24, 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18, 1881 ). Their Presbyterian church regarded their tragedy as divine punishment. In response, the Spaffords formed their own Messianic sect, dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by American press. In 1881, the Spaffords, including baby Bertha and newborn Grace, set sail for Ottoman - Turkish Palestine. The Spaffords settled in Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony. Colony members, later joined by Swedish Christians, engaged in philanthropic work among the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim, Jewish, and Christian communities. During and immediately after World War I, the American Colony played a critical role in supporting these communities through the great suffering and deprivations by running soup kitchens, hospitals, orphanages and other charitable ventures. The colony later became the subject of Jerusalem by the Nobel prize - winning author, Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf. Notable performances ( edit ) The Georgia Southern University marching band Southern Pride plays the song at the end of each win. 1961 : Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Hymns at Home 1963 : Doris Akers ; Forever Faithful 1968 : Mahalia Jackson ; A Mighty Fortress 1991 : Don Moen ; Eternal God 1995 : Jennifer Holliday ; On & On 1995 : Crystal Lewis ; ( Hymns ) My Life 1999 : Audio Adrenaline ; Underdog 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul 2000 : 4Him ; Hymns : A Place of Worship 2001 : Dwight Yoakam ; South of Heaven, West of Hell 2002 : Rebecca St. James ; Worship God 2002 : Amy Grant, with a portion of the song along with `` The River 's Gonna Keep On Rolling '' ( written by Vince Gill ) on her album Legacy... Hymns and Faith 2003 : The Three Tenors ; Bath 2003 2005 : Jars of Clay ; Redemption Songs 2006 : Chris Rice ; Peace Like a River : The Hymns Project 2008 : Kristyn Getty ( YouTube ) 2009 : Kutless ; It Is Well 2011 : Hillsong Music ( Darlene Zschech ) single ( new bridge added by Reuben Morgan & Ben Fielding ) ; all proceeds from the recording go to help the Queensland Flood Relief Effort 2011 : Josh Wilson ; See You, instrumental version, finger - style guitar 2011 : Mary Mary ; Something Big 2013 : Eleventyseven ; Good Spells ( EP ) 2014 : Michael W. Smith ; Hymns 2014 : Shane & Shane ; The Worship Initiative, Vol. 4 2014 : Sebastian Demrey ; Heritage ; Hymns of our Faith 2014 : Newsboys ; Hallelujah for the Cross 2014 : Bro. Philemon featuring Morris Babyface 2015 : Kristian Stanfill from the Passion Conferences 's album Even So Come 2016 : Audrey Assad ; Inheritance 2016 : Joey + Rory ; Hymns That Are Important to Us 2017 : MercyMe sampled this song in `` Even If '' from their album Lifer 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir performed this song during their weekly broadcast of Music and the Spoken Word on June 25th. 2017 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir with Hugh Bonneville performed this song while recounting its history during its annual Christmas concert from December 15th through 17th. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History ''. Kosinski Studio. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Although the presence of a refrain makes the item technically a gospel song versus a hymn in the strict sense, it has a remarkably sustained and sonorous quality, which makes it comparable to the stateliest hymns in both Protestant and Roman Catholic hymnody. It has been prolifically translated and has demonstrated an appeal in various cultures. ^ Jump up to : `` The American Colony in Jerusalem, 1870 - 2006 ''. Retrieved May 2, 2013. Jump up ^ McCann, Forrest M. ( 1997 ). Hymns and History : An Annotated Survey of Sources. Abilene, TX : ACU Press. ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0, pp. 154, 327 - 328, 359 - 360, 520, 597. Jump up ^ Sandra Bennett ( 2012 ). `` The Beat Goes On ''. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Gettys -- It Is Well ''. YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Reuben Morgan ( 2011 ). `` Hillsong collected blog -- It Is Well ''. Retrieved January 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bro Philemon - It Is Well ft. Morris Babyface ( Official Video with lyrics ) GhanaMusic.com Video '' ( partly sung in Mandarin Chinese ), YouTube. Jump up ^ Francis Doku, `` Best Male Artiste in African Inspirational Music category for AFRIMA 2014 '', Modern Ghana, 28 September 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : It Is Well with My Soul Library of Congress item mamcol. 016 High resolution images of the restored original manuscript ( up to 22 MB ) front AND back at the Library of Congress. ( Includes an extra verse on the back, as well as notes from his prayer meetings ) SpaffordHymn.com The original Hymn manuscript The American Colony in Jerusalem ( A Library of Congress Exhibition ) McCann, Forrest Mason ( 1997 ). Hymns & History : An Annotated Survey of Sources. Abilene, Texas : ACU Press, pp. 327 -- 328, 520, 597. ISBN 0 - 89112 - 058 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&oldid=831024200 '' Categories : American Christian hymns Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018, at 08 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "It Is Well with My Soul", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&amp;oldid=831024200" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "11856995981560975558" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "2018 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship - wikipedia 2018 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Championship details Dates 12 May -- 19 August 2018 Teams 12 All - Ireland champions Winning team Limerick ( 8th win ) Captain Declan Hannon Manager John Kiely All - Ireland Finalists Losing team Galway Captain David Burke Manager Micheál Donoghue Provincial champions Munster Cork Leinster Galway Ulster Not Played Connacht Not Played Championship statistics No. matches played 27 Top Scorer Peter Duggan ( 3 - 76 ) All - Star Team See here ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 131st staging of the All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. It is the first tier of senior inter-county championship hurling. The championship began on 12 May 2018 and ended on 19 August 2018. The draw for the championship round - robin fixtures was held off camera on 19 October 2017 and announced on the championship draw broadcast on RTÉ2. The Championship was won by Limerick, who were crowned champions after overcoming Galway in the final by a score line of 3 -- 16 to 2 - 18. Limerick 's victory was their eighth All - Ireland title and first since 1973. The 2018 Championship has been described by many as one of the best ever. The 2018 championship saw the biggest change in format since the introduction of the qualifiers in 2002. Contents 1 New 2018 Format 2 Teams 2.1 Teams and venues 2.2 Personnel and colours 3 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship 3.1 Leinster group table 3.2 Leinster rounds 1 to 5 3.2. 1 Leinster Round 1 3.2. 2 Leinster Round 2 3.2. 3 Leinster Round 3 3.2. 4 Leinster Round 4 3.2. 5 Leinster Round 5 3.3 Leinster final 3.4 Leinster final replay 4 Munster Senior Hurling Championship 4.1 Munster group table 4.2 Munster rounds 1 to 5 4.2. 1 Munster Round 1 4.2. 2 Munster Round 2 4.2. 3 Munster Round 3 4.2. 4 Munster Round 4 4.2. 5 Munster Round 5 4.3 Munster final 5 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup 6 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 6.1 Bracket 6.2 All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals 6.3 All - Ireland quarter - finals 6.4 All - Ireland semi-finals 6.5 All - Ireland final 7 Championship statistics 7.1 Top scorers overall 7.2 Top scorers in a single game 7.3 Scoring Events 8 Miscellaneous 9 Live Hurling on TV 10 Awards 11 Footnotes 12 References New 2018 format ( edit ) A new provincial hurling championship featuring five - team round - robin groups in both Leinster and Munster and the new Joe McDonagh Cup was introduced in 2018 for an initial three - year period. The proposal was carried by a narrow margin with 62 % voting in favour ( a majority of at least 60 % was required ) at the GAA 's Special Congress on 30 September 2017. The top two teams in each provincial group contest the provincial final, with the provincial winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losing provincial finalists advancing to the two quarter - finals. An amendment to the motion from Laois, Offaly and Meath was carried by 87 %. The third - placed teams in Leinster and Munster compete in All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals against the two Joe McDonagh Cup finalists with the Joe McDonagh Cup teams having home advantage. If a non-Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup, the bottom team in the Leinster championship will be relegated to next year 's Joe McDonagh Cup and will be replaced in next year 's Leinster championship by the Joe McDonagh Cup winners. If a Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup, they will play off against the team who finished bottom in the Munster championship for the right to play in next year 's Munster championship, thereby ensuring that only teams based in the province of Munster compete in the Munster championship. The restructure of hurling involved the reduction of the Leinster championship from nine teams to five. The Joe McDonagh Cup was created, consisting of the four counties from the 2017 Leinster qualifier group plus Antrim and Carlow, the 2017 Christy Ring finalists. Teams ( edit ) A total of twelve teams compete in the championship -- five in the Leinster championship, five in the Munster championship, and the top two teams from the Joe McDonagh Cup who enter at the preliminary quarter - final stage. Teams and venues ( edit ) Each team has a nominal home stadium for the round - robin series of the provincial championships. However, Waterford will not play their `` home '' games at Walsh Park, instead playing in neutral venues for these fixtures, namely Limerick 's Gaelic Grounds and Semple Stadium in Thurles. In the knockout stage, teams from the provincial round - robin series will not have home advantage, if avoidable. The only teams to play knockout games at home are the two Joe McDonagh Cup finalists, who had home advantage in the preliminary quarter - finals. The Munster final was held at a neutral venue which was decided based on the qualifying teams, while the locations of the two quarter - finals were decided based on similar considerations. The Leinster final, and the semi-finals and final of the All - Ireland series are held in the 82,300 - capacity Croke Park in Dublin, headquarters of the GAA. Team Location Stadium Capacity From the Leinster Championship Dublin Donnycarney Parnell Park 7004134990000000000 ♠ 13,499 Galway Galway Pearse Stadium 7004261970000000000 ♠ 26,197 Kilkenny Kilkenny Nowlan Park 7004278000000000000 ♠ 27,800 Offaly Tullamore O'Connor Park 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Wexford Wexford Wexford Park 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 From the Munster Championship Clare Ennis Cusack Park 7004190000000000000 ♠ 19,000 Cork Cork Páirc Uí Chaoimh 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 Limerick Limerick Gaelic Grounds 7004498860000000000 ♠ 49,886 Tipperary Thurles Semple Stadium 7004530000000000000 ♠ 53,000 Waterford Waterford Walsh Park 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 From the Joe McDonagh Cup Carlow Carlow Dr. Cullen Park 7004210000000000000 ♠ 21,000 Westmeath Mullingar Cusack Park 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 Personnel and colours ( edit ) Team Colours Main Sponsor Captain ( s ) Manager ( s ) Most recent success All - Ireland Provincial League Clare Pat O'Donnell Patrick O'Connor Donal Moloney Gerry O'Connor 2013 1998 2016 Cork Chill Insurance Séamus Harnedy John Meyler 2005 2017 1998 Dublin AIG Liam Rushe Pat Gilroy 1938 2013 2011 Galway Supermac 's David Burke Micheal Donoghue 2017 2017 2017 Kilkenny Glanbia Cillian Buckley Brian Cody 2015 2016 2018 Limerick Sporting Limerick Declan Hannon John Kiely 2018 2013 1997 Offaly Carroll Cuisine David King Kevin Martin 1998 1995 1990 -- 91 Tipperary Intersport / Elverys Pádraic Maher Michael Ryan 2016 2016 2008 Waterford TQS Integration Derek McGrath 1959 2015 Wexford Gain Lee Chin Matthew O'Hanlon Davy Fitzgerald 1972 -- 73 Leinster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Leinster Senior Hurling Championship Leinster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Galway 0 0 7 - 89 ( 110 ) 6 - 62 ( 80 ) + 30 8 Kilkenny 0 5 - 76 ( 91 ) 6 - 69 ( 87 ) + 4 6 Wexford 0 6 - 81 ( 99 ) 5 - 68 ( 83 ) + 16 Dublin 0 9 - 73 ( 100 ) 1 - 85 ( 88 ) + 12 5 Offaly 0 0 5 - 50 ( 65 ) 14 - 85 ( 127 ) -- 62 0 Green background The top two teams contest the Leinster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter - finals. Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals. Red background As the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup was won by Carlow ( a Leinster county ), the bottom team in the Leinster group, Offaly, are relegated to the 2019 Joe McDonagh Cup. Leinster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Leinster Round 1 ( edit ) Offaly v Galway 12 May 2018 Round 1 Offaly 2 - 15 ( 21 ) -- ( 33 ) 5 - 18 Galway show Tullamore 19 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 7 -- 2 - 9 ) Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : S Dooley 1, J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 9 ( 8f ), D King 2, J Bergin 1, D Currams 1, E Cahill 1 ( f ), S Kinsella 1 Report Gls : B Concannon 2, J Cooney 1, C Whelan 1, J Flynn 1 Pts : J Canning 8 ( 6f, 1 ' 65 ' ), J Cooney 4, C Cooney 2, B Concannon 1, C Whelan 1, C Mannion 1, S Loftus 1 Referee : Johnny Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 8,330 Dublin v Kilkenny 13 May 2018 Round 1 Dublin 3 - 16 ( 25 ) -- ( 27 ) 1 - 24 Kilkenny show Dublin 14 : 00 ( HT : 2 - 7 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1, F Whitely 1, J Malone 1 Pts : P Ryan 6 ( 5f ), C Keaney 4, P Winters 3 ( 2f ), T Connolly 1, C Crummey 1, F MacGibb 1 Report Gls : L Blanchfield 1 Pts : TJ Reid 12 ( 9f, 2 ' 65 ' ), E Murphy 4 ( 4f ), C Fennelly 3, J Maher 2, W Walsh 2, J Donnelly 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) TV : RTÉ Leinster Round 2 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Offaly 20 May 2018 Round 2 Kilkenny 2 - 19 ( 25 ) -- ( 16 ) 1 - 13 Offaly show Kilkenny 15 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 7 ) Venue : Nowlan Park Gls : L Blanchfield 1, TJ Reid 1 Pts : TJ Reid 5 ( 4f ), L Scanlon 4, L Blanchfield 2, J Donnelly 2, M Keoghan 2, C Fennelly 2, R Leahy 1, E Murphy 1 ( f ) Report Gls : J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 4f ), J Bergin 3, S Kinsella 2, O Kelly 1, C Egan 1, P Camon 1 Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 6,996 Wexford v Dublin 20 May 2018 Round 2 Wexford 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Dublin show Wexford 15 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 10 -- 1 - 6 ) Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 11f ), L Chin 2, P Foley 2 ( 1f ), D O'Keeffe 1, K Foley 1, A Nolan 1, J O'Connor 1, P Morris 1, H Kehoe 1 Report Gls : P Ryan 1, R McBride 1 Pts : P Ryan 7 ( 6f, 1 ' 65 ' ), R McBride 1, J Malone 1, P Smyth 1, C Boland 1, L Rushe 1, D Sutcliffe 1, D Treacy 1 Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 10,248 Leinster Round 3 ( edit ) Offaly v Wexford 26 May 2018 Round 3 Offaly 2 - 9 ( 15 ) -- ( 39 ) 5 - 24 Wexford show Tullamore 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 6 -- 3 - 12 ) Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : O Kelly 1, S Dooley 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 5f ), O Kelly 1, J Bergin 1, K Dunne 1, T Geraghty 1 Report Gls : M Fanning 1 ( pen ), A Nolan 1, J O'Connor 1, L Chin 1, C McDonald 1 Pts : R O'Connor 7 ( 5f ), L Chin 4 ( 4f ), H Kehoe 3 ( 2f ), J O'Connor 3, P Morris 2, D Reck 1, D O'Keeffe 1, K Foley 1, A Nolan 1, C McDonald 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 6,186 Galway v Kilkenny 27 May 2018 Round 3 Galway 1 - 22 ( 25 ) -- ( 17 ) 2 - 11 Kilkenny show Salthill 16 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 9 -- 1 - 5 ) Venue : Pearse Stadium Gls : J Canning 1 ( pen ) Pts : J Canning 12 ( 7f, 1 ' 65 ' ), C Cooney 4, C Mannion 2, B Concannon 1, David Burke 1, J Flynn 1, N Burke 1 Report Gls : TJ Reid 1 ( pen ), W Walsh 1 Pts : TJ Reid 9 ( 8f, 1 ' 65 ' ), W Walsh 1, L Scanlon 1 Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 18,775 TV : RTÉ Leinster Round 4 ( edit ) Wexford v Galway 2 June 2018 Round 4 Wexford 0 - 17 ( 17 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Galway show Wexford 17 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 9 -- 1 - 12 ) Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 10f ), A Nolan 2, P Morris 2, P Foley 1 Report Gls : C Whelan 1 Pts : J Canning 12 ( 8f, 2 sl ), C Cooney 4, D Burke 2, C Whelan 2, J Cooney 1, J Flynn 1 ( 1f ), N Burke 1 Referee : Johnny Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 14,500 TV : Sky Sports Dublin v Offaly 3 June 2018 Round 4 Dublin 2 - 24 ( 30 ) -- ( 13 ) 0 - 13 Offaly show Dublin 15 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 5 ) Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1, F Whitley 1 Pts : P Ryan 5 ( 4f ), S Barrett 4, C Cummey 4, L Rushe 2, J Malone 2, C Keaney 2, C Boland 2, F Whitley 1, F McGibb 1, R McBride 1 Report Pts : J Bergin 4 ( 4f ), D Currams 2, P Murphy 2, S Dooley 2 ( 2f ), J Gorman 1, E Cahill 1, K Dunne 1 Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 6,000 Leinster Round 5 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Wexford 9 June 2018 Round 5 Kilkenny 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 21 ) 1 - 18 Wexford show Kilkenny 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 7 -- 1 - 11 ) Venue : Nowlan Park Pts : TJ Reid 11 ( 9f, 1 ' 65 ' ), J Donnelly 2, R Leahy 2, W Walsh 1, J Holden 1, E Morrissey 1, P Walsh 1, C Fogarty 1, J Maher 1, E Murphy 1 ( f ) Report Gls : P Morris 1 Pts : R O'Connor 5 ( 2f ), P Foley 5 ( 4f ), L Chin 3, C McDonald 2, K Foley 1, D O'Keeffe 1, P Morris 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 17,516 TV : Sky Sports Galway v Dublin 9 June 2018 Round 5 Galway 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 25 ) 2 - 19 Dublin show Salthill 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 16 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Pearse Stadium Pts : J Flynn 11 ( 9f ), J Cooney 3, C Whelan 3, P Mannion 3, C Cooney 2, David Burke 2, S Loftus 1, C Mannion 1 Report Gls : P Winter 2 Pts : D Treacy 4 ( 3f ), R McBride 4 ( 1 sl ), P Ryan 3 ( 3f ), A Nolan 2 ( 2f ), D Sutcliffe 1, J Malone 1, S Moran 1, J Madden 1, C Boland 1, P Winters 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) Attendance : 9,957 Leinster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter - finals. Main article : 2018 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship Final Galway v Kilkenny RTÉ 1 July 2018 16 : 00 Leinster Final Report Galway 0 - 18 ( 18 ) -- ( 18 ) 0 - 18 Kilkenny ( HT : 0 - 7 -- 0 - 8 ) Pts : J Canning 6, N Burke 4, C Whelan 3, C Mannion 3, C Cooney 1, J Cooney 1 Pts : TJ Reid 10, B Ryan 2, E Murphy 1 ( f ), E Morrissey 1, J Maher 1, G Aylward 1, J Donnelly 1, W Walsh 1 Croke Park, Dublin Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 40,703 Leinster final replay ( edit ) Galway v Kilkenny RTÉ 8 July 2018 15 : 00 Leinster Final Replay Report Galway 1 - 28 ( 31 ) -- ( 24 ) 3 - 15 Kilkenny ( HT : 1 - 16 -- 1 - 7 ) Gls : J Glynn 1 Pts : J Canning 10 ( 6f ), C Mannion 6, C Whelan 4, N Burke 2, A Harte 2, J Cooney 1, J Glynn 1, C Cooney 1, J Flynn 1 Gls : G Aylward 1, R Hogan 1, C Fennelly 1 Pts : TJ Reid 9 ( 6f, 1 ' 65 ' ), J Holden 1, C Fogarty 1, J Maher 1, J Donnelly 1, R Hogan 1, C Fennelly 1 Semple Stadium, Thurles Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 25,102 Munster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Munster Senior Hurling Championship Munster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Cork 0 5 - 94 ( 109 ) 4 - 89 ( 101 ) + 8 6 Clare 0 4 - 97 ( 109 ) 5 - 77 ( 92 ) + 17 6 Limerick 3 - 92 ( 101 ) 4 - 81 ( 93 ) + 8 5 Tipperary 0 7 - 77 ( 98 ) 5 - 91 ( 106 ) -- 8 5 Waterford 0 6 - 76 ( 94 ) 7 - 98 ( 119 ) -- 25 Green background The top two teams contest the Munster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter - finals. Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals. As the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup was won by Carlow ( a Leinster county ), there was no relegation / promotion play - off between the bottom team in the Munster group and the Joe McDonagh Cup winners for the right to compete in next year 's Munster championship. Cork are ranked ahead of Clare as they won the head - to - head game between the teams. Munster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Munster Round 1 ( edit ) Limerick v Tipperary 20 May 2018 Round 1 Limerick 1 - 23 ( 26 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Tipperary show Limerick 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 12 -- 1 - 10 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : B Murphy 1 Pts : A Gillane 8 ( 6f ), G Mulcahy 4, D Byrnes 3 ( 2 ' 65 ', 1f ), C Lynch 2, G Hegarty 2, T Morrissey 2, D O'Donovan 1, S Flanagan 1 Report Gls : D McCormack 1, J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 9 ( 9f ), N McGrath 2, J McGrath 2, J O'Dwyer 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 20,403 TV : RTÉ Cork v Clare 20 May 2018 Round 1 Cork 2 - 23 ( 29 ) -- ( 24 ) 1 - 21 Clare show Cork 16 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 11 -- 0 - 10 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : C Lehane 1, S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 10 ( 6f ), D Fitzgibbon 3, C Lehane 2, S Harnedy 2, M Ellis 2, M Coleman 1, B Cooper 1, R O'Flynn 1, D Brosnan 1 Report Gls : T Kelly 1 Pts : J Conlon 5, P Duggan 4 ( 4f ), C Galvin 3, D Reidy 3 ( 2f ), T Kelly 3 ( 1f ), S O'Donnell 2, C McGrath 1 Referee : Sean Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 24,490 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 2 ( edit ) Tipperary v Cork 27 May 2018 Round 2 Tipperary 2 - 20 ( 26 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles 14 : 00 Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : J Forde 1, N McGrath 1 Pts : J Forde 6 ( 4f, 2 ' 65 ' ), J McGrath 5, N McGrath 3, B Maher 1, S Callanan 1, Patrick Maher 1, B McCarthy 1, J O'Dwyer 1, J Morris 1 Report Gls : S Kingston 1 Pts : S Kingston 5, P Horgan 5 ( 3f ), S Harnedy 5, D Kearney 4, B Cooper 2, C Lehane 2 Referee : James Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 22,456 TV : RTÉ Clare v Waterford 27 May 2018 Round 2 Clare 2 - 27 ( 33 ) -- ( 24 ) 2 - 18 Waterford show Ennis 15 : 30 Venue : Cusack Park Gls : P Duggan 1 ( pen ), J Conlon 1 Pts : P Duggan 10 ( 9f, 1 ' 65 ' ), T Kelly 6, J Conlon 3, J Shanahan 2, C Galvin 2, D Fitzgerald 1, C McGrath 1, S O'Donnell 1, D Reidy 1 Report Gls : M Shanahan 1, T Ryan 1 Pts : M Shanahan 6 ( 6f ), Stephen Bennett 2, Jake Dillon 2, T de Burca 1, C Gleeson 1, Philip Mahony 1, T Devine 1, K Moran 1, J Barron 1, DJ Foran 1, T Ryan 1 Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 13,736 Munster Round 3 ( edit ) Cork v Limerick 2 June 2018 Round 3 Cork 1 - 25 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 0 - 28 Limerick show Cork 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 14 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : P Horgan 1 Pts : P Horgan 11 ( 8f, 3 ' 65 ' ), D Fitzgibbon 4, C Lehane 3, D Kearney 2, S Kingston 2, L Meade 1, M Coleman 1, C Spillane 1 Report Pts : T Morrissey 8 ( 5f ), S Flanagan 6, C Lynch 3, D O'Donovan 2, G Mulcahy 2, D Byrnes 2 ( 2f ), K Hayes 2, G Hegarty 1, D Morrissey 1, A Gillane 1 Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 34,607 TV : Sky Sports Waterford v Tipperary 3 June 2018 Round 3 Waterford 2 - 22 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 2 - 22 Tipperary show Limerick 16 : 00 ( HT : 2 - 12 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : Pauric Mahony 1, T Devine 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 5f ), J Barron 3, DJ Foran 3, T Devine 2, Philip Mahony 1, S Bennett 1, P Curran 1, T Ryan 1, J Dillon 1 Report Gls : J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 14 ( 11f ), R Maher 3, S Callanan 2, J McGrath 2, B McCarthy 1, N McGrath 1, J O'Dwyer 1 P Maher 1, C Barrett 1 Referee : Alan Kelly ( Galway ) Attendance : 10,237 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 4 ( edit ) Limerick v Waterford 10 June 2018 Round 4 Limerick 2 - 26 ( 32 ) -- ( 19 ) 1 - 16 Waterford show Limerick ( HT : 2 - 14 -- 0 - 7 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : G Hegarty 1, G Mulcahy 1 Pts : S Dowling 15 ( 13f ), C Lynch 3, T Morrissey 2, K Hayes 2, G Hegarty 1, S Flanagan 1, D O'Donovan 1, D Dempsey 1 Report Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 10 ( 9f ), DJ Foran 1, S Bennett 1, T Devine 1, M Shanahan 1, M Kearney 1, S O'Keeffe 1 Referee : Seán Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 23,194 Tipperary v Clare 10 June 2018 Round 4 Tipperary 1 - 21 ( 24 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Clare show Thurles ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : B McCarthy 1 Pts : J Forde 10 ( 8f, 1 ' 65 ' ), J McGrath 3, S Callanan 2, N McGrath 2, R Maher 1, C Barrett 1, Pádraic Maher 1, Patrick Maher 1 Report Gls : I Galvin 1 Pts : P Duggan 15 ( 13f ), P Collins 3, T Kelly 2, J Conlon 2, J Browne 1 Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 20,782 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 5 ( edit ) Clare v Limerick 17 June 2018 Round 5 Clare 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 15 ) 0 - 15 Limerick show Ennis ( HT : 0 - 13 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Cusack Park Pts : P Duggan 13 ( 10f, 1 ' 65 ' ), T Kelly 5 ( 1 ' 65 ' ), J Conlon 4, D Fitzgerald 2, J Shanahan 1, C Galvin 1 Report Pts : S Dowling 4 ( 4f ), T Morrissey 3, K Hayes 1, D O'Donovan 1 ( sl ), C Lynch 1, D Byrnes 1, G Hegarty 1, D Morrissey 1, S Flanagan 1, A Gillane 1 Referee : James Owens ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 18,803 TV : RTÉ Waterford v Cork 17 June 2018 Round 5 Waterford 1 - 20 ( 23 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 4f, 1 ' 65 ' ), T Ryan 3, B O'Halloran 2, J Dillon 2, T Devine 1, J Barron 1, A Gleeson 1, DJ Foran 1, M Shanahan 1 Report Gls : S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 5 ( 2f, 1 ' 65 ' ), S Harnedy 3, B Cooper 4, C Lehane 3, M Coleman 2 ( 1 sl ), S Kingston 2, D Kearney 2, D Fitzgibbon 1, C Joyce 1 Referee : John Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 14,737 Munster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter - finals. Main article : 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final Cork v Clare RTÉ 1 July 2018 14 : 00 Munster Final Report Cork 2 - 24 ( 30 ) -- ( 28 ) 3 - 19 Clare ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 2 - 11 ) Gls : S Harnedy 1, L Meade 1 Pts : P Horgan 11 ( 6f, 1 ' 65 ' ), S Harnedy 4, M Coleman 2 ( 1 sl ), D Fitzgibbon 2, D Kearney 2, C Lehane 1, L Meade 1, B Cooper 1 Gls : P Duggan 1, D Reidy 1, I Galvin 1 Pts : P Duggan 7 ( 6f ), J Conlon 5, D Reidy 2, P Collins 2, C McGrath 1, T Kelly 1, C Galvin 1 Semple Stadium, Thurles Referee : J McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 45,364 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup The inaugural Joe McDonagh Cup, the second tier of senior inter-county championship hurling, was contested by Antrim, Carlow, Kerry, Laois, Meath and Westmeath. Each team played all the other teams once in a round - robin format, with the top two teams progressing to the Joe McDonagh Cup final and also advancing to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals, where they played the teams that finished third in the Leinster and Munster championships. Westmeath confirmed their place in the Joe McDonagh Cup final on 2 June 2018 after winning their first four matches, with Carlow confirming their place on 9 June after beating Westmeath. Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Carlow ( Q ) 5 0 122 102 20 8 Westmeath ( Q ) 5 0 130 115 15 8 Kerry 5 0 105 97 8 6 Laois 5 0 118 123 - 5 5 Antrim 5 0 130 116 14 6 Meath 5 0 0 5 94 146 - 52 0 Final The top two teams at the end of the round - robin, Westmeath and Carlow, faced each other in the final on 1 July 2018. The game, which took place in Croke Park, saw Carlow emerge victorious by a margin of five points to claim the inaugural Joe McDonagh Cup title. Westmeath v Carlow 1 July 2018 13 : 45 Joe McDonagh Cup Final Report Westmeath 1 - 24 ( 27 ) -- ( 32 ) 2 - 26 Carlow ( HT : 0 - 13 -- 1 - 12 ) Gls : N O'Brien 1 Pts : A Devine 8 ( 8f ), E Price 6, A Clarke 3, R Greville 2, D McNicholas 2 ( 1f ), N O'Brien 1, D Clinton 1, N Mitchell 1 Gls : J Doyle 1, C Nolan 1 Pts : D Murphy 10 ( 9f, 1 ' 65 ' ), C Nolan 4, P Coady 4, JM Nolan 3, E Byrne 2, J Doyle 1, K McDonald 1, D Byrne 1 Croke Park, Dublin Referee : Cathal McAllister ( Cork ) As a Leinster county, Carlow were automatically promoted to the Leinster championship for 2019, taking the place of Offaly. All - Ireland Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Bracket ( edit ) Preliminary Quarter - Finals Quarter - Finals Semi-Finals All - Ireland Final Clare 0 - 27 Westmeath 0 - 16 Wexford 1 - 17 Wexford 2 - 21 Clare ( R ) 1 - 30 2 - 13 Galway ( R ) 1 - 30 1 - 17 Galway 2 - 18 Limerick 3 - 16 Cork 2 - 31 Limerick 5 - 22 Limerick 3 - 32 Carlow 0 - 13 Limerick 0 - 27 Kilkenny 1 - 22 All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals ( edit ) The preliminary quarter - finals saw the third - placed teams from the two provincial round - robins play the two teams who competed in the Joe McDonagh Cup Final, with the two finalists having home advantage. Joe McDonagh champions Carlow faced third - placed Munster team Limerick in Dr Cullen Park, while runners - up Westmeath met Wexford, the third - place finished from Leinster, in Mullingar 's Cusack Park. Carlow v Limerick 7 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Carlow 0 - 13 ( 13 ) -- ( 37 ) 5 - 22 Limerick show Carlow 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 4 -- 3 - 9 ) Venue : Dr Cullen Park Pts : D Murphy 4 ( 3f, 1 ' 65 ' ), P Abbey 2, JM Nolan 2, J Kavanagh 1, D Byrne 1, E Byrne 1, C Nolan 1, S Murphy 1 Report Gls : D Byrnes 1, K Hayes 1, A Gillane 1, G Mulcahy 1, P Casey 1 Pts : A Gillane 6 ( 2f ), T Morrissey 5, P Casey 3, G Hegarty 2, D Byrnes 1 ( 1 ' 65 ' ), C Lynch 1, S Flanagan 1, G Mulcahy 1, B Nash 1, D O'Donovan 1 Referee : John Keenan ( Wicklow ) Westmeath v Wexford 7 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Westmeath 0 - 16 ( 16 ) -- ( 27 ) 2 - 21 Wexford show Mullingar 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 8 -- 1 - 12 ) Venue : Cusack Park Pts : A Devine 8 ( 7f ), A Clarke 2, E Price 2, D McNicholas 1, C Doyle 1, C Boyle 1, J Boyle 1 Report Gls : D Dunne 1, C McDonald 1 Pts : L Chin 7 ( 6f, 1 ' 65 ' ), A Nolan 4, H Kehoe 2, L Ryan 1, D O'Keefe 1, S Murphy 1, J O'Connor 1, P Morris 1, D Dunne 1, C McDonald 1, S Tompkins 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) All - Ireland quarter - finals ( edit ) The two quarter - finals saw the losing provincial finalists play the winners of the two preliminary quarter - finals. As both third - place finishers from the provincial series won in the previous round, they were kept apart from the teams they had already met in the round - robin phase to prevent a repeat fixture. Munster runners - up Clare met Wexford, with beaten Leinster finalists Kilkenny facing Limerick the following day. Both games were held at neutral venues. Clare v Wexford 14 July 2018 Quarter - final Clare 0 - 27 ( 27 ) -- ( 20 ) 1 - 17 Wexford show Cork 15 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 16 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Pts : P Duggan 7 ( 5f ), T Kelly 5, S O'Donnell 4, J Conlon 3, D Reidy 2, P Collins 2, S Morey 1, C Malone 1, C McGrath 1, I Galvin 1 Report Gls : C McDonald 1 Pts : R O'Connor 10 ( 9f ), C McDonald 3, D Reck 1, S Murphy 1, L Chin 1, D O'Keeffe 1 Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 10,255 TV : RTÉ Kilkenny v Limerick 15 July 2018 Quarter - final Kilkenny 1 - 22 ( 25 ) -- ( 27 ) 0 - 27 Limerick show Thurles 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 12 -- 0 - 15 ) Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : R Hogan 1 Pts : TJ Reid 7 ( 5f ) ( 1 65 ), R Leahy 4, R Hogan 3, J Maher 3, C Fennelly 2, C Fogarty 1, L Blanchfield 1, J Donnolly 1 Report Pts : A Gillane 5 ( 2f ), T Morrissey 4, K Hayes 3, G Mulcahy 3, D O'Donnovan 3 ( 1 sl ), G Hegarty 3, P Casey 2, S Flanagan 1, D Byrnes 1, D Hannon 1, S Dowling 1 Referee : J McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 18,596 TV : RTÉ All - Ireland semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals will take place in Croke Park across the last weekend of July, with the Leinster ( Galway ) and Munster champions ( Cork ) playing the winners of the two quarter - finals -- Clare and Limerick respectively. Galway v Clare RTÉ Sky Sports 28 July 2018 17 : 00 Semi-final Report Galway 1 - 30 ( 33 ) -- ( 33 ) 1 - 30 ( a.e.t. ) Clare ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 9 ) ( FT : 1 - 23 -- 0 - 26 ) Gls : C Cooney 1 Pts : J Canning 12 ( 6f, 2 sl ), C Mannion 4, David Burke 3, C Whelan 3, J Flynn 3 ( 1f ), J Coen 2, C Cooney 1, J Glynn 1, N Burke 1 Gls : A Shanagher 1 Pts : P Duggan 14 ( 11f ), J Conlon 4, S O'Donnell 3, T Kelly 3 ( 1 sl ), I Galvin 2, D Fitzgerald 1, D Reidy 1, J McCarthy 1, C Galvin 1 Croke Park, Dublin Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 54,191 Cork v Limerick RTÉ Sky Sports 29 July 2018 15 : 30 Semi-final Report Cork 2 - 31 ( 37 ) -- ( 41 ) 3 - 32 ( a.e.t. ) Limerick ( HT : 0 - 14 -- 1 - 12 ) ( FT : 1 - 27 -- 1 - 27 ) Gls : P Horgan 1 ( 1f ), C Lehane 1 Pts : P Horgan 0 - 11 ( 9f ), D Fitzgibbon 4, C Lehane 3, D Kearney 3, S Kingston 3, S Harnedy 2, M Coleman 2 ( 1s / l ), C Joyce 1, L Meade 1, J O'Connor 1 Gls : S Dowling 1 ( 1p ), C Lynch 1, P Ryan 1 Pts : A Gillane 13 ( 7f ), S Dowling 4 ( 1f ), G Mulcahy 4, G Hegarty 3, C Lynch 1, D O'Donovan 1, D Byrnes 1 ( 1f ), S Flanagan 1, T Morrissey 1, K Hayes 1, B Nash 1, D Reidy 1 Croke Park, Dublin Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 71,073 Clare v Galway RTÉ Sky Sports 5 August 2018 14 : 00 Semi-final Replay Report Clare 2 - 13 ( 19 ) -- ( 20 ) 1 - 17 Galway ( HT : 0 - 6 -- 1 - 9 ) Gls : P Duggan 1, S O'Donnell 1 Pts : P Duggan 6 ( 6f ), I Galvin 2, T Kelly, P Collins 1, J Conlon 1, A Shanagher 1, S O'Donnell 1 Gls : J Glynn 1 Pts : J Canning 8 ( 4f, 1 sl ), C Whelan 3, N Burke 2, D Burke 2, C Mannion 1, C Cooney 1 Semple Stadium, Thurles Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 44,246 All - Ireland final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final Galway v Limerick RTÉ Sky Sports 19 August 2018 15 : 30 All - Ireland Final Report Galway 2 - 18 ( 24 ) -- ( 25 ) 3 - 16 Limerick ( HT : 0 - 9 -- 1 - 10 ) Gls : C Whelan 1, J Canning 1 ( 1f ) Pts : J Canning 10 ( 5f, 2 ' 65 ' ), D Burke 3, J Cooney 3, P Mannion 1, N Burke 1 Gls : G Mulcahy 1, T Morrissey 1, S Dowling 1 Pts : K Hayes 4, A Gillane 3 ( 1f ), G Mulcahy 2, D Hannon 2, T Morrisey 1, D O'Donovan 1, C Lynch 1, D Byrnes 1 Croke Park, Dublin Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 82,000 Championship statistics ( edit ) Top scorers overall ( edit ) Rank Player Club Tally Total Matches Average Peter Duggan Clare 3 - 76 85 8 10.60 Joe Canning Galway 2 - 78 84 8 10.50 T.J. Reid Kilkenny 2 - 63 69 7 9.85 Patrick Horgan Cork 2 - 53 61 6 10.17 5 Jason Forde Tipperary 3 - 39 48 12.00 6 Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 46 46 5 9.20 7 Aaron Gillane Limerick 1 - 37 40 7 5.71 8 Paul Ryan Dublin 3 - 21 30 7.50 9 Shane Dowling Limerick 2 - 24 30 5 6.00 10 Pauric Mahony Waterford 1 - 26 29 9.66 Top scorers in a single game ( edit ) Rank Player County Tally Total Opposition Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 14 17 Waterford Joe Canning Galway 1 - 12 15 Kilkenny Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 15 15 Tipperary Shane Dowling Limerick 0 - 15 15 Waterford 5 Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 14 14 Galway 6 Patrick Horgan Cork 1 - 11 14 Limerick 7 Joe Canning Galway 1 - 10 13 Limerick Peter Duggan Clare 1 - 10 13 Waterford Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 13 13 Limerick Aaron Gillane Limerick 0 - 13 13 Cork 11 Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 9 12 Limerick T.J. Reid Kilkenny 1 - 9 12 Galway Shane Dooley Offaly 1 - 9 12 Galway Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Dublin T.J. Reid Kilkenny 0 - 12 12 Dublin Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Galway Joe Canning Galway 0 - 12 12 Wexford Joe Canning Galway 0 - 12 12 Clare Scoring Events ( edit ) Widest winning margin : 24 points Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Carlow 0 - 13 -- 5 - 22 Limerick ( All - Ireland preliminary quarter - final ) Most goals in a match : 7 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Most points in a match : 63 Cork 2 - 31 -- 3 - 32 Limerick ( All - Ireland semi-final, after extra time ) Most goals by one team in a match : 5 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Carlow 0 - 13 -- 5 - 22 Limerick ( All - Ireland preliminary quarter - final ) Most goals by a losing team : 3 Dublin 3 - 16 -- 1 - 24 Kilkenny ( Leinster round - robin ) Cork 2 - 24 -- 3 - 19 Clare ( Munster final ) Kilkenny 3 - 15 -- 1 - 28 Galway ( Leinster final, replay ) Highest aggregate score : 78 points ( new all - time record ) Cork 2 - 31 -- 3 - 32 Limerick ( All - Ireland semi-final, after extra time ) Lowest aggregate score : 36 points Kilkenny 0 - 18 -- 0 - 18 Galway ( Leinster final, drawn match ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) The Munster round - robin game between Clare and Waterford was the first Munster Championship game to take place at Cusack Park in Ennis since 1997. The Leinster round - robin game between Galway and Kilkenny at Pearse Stadium in Salthill was Galway 's first home Leinster Championship match. It was the first provincial championship game ( excluding the Connacht championship ) to take place in County Galway since 1965. Clare 's defeat of Tipperary in the Munster round - robin game was their first victory over the team since 2003. It is also their first defeat of Tipperary in Thurles since 1928. Michael `` Brick '' Walsh of Waterford set a new record when he made his 74th championship appearance against Cork on 17 June 2018. Cork won back - to - back Munster titles for the first time since 2005 / 06. The Leinster final ended in a draw for the first time since 1993. The Leinster final was played outside Leinster for the first time. For only the second year in a row, no county from Leinster reached the All - Ireland semi-final stage, with the four spots going to Clare, Cork, Galway and Limerick. ( Galway currently play in the Leinster Championship but are geographically in Connacht. ) Limerick defeated Kilkenny in the championship for the first time since 1973. Kilkenny failed to win the All - Ireland for the third consecutive year. This is their worst titleless streak since 1994 -- 1999, when they went six years without an All - Ireland. Limerick achieve victory in the All - Ireland final for the first time since 1973. Limerick defeated Galway in the All - Ireland final for the very first time. Live hurling on tv ( edit ) RTÉ, the national broadcaster in Ireland, will provide the majority of the live television coverage of the hurling championship in the second year of a five - year deal running from 2017 until 2021. Sky Sports will also broadcast a number of matches and will have exclusive rights to some games. Live Hurling On TV Schedule Date Fixture & Match Details RTÉ Sky Sports Provincial Championships 13 May Dublin v Kilkenny Leinster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Limerick v Tipperary Munster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Cork v Clare Munster Round 1 RTÉ 27 May Tipperary v Cork Munster Round 2 RTÉ 27 May Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Round 3 RTÉ 2 June Wexford v Galway Leinster Round 4 Sky Sports 2 June Cork v Limerick Munster Round 3 Sky Sports 3 June Waterford v Tipperary Munster Round 3 RTÉ 9 June Kilkenny v Wexford Leinster Round 5 Sky Sports 10 June Tipperary v Clare Munster Round 4 RTÉ 17 June Clare v Limerick Munster Round 5 RTÉ 1 July Cork v Clare Munster Final RTÉ 1 July Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Final RTÉ All - Ireland Hurling Championship 14 July Clare v Wexford All - Ireland Quarter - Final RTÉ 15 July Kilkenny v Limerick All - Ireland Quarter - Final RTÉ 28 July Galway v Clare All - Ireland Semi-Final RTÉ Sky Sports 29 July Cork v Limerick All - Ireland Semi-Final RTÉ Sky Sports 19 August Galway v Limerick All - Ireland Final RTÉ Sky Sports Awards ( edit ) Sunday Game Team of the Year The Sunday Game team of the year was picked on 19 August, which was the night of the final. The panel consisting of Brendan Cummins, Jackie Tyrrell, Anthony Daly, Eddie Brennan, Dónal O'Grady, Ken McGrath and Cyril Farrell unanimously selected Galway 's Pádraic Mannion as the Sunday game player of the year. 1. Eoin Murphy ( Kilkenny ) 2. Sean Finn ( Limerick ) 3. Daithi Burke ( Galway ) 4. Richie English ( Limerick ) 5. Diarmaid Byrnes ( Limerick ) 6. Declan Hannon ( Limerick ) 7. Padraic Mannion ( Galway ) 8. Darragh Fitzgibbon ( Cork ) 9. Cian Lynch ( Limerick ) 10. Peter Duggan ( Clare ) 11. Joe Canning ( Galway ) 12. Tom Morrissey ( Limerick ) 13. Graeme Mulcahy ( Limerick ) 14. John Conlon ( Clare ) 15. Seamus Harnedy ( Cork ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sky Sports missed the first 22 minutes of the match because they showed extra time of Meath v Tyrone in the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship instead. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurling tiers - 1. All - Ireland ( Liam McCarthy Cup ) 2. Joe McDonagh Cup 3. Christy Ring Cup 4. Nicky Rackard Cup 5. Lory Meagher Cup Jump up ^ `` 2018 GAA Championship Draw : Recap ''. RTE Sport. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dublin v Kilkenny, Cork v Clare among the early standouts in revamped Hurling Championship draw ''. The 42. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Limerick hang on against Galway to end 45 years of pain ''. RTE Sport. 19 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` New green wave ends 45 years of heartache for Limerick ''. Irish Examiner. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ranking the top ten hurling games of 2018 ''. SKY Sports. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Hurling 's giddy summer : The Revolution Years mark II ''. RTE Sport. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Jamesie O'Connor : A summer of great memories and even greater champions ''. Irish Independent. 26 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. Jump up ^ Moran, Seán ( 30 September 2017 ). `` GAA Congress approve round - robin provincial hurling championships ''. Irish Times. Retrieved 30 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` GAA votes to change senior hurling championship ''. Irish Examiner. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Historic day at Croke Park as Congress votes in hurling structure changes ''. RTE Sport. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Provincial finalists kept apart in All - Ireland hurling semi-finals ''. Irish Examiner. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Seats scarce for Clare 's first home Munster SHC game since 1997 ''. RTE Sport. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Historic day as Galway get to enjoy home comforts ''. Irish Examiner. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` 0 - 15 for Duggan as Clare fight back to claim dramatic Munster win and knock out Tipp ''. The 42. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Late push by Clare slams the trapdoor shut on Tipperary ''. Irish Times. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cork book Munster final place after dramatic late comeback denies Waterford ''. Irish Independent. 17 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kilkenny and Galway to go again after first final draw in 25 years ''. Irish Times. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Semple Stadium to host Leinster hurling final replay ''. RTE Sport. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Limerick 's first win over the Cats in 45 years, Kilkenny show their heart and Cork up next ''. The 42. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018. Jump up ^ ( ( citeweb url = http://www.the42.ie/galway-limerick-all-ireland-final-4189637-Aug2018/ Jump up ^ `` ' We apologise ' - Sky Sports issues statement on 22 - minute delay showing Kilkenny and Wexford hurling clash - Independent.ie ''. Independent.ie. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Limerick rule in The Sunday Game team of the year ''. RTE Sport. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Here 's The Sunday Game 's Hurling Team of the Year for 2018 ''. The 42. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Game panel voted unanimously for Pádraic Mannion as their Player of the Year ''. Sportsjoe.ie. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Quarter - finals Semi-finals Finals Qualification via Connacht via Leinster via Munster via Ulster via the Christy Ring Cup Championships 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics Finalists Hat - tricks Records Top scorers Winning captains Winning managers Winning players Winning teams Miscellaneous All Stars History Hurler of the Year Player of the Month Trophy 2018 GAA season Football Championship Connacht Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship Ulster Championship All - Ireland Qualifiers All - Ireland All - Ireland Final NFL Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Division 4 Underage All - Ireland Under 20 All - Ireland Minor Early Season FBD League O'Byrne Cup McGrath Cup McKenna Cup Other Club Championship All Stars Seasons Down Ladies All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final League Hurling Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship All - Ireland Knockout Stage All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final Tiers 2 to 5 Joe McDonagh Cup Christy Ring Cup Nicky Rackard Cup Lory Meagher Cup NHL Division 1A Division 1B Division 2A Division 2B Division 3A Division 3B Underage All - Ireland Under 21 All - Ireland Minor Early Season Walsh Cup Kehoe Cup Munster Senior Hurling League Ulster Championship ( cancelled ) Other Club Championship All Stars Hurling / Shinty International Series Camogie All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final League `` 2017 2019 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship&oldid=856898424 '' Categories : 2018 in hurling All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championships Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 07 : 33 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2018_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship&amp;oldid=856898424" }

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{ "text": "History of golf - Wikipedia History of golf Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The MacDonald boys playing golf by 18th - century portrait painter Jeremiah Davison The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in Scotland from the Middle Ages onwards. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Early golf in Scotland 1.2 Instructions, golf club rules and competitions 2 The spread of golf 2.1 Early excursions 2.2 The late 19th - century boom 2.3 United States 2.4 Japan 2.5 Tibet 3 Golf course evolution 4 Equipment development 5 Etymology 6 Museums 7 See also 8 References Origins ( edit ) A golf - like game is, apocryphally, recorded as taking place on 26 February 1297, in Loenen aan de Vecht, where the Dutch played a game with a stick and leather ball. The winner was whoever hit the ball with the least number of strokes into a target several hundred yards away. Some scholars argue that this game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was also played in 17th - century Netherlands and that this predates the game in Scotland. There are also other reports of earlier accounts of a golf - like game from continental Europe. In the 1261 Middle Dutch manuscript of the Flemish poet Jacob van Maerlant 's Boeck Merlijn mention is made of a ball game `` mit ener coluen '' ( with a colf / kolf ( club ) ). This is the earliest known mention in the Dutch language of the game of colf / kolf as played in the Low Countries. In 1360, the council of Brussels banned the game of colf : `` wie met colven tsolt es om twintich scell ' oft op hare overste cleet '' ( he who plays at colf pays a fine of 20 shillings or his overcoat will be confiscated ). In 1387, the regent of the county of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, Albrecht of Bavaria, sealed a charter for the city of Brielle, in which it was forbidden to play any game for money. One of the exceptions to this ordinance was `` den bal mitter colven te slaen buten der veste '' ( to play the ball with a club outside the town walls ). Two years later, in 1389, the regent Albrecht offered the citizens of Haarlem a field called `` De Baen '' ( the course ) to be used exclusively for playing games -- especially colf -- because these were too dangerous within the city walls. In 1571 the book, `` Biblia dat is, de gantsche Heylighe Schrift, grondelic ende trouwclick verduydtschet '', describes the game of `` Kolf '' played with a `` bat '' and `` sach ''. 1571 Book, `` Biblia dat is, de gantsche Heylighe Schrift, grondelic ende trouwelick '', reference for the game of Kolf In 1597 the crew of Willem Barentsz played `` colf '' during their stay at Nova Zembla, as recorded by Gerrit de Veer in his diary : Den 3. April wast moy claer weder met een n.o. wint ende stil, doen maeckten wy een colf toe om daer mede te colven, om also onse leden wat radder te maeckten, daer wy allerley middelen toe zochten. ( Translation : The 3rd of April the weather was nice and clear with a north - easterly wind and quiet, then we made a colf ( club ) to play colf with, and thus make our limbs more loose, for which we sought every means. ) Golf in America : In December 1650, the settlers of Fort Orange ( near present - day Albany, New York ) played the first recorded round of kolf ( golf ) in America. The Dutch settlers played kolf year round. During the spring, summer and fall it was played in fields. In the winter it was played on ice with the same rules. then on December 10th, 1659 passed an ordinance against playing golf in the streets of the same city. On a Monday in December of 1650 a party of men came to his ( Steven Jansz ) house ( house with attached tavern ) to drink after having played a round of `` kolf '' for brandy... Sometime during the drinking session Teunis Jansz Seylemaecker ( Sailmaker ) accused Steven Jansz ' wife Maria ( Tavern Keeper ) of having ' wiped out two strokes at once ' although she had tapped ( poured ) two `` roamers '' ( green wine glasses ) of brandy. Apparently the losers of the match were required to pay the wager to Maria upon arrival at the tavern. She then recorded the amount with chalk on a piece of slate as credit toward the brandy to be consumed by the winners. Each stroke on the slate probably represented two ' roemers ' of brandy, or a round for the two men on the winning team. '' Eventually, the two of the men Philip Pietersz Lademaecker and Steven ( Jansz ) began fighting, the two other players which included Gijsbert Cornelisz joined. Gijsbert and Steven ended up killing each other over the accusations, but managed to apologize to each other before dying. December 10th, 1659 : The W. Commissary and Commissaries of Fort Orange and Village of Beverwyck ( today City of Albany ), having heard divers complains from the Burghers of this place, against playing at Golf along the streets, which causes great damage to the windows of the Houses, and exposes people to the danger of being wounded, and is contrary to the freedom of the Public Streets ; Therefore their Worships, wishing to prevent the same, forbid all persons playing Golf in the Streets, on pain of forfeiting fl. 25 ( Guilders ) for each person who shall be found doing so. `` Early golf in Scotland ( edit ) The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews The modern game of golf is generally considered to be a Scottish invention. A spokesman for the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said `` Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland. '' The word golf, or in Scots gowf ( gʌuf ), is usually thought to be a Scots alteration of Dutch `` colf '' or `` colve '' meaning `` stick, `` club '', `` bat '', itself related to the Proto - Germanic language * kulth - as found in Old Norse kolfr meaning `` bell clapper '', and the German Kolben meaning `` mace or club ''. The Dutch term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner ; according to the `` Le grand dictionnaire ftançois - flamen printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish : `` Kolf, zest Kolve ; Kolfdrager, Sergeant ; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe. '' The first documented mention of golf in Scotland appears in a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament, an edict issued by King James II of Scotland prohibiting the playing of the games of gowf and futball as these were a distraction from archery practice for military purposes. Bans were again imposed in Acts of 1471 and 1491, with golf being described as `` an unprofitable sport ''. Mary, Queen of Scots was accused by her political enemies of playing golf after her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was murdered in 1567. George Buchanan subsequently wrote that she had been playing `` sports that were clearly unsuitable to women ''. Golf was banned again by parliament under King James IV of Scotland, but golf clubs and balls were bought for him in 1502 when he was visiting Perth, and on subsequent occasions when he was in St Andrews and Edinburgh. An entry in the Town Council Minutes of Edinburgh for 19 April 1592 includes golf in a list of pursuits to be avoided on the Sabbath. The account book of lawyer Sir John Foulis of Ravelston records that he played golf at Musselburgh Links on 2 March 1672, and this has been accepted as proving that The Old Links, Musselburgh, is the oldest playing golf course in the world. There is also a story that Mary, Queen of Scots played there in 1567. Instructions, golf club rules and competitions ( edit ) Pub sign on the Golf Tavern on Bruntsfield Links, 2011 The earliest known instructions for playing golf have been found in the diary of Thomas Kincaid, a medical student who played on the course at Bruntsfield Links, near Edinburgh University, and at Leith Links. His notes include his views on an early handicap system. In his entry for 20 January 1687 he noted how `` After dinner I went out to the Golve '', and described his Golf stroke : I found that the only way of playing at the Golve is to stand as you do at fenceing with the small sword bending your legs a little and holding the muscles of your legs and back and armes exceeding bent or fixt or stiffe and not at all slackning them in the time you are bringing down the stroak ( which you readily doe )... The oldest surviving rules of golf were written in 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which played at Leith Links. Their `` Articles and Laws in Playing at Golf, now preserved in the National Library of Scotland, became known as the Leith Rules and the document supports the club 's claim to be the oldest golf club, though an almanac published about a century later is the first record of a rival claim that The Royal Burgess Golfing Society had been set up in 1735. The instructions in the Leith Rules formed the basis for all subsequent codes, for example requiring that `` Your Tee must be upon the ground '' and `` You are not to change the Ball which you strike off the Tee ''. The 1744 competition for the Gentlemen Golfers ' Competition for the Silver Club, a trophy in the form of a silver golf club provided as sponsorship by Edinburgh Town Council, was won by surgeon John Rattray, who was required to attach to the trophy a silver ball engraved with his name, beginning a long tradition. Rattray joined the Jacobite Rising of 1745 and as a result was imprisoned in Inverness, but was saved from being hanged by the pleading of his fellow golfer Duncan Forbes of Culloden, Lord President of the Court of Session. Rattray was released in 1747, and won the Silver Club three times in total. The spread of golf ( edit ) Early excursions ( edit ) In 1603 James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England. His son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales and his courtiers played golf at Blackheath, London, from which the Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins. There is evidence that Scottish soldiers, expatriates and immigrants took the game to British colonies and elsewhere during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the early 1770s, the first African golf course was built on Bunce Island, in Sierra Leone, by British slave traders. The Royal Calcutta Golf Club ( 1829 ), the Mauritius Gymkhana Club ( 1844 ) and the club at Pau ( 1856 ) in south western France are notable reminders of these excursions and are the oldest golf clubs outside of the British Isles. The club at Pau is the oldest in continental Europe. However, it was not until the late 19th century that Golf became more widely popular outside of its Scottish home. The late 19th - century boom ( edit ) In the 1850s Queen Victoria and Prince Albert built Balmoral Castle in the Scottish Highlands. The railways came to St Andrews in 1852. By the 1860s there were fast and regular services from London to Edinburgh. The royal enthusiasm for Scotland, the much improved transport links and the writings of Sir Walter Scott caused a boom for tourism in Scotland and a wider interest in Scottish history and culture outside of the country. This period also coincided with the development of the Gutty ; a golf ball made of Gutta Percha which was cheaper to mass - produce, more durable and more consistent in quality and performance than the feather - filled leather balls used previously. Golf began to spread across the rest of the British Isles. In 1864 the golf course at the resort of Westward Ho! became the first new club in England since Blackheath, and the following year London Scottish Golf Club was founded on Wimbledon Common. In 1880 England had 12 courses, rising to 50 in 1887 and over 1000 by 1914. The game in England had progressed sufficiently by 1890 to produce its first English - born Open Champion, John Ball. The game also spread further across the empire. By the 1880s golf clubs had been established in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. Singapore followed in 1891. Courses were also established in several continental European resorts for the benefit of British visitors. United States ( edit ) 17th Century America : In December of 1650, near Fort Orange ( modern city of Albany, New York ), a group of four men were playing Kolf in pairs for points. On July 22nd, 1657 several men were cited and warned not to play Kolf on Sundays. On December 10th, 1659 an ordinance was issued to prevent playing Kolf in the streets of Albany due to too many windows being broken. A young trained elephant used as a caddy on a Florida golf course in 1922 Evidence of early golf in what is now the United States includes a 1739 record for a shipment of golf equipment to a William Wallace in Charleston, South Carolina, an advertisement published in the Royal Gazette of New York City in 1779 for golf clubs and balls, and the establishment of the South Carolina Golf Club in 1787 in Charleston. However, as in England, it was not until the late 19th century that golf started to become firmly established. Several clubs established in the 1880s can make claim to be the oldest extant in the country, but what is not disputed is that as a result of two competing `` National Amateur Championships '' being played in 1894, delegates from the Newport Country Club, Saint Andrew 's Golf Club, Yonkers, New York, The Country Club, Chicago Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club met in New York City to form what was to become the United States Golf Association ( USGA ). By 1910 there were 267 clubs. During the Roaring Twenties the game expanded greatly in popularity and by 1932 there were over 1,100 golf clubs affiliated to the USGA. In 1922 Walter Hagen became the first native born American to win the British Open Championship. The expansion of the game was halted by the Great Depression and World War II, but continued in the post war years. By 1980 there were over 5,908 USGA affiliated clubs. That figure grew to over 10,600 by 2013. Starting in the 1920s, and growing through the 1990s, many residential golf course communities have been built. Japan ( edit ) After the Meiji restoration of 1868 Japan made a concerted effort to modernise its economy and industry on western lines. Japanese came to Europe and America to establish trade links and study and acquire the latest developments in business, science and technology, and westerners came to Japan to help establish schools, factories, shipyards and banks. In 1903 a group of British expatriates established the first golf club in Japan, at Kobe. In 1913 the Tokyo Golf club at Komazawa was established for and by native Japanese who had encountered golf in the United States, but it was moved to Asaka in Saitama prefecture in 1932. In 1924 the Japan Golf Association was established by the seven clubs then in existence. During the 1920s and early 30 's several new courses were built, however the great depression and increasing anti-Western sentiment limited the growth of the game. By the time of the Japanese attacks against the USA and British Empire in 1941 there were 23 courses. During the subsequent war most of the courses were requisitioned for military use or returned to agricultural production. In the postwar period, Japan 's golf courses came under the control of the occupying forces. It was not until 1952 that courses started to be returned to Japanese control. By 1956 there were 72 courses and in 1957 Torakichi Nakamura and Koichi Ono won the Canada Cup ( now World Cup ) in Japan, an event that is often cited as igniting the post-war golf boom. Between 1960 and 1964 the number of golf courses in Japan increased from 195 to 424. By the early 1970s there were over 1,000 courses. The 1987 Resort Law that reduced protection on agricultural land and forest preserves created a further boom in course construction and by 2009 there were over 2,400 courses. The popularity of golf in Japan also caused many golf resorts to be created across the Pacific Rim. The environmental effect of these recent golf booms is seen as a cause for concern by many. Tibet ( edit ) Hugh Edward Richardson introduced golf to Tibet, although he noted that the ball `` tended to travel ' rather too far in the thin air '. '' Golf course evolution ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golfing capital, all other courses followed suit and the 18 hole course remains the standard to the present day. Equipment development ( edit ) The evolution of golf can be explained by the development of the equipment used to play the game. Some of the most notable advancements in the game of golf have come from the development of the golf ball. The golf ball took on many different forms before the 1930s when the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) set standards for weight and size. These standards were later followed by a USGA regulation stating that the initial velocity of any golf ball can not exceed 250 feet per second. Since this time, the golf ball has continued to develop and impact the way the game is played. Another notable factor in the evolution of golf has been the development of golf clubs. The earliest golf clubs were made of wood that was readily available in the area. Over the years, Hickory developed into the standard wood used for shafts and American Persimmon became the choice of wood for the club head due to its hardness and strength. As the golf ball developed and became more durable with the introduction of the `` gutty '' around 1850, the club head was also allowed to develop, and a variety of iron headed clubs entered the game. The introduction of steel shafts began in the late 1890s, but their adoption by the governing bodies of golf was slow. In the early 1970s, shaft technology shifted again with the use of graphite for its lightweight and strength characteristics. The first metal `` wood '' was developed in the early 1980s, and metal eventually completely replaced wood due to its strength and versatility. The latest golf club technology employs the use of graphite shafts and lightweight titanium heads, which allows the club head to be made much larger than previously possible. The strength of these modern materials also allows the face of the club to be much thinner, which increases the spring - like effect of the club face on the ball, theoretically increasing the distance the ball travels. The USGA has recently limited the spring - like effect, also known as the Coefficient of Restitution ( COR ) to. 83 and the maximum club head size to 460cc in an attempt to maintain the challenge of the game. Etymology ( edit ) The word golf was first mentioned in writing in 1457 on a Scottish statute on forbidden games as gouf, possibly derived from the Scots word goulf ( variously spelled ) meaning `` to strike or cuff ''. This word may, in turn, be derived from the Dutch word kolf, meaning `` bat '' or `` club '', and the Dutch sport of the same name. But there is an even earlier reference to the game of golf, and it is believed to have happened in 1452 when King James II banned the game because it kept his subjects from their archery practice. The Dutch term Kolf and the Flemish term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner ; according to the `` Le grand dictionnaire ftançois - flamen printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish : `` Kolf, zest Kolve ; Kolfdrager, Sergeant ; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe. '' There is a persistent urban legend claiming that the term derives from an acronym `` Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden ''. This is a false etymology, as acronyms being used as words is a fairly modern phenomenon, making the expression a backronym. J.R.R. Tolkien, a professional philologist, nodded to the derivation from the Dutch word for club in his 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit. There he mentions ( tongue - in - cheek ) that the game of golf was invented when a club - wielding hobbit knocked the head off a goblin named Golfimbul, and the head sailed through the air and landed in a rabbit hole. Museums ( edit ) The history of golf is preserved and represented at several golf museums around the world, notably the British Golf Museum in the town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, which is the home of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and the United States Golf Association Museum, located alongside the United States Golf Association headquarters in Far Hills, New Jersey. The World Golf Hall of Fame in St. Augustine, Florida also presents a history of the sport, as does the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in Oakville, Ontario, and the American Golf Hall of Fame in Foxburg, Pennsylvania at the Foxburg Country Club. Museums for individual players include the Jack Nicklaus Museum in Columbus, Ohio, and rooms in the USGA Museum for Bobby Jones, Arnold Palmer, and Ben Hogan. See also ( edit ) Golf portal Timeline of golf history ( 1353 - 1850 ) Timeline of golf history ( 1851 - 1945 ) Timeline of golf history ( 1945 - 1999 ) Timeline of golf ( 2000 - present ) British Golf Museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oorsprong van de verwarring, KNKB Webmuseum Jump up ^ Geert & Sara Nijs, 1297, Loenen aan de Vecht : Facts or fairy tale?, 2009 September Golfika no. 4 ( Magazine of the European Association of Golf Historians and Collectors ) Jump up ^ : : The World - Wide Encyclopedia, 1896, `` Golf '' Jump up ^ golf : : Scots as inventors : a popular fallacy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Jacob van Maerlant, Boeck Merlijn, 1261 Jump up ^ Geert & Sara Nijs, 750 Years ' Mit ener coluen ', 2011 April Golfika no. 7 ( Magazine of the European Association of Golf Historians and Collectors ) Jump up ^ Jacques Temmerman, Golf & Kolf, zeven eeuwen geschiedenis, 1993 ISBN 978 - 90 - 5349 - 082 - 2 Jump up ^ Steven J. van Hengel, Early Golf, 1982 ISBN 978 - 90 - 6010 - 725 - 6 Jump up ^ Robin Bargmann, Serendipity of Early Golf, 2010 ISBN 978 - 90 - 816364 - 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Biblia dat is, de gantsche Heylighe Schrift, grondelic ende trouwclick verduydtschet, Section 4, lines 16, 17, 18. Jump up ^ Gerrit de Veer, Waerachtighe beschryvinghe van drie seylagien, ter werelt noyt soo vreemt ghehoort, ( ed. Vibeke Roeper en Diederick Wildeman ). Van Wijnen, Franeker 1997 Jump up ^ New World Dutch Studies : Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609 - 1776 : Proceedings of the Symposium, Roderick H. Blackburn, SUNY Press, 1987, page 44 Jump up ^ Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638 - 1674, page 367 Jump up ^ `` Sports Beat ''. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 11 January 2006. Jump up ^ Harrell, Eben ( 11 January 2006 ). `` Chinese chip in with claim to golf ''. The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Le grand dictionnaire françois - flamen, Volumes 1 - 2 under `` KOL '', no page given Jump up ^ https://trugolf.com/news/st-andrews-old-course/ ^ Jump up to : Golf in Scotland 1457 - 1744 - National Library of Scotland Jump up ^ M. Wood ( ed. ), Extracts From The Records Of The Burgh Of Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd 1927, p. 63 Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Musselburgh golf course is world 's oldest ''. East Lothian News. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Recognition for the world 's oldest links, at last ''. PGA Tour. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009. Jump up ^ Our History, Royal Blackheath Golf Club Jump up ^ David Hancock, Citizens of the World : London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735 - 1785, Cambridge University Press, p. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ History of the Royal Calcutta Golf Club Royal Calcutta Golf Club website Jump up ^ `` Golf Mauritius Gymkhana Club ''. www.mgc.mu. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ History of the club Pau Golf Club website Jump up ^ The History of Balmoral Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine., Balmoral Castle official website Jump up ^ St Andrews Railway, Railbrit.co.uk Jump up ^ 1865 - Queen Victoria and the Highlands, National Library of Scotland website Jump up ^ Queen Victoria takes to the throne, Scotland 's History, BBC Jump up ^ The year of Sir Walter Scott, The Herald Newspaper online Jump up ^ The Gutty, GolfBallMuseum.com Jump up ^ The Oldest Course in England, Royal North Devon Golf Club Website Jump up ^ Scottish Croquet : The English Golf Boom, 1880 - 1914 John Lowerson, History Today, May 1983 Jump up ^ New World Dutch Studies : Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609 - 1776 : Proceedings of the Symposium, Roderick H. Blackburn, SUNY Press, 1987, page 44 Jump up ^ The New Netherland Register, Volume 1, page 73 Jump up ^ Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638 - 1674, page 367 Jump up ^ Tommy Braswell ( 1 Dec 2014 ). `` Rewriting history : Golf arrived in America even earlier than thought at Charleston ''. Charleston Post and Courier. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015. Jump up ^ The Glorious World of Golf, Peter Dobriner, 1973, ISBN 0 - 448 - 14376 - 3 Jump up ^ Gene Sapakoff ( 5 Aug 2012 ). `` American golf started in Charleston, 226 years before the PGA Championship at the Ocean Course ''. Charleston Post and Courier. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015. Jump up ^ Neil Laird ( editor ) ( 31 Jan 2014 ). `` New World : Oldest Golf Clubs and Courses ''. scottishgolfhistory.org. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Neil Laird ( editor ) ( 1 Jan 2015 ). `` Oldest Golf Clubs and Courses in America Part II ''. scottishgolfhistory.org. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` USGA HISTORY : 1894 - 1910 ''. United States Golf Association. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015. Jump up ^ `` Club membership history ''. United States Golf Association. Jump up ^ Soffian, Seth ( 15 May 1999 ). Tee Time ; Home buyers drawn to luxuries of golf - course community liviing, Ocala Star - Banner ^ Jump up to : `` Gliding past Fuji - C.H. Alison in Japan '', Thomas MacWood, GolfClubAtlas.com Jump up ^ About ( the ) JGA Japanese Golf Association Website ^ Jump up to : Japan Golfcourses and Deforestation, Trade Environment Database, American University, Washington DC, 1997 Jump up ^ Torakichi Nakamura Obituary, New York Times, 2008 ^ Jump up to : Japan Golf Trade Environment Database, American University, Washington DC, 1997 Jump up ^ Global Anti Golf Movement Manifesto Jump up ^ `` Biography of Hugh Richardson ( 1905 - 2000 ) ''. Pitt River Museum. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29. Jump up ^ USGA History : 1931 - 1950 Archived 2008 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Golf Club History - Golf Club Revue Archived 2012 - 04 - 12 at WebCite Jump up ^ Guide to the Rules on Clubs and Balls - USGA Jump up ^ `` At the fut bal ande the golf be vtterly criyt done and nocht vsyt '' Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine., Dictionary of the Scots Language, accessed 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ see article at About. Jump up ^ Le grand dictionnaire françois - flamen, Volumes 1 - 2 under `` KOL '', no page given Jump up ^ See article at Snopes. ( hide ) Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_golf&oldid=826191950 '' Categories : History of golf Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 19 : 24. 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{ "text": "List of winners of the New York City Marathon - wikipedia List of winners of the New York City Marathon The New York City Marathon is a 42,195 - meter ( 26.2 mile ) race through all five boroughs of New York City, and ranks as the largest marathon in the world, with a record 51,392 finishers ( 29,927 men / 21,465 women ) in 2016. Since its inaugural race in 1970, 34 men and 25 women have won the open division of the New York City Marathon, representing 22 different countries. From 1970 through 1975, the race was held entirely in Central Park. It has started in Staten Island and gone through New York City 's other four boroughs since 1976. Grete Waitz of Norway has won the race more than any other athlete, having completed her 9th victory in 1988, setting three course records in the process. Current course records were set by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in 2011 in the men 's division, and by Margaret Okayo of Kenya in 2003 in the women 's division. A wheelchair race has been held since 2000. Among the wheelchair racers, Edith Hunkeler of Switzerland and Tatyana McFadden of USA has the most victories, with five each ( McFadden has four in a row ). Tatyana McFadden also holds the women 's course record with a time of 1 : 43 : 04 set in 2015, while Kurt Fearnley of Australia holds the men 's record with 1 : 29 : 22 set in 2006. Contents 1 Men 's open division 2 Women 's open division 3 Men 's wheelchair division 4 Women 's wheelchair division 5 Victories by nationality 6 References 7 External links Men 's open division ( edit ) Rodgers Rop, winner of the 2002 New York City Marathon. He won the Boston Marathon that same year. Paul Tergat, winner of the 2005 New York City Marathon, participating in an event for the World Food Program. Marílson Gomes dos Santos, winner of the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathons, and the first and only Brazilian to win it in either division. Year Winner Country Time Notes 1970 Gary Muhrcke United States 2 : 31 : 38 Course record 1971 Norman Higgins United States 2 : 22 : 54 Course record 1972 Sheldon Karlin United States 2 : 27 : 52 1973 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 21 : 54 Course record Norbert Sander United States 2 : 26 : 30 Tom Fleming United States 2 : 19 : 27 Course record, 2nd victory 1976 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 10 : 10 Course record 1977 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 28 2nd victory 1978 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 12 : 12 3rd victory 1979 Bill Rodgers United States 2 : 11 : 42 4th victory 1980 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 41 Course record 1981 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 08 : 13 World record, 2nd victory 1982 Alberto Salazar United States 2 : 09 : 29 3rd victory Rod Dixon New Zealand 2 : 08 : 59 1984 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 14 : 53 1985 Orlando Pizzolato Italy 2 : 11 : 34 2nd victory 1986 Gianni Poli Italy 2 : 11 : 06 Ibrahim Hussein Kenya 2 : 11 : 01 1988 Steve Jones United Kingdom 2 : 08 : 20 1989 Juma Ikangaa Tanzania 2 : 08 : 01 Course record 1990 Douglas Wakiihuri Kenya 2 : 12 : 39 1991 Salvador García Mexico 2 : 09 : 28 1992 Willie Mtolo South Africa 2 : 09 : 29 1993 Andrés Espinosa Mexico 2 : 10 : 04 1994 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 21 1995 Germán Silva Mexico 2 : 11 : 00 2nd victory Giacomo Leone Italy 2 : 09 : 54 1997 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 12 1998 John Kagwe Kenya 2 : 08 : 45 2nd victory 1999 Joseph Chebet Kenya 2 : 09 : 14 2000 Abdelkader El Mouaziz Morocco 2 : 10 : 09 2001 Tesfaye Jifar Ethiopia 2 : 07 : 43 Course record 2002 Rodgers Rop Kenya 2 : 08 : 07 2003 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 10 : 30 Hendrick Ramaala South Africa 2 : 09 : 28 2005 Paul Tergat Kenya 2 : 09 : 30 2006 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 09 : 58 2007 Martin Lel Kenya 2 : 09 : 04 2nd victory 2008 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2 : 08 : 43 2nd victory 2009 Meb Keflezighi United States 2 : 09 : 15 Gebregziabher Gebremariam Ethiopia 2 : 08 : 14 2011 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 05 : 05 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 2 : 08 : 24 2nd victory 2014 Wilson Kipsang Kenya 2 : 10 : 59 2015 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2 : 10 : 34 2016 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie Eritrea 2 : 07 : 51 2017 Geoffrey Kamworor Kenya 2 : 10 : 53 Women 's open division ( edit ) Paula Radcliffe, winner of the 2004, 2007 & 2008 New York City Marathons. Jeļena Prokopčuka, winner of the 2005 and 2006 New York City Marathons, the first and only Latvian runner to win in either division. Year Winner Country Time Notes 1972 Nina Kuscsik United States 3 : 08 : 41 Course record 1973 Nina Kuscsik United States 2 : 57 : 07 Course record, 2nd victory Kathrine Switzer United States 3 : 07 : 29 Kim Merritt United States 2 : 46 : 14 Course record 1976 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 39 : 11 Course record 1977 Miki Gorman United States 2 : 43 : 10 2nd victory 1978 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 32 : 30 Course record 1979 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 33 Course record, 2nd victory 1980 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 25 : 42 Course record, 3rd victory 1981 Allison Roe New Zealand 2 : 25 : 29 Course record 1982 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 14 4th victory Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 27 : 00 5th victory 1984 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 29 : 30 6th victory 1985 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 34 7th victory 1986 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 06 8th victory Priscilla Welch United Kingdom 2 : 30 : 17 1988 Grete Waitz Norway 2 : 28 : 07 9th victory 1989 Ingrid Kristiansen Norway 2 : 25 : 30 1990 Wanda Panfil Poland 2 : 30 : 45 1991 Liz McColgan United Kingdom 2 : 27 : 32 1992 Lisa Ondieki Australia 2 : 24 : 40 Course record 1993 Uta Pippig Germany 2 : 26 : 24 1994 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 27 : 37 1995 Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2 : 28 : 06 2nd victory Anuța Cătună Romania 2 : 28 : 18 1997 Franziska Rochat - Moser Switzerland 2 : 28 : 43 1998 Franca Fiacconi Italy 2 : 25 : 17 1999 Adriana Fernandez Mexico 2 : 25 : 06 2000 Lyudmila Petrova Russia 2 : 25 : 45 2001 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 24 : 21 Course record 2002 Joyce Chepchumba Kenya 2 : 25 : 56 2003 Margaret Okayo Kenya 2 : 22 : 31 Course record, 2nd victory Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 10 2005 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 24 : 41 2006 Jeļena Prokopčuka Latvia 2 : 25 : 05 2nd victory 2007 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 09 2nd victory 2008 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 2 : 23 : 56 3rd victory 2009 Derartu Tulu Ethiopia 2 : 28 : 52 Edna Kiplagat Kenya 2 : 28 : 20 2011 Firehiwot Dado Ethiopia 2 : 23 : 15 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Priscah Jeptoo Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2014 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 25 : 07 2015 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 25 2nd victory 2016 Mary Keitany Kenya 2 : 24 : 26 3rd victory 2017 Shalane Flanagan United States 2 : 26 : 53 Fifth US woman to win ; first since 1977 Men 's wheelchair division ( edit ) David Weir, winner of the 2010 race Masazumi Soejima, winner of the 2011 race Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Kamel Ayari Tunisia 1 : 53 : 50 2001 Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 39 : 29 Course record 2002 Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 38 : 27 Course record 2003 Krige Schabort South Africa 1 : 32 : 19 Course record, 2nd victory Saúl Mendoza Mexico 1 : 33 : 16 2nd victory 2005 Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 31 : 11 Course record 2006 Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 29 : 22 Course record 2007 Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 33 : 58 2nd victory 2008 Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 44 : 51 3rd victory 2009 Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 35 : 58 4th victory David Weir United Kingdom 1 : 37 : 29 2011 Masazumi Soejima Japan 1 : 31 : 41 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 40 : 14 2014 Kurt Fearnley Australia 1 : 30 : 55 5th victory ( Note that the course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1 : 30 : 54 2nd victory 2016 Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 35 : 44 2nd victory 2017 Marcel Hug Switzerland 1 : 37.17 3rd victory Women 's wheelchair division ( edit ) Year Winner Country Time Notes 2000 Anh Nguyen Thi Xuan Vietnam 2 : 46 : 47 2001 Francesca Porcellato Italy 2 : 08 : 51 Course record 2002 Cheri Blauwet United States 2 : 14 : 39 2003 Cheri Blauwet United States 1 : 59 : 30 Course record, 2nd victory Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 53 : 27 Course record 2005 Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 54 : 52 2nd victory 2006 Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 54 : 19 2 seconds ahead of 2nd - place finisher 2007 Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 52 : 38 Course record, 3rd victory 2008 Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 2 : 06 : 42 4th victory 2009 Edith Hunkeler Switzerland 1 : 58 : 15 5th victory Tatyana McFadden United States 2 : 02 : 22 2011 Amanda McGrory United States 1 : 50 : 25 Course record 2012 Cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy 2013 Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 59 : 13 2nd victory 2014 Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 42 : 16 3rd victory ( Note that their course was shortened by 3 miles at the start ) 2015 Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 43 : 04 4th victory ; course record 2016 Tatyana McFadden United States 1 : 47 : 43 5th victory 2017 Manuela Schar Switzerland 1 : 48 : 09 Victories by nationality ( edit ) Country Men 's Open Women 's Open Men 's Wheelchair Women 's Wheelchair Total United States 14 7 0 9 30 Kenya 14 10 0 0 24 Norway 0 10 0 0 10 Mexico 0 7 United Kingdom 5 0 7 Switzerland 0 5 9 Italy 0 6 Australia 0 5 0 6 South Africa 0 0 6 Ethiopia 0 0 Brazil 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Latvia 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 0 Poland 0 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 Russia 0 0 0 Tunisia 0 0 0 Vietnam 0 0 0 Eritrea 0 0 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dicker, Ron ( November 6, 2000 ). `` NEW YORK CITY MARATHON : WHEELCHAIRS ; In First Official Race, the Winner Stays Clear of Controversy ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Rose, Derek ; Bill Hutchinson ( November 5, 2001 ). `` PATRIOTIC STRUT TO MARATHON ''. Daily News. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein, Grace ( November 4, 2002 ). `` THE MARATHON : WHEELCHAIR COMPETITION ; Swiss Legislator Wins Without Vote ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Williams, Lena ( November 3, 2003 ). `` Glue and Cable Wire Aid Tenacious Winner ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Williams, Lena ( November 8, 2004 ). `` MARATHON 2004 : NOTEBOOK ; Strategy Pays Off in Men 's Wheelchair Race ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Litsky, Frank ( November 7, 2005 ). `` After a Bumpy Challenge, a Road Record and Sore Arms ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Litsky, Frank ( November 5, 2006 ). `` Potholes Fail to Stop Winner of Wheelchair Race ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Litsky, Frank ( November 5, 2007 ). `` Racecar Driver Is Fourth in Handcycle ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` Defending Champions at New York Marathon ''. International Paralympic Committee. November 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Lilly, Brandon ( November 5, 2001 ). `` MARATHON 2001 : WHEELCHAIR DIVISION ; Israeli Sets Mark in Men 's Hand - Cycle Competition ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. External links ( edit ) `` TCS New York City Marathon Results Archive '', New York Road Runners. `` RRIC Annual Marathon Report 2006 '', Running USA Wire, May 20, 2006. `` New York City Marathon Winners ''. Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22. New York City Marathon... 1987...... 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of winners New York City Marathon -- men 's winners 1970 : Gary Muhrcke ( USA ) 1971 : Norman Higgins ( USA ) 1972 : Sheldon Karlin ( USA ) 1973 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1974 : Norbert Sander ( USA ) 1975 : Tom Fleming ( USA ) 1976 - 79 : Bill Rodgers ( USA ) 1980 - 82 : Alberto Salazar ( USA ) 1983 : Rod Dixon ( NZL ) 1984 - 85 : Orlando Pizzolato ( ITA ) 1986 : Gianni Poli ( ITA ) 1987 : Ibrahim Hussein ( KEN ) 1988 : Steve Jones ( GBR ) 1989 : Juma Ikangaa ( TAN ) 1990 : Douglas Wakiihuri ( KEN ) 1991 : Salvador García ( MEX ) 1992 : Willie Mtolo ( RSA ) 1993 : Andrés Espinosa ( MEX ) 1994 - 95 : Germán Silva ( MEX ) 1996 : Giacomo Leone ( ITA ) 1997 - 98 : John Kagwe ( KEN ) 1999 : Joseph Chebet ( KEN ) 2000 : Abdelkader El Mouaziz ( MAR ) 2001 : Tesfaye Jifar ( ETH ) 2002 : Rodgers Rop ( KEN ) 2003 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2004 : Hendrick Ramaala ( RSA ) 2005 : Paul Tergat ( KEN ) 2006 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA ) 2007 : Martin Lel ( KEN ) 2008 : Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( BRA ) 2009 : Meb Keflezighi ( USA ) 2010 : Gebregziabher Gebremariam ( ETH ) 2011 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Geoffrey Mutai ( KEN ) 2014 : Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( KEN ) 2015 : Stanley Biwott ( KEN ) 2016 : Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ( ERI ) 2017 : Geoffrey Kamworor ( KEN ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- women 's winners 1971 : Beth Bonner ( USA ) 1972 -- 1973 : Nina Kuscsik ( USA ) 1974 : Kathrine Switzer ( USA ) 1975 : Kim Merritt ( USA ) 1976 -- 1977 : Miki Gorman ( USA ) 1978 -- 1980 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1981 : Allison Roe ( NZL ) 1982 -- 1986 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1987 : Priscilla Welch ( GBR ) 1988 : Grete Waitz ( NOR ) 1989 : Ingrid Kristiansen ( NOR ) 1990 : Wanda Panfil ( POL ) 1991 : Liz McColgan ( GBR ) 1992 : Lisa Ondieki ( AUS ) 1993 : Uta Pippig ( GER ) 1994 -- 1995 : Tegla Loroupe ( KEN ) 1996 : Anuța Cătună ( ROM ) 1997 : Franziska Rochat - Moser ( SUI ) 1998 : Franca Fiacconi ( ITA ) 1999 : Adriana Fernández ( MEX ) 2000 : Lyudmila Petrova ( RUS ) 2001 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2002 : Joyce Chepchumba ( KEN ) 2003 : Margaret Okayo ( KEN ) 2004 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2005 -- 2006 : Jeļena Prokopčuka ( LAT ) 2007 -- 2008 : Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) 2009 : Derartu Tulu ( ETH ) 2010 : Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) 2011 : Firehiwot Dado ( ETH ) 2012 : Marathon canceled 2013 : Priscah Jeptoo ( KEN ) 2014 -- 2016 : Mary Keitany ( KEN ) 2017 : Shalane Flanagan ( USA ) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Boston Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Chicago Marathon -- List ( M / W ) London Marathon -- List ( M / W ) New York City Marathon -- List ( M / W ) Tokyo Marathon -- List ( M / W ) World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships World Marathon Cup Marathons at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_winners_of_the_New_York_City_Marathon&oldid=859040442 '' Categories : Lists of marathon winners New York City Marathon winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2018, at 09 : 31 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of winners of the New York City Marathon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_winners_of_the_New_York_City_Marathon&amp;oldid=859040442" }

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{ "text": "2017 ACC men 's basketball Tournament - wikipedia 2017 ACC men 's basketball Tournament Jump to : navigation, search 2017 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 ACC Tournament Logo Classification Division I Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 15 Site Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Champions Duke ( 20th title ) Winning coach Mike Krzyzewski ( 14th title ) MVP Luke Kennard ( Duke ) Television ESPN and ACC Network ACC Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2016 2018 → 2016 -- 17 ACC men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 5 North Carolina 14 --. 778 33 -- 7. 825 No. 16 Florida State 12 -- 6. 667 26 -- 9. 743 No. 14 Notre Dame 12 -- 6. 667 26 -- 10. 722 No. 10 Louisville 12 -- 6. 667 25 -- 9. 735 No. 7 Duke † 11 -- 7. 611 28 -- 9. 757 No. 24 Virginia 11 -- 7. 611 23 -- 11. 676 Virginia Tech 10 -- 8. 556 22 -- 11. 667 Miami ( FL ) 10 -- 8. 556 21 -- 12. 636 Syracuse 10 -- 8. 556 19 -- 15. 559 Wake Forest 9 -- 9. 500 19 -- 14. 576 Georgia Tech 8 -- 10. 444 21 -- 16. 568 Clemson 6 -- 12. 333 17 -- 16. 515 NC State -- 14. 222 15 -- 17. 469 Pittsburgh -- 14. 222 16 -- 17. 485 Boston College -- 16. 111 9 -- 23. 281 † 2017 ACC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference and was held at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York from March 7 to 11, 2017. Duke became the first team in history to win four straight games in the ACC Tournament and received the conference 's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Tournament with a 75 -- 69 win over Notre Dame. Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 Awards and honors 5 See also 6 References Seeds ( edit ) All 15 ACC teams participated in the tournament. The top nine teams receive first - round byes and the top four teams received double - byes to the quarterfinals. Teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records. Seed School Conference Tiebreaker North Carolina 14 -- 4 Florida State 12 -- 6 2 -- 1 vs. Notre Dame / Louisville Notre Dame 12 -- 6 2 -- 2 vs. Florida State / Louisville Louisville 12 -- 6 1 -- 2 vs. Florida State / Notre Dame 5 Duke 11 -- 7 1 -- 0 vs. Virginia 6 Virginia 11 -- 7 0 -- 1 vs. Duke 7 Virginia Tech 10 -- 8 2 -- 1 vs. Syracuse / Miami 8 Syracuse 10 -- 8 1 -- 1 vs. Virginia Tech / Miami 9 Miami 10 -- 8 1 -- 2 vs. Virginia Tech / Syracuse 10 Wake Forest 9 -- 9 11 Georgia Tech 8 -- 10 12 Clemson 6 -- 12 13 NC State 4 -- 14 1 -- 0 vs Pittsburgh 14 Pittsburgh 4 -- 14 0 -- 1 vs NC State 15 Boston College 2 -- 16 Schedule ( edit ) All games on ACC Network Session Game Time * Matchup Television Attendance First round -- Tuesday, March 7 Opening day noon 12 Clemson 75 vs 13 NC State 61 ESPN2 8,656 2 pm 10 Wake Forest 92 vs 15 Boston College 78 7 pm 11 Georgia Tech 59 vs 14 Pittsburgh 61 ESPNU Second round -- Wednesday, March 8 noon 8 Syracuse 57 vs 9 Miami 62 ESPN 17,732 5 2 pm 5 Duke 79 vs 12 Clemson 72 6 7 pm 7 Virginia Tech 99 vs 10 Wake Forest 90 ESPN2 7 9 pm 6 Virginia 75 vs 14 Pittsburgh 63 Quarterfinals -- Thursday, March 9 8 noon 1 North Carolina 78 vs 9 Miami 53 ESPN 17,732 9 2 pm 4 Louisville 77 vs 5 Duke 81 10 7 pm 2 Florida State 74 vs 7 Virginia Tech 68 11 9 pm 3 Notre Dame 71 vs 6 Virginia 58 Semifinals -- Friday, March 10 5 12 7 pm 1 North Carolina 83 vs 5 Duke 93 ESPN 18,109 13 9 pm 2 Florida State 73 vs 3 Notre Dame 77 Championship -- Saturday, March 11 6 14 9 pm 5 Duke 75 vs 3 Notre Dame 69 ESPN 18,109 * Game times in ET. Rankings denote tournament seed Bracket ( edit ) First round Tuesday, March 7 ESPN2 / ESPNU / ACCN Second round Wednesday, March 8 ESPN / ESPN2 / ACCN Quarterfinals Thursday, March 9 ESPN / ACCN Semifinals Friday, March 10 ESPN / ACCN Championship Saturday, March 11 ESPN / ACCN North Carolina 78 9 Miami 53 8 Syracuse 57 9 Miami 62 North Carolina 83 5 Duke 93 Louisville 77 5 Duke 81 5 Duke 79 12 Clemson 72 12 Clemson 75 13 NC State 61 5 Duke 75 Notre Dame 69 Florida State 74 7 Virginia Tech 68 7 Virginia Tech 99 10 Wake Forest 90 10 Wake Forest 92 15 Boston College 78 Florida State 73 Notre Dame 77 Notre Dame 71 6 Virginia 58 6 Virginia 75 14 Pittsburgh 63 11 Georgia Tech 59 14 Pittsburgh 61 Awards and honors ( edit ) Tournament MVP : Luke Kennard, Duke All - Tournament Teams : First Team Luke Kennard, Duke Jayson Tatum, Duke Bonzie Colson, Notre Dame Matt Farrell, Notre Dame Isaiah Hicks, North Carolina Second Team Grayson Allen, Duke Frank Jackson, Duke Amile Jefferson, Duke Steve Vasturia, Notre Dame Zach LeDay, Virginia Tech See also ( edit ) ACC portal College basketball portal 2017 ACC Women 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.theacc.com/news/blue-devils-duke-out-2017-acc-tournament-title-03-11-2017 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Champions Broadcasters 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ACC_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837155179 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball season ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in New York City College sports in New York City Sports competitions in New York City Sports in Brooklyn 2017 in sports in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 02 : 01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "2017 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017_ACC_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&amp;oldid=837155179" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "14. 222 16 -- 17. 485 Boston College -- 16. 111 9 -- 23. 281 † 2017 ACC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference and was held at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York from March 7 to 11, 2017. Duke became the first team in history to win four straight games in the ACC Tournament and received the conference 's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Tournament with a 75 -- 69 win over Notre Dame. Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 Awards and honors 5 See also 6 References Seeds ( edit ) All 15 ACC teams participated in the tournament. The top nine teams receive first - round byes and the top four teams received double - byes to the quarterfinals. Teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system" ], "id": [ "6835782869633874085" ], "short_answers": [ "Duke" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "History of the Petroleum industry in the United States - wikipedia History of the Petroleum industry in the United States Jump to : navigation, search Natural oil seeps such as this in the McKittrick area of California were used by the Native Americans and later mined by settlers. Replica engine house and derrick at Oil Creek, Pennsylvania History of US Crude Oil Production, 1920 to 2014 Crude oil exports by the United States 1920 to 2017 The first successful oil well in North America was established in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858. The field is still in production although quantities are low. The history of the petroleum industry in the United States goes back to the early 19th century, although the indigenous peoples, like many ancient societies, have used petroleum seeps since prehistoric times ; where found, these seeps signaled the growth of the industry from the earliest discoveries to the more recent. Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the US was the largest oil producing country in the world. As of October 2015, the US was the world 's third - largest producer of crude oil. Contents ( hide ) 1 19th century 1.1 Before the Drake well 1.2 Drake well, Titusville, Pennsylvania 1.3 Appalachian Basin 1.4 Lima - Indiana District 1.5 Mid-Continent 1.5. 1 Oklahoma 1.5. 2 East Texas 1.5. 3 North Louisiana 1.6 California 1.7 Rocky Mountains 1.8 Alaska 2 20th century 2.1 Gulf Coast 2.2 Federal price regulation 3 21st century 3.1 North Dakota 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 19th century ( edit ) Before the Drake well ( edit ) Native Americans had known of the oil in western Pennsylvania, and had made some use of it for many years before the mid-19th century. Early European explorers noted seeps of oil and natural gas in western Pennsylvania and New York. Interest grew substantially in the mid-1850s as scientists reported on the potential to manufacture kerosene from crude oil, if a sufficiently large oil supply could be found. The Jesuit Relations of 1657 states : As one approaches nearer to the country of the Cats, one finds heavy and thick water, which ignites like brandy, and boils up in bubbles of flame when fire is applied to it. It is, moreover, so oily, that all our Savages use it to anoint and grease their heads and their bodies. Salt was a valuable commodity, and an industry developed near salt springs in the Ohio River Valley, producing salt by evaporating brine from the springs. Salt wells were sunk at the salt springs to increase the supply of brine for evaporation. Some of the wells were hand - dug, but salt producers also learned to drill wells by percussion ( cable tool ) methods. In a number of locations in western Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky, oil and natural gas came up the wells along with the brine. The oil was mostly a nuisance, but some salt producers saved it and sold it as illuminating oil or medicine. In some locations, enough natural gas was produced to be used as fuel for the salt evaporating pans. Early salt brine wells that produced byproduct oil included the Thorla - McKee Well of Ohio in 1814, a well near Burkesville, Kentucky, in 1828, and wells at Burning Springs, West Virginia, by 1836. The US natural gas industry started in 1821 at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, when William Hart dug a well to a depth of 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) into gas - bearing shale, then drilled a borehole 43 feet ( 13 m ) further, and piped the natural gas to a nearby inn where it was burned for illumination. Soon many gas wells were drilled in the area, and the gas - lit streets of Fredonia became a tourist attraction. Drake well, Titusville, Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1879 retail brochure for various petroleum products Main article : Pennsylvania oil rush On August 28, 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The Drake partners were encouraged by Benjamin Silliman ( 1779 - 1864 ), a chemistry professor at Yale, who tested a sample of the oil, and assured them that it could be distilled into useful products such as illuminating oil. The Drake well is often referred to as the `` first '' commercial oil well, although that title is also claimed for wells in Azerbaijan, Ontario, West Virginia, and Poland, among others. However, before the Drake well, oil - producing wells in the United States were wells that were drilled for salt brine, and produced oil and gas only as accidental byproducts. An intended drinking water well at Oil Springs, Ontario found oil in 1858, a year before the Drake well, but it had not been drilled for oil. Historians have noted that the importance of the Drake well was not in being the first well to produce oil, but in attracting the first great wave of investment in oil drilling, refining, and marketing : `` The importance of the Drake well was in the fact that it caused prompt additional drilling, thus establishing a supply of petroleum in sufficient quantity to support business enterprises of magnitude. Appalachian Basin ( edit ) The success of the Drake well quickly led to oil drilling in other locations in the western Appalachian mountains, where oil was seeping to the surface, or where salt drillers had previously found oil fouling their salt wells. During the American Civil War, the oil - producing region spread over much of western Pennsylvania, up into western New York state, and down the Ohio River valley into the states of Ohio, Kentucky, and the western part of Virginia ( now West Virginia ). The Appalachian Basin continued to be the leading oil - producing region in the United States through 1904. The first commercial oil well in New York was drilled in 1865. New York 's ( and Northwestern Pennsylvania ) crude oil is very high in paraffin. The principal product of the oil in the 19th century was kerosene, which quickly replaced whale oil for illuminating purposes in the United States. Originally dealing in whale oil which was widely used for illumination, Charles Pratt ( 1830 -- 1891 ) of Massachusetts was an early pioneer of the natural oil industry in the United States. He was founder of Astral Oil Works in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, New York. Pratt 's product later gave rise to the slogan, `` The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil. '' He joined with his protégé Henry H. Rogers to form Charles Pratt and Company in 1867. Both companies became part of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil in 1874. Lima - Indiana District ( edit ) See also : Indiana Gas Boom Mid-continent ( edit ) The Mid-continent area is an area generally including Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, North Louisiana and the part of Texas away from the Gulf Coast. The first commercially successful oil well drilled in Kansas was the Norman No. 1 near Neodesha, Kansas, on November 28, 1892. Corsicana, Texas, 1894, Texas, plus 44,000,000 barrels ( 7,000,000 m ) McCamey, 1928, Baker No. 1., Texas. Oklahoma ( edit ) Oil was discovered at Bartlesville and Burbank in 1897. But the initial discoveries created no great excitement until the discovery gusher of the Glenn Pool in 1905. The Glenn discovery came when Gulf Coast production was declining rapidly, and the operators were eager for new areas to drill. The increased drilling resulted in major discoveries at Cushing in 1912 and Healdton in 1913. Greater Seminole, 1926, Oklahoma, plus 200,000,000 barrels ( 32,000,000 m ) Oklahoma City, No. 1 Discovery Well, 1928, Oklahoma. The Mary Sudik No. 1, `` Wild Mary Sudik '', gusher did not blow until March 25, 1930 -- she sprayed an estimated 3,000 barrels ( 480 m ) an hour ( 133 L / s ) for the next 11 days. East Texas ( edit ) The largest oil field in the lower 48 states, the East Texas oil field, was not discovered until 1930, when wildcatter Columbus Marion Joiner ( more commonly known as `` Dad '' Joiner ) drilled the Daisy Bradford No. 3 well, in Rusk County, Texas. North Louisiana ( edit ) In 1906, the Caddo - Pine Island Field in northern Caddo Parish, Louisiana was discovered, and a rush of leasing and drilling activity ensued. In 1908, the first natural gas pipeline was constructed to transport gas from Caddo - Pine Island to Shreveport, Louisiana. This was one of the earliest commercial uses of natural gas, which was commonly viewed as an undesirable by - product of oil production and often `` flared '' or burnt off at the well site. Other innovations in the Caddo - Pine Island Field included the first over-water oil platform, which was constructed in the field on Caddo Lake in 1910. In that same year, a major oil pipeline was constructed from Caddo - Pine Island Field to a refinery built and operated by Standard Oil Company of Louisiana in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The refinery continues to operate today. Other early petroleum discoveries in North Louisiana included the Bull Bayou Field, Red River Parish, Louisiana ( 1913 ), Monroe Gas Field, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana ( 1916 ), Homer Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana ( 1919 ) and Haynesville Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana ( 1921 ). California ( edit ) Main article : History of oil in California through 1930 Los Angeles City oil field, 1905 Native Americans had known of the tar seeps in southern California for thousands of years, and used the tar to waterproof their canoes. Spanish settlers also knew of the seeps, such as at Rancho La Brea ( Spanish for Tar Ranch ) in present - day Los Angeles, from which the priests obtained tar to waterproof the roofs of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel missions. Despite the abundance of well - known seeps in southern California, the first commercial oil well in California was drilled in Humboldt County, northern California in 1865. Some attempts were made in the 1860s to exploit oil deposits under tar seeps in the Ventura Basin of Ventura County and northeastern Los Angeles county. The early efforts failed because of complex geology, and, more importantly, because the refining techniques then available could not manufacture high - quality kerosene from California crude oil, which differed chemically from Pennsylvania crude oil. Most California crude oil in the early years was turned into the less lucrative products of fuel oil and asphalt. Oil production in the Los Angeles Basin started with the discovery of the Brea - Olinda Oil Field in 1880, and continued with the development of the Los Angeles City Oil Field in 1893, the Beverly Hills Oil Field in 1900, the Salt Lake Oil Field in 1902, and many others. The discovery of the Long Beach Oil Field in 1921, which proved to be the world 's richest in production per - acre of the time, increased the importance of the Los Angeles Basin as a worldwide oil producer. This increased again with the discovery of the Wilmington Oil Field in 1932, and the development of the Port of Los Angeles as a means of shipping crude oil overseas. Production in Santa Barbara County began in the 1890s with the development of the Summerland Oil Field, which included the world 's first offshore oil wells. With the discovery of the Orcutt and Lompoc fields, northern Santa Barbara County became a regional center of production ; towns such as Orcutt owe their existence to the quickly growing industry. Oil in the San Joaquin Basin was first discovered at the Coalinga field in 1890. By 1901, the San Joaquin Basin was the main oil - producing region of California, and it remains so in the 21st century, with huge oil fields including the Midway - Sunset, Kern River, and Belridge fields producing much of California 's onshore oil. Rocky mountains ( edit ) The first commercial oil well in the Rocky Mountains was drilled near Canon City, Colorado in 1862. The wells in the Canyon City - Florence field, drilled near surface oil seeps, produced from fractures in the Pierre Shale. Bighorn Basin Denver Basin Green River Basin North Park ( Colorado basin ) Paradox Basin Piceance Basin Powder River Basin Raton Basin San Juan Basin Uinta Basin Alaska ( edit ) A Russian sea captain noted oil seeps along the shore of the Cook Inlet as early as 1853, and oil drilling began in 1898 in a number of locations along the southern coast of Alaska. Production was relatively small, however, until huge discoveries were made on Alaska 's remote North Slope. Petroleum seeps on the North Slope have been known for many years, and in 1923, the federal government created US Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 to cover the presumed oil fields beneath the seeps. Some exploration drilling was done in the reserve during World War II and the 1950s, but the remote location deterred intensive exploration until the 1960s. The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, the largest oil field in the United States in terms of total oil produced, was discovered in 1968. Production began in 1977, following completion of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline. Through 2005, the field has produced 13 billion barrels ( 2.1 × 10 ^ m ) of oil ( an average of 1.5 million barrels / day ), and is estimated to contain another 2 billion barrels ( 320 × 10 ^ m ) of economically recoverable oil. 20th century ( edit ) Gulf Coast ( edit ) The Lucas gusher at Spindletop Capt. Anthony Francis Lucas, an experienced mining engineer and salt driller, drilled a well to find oil at Spindletop Hill. On the morning of January 10, 1901, the little hill south of Beaumont, Texas began to tremble and mud bubbled up over the rotary table. A low rumbling sound came from underground, and then, with a force that shot 6 tons of 4 - inch ( 100 mm ) diameter pipe out over the top of the derrick, knocking off the crown block, the Lucas Gusher roared in and the Spindletop oil field was born. Spindletop became the focus of frenzied drilling ; oil production from the field peaked in 1902 at 17,400,000 barrels ( 2,770,000 m ), but by 1905 production had declined 90 % from the peak. Spindletop Hill turned out to be the surface expression of an underground salt dome, around which the oil accumulated. The Spindletop gusher started serious oil exploration of the Gulf Coast in Texas and Louisiana, an area that had previously been dismissed by oil men. Other salt dome mounds were quickly drilled, resulting in discoveries at Sour Lake ( 1902 ), Batson ( 1904 ) and Humble ( 1905 ). The Standard Oil Company was slow to appreciate the economic potential of the Spindletop oil field, and the Gulf Coast generally, which gave greater opportunity to others ; Spindletop became the birthplace of oil giants Texaco and Gulf Oil. Although in 1899 Standard Oil controlled more than 85 % of the oil production in the older oil regions in the Appalachian Basin and the Lima - Indiana trend, it never controlled more than 10 % of the oil production in the new Gulf Coast province. Federal price regulation ( edit ) By the Natural Gas Act of 1938, the federal government imposed price controls on natural gas in interstate commerce. The Federal Power Commission was mandated to set interstate gas prices at `` just and reasonable '' rates. The FPC at first only regulated the price at which pipelines sold gas to utilities and industry, but later put limits on the wellhead price of gas sold to an interstate pipeline. Gas producers challenged the controls, but lost in the Supreme Court in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin ( 1954 ). The federal government had controlled the price of natural gas that crossed state lines, but not of gas produced and sold within a state. In the 1970s, the low interstate price set by the federal government caused supply shortages of gas in consuming states, because gas producers sold as much as they could of their product for higher prices in the local markets within gas - producing states. In the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, the federal government extended price controls to all natural gas in the country. At the same time, the government created a complex price system in which the price paid to the producer depended on the date the well was drilled, the depth of the well, the geological formation, the distance to other gas wells, and several other factors. The price system was an attempt to keep the average price low while encouraging new production. The last federal price controls on natural gas were removed by the Natural Gas Decontrol Act of 1989, which phased out the last remaining price control as of 1 January 1993. 21st century ( edit ) North Dakota ( edit ) As of December, 2012, North Dakota was producing oil at the rate of 750,000 barrels / day. See also ( edit ) The Seven Sisters Offshore oil and gas in the United States Oil industry Petroleum industry in the United States Petroleum refining in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics : Crude oil including lease condensate, accessed 2 March 2016. Jump up ^ http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_43.html Jump up ^ Edgar Wesley Owen ( 1975 ) Trek of the Oil Finders, Tulsa, Okla. : American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 9 - 10. Jump up ^ Guy Clifton Bell, Kentucky Petroleum, Owensboro, Kentucky : Bell Publishing, 1930, p. 35 - 36. Jump up ^ Edgar Wesley Owen ( 1975 ) Trek of the Oil Finders, Tulsa, Okla. : American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 12. Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899 - 1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern Univ. Press, p. 16. Jump up ^ New York State Oil, Gas and Mineral Reserves, 2001 ; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Mineral Resources, Nineteenth Annual Report Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899 - 1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern Univ. Press, p. 21 - 24. Jump up ^ James A. Clark and Michael Halbouty ( 1972 ) The Last Boom, New York : Random House, ISBN 0 - 394 - 48232 - 8. Jump up ^ Louisiana Oil & Gas Association, `` Louisiana Oil and Gas History '' ; ExxonMobil, `` Baton Rouge Refinery, Fact Sheet '' Jump up ^ Henry G. Hanks, 1884, Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, California State Mining Bureau, p. 287. Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe, p. 198. Jump up ^ Gerald T. White ( 1962 ) Formative Years in the Far West, New York : Appleton - Crofts, p. 20. ^ Jump up to : Schmitt, R.J., Dugan, J.E., and M.R. Adamson. `` Industrial Activity and Its Socioeconomic Impacts : Oil and Three Coastal California Counties. '' MMS OCS Study 2002 - 049. Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California. MMS Cooperative Agreement Number 14 - 35 - 01 - 00 - CA - 31603. 244 pages ; p. 44ff. Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe, p. 232 - 236. Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899 - 1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern Univ. Press, p. 22. Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe, p. 147 - 148. Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899 - 1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern Univ. Press, p. 7. Jump up ^ Natural gas rate regulation, Tulsa Law Journal, 1976. Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Policy Act, accessed 13 Sept. 2013. Jump up ^ Price controls Archived 2011 - 07 - 05 at the Wayback Machine., accessed 12 Sept. 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/december-north-dakota-oil-production-2012-12 Further reading ( edit ) Nevins, Alan. John D. Rockefeller The Heroic Age Of American Enterprise ( 1940 ) ; 710pp ; favorable scholarly biography ; online External links ( edit ) American Oil and Gas Historical Society Handbook of Texas Online : Oil and gas industry Utah History to Go : The growth of Utah 's petroleum industry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States&oldid=832468433 '' Categories : History of the petroleum industry in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 05 : 44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of the petroleum industry in the United States", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States&amp;oldid=832468433" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "County, Texas. North Louisiana ( edit ) In 1906, the Caddo - Pine Island Field in northern Caddo Parish, Louisiana was discovered, and a rush of leasing and drilling activity ensued. In 1908, the first natural gas pipeline was constructed to transport gas from Caddo - Pine Island to Shreveport, Louisiana. This was one of the earliest commercial uses of natural gas, which was commonly viewed as an undesirable by - product of oil production and often `` flared '' or burnt off at the well site. Other innovations in the Caddo - Pine Island Field included the first over-water oil platform, which was constructed in the field on Caddo Lake in 1910. In that same year, a major oil pipeline was constructed from Caddo - Pine Island Field to a refinery built and operated by Standard Oil Company of Louisiana in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The refinery continues to operate today. Other early petroleum discoveries in North Louisiana included the Bull Bayou Field, Red River Parish, Louisiana ( 1913 ), Monroe Gas Field, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana ( 1916 ), Homer Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana ( 1919 ) and Haynesville Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana ( 1921 ). California ( edit ) Main article : History of oil in California through 1930 Los Angeles City oil field, 1905 Native Americans" ], "id": [ "13844075976044176593" ], "short_answers": [ "1910" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Samsung Galaxy Note series - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Note series Jump to : navigation, search `` Samsung Galaxy Note '' redirects here. For the smartphone introduced in 2011, see Samsung Galaxy Note ( original ). Samsung Galaxy Note Top : New Logo introduced with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Left to right : original, Note II, Note 3 displaying their current software version Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Type Phablet smartphone, Tablet Release date October 29, 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) Operating system Android Input Touch screen, Stylus Related articles Samsung Galaxy Samsung Galaxy Note ( stylized as SΛMSUNG Galaxy Note, previously as Samsung GALAXY Note ) is a series of Android - based high - end smartphones and high - end tablets developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The line is primarily oriented towards pen computing ; all Galaxy Note models ship with a stylus pen and incorporate a pressure - sensitive Wacom digitizer. All Galaxy Note models also include software features that are oriented towards the stylus and the devices ' large screens, such as note - taking and digital scrapbooking apps, and split - screen multitasking. The Galaxy Note smartphones have been considered the first commercially successful examples of `` phablets '' -- a class of smartphone with large screens that are intended to straddle the functionality of a traditional tablet with that of a phone. Samsung sold over 50 million Galaxy Note devices between September 2011 and October 2013. 10 million units of the Galaxy Note 3 have been sold within its first 2 months, 30 million were of the Note II, while the original Galaxy Note sold around 10 million units worldwide. Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 Smartphones 1.1. 1 Galaxy Note 1.1. 2 Galaxy Note II 1.1. 3 Galaxy Note 3 1.1. 4 Galaxy Note 3 Neo 1.1. 5 Galaxy Note 4 1.1. 6 Galaxy Note Edge 1.1. 7 Galaxy Note 5 1.1. 8 Galaxy Note 7 1.1. 9 Galaxy Note FE 1.1. 10 Galaxy Note 8 1.2 Tablets 1.2. 1 Samsung Galaxy Note 1.2. 1.1 Galaxy Note 8.0 1.2. 1.2 Galaxy Note 10.1 1.2. 1.3 Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition 1.2. 2 Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 1.2. 2.1 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 2 Other Samsung Devices equipped with S - Pen stylus 2.1 Galaxy Tab 3 Comparison 3.1 Phablets 3.2 Tablets 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Models ( edit ) Smartphones ( edit ) Galaxy Note ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note ( original ) At IFA Berlin in 2011, Samsung announced the original Galaxy Note. While some media outlets questioned the viability of the device due to its 5.3 - inch ( 135 - mm ) screen ( which was, at the time, considered extremely large for a phone ), the Note received positive reception for its stylus functionality, the speed of its 1.4 GHz dual - core processor, and the advantages of such a large screen size. The Galaxy Note was a commercial success : released October 2011, Samsung announced in December 2011, that the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support, and by August 2012, the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide. Galaxy Note II ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note II On August 29, 2012, at IFA Berlin, Samsung unveiled a successor to the Galaxy Note, the Galaxy Note II. The new model, released September 2012, featured improvements to the original Note 's hardware ( with a quad - core processor and a larger 5.5 inches ( 140 mm ) display, a revised stylus and an upgraded digitizer with 1,024 levels of pressure sensitivity for more precise pen input, a new hardware design based on that of the Galaxy S III ), along with new features such as pen gestures, split - screen multitasking, Air View ( which allows previews of content to be displayed by hovering the pen above the screen ), and other new features also introduced by the S III. Galaxy Note 3 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 3 On September 4, 2013, Samsung unveiled the Galaxy Note 3, which introduced a more `` premium '' design with a plastic leather backing, a 5.7 inch ( 145 mm ) 1080p display, up to 5 minutes of 4K video recording, USB 3.0 connector, and expanded stylus pen functionality. Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo In January 2014, Samsung for the first time released a `` downgraded '' version of the Note 3, the Galaxy Note 3 Neo. It features the S - Pen stylus, 8 MP camera, 5.5 '' Super AMOLED HD 720p display, 16 GB storage, 2 GB RAM as well as all of the Note 3 's software features. For the first time, it has a Samsung Exynos Hexa 5260 ( 6 core ) processor with a quad core 1.3 GHz Cortex A7 CPU and a dual core 1.7 GHz Cortex A15 CPU with support for HMP and a Mali - T624 GPU. Galaxy Note 4 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 4 On September 3, 2014, at IFA Berlin, Samsung unveiled a successor to the Galaxy Note 3, the Galaxy Note 4. The new model, released October 2014, introduced a new design with a plastic leather backing and metal frame, a 5.7 - inch ( 145 mm ) QHD display, a 16 MP camera with OIS, improved S - Pen stylus, an upgraded digitizer with 2,048 levels of pressure sensitivity and expanded functionality, fingerprint scanner, and other features taken from the Galaxy S5. Galaxy Note Edge ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Alongside the Galaxy Note 4, Samsung also unveiled the Galaxy Note Edge, which features a display with a curved portion that wraps around the right bezel of the device. The curved area can be used as a sidebar to display news and information tickers, application shortcuts, and other tools. Galaxy Note 5 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 5 The Galaxy Note 5 was announced on 13 August 2015. It is based upon the specifications and hardware design of the Galaxy S6, including its metal frame and glass backing, a 5.7 - inch 1440p display, Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system - on - chip, as well as a new spring - loaded stylus slot. As with the S6 and unlike previous Note models, the Note 5 does not offer a user - replaceable battery or expandable storage. The new `` Screen off memo '' feature allows the phone to be awoken directly to a note screen when the stylus is removed, and the camera app allows public and private livestreaming directly to YouTube. Galaxy Note 7 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 7 The Galaxy Note 7 was announced during a press event in New York City on 2 August 2016. It is largely based on the hardware of the Galaxy S7, inheriting its processor, camera, and the restoration of IP68 water resistance and expandable storage. It is also Samsung 's first device to feature a USB - C connector. The Galaxy Note 7 's display is curved across the sides of the device, and its stylus features higher degrees of pressure sensitivity and a finer tip. Samsung branded the device as the Note 7 rather than 6 in order to synchronize its branding with the flagship Samsung Galaxy S7. The Galaxy Note 7 was afflicted by repeated manufacturing problems with their internal batteries, which led to incidents in which they overheated and combusted. After replacement models experienced similar incidents, the Note 7 was officially discontinued on 11 October 2016, and all devices were recalled globally. Galaxy Note FE ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note FE After the recall of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Samsung decided to release the Note FE as the new Note 7 being released in selected countries on July 7, 2017. It comes with a smaller battery than the Note 7 due to safety reasons. Galaxy Note 8 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 8 The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 was announced on 23 August 2017 at a Samsung Unpacked event. It features a 6.3 '' 1440p Super AMOLED Infinity Display, Snapdragon 835 / Exynos 8895 processor ( depending on location ), an iris scanner, IP68 dust and water resistance, a new dual - lens camera setup with a telephoto lens and support for Samsung DeX. Tablets ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Note ( edit ) Galaxy Note 8.0 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 At the Mobile World Congress 2013, Samsung announced the Galaxy Note 8.0. It has an 8 - inch display and uses a quad - core 1.6 GHz processor and, like the Galaxy Note 10.1, supports the Samsung S - Pen stylus. Galaxy Note 10.1 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 At the Mobile World Congress 2012, Samsung announced the Galaxy Note 10.1, as an alternative to the Galaxy Tab 10.1. It has a 10.1 - inch display and uses a quad - core 1.4 GHz processor and supports the Samsung S - Pen stylus input as seen on the original Galaxy Note phone. Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition At the 2013 Samsung Unpacked Episode 2 event on Berlin and New York, Samsung announced the successor to the original Galaxy Note 10.1 inch tablet dubbed as the Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition. Like its predecessor, it has a 10.1 inch display and now supports the improved Samsung S - Pen stylus input also seen in the Note III and it copies the design cue of its lower - end sibling the Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1 which sports the unified Samsung design first used on the Samsung Galaxy S4. Samsung Galaxy Note Pro ( edit ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 At the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Samsung announced the first Pro line of tablets which included a bigger Samsung Galaxy Note Pro tablet with a 12.2 inch display and also comes with the same S - Pen stylus the Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition is sporting which is the standard on the Note Series. Its design is similar to the Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition which has the Samsung standard simulated stitched - leather back. Other Samsung devices equipped with S - Pen stylus ( edit ) Galaxy Tab ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Tab series Subsequently, released together with the first regular Tab A 8.0 and 9.7 models in 2015, Samsung released a model of the Tab A 9.7 equipped with an S - Pen stylus making it the first Samsung Galaxy device to be equipped with the Samsung stylus outside of the Note series. Comparison ( edit ) This table is primarily intended to show the differences between the model families of the Galaxy Note series. The list only covers unlocked and international devices. Phablets ( edit ) Galaxy Note / Galaxy Note LTE ( GT - N7000 / 3G ) ( GT - N7005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note II ( GT - N7100 / 3G ) ( GT - N7105 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 ( SM - N9000 / 3G ) ( SM - N9005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( SM - N7500 / 3G ) ( SM - N7505 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 4 ( SM - N910G ) Galaxy Note Edge ( SM - N915G ) Galaxy Note 5 ( SM - N920 ) Release date 000000002011 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2011 000000002012 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2012 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2013 000000002014 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2014 000000002015 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2015 Dimensions H 146.9 mm ( 5.78 in ) W 83 mm ( 3.27 in ) D 9.7 mm ( 0.38 in ) H 151.1 mm ( 5.95 in ) W 80.5 mm ( 3.17 in ) D 9.4 mm ( 0.37 in ) H 151.2 mm ( 5.95 in ) W 79.2 mm ( 3.12 in ) D 8.3 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 148.4 mm ( 5.84 in ) W 77.4 mm ( 3.05 in ) D 8.6 mm ( 0.34 in ) H 153.5 mm ( 6.04 in ) W 78.6 mm ( 3.09 in ) D 8.5 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 151.3 mm ( 5.96 in ) W 82.4 mm ( 3.24 in ) D 8.3 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 153.2 mm ( 6.03 in ) W 76.1 mm ( 3.00 in ) D 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) Weight w / battery 178 g ( 6.3 oz ) 180 g ( 6.3 oz ) 168 g ( 5.9 oz ) 163 g ( 5.7 oz ) 176 g ( 6.2 oz ) 174 g ( 6.1 oz ) 171 g ( 6.0 oz ) Android OS 2.3 4.1 4.3 4.4 5.1. 1 Lollipop Upgradable to 4.1 Jelly Bean 4.4. 2 KitKat 5.1. 1 Lollipop 6.0. 1 Marshmallow Display 5.3 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) Super AMOLED 5.55 - inch HD 720p ( 720x1280 ) Super AMOLED Plus 5.7 - inch Full HD 1080p ( 1080x1920 ) Super AMOLED 5.5 - inch HD 720p ( 720x1280 ) Super AMOLED 5.7 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED 5.6 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED 5.7 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED SoC Samsung Exynos 4210 Samsung Exynos 4412 Quad Samsung Exynos 5 Octa 5420 ( LTE Cat4 or 6 version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 ( LTE Cat6 version ) Samsung Exynos 5 Quad 5260 Samsung Exynos 5433 ( LTE / LTE - A ) or Snapdragon 805 ( LTE Cat 6 ) Exynos 7 Octa 5433 ( LTE version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( LTE+ ) Exynos 7 Octa 7420 CPU 1.4 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 2.3 GHz quad - core Krait 400 ( 4G / LTE ) or 1.9 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A15 & 1.3 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 ( 3G ) 1.3 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 & 1.7 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A15 1.3 GHz quad - core Cortex - A53 1.9 GHz quad - core Cortex - A57 ( LTE Cat4 model ), 2.7 GHz quad - core Krait 450 ( LTE Cat6 model ) 2.7 GHz quad - core Krait 450 ( LTE+ version ) 1.3 GHz quad - core Cortex - A53 1.9 GHz quad - core Cortex - A57 GPU ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 266 MHz ) ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( 3G version ) ( 600 MHz ) ARM Mali - T624 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali T760 - GPU ( LTE models ) - Adreno 330 ( 450 MHz ) - Mali T760 ( Cat4 / Cat9 version ) Adreno 420 ( Cat6 version ) ARM Mali - TT760MP8 RAM 1 GB 2 GB 3 GB 2 GB 3 GB 4 GB Storage 16 or 32 GB 16 or 32 or 64 GB 16 GB 32 or 64 GB Expandable memory microSD slot ( up to 64 GB ) microSD slot ( up to 128 GB ) ( not expandable ) 2G GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850 / 900 / 1,800 / 1,900 MHz 3G WCDMA / HSPA Yes 4G LTE Optional WiFi 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac WLAN Wi - Fi hotspot, Wi - Fi Direct, DLNA Wi - Fi hotspot, Wi - Fi Direct, DLNA ( Cert. not listed ) Wi - Fi hotspot, Wi - Fi Direct, DLNA Bluetooth 3.0 + HS 4.0 + LE Connectivity HDMI support HDMI support NFC - micro USB Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) B port 3.0 ( Via MHL 2 ) Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) B port 2.0 ( Via MHL 2 ) Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) USB OTG Supported Basic Sensors Accelerometer, 3 - axis Gyroscope, Proximity, Ambient Light, Compass, Barometer Additional Sensors - Magnetometer GLONASS Temperature Humidity Gesture Magnetometer GLONASS Magnetometer GLONASS Gesture Geo - magnetic RGB ambient light GLONASS Hall Sensor, Finger Scanner Radio Stereo FM radio with RDS NO ANT+ Support NO YES Rear Camera ( Video Recording ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 13 MP ( 4K ( 4G version ) ) ( 1080p in 60fps ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 16 MP Smart OIS ( 4K ( 4G version ) ) ( 1080p HD in 60fps ) ( 720p hd in 120fps ) 16 MP Smart OIS Front Camera 2 MP ( with VGA video recording ) 1.9 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 2 MP ( with 1080p video recording ) 3.7 MP with 1.9 f ( with 1440p HD video recording ) 5 MP ( video 1440p HD ) Battery 2,500 mAh 3,100 mAh 3,200 mAh 3,100 mAh 3,220 mAh 3,000 mAh 3,000 mAh ( not removable ) Galaxy Note / Galaxy Note LTE ( N7000 / 3G ) ( N7005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note II ( N7100 / 3G ) ( N7105 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 ( N9000 / 3G ) ( N9005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( N7500 / 3G ) ( N7505 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 4 ( SM - N910G ) Galaxy Note Edge ( SM - N915G ) Galaxy Note 5 ( SM - N920 ) Tablets ( edit ) Galaxy Note 8.0 ( GT - N5100 / N5110 / N5120 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 ( GT - N8000 / N8010 / N8020 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( SM - P600 / P601 / P605 ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( SM - P900 / P905 ) Release date 000000002013 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 2013 000000002012 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2013 February 2014 Dimensions H 210.8 mm ( 8.30 in ) W 135.9 mm ( 5.35 in ) D 8.1 mm ( 0.32 in ) H 262 mm ( 10.31 in ) W 180 mm ( 7.09 in ) D 8.9 mm ( 0.35 in ) H 243.1 mm ( 9.57 in ) W 171.4 mm ( 6.75 in ) D 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) H 295.6 mm ( 11.64 in ) W 204 mm ( 8.0 in ) D 7.95 mm ( 0.313 in ) Weight w / battery 338 g ( 11.9 oz ) 599 g ( 21.1 oz ) 537 g ( 18.9 oz ) 750 g ( 1.65 lb ) Android OS 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.4. 2 Upgradable to 4.4 KitKat 5.0 Lollipop 5.0. 2 Lollipop Display 8.0 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) TFT 10.1 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) Super PLS TFT 10.1 - inch HD WQXGA ( 2560x1600 ) Super Clear PLS TFT 12.2 - inch HD WQXGA ( 2560 × 1600 ) TFT SoC Samsung Exynos 4412 Quad Samsung Exynos 5420 ( Wi - Fi & Wi - Fi + 3G ) or Snapdragon 800 ( LTE ) Samsung Exynos 5420 ( Wi - Fi ) or Snapdragon 800 ( LTE ) CPU 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.4 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 2.1 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A57 & 1.5 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A53 GPU ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( 600 MHz ) Wi - Fi & Wi - Fi + 3G model ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( Wi - Fi model ) GPU ( LTE models ) - Adreno 330 ( 450 MHz ) Adreno 330 Wi - Fi + 4G model RAM 2 GB 3 GB Storage 16 or 32 GB 16 or 32 or 64 GB 32 or 64 GB Expandable memory microSD slot ( up to 64 GB ) microSDXC slot ( up to 128 GB ) 2G GSM / GPRS / EDGE Optional 3G WCDMA / HSPA Optional 4G LTE Optional WiFi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz ) WLAN Wi - Fi hotspot, Wi - Fi Direct, DLNA Bluetooth 4.0 + LE Connectivity HDMI support micro USB Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) Standard 10 - pin 3.0 ( Via MHL ) USB OTG Supported Basic Sensors Accelerometer, 3 - axis Gyroscope, Proximity, Ambient Light, Compass, Barometer Additional Sensors Magnetometer GLONASS Temperature Humidity Gesture Magnetometer GLONASS Radio NO ANT+ Support YES Rear Camera ( Video Recording ) 5 MP ( 1080p HD ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) Front Camera 1.3 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 1.9 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 2 MP ( with 1080p video recording ) Battery 4,600 mAh 7,000 mAh 8,220 mAh 9,500 mAh Galaxy Note 8.0 ( N5100 / N5110 / N5120 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 ( N8000 / N8010 / N8020 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( P600 / P601 / P605 ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( P900 / P905 ) See also ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy S series Samsung Galaxy Tab series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note Android phone ''. PC World Australia. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Grabham, Dan ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ). `` Hands on : Samsung Galaxy Note review ''. TechRadar. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Samsung : 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months ''. CNET. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Jump up ^ Mat Smith ( December 29, 2011 ). `` 1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide, US fans throw money at their screens ''. Engadget. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note II review ''. Engadget. Retrieved 1 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review : Powerful new Note wields mightier pen skills ''. CNET. Retrieved 1 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` For the new Galaxy Note, USB 3 is the magic number ''. The Verge. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` With Galaxy Note Edge, Samsung returns to comfort zone : hardware ''. CNET. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review : The other side ''. GSM Arena. Retrieved 7 January 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note 5 review ''. Techradar. Future. Retrieved 27 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Samsung fixes the Galaxy Note 5 's backwards pen problem ''. Engadget. Retrieved 27 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inserting your S Pen backwards could damage your phone ''. Phonearena. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Samsung on Galaxy Note 5 broken stylus slot : Read the manual ''. The Verge. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note7 with 5.7 inch Quad HD display, S Pen stylus and iris scanner announced ''. MobiGyaan.com. 2016 - 08 - 02. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 7 arrives August 19th with curved display, iris scanner ''. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 1 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Note 7 hands - on : Samsung goes full sci - fi with an iris scanner ''. Ars Technica. Retrieved 1 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Samsung will announce the Galaxy Note 7 on August 2nd ''. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 28 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Samsung says bad batteries and rushed manufacturing doomed the Galaxy Note 7 ''. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 23 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Samsung says two separate battery issues were to blame for all of its Galaxy Note 7 problems ''. Recode. Vox Media. Retrieved 23 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Galaxy Note 7 is dead ''. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 11 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Samsung permanently stops Galaxy Note 7 production ''. BBC News. 11 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Note FE is a Captivating Re-Do That 's Still Worth Considering, Even in 2017 ''. xda - developers. 2017 - 07 - 14. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note N7000, GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note II N7100, GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 3 N9000, GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo N7500, GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 4, samsung.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note Edge, samsung.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note5, GSMarena.com ^ Jump up to : https://www.dlna.org/products/ ^ Jump up to : Smart OIS = Optical Image Stabilization + software image stabilisation Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 N5100, GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 N8000, GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition N8100, GSMArena.com Jump up ^ `` Android Central ''. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung Galaxy Note. Samsung Galaxy Note series Phablets Note ( original ) Note II Note 3 Neo Note 4 Note Edge Note 5 Note 7 FE Note 8 Tablets Note 8.0 Note 10.1 Note 10.1 2014 Note Pro 12.2 Android phablets and tablet computers Phablets Asus Fonepad Dell Streak HTC One Max Huawei Ascend Mate Ascend Mate2 4G Ascend Mate7 Nexus 6P LG G2 G3 G3 Stylus G4 G4 Stylus G5 G6 Gx G Flex G Flex 2 Optimus G Pro G Pro Lite G Pro 2 Optimus Vu II Vu 3 V10 V20 Motorola Nexus 6 Moto X Style Moto X Play Moto Z Moto Z Play Moto G4 Plus Moto M OnePlus One 3T Samsung Galaxy Grand Galaxy Mega Mega 2 Galaxy Note series Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 Galaxy Round Sony Xperia Z Ultra T2 Ultra C5 Ultra Z5 Premium ZUK ZUK Z1 Tablets Acer Acer Iconia Tab A500 Ainol NOVO7 Amazon Kindle Fire HD HDX Archos Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 6 ) Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 7 ) Archos 43 Archos 70 Archos 101 Asus Eee Pad Transformer ( TF101 ) Eee Pad Transformer Prime ( TF201 ) Transformer Pad ( TF300T ) Transformer Pad Infinity ( TF700T ) Transformer Pad TF701T Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Barnes & Noble Nook Color Nook Tablet Nook HD / HD+ Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook DataWind Aakash Google Pixel C HP Slate 7 HTC Flyer / EVO View 4G Jetstream Nexus 9 Kobo Arc LeapFrog Epic Lenovo IdeaPad series LePad ThinkPad Tablet LG Optimus Pad LTE G Pad 7.0 8.0 8.3 10.1 Motorola Xoom Xyboard Nokia N1 Notion Ink Adam tablet NVIDIA Shield Tablet Pakistan Aeronautical Complex PAC - PAD 1 PAC - PAD Takhti 7 PocketBook IQ 701 A 10 '' Samsung Galaxy Tab series 7.0 7.7 8.9 10.1 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 8.0 10.1 Lite 7.0 Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 8.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 10.1 12.2 Galaxy Tab S S 8.4 S 10.5 S2 8.0 S2 9.7 Galaxy Tab A A 8.0 A 9.7 A 10.1 Galaxy Tab E E 9.6 Galaxy Note series 8.0 10.1 10.1 2014 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Nexus 10 Sony Sony Tablet Xperia Tablet Z Z2 Z4 Toshiba Toshiba Thrive ViewSonic G Tablet Android smartphones Other Android devices List of features in Android E-books Formats ePub FictionBook CBR / CBZ Kindle File Format Mobipocket PDF Plain text Reading Devices Amazon Kindle Barnes & Noble Nook Bookeen Elonex ebook enTourage eDGe Hanlin eReader iriver Story Kobo eReader Onyx Boox Plastic Logic Reader PocketBook eReader Rocket eBook SoftBook Smartphones Tablets Tolino Software Adobe Acrobat Adobe Digital Editions Aldiko Blio Bluefire Reader Calibre FBReader Google Play Books iBooks Kindle app Kitabu Kobo Lektz Lucifox Mantano Reader Okular OverDrive Media Console Snapplify STDU Viewer Sumatra PDF Editing ABBYY FineReader AbiWord Adobe InDesign Adobe RoboHelp Atlantis Word Processor Booktype Calibre Calligra Author eXeLearning Help & Manual HelpNDoc iBooks Author iStudio Publisher LaTeX LibreOffice MadCap Flare Oxygen XML Editor PagePlus Pages QuarkXPress Scrivener Sigil Writer2epub Sources Amazon Kindle Store Baen Free Library Barnes & Noble Booktrack Feedbooks Google Play HathiTrust iBooks Store Internet Archive Kobo Bookstore Project Gutenberg Australia Canada Sony Reader Store Smashwords Wikisource Related topics Academic journal publishing reform Braille e-book Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of iOS e-book reader software Comparison of Android e-book reader software E-book lending Electronic publishing iBooks Author Conference International Digital Publishing Forum Kindle single OPDS Reflowable document Semantic publishing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series&oldid=804705643 '' Categories : Samsung Galaxy Note series Android ( operating system ) devices Samsung mobile phones Samsung Galaxy Tablet computers Phablets Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 16 : 56. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Samsung Galaxy Note series - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Note series Jump to : navigation, search `` Samsung Galaxy Note '' redirects here. For the smartphone introduced in 2011, see Samsung Galaxy Note ( original ). Samsung Galaxy Note Top : New Logo introduced with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Left to right : original, Note II, Note 3 displaying their current software version Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Type Phablet smartphone, Tablet Release date October 29, 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) Operating system Android Input Touch screen, Stylus Related articles Samsung Galaxy Samsung Galaxy Note ( stylized as SΛMSUNG Galaxy Note, previously as Samsung GALAXY Note ) is a series of Android - based high - end smartphones and high - end tablets developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The line is primarily oriented towards pen computing ; all Galaxy Note models ship with a stylus pen and incorporate a pressure - sensitive Wacom digitizer. All Galaxy Note models also include software features that are oriented towards the stylus and the devices" ], "id": [ "14737903194758357379" ], "short_answers": [ "October 29, 2011" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Religion in Australia - Wikipedia Religion in Australia Religion in Australia as declared in the census ( 2016 ) Catholic Church ( 22.6 % ) Other Christian ( 16.3 % ) Anglicanism ( 13.3 % ) Islam ( 2.6 % ) Buddhism ( 2.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.9 % ) Other religions ( 1.7 % ) No religion ( 30.1 % ) Not stated or unclear ( 9.6 % ) St Peter 's Cathedral, Adelaide. Religion in Australia is diverse. Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion. In an optional question on the 2016 Census, 52.1 % of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage was far higher ; now, the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying. In 2016, 30.1 % of Australians stated `` no religion '' and a further 9.6 % chose not to answer the question. Other faiths include Muslims ( 2.6 % ), Buddhists ( 2.4 % ), Hindus ( 1.9 % ), Sikhs ( 0.5 % ), and Jews ( 0.4 % ). Australia 's Aboriginal people developed the animist spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors. Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality. The general isolation of indigenous Australian religion ended with the arrival of the first British settlers in 1788, whereafter subsequent immigrants and their descendants have been predominantly Christian. While the Church of England originally held a position of privilege in early colonial Australia, a legal framework guaranteeing religious equality evolved within a few decades. Large numbers of Irish Catholics were transported to Australia through the criminal justice system. British Nonconformist Methodist, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists set up their own churches in the 19th century, as did Lutherans from Germany. Smaller groups also arrived and established their churches. Jews started arriving in the early 19th century. The Australian gold rushes brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from British India, such as the mainly Muslim `` Afghan Cameleers ''. While Australia has a strong tradition of secular government, religious organisations have played a significant role in public life. The Protestant and Catholic churches played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services. Today, around a quarter of Christians attend church weekly ; around a quarter of all school students attend church - affiliated schools. The Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Indigenous Australian Religion 1.2 Christianity 1.3 Other religions 2 Constitutional status 3 Demographics 3.1 Censuses ' data 3.2 Line and bar charts 4 Indigenous Australian traditions 4.1 Since British settlement 5 Religions 5.1 Abrahamic religions 5.1. 1 Bahá'í Faith 5.1. 2 Christianity 5.1. 3 Islam 5.1. 4 Judaism 5.2 Indian religions 5.2. 1 Buddhism 5.2. 2 Hinduism 5.2. 3 Sikhism 5.2. 4 Jainism 5.3 Paganism 6 Irreligion 6.1 Non-religious 6.2 Atheism 7 Other religions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Anglicans 11.2 Catholics 11.3 Protestants 12 External links History ( edit ) W.R. Thomas, A South Australian Corroboree, 1864, Art Gallery of South Australia Indigenous Australian religion ( edit ) At the time of British settlement, the Indigenous Australians had their own religious traditions of the Dreaming ( as Mircea Eliade put it ) `` There is a general belief among the ( indigenous ) Australians that the world, man, and the various animals and plants were created by certain Supernatural beings who afterwards disappeared, either ascending to the sky or entering the earth. '' and ritual systems, with an emphasis on life transitions such as adulthood and death. Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia. Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the Dreaming have been practised for tens of thousands of years. Richard Johnson, Anglican priest and chaplain to the First Fleet Hermannsburg Aboriginal Mission, Northern Territory 19th Century mosque, Bourke, New South Wales Phap Hoa Vietnamese Buddhist Temple, Adelaide, South Australia Pope Benedict XVI arriving at Barangaroo, Sydney for World Youth Day 2008 Prior to European colonisation in 1788 there was contact with Indigenous Australians from people of various faiths. These contacts were with explorers, fishermen and survivors of the numerous shipwrecks. There have been countless artifacts retrieved from these contacts. The Aborigines of Northern Australia ( Arnhem Land ) retain stories, songs and paintings of trade and cultural interaction with boat - people from the north. These people are generally regarded as being from the east Indonesian archipelago. ( See : Macassan contact with Australia. ) There is some evidence of Islamic terms and concepts entering northern Aboriginal culture via this interaction. Centuries before European sailors reached Australia, Christian theologians already speculated whether the region, located on the opposite side of the world from Europe, had human inhabitants and, if so, whether the Antipodes descended from Adam and have been redeemed by Jesus. The prevailing point of view, expressed by St. Augustine of Hippo, was that `` it is too absurd to say that some men might have set sail from this side and, traversing the immense expanse of ocean, have propagated there a race of human beings descended from that one first man. '' A dissenting view, held by the Irish - Austrian St. Vergilius of Salzburg, was `` that beneath the earth there was another world and other men '' ; while not much is known about Vergilius ' views, the Catholic Encyclopedia speculates that he was able to clear himself from accusations of heresy by explaining that the people of the hypothetical Australia were descended from Adam and redeemed by Christ. By the early 18th century, Christian leaders felt that the natives of the little - known Terra Australis Incognita and Hollandia Nova ( still often thought as two distinct land masses ) were in need of conversion to Christianity. In 1724, a young Jonathan Edwards wrote : And what is peculiarly glorious in it, is the gospelizing the new and before unknown world, that which is so remote, so unknown, where the devil had reigned quietly from the beginning of the world, which is larger -- taking in America, Terra Australis Incognita, Hollandia Nova,... -- is far greater than the old world. I say, that this new world should all worship the God of Israel, whose worship was then confined to so narrow a land, is wonderful and glorious! Christianity ( edit ) Christianity came to Australia with the first British settlers on the First Fleet. Of the convicts and settlers most were Catholics ( largely Irish convicts ) and Anglicans and a number of them Methodists. The First Fleet brought tensions to Australia fuelled by historical grievances between Catholics and other Christians, tensions that would continue into the 20th century. The first chaplain, Richard Johnson, a Church of England cleric, was charged by Governor Arthur Phillip with improving `` public morality '' in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. Christian leaders have remained prominent in health and education in Australia ever since, with over a fifth of students attending church schools at the beginning of the 21st century and a number of the nation 's hospitals, care facilities and charities having been founded by Christian organisations. Though free settlers began to arrive in the late 18th century, it was the gold rush of the 1850s that led to radically increased immigration. The new settlers brought with them their religious traditions, such as Irish Catholicism, Scottish Presbyterianism and English Anglicanism among others. Australian Aborigines suffered a decline during this period as they were dispossessed of their lands and diseases spread among their population. Christian churches organised missions during this period, formally intended to `` civilise '' Aboriginal communities and spread Christianity. The overall consequences of this activity are still disputed, but it contributed to the decline of indigenous languages and beliefs. In Western Australia, the Anglican clergy saw themselves as pioneering a new society. Besides the usual religious roles of leading church building and public worship they took a major part in charity, education and public debate. They attempted to refashion it in their own ecclesiastical image based on English models. The Church of England was disestablished in the colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836. Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett, the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists. Freedom of Religion was enshrined in Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901. By 1901 apart from the indigenous population and the descendants of gold rush migrants, Australian society was predominantly Anglo - Celtic, with 40 % of the population being Anglican, 23 % Catholic, 34 % other Christian and about 1 % professing non-Christian religions. There was a Lutheran population of German descent in South Australia. Other religions ( edit ) There were at least 15 Jews in the First Fleet, 14 convicts and one `` free '' child. Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to penal transportation to Australia because friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the predominant role of trade unions. Before 1901, some Muslim sailors and prisoners came to Australia on convict ships. `` Afghan cameleers '' settled in Australia from the 1860s onwards ; a number of them being Sikh. From the 1870s Malay divers were recruited ( with most subsequently repatriated ). In 1901, the government passed an act limiting immigration to those of European descent in what came to be known as the White Australia Policy. By effectively limiting the immigration of practitioners of different faiths, this policy ensured that Christianity remained the religion of the overwhelming majority of Australians for the foreseeable future and, indeed, to the present day. The first census in 1911 showed 96 % identified themselves as Christian. The tensions that came with the First Fleet continued into the 1960s : job vacancy advertisements sometimes included the stipulation of `` Protestant preferred '' or that `` Catholics Need Not Apply ''. Nevertheless, Australia elected its first Catholic prime minister, James Scullin, in 1929 and Sir Isaac Isaacs, a Jew, was appointed governor - general in 1930. Constitutional status ( edit ) The Australian constitution consists of several documents, including the Statute of Westminster and the Australia Act of 1986, but there is only one reference to religion in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, signed into law in 1900. Notably, the constitution does not include a Bill Of Rights and, as a result, Australia 's fundamental law has been criticised for its lack of explicit protection for several rights and freedoms. However, Section 116 of the 1900 Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia ( Australian Constitution ) provides that : The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. Technically, this article does not affect the states ' authority to legislate on religion, nor would it block federal legislation on religion aside from that establishing an official religion of Australia. In practice, though, the government respects these rights and contributes to the generally free practice of religion. In 1983, the High Court of Australia defined religion as a complex of beliefs and practices which point to a set of values and an understanding of the meaning of existence. The ABS 2001 Census Dictionary defines `` No Religion '' as a category of religion which has subcategories such as agnosticism, atheism, Humanism and rationalism. The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( HREOC ) is able to inquire into allegations of discrimination on religious grounds. HREOC 's 1998 addressing the human right to freedom of religion and belief in Australia against article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stated that despite the legal protections that apply in different jurisdictions, many Australians suffer discrimination on the basis of religious belief or non-belief, including members of both mainstream and non-mainstream religions, and those of no religious persuasion. An example of an HREOC response to such views is the IsmaU project, which examines possible prejudice against Muslims in Australia since the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US, and the Bali bombings. Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demography of Australia People who identify as Christian as a percentage of the total population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census A question on religion has been asked in every census taken in Australia, with the voluntary nature of this question having been specifically stated since 1933. In 1971, the instruction `` if no religion, write none '' was introduced. This saw a sevenfold increase from the previous census year in the percentage of Australians stating they had no religion. Since 1971, this percentage has progressively increased to 30.1 % in 2016. The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS ) 2006 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information : Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons ' care and other social services provided by religion - based organisations ; the location of church buildings ; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities ; the allocation of time on public radio and other media ; and sociological research. The census question about religion is optional, and asks `` What is the person 's religion? '', giving respondents a choice of nine religions, `` Other '' and `` No religion ''. At the 2016 census 9.6 % of people declined to answer, or they did not give a response adequate for interpretation. The religious views of those people are not known, so it is not proper to group them together with people who state that they have no religion -- instead, all the census figures about religion should be treated with corresponding confidence levels. The 2016 census identified that 52.1 % of Australians classify themselves Christian : 22.6 % identifying themselves as Catholic and 13.3 % as Anglican. Another 8.2 % of Australians identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions. The second - largest classification was the 30.1 % who categorised themselves as having `` No religion '' ; this is most evident amongst younger people, with 39 % of people aged 18 -- 34 choosing that option ( it was 12 % in 1976 ). As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this ; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, about 7.5 % of the population. According to the time series data released with the 2016 census, the fastest growing religious classifications over the ten years between 2006 and 2016 were : No religion -- up from 18.7 % to 30.1 % Hinduism -- up from 0.7 % to 1.9 % Islam -- up from 1.7 % to 2.6 % Sikhism -- up from 0.1 % to 0.5 % Meanwhile, the greatest decreases were in the major Christian denominations ; all Christian denominations combined decreased from 63.9 % to 52.1 %. Censuses ' data ( edit ) Religious affiliation in Australia according to the censuses 1986 -- 2016 Affiliation 1986 ( ' 000 ) 1986 % 1996 ( ' 000 ) 1996 % 2006 ( ' 000 ) 2006 % 2011 ( ' 000 ) 2011 % 2016 ( ' 000 ) 2016 % 10 Anglican 3,723.4 23.9 3,903.3 22.0 3,718.3 18.7 3,680.0 17.1 3,101.2 13.3 10 Baptist 196.8 1.3 295.2 1.7 316.7 1.6 352.5 1.6 345.1 1.5 10 Catholic Catholic 4,064.4 26.1 4,799.0 27.0 5,126.9 25.8 5,439.2 25.3 5,291.8 22.6 10 Churches of Christ 88.5 0.6 75.0 0.4 54.8 0.3 49.7 0.2 39.6 0.2 10 Jehovah 's Witnesses 66.5 0.4 83.4 0.5 80.9 0.4 85.6 0.4 82.5 0.4 10 Latter Day Saints 35.5 0.2 45.2 0.3 53.1 0.3 59.8 0.3 61.6 0.3 10 Lutheran 208.3 1.3 250.0 1.4 251.1 1.3 251.9 1.2 174 0.7 10 Eastern Orthodox 427.4 2.7 497.3 2.8 544.3 2.7 563.1 2.6 582.8 2.7 10 Pentecostal 107.0 0.7 174.6 1.0 219.6 1.1 238.0 1.1 260.6 1.1 10 Presbyterian and Reformed Churches 560.0 3.6 675.5 3.8 596.7 3.0 599.5 2.8 526.7 2.3 10 Salvation Army 77.8 0.5 74.1 0.4 64.2 0.3 60.2 0.3 48.9 0.2 10 Seventh - day Adventist 48.0 0.3 52.7 0.3 55.3 0.3 63.0 0.3 62.9 0.3 10 Uniting Church 1,182.3 7.6 1,334.9 7.5 1,135.4 5.7 1,065.8 5.0 870.2 3.7 12 Other Christian 596.0 3.8 322.7 1.8 468.6 2.4 642.4 3.0 833.5 3.6 15 Christian total 11,381.9 73.0 12,582.9 70.9 12,685.9 63.9 13,150.6 61.1 12,201.6 52.1 20 Buddhism 80.4 0.5 199.8 1.1 418.8 529.0 2.5 563.7 2.4 20 Hinduism 21.5 0.1 67.3 0.4 148.1 0.7 275.5 1.3 440.3 1.9 20 Sikhism 12.0 < 0.1 26.4 0.1 72.3 0.4 125.9 0.5 20 Islam 109.5 0.7 200.9 1.1 340.4 1.7 476.3 604.2 2.6 20 Judaism 69.1 0.4 79.8 0.4 88.8 0.4 97.3 0.5 91 0.4 20 Other non-Christian 35.7 0.2 56.6 0.3 82.6 0.4 95.9 0.4 95.7 0.4 25 Non-Christian total 316.2 2.0 616.4 3.5 1,105.1 5.6 1,546.3 7.2 1,920.8 8.2 30 No religion 1,977.5 12.7 2,948.9 16.6 3,706.5 18.7 4,796.8 22.3 7,040.7 30.1 20 Jedi No stats 58.0 0.3 65.0 0.3 40 Not stated / Inadequately described 1,926.6 12.3 1,604.8 9.0 2,357.8 11.9 2,014.0 9.4 2,345.5 10 Total 15,602.1 100.0 17,753.0 100.0 19,855.3 100.0 21,507.7 100.0 23,401.4 100.0 Note : Due to rounding, figures may not add up to the totals shown. Line and bar charts ( edit ) Major religious affiliations in Australia by census year Christianity Other No religion Not stated Indigenous Australian traditions ( edit ) Main articles : Indigenous Australians, Australian Aboriginal mythology, and Dreaming ( spirituality ) Illustration of an Aboriginal Corroboree ceremony by William Barak c. 1898. Prior to British settlement in Australia, the animist beliefs of Australia 's indigenous people had been practised for millennia. In the case of mainland Aboriginal Australians, their spirituality is known as the Dreaming and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection of stories which it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs. Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. In the case of the Torres Strait Islanders who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, spirituality and customs reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea. Indigenous Australians have a complex oral tradition and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreaming. The Dreaming is at once the ancient time of creation and the present day reality of Dreaming. There were a great many different groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language. These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over time. The Rainbow Serpent is a major dream spirit for Aboriginal people across Australia. The Yowie and Bunyip are other well known dream spirits. At the time of the British settlement, traditional religions were animist and also tended to have elements of ancestor worship. According to the 2001 census, 5,244 persons or less than 0.03 percent of respondents reported practising Aboriginal traditional religions. Aboriginal beliefs and spirituality, even among those Aborigines who identify themselves as members of a traditional organised religion, are intrinsically linked to the land generally and to certain sites of significance in particular. The 1996 census reported that almost 72 percent of Aborigines practised some form of Christianity and 16 percent listed no religion. The 2001 census contained no comparable updated data. Since British settlement ( edit ) Statue of Christian pastor, Aboriginal activist and former Governor of South Australia, Sir Douglas Nicholls European culture and Christianity have had a significant impact on Indigenous Australians. As in many colonial situations the churches both facilitated the loss of Indigenous Australian culture and religion and also facilitated its maintenance. The involvement of Christians in Aboriginal affairs has evolved significantly since 1788. Around the year 2000, many churches and church organisations officially apologised for past failures to adequately respect indigenous cultures and address the injustices of the dispossession of indigenous people. In the Torres Strait Islands, the Coming of the Light Festival marks the day the Christian missionaries first arrived on the islands on 1 July 1871 and introduced Christianity to the region. This is a significant festival for Torres Strait Islanders, who are predominantly Christian. Religious and cultural ceremonies are held across Torres Strait and mainland Australia. Prominent Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson, himself raised at a Lutheran mission in Cape York, has written that missions throughout Australia 's colonial history `` provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation ''. Prominent Aboriginal Christians have included Pastor David Unaipon, the first Aboriginal author ; Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls, athlete, activist and former Governor of South Australia ; Mum ( Shirl ) Smith, a celebrated Redfern community worker who, assisted by the Sisters of Charity, work to assist Aborigines. ; and former Senator Aden Ridgeway, the first Chairman of the Aboriginal Catholic Ministry. In recent times, Christians such as Fr Ted Kennedy of Redfern, Jesuit human rights lawyer Fr Frank Brennan and the Josephite Sisters have been prominent in working for Aboriginal rights and improvements to standards of living. Religions ( edit ) Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) Sydney Bahá'í Temple Main article : Bahá'í Faith in Australia The Bahá'í Faith first arrived in Australia in 1922, and at less than 0.1 % of the total population, is one of the smaller religious minorities. The Sydney Bahá'í Temple is situated in Ingleside, a northern suburb of Sydney. According to Jennifer Taylor, a historian at Sydney University, it is among Sydney 's four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century. Dedicated in 1961, it was also the world 's fourth Bahá'í House of Worship to be completed. The 1996 Australian Census lists Bahá'í membership at just under 9,000. In 2001, the second edition of A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services added the Bahá'í Faith to its coverage of religions in Australia and noted that the community had grown to over 11,000. The Association of Religion Data Archives ( relying on World Christian Encyclopedia ) estimated some 17,700 Bahá'ís in 2005, and over 19,300 in 2010. However, census data from 2016 reported a much lower population of only 13,988. Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Australia St Mary 's Cathedral, Sydney Since the arrival of the first Christian settlers on the First Fleet of British ships in 1788, Christianity has grown to be the major religion in Australia. Consequently, the Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are public holidays, the skylines of Australian cities and towns are marked by church and cathedral spires and the Christian churches have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services in Australia. The churches with the largest number of members are the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church of Australia and the Uniting Church in Australia. Pentecostal churches are also present with megachurches being found in most states ( for example, Hillsong Church and Paradise Community Church ). The National Council of Churches in Australia is the main Christian ecumenical body. Christian denominations in Australia Australian interchurch ( show ) Australian Evangelical Alliance website National Council of Churches Catholic and Anglican ( show ) Anglican Church of Australia Roman Catholic Church Holiness and Pietist ( show ) Christian and Missionary Alliance Christian Outreach Centre Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Historical Protestantism ( show ) Australian Friends Australian Baptist Ministries Open Brethren Christian Reformed Churches of Australia Churches of Christ Fellowship of Congregational Churches Lutheran Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Australia Uniting Church in Australia Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia Orthodox ( show ) Antiochian Orthodox of Australia and New Z. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia Serbian Orthodox of Australia and New Z. Non-Chalcedonic Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia Pentecostal and related ( show ) Australian Christian Churches ( AOG ) Christian City Church Intl. CRC Churches International Revival Centres International Vineyard Churches Australia Worldwide Church of God Other ( show ) LDS Church St Vincent 's Hospital, Sydney in the 1900s. The Christian churches have played an integral role in the development and provision of welfare services in Australia. Mary MacKillop became the first Australian to be canonised as a saint of the Catholic Church in 2010. Presbyterian minister John Flynn, founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Catholic primary school at Broken Hill. Australia has an extensive network of Christian schools and around 20 % of children attend Catholic schools. For much of Australian history, the Church of England in Australia, now known as the Anglican Church of Australia, was the largest religious affiliation, however multicultural immigration has contributed to a decline in its relative position, with the Catholic Church benefiting from the opening of post-war Australia to multicultural immigration and becoming the largest group. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and other congregations associated with non-British cultures have also expanded. In his welcoming address to the Catholic World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney, the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, said that Christianity had been a positive influence on Australia : `` It was the '' ( Christian ) `` church that began first schools for the poor, it was the church that began first hospitals for the poor, it was the church that began first refuges for the poor and these great traditions continue for the future. '' Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education since Colonial times, when First Fleet chaplain Richard Johnson was credited as `` the physician both of soul and body '' during the famine of 1790, and was charged with general supervision of schools. Today, the Catholic education system is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 650,000 students ( and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments ). The Anglican Church educates around 105,000 students and the Uniting Church has around 48 schools. Smaller denominations, including the Lutheran Church also have a number of schools in Australia. There are two Catholic Universities in Australia, Australian Catholic University opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia and the University of Notre Dame Australia which is based in Perth. Catholic Social Services Australia 's 63 member organisations help more than a million Australians every year. Anglican organisations work in health, missionary work, social welfare and communications ; and the Uniting Church does extensive community work, in aged care, hospitals, nursing, family support services, youth services and with the homeless, and especially throughout inland Australia. Christian charities such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society, the Salvation Army, Anglicare, and Youth Off the Streets receive considerable national support. Religious orders founded many of Australia 's hospitals, such as St Vincent 's Hospital, Sydney, which was opened as a free hospital in 1857 by the Sisters of Charity and is now Australia 's largest not - for - profit health provider and has trained prominent Australian surgeons such as Victor Chang. Notable Australian Christians have included : Mary MacKillop -- educator, founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart and the first Australian to be recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church ; David Unaipon -- an Aboriginal writer, inventor and Christian preacher currently featured on the Australian $50 note ; Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne -- a controversial voice against Conscription during World War I and against British policy in Ireland ; the Reverend John Flynn -- founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, currently featured on the Australian $20 note ; and Sir Douglas Nicholls -- Aboriginal rights activist, athlete, pastor and former Governor of South Australia. Sectarianism in Australia tended to reflect the political inheritance of Britain and Ireland. Until 1945, the vast majority of Catholics in Australia were of Irish descent, causing the British majority to question their loyalty to the British Empire. The first Catholic priests arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800, but the Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and no further priests were allowed in the colony until 1820, when London sent John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly. In 1901, the Australian Constitution guaranteed Separation of Church and State. A notable period of sectarianism re-emerged during the First World War and the 1916 Easter Uprising in Ireland, but the significance of sectarian division declined dramatically after World War II. There was a growth in non-religious adherence, but also a diversification of Christian churches ( especially the growth of Greek, Macedonian, Serbian and Russian Orthodox churches ), together with an increase in ecumenism among Christians, through organisations such as the National Council of Churches in Australia. One of the most visible signs of the historical importance of Christianity to Australia is the prominence of churches in most Australian towns and cities. Among Australia 's oldest are Ebenezer Chapel, and the Anglican St Matthew 's, Windsor, St Luke 's, Liverpool, St Peter 's, Campbelltown and St James Church, Sydney, built between 1819 and 1824 by Governor Macquarie 's architect, Francis Greenway. St Mary 's Cathedral, Sydney was built to a design by William Wardell from a foundation stone laid in 1868, the spires of the cathedral were not finally added until the year 2000. Wardell also worked on the design of St Patrick 's Cathedral, Melbourne -- among the finest examples of ecclesiastical architecture in Australia. The Anglican St Paul 's Cathedral, Melbourne in the iconic hub of the city opposite Flinders Street Station. Adelaide is known as the `` City of Churches '', but churches extend far into the Australian Outback, as at the historic Lutheran Mission Chapel at Hermannsburg, Northern Territory. Along with community attitudes to religion, church architecture changed significantly during the 20th century. Urban churches, such as the Wayside Chapel ( 1964 ) in Sydney, differed markedly from traditional ecclesiastical designs. In the later 20th century, distinctly Australian approaches were applied at places such as Jambaroo Benedictine Abbey, where natural materials were chosen to `` harmonise with the local environment '' and the chapel sanctuary is of glass overlooking rainforest. Similar design principles were applied at Thredbo Ecumenical Chapel built in the Snowy Mountains in 1996. The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are national public holidays in Australia. Christmas, which recalls the birth of Jesus Christ, is celebrated on 25 December during the Australian summer ( although on 7 January by some Eastern Orthodox ) and is an important cultural festival even for many non-religious Australians. The European traditions of Christmas trees, roast dinners, carols and gift giving are all continued in Australia, but they might be conducted between visits to the beach, and Santa Claus is said in song to be drawn on his sleigh by six white boomer kangaroos. Here are some Christian denominations with Australian articles : Anglican Church of Australia ( formerly the Church of England in Australia ) Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia Australian Christian Churches ( formerly the Assemblies of God in Australia ) Australian Union Conference of Seventh - day Adventists Baptist Union of Australia Christian City Churches, started in Australia Churches of Christ in Australia The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Australia Fellowship of Congregational Churches, Australian only Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia CRC Churches International Lutheran Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia Presbyterian Reformed Church ( Australia ) Catholic Church in Australia Uniting Church in Australia Two by Twos Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Australia Grave of Afghan camel driver Zeriph Khan ( 1871 -- 1903 ) at Bourke Cemetery, New South Wales Australia. Muslims from British India formed some of Australia 's earliest Islamic communities. Auburn Gallipoli Mosque was built in the classical Ottoman style by Sydney 's Turkish Muslim community. Rugby League player Hazem El Masri, is a member of Australia 's large Lebanese - Australian Muslim community. The first contacts that Islam had with Australia was when Muslim fishermen native to Makassar, which is today a part of Indonesia, visited North - Western Australia long before British settlement in 1788. This contact of South East Asian ethnic groups of Islamic faith can be identified from the graves they dug for their comrades who died on the journey, being that they face Mecca ( in Arabia ), in accordance with Islamic regulations concerning burial, as well as evidence from Aboriginal cave paintings and religious ceremonies which depict and incorporate the adoption of Makassan canoe designs and words. In later history, throughout the 19th century following British settlement, other Muslims came to Australia including the Muslim ' Afghan ' cameleers, who used their camels to transport goods and people through the otherwise unnavigable desert and pioneered a network of camel tracks that later became roads across the Outback. Australia 's first mosque was built for them at Marree, South Australia in 1861. Between the 1860s and 1920s around 2000 cameleers were brought from Afghanistan and the north west of British India ( now Pakistan ) and perhaps 100 families remained in Australia. Other outback mosques were established at places like Coolgardie, Cloncurry, and Broken Hill -- and more permanent mosques in Adelaide, Perth and later Brisbane. A legacy of this pioneer era is the presence of wild camels in Outback and the oldest Islamic structure in the southern hemisphere, at Central Adelaide Mosque. Nonetheless, despite their significant role in Australia prior to the establishment of rail and road networks, the formulation of the White Australia policy at the time of Federation made immigration difficult for the ' Afghans ' and their memory slowly faded during the 20th century, until a revival of interest began in the 1980s. Successive Australian governments dismantled the White Australia Policy in the Post-WW2 period. From the 1970s onwards, under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser, Australia began to pursue multiculturalism. Australia in the later 20th century became a refuge for many Muslims fleeing conflicts including those in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan and Afghanistan. General immigration, combined with religious conversion to Islam by Christians and other Australians, as well as Australia 's participation in UN refugee efforts has increased the overall Muslim population. Around 36 % of Muslims are Australian born. Overseas born Muslims come from a great variety of nations and ethnic groups -- with large Lebanese and Turkish communities. Following the 11 September attacks, associations drawn between the political ideology of Osama Bin Laden and the religion of Islam have stirred debate in some quarters in Australia regarding Islam 's relationship with the wider community -- with some advocating greater emphasis on assimilation, and others supporting renewed commitment to diversity. The deaths of Australians in bombings by militant Islamic fundamentalists in New York in 2001, Bali in 2002 -- 5 and London in 2005 ; as well as the sending of Australian troops to East Timor in 1999, Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 ; the arrest of bomb plotters in Australia ; and concerns about certain cultural practices such as the wearing of the Burkha have all contributed to a degree of tension in recent times A series of comments by a senior Sydney cleric, Sheikh Taj El - Din Hilaly also stirred controversy, particularly his remarks regarding `` female modesty '' following an incident of gang rape in Sydney Australians were among the targets of Islamic Fundamentalists in the Bali bombings in Indonesia and attack on Australian Embassy in Jakarta and the South East Asian militant group Jemaah Islamiyah has been of particular concern to Australians. The Australian government 's mandatory detention processing system for asylum seekers became increasingly controversial after the 11 September attacks. A significant proportion of recent Asylum seekers arriving by boat have been Muslims fleeing the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and elsewhere. Some Islamic leaders and social commentators claim that Islam has suffered from unfair stereotyping Violence and intimidation was directed against Muslims and people of Middle Eastern appearance during southern Sydney 's Cronulla riots in 2005. In 2005, the Howard Government established the Muslim Community Reference Group to advise on Muslim community issues for one year, chaired by Ameer Ali. Inter-faith dialogues were also established by Christian and Muslim groups such as The Australian Federation of Islamic Councils and the National Council of Churches in Australia. Australia and Indonesia co-operated closely following the Bali - bombings, not only in law - enforcement but in improving education and cross-cultural understanding, leading to a marked improvement in relations. After a series of controversies, Sheikh Taj El - Din Hilaly retired as Grand mufti of Australia in 2007 and was replaced by Fehmi Naji El - Imam AM. Today, over 370,000 people in Australia identify as Muslim, with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Sydney and Melbourne. More than half are non-practising cultural Muslims. Since the 1970s Islamic schools have been established as well as more than 100 mosques and prayer centres. Many notable Muslim places of worship are to be found in large Australian cities, including the Central Adelaide Mosque, which was constructed during the 1880s ; and Sydney 's Classical Ottoman style Auburn Gallipoli Mosque, which was largely funded by the Turkish community and the name of which recalls the shared heritage of the foundation of modern Turkey and the story of the ANZACs. 1,140 people identified as Aboriginal Muslims in the 2011 census, almost double the number recorded in the 2001 census. Notable Australian Muslims include boxer Anthony Mundine ; community worker and rugby league star Hazem El Masri ; cricketer Usman Khawaja and academic Waleed Aly. In 2013, Labor MP Ed Husic became Australia 's first Muslim member of Cabinet, briefly serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and for Broadband in the short lived Second Rudd Government. Judaism ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in Australia The Great Synagogue, Sydney. Sir Isaac Isaacs was the first Australian born Governor General of Australia and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire. At least eight Jewish convicts are believed to have been transported to Sydney aboard the First Fleet in 1788, when the first British settlement was established on the continent. An estimated 110,000 Jews currently live in Australia, the majority being Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern European descent, with many being refugees and Holocaust survivors who arrived during and after World War II. The Jewish population has increased slightly in recent times due to immigration from South Africa and the former Soviet Union. The largest Jewish community in Australia is in Melbourne, with about 60,000, followed by Sydney with about 45,000 members. Smaller communities are dispersed among the other state capitals. Following the conclusion of the British colonial period, Jews have enjoyed formal equality before the law in Australia and have not been subject to civil disabilities or other forms of state - sponsored anti-Semitism which exclude them from full participation in public life. Sydney 's gothic design Great Synagogue, consecrated in 1878, is a notable place of Jewish worship in Australia. Notable Australian Jews have included the Sir John Monash, the notable World War I general who opened the Maccabean Hall in Sydney in 1923 to commemorate Jews who fought and died in the First World War and who is currently featured on the Australian $100 note ; and Sir Isaac Isaacs who became the first Australian born governor general in 1930. Sir Zelman Cowen also served as Governor - General, between 1977 and 1982. The Sydney Jewish Museum opened in 1992 to commemorate the Holocaust `` challenge visitors ' perceptions of democracy, morality, social justice and human rights ''. Until the 1930s, all synagogues in Australia were nominally Orthodox, with most acknowledging leadership of the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom. To this day the vast majority of synagogues in Australia are Orthodox. However, there is a wide range of Orthodox congregations, including Mizrachi, Chabad and Adass Israel congregations. There are also Sephardi congregations. There had been short - lived efforts to establish Reform congregations as early as the 1890s. However, under the leadership of Ada Phillips, a sustained liberal congregation, Temple Beth Israel, was established in Melbourne. Subsequently, another synagogue linked to the United States Reform Movement, Temple Emanuel, was established in Sydney. Following these two congregations, a number of other Liberal synagogues have been founded in other cities. Since 1992 Conservative ( Masorti ) services have been held as an alternative service usually in the Neuweg, the smaller second synagogue within Temple Emanuel, Woollahra, Sydney. In 1999, Kehilat Nitzan, Melbourne 's first Conservative ( Masorti ) congregation was established, with foundation president John Rosenberg. The congregation appointed its first rabbi, Ehud Bandel in 2006. In 2010 Beit Knesset Shalom became Brisbane 's first Conservative ( Masorti ) synagogue. In 2012, the first humanistic Jewish congregation, known as Kehilat Kolenu, was established in Melbourne with links to the cultural Jewish youth movement Habonim Dror. Later in 2012, a similar congregation was established in Sydney, known as Ayelet HaShachar. The services are loosely based on the Humanistic Jewish movement in the United States and the musical - prayer group Nava Tehila in Israel. Indian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism in Australia Nan Tien Temple of Fo Guang Shan Chinese Buddhism, in Wollongong. Buddhists began arriving in Australia in significant numbers during the goldrush of the 1850s with an influx of Chinese miners. However, the population remained low until the 1960s. Buddhism is now one of the fastest growing religions in Australia. Immigration from Asia has contributed to this, but some people of non-Asian origin have also converted. The three main traditions of Buddhism -- Theravada, East Asian and Tibetan -- are now represented in Australia. According to the 2016 census, Buddhism has 563,700 adherents, or 2.4 % of the total population. Buddhist temples can be very active. Quang Minh temple in Braybrook, Melbourne, Victoria gets about 2,000 people through every Sunday and gives a free vegetarian meal to about 600 people. For important events, more than 20,000 people come. Even more come to the Nan Tien Temple, or `` Southern Paradise Temple '', in Wollongong, New South Wales, began construction in the early 1990s, adopting the Chinese palace building style and is now the largest Buddhist temple in the Southern Hemisphere. The temple follows the Venerable Master Hsing Yun of the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist order. Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Hinduism in Australia Shiva Vishnu Temple in Melbourne. Hindus number 440,300 according to the 2016 census, making Hinduism the fifth largest and the second fastest growing religion in Australia ( 12.0 % per year since 2011 ). In the 19th century, Hindus first came to Australia to work on cotton and sugar plantations. Many who remained worked in small business, as camel drivers, merchants and hawkers, selling goods between small rural communities. Their population increased dramatically from the 1960s and 1970s and more than doubled between the 1996 and 2006 census to around 148,000 people. Most were migrants from countries such as Fiji, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and South Africa. At present many Hindus are well - educated professionals in fields such as medicine, engineering, commerce and information technology. Among Australia 's best - known Hindus is the singer Kamahl. There are around forty - three Hindu temples in Australia, the Sri Mandir Temple in Auburn, Sydney, being the first temple. It was established in 1977 to meet the needs of the growing Hindu community. Sikhism ( edit ) Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara ( Temple ), Glenwood, New South Wales. Main article : Sikhism in Australia Sikhism is currently the fastest growing religion in Australia. According to census data, Australia 's Sikh population grew from 72,000 to 126,000 between 2011 and 2016, an average growth rate of 14.8 % per year. Around 42 % of Australia 's Sikhs live in the state of Victoria. Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in Australia Jainism is currently the fourth fastest growing religion in Australia, recording 4,050 adherents in 2016 and growing an average of 7.7 % per year. The overwhelming majority ( 94.7 % ) of Jains live inside the state capitals, primarily Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. Paganism ( edit ) Main article : Paganism in Australia Alexandrian Wiccans and Gardnerian Wiccans arrived in Australia from England and the United States around the late 1960s. In the 2011 census, 32,083 Australians identified their religion as a Pagan religion including 8,413 people who identified their religion as Wicca or Witchcraft. Irreligion ( edit ) Main article : Irreligion in Australia Non-religious ( edit ) Australia is one of the least religious nations in the developed world, with religion not described as a central part in many people 's lives. This view is prominent among Australia 's youth, who were ranked as the least religious worldwide in a 2008 survey conducted by The Christian Science Monitor. In the 2016 census, the ABS categorised 7,040,700 Australians ( 30.1 % ) as having no religion, up from 4,796,800 ( 22.3 % ) in 2011. This category includes agnosticism, atheism, humanism, rationalism, and people who are unaffiliated with any particular religion. Atheism ( edit ) While people with no religion are more than 30 % of the Australian population, the Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide information in the annual `` 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia '' on religious affiliation as to how many people fall into each sub-category. Data on religious affiliation is only collected by the ABS at the five yearly population census. Atheist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Atheist Foundation of Australia. Humanist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies. Rationalist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Rationalist Society of Australia. The Global Atheist Convention, a prominent atheist event, has been held in Melbourne. Other religions ( edit ) The 2006 census shows 53 listed groups down to 5000 members, most of them Christian denominations, many of them national versions such as Greek, Serbian Orthodox and Assyrian Orthodox. Of the smaller religions, Pagan religions 29,328, Bahá'í at 12,000, Humanism about 7000. Between 1000 and 5000, are the following religions -- Taoist, Druse, Satanism, Zoroastrian, Rationalism, Creativity, Theosophy, Jainism. There are also adherents of Tenrikyo, Shinto, Unitarian Universalism, Eckankar, Cao Dai, Rastafarianism, Pantheism, Scientology and Raelianism. In general, non-Christian religions and those with no religion have been growing in proportion to the overall population. With fewer classifications, data from 1996 and 2001 showed Aboriginal religion decreasing from 7000 to 5000 while Bahá'í grew from just under 9000 to over 11,000 and the rest of the `` Other '' category growing from about 69,000 to about 92,000. See also ( edit ) Australia portal Religion portal Freedom of religion in Australia A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Section 116 states that `` The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. '' Jump up ^ Prior to 1971, people describing themselves as more than 50 % Aboriginal were excluded from counts of the population. 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Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Kirby, Simon. `` Muslim leaders back advisory body plan ''. News.smh.com.au. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Whites fleeing racially mixed schools in Australia : report ''. News.smh.com.au. 2008 - 03 - 10. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 10 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2008. Jump up ^ `` Indonesia country brief -- Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ''. Dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Baker, Jordan ; Marcus, Caroline ( 23 September 2012 ). `` Inside Sydney 's City of Imams ''. Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Janak Rogers ( 24 June 2014 ). `` When Islam came to Australia ''. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2014. Jump up ^ Phil Mercer ( 31 March 2003 ). `` Aborigines turn to Islam ''. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2006. Jump up ^ Prime Minister Kevin Rudd 's new - look ministry sworn into office at Government House ; ABC Online ; Retrieved 21 Sept. 2013 Jump up ^ `` Population of Jews in Australia ''. Judaism.about.com. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Exhibition shows it ‚ Äôs not all black and white The Australian Jewish News ''. Jewishnews.net.au. 2009 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Serle, Geoffrey. `` Biography -- Sir John Monash -- Australian Dictionary of Biography ''. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Overview ''. Sydney Jewish Museum. 1992 - 11 - 18. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ Rubinstein and Freeman, ( Editors ), `` A Time to Keep : The story of Temple Beth Israel : 1930 to 2005 '' A Special publication of the Australian Jewish Historical Society, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Nan Tien Temple Southern Paradise ''. Nantien.org.au. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Australian Hindu Temples ''. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` About Us ''. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` General Community Profile ( Australia ) 2016 ''. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Census Table Builder ; id ''. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Sorted Sikhism by State and Territory and calculated percentages. Jump up ^ `` Census Table Builder ''. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Sorted Jainism by rest of State and Territory and calculated percentages. Jump up ^ Douglas Ezzy ( 2009 ). `` Australian Paganisms ''. In Pizza, Murphy ; Lewis, James R. Handbook of Contemporary Paganism. Leiden : BRILL. p. 465. ISBN 9789004163737. Jump up ^ `` PAGANDASH -- STAND UP AND BE COUNTED Results of the 2011 Census ''. pagandash.org.au. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` God 's OK, it 's just the religion bit we do n't like '', Sydney Morning Herald. Jump up ^ Lampman, Jane. `` Global survey : youths see spiritual dimension to life '', The Christian Science Monitor, 2008, Retrieved on 8 November 2008. Jump up ^ `` 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia, 2012 ''. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Census Table 2006 -- 20680 - Religious Affiliation ( full classification list ) by Sex -- Australia ''. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ http://www.adherents.com/loc/loc_australia.html Jump up ^ http://australia.raelians.org/ Jump up ^ `` Census shows non-Christian religions continue to grow at a faster rate '', Media Fact Sheet, 27 June 2007. Further reading ( edit ) Berndt, R.M. Australian Aboriginal Religion, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1974 ISBN 90 - 04 - 03861 - 2 Bouma, Gary, ed. Many Religions All Australian : Religious Settlement, Identity and Cultural Diversity. Melbourne : Christian Research Association, 1997. ISBN 1 - 875223 - 14 - 2 Carey, Hilary M. Believing in Australia. Sydney : Allen & Unwin, 1992. ISBN 1 - 86373 - 950 - 5 Eliade, M., Australian Religions : An Introduction, Oxford University Press, London, 1973 ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0729 - X Hilliard, David. `` Popular Religion in Australia in the 1950s : A Study of Adelaide and Brisbane. '' Journal of religious history 15.2 ( 1988 ) : 219 -- 235. Hilliard, David. `` The religious crisis of the 1960s : the experience of the Australian churches. '' Journal of religious history 21.2 ( 1997 ) : 209 -- 227. Humphreys, Robert, and Rowland S. Ward. Religious bodies in Australia : a comprehensive guide ( New Melbourne Press, 1995_. Hunt, A.D. `` For God, King, and country '' : A study of the attitudes of the Methodist and Catholic press in South Australia ( 1979 ) Jupp, James, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion in Australia, Melbourne : Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86407 - 7 Lovat, Terence. New Studies in Religion. Social Science Press pg 148 ( 2002 ) O'Brien, Anne. God 's Willing Workers : Women and Religion in Australia ( University of New South Wales Press, 2005 ) O'Brien, Anne. `` Historical overview spirituality and work Sydney women, 1920 -- 1960. '' Australian Historical Studies 33.120 ( 2002 ) : 373 -- 388. Thompson, Roger C. Religion in Australia : A history ( Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1994 ), a standard scholarly survey Anglicans ( edit ) B. Kaye, ed., Anglicanism in Australia : a History ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press, 2002 ) T. Frame, A Church for the Nation : a History of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn ( Sydney : Hale & Iremonger, 2000 ). D. Hilliard, Godliness and Good Order : A History of the Anglican Church in South Australia ( Adelaide : Wakefield Press, 1986 ) S. Judd and K.J. Cable, Sydney Anglicans : A History of the Diocese ( Sydney : Anglican Information Office, 1987 ) B. Porter, ed., Melbourne Anglicans : The Diocese of Melbourne 1847 -- 1978 ( Melbourne : Mitre Books, 1997 ) Catholics ( edit ) Campion, Edmund. Rockchoppers : Growing Up Catholic in Australia ( 1983 ) Dixon, Robert E. The Catholics in Australia ( 1996 ) Hamilton, Celia. `` Irish - Catholics of New South Wales and the Labor Party, 1890 -- 1910, '' Historical Studies : Australia & New Zealand ( 1958 ) 8 ( 31 ) : 254 -- 267 Laffin, Josephine. `` ' Sailing in Stormy Waters ' : Archbishop Matthew Beovich and the Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide in the 1960s. '' Journal of Religious History 34.3 ( 2010 ) : 289 -- 311. McGrath, Sophie. `` Women Religious in the History of Australia 1888 -- 1950 : a Case Study -- the Sisters of Mercy Parramatta, '' Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society ( 1995 ) 81 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 Murtagh, James G. Australia : The Catholic Chapter ( 1959 ) O'Donoghue, Thomas A. Upholding the Faith : The Process of Education in Catholic Schools in Australia, 1922 -- 1965 ( 2001 ) O'Farrell, Patrick. The Irish in Australia : 1798 to the Present Day ( 3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001 ) Protestants ( edit ) Brauer, Alfred. Under the Southern Cross : History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia ( Lutheran Publishing House, 1985 ) Ellis, Julie - Ann. `` ' Cross-Firing over the Gulf ' : The Rift between Methodism and the Labour Movement in South Australia in the 1890s '' Labour History ( 1993 ) : 89 -- 102. in JSTOR Hardgrave, Donald W. For Such a Time : A History of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia ( 1988 ) Harrison, John. Baptism of Fire : The first ten years of the Uniting Church in Australia ( 1986 ) Hunt, Arnold Dudley. This Side of Heaven : A History of Methodism in South Australia ( Lutheran Publishing House, 1985 ) External links ( edit ) Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups ( ASCRG ), 1266.0, 1996 1996 Census Dictionary -- Religion category 2001 Census Dictionary -- Religion category Year Book Australia, 2006. Religious Affiliation section Australia in USA Department of State International Religious Freedom Report Hilary M Carey - University of Newcastle ( 2008 ). `` Religion ''. Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ( History of Religion in Sydney ) ( CC - By - SA ) Religion in Australia Ranked in order per 2011 census Christianity Roman Catholic Protestant Anglican Eastern Orthodox No religion Buddhism Islam Hinduism Judaism Sikhism Neopaganism Aboriginal Freedom of religion Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Religion in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&oldid=849340502 '' Categories : Religion in Australia Demographics of Australia Religion in the British Empire Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID not in Wikidata Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018, at 09 : 52 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Religion in Australia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&amp;oldid=849340502" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "in Australia Religion in Australia as declared in the census ( 2016 ) Catholic Church ( 22.6 % ) Other Christian ( 16.3 % ) Anglicanism ( 13.3 % ) Islam ( 2.6 % ) Buddhism ( 2.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.9 % ) Other religions ( 1.7 % ) No religion ( 30.1 % ) Not stated or unclear ( 9.6 % ) St Peter 's Cathedral, Adelaide. Religion in Australia is diverse. Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion. In an optional question on the 2016 Census, 52.1 % of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage was far higher ; now, the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying. In 2016, 30.1 % of Australians stated `` no religion '' and a further 9.6 % chose not to answer the question. Other faiths include Muslims ( 2.6 % ), Buddhists ( 2.4 % ), Hindus ( 1.9 % ), Sikhs ( 0.5 % ), and Jews ( 0.4 % ). Australia 's Aboriginal people developed the animist spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors. Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality. The general" ], "id": [ "3329372670378004976" ], "short_answers": [ "Christianity" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Cultural landscape - wikipedia Cultural landscape Jump to : navigation, search Sunrise at Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, is the `` cultural properties ( that ) represent the combined works of nature and of man. '' `` a landscape designed and created intentionally by man '' an `` organically evolved landscape '' which may be a `` relict ( or fossil ) landscape '' or a `` continuing landscape '' an `` associative cultural landscape '' which may be valued because of the `` religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the concept 2 Examples 2.1 Tongariro National Park, New Zealand ( 1993 ) 2.2 Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia ( 1994 ) 2.3 Rice Terraces of Philippine Cordilleras ( 1995 ) 2.4 Cultural Landscape of Sintra Portugal ( 1995 ) 2.5 Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands ( Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto ), Italy ( 1997 ) 2.6 Hortobágy National Park, Hungary ( 1999 ) 2.7 Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe ( 2003 ) 2.8 Dresden Elbe Valley, Germany ( 2004 ) 2.9 Qhapaq Ñan ( Andean Road System ), Peru, Columbia, Equator, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile ( 2014 ) 2.10 West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China ( 2011 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links History of the concept ( edit ) The concept of ' cultural landscapes ' can be found in the European tradition of landscape painting. From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes. The word `` landscape '' itself combines ' land ' with a verb of Germanic origin, `` scapjan / schaffen '' to mean, literally, ' shaped lands '. Lands were then considered shaped by natural forces, and the unique details of such landshaffen ( shaped lands ) became themselves the subject of ' landscape ' paintings. The geographer Otto Schlüter is credited with having first formally used `` cultural landscape '' as an academic term in the early 20th century. In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a Landschaftskunde ( landscape science ) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline. He defined two forms of landscape : the Urlandschaft ( transl. original landscape ) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the Kulturlandschaft ( transl. ' cultural landscape ' ) a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes. Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth 's surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act. His classic definition of a ' cultural landscape ' reads as follows : `` The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result '' Since Schlüter 's first formal use of the term, and Sauer 's effective promotion of the idea, the concept of ' cultural landscapes has been variously used, applied, debated, developed and refined within academia, when, in 1992, the World Heritage Committee elected to convene a meeting of the ' specialists ' to advise and assist redraft the Committee 's Operational Guidelines to include ' cultural landscapes ' as an option for heritage listing properties that were neither purely natural nor purely cultural in form ( i.e. ' mixed ' heritage ). The World Heritage Committee 's adoption and use of the concept of ' cultural landscapes ' has seen multiple specialists around the world, and many nations identifying ' cultural landscapes ', assessing ' cultural landscapes ', heritage listing ' cultural landscapes ', managing ' cultural landscapes ', and effectively making ' cultural landscapes ' known and visible to the world, with very practical ramifications and challenges. A 2006 academic review of the combined efforts of the World Heritage Committee, multiple specialists around the world, and nations to apply the concept of ' cultural landscapes ', observed and concluded that : `` Although the concept of landscape has been unhooked for some time from its original art associations... there is still a dominant view of landscapes as an inscribed surface, akin to a map or a text, from which cultural meaning and social forms can simply be read. '' Within academia, any system of interaction between human activity and natural habitat is regarded as a cultural landscape. In a sense this understanding is broader than the definition applied within UNESCO, including, as it does, almost the whole of the world 's occupied surface, plus almost all the uses, ecologies, interactions, practices, beliefs, concepts, and traditions of people living within cultural landscapes. Following on this, geographer Xoán Paredes defines cultural landscape as : ``... the environment modified by the human being in the course of time, the long - term combination between anthropic action on this environment and the physical constraints limiting or conditioning human activity. It is a geographical area -- including natural and cultural resources -- associated to historical evolution, which gives way to a recognizable landscape for a particular human group, up to the point of being identifiable as such by others. '' Some Universities now offer specialist degrees in the study of cultural landscapes, including, for instance, the Universities of Naples, St. - Étienne, and Stuttgart who offer a Master of Cultural Landscapes diploma. Examples ( edit ) The World Heritage Committee has identified and listed a number of areas or properties as cultural landscapes of universal value to humankind, including the following : Tongariro National Park, New Zealand ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Tongariro Mahuia River in the Tongariro National Park, New Zealand `` In 1993 Tongariro National Park, became the first property to be inscribed on the World Heritage List under the revised criteria describing cultural landscapes. The mountains at the heart of the park have cultural and religious significance for the Maori people and symbolize the spiritual links between this community and its environment. The park has active and extinct volcanoes, a diverse range of ecosystems and some spectacular landscapes. '' Uluru - Kata Tjuta National park, Australia ( 1994 ) ( edit ) `` This park, formerly called Uluru ( Ayers Rock -- Mount Olga ) National Park, features spectacular geological formations that dominate the vast red sandy plain of central Australia. Uluru, an immense monolith, and Kata Tjuta, the rock domes located west of Uluru, form part of the traditional belief system of one of the oldest human societies in the world. The traditional owners of Uluru - Kata Tjuta are the Anangu Aboriginal people. '' Rice terraces of Philippine Cordilleras ( 1995 ) ( edit ) The Batad rice terraces, The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, the first site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List cultural landscape category in 1995. `` For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment. '' Cultural landscape of Sintra portugal ( 1995 ) ( edit ) `` In the 19th century Sintra became the first centre of European Romantic architecture. Ferdinand II turned a ruined monastery into a castle where this new sensitivity was displayed in the use of Gothic, Egyptian, Moorish and Renaissance elements and in the creation of a park blending local and exotic species of trees. Other fine dwellings, built along the same lines in the surrounding serra, created a unique combination of parks and gardens which influenced the development of landscape architecture throughout Europe ''. Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the islands ( palmaria, tino and tinetto ), italy ( 1997 ) ( edit ) `` The Ligurian coast between Cinque Terre and Portovenere is a cultural landscape of great scenic and cultural value. The layout and disposition of the small towns and the shaping of the surrounding landscape, overcoming the disadvantages of a steep, uneven terrain, encapsulate the continuous history of human settlement in this region over the past millennium. '' Hortobágy National park, hungary ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Hungarian Grey Cattle in Hortobágy National Park. Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe, which means that it was not formed as a result of deforestation or river control. The first Hungarian national park ( established in 1973 ), it is the country 's largest protected area ( 82 thousand hectares ). A significant part of it is Biosphere Reserve and a quarter of its area enjoys international protection under the Ramsar Convention on the conservation of wetlands. Matobo hills, Zimbabwe ( 2003 ) ( edit ) The area exhibits a profusion of distinctive rock landforms rising above the granite shield that covers much of Zimbabwe. The large boulders provide abundant natural shelters and have been associated with human occupation from the early Stone Age right through to early historical times, and intermittently since. They also feature an outstanding collection of rock paintings. The Matopo Hills continue to provide a strong focus for the local community, which still uses shrines and sacred places closely linked to traditional, social and economic activities. Dresden Elbe Valley, germany ( 2004 ) ( edit ) `` The 18th - and 19th - century cultural landscape of Dresden Elbe Valley... features low meadows, and is crowned by the Pillnitz Palace and the centre of Dresden with its numerous monuments and parks from the 16th to 20th centuries. The landscape also features 19th - and 20th - century suburban villas and gardens and valuable natural features. '' This landscape was struck from the World Heritage list in 2009, due to the construction of a four lane highway across the Elbe. Qhapaq ñan ( andean road system ), peru, columbia, equator, bolivia, argentina, chile ( 2014 ) ( edit ) This site is an extensive Inca communication, trade and defence network of roads covering 30,000 km. Constructed by the Incas over several centuries and partly based on pre-Inca infrastructure, this extraordinary network through one of the world 's most extreme geographical terrains linked the snow - capped peaks of the Andes -- at an altitude of more than 6,000 m -- to the coast, running through hot rainforests, fertile valleys and absolute deserts. It reached its maximum expansion in the 15th century, when it spread across the length and breadth of the Andes. The Qhapac Ñan, Andean Road System includes 273 component sites spread over more than 6,000 km that were selected to highlight the social, political, architectural and engineering achievements of the network, along with its associated infrastructure for trade, accommodation and storage, as well as sites of religious significance. ( 16 ) The West Lake of Hangzhou World Heritage Site. According to the UNESCO, it reflects `` an idealized fusion between humans and nature. '' West Lake cultural landscape of Hangzhou, china ( 2011 ) ( edit ) `` The West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, comprising the West Lake and the hills surrounding its three sides, has inspired famous poets, scholars and artists since the 9th century. It comprises numerous temples, pagodas, pavilions, gardens and ornamental trees, as well as causeways and artificial islands. '' See also ( edit ) Environment portal Cultural region Ecomuseum Historic American Landscapes Survey ( HALS ) -- Heritage Documentation Program of the U.S. National Park Service, archived physically + online at the Library of Congress. Landscape architecture Lists of World Heritage Sites Native American use of fire -- North America. Natural landscape Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2012 ) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention ( 1 ). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14. Jump up ^ PANNELL, S ( 2006 ) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context : Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62 ^ Jump up to : GIBSON, W.S ( 1989 ) Mirror of the Earth : The World Landscape in Sixteenth - Century Flemish Painting. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Jump up ^ HABER, W ( 1995 ) Concept, Origin, and Meaning of Landscape. UNESCO 's Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value : Components of a Global Strategy. UNESCO, New York. Pages 38 - 42. ^ Jump up to : JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G ( 1981 ) All Possible Worlds : A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p. 177. Jump up ^ ELKINS, T.H ( 1989 ) Human and Regional Geography in the German - speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D ( Eds ) Reflections on Richard Hartshorne 's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. Page 27 Jump up ^ JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G ( 1981 ) All Possible Worlds : A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Page 321 - 324. Jump up ^ SAUER, C ( 1925 ) The Morphology of Landscape. University of California Publications in Geography. Number 22. Pages 19 - 53 ^ Jump up to : FOWLER, P.J ( 2003 ) World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 - 2002. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris, France. Jump up ^ PANNELL, S ( 2006 ) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context : Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University, Cairns. Page 63 Jump up ^ PAREDES, X. ( 2015a ) A utilidade do celtismo. Celticidade galaica no S. XXI. Proceedings of Jornadas das Letras Galego - Portuguesas 2012 - 2014, DTS and SAGA. Pages 175 - 190 Jump up ^ PAREDES, X. ( 2017 ) I can see my hillfort from here. Personal site ( last access July 30, 2017 ). Jump up ^ Cultural Landscape UNESCO. Accessed 9 January 2008 Jump up ^ Malig, Jojo ( 26 June 2012 ). `` Philippine rice terraces no longer in danger ''. ABS - CBN News. Retrieved 26 June 2012. Jump up ^ Hungarian Tourism Plc., Hortobágy National Park Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522/ Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese cultural landscape, the West Lake of Hangzhou, inscribed on UNESCO 's World Heritage List. Bibliography ( edit ) Conzen, M., 1993, ' The historical impulse in Geographical writing about the United States 1850 1990 ', in Conzen, M., Rumney, T. and Wynn, G., A Scholar 's Guide to Geographical Writing on the American and Canadian Past, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 3 90. Denevan William M., 1992, ' The Americas before and after 1492 : Current Geographical Research ', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 369 -- 385. Elkins, T.H., 1989, ' Human and Regional Geography in the German - speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century ', in J. Nicholas Entrikin & Stanley D. Brunn ( eds ). Reflections on Richard Hartshorne 's The nature of geography, Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. 17 - 34. James, P.E. and Martin, G., 1981, All Possible Worlds : A history of geographical ideas, John Wiley & Sons, New York Jones, M., 2003, ' The Concept of Cultural Landscape : Discourse and Narratives ', in H. Palang & G. Fry ( eds. ), Landscape Interfaces. Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes, Dordrecht, 21 - 51 Sauer, C., 1925, The Morphology of Landscape, University of California Publications in Geography, 22 : 19 - 53. Fedorov, R. Genesis of the cultural landscape of Urals and Siberia. / / Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, P. 207 -- 216 External links ( edit ) UNESCO Webpage Article on ' Cultural Landscapes ' identifying all listed cultural landscapes Accessed 9 January 2008 UNESCO World Heritage Committee 's Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention Accessed 11 November 2007 UNESCO World Heritage Series publication entitled `` World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 - 2002 Accessed 9 January 2008 PANNELL, S ( 2006 ) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context : Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University, Cairns. Accessed 11 November 2007 International Federation of Landscape Architects Cultural Landscapes Committee Accessed 26 January 2009 Hungarian Tourism Plc., Hortobágy National Park Accessed 11 April 2012 Culture Outline Sciences Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture Subfields Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural health Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Types Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Aspects Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High - 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culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children 's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Category Portal Commons WikiProject changes Environmental humanities Art Crop art Environmental art Environmental sculpture Land art Landscape painting Photography conservation landscape nature wildlife Sculpture trail Site - specific art Sustainable art Culture Cultural ecology Cultural landscape Ecolinguistics Ecological anthropology Ecosemiotics Environmental anthropology Ethnoecology Traditional ecological knowledge Literature Ecocomposition Ecocriticism Ecopoetry Geocriticism Nature writing Outdoor literature Zoopoetics Philosophy Aesthetics of nature Constructivism Cosmology Critical realism Deep ecology Ecofeminism Ecophenomenology Ecosophy Environmental ethics Environmental justice Environmental philosophy Materialism Natural philosophy Philosophy of mind Philosophy of science Social ecology Religion Ecotheology Environmental theology Religion and environmentalism Spiritual ecology Stewardship Other Anthrozoology Ecomusicology Environmental communication Environmental education adult arts - based Environmental history Environmental interpretation Environmental journalism Environmental law Outdoor education Psychogeography Thematic interpretation Related Animal studies Bioethics Biophilia hypothesis Do it yourself ( ethic ) Natural history ( museums ) Popular science Property theory ( common property ) Science, technology and society science studies Simple living Slow food Spirit of place Sustainability studies Applied Arts and Crafts movement Acoustic ecology Biomimicry Ecodesign Ecological design Ecomuseum Educational trail Environmental design Landscape architecture assessment planning Nature center New Urbanism Sustainable architecture Sustainable design Sustainable fashion Themed walk Urban acupuncture Environment portal Category Commons Journals Degrees Institutions LCCN : sh2006005972 GND : 4033573 - 2 NDL : 01059446 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_landscape&oldid=808076110 '' Categories : Cultural landscapes Cultural geography Culture terminology UNESCO treaties Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 18 : 54. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cultural landscape", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cultural_landscape&amp;oldid=808076110" }

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{ "text": "Bumblebee ( Transformers ) - Wikipedia Bumblebee ( Transformers ) Jump to : navigation, search hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bumblebee is a fictional character from the Transformers franchise. In most incarnations, Bumblebee is a small, yellow ( with black stripes ) Autobot with most of his alternative vehicle modes inspired by several generations of the Chevrolet American muscle cars ( with the live - action film versions being very real Camaros : the original vehicle mode was based on a classic European Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle ). The characters and related events are described, below, using in - universe tone. He is named after a genus of bee which inspired his paint scheme. Contents ( hide ) 1 Transformers : Generation 1 1.1 Reception 1.2 Animated series 1.2. 1 The Transformers 1.2. 2 Transformers : The Headmasters 1.3 Books 1.3. 1 Ballantine Books 1.3. 2 Kid Stuff Records & Tapes 1.3. 3 Modern Publishing 1.4 Comics 1.4. 1 3H Enterprises 1.4. 2 Condor Verlag 1.4. 3 Devil 's Due Publishing 1.4. 4 Dreamwave Productions 1.4. 5 Fun Publications 1.4. 6 IDW Publishing 1.4. 7 TFcon comics 1.5 Games 1.6 Other merchandise 1.7 Other media 2 Transformers : Generation 2 2.1 Fun Publications 2.2 Toys 3 Transformers : Armada 3.1 Toys 4 Transformers : Energon 4.1 Animated Series 5 Transformers Cinematic Universe 5.1 Reception 5.2 IDW Publishing 5.3 Titan Magazines 5.4 Books 5.5 Target Robo - Vision 5.6 Live action films 5.7 Cyber Missions 5.8 Video games 5.9 TFcon comics 5.10 Other media 6 Transformers Animated 6.1 Animated series 6.2 Fun Publications 6.3 IDW Publishing 6.4 Games 7 Transformers : Timelines ( Shattered Glass ) 7.1 Reception 7.2 Fun Publications 7.3 Toys 8 Transformers : Prime 8.1 Books 8.2 Video games 8.3 Animated series 8.3. 1 Transformers : Prime 8.3. 2 Transformers : Robots in Disguise ( 2015 ) 8.3. 3 Transformers : Rescue Bots 9 Kre - O Transformers 9.1 Fictional biography 9.2 Animated series 9.3 Games 10 Angry Birds Transformers 11 Transformers : Cyberverse 12 References 13 External links Transformers : Generation 1 ( edit ) Bumblebee / Goldbug Transformers character Voiced by ( English ) Dan Gilvezan Voiced by ( Japanese ) Yoku Shioya ( Generation 1 ) Michitaka Kobayashi ( The Headmasters ) Information Affiliation Autobot Japanese name Bumble / Goldback Sub-group Minicars, Throttlebots, Pretenders, Action Masters, Go - Bots, Deluxe machines Function Espionage, Espionage Director, Spy, Scout Rank 7 Partner Brawn, Optimus Prime, Spike Witwicky, Chip Chase, Pipes, Tailgate, Swerve, Warpath, Huffer, Cosmos, Powerglide, Gears, Outback Motto `` The least likely can be the most dangerous. '' ( Bumblebee ) `` To know others you must know yourself first. '' ( Goldbug ) `` Data is power. '' ( Classic ) Alternate modes Cybertronian Car, Volkswagen Beetle, Suzuki Swift, muscle car Bumblebee ( known as Abejorro in Mexico, Bumble in Japan, Moscardo in Portugal, Űrdongó in Hungary, Maggiolino in Italy ) is the `` little brother '' of the heroic or protagonistic Autobot faction and a mascot, constantly striving to prove himself in the eyes of the other robots - especially his leader, Optimus Prime. This often causes him to take risks that put him in danger. Although a bit of a smart aleck, he is a capable and reliable messenger and spy, his small size allowing him to go places that his larger commanders can not. He is highly fuel - efficient, has great visual acuity, is particularly adaptable to undersea environments and transforms into a Saturn yellow Volkswagen Beetle. He was later reconstructed into a stronger, more mature form as Goldbug. Reception ( edit ) At BotCon 2010, Hasbro named Bumblebee as one of the first five robot inductees in the Transformers Hall of Fame. He is also IGN 's second favorite Autobot. Animated series ( edit ) The Transformers ( edit ) Bumblebee holds the distinction of being the second character to appear on - screen in the original Transformers animated series, while on a mission to recover a small clutch of energy conductors with Wheeljack, illustrating the energy crisis holding sway over their home planet of Cybertron. These two characters were seen often together in the first season and beginning of the second season, sometimes going on missions. Bumblebee is subsequently among the Transformers aboard the Ark as it set off searching for new worlds and new energy sources, which crashed on Earth, causing the Transformers within to be trapped in stasis for four million years. Awakening in 1984, Bumblebee helps Ironhide quell a raging river and uses his small size to help the human Autobot ally Sparkplug Witwicky plant explosives in the midst of a Decepticon mining operation. He later befriends Sparkplug 's son Spike, but on their first adventure together they are both kidnapped by the Decepticons, and Bumblebee is brainwashed into luring the other Autobots into a trap. Bumblebee recovered in time to help his fellow Autobots stop the Decepticons from sending Spike to Cybertron. After their first adventure they became best friends for life as they both realized that they make a good team. When his Autobot comrades were under Megatron 's control minus himself and Jazz, after putting a personality destabilizer in their recharging chamber, he went with Spike to a Air Force base to stop Optimus Prime, Brawn and Prowl from destroying Air Force jets. Bumblebee tried to get through to Optimus but to no success. After Sparkplug invented Attitude exchanger to get all the Autobot 's back to normal which worked except Optimus as he avoid one. When there was one Attitude exchanger left, as they used up all the others ones, Bumblebee took it as he wanted to make one final attempted to get Optimus back to his senses by telling him that he 's not evil and to encourage him to fight off Megatron 's control which got through to him as he asked for his help, quickly. Bumblebee put the Attitude exchanger on Optimus leg which returned him to normal then was given a hug by Optimus as a thank you for not giving up on him and for saving him. After stoping the Decepticons Optimus thanks everyone for helping, eschpeially to Bumblebee for what he did for him, then Bumblebee and Spike gave Ratchet and Sparkplug tools as they needed to fix the Air Force jet the Autobot 's destroy while under Megatron 's control. When the body of the deceased Optimus Prime is recovered from space by a pair of Transformer - hating human scientists who intend to use it to lure the Autobots into a trap, Bumblebee is part of the rescue team led by Rodimus Prime to recover it. Entering the lab, some of the Transformers are exposed to rage - inducing alien spores that could infect them with the Hate Plague, which causes them to run wild, and although Bumblebee avoids infection, he is seriously damaged by the infected rampaging Superion. A member of the alien race called the Quintessons subsequently repair and restore Optimus Prime to life, so he can stop the Hate Plague and repair Bumblebee. The little Autobot was so severely damaged, however, that he required an entire reconstruction and is rebuilt as a Throttlebot. In his new, shiny body, he comments that he has gone beyond just being plain old Bumblebee, and is now a `` gold bug '', prompting Optimus Prime to redub him Goldbug. Goldbug travels with Optimus Prime to the Decepticon planet of Chaar in order to secure a heat - resistant alloy that can protect him from the plague, only to be infected on the mission and later cured when Prime uses the power of the Matrix of Leadership to purge the plague. Goldbug also makes a brief appearance in the fourth and final season of the series, defending Autobot City and Cybertron against a massive Decepticon attack. Because of an animation error, Bumblebee appears in his Bumblebee incarnation during a wide shot in a celebration during the series ' final episode. Transformers : the Headmasters ( edit ) In Transformers : The Headmasters, Goldbug and the other Throttlebots were on Cybertron when Vector Sigma began to destabilize as a consequence of Optimus Prime releasing the Matrix 's energy to cure the Hate Plague the previous year. The Decepticons soon invaded the planet in an attempt to take control of the computer, and Goldbug and the Throttlebots joined Dinobots Grimlock and Slag in holding the line against them. Unfortunately, they were knocked unconscious by the hypnotic power of the new Decepticon Headmaster Mindwipe, but they had managed to delay the Decepticons long enough for the Autobot Headmasters to arrive and take up the fight. The Throttlebots disappeared after this encounter, suggesting they might have been destroyed, but they eventually resurfaced months later as the Decepticons were carrying out their final plan to destroy the Earth. Goldbug and the Throttlebots teamed up with Fastlane and Cloudraker to investigate the emergence of a `` Death Tower '' in Santiago, Chile, only to find Predaking there waiting for them. Naturally, the small ' bots were no match for the powerful combiner, but they fought bravely, clinging onto his limbs before being hurled aside. Luckily, the Autobot Targetmasters arrived in time to bail them out and take Predaking down. This is also because of the budget cut that happened in the middle of the movie. Books ( edit ) Ballantine books ( edit ) Bumblebee was featured in the 1985 Find Your Fate Junior books Dinobots Strike Back by Casey Todd and Battle Drive by Barbara Siegel and Scott Siegel. Kid Stuff Records & Tapes ( edit ) Bumblebee was featured in the 1985 audio and book adventure Satellite of Doom publishing by Kid Stuff Records & Tapes. Modern Publishing ( edit ) Bumblebee was featured in the 1993 Transformers : Generation 2 coloring book Decepticon Madness by Bud Simpson. Comics ( edit ) Bumblebee has appeared in numerous comic books and related media printed by various publishers. 3h Enterprises ( edit ) Bumblebee appeared in the voice actor play performed at BotCon 2004, in which a device built by Rhinox to stop Unicron from pulling victims from other dimensions inadvertently transports an Autobot shuttle under Bumblebee 's command into the middle of a battle between Rattrap, Silverbolt, and Waspinator and a team of Unicron 's agents. Bumblebee 's shuttle is able to scoop up Rattrap and company when their ship is destroyed. After saving more of Unicron 's victims from the Decepticons, Bumblebee 's team returns to their own time. Condor Verlag ( edit ) In a story called `` By their Blasters you shall know them...! '' from Transformers Comic - Magazin issue # 12 by German comic publisher Condor Verlag Optimus Prime instructs Backstreet, Bumblebee and Ruckus on how to identify Autobots from Decepticons in battle using the Ark 's computer. Pretender Bumblebee is one of those he displays to the Autobots. Devil 's due Publishing ( edit ) In Devil 's Due 's first G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers crossover, the evil terrorist organization Cobra are the first to uncover the Ark and the Transformers slumbering within it, capturing and reformatting a large number of them to use them as war machines. Bumblebee and Wheeljack are able to avoid this fate, contact the team created to respond to the threat of Cobra, G.I. Joe, and help to free their fellow Autobots. Unlike most Autobots, who had new alternate modes, Bumblebee and Wheeljack had their original Generation 1 alternate modes in this series. In the second crossover, Bumblebee is among the Autobots sent back in time due to an accident with the spacebridge computer Teletran - 3. As part of a small group transported to the 1970s, Bumblebee is reformatted as a small economy car ( this time, resembling an AMC Pacer ) before the teamed - up Joes and Cobras return all the Transformers to present - day Cybertron. Bumblebee takes center stage in the third crossover series, as he, Grimlock, Arcee, and Perceptor are sent to Earth to aid G.I. Joe in removing the influence of Cybertronian technology on the planet. Sporting his original alternate mode again, he is shown to have something of a crush on Arcee. When Cobra attacks the base, the Autobots help repel the Cobra Battle Android Trooper armies. Journeying to Cybertron to stop Serpentor, the mismatched group is ambushed first by Cannibalizers, then by Serpentor, Piranacon, Predaking and the Stunticons, with Bumblebee being badly injured as he runs right into Predaking 's leg. He is then executed by Serpentor, who would later comment that Bumblebee 's death is the only thing that ever really made him feel emotion. Despite the character being notoriously difficult to kill, it seems his death is permanent, as Serpentor comments that he felt something leave him, most likely his spark. A statue to his memory was seen in the final issue. His death would continue to have repercussions, as seen in the fourth series, in which Prime insists on journeying to Earth personally rather than expose any of his troops to the same fate. Dreamwave Productions ( edit ) When Dreamwave Productions introduced their re-imagined version of Generation 1 continuity for the 21st Century, Bumblebee was present for the Autobots ' new adventures once again. The War Within, set in Cybertron 's past, chronicled Bumblebee 's early adventures in the Battle of Altihex and the defense of Iacon in the face of an attack by Shockwave. When Optimus Prime and Megatron vanish in an early spacebridge experiment, causing the Autobots and Decepticons to splinter into smaller factions, Bumblebee remains with the Autobots under Prowl 's command. As usual, Bumblebee is among the Transformers trapped in stasis aboard the crashed Ark who are reactivated on Earth in 1984. Although not depicted in fiction, the general events of the television series pilot seemed to take place in the Dreamwave continuity - with Bumblebee meeting and befriending Spike Witwicky. Fun Publications ( edit ) Classic Bumblebee was featured on the cover of Transformers Club Magazine # 14. In a possible future chronicled in the exclusive comic book available at BotCon 2005, Bumblebee featured as the espionage director of the Autobots. Having been on the trail of the Decepticon agent Flamewar for a long time, Bumblebee interrupts a communication between Flamewar and the Tripredacus Council and reveals that his agent, Ricochet, has installed a degenerative virus into Deathsaurus 's clone army. With Flamewar now exposed, Bumblebee points out that she was nothing more than a liability to the Council, who blow her ship up. Based on the Transformers Classics toy line, the Timelines 2007 story is set 15 years after the end of the Marvel Comics story ( ignoring all events of the Marvel U.K. and Generation 2 comics ). Megatron has survived the crash of the Ark on Earth, reformatted himself into a new form, and now leads Ramjet, Skywarp, Soundwave, Starscream, and the Constructicons. Optimus Prime has also returned to Earth commanding Bumblebee, Cliffjumper, Grimlock, Jetfire, Mirage, and Rodimus ( formerly Hot Rod ). In Crossing Over, when the Cybertronians Skyfall and Landquake arrive on Earth unexpectedly Megatron attempts to destroy them, but Optimus Prime and his Autobots are able to drive Megatron away. Bumblebee appears in the story Generation 2 : Redux in which he is among the reinforcements from Autobot City to respond to the Decepticon attack at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. Once there, the Autobots are able to defeat the Decepticons, but during the fight the Autobots are exposed to refined Forestonite, which enhances and mutates Cybertronian systems. He gets enhanced to his Generation 2 form. IDW Publishing ( edit ) Fall of 2005 was the third re-launch for the Transformers comic series, this time under the management of IDW Publishing. IDW 's core universe was introduced with the six - issue mini-series, The Transformers : Infiltration, making it clear that the company 's take on the Generation 1 universe was radically different. Bumblebee appears as a member of a small team of Autobots under the command of Prowl, operating in secret on Earth out of Ark - 19. Still a Volkswagen Beetle, he ( like the other Autobots ) possesses the added ability to generate a `` holo - matter '' avatar of a young female to masquerade as a driver and to otherwise interact with humans. Working with Ratchet and a trio of young humans to search an abandoned Decepticon base, Bumblebee is able to take down Skywarp during a Decepticon attack, out - thinking the Decepticon and shooting him out of the sky despite his teleportation system. After Blitzwing and Skywarp bring the base down, Bumblebee helps save the humans, despite commenting previously that they would be acceptable losses. As Megatron then engages the traitorous Starscream in battle, Bumblebee does what he does best by spying on the fight ; almost shot by the Battlechargers, he is saved by Prowl and Jazz. In the follow - up, The Transformers : Escalation, he is left to run the Ark - 19 on his own. Bumblebee was among the Autobots who opposed the Decepticons serving the elder gods in the IDW Publishing Infestation 2 : Transformers comic. TFCon comics ( edit ) Bumblebee, voiced by Dan Gilvezan, appeared in the TFcon 2009 voice actor play Bee for, Bee now. Bumblebee appears among the characters in Re-Unification, the 2010 TFCon voice actor play prelude comic. Games ( edit ) Bumblebee was one of eight playable characters in the 1986 Commodore 64 video game Transformers : The Battle to Save the Earth. The Classic toy line appeared in a simple Flash - based video game on the Hasbro web site called Transformers Battle Circuit. In this one - on - one fighting game, players press the right and left arrow keys to try to overpower their opponent. Playable characters include Rodimus, Bumblebee, Grimlock, Jetfire, Starscream, Astrotrain, Trypticon, and Menasor. Optimus Prime and Megatron each appear as the boss the player must defeat to win the game. Bumblebee appears in the 2003 video game Transformers, voiced by Jack Merluzzi. Bumblebee is one of the light blue robots in the 2010 card game Monopoly Deal Transformers. Other merchandise ( edit ) Popular Bumblee - specific merchandise includes shirts and costumes based on the character. Other media ( edit ) A parody of the Generation 1 Transformers was aired in the December 23, 2008 episode of Frank TV, called `` Frank the Halls ''. In the story, Optimus Prime and his Autobots ( Bumblebee, Jazz, and Wheeljack ) battle Megatron and his Decepticons ( Soundwave and Starscream ) when Optimus runs out of gas. Optimus becomes enraged at the price of gas, steals the fuel from the annoying hybrid Autobot Prius Maximus, then joins the Decepticons in destroying the city. Bumblebee appears in the Robot Chicken episode `` Junk in the Trunk ''. In the segment he is in, he is whipped by a towel used by Grimlock in the locker room and later appears at Optimus ' bedside before he dies of prostate cancer. Maggie Simpson appeared as Bumblebee in one episode 's opening sequence to The Simpsons alongside the rest of the Simpson family rendered as Autobots. Transformers : Generation 2 ( edit ) Bumblebee Transformers character Information Affiliation Autobot Sub-group Go - Bots Function Clone Rank 7 Partner Ironhide, Mirage Alternate modes Car Bumblebee is a clone of the original Bumblebee. Fun Publications ( edit ) In `` Flash Forward, Part 3 '', Jhiaxus, seeking to create a new unified faction of Transformers, `` borrowed '' personality components, forestonite, Hi - Q, and blueprints from Quantum Laboratories. One of these Transformers were a clone of Bumblebee. Bumblebee, along with the other clones, were introduced to Pyro as a second generation of Transformers. In `` Flash Forward, Part 5 '', Bumblebee and Mirage greeted a clone of Sideswipe, unaware the clone was actually the original Sideswipe. In A Flash Forward, Part 6, Bumblebee, Mirage, and Ironhide confronted the escaping Autobots, but Pyro convinced them into returning to Earth with him. Toys ( edit ) Generation 2 Go - Bot Bumblebee ( 1995 ) A redeco of Go - Bot High Beam, transforming into a yellow sports car. He features through - axle construction for incredibly fast zipping on flat, smooth surfaces, and is compatible with many tracks and playsets from Hot Wheels and Matchbox. This figure was later repurposed as the second generation Bumblebee. This mold was also used to make Robots in Disguise ( 2001 ) Crosswise and Nightracer. Transformers : Armada ( edit ) Bumblebee is the Japanese name of Perceptor in Transformers : Armada. The Mini-Con Sparkplug was also based on the original Bumblebee, while Hot Shot was in fact going to be named Bumblebee but had his name changed due to trademark reasons. Toys ( edit ) Super Collection Figure Bumble ( 2003 ) A PVC figurine was made for Perceptor / Bumble, part of the tenth act of Super Collection Figures made by Takara. There are two versions : one in cartoon colors and one in a silver color scheme. Transformers : Energon ( edit ) Bumblebee Transformers character Information Affiliation Autobot Sub-group Rodimus 's crew Alternate modes Car Bumblebee is a member of Rodimus 's crew from Transformers : Energon. He appears only in a flashback and looks exactly like his Generation 1 counterpart. Animated series ( edit ) Led by Rodimus, the crew left Cybertron 8000 years ago and created a new home world on the planet Omnitron. Transformers cinematic universe ( edit ) Bumblebee / ZB - 7 Transformers character Bumblebee in the 2007 Transformers movie Voiced by ( English ) Mark Ryan ( 2007 Film, 2009 video game ) Bronco D. Jackson and Tony Gialluca II ( Cyber Missions ) Fred Tatasciore ( 2011 video game ) Erik Aadahl ( Transformers : The Last Knight ) Voiced by ( Japanese ) Hiroshi Iwasaki ( 2007 Film ) Kōichi Yamadera ( Age of Extinction ) Masato Obara ( The Last Knight ) Ryohei Kimura ( Q Transformers : Mystery of Convoy ) Information Affiliation Autobot Sub-group Scout, Cyber Slammers, Deluxe Vehicles, Fast Action Battlers, Micro Vehicles, Supreme Vehicles, Human Alliance Function Guardian, Scout Rank 5 Partner Optimus Prime, Hot Rod, Cliffjumper, Arcee, Jazz, Ratchet, NEST, Sam Witwicky, Mikaela Banes, Carly Spencer, Skids, Mudflap, Sideswipe, Jolt, Wheeljack, Mirage, Ironhide, Hound, Crosshairs, Strafe, Drift, Wheelie, Brains, Cade Yeager, Tessa Yeager, Shane Dyson, Izabella, Sir Edmund Burton, Viviane Wembley Motto `` Do n't worry about the size of the blaster - worry about the sting! '', `` The least likely can be the most dangerous. '', `` I Sting like a bee! '' Alternate modes Entry mode protoform, Mercedes - Benz 770, Volkswagen Beetle, 1977 Chevrolet Camaro, 2006 Chevrolet Camaro concept / 2009 Chevrolet Camaro / 1967 Chevrolet Camaro SS / 2014 Chevrolet Camaro concept / custom - built 2016 Camaro ZL1 Bumblebee appears as one of the main Autobot characters in the live - action Transformers film series. He retains some elements from his Generation 1 design, such as the iconic horn - like pieces in his head, which are articulated in the films. The cautious but brave Bumblebee was given a different alternate mode from his original G1 incarnation, instead of a Volkswagen Beetle, he transforms into a rally yellow Chevrolet Camaro ( the model year of which is upgraded in the first film ). Director Michael Bay states in the special features of DVD 2 of the first film, that the change of Bumblebee 's alternate mode was due to the fact that a Volkswagen Beetle reminded him of Herbie. Due to a battle injury, he is rendered effectively mute, and communicates through use of selected playback of radio and television signals. Though his original voice is restored at the end of the first Transformers film, he communicates solely through his radio in Revenge of the Fallen, Dark of the Moon and Age of Extinction. The biography for the Decepticon Hardtop figure states that he and Bumblebee are old rivals and it was not Megatron who damaged Bumblebee 's vocal processor, but a shot from Hardtop 's gun. This, however, is in almost direct opposition of the film 's prequel. Bay stated in an early interview that Bumblebee stands about 17.5 feet tall ( 5.33 m ), but the official guide to the Transformers video game says he is 16 feet tall ( 4.88 m ). Bumblebee depicted as a 1976 Camaro and three different iterations of a fifth - generation Camaro and below as a modified 2011 Camaro SS. The vehicles used for Bumblebee, Ironhide, Jazz and Ratchet were put on display by General Motors at the 2007 Detroit River Walk Festival a little over a week before the U.S. release of the film. In Hot Rod magazine 's Nov. 2006 issue, Bumblebee was a feature article. Originally a worn - out 1969 Camaro, producers settled on a 1977 model. It is painted yellow with black stripes, primer and rust patches, riveted hood scoop, Cragar SS wheels up front, Eric Vaughn Real Wheels in the back, marine - grade vinyl seats, and even an eight - track player. The Camaro Concept model was built using a 2005 Holden Monaro by Saleen, with the body built from the same GM R&D molds that were used in the original 2006 Camaro Concept ( the Monaro and Camaro share the same Zeta platform ). Bumblebee is armed with a plasma cannon that is capable of selective fire. The 1977 Camaro movie vehicle was sold on eBay with a winning bid of U.S. $40,100.01. As a tribute to the original form of Bumblebee, a yellow Volkswagen Beetle appears next to him at the car dealership. Bumblebee damages the Beetle in order to ensure that Sam purchases him. He also has a bee - shaped air freshener attached to his rear view mirror with the words `` Bee - otch ''. The air freshener was the subject of a lawsuit for $850,000 due to its alleged resemblance to another design. Since his conversion from 1977 Camaro to 2006 Camaro Concept, Bumblebee 's alternate mode continues to evolve throughout the film series. In Revenge of the Fallen, he sports a different set of alloy wheels ( apparently, in the first two films are actually hubcaps made from composite to look like a set of wheel - disc brake ) and a custom front bumper. For Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( Now a Camaro SS ), his color changes from yellow to amber with thicker black stripes that run across his hood, roof and trunk. In addition, he will have dark - colored rims and side mirrors, as well as a rear spoiler. Also, in Transformers Dark of the Moon, he has a stealth force battle mode in which he can use his weapons in car mode without fully transforming and still being able to seat a driver and passengers. Sometimes he is also known as N.B.E. - 02 Reception ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly named Bumblebee as their fourth favorite computer generated character. IDW Publishing ( edit ) In Transformers : Defiance # 1, back on ancient Cybertron, Bumblebee, and Cliffjumper are tasked to watch over the All Spark at the temple at Simfur. In issue # 3, Megatron learns that Optimus has broken into his room and sends Bumblebee, Camshaft, Cliffjumper, Jazz, Prowl, and Smokescreen to arrest Optimus Prime for treason. Optimus demands to speak directly to Megatron, but while en route to Megatron 's location, they are ambushed by Barricade, Brawl, Crankcase, Frenzy, Starscream, Skywarp, and Thundercracker, under orders to kill them all. Smokescreen is able to cover Optimus and his group 's retreat in the confusion of an explosion. In issue # 4, Arcee, Bumblebee, Cliffjumper, Jazz, and Smokescreen ambush Ironhide, who they believed works for Megatron, but Ironhide instead joins Optimus Prime 's Autobots. Arcee and Bumblebee later spy on the building of the Decepticon starship Nemesis. The Transformers : Movie Prequel reveals that in the battle of Tyger Pax, Megatron 's forces attack, searching for the All Spark. Bumblebee 's squad ( which includes Arcee ) attempts to hold off the Decepticons, but are eventually overwhelmed. They are captured and tortured by Swindle, with Megatron intervening personally to torture Bumblebee for information. However, they refuse to speak long enough for Prime 's secret plan to take effect - launching the All Spark into outer space. Megatron attempts to pursue it, but Bumblebee stops him. An enraged Megatron rips Bumblebee 's arms off and crushes his voice capacitor, promising to seize the All Spark for himself eventually. Bumblebee recovers and is repaired, although his voice is damaged beyond repair. Bumblebee then volunteers to head into space to stop Megatron from acquiring the All Spark. Eventually arriving on Mars in his protoform mode, Bumblebee then proceeds to Earth in 2003, his arrival tracked by the Hubble space telescope. Upon landing in New York City, Bumblebee assumes the form of a beat - up Chevrolet Camaro, all the while avoiding the agents of the government organization known as Sector 7, who refer to him as NBE - 2 ( or Non-Biological Extraterrestrial 2 ). Bumblebee then downloads information on Captain Archibald Witwicky. Arriving at the asylum where he had once been incarcerated, he finds it now a dilapidated ruin. Damaged by a pursuing Barricade, he then finds All Spark - like emissions somewhere in New Mexico - unaware it is a trap set by Sector 7. However, their plan to capture him is thwarted when Starscream, Barricade and Blackout arrive. As the Decepticons shoot Sector 7 's trap to pieces, Bumblebee escapes - unaware the Decepticons had let him go so that they could follow him and see what he knew about the All Spark. He is last seen in the series heading for Tranquility, Nevada - home of Captain Witwicky 's descendant Sam. In the comic adaptation of the film, Bumblebee downloads information on the internet about the Concept Camaro car and took on its form instead of driving past in a tunnel, as seen in the film. He also appears in the official movie sequel comic called The Reign of Starscream. In Transformers : Alliance, the Autobots aid the human soldiers after the battle in Mission City, destroying the All Spark - powered machines that were created. After Ratchet finishes repairing Bumblebee 's legs, a trailer is obtained for Optimus Prime to carry the remains of Jazz. The Autobots then leave Mission City before the Sector 7 personnel arrive to claim the remains of the Decepticons. About a month later, Epps and Lennox contact Optimus Prime, Ratchet and Ironhide about aiding them in escorting the remains of the Decepticons to the naval yard. Unknowingly they are spied on by Barricade, who transmits the information to Starscream. Bumblebee appears in Transformers : Tales of the Fallen # 1, where Barricade kidnaps Sam in order to flush out Bumblebee and learn where the All Spark fragment is. Bumblebee saves Sam and fights Barricade, who escapes in the process. Bumblebee appears in Transformers : Nefarious # 1, set months after the events of the 2009 film. Bumblebee, Breakaway, Jolt, Knock Out and Dune Runner are sent to investigate spark fragments detected at Kingdom Petrochemicals. Arriving first, Breakaway is warned by Soundwave to leave, but unwilling to give in, the Autobot is swiftly defeated. Bumblebee and his team fire on Soundwave, who escapes. The drone calling itself Brains runs into Bumblebee and Sam Witwicky in Philadelphia. Titan magazines ( edit ) Note : Events occurring in the alternate universe where Megatron won the battle of Mission City are in italics. In `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming Part 3 '', Bumblebee attempts to take on Megatron in the Sector 7 base. Meanwhile, Mikaela attempts to free Optimus Prime, but she is attacked by Frenzy. Bumblebee appears in issue # 17 of the Titan Transformers Magazine, in a story called `` Return to Cybertron Part 1 ''. In this story, he is among the Autobots that go to Cybertron. Bumblebee returns in issue # 22 of the Titan Transformers Magazine series in a story called `` The Decepticon who Haunted Himself. '' Books ( edit ) Bumblebee also appears in the prequel novel Transformers : Ghosts of Yesterday. Here, it is revealed he could still communicate with the other Autobots via digital link. Bumblebee is part of Prime 's Autobot team searching for the All Spark, and is described as one of the Autobots ' best scouts. He is sent after the human vessel Ghost - 1 ( reverse - engineered from studies of Megatron ) to make contact, but is ambushed and forced underground by Starscream. Encountering giant rock - chewing worms, he is saved by Optimus Prime. Heading into the atmosphere once again, he and Ratchet took on Barricade, but are unable to stop Starscream from destroying the human vessel. Target Robo - vision ( edit ) According to his extended biography from the Target store exclusive Robo - Vision web site, Hardtop came to Earth and discovered the Witwicky home before any of the other Decepticons, but was unable to attack the Witwickys because Bumblebee found him first and buried him under a hundred tons of rubble in the Rocky Mountains. Live action films ( edit ) Main articles : Transformers ( film ), Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen, Transformers : Dark of the Moon, Transformers : Age of Extinction, Transformers : The Last Knight, and Bumblebee : The Movie Bumblebee appears in the 2007 live - action Transformers movie, returning to his role as the friend of the Autobots ' human ally -- in this case, Sam Witwicky. Sam possesses the glasses of his great - great - grandfather Captain Archibald Witwicky, a famous explorer. Unknown to Sam, the glasses are engraved with the coordinates showing the location of the life - giving All Spark. Bumblebee is assigned to guard Sam from the Decepticons, and poses as a dilapidated 1977 Chevrolet Camaro as Sam and his father are buying a car for Sam. They eventually purchase Bumblebee, due in no small part to Bumblebee damaging every other car at the dealership to ensure his purchase. Later, Bumblebee drives away from Sam 's home to summon the Autobots. Sam thinks Bumblebee is being stolen, and chases the car on his bike. Sam then witnesses Bumblebee transforming into robot mode and reports it to the police, who believe he is on drugs. Bumblebee returns to Sam house to come get him but he ran away from him which resulted a chase through town. After Sam gets attack by Barricade Bumblebee came to his and his crush Mikaela Banes, as she followed Sam, rescue as was able to get them away. Bumblebee battle Barricade while Sam and Mikaela battle Frenzy where they both ended up being victorious, although they were n't killed just defeated them for a while. Bumblebee was able to earn Sam 's trust, as he understood that he 's does n't want to hurt them. When Mikaela criticizes the poor condition of Bumblebee 's vehicle mode, he scans a passing Camaro Concept and transforms into the same model. Bumblebee then drives Sam and Mikaela to an alley where they meet the other Autobots as they properly introduced Bumblebee, due to his voice being damage in battle, to Sam and tells him that Bumblebee is his guardian also why he talks through the radio. They return to Sam 's house and retrieve the glasses, but a secret government organization, Sector 7, arrests Sam and Mikaela. The Autobots attempt to rescue them but Bumblebee is captured and taken by Sector 7. There he is tested / tortured by the Sector 7 scientists using electric shocks that appear to hurt him. Sam eventually negotiates his release. Bumblebee survives the massive battle at the film 's climax, although he loses the use of his legs after helping Ironhide deflect missiles from Starscream. With Mikaela 's aid, he is able to rejoin the battle supported by a tow truck ( later confirmed to be the Autobot Longarm ), and destroys Brawl. After the battle, Bumblebee is fully repaired and asks to stay with Sam and is granted permission from both Sam and Optimus Prime. He is later seen alongside Ironhide, Ratchet, and Optimus watching the sunset while Sam and Mikaela recline on his hood at the end of the movie. Bumblebee is voiced by Mark Ryan in the films, but he mostly speaks with his radio, having had his voice processor damaged ( though his actual voice squeaks and whines laboriously through much of the movie ). He also speaks with quotes from television shows and movies, in a way similar to Wreck - Gar from the 1986 film and season three of the G1 cartoon series. Screenwriter Roberto Orci explained Bumblebee regained his voice through the regenerative laser Ratchet fires at his neck as they meet, and it eventually works its magic by the end of the film. He agreed this was not made clear. Frenzy is regenerated upon coming into contact with the All Spark, and so it is entirely plausible that Bumblebee 's voice, along with his legs, is also healed by the All Spark, though no mention of this is made in the film. It was said that making Bumblebee mute was to show that his bond with Sam went beyond words. Bumblebee also appears in the film 's sequel, Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen. When a fragment of the AllSpark inadvertently turns the kitchen appliances in Sam 's home into feral robots, Bumblebee intervenes to save him and his family. In doing so, he nearly destroys their house. He still uses his radio to speak, despite his vocal processors being repaired in the first film. However, he does respond half - way when Sam tells him to get in the garage by saying `` whatever. '' Bumblebee shows excitement at the thought of going with Sam to college, only to be disappointed later when Sam tells him that he can not come. Because of the incident at the Witwickys ' he is also forced to leave their garage. Soon after Sam begins his semester at college, Bumblebee follows him and tries to alert him to the Decepticon Pretender ( named Alice ) that is following Sam. As both Sam and Alice are riding inside Bumblebee, the Autobot attempts to warn Sam through his radio. Having failed at this, Bumblebee intentionally brakes hard multiple times and throws Alice around the interior in an attempt to damage the Pretender. Bumblebee then proceeds to spray lubricant over Alice, thereby embarrassing Sam and forcing Alice to flee. Soon after Megatron and Scalpel begin to torture Sam, Bumblebee arrives alongside Optimus Prime to fight Megatron, Starscream and Grindor. After Optimus dies, Bumblebee arrives with Sideswipe, Ironhide and Ratchet to cover Sam 's escape. As they mourn for Optimus, Sam tells Bumblebee that he has failed the Autobots, but Bumblebee tells Sam through his radio,... `` You are the person I care for most in my life, and if there is anything you need I wo n't be far away... '' After taking Sam, Mikaela, Leo and Simmons to the Smithsonian museum to reawaken Jetfire, Bumblebee then travels with the humans through a Space Bridge to Egypt ( caused by Jetfire ) along with Jetfire, the Twins Skids and Mudflap, and Wheelie to find the Matrix of Leadership. While the twins have a sibling argument ( resulting in a fist fight ) inside the ruins of Petra ( which supposedly houses the Matrix when everyone thinks it is a dead end ), Bumblebee breaks them up and tosses them out before seeing their fight. But once seeing the Tomb 's entrance after the Twins ' brawl reveals it, Bumblebee helps the humans enter it by blasting the rest of the wall off. During the final confrontational battle, Sam and Mikaela inadvertently spring a trap set by Rampage ( who uses Sam 's parents as the bait ). Bumblebee stays hidden from Rampage 's sight, allowing Sam to put Rampage in a spot where Bumblebee can initiate a surprise attack. During the subsequent fight Ravage attacks him from behind and jumps on his back. After a brief struggle, Bumblebee gets a hold of Ravage and literally tears him apart with his hands, allowing him to finish off and kill Rampage. With Sam 's parents free, Sam tells Bumblebee to take care of them, thus removing him from most of the final fight. After Sam is killed by Megatron, Bumblebee arrives with Sam 's parents and sees Sam 's body on the ground, he is heartbroken, overcome with sadness and stricken with sorrow, believing that he has failed in his duty to protect Sam, but is overjoyed to see him return. Bumblebee is among the remaining Autobots at the end of the film. In Transformers : Dark of the Moon, Bumblebee no longer lives with Sam and goes on other missions with the Autobots such as dismantling an illegal nuclear facility in the Middle East. This is the first time the stealth force upgrade is shown in the movie. When Sam arrives with Carly, Wheelie and Brains, Bumblebee saves them from the soldiers taking them captive. Bumblebee is reassigned to protect Sam and moves back in with him. Bumblebee later teams up with Sideswipe and Dino / Mirage to take out Hatchet. While Dino / Mirage clings on to hatchet with his grapplers, Bumblebee and Sideswipe shoot their stealth force weapons. While trying to protect Sentinel Prime, Bumblebee and the other Autobots are betrayed and attacked by him. Sentinel brutally kills Ironhide, but Bumblebee manages to escape. After Sentinel forces the Autobots ' exile from Earth, Bumblebee sadly says goodbye to Sam, but reunites with him in Chicago where he helps him rescue Carly and kill Laserbeak. After Sam kills Starscream, Bumblebee saves him and Lennox from a great fall. Bumblebee is captured by Soundwave and is nearly executed in front of Sam ( telling Sam `` We gave them a hell of a run '' ) after Barricade executes Que before Wheelie and Brains save him at the cost of their own lives, allowing him to break free and attack Soundwave. Bumblebee battles Soundwave while the other Autobots fight the other Decepticons and proves more than a match for the Decepticon spy - master, even managing to kill another Decepticon during the fight. Finally Bumblebee knocks Soundwave off - balance with a shot to the leg, knocks his sonic cannon from his hand and uppercuts his plasma cannon into his chest, firing at the same time, destroying Soundwave 's head and killing him. Bumblebee fights Sentinel alongside the other Autobots and humans ; he is no match for him, but avoids injury. After Sam kills Dylan Gould, Bumblebee destroys the Control Pillar by crashing through it, shutting off the Space Bridge and destroying Cybertron and the remaining Decepticons. Bumblebee survives the battle and gives Sam a bunch of gaskets to use as rings while playing wedding music after Sam and Carly admit they love each other. Though Sam says to Bumblebee that he 's thinking too fast. He replies by ' saying ', `` I 'm just trying to help out. '' Ratchet compliments Bumblebee for his bravery. Bumblebee returns in Transformers : Age of Extinction. He has a new vehicle mode, a modified 1967 Chevrolet Camaro, before he scans a yellow 2014 Camaro and turns into a 2014 Chevrolet Camaro concept, because of this his robot mode has been changed as well and resembles one design of Bumblebee from the Generation 1 IDW comics. In the end of Age of Extinction, Bumblebee assumed the Autobot leadership and protecting Yeager family as Optimus blasts off to space along with the Seed, finding the mysterious Creators. Though Bumblebee mostly ca n't speak in the film and still relies on radio communication, he is shown to be able to express limited speech but in a more high - pitched voice, possibly meaning his voice box is healing. Bumblebee returns in Transformers : The Last Knight, and is scheduled to appear in his spin - off film and the sixth Transformers film. In the former, he now displays the ability to separate and reassemble himself during combat, as shown when he battles the TRF soldiers in order to protect Cade. He is also revealed to have helped the United States Army Air Force to fight the Nazi Party during World War II, and transformed into a Mercedes - Benz 770. He also regained his voice during his battle with Optimus Prime. Cyber missions ( edit ) In Cyber Missions 1, Bumblebee and Ironhide are protecting NEST Command when two Decepticons, Soundwave and Bludgeon invade the area. Ironhide goes outside to deal with Bludgeon, while Soundwave ambushes Bumblebee from inside. Bumblebee is easily thrown down by Soundwave. Bumblebee tries to fire a shot from his shoulder gun, but Soundwave redirects the acoustic energy back at him. Bumblebee deduces that he can not deflect several rounds at once, and begins rapidly firing at Soundwave. The Decepticon is not able to take in so much, and finally falls. Later, Bumblebee traps Soundwave in a magnetically sealed bubble in Cyber Missions 2. Video games ( edit ) Bumblebee is a playable character, and is the most - used character in the Autobot campaign, where the character uses Bumblebee in nine missions in the Autobot campaign, out of the total 18. He is playable in both the old and new Camaro cars. Bumblebee also appears as a boss in the Decepticon campaign, with a radial blast attack. Bumblebee is among the playable characters in the 2009 Revenge of the Fallen video game by Activision. The film version of Bumblebee is playable in Hasbro 's Net Jet Transformers fighting game Transformers Battle Universe. Although other playable Transformers in the game have several incarnations featured, no other versions of Bumblebee are playable. Bumblebee is among the characters who appear in the TRANSFORMERS CIBERVERSE Battle Builder Game. TFCon comics ( edit ) Bumblebee appears among the characters in Re-Unification, the 2010 TFCon voice actor play prelude comic. Other media ( edit ) Bumblebee is one of the Autobots featured in Transformers : The Ride at Universal Studios theme parks. In the ride, Bumblebee disembodies Ravage while Evac escapes from the Decepticon attack on N.E.S.T. headquarters. Towards the end of the ride, Bumblebee saves Evac from falling off a building after Evac kills Megatron with the AllSpark shard. Bumblebee appears in the episode of Robot Chicken called `` Tell My Mom '', voiced by Seth Green. Sam Witwicky finds Bumblebee in Bobby Bolivia 's used car lot and they go on an adventure, while Scooter is the only thing cheap in the lot. Bumblebee is portrayed as a fifth - generation Camaro. During the final battle of the 2017 Power Rangers film, the Red Ranger, while piloting his T - Rex Zord, accidentally steps on a yellow Camaro of a similar model as the live - action Bumblebee. He throws the car at an army of Putties and shouts, `` Sorry, Bumblebee! '' as the car makes impact. Transformers Animated ( edit ) Bumblebee Transformers character Bumblebee in animated form Voiced by ( English ) Bumper Robinson Voiced by ( Japanese ) Daisuke Kishio Information Affiliation Autobot Sub-group Activators, Deluxe Vehicles, Micro Vehicles Function Speedster Rank 6 ( Hasbro ), 5 ( Takara ) Partner Optimus Prime, Bulkhead, Grimlock Motto `` Enough talk. It 's time for action! '' `` Suh - weet! '' `` I 'm so hot it hurts! '' ( Elite Guard ) `` I 'm the fastest thing on wheels! '' ( Bumper Battlers ) Alternate modes Cybertronian car, Police modified Chevrolet Beat Bumblebee appears in the Transformers Animated series in 2008 as a yellow hot hatch undercover police car ( scanned from a vehicle driven by Detroit Police Captain Fanzone ). The character of Bumblebee in Animated is described as a hot headed racing young Autobot who likes video games, making him more akin to Armada Hot Shot than the original Bumblebee. He does however retain the traditional warm - heartedness and human - friendly attitude of the original due to his friendship with Sari Sumdac and Bulkhead. Although considered childish and self - centered by many of his fellow Autobots, Bumblebee shows a loyal and caring side for his friends, and can be considered protective of Sari Sumdac, to the extent of blocking shots, blasts, and missiles from harming her. This was first shown in `` Transform and Roll Out! Part 3 '' when he deflected a shot from Starscream that was aimed at Sari. The blast rendered him unconscious until Sari healed him with her Key. He is the kid - friendly character of the show. Bumblebee has a retractable face plate he uses when he goes into combat and a retractable weapon ( called `` energy stingers '' ) in both hands. He can use the wheels on his feet in robot mode as motorized roller blades. In the Japanese translation of Transformers Animated, the story has been changed to make it a prequel to the 2007 Transformers live - action film. This makes this version of Bumblebee an earlier version of the film character. Animated series ( edit ) In the episode `` Autoboot Camp '', Bumblebee has flashbacks to his days as an Autobot trainee. During training, he met Bulkhead, Longarm, Ironhide, and Wasp. The group was under the command of Drill sergeant Sentinel Minor, who gave Bumblebee his name ( after calling him a `` bumbler '' ). Bumblebee would often say or do the wrong thing, resulting in the entire platoon receiving Transformation push - ups as a result, which made him unpopular with Wasp and Ironhide. One day, Bumblebee heard someone communicating with Megatron. Believing the traitor to be Wasp, Bumblebee ( with help from Longarm ) discovered evidence in Wasp 's locker. For discovering the traitor, Sentinel was prepared to give Bumblebee Elite Guard membership. However, Bumblebee gave up that chance by taking the rap for Bulkhead, who had previously knocked a building onto Sentinel, and was about to be removed from training, joining his new friend as a Space Bridge technician. Bulkhead and Bumblebee were assigned to a Space Bridge repair ship under the command of Optimus Prime, along with Ratchet. Both he and Bulkhead were the first to encounter Prowl before he joins their group. In the series finale, during a rescue mission to save Arcee, who was on the moon, Bumblebee manages to settle the score with Shockwave before he and Bulkhead put him under arrest. After the Autobots learn of Prowl 's ultimate sacrifice, they take the sparkless body of Prowl and the captured Megatron, Lugnut, and Shockwave to Cybertron. On their arrival home, they are greeted and cheered on by the other Autobots for their victory over the evil and malevolent leader of the Decepticons. Fun Publications ( edit ) Bumblebee appeared in the 2008 BotCon voice actor play `` Bee in the City '', voiced by Bumper Robinson. In this story Professor Sumdac attempted to create a teleportation system to get the Autobots to Cybertron, but an interaction with Sari 's key ended up transporting Optimus Prime, Bumblebee and Sari to Transtech Cybertron, where they met Flareup and his friends were detained by Shockwave while he was deemed not a threat. Bumblebee teamed up with transformer named `` Joe '' to help him and Flareup get their friends. But after Joe exposed himself as a Megatron and uses Sari 's key to create an army to begin a reign of terror, Bumblebee pointed out the world 's bureaucratic nature that resulted in a mutiny. Afterwards the Autobots and Sari returned to their own dimension. IDW Publishing ( edit ) Set shortly after the events of `` Total Meltdown '' is the Transformers : Animated comic issue # 2 by IDW Publishing. In it, Bumblebee and Prowl apprehend the Angry Archer as the villain attempts to steal money from a used car salesman. In doing so, they reveal the holographic trickery of the Detroit super hero known as The Wraith. With the secret of his power revealed, The Wraith loses much of the respect he used to command in Detroit. The Wraith attempts to stop Cyrus `` The Colossus '' Rhodes from escaping prison, but is unable to fool the villain now that the secret is public, forcing the Autobots to stop Rhodes and making The Wraith look foolish. The Wraith then attempts to discredit Bumblebee at a college football game by trapping the Autobot with a car boot and using his holograms to make a fake Bumblebee attack the stadium. Bumblebee eventually escapes and the other Autobots help capture The Wraith before having him placed in a mental institution. Games ( edit ) Bumblebee is one of the five playable characters in the 2008 Transformers Animated video game for the Nintendo DS. Transformers : Timelines ( Shattered Glass ) ( edit ) Bumblebee / Goldbug Transformers character Goldbug in Shattered Expectations Information Affiliation Autobot Sub-group Convention Exclusives, Deluxe Vehicles Function Espionage Rank 8 Partner Grimlock, Jazz and Optimus Prime Motto `` The least likely is always the most dangerous. '' Alternate modes Chrysler ME Four - Twelve In the Transformers : Timelines series, Goldbug is an evil alternate reality version of Bumblebee. According to his official biography, Goldbug was once a young drifter known as Bumblebee. He survived on the streets of Polyhex with no real purpose. He became skilled at sneaking around, stealing, eavesdropping and blackmailing. He eagerly joined the Autobots in hopes of finding a place to belong and where his unsavory activities would be tolerated. When the war began, Bumblebee showed extreme bravery in battle and often sought ways to be noticed by command. In time, he worked his way up the ranks of the Autobots and when the Autobot Seeker Drench was destroyed, Bumblebee was offered an upgraded form and a new identity as Goldbug, to take his place. Goldbug is paranoid that one of his fellow Autobots will betray him and try to take his place, as he did to his former superiors. Reception ( edit ) The Botcon 2008 set was chosen as the `` Action Figure Digest Hot Pick. '' Fun Publications ( edit ) Goldbug appears in the 2008 April Fool 's comic Shattered Expectations by Fun Publications. Goldbug appears as a member of Optimus Prime 's forces in the Transformers : Timelines story `` Shattered Glass. '' Goldbug and Blurr report to Optimus Prime the rumors that Megatron is planning an attack. When the Decepticons attack the Ark launch site Blurr, Goldbug and Rodimus compete for who could destroy the most Decepticons, but thanks to Cliffjumper the Decepticon attack is successful. Goldbug appears in the fiction Dungeons & Dinobots, a text based story. He is among the Autobots who attack the Decepticons at the Arch - Ayr fuel dump. He is later sent to capture rogue Dinobots for the Autobots. He is part of the group that captures Swoop. In Do Over Goldbug conspires with Rodimus to take over the Autobots. Together they steal the Ark, evicting any crew members who are loyal to Optimus Prime before blasting off to Earth. The Ark then crashes on Earth. Goldbug is among the Autobots brought back online. He initially commands a small group of Autobots who find Rodimus. After losing a fight with Rodimus for leadership Goldbug participates in the attack on Burpleson Air Force Base. Toys ( edit ) The image caption in this section requires cleanup to comply with Wikipedia guidelines for trivial wording. See Wikipedia 's picture tutorial and image help pages -- review policy on image use and check the talk page -- visit the Graphics Lab and improve this article if you can. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chrysler ME 412 concept car. Timelines Deluxe Goldbug ( 2008 ) Goldbug is a remold of Cybertron Hot Shot. He is redecoed yellow - and - black, and has a blue head remolded to look like the Generation 1 Goldbug toy. This toy is 14 centimetres ( 5.5 inches ) long, while a real Chrysler ME 412 is 454 centimetres long ( 14.9 ft ). This gives the toy a scale of 1 : 32. The robot mode would stand about 14 feet 11 inches ( 4.55 m ). Transformers : Prime ( edit ) Bumblebee Transformers character Voiced by ( English ) Johnny Yong Bosch ( Video Game ) Frank Welker ( Prime ) Will Friedle ( Prime / Robots in Disguise ) Voiced by ( Japanese ) Ryōhei Kimura ( Robots in Disguise ) Information Affiliation Autobot Japanese name Bumblebee Sub-group Team Prime, Rescue Bots ( briefly ), Stealth Team. Function Scout, Warrior, Autobot leader Partner Raf Esquivel, Bulkhead, Arcee, Jack Darby, Miko Nakadai, Cody Burns, Blades, Optimus Prime, Ratchet, Smokescreen, Cliffjumper, Ironhide, Sideswipe, Jetfire, Silverbolt, Air Raid, Warpath, Strongarm, Drift, Fixit, Windblade and Grimlock. Motto `` Actions speak louder than words. '' `` The least likely can be the most dangerous. '' Alternate modes Cybertronian car, Urbana 500 ( fictional Earth muscle car ), Chevrolet Camaro Bumblebee is one of the main group of Autobots in the 2010 computer - animated series Transformers : Prime. Bumblebee is younger than most of the Autobots, and lost his voice box thanks to Megatron during the Great War. Bumblebee remains more playful than the other Autobots despite his lack of voice, and has come to rely on his speed as his most valuable asset in battle. Bumblebee is extremely similar to his movie counterpart, sharing the similar vehicle and robot forms, the same lack of voice, and his close relationship to a human boy. It is also revealed in the series finale episode `` Deadlock '' that Bumblebee 's mouth was covered by a face plate vaguely resembling that of Optimus Prime 's that helped him to create the alternative beeping noises he uses as his main form of communication throughout the series. Later in the series he changes his color scheme by reversing the colors, resembling Bumblebee 's original 1967 paint scheme in the 2014 Age of Extinction film. Bumblebee returns as the central character of the sequel series Transformers : Robots in Disguise, with Will Friedle reprising his role. Set five years after the events of Prime, Bumblebee becomes the leader of a group of Autobots and they return to Earth to fight a new generation of Decepticons, when the re-emerge on the planet after a prison ship crash. A constant running gag throughout the first season is Bumblebee 's inability to come up with a decent command for his team to mobilize, in the vein of Optimus Prime 's famous order to `` roll out ''. Bumblebee retains a similar vehicle mode as he did in Prime, now a 1992 Chevrolet Camaro ( And in the films Bumblebee is a Camaro ) however, his robot mode has gone through a serious redesign. Notably retaking his original primarily yellow color scheme rather than the dominantly black one he took at the end of Prime. Books ( edit ) Bumblebee appears in the novels Transformers : Exodus and Transformers : Exiles. Bumblebee losing his voice was the focus of the short story `` Bumblebee at Tyger Pax '' By Alex Irvine. Video games ( edit ) Bumblebee appears as a playable character in the 2010 video game Transformers : War for Cybertron. In the Autobot campaign, he is first seen racing across the war - torn streets of Iacon in search of Optimus. Upon rendezvousing with Optimus, he relays the message of Zeta Prime 's death at the hands of Megatron ; after which, he joins Optimus and Ratchet in their resistance against the Decepticons on the planet. He later appears in the final level of the game, where Bumblebee teams up with Optimus and Ironhide to prevent the Decepticon Titan, Trypticon from destroying Iacon. In Transformers : Fall of Cybertron, the sequel to War for Cybertron, players start as Bumblebee in the first level. He appears throughout the game as well. Animated series ( edit ) With the exception of Optimus Prime, Bumblebee is the only character to appear in all three TV shows set within the Aligned Continuity, including Transformers : Rescue Bots and Transformers : Robots in Disguise. Frank Welker recorded actual words written for Bumblebee which were later replaced with sound effects. When Bumblebee regains his voice, it 's provided by actor, Will Friedle. Transformers : Prime ( edit ) Bumblebee appears in the pilot episode of the series responding too late to a call for help from Cliffjumper, who is captured by the Decepticons and killed. Bumblebee soon is assigned to be Raf Esquivel 's guardian, having grown close to the boy as he understands his language of beeps. In the `` Operation : Bumblebee '' two - parter, Bumblebee lost his transformation cog and its ability to have him transform before eventually retrieving the cog from human terrorist group M.E.C.H. and Starscream. Bumblebee 's goal in the series is to be promoted to warrior class, as he first states in `` Masters & Students '', however, Optimus does not believe him to be worthy of promotion at such a young age. Nevertheless, Bumblebee shows he is still a capable warrior, since he is able to fight the likes of Breakdown and Shockwave. When questioned by Smokescreen in `` Project Predacon '', Bumblebee admits he is holding back so that he can one day be promoted to warrior class on Cybertron. In `` Deadlock '', during the final battle aboard the Nemesis, Bumblebee tries to give Optimus Prime the Star Saber for him to fight Megatron, but is killed by the Decepticon. However, Bumblebee fell into the ship 's Omega Lock and exposure to the Synthetic Energon powering it both revived him and restored his voice. As Megatron prepared to finish Optimus, Bumblebee used the Star Saber to stab him in his spark, killing him. Afterwards, once the Omega Lock restored Cybertron, Bumblebee gives Raf a goodbye before leaving for his home world where he is finally promoted to warrior class during the series finale Predacons Rising. However, things quickly turn for the worse when Unicron appears on Cybertron in Megatron 's body, and two new Predacons are cloned by Shockwave. With Optimus on a mission to retrieve the AllSpark, and Ultra Magnus having been severely wounded by the new Predacons, Bumblebee becomes Autobot leader at Ratchet 's encouragement as he leads them, the newly defected Knock Out and the three Predacons in making a stand against Unicron 's undead Predacon army at the Well of All Sparks, buying enough time for Optimus to return to defeat Unicron. Optimus reveals that he must sacrifice himself to restore the AllSpark to Cybertron 's core, and does not pass on leadership to any one person present, stating that leadership will now be earned through actions. Bumblebee promises to keep the peace on Cybertron to Optimus, implying Bumblebee to be the new leader of the Autobots, and by extension, Cybertron 's new age. Transformers : Robots in Disguise ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( December 2016 ) Bumblebee has always been an amazing character and kids love Bumblebee, but to actually have him to be able to express his thoughts, express how he 's feeling and express his doubt as he 's leading this new team I think is one of the key things that really brought Robots in Disguise together. - Michael Vogel - Bumblebee appears as the main character of the sequel series Transformers : Robots in Disguise, with Will Friedle reprising his role. In the series, Bumblebee is called to Earth when a new generation of Decepticons re-emerges on the planet. After receiving a vision from Optimus Prime, Bumblebee travels to Earth via a spacebridge and discovers that a ship full of Decepticon criminals has crashed on Earth and its inmates have escaped. Initially believing that Optimus ' mission is intended for him alone, Bumblebee ends up with a team of ragtag Autobots, including a rebel bad boy bot named Sideswipe, a hyper active Mini-Con named Fixit, the bombastic ex-Decepticon and Dinobot Grimlock, and an Elite Guard female cadet named Strongarm, in order to combat the Decepticons. After befriending humans Denny and his son Russell and fighting the Chompazoid Underbite, the group is greeted by the inexplicably corporeal Optimus. Unable to explain his return, Optimus expresses his confidence in Bumblebee and his new team before departing. While leading the team, to recapture the escaped Decipticons, they come across Steeljaw, an escaped convict who has his own plan to lead the pther escaped convicts. The Autobots would later receive a visit from Bumblebee 's old comrade Jazz, who informed Bumblebee that his actions in departing Cybertron had angered the high council. After helping apprehend a fugitive named Ped, Jazz volunteered to return to Cybertron and inform the council of what had taken place. The team then received another group of Cybertronian visitors, in the form of Autobot bounty hunter Drift, Decepticon bounty hunter Fracture, and their Mini-Con teammates. Both Cybertronians arrived to collect a bounty placed on Bumblebee by the High Council for his actions, but Drift was convinced of Bumblebee 's nobility after Bee saved his life. The team managed to defeat Fracture, and though his ship was lost they gained the use of his ground bridge. After all of them but Grimlock and Fixit were given Decepticon Hunters, Bee and his team would then be forced to deal with Steeljaw 's gang again - now including Thunderhoof, Underbite, and Fracture and his Mini-Cons - as both pursued the Decepticon fugitive Clampdown. Bee 's team managed to capture all the Decepticons, but were forced to let them escape when Steeljaw broke free and set an unmanned garbage barge loose in the path of a riverboat. Drift and his Mini-Cons would later return to Earth and subsequently join the team. The team continued to capture escaped convicts. Bumblebee was once again contacted by Optimus with further warnings, shortly before Steeljaw and his pack managed to briefly seize the scrapyard ; however, the Autobots managed to recover their base. The team soon gained another new ally in the form of the Primus - chosen female Autobot warrior Windblade, who aided the team in securing the fugitives Razorpaw and Zizza before departing. Unfortunately for Bumblebee and his team, the threat that Optimus had warned them of soon revealed itself as Megatronus, a disgraced member of the Thirteen. Having struck a deal with Steeljaw 's pack, Megatronus instructed them to construct several devices he needed, which they did after capturing Strongarm, Sideswipe, and the returning Windblade. Bumblebee led the remainder of his team against them, only for Optimus arrive shortly before Megatronus made his appearance. Deferring to his former commander, Bumblebee became more concerned with Optimus ' well - being and leadership than trusting in his own previous experiences. Fortunately, his team rallied behind him and gave him the courage to stand firm, which enabled them to capture Steeljaw 's Pack after the would - be Decepticon tyrant was ejected from the battle by Megatronus. The Autobots then fought to prevent Megatronus from destroying both Earth and Cybertron, and managed it after discovering the latent powers of Bumblebee, Sideswipe, and Strongarm 's Decepticon Hunters used in tandem and copying the sword form of Optimus ' Prime Decepticon Hunter. With Megatronus defeated and possibly eliminated, the Autobots departed for home, with Bumblebee at last finding his rallying cry : `` Rev up and roll out! '' With Megatronus defeated and most of the Pack apprehended, Bumblebee questioned whether his fellow Autobots wished to remain with him on Earth. To a one they agreed, with Windblade and Optimus formally joining the team, though Optimus did so as Bumblebee 's equal rather than his superior. Turning their attention to Decepticon fugitives still scattered around the globe, Bumblebee decided to split his team by dispatching Drift, his Mini-Cons, and Windblade to seek out Decepticons in other locations while the rest of the team remained at the scrapyard. At their own insistence Optimus and Sideswipe joined the team, which ended up stranded in the Arctic after Optimus ' altered state damaged their Groundbridge. Unfortunately, the remainder of the team soon had to deal with another problem : Overload, a Decepticon who had previously infiltrated the Autobot ranks and caused Bumblebee to suffer serious injuries, greatly embittering the former scout. Bumblebee became consumed with bringing Overload in, even after the Mini-Con fugitives Backtrack and Ransack were freed during their initial battle ; the two Mini-Cons subsequently joined forces with Overloard. Transformers : Rescue Bots ( edit ) Bumblebee appears in the episode `` Bumblebee to the Rescue '', where he helps the Rescue Bots and their human partners investigate a fallen meteor. Optimus Prime briefly assigns Bumblebee to observe how the Rescue Bots and the Burns family work together. Cody and the rest of the Burns family are unable to understand Bumblebee and requires one of the Rescue Bots to translate. The Rescue Bot Blades also happens to be a big fan of Bumblebee ( who is said to be a legendary scout and war hero by the Rescue Bots ). When Heatwave, Boulder, and Chase are infected by a substance contained in the meteor, Bumblebee, Blades, and the Burns family work together to destroy the meteor and obtain a sample in a hope to find a cure. Bumblebee and Blades successfully destroy the meteor and retrieve the sample, but at the cost of being infected as well, but thankfully the Burnses use an analysis of the meteor sample Bumblebee found, They are able to find a cure in the Autobots database, curing Bumblebee and the Rescue Bots. At the end of the episode, Cody is revealed to have learned how to understand Bumblebee. Before leaving, Bumblebee asks the Burnses ( with Cody acting as interpreter ) if they can take a picture of him and Blades. Bumblebee returns with Optimus Prime in `` It 's a Bot Time '' and `` Bots to the Future '', where they go back in time to save the Rescue Bots from Dr. Morocco. They return to an alternate present with Dr. Morocco ruling Griffin Rock. They fight Morbots, while the Rescue Bots go into the city. They find out they left Dilther behind, which is how the Morbot army exists. They go back in time to take him back to the present, which is then changed back to the regular timeline. Bumblebee later returned in `` Odd Bot Out '', where he was sent to search for a missing Cybertronian artifact on Griffin Rock while Optimus searched the nearby seafloor. To the dismay of his biggest fan Blades, Bumblebee teamed up with Dani, who was temporarily unable to pilot Blades due to her pilot 's license expiring. Kre - O Transformers ( edit ) Bumblebee Transformers character First appearance `` Last Bot Standing '' Information Affiliation Autobot Function Heroic Autobot Warrior Partner Red Alert Alternate modes Sports car Bumblebee is an Autobot warrior, and is based on the Generation 1 version of the character. Fictional biography ( edit ) ' Sup? I 'm Bumblebee, and I 'm just about the coolest KREON character you 'll ever meet. When I 'm not punking the other AUTOBOTS, I like to spend my time cruising the freeway at top speed, hunting for the ultimate source of ENERGON. Hobbies : Pranking PROWL and speeding! Favorite Hangout : Anywhere there are lots of humans and loud music! Big Plan : To form a block - rockin ' band. And also learn how to brick - surf. Animated series ( edit ) Kreon Bumblebee appeared in the animated shorts `` Last Bot Standing '', `` Bot Stars '', `` My Ride is Better Than Your Ride '', `` The Big Race '', `` A Gift for Megatron '', `` Megatron 's Revenge '', and `` Quest for Energon, Part 1 ''. Games ( edit ) Kre - O Bumblebee appears in the flash video game Kre - O Transformers Konquest. In this game Kreon Optimus Prime attempts to avoid bombs and collect parts to rebuild Kre - O Ratchet, Mirage, Prowl, and Bumblebee. Angry Birds Transformers ( edit ) In the 10th installment of the Angry Birds series, Angry Birds Transformers Bumblebee appears. Here he is portrayed by Chuck ( Better known as Yellow Bird ). Bumblebee / Chuck will have two variations, one which is yellow with black stripes based on his pre-Age of Extinction look. And one that is based on his Age of Extinction appearance. Both resemble a Dodge Challenger in vehicle mode. Transformers : Cyberverse ( edit ) Bumblebee will appear on Transformers : Cyberverse. Bumblebee Transformers character Voiced by Scott Porter Information Affiliation Autobot Japanese name Bumblebee Sub-group Bee Team Rank Leader Partner Windblade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : ' Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ' brings incredible visual effects plus comic relief ''. chicagodefender.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Jump up ^ Hasbro.com - Transformers Hall of Fame Robots Archived 2010 - 07 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Simpson, Bud ( 1993 ). Decepticon Madness. Modern Publishing. ISBN 1 - 56144 - 346 - 8. Jump up ^ Robert Mann ( w ). `` By their Blasters you shall know them...! '' Transformers Comic - Magazin 12 ( December 1990 ), Condor Verlag Jump up ^ Greg Sepelak & Trent Troop ( w ), Robby Musso ( p ), Robby Musso & Frank Milkovich ( i ). `` Generation 2 : Redux '' Transformers Timelines v2, 5 ( Summer, 2010 ), Fort Worth, Texas : Fun Publications Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ), Guido Guidi ( p ), John Wycough ( i ), Joana Lafuente ( col ), Chris Mowry ( let ), Bobby Curnow ( ed ). Infestation 2 : The Transformers 1 ( February 2011 ), IDW Publishing Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - TFCon 2009 Voice Actor Script Reading ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ TFcon.com - Prelude Comic Archived 2010 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Entertainment / OnlineGames / GameSelect / Action Games / Transformers / Transformers Battle Circuit ''. Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 13. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Narration ''. maru-z.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bumblebee Shirts & Costumes ''. TVStoreOnline. 2010 - 04 - 10. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Animation Corner : Transformers Satire For FrankTV ''. Doinkamation.blogspot.com. 2008 - 12 - 03. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ Hasbro.com - Battle Bios Archived 2010 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Chevy Camaro Special Editions Performance Cars ''. Chevrolet.com. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ Transformers Set Visit Preview! - Movie News - Latest Movie Reviews and trailers Archived June 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Transformers Movie Update : We Have An Exclusive Robogasm With Ironhide, Bumblebee, Jazz And Ratchet ''. Jalopnik. 2007 - 06 - 22. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 23. Jump up ^ Huffman, John Pearley ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ). `` Driving the Transformers Beater Bumblebee 1977 Camaro ''. Edmunds. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22. Jump up ^ Gregorian, Dareh ; Cohen, Stefanie ( 2007 - 12 - 26 ). `` Giant robots stole my idea ''. New York Post. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ - Driving the Transformers Movie Camaro Concept Jump up ^ TFW2005.com - MichaelBay.com Updates : more Transformers 3 Interviews, Images and Bayhem Jump up ^ `` Our 10 Favorite CG Characters ''. Entertainment Weekly. July 17, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2017. Jump up ^ From the Tip : Rain of Starscream Part Deux Jump up ^ John Barber ( w ), Carlos Magno ( p ), Aburtov and Graphiksslava ( i ). Transformers : Rising Storm 1 ( February 2011 ), IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Roberto Orci ( 2007 - 07 - 06 ). `` Orci and Kurtzman Questions : Post movie ''. Official site. Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28. Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ TFW2005.com - ROTF Game Jump up ^ `` Transformers Cyberverse Battle Builder Game Cyberverse ''. Hasbro. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ TFCon Archived 2010 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ TV REVIEW : Robots in disguise come back from ' 80s obscurity, University Wire ; January 7, 2008 Jump up ^ IGN.com - Transformers Animated ( DS ) Review Jump up ^ Latest Fallout gets closer to Hollywood entertainment ; Computer Games. Coventry Evening Telegraph ( England ) ; November 14, 2008 Jump up ^ TFW2005.com - Goldbug Jump up ^ `` Botcon 2008 Transformers... Unite ''. Tomart 's Action Figure Digest. Tomart Publications. 1 ( 164 ) : 32 -- 35. 2008. Jump up ^ Pete Sinclair & Benson Yee ( w ), Don Figueroa ( p ), Don Figueroa ( i ), Espen Grundetjern ( col ), Jesse Wittenrich ( let ), Pete Sinclair & Brian Savage ( ed ). `` Shattered Glass '' Transformers Timelines v2, 3 ( Botcon 2008 ), Fun Publications Jump up ^ S. Trent Troop and Greg Sepelak ( 2008 ). Dungeons & Dinobots. Illustrator Evan Gauntt. Fun Publications. Jump up ^ S. Trent Troop and Greg Sepelak ( 2009 ). Do Over. Illustrator Yuki Oshima. Fun Publications. Jump up ^ Trent Troop and Greg Sepelak ( May 1, 2009 ). Eye in the Sky. Fun Publications. Jump up ^ BotCon - 2008 Figures Archived 2008 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ TFW2005.com - BotCon 2010 Transformers : Prime Panel Coverage Jump up ^ MTV.com - Learn How Bumblebee Lost His Voice in This Short Story from Exodus Author Alex Irvine Jump up ^ Revealed in `` The Autobits Edition '' of Darkmount, NV. Jump up ^ Transformers : Prime episode 1, `` Darkness Rising - Part 1 '' Jump up ^ `` KRE - O TRANSFORMERS Last Bot Standing ''. YouTube. 2011 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Kre - O Transformers Bot Stars ''. YouTube. 2011 - 07 - 06. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` KRE - O TRANSFORMERS My Ride is Better Than Your Ride ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Kre - O Transformers The Big Race ''. YouTube. 2011 - 11 - 10. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` KRE - O TRANSFORMERS A Gift For Megatron ''. YouTube. 2011 - 12 - 14. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` KRE - O TRANSFORMERS Megatron 's Revenge ''. YouTube. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Kre - O Transformers - Quest For Energon ''. YouTube. 2012 - 09 - 11. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` KRE - O TRANSFORMERS Konquest Game Play Kids Games Online ''. Hasbro. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bumblebee ( Transformers ). 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{ "text": "Rings of power - wikipedia Rings of power Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Power ring ( disambiguation ). This Middle - earth - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rings of Power in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium are magic rings created by Sauron or by the Elves of Eregion under Sauron 's tutelage. Sauron intended three of the rings to be worn by Elves, Seven by Dwarves, Nine by Men, and one, the One Ring, by the Dark Lord Sauron himself in Mount Doom. Sauron intended the rings to subvert these races of Middle - earth to his power, since the One Ring controlled the others. Sauron 's plan was not completely successful, for the Elves hid their rings and did not use them while Sauron held the One, and the Dwarves did not respond to the One 's control as Sauron expected. But the Men who wore the Nine were enslaved by Sauron, and became the Nazgûl ( `` ring wraiths '' ). Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings is largely concerned with the attempt of Sauron to recover the One and the efforts of the West to forestall him by destroying it. The One is destroyed near the end of the War of the Ring when it falls into the Cracks of Doom in Mount Doom along with Gollum who had bitten Frodo 's finger off. Tolkien is not entirely clear about what happened to the other rings, though he implied that the power of any that survived came to an end. After the War of the Ring, the three Elven Rings were taken by their bearers over the sea to the Undying Lands. Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 The making of the rings 1.1. 1 The Verse of the Rings 1.2 The Nine 1.3 The Seven 1.4 The Three 1.5 The One 2 Adaptations 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General references Literature ( edit ) The making of the rings ( edit ) Tolkien 's essay `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' in The Silmarillion gives the background of the making of the rings. At the end of the First Age, Sauron evaded the call of the Valar to surrender, and fled to Middle - earth. Midway through the Second Age he came in disguise as Annatar ( `` Lord of Gifts '' ) to the Elven smiths of Eregion, who were led by Celebrimbor, and taught them the craft of forging magic rings. Tolkien writes that the Elves made many lesser rings as essays in the craft, but eventually with Sauron 's assistance they forged the Seven and the Nine. The Three were made by Celebrimbor himself without Sauron 's assistance ; they remained unsullied by his touch. Sauron returned to Mordor, and in his forge in Mount Doom he made the One Ring, imbuing it with a large portion of his power. Its purpose was to dominate and command the wearers of the other Rings. However, when Sauron put on the One Ring and recited the incantation inscribed on it, the Elves became aware of him, and understood who he was and his purpose. The words he spoke are in the language that Westron speakers call Black Speech : The inscription on the One Ring is a Tengwar rendering of the language known as Black Speech. Ash nazg durbatulûk, Ash nazg gimbatul, Ash nazg thrakatulûk Agh burzum - ishi krimpatul. One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all, And in the darkness bind them. When the Elves wearing the rings discerned Sauron 's intention, they immediately removed them and hid them. Sauron invaded the West to recover the rings that the Elves had made ; much of the West, including Eregion, was destroyed before he was driven back to Mordor. Sauron recovered the Nine and three of the Seven, but not the Three elven rings, which remained hidden. The Verse of the rings ( edit ) The words inscribed on the One Ring come from the following verse, which describes 20 of the Rings of Power : Three Rings for the Elven - kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf - lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie, One ring to rule them all, one ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. -- The Lord of the Rings, Epigraph The Nine ( edit ) Main article : Nazgûl Later in the Second Age, Sauron gave the Nine to powerful men, `` kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old ''. All of them fell under the rings ' dominance, and they became the Nazgûl ( Ringwraiths ), spirits of terror whom Sauron could command even without the One. Their lives were extended indefinitely by the rings, and they became Sauron 's chief servants. To mortal observers who were not themselves wearing a Ring, a Ring of Power seemed to render the wearer invisible. Although the Nazgûl could not be seen, they emanated an evil presence ; their steeds were also visible. When they wished to adopt a noticeable form, they wore dark cloaks over their invisible bodies. It is not clear whether the Nazgûl continued to wear their rings. Tolkien says both `` the Nine the Nazgûl keep '' and that Sauron had gathered the Nine to himself, though in the latter case his meaning may be metaphorical. When the Nazgûl are destroyed, no mention is made of their rings. Only two of the Nazgûl are identified in the texts : the Witch - king of Angmar was the leader of the nine, and his second in command was Khamûl, an Easterling. Khamûl is the only Nazgûl identified by name. Three of the Nine were Númenórean. The Seven ( edit ) Also in the Second Age Sauron gave the Seven to various Dwarf - lords ( though the Dwarves of Moria maintained a tradition that the ring given to Durin III came directly from the Elven smiths ). Gandalf mentions a rumour that the seven hoards of the dwarves began each with a single golden ring, and although the Dwarves used their rings to increase their treasure, Tolkien does not explain how the rings accomplished this ( save for a reference that the rings `` need gold to breed gold '' ). The main power of the Seven on their wearers was to excite their sense of avarice. The wearers did not become invisible, did not get extended life - spans, nor succumb directly to Sauron 's control -- though he could still influence them to anger and greed. Over the years, Sauron recovered three rings from the Dwarves, the last from Thráin II during his final captivity in Dol Guldur some years before the beginning of The Hobbit. The remaining four, according to Gandalf, were destroyed by dragons. Until the Council of Elrond, the Dwarves did not know that Thráin had held the ring of Durin 's line and had lost it to Sauron. They thought instead that it might have been lost when Thrór was killed by Azog in Moria. One of the motivations for Balin 's doomed expedition to Moria was the possibility of recovering the ring. Sauron 's messenger attempted to bribe the Dwarves of Erebor for news of Bilbo ( the last known bearer of the One ) with the promise of the return of the remaining three of the Seven and control over the Mines of Moria. The three ( edit ) Main article : Three Rings The Three Rings of the Elves were called Narya, the Ring of Fire ( set with a ruby ) ; Nenya, the Ring of Water or Ring of Adamant ( made of mithril and set with a `` white stone '' ), and Vilya, the Ring of Air, the `` mightiest of the Three '' ( made of gold and set with a sapphire ). Before the sack of Eregion, Celebrimbor gave Vilya and Narya to Gil - galad and Nenya to Galadriel. Gil - galad later gave Narya to Círdan, and gave Vilya to Elrond. The Three remained hidden from Sauron and untouched by him. During the Third Age, after he lost the One, they were used for the preservation and enhancement of three remaining realms of the Eldar. Vilya was used by Elrond in Rivendell, Nenya by Galadriel in Lothlórien, and Narya by Círdan in Lindon. When the Istari, or wizards, arrived about T.A. 1100, Círdan gave Narya to Gandalf, who bore it until the end of the Third Age. During the period of The Lord of the Rings, the Three were borne by Elrond, Galadriel, and Gandalf ; but until the end of the book their rings are not seen. Only Frodo, the bearer of the One, sees Galadriel 's ring, and only when she draws his attention to it. At the end of the book, these three take their rings, now visible and powerless, over the sea to the Undying Lands. Although the Verse of the Rings describes Three Rings for the Elven - kings, the only Elven king who actually held a ring was Gil - galad. He held both Vilya and Narya, but entrusted them to Elrond and Círdan before perishing in Mordor. The One ( edit ) Main article : One Ring Unlike the other Rings of Power, the One was unadorned. It bore only the inscription of the incantation Sauron spoke when he made it, and even that was invisible unless the ring was heated. Though the other rings could be destroyed in dragon - fire, the One could be unmade only in the unyielding fires of Mount Doom where it was forged. When Sauron made the ring, he was obliged to transfer much of his power into it so that it could control the other rings, themselves objects of great potency. With the ring, Sauron remained very powerful, and he could use it to dominate the will of others ; he very quickly corrupted Númenor into the worship of Melkor and open rebellion against the Valar. When Isildur cut the ring from his hand, Sauron became much weaker. He required the ring to effect his conquest of Middle - earth, and spent most of the Third Age attempting to get it back. The ring had a great effect on the human bearers who held it in the interim. It granted them indefinite life ; though the effort of living became more difficult as time went on, for it did not grant new life. If they wore it, it made them invisible, enhanced their hearing, and made the shadowy world of the wraiths visible to them. It exerted a malicious influence ; Gandalf mentions that though a bearer might begin with good intentions, the good intentions would not last. The Ring would give its bearer a fraction of Sauron 's power, proportionate with the bearer 's strength and force of will. Gollum, Bilbo, Sam, and Frodo only became invisible, although when Frodo bound Gollum to his service in The Two Towers he indicated that he could use the Ring to control Gollum ( because the Ring had mastered Gollum long ago ). Gandalf and Galadriel, however, recognized that they could use the full power of the Ring, becoming even more powerful than Sauron himself, but they resisted, knowing that in the end the Ring would corrupt them. Gandalf explained to Frodo that, with great concentration and training, even he could tap into the Ring 's power, but probably at the cost of his sanity. The One Ring possessed something of a will of its own. Its only accepted master was Sauron himself, and it would seek to leave any other bearer when it would cause the greatest harm, or when it might return to Sauron. Bilbo warned Frodo of this, and Frodo kept it on a chain so that it would not slip off unnoticed. In the end, Gollum succumbs to the malevolent influence of the ring, defies Frodo, and takes the ring for himself. While dancing with joy over the recovery of the ring, Gollum falls into the Cracks of Doom in Orodruin, where the ring is destroyed. With the destruction of the Ring, Gandalf explains that Sauron is weakened to the point that he will never be able to materialize again. Adaptations ( edit ) Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film begins with the forging of the Rings of Power and the events of the Last Alliance 's war against Sauron, all portrayed in silhouette against a red background. Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring begins with a similar prologue, though longer and more detailed. The three Elven rings are shown being cast using a cuttlebone mold, an ancient primitive casting technique. Additionally, Tolkien illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee, employed as conceptual designers for the films, have cameos as two of the nine human Ring - bearers who become Nazgûl. See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' Magic ring References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Silmarillion, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age ^ Jump up to : Fellowship, The Shadow of the Past Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '', p. 289. Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales, `` The Hunt for the Ring '', p. 338. ^ Jump up to : Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel, `` The Council of Elrond '', The Fellowship of the Ring. Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales, `` The Hunt for the Ring '', p. 338. Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, `` Akallabêth, p. 267. Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, `` III. Durin 's Folk ''. Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales, `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '', p. 238. Jump up ^ The Return of the King, `` The Grey Havens '', passim. Jump up ^ Return of the King, The Last Debate General references ( edit ) Tolkien, J.R.R. ( 1954 ), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ), ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Tolkien, J.R.R. ( 1955 ), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ), ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Tolkien, J.R.R. ( 1977 ), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston : Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rings_of_Power&oldid=833123231 '' Categories : Middle - earth rings and jewels Magic objects Hidden categories : Articles with text from the Uncoded languages collective Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Tolkien articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 19 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Rings of Power", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rings_of_Power&amp;oldid=833123231" }

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{ "text": "Midnight Express ( film ) - Wikipedia Midnight Express ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search For the 1924 silent film, see The Midnight Express ( film ). Midnight Express Theatrical release poster Directed by Alan Parker Produced by Alan Marshall David Puttnam Screenplay by Oliver Stone Based on Midnight Express by Billy Hayes William Hoffer Starring Brad Davis Randy Quaid John Hurt Paul L. Smith Irene Miracle Music by Giorgio Moroder Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by Gerry Hambling Production company Casablanca FilmWorks Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 6, 1978 Running time 121 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget £ 2.3 million Box office $35 million Midnight Express is a 1978 British - American prison drama film directed by Alan Parker, produced by David Puttnam and starring Brad Davis, Irene Miracle, Bo Hopkins, Paolo Bonacelli, Paul L. Smith, Randy Quaid, Norbert Weisser, Peter Jeffrey and John Hurt. It is based on Billy Hayes ' 1977 non-fiction book Midnight Express and was adapted into the screenplay by Oliver Stone. Hayes was a young American student sent to a Turkish prison for trying to smuggle hashish out of Turkey. The film deviates from the book 's accounts of the story -- especially in its portrayal of Turks -- and some have criticised this version, including Billy Hayes himself. Later, both Stone and Hayes expressed their regret about how Turkish people were portrayed in the film. The film 's title is prison slang for an inmate 's escape attempt. Midnight Express was released on October 6, 1978. Upon release, the film received generally positive reviews from critics. Many praised Davis 's performance as well as the cast, the writing, the direction and the musical score by Giorgio Moroder. However, Hayes and others criticized the film for portraying the Turkish prison men as violent and villainous and for deviating too much from the material source. The film grossed over $35 million worldwide against budget of $2 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Differences between the book and the film 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Reception 7.1 Awards and nominations 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On October 6, 1970, while on holiday in Istanbul, Turkey, American college student Billy Hayes straps 2 kg of hashish blocks to his chest. While attempting to board a plane back to the United States with his girlfriend, Billy is arrested by Turkish police on high alert due to fear of terrorist attacks. He is strip - searched, photographed and questioned. After a while, a shadowy American ( who is never named, but is nicknamed `` Tex '' by Billy due to his thick Texan accent ) arrives, takes Billy to a police station and translates Billy 's English for one of the detectives. On questioning Billy tells them that he bought the hashish from a taxicab driver, and offers to help the police track him down in exchange for his release. Billy goes with the police to a nearby market and points out the cab driver, but when they go to arrest the cabbie, it becomes apparent that the police have no intention of keeping their end of the deal with Billy. He sees an opportunity and makes a run for it, only to get cornered and recaptured by the mysterious American. During his first night in holding at a local jail, a freezing - cold Billy sneaks out of his cell and steals a blanket. Later that night he is rousted from his cell and brutally beaten by chief guard Hamidou for the blanket theft. He wakes a few days later in Sağmalcılar Prison, surrounded by fellow Western prisoners Jimmy ( an American -- in for stealing two candlesticks from a mosque ), Max ( an English heroin addict ) and Erich ( a Swede, also in for drug smuggling ) who help him to his feet. Jimmy tells Billy that the prison is a dangerous place for foreigners like themselves, and that no one can be trusted -- not even the young children. Billy meets his father along with a U.S representative and a Turkish lawyer to discuss what will happen to him. Billy is sent to trial for his case where the angry prosecutor makes a case against him for drug smuggling. The lead judge is sympathetic to Billy and gives him only a four - year sentence for drug possession. Billy and his father are horrified at the outcome, but their Turkish lawyer insists that the term is a very good result. Jimmy tries to encourage Billy to become part of an escape attempt through the prison 's tunnels. Believing he is to be released soon, Billy rebuffs Jimmy who goes on to attempt an escape himself ; he is brutally beaten when he 's caught. Billy finds out afterwards ( 1974 ), out of the blue one day, that his sentence is overturned by the Turkish High Court in Ankara after a prosecution appeal ( the prosecutor originally wished to have him found guilty of smuggling and not the lesser charge of possession ), and he is ordered to serve a 30 - years - to - life term for his crime. He is in shock. Billy goes along with a prison - break Jimmy has masterminded. Billy, Jimmy, and Max try to escape through the catacombs below the prison, but their plans are revealed to the prison authorities by fellow - prisoner Rifki. His stay becomes harsh and brutal : terrifying scenes of physical and mental torture follow one another, culminating in Billy having a breakdown. He beats up and nearly kills Rifki. Following this breakdown, he is sent to the prison 's ward for the insane, where he wanders in a daze among the other disturbed and catatonic prisoners. These scenes are moving and show Billy 's profound pain. In 1975, Billy 's girlfriend Susan comes to see him. Devastated at what has happened to Billy, she tells him that he has to escape or else he will die in there. She leaves him a scrapbook with money hidden inside as `` a picture of your good friend Mr. Franklin from the bank '', hoping Billy can use it to help him escape. Her visit moves Billy strongly, and he regains his senses. He says goodbye to Max, telling him not to die, and promising to come back for him. He then tries to bribe Hamidou into taking him where there are no guards, but Hamidou takes Billy to another room and prepares to rape him. Billy is clearly afraid and powerless, but he is still fighting back, and suddenly he inadvertently kills Hamidou by pushing his head / skull onto a coat hook sticking out of the wall. This is clearly the miracle he has been waiting for four years. He seizes the opportunity to escape by putting on a guard 's uniform and walking out of the front door. In the epilogue, it is explained that on the night of October 4, 1975, he successfully crossed the border to Greece, and arrived home three weeks later. Cast ( edit ) Brad Davis as Billy Hayes Irene Miracle as Susan Bo Hopkins as `` Tex '' Paolo Bonacelli as Rifki Paul L. Smith as Hamidou Randy Quaid as Jimmy Booth Norbert Weisser as Erich John Hurt as Max Kevork Malikyan as the Prosecutor Yashaw Adem as the Airport police chief Mike Kellin as Mr. Hayes Franco Diogene as Yesil Michael Ensign as Stanley Daniels Gigi Ballista as the Judge Peter Jeffrey as Ahmet Michael Yannatos as Court translator Production ( edit ) The film was mostly shot in the lower parts of Fort Saint Elmo in Valletta. Although the story is set largely in Turkey, the movie was filmed almost entirely at Fort Saint Elmo in Valletta, Malta, after permission to film in Istanbul was denied. Ending credits of the movie state : `` Made entirely on location in Malta and recorded at EMI Studios, Borehamwood by Columbia Pictures Corporation Limited 19 / 23 Wells Street, London, W1 England. '' A made - for - TV documentary of the film, I 'm Healthy, I 'm Alive, and I 'm Free ( alternative title : The Making of Midnight Express ), was released on January 1st, 1977. It is seven minutes long. It features commentary from the cast and crew on how they worked together during production, and the effort it took from beginning to completion. It also includes footage from the creation of the film, and Billy Hayes ' emotional first visit to the prison set. Differences between the book and the film ( edit ) Various aspects of Hayes ' story were fictionalized or added to for the movie. Of note : In the movie, Billy Hayes is in Turkey with his girlfriend when he is arrested, whereas in the original story he is alone. Although Billy did spend seventeen days in the prison 's psychiatric hospital in 1972, he never bit out anyone 's tongue, which in the film led to him being committed to the section for the criminally insane. In the book 's ending, Hayes was moved to another prison on an island from which he eventually escaped, by stealing a dinghy and rowing 17 miles in a raging storm across the Sea of Marmara, and then traveling by foot as well as on a bus to Istanbul and then crossing the border into Greece. In the movie, this passage is replaced by a violent scene in which he unwittingly kills the head guard who is preparing to rape him. ( In reality, Hamidou, the chief guard, was killed in 1973 by a recently paroled prisoner, who spotted him drinking tea at a café outside the prison and shot him eight times. ) The attempted rape scene itself was fictionalized ; Billy never claimed to have suffered any sexual violence at the hands of his Turkish wardens. He did engage in consensual sex while in prison, but the film depicts Hayes gently rejecting the advances of a fellow prisoner. There is a fleeting reference to The Pudding Shop restaurant in the bazaar. It was / is not there - it is on Divan Yolu. Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on VHS and Betamax by Columbia Pictures Home Entertainment in 1979. It made its DVD debut in 1998. A 30th Anniversary DVD release of the film was released in 2008, and a Blu - ray release was released in 2009. Soundtrack ( edit ) Midnight Express : Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Giorgio Moroder Released October 6, 1978 Genre Disco Length 37 : 00 Label Casablanca Records Producer Giorgio Moroder Giorgio Moroder chronology From Here to Eternity ( 1977 ) From Here to Eternity 1977 Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Music from `` Battlestar Galactica '' and Other Original Compositions ( 1978 ) Music from `` Battlestar Galactica '' and Other Original Compositions1978 Singles from Midnight Express : Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Chase '' Released : 1978 Released on October 6, 1978 by Casablanca Records, the soundtrack to Midnight Express was composed by Italian synth - pioneer Giorgio Moroder. The score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1979. `` Chase '' -- Giorgio Moroder ( 8 : 24 ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Giorgio Moroder ( 5 : 33 ) `` ( Theme From ) Midnight Express '' ( Instrumental ) -- Giorgio Moroder ( 4 : 39 ) `` Istanbul Blues '' ( Vocal ) -- David Castle ( 3 : 17 ) `` The Wheel '' -- Giorgio Moroder ( 2 : 24 ) `` Istanbul Opening '' -- Giorgio Moroder ( 4 : 43 ) `` Cacaphoney '' -- Giorgio Moroder ( 2 : 58 ) `` ( Theme From ) Midnight Express '' ( Vocal ) -- Chris Bennett ( 4 : 47 ) Reception ( edit ) Midnight Express received both critical acclaim and box office success. According to the film review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, 95 % of film critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 20 reviews. Negative criticisms focused mainly on its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people. In Mary Lee Settle 's 1991 book Turkish Reflections, she writes, `` The Turks I saw in Lawrence of Arabia and Midnight Express were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life. '' Pauline Kael, in reviewing the film, commented, `` This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? ( They do n't even constitute enough of a movie market for Columbia Pictures to be concerned about how they are represented ) ''. One reviewer writing for World Film Directors wrote, `` Midnight Express is ' more violent, as a national hate - film than anything I can remember ', ' a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience 's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments ' ''. David Denby of New York criticized the film as `` merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners ' rights or a protest against prison conditions ''. Denby said also that all Turks in the movie -- guardian or prisoner -- were portrayed as `` losers '' and `` swine '' and that `` without exception ( all the Turks ) are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs ''. Turkish Cypriot film director Derviş Zaim wrote a thesis at the University of Warwick on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one - dimensional portrayal of the Turks as `` terrifying '' and `` brutal '' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome and was likely influenced by such factors as Orientalism and capitalism. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Midnight Express won Academy Awards for Best Music, Original Score ( Giorgio Moroder ) and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Oliver Stone ). It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( John Hurt ), Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Picture. The film was entered into the 1978 Cannes Film Festival. Legacy ( edit ) In some instances, days before U.S. Navy ships made ports of call in Turkish cities such as Izmir and Antalya, the film was shown to sailors on board as a cautionary tale of what could happen to them if they committed any type of crime, or misbehaved in any way. An amateur interview with Hayes appeared on YouTube, recorded during the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, in which he described his experiences and expressed his disappointment with the film adaptation. In an article for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Hayes was reported as saying that the film `` depicts all Turks as monsters ''. Professional wrestling tag team The Midnight Express used Moroder 's theme as their ring entry music in the 1980s. Moroder 's work `` The Chase '' is often used as bumper music on the American late - night radio talk show radio program Coast to Coast AM. When he visited Turkey in 2004, screenwriter Oliver Stone, who won an Academy Award for the film, made an apology for the portrayal of the Turkish people in the film. He `` eventually apologized for tampering with the truth. '' Alan Parker, Oliver Stone and Billy Hayes were invited to attend a special film screening with prisoners in the garden of an L - type prison in Döşemealtı, Turkey, as part of the 47th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival in October 2010. Dialogue from the film was sampled in the song `` Sanctified '' on the original version of Nine Inch Nails ' debut album Pretty Hate Machine. The sample was removed from the 2010 remaster for copyright reasons. Other dialogue was also sampled for and possibly inspired the song `` Rifki '' from Wumpscut 's 2008 album Schädling. In 2016 Alan Parker returned to Malta as a special guest during the second edition of the Valletta Film Festival to attend a screening of the film on 4 June at Fort St Elmo, where many of the prison scenes were filmed. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MIDNIGHT PLEXPRESS ( 18 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. June 3, 1993. Retrieved January 17, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Midnight Express ( 1978 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 27, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Smith, Helena ( 16 December 2004 ). `` Stone sorry for Midnight Express ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2012. Jump up ^ Flinn, John ( 9 January 2004 ). `` The real Billy Hayes regrets ' Midnight Express ' cast all Turks in a bad light ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 14 January 2012. Jump up ^ Fellner, Dan ( 2013 ). `` Catching the Midnight Express in Malta ''. global-travel-info.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : Galea, Peter ( 1 June 2016 ). `` A Valletta blockbuster ''. Times of Malta. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 03. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10. Jump up ^ Midnight Express. Rotten Tomatoes. Jump up ^ Mary Lee Settle ( 1991 ). Turkish Reflections. New York : Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0 - 13 - 917675 - 6. Jump up ^ Pauline Kael ( 1980 ). When the Lights Go Down. New York : Hall Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0 - 03 - 042511 - 5. Jump up ^ John Wakeman ( ed ) ( 1988 ). World Film Directors. New York : T.H.W. Wilson Co. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Denby, D. ( 1978, October 16 ). One Touch of Mozart. New York Magazine, 11 ( 42 ), 123. Jump up ^ `` Representation of the Turkish People in Midnight Express ''. Zaim, Dervis. Published in Örnek literary journal, 1994. A copy can be found at http://www.tallarmeniantale.com/MidExp-academic.htm Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Midnight Express ''. festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Part 1 on YouTube, Part 2 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Interview with Billy Hayes about ' Midnight Express ' on YouTube ''. Youtube.com. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` The real Billy Hayes regrets ' Midnight Express ' cast all Turks in a bad light ''. Seattle Post Intelligencer. 2004 - 01 - 10. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ Walsh, Caspar. The 10 best prison films. The Observer. May 30, 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Midnight Express ' team to watch film with Turkish prisoners ''. Hürriyet Daily News. 2010 - 05 - 20. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Midnight Express ( film ) Midnight Express on IMDb Midnight Express at Rotten Tomatoes Script of movie by Oliver Stone ( PDF ) Films directed by Alan Parker The Evacuees ( 1975, Play for Today ) Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) Pink Floyd -- The Wall ( 1982 ) Birdy ( 1984 ) Angel Heart ( 1987 ) Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) Come See the Paradise ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) The Road to Wellville ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) Films by Oliver Stone Films directed Feature Seizure ( 1974 ) The Hand ( 1981 ) Salvador ( 1986 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) Wall Street ( 1987 ) Talk Radio ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) The Doors ( 1991 ) JFK ( 1991 ) Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) Nixon ( 1995 ) U Turn ( 1997 ) Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) Alexander ( 2004 ) World Trade Center ( 2006 ) W. ( 2008 ) Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) Savages ( 2012 ) Snowden ( 2016 ) Documentaries Persona Non Grata ( 2003 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) South of the Border ( 2009 ) The Untold History of the United States ( 2012 series ) The Putin Interviews ( 2017 ) Screenwriter only Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) Scarface ( 1983 ) Year of the Dragon ( 1985 ) 8 Million Ways to Die ( 1986 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri ( 2017 ) Giorgio Moroder Discography Studio albums That 's Bubblegum - That 's Giorgio Giorgio Son of My Father Giorgio 's Music Einzelgänger Knights in White Satin From Here to Eternity Love 's in You, Love 's in Me E = MC2 Innovisions Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder Déjà Vu Soundtracks Midnight Express American Gigolo Cat People Flashdance Scarface Superman III Electric Dreams Singles `` Chase '' `` Mah Nà Mah Nà '' `` From Here to Eternity '' `` Together in Electric Dreams '' `` Reach Out '' `` Good - Bye Bad Times '' `` Be My Lover Now '' `` Right Here, Right Now '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Tom 's Diner '' Other songs `` Son of My Father '' `` Carry On '' `` Giorgio by Moroder '' `` Midnight ( Giorgio Moroder remix ) '' Related articles Spinach 1 Metropolis `` Call Me '' `` To Be Number One '' VIAF : 211749436 LCCN : no98019187 GND : 7516982 - 4 BNF : cb15125995n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_Express_(film)&oldid=836542493 '' Categories : 1978 films 1978 soundtracks 1970s biographical films 1970s crime drama films 1970s independent films 1970s LGBT - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Midnight Express (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Midnight_Express_(film)&amp;oldid=836542493" }

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{ "text": "Glossary of basketball terms - wikipedia Glossary of basketball terms Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Basketball, like any other major sport, has its own unique words and phrases used by sports journalists, players, and fans Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 3 - and - D Describes a player, typically not a star, who specializes mainly in three - point shooting ( `` 3 '' ) and defense ( `` D '' ). Term most often used in the NBA, where this specific skill set has been increasingly valued in the 21st century. 3x3 A formalized version of the half - court three - on - three game, officially sanctioned by FIBA. This variant will make its Olympic debut in 2020. Three seconds rule requires that a player shall not remain in the opponents ' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while their team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running. ACB The top professional league in Spain ; often regarded as the second - strongest domestic league in the world, behind the NBA. Initialism for the Spanish Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto ( `` Association of Basketball Clubs '' ). advance step A step in which the defender 's lead foot steps toward their man and the back foot slides forward. air ball An unblocked shot that fails to hit the rim or backboard. alley oop An offensive play in which a player throws the ball up near the basket to a teammate ( or, more rarely, to himself ) who jumps, catches the ball in mid air and immediately scores a basket, usually with a slam dunk. alternating possession In many rulesets, most notably FIBA, NCAA, and NFHS ( U.S. high school ), a rule used to settle most or all jump ball situations after the opening tipoff. In jump ball situations, or at the start of a new period of play, possession is awarded to the team whose offense is moving in the direction of the possession arrow. and - one The free throw awarded to a shooter who is fouled while scoring. assist A pass to a teammate who scores a basket immediately or after one dribble. backdoor cut An offensive play in which a player on the perimeter steps away from the basket, drawing the defender along, then suddenly cuts to the basket behind the defender for a pass. The opposite of a V cut. ball hog A player who does not pass the ball backboard The rectangular platform behind the rim that supports it backcourt The half of the court a team is defending. The opposite of the frontcourt. A team 's guards. backcourt violation Touching the ball in the backcourt after it has entered the frontcourt and was not last touched by the other team. Failure to bring the ball from the backcourt into the frontcourt within the allotted time of 8 seconds in the NBA or FIBA ( previously 10 ) and 10 seconds in NCAA play for both men and women ( this violation was not part of the NCAA women 's game until the 2013 - 14 season ). back screen An offensive play in which a player comes from the low post to set a screen for a player on the perimeter. ball fake A sudden movement by the player with the ball intended to cause the defender to move in one direction, allowing the passer to pass in another direction. Also called `` pass fake. '' ball reversal Passing of the ball from one side of the court to the other. ball screen An offensive play in which a player sets a screen on the defender guarding the player with the ball. ball side The half of the court ( divided lengthwise ) that the ball is on. Also called the `` strong side. '' The opposite of the help side. banana cut A wide, curving cut, as opposed to a cut that is a straight line. Also known as a ' C ' cut bank shot A shot that hits the backboard before hitting the rim or going through the net. baseball pass Passing the basketball using an overhand throw with one hand similar to a baseball pitch. baseline The line that marks the playing boundary at either end of the court. Also called the `` end line. '' baseline out - of - bounds play The play used to return the ball to the court from outside the baseline along the opponent 's basket. basket cut A cut toward the basket. BEEF Balance, Eyes, Elbow, Follow Through -- A mnemonic used to teach proper shooting form. bench Substitutes sitting on the sideline The bench or chairs they sit on benchwarmer A player who sits on the bench for most if not all of the game. bid thief Specific to U.S. college basketball, especially NCAA Division I. Refers to a team that ( 1 ) is a member of a conference with at least one team that is virtually certain to receive a bid to the men 's or women 's tournament, as applicable, regardless of performance in the conference tournament ; ( 2 ) is not viewed as a viable candidate for an at - large tournament bid, but ( 3 ) wins its conference tournament, forcing the more powerful conference member ( s ) into the at - large pool and thus `` stealing '' a bid from a team ( not necessarily in that conference ) that otherwise would be a credible candidate for an at - large bid. big ( or big man, big woman ) A low post player who is typically physically large for a basketball player and generally either a center or power forward. blindside screen A screen set directly behind a defender where the player ca n't see it. block A violation in which a defender steps in front of a dribbler but is still moving when they collide. Also called a `` blocking foul. '' To tip or deflect a shooter 's shot, altering its flight so the shot misses. The small painted square on the floor next to the basket just outside the lane. block out To maintain better rebounding position than an opposing player by widening your stance and arms and using your body as a barrier. Also called `` box out. '' board A rebound bonus Under NCAA men 's and NFHS rules, a team is `` in the bonus '' when its opponent has seven, eight or nine team fouls in a half and so gains a one and one opportunity on each non-shooting foul. The opposing team is `` over the limit. '' Under NCAA women 's rules, the bonus takes effect on the fifth team foul in a quarter, but the `` one and one '' no longer exists ; all subsequent non-shooting fouls result in two free throws. In the NCAA rule book, free throws in this situation are officially called bonus free throws. See also double bonus and penalty. bounce pass A pass that bounces once before reaching the receiver. box - and - one A combination defense in which four defenders play zone in a box formation and the fifth defender guards one player man - to - man. box out See block out. box set A formation in which four players align themselves as the four corners of a box. Often used for baseline out - of - bounds plays. brick A shot attempt that hits the rim and bounces off. bricklayer One who repeatedly shoots bricks. bump the cutter To step in the way of a player who is trying to cut to the ball for a pass. buzzer beater A basket in the final seconds of a game ( right before the buzzer sounds ) that in itself results in a win or overtime. carry A penalty in formal play or slang for when an offensive player is deemed to have held the ball excessively at the ball 's apex while dribbling. Also referred to as palming. In formal play this penalty is considered either a carry or a double dribble. chest pass The ball is passed from one player to another player 's chest. charge An offensive foul when the person with the ball rushes into a non-moving defender. See also offensive foul center One of the three standard player positions. Centers are generally the tallest players on the floor, responsible mainly for scoring, rebounding, and defense near the basket. chucker A player who takes frequent, and often imprudent, shot attempts. The term was popularized by the television series Seinfeld. clear - path foul A foul whenever a defender fouls an opponent when the opponent has nobody in front of him. The foul results in 2 free - throws and possession. cornerman See stretch four. dead - ball rebound a rebound not credited towards either team 's total rebounds, such as the rebound that ( technically ) occurs after a miss on the first free throw of a two - shot foul. It ensures that every missed shot has a corresponding rebound, and was introduced for the purposes of box score statistical error detection. dime See drop a dime. dish An assist. disqualifying foul ( FIBA and NCAA women 's ) an especially egregious foul, almost always involving violence or other excessive physical contact, that is punished by immediate ejection. Equivalent to the NBA 's flagrant - 2. DNP - CD Stands for `` did not play - coach 's decision ''. It refers to cases where a player was available to play in a game but did not play. It does not refer to cases where a player missed the game due to injury or suspension. Additionally, it does not always mean a player is being punished by the coach. Some end of the bench players may be a DNP - CD for many games during the season. double bonus ( NCAA men 's and NFHS ) When a team accumulates 10 or more fouls in a half in NCAA men 's or NFHS play, the other team is `` in the double bonus '', earning two free throws on each subsequent non-shooting foul by the defense. Before 2015 -- 16, this rule was also part of NCAA women 's play, but the change from playing in halves to quarters resulted in the elimination of the `` one - and - one '' free throw situation. The term `` double bonus '' is widely used by the media and fans, but does not appear in any official rule book. See also bonus and penalty. double - double Double - digit figures in two positive statistical categories ( example : 12 points, 14 rebounds ) double dribble To dribble the ball with two hands at the same time To dribble, stop, and then begin to dribble again ; Either act results in a loss of possession. double nickel To accumulate 55 points. downtown Well outside the three - point line. dribble drive motion An offense that spreads the players to open up the lane for driving player to make a layup or kick out for a three - pointer. dribble To bounce the ball continuously with one hand. Required in order to take steps with the ball. drop a dime To make an assist without looking. drop step A post up move where the ballhandler picks up his dribble and at the same time extends a leg back on one side of his defender and then turns toward the basket, using that leg as leverage to get between his defender and the basket. dunk ( v ) To score by putting the ball directly through the basket with one or both hands. ( n ) A shot made by dunking. elbow An attempted or actual elbow strike. Especially violent examples are typically called as flagrant fouls. The court area where the free - throw line meets the side of the 3 - second lane. end of quarter when a quarter ends EuroBasket European international tournament, held every two years for both men and women. Analogous to the UEFA European Championship ( men ) and UEFA Women 's Championship. EuroCup Europe 's second - level transnational club competition, operated by Euroleague Basketball. Analogous to the UEFA Europa League in football. EuroLeague Europe 's top transnational club competition, also operated by Euroleague Basketball. Analogous to the UEFA Champions League in football. fadeaway A fadeaway or fall - away in basketball is a jump shot taken while jumping backwards, away from the basket but still facing it. The goal is to create space between the shooter and the defender, making the shot much harder to block. fast break An offensive tactic in which a team attempts to advance the ball and score as quickly as possible, giving the other team no time to defend effectively. Often the result of a steal or blocked shot. See also secondary break. FIBA The International Basketball Federation, known as FIBA from its French name Fédération Internationale de Basketball. An association of national organizations which governs international competitions. FIBA 33 The original name of what is now called 3x3. field goal A shot made from anywhere on the court, does not include free throws. Finger roll A specialized type of layup shot where the ball is rolled off the tips of the player 's fingers using the momentum of the jump. The advantage of the finger roll is that the ball can travel in a higher arc over a defender that might otherwise block the shot. flagrant foul An unsportsmanlike foul in which there is no serious attempt to play the ball. The NBA classifies these types of fouls as flagrant - 1 and flagrant - 2 ; NFHS ( high school ) uses flagrant personal foul and flagrant technical foul ; the NCAA uses both sets of terms interchangeably in men 's basketball. At all North American levels, the latter type of foul results in the immediate ejection of the offender. FIBA, and since 2017 -- 18 NCAA women 's basketball, do not use the term `` flagrant foul '', instead using unsportsmanlike foul and disqualifying foul ( which roughly correspond to the two North American subcategories ). floater A type of shot typically utilized by smaller guards. It is characterized by shooting the ball with an extremely high arc in order to prevent taller defenders from blocking the shot. flop An intentional fall by a player after little or no physical contact from an opponent, with the goal of drawing a personal foul call against the opponent. forward One of the three standard player positions. Forwards are primarily responsible for scoring and rebounding. See Small forward and Power forward. An individual capable of playing both types of forward is often called a cornerman or stretch four. foul Violations of the rules other than floor violations, generally attempts to gain advantage by physical contact ; penalized by a change in possession or free - throw opportunities ; see personal foul, technical foul, flagrant foul, unsportsmanlike foul, and disqualifying foul. foul in and - one four - point play A rare play in which a player is fouled while making a three - point shot and then makes the resulting free throw. free throw An unopposed attempt to score a basket, worth one point, from the free throw line. Generally, two attempts are awarded when the player is fouled in the act of shooting ( three attempts are awarded in the case of three - point shot ), fouled flagrantly, or when the opposing team fouls while over the foul limit. For technical fouls, one free throw is awarded under FIBA rules ; the NBA and NFHS award two free throws for all technical fouls ; and NCAA rules award either one or two free throws, depending on the specific type of technical foul. In 3x3, where regular baskets are worth 1 point and shots from behind the arc worth 2 points, one attempt is normally awarded. Two attempts are awarded when a player is fouled on a missed shot from behind the arc, the opposing team has committed more than six fouls in a game, and on any technical foul. granny shot An underhand shot. Can describe a shot taken using only one hand, usually thrown by older women, or one using both hands, most notably used by Rick Barry for free throws. Grinnell System A combined offensive and defensive system created by David Arseneault, head coach at Grinnell College. A variation of the run - and - gun style, its most unusual feature is that entire five - player units are usually substituted every 45 to 90 seconds, as in an ice hockey shift. guard One of the three standard player positions. Today, guards are typically classified in two broad categories. Point guards have strong ballhandling and passing skills and are typically used to run the offense. Shooting guards, as the name implies, are generally the team 's best shooters, and are very often the leading scorers on their teams. Some players, often referred to as combo guards, combine the features of both. gunner Someone who shoots the ball too many times. get back To retreat back across the half - court line after either a made or missed shot attempt. Usually called out by players or coaches to let team know to hustle back and set up on defense. half - court defense The portion of a team 's defensive play conducted with both teams having established positions. See also transition defense. half - court offense The portion of a team 's offensive play conducted with both teams having established positions. See also transition offense. Halftime The end of the first half of play The interval between the two halves. Hand - check foul A kind of foul wherein a player used his hands illegally to impede or slow the movement of his opponent. Hang Time The time a player spends in the air from the lift off of a jump to the landing of the jump. Heating Up When a player starts to make the majority of their shots and takes over the game. held ball A situation when players from both teams claim possession of the basketball at the same time without a foul from either team. Depending on the league and the game situation, may result in a jump ball, a change in possession, or an out - of - bounds play by the team that previously had possession. in - n - out A shot that appears to be going in, but instead goes back out. 2. A dribble where the offensive player dribbles in an inward motion then back out to fake out a player index rating See Performance Index Rating. I got back to be in the back of the court ready to block or shoot. isolation, `` iso '' An offensive tactic where the ballhandler moves to one side of the court while all the other offensive players move to the far side. The offense seeks to create a favorable one - on - one matchup for the isolated ballhandler, or else to draw a double - team that may create an open shot for a teammate. J ( edit ) jump shot An overhead shot taken while jumping, sometimes abbreviated as J. jump ball The jump ball is what starts every basketball game, except in 3x3. Takes place in the center of the court. key The free - throw lane and free - throw circle together ( originally, the lane was narrower than the circle 's diameter, giving the area the appearance of a skeleton key hole ) kicking A violation called when a player intentionally uses his or her foot or leg to contact the ball. Play is stopped and the ball is given to the non-violating team to inbound. lane The free - throw lane. lay - in A close - range shot using one hand to tip the ball over the rim layup A close - range shot using one hand to bank the ball off the backboard Man - to - man defense A defense in which each player guards a single opposing player. See also zone defense. Memphis Attack Another name for dribble drive motion ; the offense was popularized in the early 2000s at the University of Memphis under their then - head coach, John Calipari. mid-range Describes a shot taken from outside the paint but inside the three - point arc. motion offense Offense created through a series of cuts and screens to create the best possible shot, with most or all offensive players moving simultaneously. moving violation a traveling violation NBA The National Basketball Association, the largest professional league in the United States, also with one team in Canada. NCAA The National Collegiate Athletic Association, the primary governing body for intercollegiate sports in the United States. Also used to describe national tournaments operated by this body, especially the Division I men 's and women 's tournaments. An unrelated body with the same name exists in the Philippines. Nellie Ball An unconventional offensive strategy developed by NBA head coach Don Nelson. It is an offense that relies on 2 things : 1. Smaller, more athletic players who can create mismatches by outrunning their opponents. 2. A strong emphasis on three - point shooting, which is generally a staple of the offense. A true center is not needed to run Nellie Ball, although this strategy is most effective against teams that do not have the athleticism or shooting ability to keep up with the fast pace of the offense. NFHS The National Federation of State High School Associations, the body that sets rules for high school sports in the U.S., including basketball. NIT The National Invitation Tournament, a postseason tournament for NCAA Division I men 's basketball teams that do not qualify for the NCAA Tournament. Founded in 1938, a year before the NCAA Tournament, it is closely identified with New York City ; all games were originally held at the third Madison Square Garden, and to this day the semifinals and final are held at today 's Madison Square Garden. In its early years, it was considered more prestigious than the NCAA Tournament, but this changed starting in the 1950s. The tournament has been directly operated by the NCAA since 2006. O ( edit ) offensive foul A foul committed by an offensive player. one - and - done ( NCAA men 's ) A player expected to declare himself eligible for the NBA draft after a single season in college. one - and - one ( NCAA men 's and NFHS ) A free - throw attempt which, if made, allows the player a second free - throw attempt. This also existed in NCAA women 's play, but was removed starting with the 2015 -- 16 season. See also bonus. one trillion A box score showing one minute played and zero for all other statistics, resulting in a one followed by twelve zeros -- the conventional American rendering of `` one trillion. '' outlet pass A pass thrown by a rebounder to start a fast break. over-and - back See backcourt violation ( 1 ). over the back a foul committed by a player who tries to rebound the ball by pushing, moving or climbing on a player 's back who is already in position to rebound the ball. overtime when the score is tied at the end of regulation play, the teams play a five - minute overtime period. pack To roughly hit down a ball that an opposing player has just released for a shot. ( See also, swat. ) pack - line defense A man - to - man defensive system in which one player pressures the ball and the other four `` pack '' down within an imaginary `` line '' extending to about 2 feet ( 60 cm ) inside the three - point arc, with the intent of preventing dribble penetration. The system, derived from a number of other man - to - man systems, was developed by Dick Bennett, and has been popularized in the 21st century by coaches including his son Tony, Chris Mack, and Sean Miller. paint the key. palming Specifically referring to the habit of an offensive player to hold the ball at the apex of its bounce while dribbling, usually by gripping the ball firmly in the dribbling hand. In organized play this is always considered a dribbling penalty, often called a carry or double dribble. In non-organized play this is typically considered rude and is generally discouraged by the defensive players. pass ( v ) To throw the ball to a teammate. ( n ) The act of passing to an open teammate penalty once a team reaches a set number of team fouls in a playing period, varying by governing body, the fouled team gets free throws instead of possession of the ball. The fouling team is `` over the limit. '' See also bonus and double bonus. Performance Index Rating A player rating originally used by Liga ACB to determine weekly and season MVPs ; later adopted by Euroleague Basketball to determine the same awards in the EuroLeague and EuroCup. No longer used to determine season MVPs in the EuroLeague and EuroCup, but still used for weekly awards, and also used by many other European domestic leagues. It is calculated from statistics available in standard European box scores as follows : Add the following statistics -- points, assists, rebounds, blocks, steals, fouls drawn, free throws made, 2 - point field goals made, 3 - point field goals made. Subtract turnovers, own shots blocked, fouls committed, free throw attempts, 2 - point field goal attempts, and 3 - point field goal attempts. perimeter the area outside the key but well inside the three - point arc. Philippine Basketball Association or colloquially known as PBA is a basketball league in the Philippines. It is the second oldest professional basketball league in the world after NBA. pick see `` screen '' pick and roll an offensive play in which a player sets a screen ( pick ) for a teammate handling the ball and then slips behind the defender ( rolls ) to accept a pass. pivot The pivot center, or to lightly pick up one foot and spin with the next to avoid traveling pivot foot The foot that must remain touching the floor to avoid traveling player control foul player with the ball crashes into a defender ; incorrectly referred to as a charge pocket pass A skillful pass through a narrow gap in the defense, especially to complete a pick and roll play. point forward A forward with strong ballhandling and passing skills who can be called on to direct the team 's offense. points in the paint Field goals made in the painted area below the free - throw line possession arrow A physical or electronic arrow at the scorer 's table that determines the next possession under the alternating possession rule. After the opening jump ball, it is set to point in the direction in which the team that lost the jump ball is moving on offense, and is switched each time the alternating possession rule is invoked. post up To go in or near the key, turn so that you are facing away from the basket but towards a teammate who has the ball, and try to establish position to receive a pass. prayer A shot that has very little probability of being made. Princeton offense an offensive basketball strategy which emphasizes constant motion, passing, back - door cuts, picks on and off the ball, and disciplined teamwork. Used and perfected at Princeton University, it 's an offense designed for a unit of 5 players who can each pass, shoot and dribble at an above average level. Q ( edit ) quadruple - double Double - digit figures in four positive statistical categories ( example : 10 points, 11 rebounds, 12 assists, 13 steals ) Rainbow Shot A perfect high shot arc on a shot that goes in, usually resulting from a fluent shooting motion and usually on a long shot attempt. Rebound ( v ) To obtain the ball after a missed field goal attempt ( n ) An act of rebounding. Rejected To have one 's shot blocked. Rimshot a toss in which the ball hits the rim of the basket Rip a C A motion used while chinning the ball to create space during a pivot between an offensive player and a defensive player. Pivot towards the defender and rips the ball in a C - shape away from the pressure to create a passing lane. Run An interval in which one team heavily outscores the other. Rock the ball Run and Gun A combined offensive and defensive system devoted to increasing the pace of the game. On offense, the ball is moved upcourt as fast as possible, with the goal of taking the first shot available ( often a three - pointer ). The defense uses full - court pressure in an attempt to cause turnovers. See also Grinnell System. screen, set a screen ( v ) To attempt to prevent a defender from guarding a teammate by standing in the defender 's way. The screening player must remain stationary ; a moving screen is an offensive foul. ( n ) The tactic of setting a screen. Also called a `` pick ''. a secondary break An offensive phase after a fast break is initially stopped, but before the opponent can enter into its set defense. set shot A shot taken without leaving the floor. shot clock A timer designed to increase the pace ( and subsequently, the score ) by requiring a shot to be released before the timer expires ; if the ball does not touch the rim or enter the basket, it results in a loss of possession for the shooting team. The time limit is 24 seconds in the NBA, WNBA, and FIBA play, and 30 in NCAA play for both sexes. See also airball. sixth man ( or sixth woman ) A player who does not start, but is generally the first person off the bench, and often has statistics comparable to those of starters. A superfan who believes that his fervent support of a team will have a direct influence on the outcome of a game that that team may be involved in. stretch four a power forward ( `` 4 '' ) capable of `` stretching '' a defense with his or her outside shooting ability. swingman A player capable of playing either shooting guard or small forward. swat To hit a ball, that an opposing player just shot, off course so that it misses completely. ( See also, pack. ) swish ( n ) A shot which goes through the net without hitting the rim or backboard. However, there is some disagreement as to whether a swish can occur after a ball hits the backboard. Also known as a hoopie in the PA area. ( v ) To swish the ball in such a manner. splash Occurs when someone makes a Nothing - but - net, and the net hangs over the rim as a result stripe The free throw line. technical foul A foul assessed for unsportsmanlike non-contact behavior and for some procedural violations ( for example, having too many players on the floor or calling timeout when none remains ). Penalized by loss of possession after a free throw which may be taken by any member of the opposing team. Frequently abbreviated as `` technical '' or `` T. '' three - point field goal A shot, worth three points, attempted with both feet behind the three - point line. three - pointer A three - point field goal trey A three - point field goal three - point play A play in which a shooter is fouled while making a two - point shot and then makes the resulting free throw. See also and one. ( rarely ) When a shooter is fouled while taking but missing a three - point shot and then makes all three free throws. toilet bowl When the ball hits the rim on a certain angle and then circles around it, can go in or out. transition defense The portion of a team 's defensive play conducted when the other team has first gained possession and is moving up the court, before both teams have established positions. Includes defense against fast breaks. See also halfcourt defense. transition offense The portion of a team 's offensive play conducted when first obtaining possession from the other team and moving up the court, before both teams have established positions. Includes fast breaks. See also halfcourt offense. travel To move one 's pivot foot illegally or to fall to the floor without maintaining a pivot foot ( exact rules vary -- see Traveling ( basketball ) ) or to take 3 steps without dribbling the ball. triangle offense An offensive strategy with the goal of exchanging three ( sometimes all five ) positions, creating spacing among players and allowing each one to pass to four teammates. The triangle offense 's most important feature is the sideline triangle created by the center, who stands in the low post, the forward at the wing, and the guard at the corner. Meanwhile, the other guard stands at the top of the key and the weak - side forward is on the weak - side high post, together forming the `` two - man game. '' Every pass and cut has a purpose, and everything is dictated by the defense. triple - double Double - digit figures in three positive statistical categories ( example : 12 points, 14 rebounds, 10 assists ) true road game Term used in U.S. college basketball to refer to games played by a particular team on an opponent 's home court, or sometimes a larger venue in that opponent 's home area in which the opponent controls ticket sales. This distinction has been drawn in the 21st century because of an increasing number of early - season events -- both individual games and tournaments -- at neutral sites. turnover A loss of possession. U ( edit ) UCLA High Post Offense The UCLA High Post Offense is an offensive strategy used by John Wooden, the legendary head coach at UCLA. Due to the school 's immense success under Wooden 's guidance, this offense has become one of the most popular offensive tactics in basketball. Elements of it are commonly used on all levels of the game, including the NBA. ULEB The organization that operated the Euroleague and Eurocup before handing responsibility to the Euroleague Basketball Company. It is a cooperative organization of European professional basketball leagues ; the name is a French acronym for `` Union of European Leagues of Basketball ''. unsportsmanlike foul ( FIBA and NCAA women 's ) an egregious foul, involving excessive physical contact, fouling with no intention to make a play on the ball, or fouling an opponent on a breakaway from behind. In NCAA women 's play, this category also includes contact dead - ball technical fouls. Roughly equivalent to the NBA 's flagrant - 1. Up and down A travelling violation when the ball carrier jumps vertically into the air and does not get rid of it before landing. V ( edit ) Vertical Jump The act of raising one 's center of gravity higher in the vertical plane solely with the use of one 's own muscles ; it is a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground from a standstill. violation An infraction of the rules other than a foul, such as traveling or a three - second violation. V - cut A move where a player moves to the player defending him / her, then quickly turns and receives the ball. Used to fake the defender. wedgie When the basketball gets stuck between the rim and backboard. wing An area located on either side of the court, outside the 3 - second lane, along an imaginary extension of the free - throw line. A swingman, especially one who generally operates from the above area on offense. WNBA The Women 's National Basketball Association, the largest professional basketball league for women in the United States. WNIT The Women 's National Invitation Tournament, a tournament for NCAA Division I women 's teams, with both preseason and postseason versions. The preseason version was founded in 1994, and the postseason version was founded in 1998. The latter includes teams that do not qualify for the NCAA Tournament. Before the 1998 -- 99 season, both events were known as the National Women 's Invitational Tournament, inheriting the name of a similar postseason event that operated from 1969 to 1996. Despite the name, the WNIT has no relation to the men 's NIT -- it is not operated by the NCAA, and was never under the control of any of the bodies that ran the men 's NIT before 2006. Z ( edit ) zone defense A defense in which each player is responsible for an area of the court. See also man - to - man defense. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph, Adi ( June 27, 2014 ). `` ' 3 - and - D ' : The specialist 's path to a long NBA career ''. USA Today. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Herbert, James ( June 27, 2017 ). `` NBA Free Agency 2017 : Breaking down the best 3 - and - D guys on the free - agent market ''. CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Rule 5 ( Violations ), Article 26. `` Official Basketball Rules 2014 '' ( pdf ). FIBA. 2014. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ Dauster, Rob ( February 28, 2018 ). `` College Basketball Bid Thieves : What teams could steal a spot in the tournament from the bubble? ''. NBC Sports. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Everson, Darren ( March 26, 2009 ). `` College Basketball 's Moveable Beasts ''. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball. Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly Seinfeld Companion Jump up ^ Ryan, Shane ( April 4, 2013 ). `` The Cardinal Rules ''. Grantland.com. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08. The point is that every missed shot has to have a rebound. And to be able to balance the box score, there needs to be a rebound for every miss. That way you know the box score adds up. It 's kind of like a geometry proof, where the left side has to equal the right side. Jump up ^ Schaller, Bob and Harnish, Dave ( 2009 ). The Everything Kids ' Basketball Book : The all - time greats, legendary teams, today 's superstars - and tips on playing like a pro. Adams Media. p. 88. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ no by - line ( 6 January 2005 ). `` Basketball U on Hoops Lingo ''. www.NBA.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 6 October 2014. Jump up ^ Winn, Luke ( March 12, 2012 ). `` First Line Of Defense ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 24, 2014. Jump up ^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/rimshot retrieved 18 July 2012 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB2diSL2sa4 retrieved 18 July 2013 Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Glossaries of sports American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Motorsport Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Terms named after people Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_basketball_terms&oldid=835842302 '' Categories : Glossaries of sports Basketball terminology Wikipedia glossaries Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018, at 03 : 04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Glossary of basketball terms", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_basketball_terms&amp;oldid=835842302" }

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{ "text": "The NeverEnding Story ( film ) - wikipedia The NeverEnding Story ( film ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The NeverEnding Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Petersen Produced by Bernd Eichinger Dieter Geissler Screenplay by Wolfgang Petersen Herman Weigel Based on The Neverending Story by Michael Ende Starring Noah Hathaway Barret Oliver Tami Stronach Patricia Hayes Sydney Bromley Gerald McRaney Moses Gunn Narrated by Alan Oppenheimer Music by Klaus Doldinger Giorgio Moroder Cinematography Jost Vacano Edited by Jane Seitz Production company Producers Sales Organization Distributed by Neue Constantin Film ( West Germany ) Warner Bros. ( United States ) Release date 6 April 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 06 ) ( West Germany ) 20 July 1984 ( 1984 - 07 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 94 minutes Country West Germany United States Language English Budget DM 60 million ( ~ US $ 27 million ) Box office US $100 million The NeverEnding Story ( German : Die unendliche Geschichte ) is a 1984 epic fantasy film based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ende, about a boy in our world who reads a magical book that tells a story of a young warrior whose task is to stop a dark force called the Nothing from engulfing a mystical world. The film was produced by Bernd Eichinger and Dieter Giessler and directed and co-written by Wolfgang Petersen ( his first English - language film ) and starred Noah Hathaway, Barret Oliver, Tami Stronach, Patricia Hayes, Sydney Bromley, Gerald McRaney, Moses Gunn, and Alan Oppenheimer as the voices of both Falkor and Gmork ( as well as other characters ). At the time of its release, it was the most expensive film produced outside the United States or the Soviet Union. The film was the first in The NeverEnding Story film series and later followed by two sequels. The film only adapts the first half of the book, and consequently does not convey the message of the title as it was portrayed in the novel. The second half of the book would subsequently be used as the primary rough basis for the second film, The Next Chapter. The third film, Escape from Fantasia, primarily features an original new plot. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Reaction 4.1 Release dates 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Box office 4.4 Awards 5 Home media 5.1 LaserDisc 5.2 DVD 5.3 Blu - ray 6 Legacy 6.1 Music 7 Warner Bros. planned adaptation of the novel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Bastian Balthazar Bux is a shy and outcast bibliophile ten - year - old raised by his widowed father, teased by bullies from school. On his way to school, he hides from the bullies in a bookstore, interrupting the grumpy bookseller, Mr. Coreander. Bastian asks about one of the books he sees, but Mr. Coreander advises against it. With his curiosity piqued, Bastian seizes the book, leaving a note promising to return it, and hides in the school 's attic to read. The book describes the fantasy world of Fantasia slowly being devoured by a malevolent force called `` The Nothing ''. Fantasia 's ruler, the Childlike Empress, has fallen ill, and Atreyu is tasked to discover the cure, believing that once the Empress is well, the Nothing will no longer be a threat. Atreyu is given a medallion named the AURYN that can guide and protect him in the quest. As Atreyu sets out, the Nothing summons Gmork, a vicious and highly intelligent wolf - like creature, to kill Atreyu. The Auryn, based on the Ouroboros, representing infinity / eternity. The original prop is now owned by Steven Spielberg. Atreyu 's quest directs him to the adviser Morla the Ancient One in the Swamps of Sadness. Though the Auryn protects Atreyu, his beloved horse Artax is lost to the swamp, and he continues alone. Later, Atreyu is surprised by the sudden appearance of Morla, a giant turtle. Bastian, reading, is also surprised and lets out a scream, which Atreyu and Morla appear to hear. Morla does not have the answers Atreyu seeks, but directs him to the Southern Oracle, ten thousand miles distant. Atreyu succumbs to exhaustion trying to escape the Swamps but is saved by the luckdragon Falkor. Falkor takes him to the home of two gnomes that live near the entrance to the Southern Oracle. The gnomes explain that Atreyu will face various trials before reaching the Oracle. Atreyu proceeds to enter the Oracle, and is perplexed when one second trial, a mirror that shows the viewer 's true self, reveals a boy which Bastian recognizes as himself. Bastian throws the book aside, but after catching his breath, continues to read. Atreyu eventually meets the Southern Oracle who tells him the only way to save the Empress is to find a human child to give her a new name, beyond the boundaries of Fantasia. Atreyu and Falkor flee before the Nothing consumes the Southern Oracle. In flight, Atreyu is knocked from Falkor 's back into the Sea of Possibilities, losing the Auryn in the process. He wakes on the shore of the abandoned ruins, where he meets Rock Biter, who laments the loss of his friends. Atreyu finds a series of paintings depicting his quest. Gmork reveals himself, having been lying in wait and explains that Fantasia represents humanity 's imagination, and that the Nothing represents adult apathy and cynicism against it. Atreyu fends off and kills Gmork as the Nothing begins to consume the ruins. Falkor, who had managed to locate the Auryn, rescues Atreyu in time. The two find themselves in a void with only small fragments of Fantasia remaining, and fear they have failed when they spot the Empress 's Ivory Tower among the fragments. Inside, Atreyu apologizes for failing the Empress, but she assures him he has succeeded in bringing to her a human child who has been following his quest : Bastian. She further explains that, just as Bastian is following Atreyu 's story, `` others '' are following Bastian 's, making this part of the neverending story. As the Nothing begins to consume the Tower, the Empress pleads directly to Bastian to call out her new name, but in amazement that he himself has been incorporated into the story as the child they were looking for, he denies the events as just being a story and Atreyu dies. Bastian runs to the window and calls out the name he had selected into the storm ( Moonchild ), and loses consciousness. When he wakes, he finds himself in blackness with the Empress, with only a grain of sand, the last bit of Fantasia remaining. The Empress tells Bastian that he has the power to bring Fantasia back with his imagination. Bastian re-creates Fantasia, and as he flies on Falkor 's back, he sees the land and its inhabitants restored, and that Atreyu has been reunited with Artax. When Falkor asks what his next wish will be, Bastian then brings Falkor back to the real world to chase down the bullies from before. The film ends with the narration that Bastian had many more wishes and adventures, and adds : `` but that 's another story ''. Cast ( edit ) Falkor the Luckdragon Main article : List of The Neverending Story characters Barret Oliver as Bastian Balthazar Bux. Noah Hathaway as Atreyu. Tami Stronach as The Childlike Empress, to whom Bastian gives the new name of `` Moon Child ''. Patricia Hayes as Urgl, Engywook 's wife and a healer. Sydney Bromley as Engywook, a gnomish scientist. Gerald McRaney as Mr. Bux, Bastian 's widowed, workaholic father. Moses Gunn as Cairon, a servant of the Empress. Alan Oppenheimer as the voices of Falkor, Gmork, Rock Biter, and the Narrator ( the latter three are uncredited ). Thomas Hill as Mr. Coreander, a grumpy bookseller. Deep Roy as Teeny Weeny, a messenger riding on a racing snail. Tilo Prückner as Nighthob, a messenger riding a narcoleptic bat. Darryl Cooksey, Drum Garrett, and Nicholas Gilbert as Ethan, Todd, and Lucas, three bullies who torment Bastian. Production ( edit ) The adaptation only covered the first half of the book. The majority of the film was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich, except for the street scenes and the school interior in the real world, which were shot in Vancouver, Canada ( the Gastown steam clock can be seen in the bully chase scene near the beginning ), and the beach where Atreyu falls, which was filmed at Monsul Beach in Almería ( Spain ). It was Germany 's highest - budgeted film at the time. Music ( edit ) The film score of The NeverEnding Story was composed by Klaus Doldinger of the German jazz group Passport. The theme song of the North American release of the film was composed by Giorgio Moroder with lyrics by Keith Forsey, and performed by Christopher `` Limahl '' Hamill, once the lead singer of Kajagoogoo, and Beth Anderson. Released as a single in 1984, it peaked at No. 4 on the UK singles chart, No. 6 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song has been covered by The Birthday Massacre, Creamy, Dragonland, Kenji Haga, and New Found Glory. More recent covers were done by Norwegian synthpop group Echo Image on their 2001 maxi - single Skulk and by German techno group Scooter on their 2007 album Jumping All Over the World. This Limahl song, along with other `` techno - pop '' treatments to the soundtrack, is not present in the German version of the film, which features Doldinger 's orchestral score exclusively. In 1994, Italian house music group Club House released the song `` Nowhere Land, '' featuring Carl, which combines the melody of the tune `` Bastian 's Happy Flight '' with original lyrics. An official soundtrack album was released featuring Doldinger 's score and Moroder 's theme tune ( Moroder also rescored several scenes for the version released outside Germany ). The track listing ( Doldinger is responsible for everything from track 6 onwards ) is as follows : show The NeverEnding Story ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No. Title Length 1. `` The NeverEnding Story '' 3 : 32 2. `` Swamps of Sadness '' 1 : 57 3. `` Ivory Tower '' 3 : 10 4. `` Ruined Landscape '' 3 : 03 5. `` Sleepy Dragon '' 3 : 59 6. `` Bastian 's Happy Flight '' 3 : 16 7. `` Fantasia '' 0 : 56 8. `` Atreyu 's Quest '' 2 : 52 9. `` Theme of Sadness '' 2 : 43 10. `` Atreyu Meets Falkor '' 2 : 31 11. `` Mirror Gate - Southern Oracle '' 3 : 10 12. `` Gmork '' 0 : 29 13. `` Moon Child '' 1 : 24 14. `` AURYN '' 2 : 20 15. `` Happy Flight '' 1 : 21 In Germany, an album featuring Doldinger 's score was released. show Die Unendliche Geschichte -- Das Album No. Title Length 1. `` Flug auf dem Glücksdrachen ( Flight of the Luckdragon ) '' 3 : 12 2. `` Die Unendliche Geschichte ( Titelmusik ) ( The NeverEnding Story ( Main Title ) ) '' 2 : 44 3. `` Im Haulewald ( In the Howling Forest ) '' 3 : 01 4. `` Der Elfenbeinturm ( The Ivory Tower ) '' 1 : 54 5. `` Atréjus Berufung -- AURYN Thema ( Atreyu 's Quest - AURYN Theme ) '' 2 : 47 6. `` Phantásien ( Fantasia ) '' 0 : 52 7. `` Artax 's Tod ( The Death of Artax ) '' 1 : 13 8. `` Die Sümpfe der Traurigkeit ( The Swamps of Sadness ) '' 2 : 39 9. `` Atréju 's Flug ( Atreyu 's Flight ) '' 2 : 27 10. `` Die uralte Morla ( Morla, the Ancient One ) '' 2 : 27 11. `` Das südliche Orakel ( The Southern Oracle ) '' 3 : 19 12. `` Die drei magischen Tore ( The Three Magic Gates ) '' 3 : 25 13. `` Spukstadt ( Spook City ) '' 1 : 37 14. `` Flug zum Elfenbeinturm ( Flight to the Ivory Tower ) '' 3 : 02 15. `` Mondenkind ( Moon Child ) '' 1 : 19 16. `` Die kindliche Kaiserin ( The Childlike Empress ) '' 2 : 16 17. `` Flug auf dem Glücksdrachen ( Schlußtitel ) ( Flight of the Luckdragon ( End Title ) ) '' 1 : 19 Reaction ( edit ) Release dates ( edit ) Some international release dates : 6 April 1984 in West Germany ( Die unendliche Geschichte ) 20 July 1984 in the United States ( The NeverEnding Story ) 6 October 1984 in Brazil ( A História Sem Fim ) 21 November 1984 in France ( L'Histoire sans fin ) 6 December 1984 in Spain ( La Historia Interminable ) 7 December 1984 in Italy ( La storia infinita ) 4 April 1985 in the United Kingdom ( The NeverEnding Story ) Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( January 2016 ) The film has a Rotten Tomatoes score of 82 % based on reviews from 39 critics. The critical consensus reads : `` A magical journey about the power of a young boy 's imagination to save a dying fantasy land, The NeverEnding Story remains a much - loved kids ' adventure. '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 46 / 100 based on reviews from 10 critics. Film critic Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars and praised its visual effects, saying that `` an entirely new world has been created '' because of them, a comment echoed by Variety. Joshua Tyler of CinemaBlend referred to it as `` One of a scant few true Fantasy masterpieces ''. Vincent Canby panned the film as a `` graceless, humorless fantasy for children '' in a 1984 New York Times review. Canby 's criticism charged that parts of the film `` sounded like ' The Pre-Teenager's Guide to Existentialism ' ''. He further criticized the `` tacky '' special effects, and that the construction of the dragon looked like `` an impractical bathmat ''. Ende felt that this adaptation 's content deviated so far from the spirit of his book that he requested that production either be halted or the film 's title be changed ; when the producers did neither, he sued them and subsequently lost the case. Ende called the film a `` gigantic melodrama of kitsch, commerce, plush and plastic '' ( Ein `` gigantisches Melodram aus Kitsch, Kommerz, Plüsch und Plastik '' ). Box office ( edit ) The film performed very well at the box office, grossing US $100 million worldwide against a production budget of DM 60 million ( approximately US $27 million at the time ). Almost five million people went to see it in Germany, a number rarely achieved by German productions, resulting in a gross of about US $20 million domestically. It also grossed a similar amount in the United States ; only a modest sum in the American market, which director Wolfgang Petersen ascribed to the film 's European sensibilities. Awards ( edit ) Wins 1984 - Bambi Award for : National film 1984 - Golden Screen Award 1985 - Saturn Award for : Best Performance by a Young Actor ( Noah Hathaway ) 1985 - Brazilian Film Award for : Best Production 1985 - Film Award in Gold for : Best Production Design Nominations 1985 - Saturn Award for : Best Fantasy Film, and Best Music 1985 - International Fantasy Film Award for : Best Film 1985 - Young Artist Award for : Best Family Motion Picture, Best Young Actor, Best Young Supporting Actress. Home media ( edit ) Laserdisc ( edit ) The film was released by Warner Bros. on LaserDisc with a digital stereo soundtrack in 1985. A widescreen laserdisc was released on 28 August 1991 ; no special features were included. DVD ( edit ) The Region 1 DVD was first released in 2001 by Warner Bros, containing only the North American release of the film. The only audio option is a 2.0 stereo mix in either English or Spanish. The theatrical trailer is the lone extra feature presented. There is also a quite lavish 2003 European version, which is a two - disc special edition with packaging shaped like the book from the film and containing both the North American and German releases of the film. Various extras, such as a 45 - minute documentary, music video, and galleries, are presented on the second disc. However, there is no English audio for the German version of the film. This edition is currently out of print. The standard single - disc edition is also available for the Region 2 market. A Dutch import has also appeared on the Internet in various places, which only contains the North American release of the film but also includes a remastered DTS surround track, which is not found in either the German or the Region 1 release. Also, in 2008, Czech - and Slovak - language DVD versions appeared in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Blu - ray ( edit ) The first Blu - ray release was a region - free Dutch edition on 24 March 2007. On 2 March 2010, Warner released a Region A Blu - ray edition of the film. The disc includes a lossless DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 surround track, which marks the first time a 5.1 surround track has been included in a US home video version of the film. No special features or theatrical trailer are included. Recent German releases feature the original Klaus Doldinger soundtrack with the original English audio track. On 7 October 2014, a 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released, which duplicates the DTS surround track of its predecessor. Originally described as a `` newly '' remastered version of the film, Warner released a statement indicating that `` the only remastered version is The NeverEnding Story II '', while not elaborating further on this current US release. The 30th Anniversary Edition contains the original theatrical trailer, a commentary track by director Wolfgang Petersen, documentaries and interviews from both 1984 and 2014, and a German - language / English - subtitled feature detailing the digital restoration process of the film. Legacy ( edit ) The film has since been an inspiration in popular culture. Music ( edit ) The American metal band Atreyu derived their name from the character of Atreyu. The Mexican pop punk band Fälkor derived their name from the character of Falkor, changing the styling of the middle a for ä. The American rock band Bayside have used quotes from the film as titles of their songs. Examples include `` They look like strong hands '' and `` They 're not horses, they 're unicorns ''. The American rock band Rooney made reference to the film in the song `` I 'm Shakin ' '' ( `` I tossed and turned all night ' cause I was looking for an ending / This was so because I watched all day The NeverEnding Story with Atreyu '' ) The American pop punk band, New Found Glory, covered the film 's theme song on their album, From the Screen to Your Stereo. The Spanish indie - rock band Vetusta Morla derived their name from the character of Morla the Ancient One ( `` vetusta '' means `` ancient '' in spanish ). The American rock band The Aquabats describe Falkor 's potential romantic life in their song `` Luck Dragon Lady! '' on the album Hi - Five Soup!. Warner Bros. planned adaptation of the novel ( edit ) In 2009, it was reported that Warner Bros., The Kennedy / Marshall Company and Leonardo DiCaprio 's Appian Way were in the early stages of creating another adaptation of Ende 's novel. They intend to `` examine the more nuanced details of the book '' rather than remake the original film by Petersen. In 2011, producer Kathleen Kennedy said that problems securing the rights to the story may mean a second adaptation is `` not meant to be. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE NEVER ENDING STORY ( U ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. 26 June 1984. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ Jump up to : Variety staff ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ). `` The Neverending Story Review ''. Variety. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ). `` EXCLUSIVE : The Never - Before - Told Tale Of Steven Spielberg 's Involvement In ' The Neverending Story ' ''. MTV. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` The NeverEnding Story Movie Filming Locations - The 80s Movies Rewind ''. www.fast-rewind.com. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ Wolfgang Petersen ( 2014 ). The NeverEnding Story : 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray commentary. Warner Bros. Pictures. Jump up ^ `` Klaus Doldinger / Original Soundtrack - Never Ending Story ''. Retrieved 11 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Die unendliche Geschichte '' ( in German ). www.filmstarts.de. Retrieved 16 October 2016. Jump up ^ Movies - Theater Guide New York Magazine. 25 July 1984, p. 64 Jump up ^ `` Around Town ''. New York Magazine. 25 July 1984. Retrieved 16 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` L'Histoire sans fin - film 1984 - AlloCiné '' ( in French ). www.allocine.fr. Retrieved 16 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` 30 años de ' La Historia Interminable ' - Noticias de cine '' ( in Spanish ). www.cinemascomics.com. Retrieved 16 October 2016. Jump up ^ Prime visioni a Roma - La storia infinita ( prima ) L'Unità. 7 December 1984, page 17. ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` The NeverEnding Story - Reelease date in UK ''. www.filmdates.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` The Neverending Story at Rotten Tomatoes ''. Flixster. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 28. TOMATOMETER 82 % Average Rating : 6.9 / 10 Reviews Counted : 39 Fresh : 32 Rotten : 7 Critics Consensus : A magical journey about the power of a young boy 's imagination to save a dying fantasy land, The NeverEnding Story remains a much - loved kids adventure. Jump up ^ Metacritic ( 2010 - 10 - 30 ). `` The NeverEnding Story at Metacritic ''. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ). `` Roger Ebert reviews The Neverending Story ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent ( 20 July 1984 ). `` The Neverending Story ( 1984 ) ''. New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2013. Jump up ^ Logan Bentley ( 1984 - 08 - 24 ). `` An Irate Michael Ende Blasts the ' Disgusting ' Film Made from His Best - Seller, The Neverending Story ''. People. Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07. Jump up ^ url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-65917115.html title = Ende gegen die `` Unendliche Geschichte '' page 274 Publisher Spiegel date = 1984 - 04 - 02 Spiegel.de ) Jump up ^ Haase, Christine ( 2007 ). When Heimat Meets Hollywood : German Filmmakers and America, 1985 - 2005. Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture. 14. Camden House Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 9781571132796. Jump up ^ `` Review of : The Neverending Story - Special Edition ''. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Jump up ^ Blu-ray.com Jump up ^ Blu-ray.com Jump up ^ `` '' The NeverEnding Story '' to be Rebooted ``. WorstPreviews. 26 February 2009. Jump up ^ IGN External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The NeverEnding Story ( film ). Wikiquote has quotations related to : The NeverEnding Story ( film ) The NeverEnding Story on IMDb The NeverEnding Story at Box Office Mojo The NeverEnding Story at Rotten Tomatoes The Neverending Story by Michael Ende Films The NeverEnding Story The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter The NeverEnding Story III Television Animated series Tales from the Neverending Story See also Characters `` The NeverEnding Story '' ( song ) The Real Neverending Story Part 1 : Auryn Quest Films directed by Wolfgang Petersen One or the Other of Us ( 1974 ) Vier gegen die Bank ( 1976 ) The Consequence ( 1977 ) Black and White Like Day and Night ( 1978 ) Das Boot ( 1981 ) The NeverEnding Story ( 1984 ) Enemy Mine ( 1985 ) Shattered ( 1991 ) In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) Outbreak ( 1995 ) Air Force One ( 1997 ) The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) Troy ( 2004 ) Poseidon ( 2006 ) Vier gegen die Bank ( 2016 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb164578625 ( data ) GND : 4149704 - 1 LCCN : n85222843 VIAF : 202112149 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)&oldid=865406042 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films West German films American films 1980s fantasy films German children 's films German epic films German fantasy films American epic films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy adventure films Films about bullying Films about dragons Films based on fantasy novels Films based on German novels Films directed by Wolfgang Petersen Films produced by Bernd Eichinger Films set in the United States Films shot in Germany Films shot in Vancouver High fantasy films The NeverEnding Story ( film series ) Works based on The Neverending Story Constantin Film films Warner Bros. films Films shot in Almería Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018, at 19 : 11 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The NeverEnding Story (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)&amp;oldid=865406042" }

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{ "text": "List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3 - wikipedia List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3 `` List of PlayStation 2 Classics '' redirects here. For a list of all PlayStation 2 games, see List of PlayStation 2 games. For a list of PlayStation 2 games compatible with the PlayStation 4, see List of PlayStation 2 games for PlayStation 4. This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. This is a list of downloadable PlayStation 2 games that are purchasable from the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 video game console. There are currently 334 games on this list. Contents 1 PlayStation 2 Classics 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References PlayStation 2 Classics ( edit ) PlayStation 2 Classics are not remasters, and therefore do not have Trophy support or improved visuals. For HD remakes see High - definition remasters for PlayStation consoles. Title Publisher North America Europe Japan 10 Pin : Champions Alley OG International Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 19 June 19, 2013 Unreleased 1945 I&II The Arcade Games Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 06 - 27 June 27, 2012 Unreleased A-Train 6 Artdink Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased ADK Tamashii SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 03 - 18 March 18, 2015 Akai Ito Hamster Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 10 - 16 October 16, 2013 Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano Milestone S.r.l. 2013 - 06 - 04 June 4, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Alter Echo Nordic Games 2015 - 03 - 10 March 10, 2015 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Unreleased Ape Escape 3 Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 11 - 19 November 19, 2014 Arc the Lad : Twilight of the Spirits Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 09 - 17 September 17, 2014 Arcade Classics Volume 1 Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Art of Fighting Anthology SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 07 - 15 July 15, 2015 Baroque Sting Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 24 October 24, 2012 ( removed ) Unreleased BCV : Battle Construction Vehicles Artdink Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased Black Market Bowling Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased BloodRayne Majesco Entertainment 2011 - 11 - 01 November 1, 2011 Unreleased Unreleased BloodRayne 2 Majesco Entertainment 2012 - 07 - 03 July 3, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased BlowOut Majesco Entertainment 2014 - 02 - 11 February 11, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Bolt Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 06 March 6, 2013 Unreleased Breath of Fire : Dragon Quarter Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2016 - 02 - 17 February 17, 2016 Bully Rockstar Games 2012 - 12 - 18 December 18, 2012 2012 - 12 - 19 December 19, 2012 2014 - 03 - 19 March 19, 2014 Bust - A-Bloc Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Capcom Fighting Evolution Capcom 2013 - 09 - 17 September 17, 2013 Unreleased 2012 - 12 - 19 December 19, 2012 Capcom vs. SNK 2 Capcom 2013 - 07 - 16 July 16, 2013 2013 - 12 - 11 December 11, 2013 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Cars Disney Interactive Studios 2015 - 03 - 17 March 17, 2015 Unreleased Unreleased Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 13 February 13, 2013 Unreleased Castle Shikigami 2 Alfa System 2013 - 07 - 09 July 9, 2013 2012 - 06 - 27 June 27, 2012 Unreleased Castlevania : Lament of Innocence Konami 2013 - 06 - 18 June 18, 2013 Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Cel Damage Overdrive Finish Line Games Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Chess Challenger Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Chicken Little Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Chulip Natsume 2012 - 12 - 04 December 4, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Conflict : Desert Storm II Square Enix Unreleased 2012 - 05 - 23 May 23, 2012 Unreleased Conflict : Vietnam Square Enix Unreleased 2012 - 05 - 30 May 30, 2012 Unreleased Contra : Shattered Soldier Konami 2013 - 06 - 11 June 11, 2013 Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Corvette Evolution GT Milestone S.r.l. 2013 - 06 - 18 June 18, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Crazy Golf : World Tour Liquid Games Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Crimson Sea 2 Koei Tecmo 2013 - 08 - 27 August 27, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Cue Academy : Snooker, Pool, Billiards Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Marz Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 21 March 21, 2013 Dark Cloud Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Deadly Strike Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 04 - 18 April 18, 2012 Unreleased Dead or Alive 2 : Hardcore Koei Tecmo 2015 - 03 - 24 March 24, 2015 Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Demon Chaos Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2014 Deus Ex Square Enix Unreleased 2012 - 05 - 16 May 16, 2012 Unreleased Dirt Track Devils Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 04 - 18 April 18, 2012 Unreleased Disaster Report Granzella Inc. Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 Disgaea : Hour of Darkness Nippon Ichi Software 2013 - 01 - 15 January 15, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Disgaea 2 : Cursed Memories Nippon Ichi Software 2013 - 01 - 22 January 22, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Disney 's Kim Possible : What 's the Switch? Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Disney 's PK : Out of the Shadows Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2014 - 04 - 02 April 2, 2014 Unreleased Doko Demo Issho : Watashi Naehon Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 03 - 18 March 18, 2015 Donald Duck : Goin ' Quackers Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Dora 's Big Birthday Adventure Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 02 - 26 February 26, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 01 - 08 January 8, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Mermaids Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 01 - 08 January 8, 2013 2013 - 02 - 27 February 27, 2013 Unreleased Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Snow Princess Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 01 - 08 January 8, 2013 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 Unreleased Dual Hearts Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 01 - 21 January 21, 2015 Dynasty Tactics 2 Koei Tecmo 2013 - 07 - 09 July 9, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Dynasty Warriors 2 Koei Tecmo Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 11 - 28 November 28, 2012 Dynasty Warriors 3 Koei Tecmo Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 16 January 16, 2013 Dynasty Warriors 4 Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 2013 - 04 - 17 April 17, 2013 Dynasty Warriors 4 : Empires Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 Unreleased Dynasty Warriors 5 Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 2013 - 05 - 15 May 15, 2013 Eternal Quest Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 04 - 25 April 25, 2012 Unreleased Euro Rally Champion Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Fatal Frame Koei Tecmo 2013 - 04 - 09 April 9, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Fatal Frame II : Crimson Butterfly Koei Tecmo 2013 - 05 - 07 May 7, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Fatal Frame III : The Tormented Koei Tecmo 2013 - 10 - 01 October 1, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Fatal Fury : Battle Archives Volume 2 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 08 - 19 August 19, 2015 Finding Nemo Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 27 February 27, 2013 Unreleased Finny the Fish & the Seven Waters Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 08 - 21 August 21, 2013 Fire Pro Wrestling Returns Spike Chunsoft 2013 - 04 - 23 April 23, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Football Generation Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 06 - 13 June 13, 2012 Unreleased Formula Challenge Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Fruit Machine Mania OG International Ltd Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased Full House Kiss Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 17 October 17, 2012 Full Spectrum Warrior Nordic Games 2011 - 11 - 08 November 8, 2011 2012 - 03 - 28 March 28, 2012 Unreleased Full Spectrum Warrior : Ten Hammers Nordic Games 2012 - 02 - 21 February 21, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Fuun Bakumatsuden Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 Fūraiki Full On Games Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 11 - 18 November 18, 2015 Fūraiki 2 Full On Games Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 11 - 18 November 18, 2015 Fuuun Shinsengumi Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 06 - 18 June 18, 2014 Fuuun Super Combo SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 08 - 19 August 19, 2015 G - Force Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 24 October 24, 2012 Unreleased G1 Jockey 4 Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 27 February 27, 2013 Unreleased Gadget Racers Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Gacharoku Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 11 - 21 November 21, 2012 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 06 - 17 June 17, 2015 Go, Diego, Go! Great Dinosaur Rescue Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 01 - 08 January 8, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Go, Diego, Go! Safari Rescue Take 2 Interactive 2013 - 01 - 08 January 8, 2013 2013 - 03 - 13 March 13, 2013 Unreleased God Hand Capcom 2011 - 10 - 04 October 4, 2011 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Golden Age of Racing Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Gradius V Konami 2015 - 04 - 17 April 17, 2015 2015 - 04 - 22 April 22, 2015 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Grand Theft Auto III Rockstar Games 2012 - 09 - 25 September 25, 2012 2012 - 09 - 26 September 26, 2012 Unreleased Grand Theft Auto : Liberty City Stories Rockstar Games 2013 - 04 - 02 April 2, 2013 2013 - 04 - 03 April 3, 2013 Unreleased Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games 2012 - 12 - 11 December 11, 2012 2012 - 12 - 12 December 12, 2012 2015 - 08 - 26 August 26, 2015 Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Rockstar Games 2013 - 01 - 29 January 29, 2013 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 2015 - 08 - 26 August 26, 2015 Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories Rockstar Games 2013 - 04 - 02 April 2, 2013 2013 - 04 - 03 April 3, 2013 Unreleased Grandia II Game Arts Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 11 - 19 November 19, 2014 Grandia III Game Arts 2016 - 07 - 21 July 21, 2016 Unreleased 2015 - 01 - 21 January 21, 2015 Grandia Xtreme Game Arts Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 GrimGrimoire Nippon Ichi Software 2011 - 10 - 04 October 4, 2011 Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 Groove Rider : Slot Car Racing Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 06 - 27 June 27, 2012 Unreleased Growlanser : Heritage of War Atlus 2014 - 03 - 04 March 4, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased GT Racers Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 15 August 15, 2012 Unreleased Gungrave : Overdose RED Entertainment 2012 - 08 - 21 August 21, 2012 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Harvest Moon : A Wonderful Life Special Edition Natsume 2012 - 09 - 18 September 18, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Harvest Moon : Save the Homeland Natsume 2011 - 11 - 01 November 1, 2011 Unreleased Unreleased Haunting Ground Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 21 April 21, 2015 Hawk Superbike Racing Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Heavenly Guardian Starfish 2013 - 10 - 08 October 8, 2013 Unreleased 2013 - 07 - 17 July 17, 2013 Impossible Mission System 3 Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased Innocent Life : A Futuristic Harvest Moon Natsume 2012 - 10 - 02 October 2, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Intellivision Lives! Realtime Associates Unreleased 2013 - 04 - 03 April 3, 2013 Unreleased International Super Karts Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased International Tennis Pro Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 04 - 18 April 18, 2012 Unreleased Jade Cocoon 2 Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Just Cause Square Enix Unreleased 2012 - 05 - 09 May 9, 2012 Unreleased Ka 2 : Let 's Go Hawaii Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Katamari Damacy Bandai Namco Entertainment 2013 - 04 - 30 April 30, 2013 Unreleased 2012 - 11 - 21 November 21, 2012 Kengo 3 Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 11 - 18 November 18, 2015 Kengo : Legacy of the Blade Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 10 - 15 October 15, 2014 Kengo : Master of Bushido Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 04 - 16 April 16, 2014 Kessen Koei Tecmo Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Kessen II Koei Tecmo 2013 - 03 - 12 March 12, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Kessen III Koei Tecmo 2013 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2013 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 Unreleased King of Clubs Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased King of Fighters : Maximum Impact : Maniax SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 King of Fighters : Maximum Impact Regulation A SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 Kouenji Onago Soccer Starfish Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 19 June 19, 2013 La Pucelle : Tactics Nippon Ichi Software 2012 - 09 - 11 September 11, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Lake Masters EX Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 27 March 27, 2013 Unreleased Leaderboard Golf Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased Legaia 2 : Duel Saga Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 Legend of Kay Nordic Games Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 29 January 29, 2014 Unreleased Mad Maestro! Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 Maken Shao : Demon Sword Atlus Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 13 March 13, 2013 ( removed ) Unreleased Mana Khemia 2 : Fall of Alchemy Gust Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 27 June 27, 2013 Manhunt Rockstar Games 2013 - 05 - 14 May 14, 2013 2013 - 05 - 15 May 15, 2013 Unreleased Mark Davis Pro Bass Challenge Natsume 2014 - 01 - 28 January 28, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Maximo : Ghosts to Glory Capcom 2011 - 10 - 04 October 4, 2011 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Maximo vs. Army of Zin Capcom Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Max Payne Rockstar Games 2012 - 05 - 01 May 1, 2012 2012 - 05 - 02 May 2, 2012 Unreleased Medal of Honor : European Assault Electronic Arts Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 13 February 13, 2013 Unreleased Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 2014 - 09 - 16 September 16, 2014 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Mega Man X8 Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 12 - 16 December 16, 2015 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction Electronic Arts Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 29 April 29, 2015 Unreleased Metal Slug Anthology SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 08 - 19 August 19, 2015 Metal Slug 3 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 11 - 19 November 19, 2014 Metal Slug 4 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 07 - 15 July 15, 2015 Metal Slug 5 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 03 - 18 March 18, 2015 Metal Slug 6 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 Midnight Club : Street Racing Rockstar Games 2013 - 03 - 05 March 5, 2013 2013 - 03 - 06 March 6, 2013 Unreleased Midnight Club II Rockstar Games 2013 - 03 - 05 March 5, 2013 2013 - 03 - 06 March 6, 2013 Unreleased Midnight Club 3 : DUB Edition Remix Rockstar Games 2012 - 12 - 18 December 18, 2012 2012 - 12 - 21 December 21, 2012 ( Removed ) Unreleased Monsters, Inc. Disney Interactive Studios 2014 - 10 - 07 October 7, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Monsters, Inc. Scream Team Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 13 March 13, 2013 Unreleased Motorsiege : Warriors of Primetime Play It! Unreleased 2013 - 04 - 17 April 17, 2013 Unreleased Mr. Golf Artdink Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased MX vs. ATV : Untamed Nordic Games 2015 - 03 - 31 March 31, 2015 Unreleased Unreleased MX World Tour : Featuring Jamie Little System 3 Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Mystic Heroes Koei Tecmo 2013 - 09 - 10 September 10, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Naval Ops : Commander Koei Tecmo 2013 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Need for Speed : Most Wanted Electronic Arts 2012 - 05 - 22 May 22, 2012 ( removed ) 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 ( removed ) Unreleased Neo Contra Konami 2014 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2014 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 Ninkyouden : Toseinin Ichidaiki Genki Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 06 - 17 June 17, 2015 Noble Racing Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Nobunaga 's Ambition : Iron Triangle Koei Tecmo 2013 - 03 - 26 March 26, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Nobunaga 's Ambition : Rise to Power Koei Tecmo 2012 - 10 - 30 October 30, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Odin Sphere Atlus 2011 - 10 - 04 October 4, 2011 Unreleased Unreleased Operation Air Assault Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased P.T.O. IV Koei Tecmo 2013 - 07 - 30 July 30, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Pacific Air Warriors II Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased PDC World Championship Darts 2008 Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Perfect Ace 2 : The Championships Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased Persona 3 FES Atlus 2012 - 04 - 10 April 10, 2012 2014 - 02 - 12 February 12, 2014 Unreleased Persona 4 Atlus 2014 - 04 - 08 April 8, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Peter Pan : Return to Neverland Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Pilot Down : Behind Enemy Lines Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased Pinball Hall of Fame : The Gottlieb Collection FarSight Studios Unreleased 2013 - 04 - 03 April 3, 2013 Unreleased Pirates : Legend of the Black Buccaneer Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 06 - 11 June 11, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2014 - 04 - 02 April 2, 2014 Unreleased Play It Pinball Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Pool Shark 2 Funbox Media Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased Powershot Pinball OG International Ltd Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased Primal Sony Interactive Entertainment 2012 - 02 - 28 February 28, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 2012 - 08 - 28 August 28, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Psyvariar - Complete Edition - Hamster Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 04 - 17 April 17, 2013 Raceway : Drag & Stock Racing Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Raiden III MOSS 2011 - 11 - 01 November 1, 2011 ( removed ) Unreleased Unreleased Raw Danger! Granzella Inc. Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 Rayman 2 : Revolution Ubisoft 2012 - 05 - 01 May 1, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Rayman Arena Ubisoft 2012 - 05 - 29 May 29, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Rebel Raiders : Operation Nighthawk Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 02 - 12 February 12, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Red Dead Revolver Rockstar Games 2012 - 12 - 18 December 18, 2012 ( removed ) 2012 - 12 - 19 December 19, 2012 ( removed ) Unreleased Red Faction Nordic Games 2012 - 04 - 24 April 24, 2012 2012 - 04 - 18 April 18, 2012 Unreleased Red Faction II Nordic Games 2012 - 05 - 15 May 15, 2012 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Unreleased Resident Evil Code : Veronica X Capcom Unreleased 2014 - 05 - 28 May 28, 2014 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Riding Star Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 06 - 25 June 25, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Ring of Red Konami 2011 - 10 - 04 October 4, 2011 Unreleased Unreleased River King : A Wonderful Journey Natsume 2012 - 09 - 18 September 18, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Road Trip Adventure System 3 Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Robot Warlords Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 27 March 27, 2013 Unreleased Rockman : Power Battle Fighters Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2017 - 01 - 18 January 18, 2017 Rogue Galaxy Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2014 Rollercoaster World Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 Unreleased Romancing SaGa Square Enix Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Room Zoom : Race for Impact Hamster Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 04 July 4, 2012 Unreleased RPG Maker 3 Enterbrain 2013 - 04 - 16 April 16, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Ruff Trigger : The Vanocore Conspiracy Natsume 2012 - 10 - 02 October 2, 2012 2015 - 12 - 08 December 8, 2015 Unreleased Rygar : The Legendary Adventure Koei Tecmo 2012 - 11 - 06 November 6, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Sagashi ni Ikouyo Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 01 - 21 January 21, 2015 Samurai Shodown V SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Samurai Spirits : Tenkaichi Kenkakuden SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 11 - 19 November 19, 2014 Samurai Warriors 2 Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Samurai Warriors 2 : Empires Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 01 - 30 January 30, 2013 Unreleased SBK - 07 : Superbike World Championship Milestone S.r.l. 2012 - 07 - 10 July 10, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Secret Weapons Over Normandy Lucasfilms Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 29 April 29, 2015 Unreleased Seek and Destroy System 3 Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 1 : Phantasy Star Generation 1 Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2014 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 6 : Bonanza Bros. Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 07 - 17 July 17, 2013 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 9 : Gain Ground Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 05 - 15 May 15, 2013 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17 : Phantasy Star Generation 2 Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 08 - 20 August 20, 2014 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 18 : Dragon Force Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 20 : Space Harrier Complete Collection Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 11 - 21 November 21, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 23 : SEGA Memorial Selection Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 17 October 17, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 25 : Gunstar Heroes Treasure Box Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 26 : Dynamite Deka Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 30 : Galaxy Force II - Special Extended Edition Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 19 June 19, 2013 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 32 : Phantasy Star Complete Collection Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 12 - 19 December 19, 2012 Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 33 : Fantasy Zone Complete Collection Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 04 - 16 April 16, 2014 Sengoku Basara Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 19 June 19, 2013 Sengoku Basara 2 Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 07 - 17 July 17, 2013 Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 07 - 17 July 17, 2013 Shadow the Hedgehog Sega Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 06 - 19 June 19, 2013 Shellshock : Nam ' 67 Square Enix Unreleased 2012 - 06 - 06 June 6, 2012 Unreleased Shepherd 's Crossing Hamster Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 05 - 15 May 15, 2013 Devil Summoner : Raidou Kuzunoha vs. The Soulless Army Atlus 2014 - 04 - 01 April 1, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Devil Summoner 2 : Raidou Kuzunoha vs. King Abaddon Atlus 2014 - 06 - 24 June 24, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Shin Megami Tensei : Digital Devil Saga Atlus 2014 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2014 2014 - 06 - 04 June 4, 2014 Unreleased Shin Megami Tensei : Digital Devil Saga 2 Atlus 2014 - 06 - 10 June 10, 2014 2014 - 06 - 11 June 11, 2014 Unreleased Shin Megami Tensei : Nocturne Atlus 2014 - 05 - 06 May 6, 2014 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 Unreleased Shinobi Sega 2012 - 08 - 14 August 14, 2012 2012 - 03 - 07 March 7, 2012 Unreleased Silent Hill 4 : The Room Konami Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 17 October 17, 2012 Siren Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 01 - 15 January 15, 2013 Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Skyscraper Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Snowboard Racer 2 Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Sonic Heroes Sega Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 2014 - 09 - 17 September 17, 2014 Soukou Kihei Armodyne Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 Soul Nomad & the World Eaters Nippon Ichi Software Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 Space Fishermen Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2013 - 08 - 21 August 21, 2013 SSX on Tour Electronic Arts Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Star Wars : Bounty Hunter Lucasfilms 2015 - 04 - 28 April 28, 2015 Unreleased Unreleased Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter Lucasfilms Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 06 May 6, 2015 Unreleased Star Wars : Starfighter Lucasfilms 2015 - 04 - 28 April 28, 2015 2015 - 05 - 06 May 6, 2015 Unreleased Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Lucasfilms 2015 - 04 - 28 April 28, 2015 2015 - 02 - 11 February 11, 2015 Unreleased Star Wars Racer Revenge Lucasfilms 2015 - 04 - 28 April 28, 2015 2015 - 01 - 21 January 21, 2015 Unreleased Steel Dragon EX Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Stella Deus : The Gate of Eternity Atlus 2013 - 09 - 03 September 3, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Stock Car Crash Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased Strike Force Bowling Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Unreleased Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 2011 - 11 - 08 November 8, 2011 2012 - 04 - 18 April 18, 2012 Unreleased Suikoden III Konami 2015 - 06 - 23 June 23, 2015 2015 - 06 - 24 June 24, 2015 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Suikoden IV Konami 2017 - 02 - 28 February 28, 2017 2017 - 04 - 13 April 13, 2017 Unreleased Sukusuku Inufuku Hamster Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 17 October 17, 2012 Summoner Nordic Games Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 Unreleased Super Fruit Fall System 3 Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased Super Robot Taisen Z Bandai Namco Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 02 - 19 February 19, 2014 Suzuki TT Superbikes Real Road Racing Championship Sony Interactive Entertainment 2012 - 09 - 04 September 4, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Syphon Filter : The Omega Strain Sony Interactive Entertainment 2012 - 05 - 22 May 22, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Tak 2 : The Staff of Dreams Nordic Games 2011 - 11 - 29 November 29, 2011 ( removed ) Unreleased Unreleased Tak : The Great Juju Challenge Nordic Games Unreleased 2012 - 03 - 15 March 21, 2012 ( removed ) Unreleased Tantei Jingūji Saburō : Innocent Black WorkJam Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 12 - 16 December 16, 2015 Tantei Jingūji Saburō : Kind of Blue WorkJam Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 12 - 16 December 16, 2015 Tenshi no Present : Marl Ōkoku Monogatari Nippon Ichi Software Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 The Adventures of Cookie & Cream From Software 2013 - 11 - 05 November 5, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased The Arcade Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased The Conveni 3 Hamster Unreleased Unreleased 2012 - 11 - 21 November 21, 2012 The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Traveller 's Tales Unreleased 2012 - 10 - 24 October 24, 2012 Unreleased The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Traveller 's Tales 2012 - 10 - 16 October 16, 2012 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased The Incredibles Disney Interactive Studios 2014 - 09 - 30 September 30, 2014 2013 - 02 - 27 February 27, 2013 Unreleased The Incredibles : Rise of the Underminer Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 13 March 13, 2013 Unreleased The King of Fighters ' 94 : Re-Bout SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 01 - 21 January 21, 2015 The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 11 - 19 November 19, 2014 The King of Fighters 2000 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 03 - 18 March 18, 2015 The King of Fighters 2001 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 07 - 15 July 15, 2015 The King of Fighters 2002 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 The King of Fighters 2003 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 The King of Fighters 2006 SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 04 - 15 April 15, 2015 The King of Fighters XI SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 12 - 17 December 17, 2014 The King of Fighters Collection : The Orochi Saga SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 07 - 15 July 15, 2015 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 08 - 19 August 19, 2015 The King of Fighters NESTS Collection SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 06 - 17 June 17, 2015 The Mark of Kri Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 09 - 24 September 24, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased The Red Star Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 08 - 06 August 6, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased The Seed : WarZone Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased The Sniper 2 Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 04 - 25 April 25, 2012 Unreleased The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Activision Unreleased Unreleased Unreleased The Warriors Rockstar Games 2013 - 05 - 28 May 28, 2013 2013 - 05 - 29 May 29, 2013 Unreleased Tian Xing : Swords of Destiny Rising Star Games Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased Tokobot Plus : Mysteries of the Karakuri Koei Tecmo 2013 - 09 - 24 September 24, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Ubisoft Unreleased 2012 - 05 - 30 May 30, 2012 Unreleased Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Ubisoft Unreleased 2012 - 03 - 07 March 7, 2012 Unreleased Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased Trapt Koei Tecmo 2014 - 02 - 04 February 4, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased Treasure Planet Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 13 February 13, 2013 Unreleased Trigger Man Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 08 - 22 August 22, 2012 Unreleased Truck Racing 2 Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased Twinkle Star Sprites SNK Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 02 - 18 February 18, 2015 Twisted Metal : Black Sony Interactive Entertainment 2012 - 02 - 14 February 14, 2012 ( limited edition bonus only ) February 12, 2013 ( original ) 2012 - 03 - 07 March 7, 2012 ( limited edition bonus only ) September 5, 2012 ( original ) Unreleased Ultimate Board Game Collection Sony Interactive Entertainment 2013 - 06 - 04 June 4, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Ultimate Mind Games Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased Utawarerumono : Chiriyukusha e no Komoriuta Leaf Unreleased Unreleased 2015 - 05 - 20 May 20, 2015 Video Poker & Blackjack Play It! Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased Virtua Fighter 4 : Evolution Sega Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 22 February 22, 2012 Unreleased WALL - E Disney Interactive Studios 2014 - 09 - 23 September 23, 2014 Unreleased Unreleased War of the Monsters Sony Interactive Entertainment 2012 - 07 - 31 July 31, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Warriors Orochi Koei Tecmo 2013 - 07 - 02 July 2, 2013 2013 - 02 - 27 February 27, 2013 2012 - 10 - 17 October 17, 2012 Warriors Orochi 2 Koei Tecmo Unreleased 2013 - 03 - 13 March 13, 2013 Unreleased Warship Gunner 2 Koei Tecmo 2013 - 06 - 25 June 25, 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Wild Arms 5 Sony Interactive Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 2014 - 10 - 15 October 15, 2014 WinBack : Covert Operations Koei Tecmo 2012 - 10 - 23 October 23, 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure Disney Interactive Studios Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 13 February 13, 2013 Unreleased Winter Sports Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased World Championship Poker Oxygen Games Unreleased 2013 - 02 - 13 February 13, 2013 Unreleased World Championship Poker 2 : Featuring Howard Lederer Oxygen Games Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased World Snooker Championship 2005 Sega Unreleased 2012 - 07 - 25 July 25, 2012 Unreleased WWI : Aces of the Sky Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased WWII : Battle Over The Pacific Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 15 February 15, 2012 Unreleased WWII : Soldier Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 02 - 29 February 29, 2012 Unreleased X-treme Express Midas Interactive Entertainment Unreleased 2012 - 09 - 19 September 19, 2012 Unreleased See also ( edit ) List of PlayStation 2 games for PlayStation 4 List of download - only PlayStation 3 games List of PlayStation 3 disc games released for download List of downloadable PSP games Lists of PS one Classics List of HD Collections List of DSiWare games and applications List of WiiWare games List of Xbox Live Arcade games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This number is always up to date by this script. References ( edit ) PlayStation 3 Hardware Technical specifications Models Cell ( microprocessor ) RSX ' Reality Synthesizer ' Accessories PlayStation Eye PlayStation Move PlayTV Sixaxis DualShock 3 Accessories Software System software OtherOS Remote Play XrossMediaBar Life with PlayStation PSGL Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage PlayStation Home PlayStation Now PlayStation Network Card Qore FirstPlay VidZone Games ( Lists ) Retail games Downloadable games Digital only Physical and digital Best - selling games 3D games PS Minis PS one Classics Japan North America PAL region PS2 Classics Classics HD PS Move games PS Now games NEOGEO Station TurboGrafx - 16 games Instant Game Collection North America PAL region Asia Japan China Media PlayStation Blog Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia Other Zego Folding@home PlayStation 3 cluster PlayStation 3 Jailbreak PlayStation Sony Interactive Entertainment SIE Worldwide Studios Consoles Home consoles PlayStation Models Main hardware PlayStation 2 Models Main hardware PlayStation 3 Models Main hardware System software PlayStation 4 Main hardware System software Handhelds PlayStation Portable System software PlayStation Vita System software Miscellaneous PocketStation PSX PlayStation TV PlayStation Classic Games PS1 games A -- L M -- Z Best - selling PS one Classics NA PAL JP PS2 games Best - selling Online games HD games PS2 Classics for PS3 PS2 games for PS4 PS3 games Best - selling Physical Digital only 3D games PS Move games PS4 games Best - selling PSVR PSP games Physical and digital System software compatibilities PS Minis Other PS Now games PS Vita games A -- L M -- Z PS Mobile games TurboGrafx - 16 Classics NEOGEO Station Classics HD Instant Game Collection NA PAL Asia Japan China Reprints Greatest Hits Essentials The Best BigHit Series Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage Central Station FirstPlay PlayStation App PlayStation Blog PlayStation Home PlayStation Mobile PlayStation Music PlayStation Now PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Vue PS2 online Room for PSP VidZone Accessories Controllers PlayStation Controller PlayStation Mouse Analog Joystick Dual Analog DualShock Sixaxis PlayStation Move Cameras EyeToy Go! Cam PlayStation Eye PlayStation Camera Miscellaneous Multitap Link Cable PS2 accessories PS2 Headset PS3 accessories PlayTV Wonderbook PlayStation VR Kits Net Yaroze PS2 Linux GScube OtherOS Zego Media Magazines Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia PlayStation Underground Advertisements Double Life Mountain PlayStation marketing Characters Toro Polygon Man Kevin Butler Marcus Rivers Arcade boards Namco System 11 System 12 System 10 System 246 System 357 Related Super NES CD - ROM Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_PlayStation_2_Classics_for_PlayStation_3&oldid=859266397 '' Categories : PlayStation ( brand ) - related lists PlayStation 3 games PlayStation Network games Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018, at 22 : 07 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_PlayStation_2_Classics_for_PlayStation_3&amp;oldid=859266397" }

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{ "text": "Law enforcement in Los Angeles County - wikipedia Law enforcement in Los Angeles County Jump to : navigation, search Law enforcement in Los Angeles County is conducted by a variety of law enforcement agencies. Contents ( hide ) 1 County agencies 2 Municipal agencies 2.1 Alhambra 2.2 Arcadia 2.3 Azusa 2.4 Baldwin Park 2.5 Beverly Hills 2.6 Bell 2.7 Bell Gardens 2.8 Burbank 2.9 Claremont 2.10 Covina 2.11 Culver City 2.12 Downey 2.13 El Monte 2.14 El Segundo 2.15 Gardena 2.16 Glendale 2.17 Glendora 2.18 Hawthorne 2.19 Hermosa Beach 2.20 Huntington Park 2.21 Inglewood 2.22 La Verne 2.23 Los Angeles 2.24 Long Beach 2.25 Manhattan Beach 2.26 Monrovia 2.27 Montebello 2.28 Monterey Park 2.29 Palos Verdes Estates 2.30 Pasadena 2.31 Pomona 2.32 Redondo Beach 2.33 San Fernando 2.34 San Gabriel 2.35 San Marino 2.36 Santa Fe Springs 2.37 Santa Monica 2.38 Sierra Madre 2.39 Signal Hill 2.40 South Gate 2.41 South Pasadena 2.42 Torrance 2.43 Vernon 2.44 West Covina 2.45 Whittier 3 Independent agencies 4 See also County agencies ( edit ) Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner - Coroner ( 50 sworn Coroner 's Investigators ) Los Angeles County Office of the District Attorney, Bureau of Investigation ( 302 sworn DA Investigators ) Los Angeles County Probation Department ( 4,484 sworn Probation Officers ) Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department ( 10,695 sworn Deputy Sheriffs ) Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services ( 50 sworn Welfare Fraud Investigators ) Municipal agencies ( edit ) Alhambra ( edit ) Alhambra Police Department Arcadia ( edit ) Arcadia Police Department Azusa ( edit ) Azusa Police Department Baldwin Park ( edit ) Baldwin Park Police Department Beverly Hills ( edit ) Beverly Hills Police Department Bell ( edit ) Bell Police Department Bell Gardens ( edit ) Bell Gardens Police Department Burbank ( edit ) Burbank Police Department Burbank - Glendale - Pasadena Airport Authority Police Claremont ( edit ) Claremont Police Department Covina ( edit ) Covina Police Department Culver City ( edit ) Culver City Police Department Downey ( edit ) Downey Police Department El Monte ( edit ) El Monte Police Department El Segundo ( edit ) El Segundo Police Department Gardena ( edit ) Gardena Police Department Glendale ( edit ) Glendale Police Department Glendora ( edit ) Glendora Police Department Hawthorne ( edit ) Hawthorne Police Department Hermosa Beach ( edit ) Hermosa Beach Police Department Huntington Park ( edit ) Huntington Park Police Department Inglewood ( edit ) Inglewood Police Department La Verne ( edit ) La Verne Police Department Los Angeles ( edit ) Los Angeles Fire Department, Arson / Counter-Terrorism Section ( 24 sworn officers ) Los Angeles Police Department ( 9,850 sworn officers ) Los Angeles Airport Police Division ( 564 sworn officers ) Port of Los Angeles Police Division ( 132 sworn officers ) Los Angeles General Services Police ( 113 sworn officers ) ( defunct as of 2012 ) Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, Park Ranger Division ( 22 sworn officers ) Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Street Services, Investigation and Enforcement Division ( 47 sworn officers ) Long Beach ( edit ) Long Beach Police Department Long Beach Harbor Patrol Manhattan Beach ( edit ) Manhattan Beach Police Department Monrovia ( edit ) Monrovia Police Department Montebello ( edit ) Montebello Police Department Monterey Park ( edit ) Monterey Park Police Department Palos Verdes Estates ( edit ) Palos Verdes Estates Police Department Pasadena ( edit ) Pasadena Police Department Pomona ( edit ) Pomona Police Department Redondo Beach ( edit ) Redondo Beach Police Department San Fernando ( edit ) San Fernando Police Department San Gabriel ( edit ) San Gabriel Police Department San Marino ( edit ) San Marino Police Department Santa Fe Springs ( edit ) Whittier Police Department Santa Monica ( edit ) Santa Monica Police Department Santa Monica College Police Department Sierra Madre ( edit ) Sierra Madre Police Department Signal Hill ( edit ) Signal Hill Police Department South Gate ( edit ) South Gate Police Department South Pasadena ( edit ) South Pasadena Police Department Torrance ( edit ) Torrance Police Department Vernon ( edit ) Vernon Police Department West Covina ( edit ) West Covina Police Department Whittier ( edit ) Whittier Police Department Independent agencies ( edit ) Los Angeles School Police Department ( 393 sworn officers ) See also ( edit ) List of law enforcement agencies in California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Los_Angeles_County&oldid=800155086 '' Categories : Law enforcement in California Government of Los Angeles County, California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 20 : 19. About Wikipedia", "title": "Law enforcement in Los Angeles County", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Los_Angeles_County&amp;oldid=800155086" }

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{ "text": "Biblical Apocrypha - wikipedia Biblical Apocrypha Jump to : navigation, search This article is about a class of books included in some Bibles. For other books generally excluded from Bibles, see Apocrypha. This article is about biblical books printed apart from the New and Old Testaments. For books whose inclusion in the Old Testament canon is controversial, see Deuterocanonical books. Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Muhammad Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The Biblical apocrypha ( from the Greek ἀπόκρυφος, apókruphos, meaning `` hidden '' ) denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments or as an appendix after the New Testament. Some Christian Churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament. Although the term apocrypha had been in use since the 5th century, it was in Luther 's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. To this date, the Apocrypha is `` included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches. '' Moreover, the Revised Common Lectionary, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the liturgical kalendar, although alternate Old Testament scripture lessons are provided. The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books `` were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church, '' and did not serve `` to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same, '' nonetheless, `` as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners. '' Later, during the English Civil War, the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above `` other human writings '', and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it ( see below ). Today, `` English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again '' and they are often printed as intertestamental books. Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by Catholics per the Council of Trent and all of them are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox per the Synod of Jerusalem. The Anglican Communion accepts `` the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine ( Article VI in the Thirty - Nine Articles ) '', and many `` lectionary readings in The Book of Common Prayer are taken from the Apocrypha '', with these lessons being `` read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament ''. The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books ( 3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh ) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical canon 2 Vulgate prologues 3 Apocrypha in editions of the Bible 3.1 Gutenberg Bible 3.2 Luther Bible 3.3 Clementine Vulgate 3.4 King James Version 3.5 The Bible and the Puritan revolution 3.6 Other early Bible editions 3.7 Modern editions 3.8 Anagignoskomena 4 Pseudepigrapha 5 Classification 6 Cultural impact 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Biblical canon ( edit ) Main articles : Biblical canon, Christian biblical canons, Development of the Christian biblical canon, Protocanonical books, and Deuterocanonical books Vulgate prologues ( edit ) See also : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Development of the Old Testament canon Jerome completed his version of the Bible, the Latin Vulgate, in 405. In the Middle Ages the Vulgate became the de facto standard version of the Bible in the West. The Vulgate manuscripts included prologues that Jerome clearly identified certain books of the Vulgate Old Testament as apocryphal or non-canonical. In the prologue to the books of Samuel and Kings, which is often called the Prologus Galeatus, he says : This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a `` helmeted '' introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style. In the prologue to Esdras he mentions 3 and 4 Esdras as being apocrypha. In his prologue to the books of Solomon, he says : Also included is the book of the model of virtue ( παναρετος ) Jesus son of Sirach, and another falsely ascribed work ( ψευδεπιγραφος ) which is titled Wisdom of Solomon. The former of these I have also found in Hebrew, titled not Ecclesiasticus as among the Latins, but Parables, to which were joined Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs, as though it made of equal worth the likeness not only of the number of the books of Solomon, but also the kind of subjects. The second was never among the Hebrews, the very style of which reeks of Greek eloquence. And none of the ancient scribes affirm this one is of Philo Judaeus. Therefore, just as the Church also reads the books of Judith, Tobias, and the Maccabees, but does not receive them among the canonical Scriptures, so also one may read these two scrolls for the strengthening of the people, ( but ) not for confirming the authority of ecclesiastical dogmas. He mentions the book of Baruch in his prologue to the Jeremias and does not explicitly refer to it as apocryphal, but he does mention that `` it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews ''. In his prologue to the Judith he mentions that `` among the Hebrews, the authority ( of Judith ) came into contention '', but that it was `` counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures '' by the First Council of Nicaea. In his reply to Rufinus, he affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use, which the Jews of his day did not include : What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children, and the fables of Bel and the Dragon, which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible, the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer ; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us. ( Against Rufinus, II : 33 ( AD 402 ) ). According to Michael Barber, although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha, he later viewed them as Scripture as shown in his epistles. Barber cites Jerome 's letter to Eustochium, in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13 : 2. ; elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture. Apocrypha in editions of the Bible ( edit ) Apocrypha are well attested in surviving manuscripts of the Christian Bible. ( See, for example, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Vulgate, and Peshitta. ) After the Lutheran and Catholic canons were defined by Luther ( c. 1534 ) and Trent ( 8 April 1546 ) respectively, early Protestant editions of the Bible ( notably the Luther Bible in German and 1611 King James Version in English ) did not omit these books, but placed them in a separate Apocrypha section apart from the Old and New Testaments to indicate their status. Gutenberg Bible ( edit ) This famous edition of the Vulgate was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts it was based on, the Gutenberg Bible lacked a specific Apocrypha section ; its Old Testament included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal, and those Clement VIII later moved to the appendix. The Prayer of Manasses was located after the Books of Chronicles, and 3 and 4 Esdras followed 2 Esdras ( Nehemiah ), and Prayer of Solomon followed Ecclesiasticus. Luther Bible ( edit ) Main articles : Luther Bible, Intertestamental period, and Luther 's canon Martin Luther translated the Bible into German during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in 1534. His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called Apocrypha. Books and portions of books not found in the Masoretic Text of Judaism were moved out of the body of the Old Testament to this section. Luther placed these books between the Old and New Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as inter-testamental books. The books 1 and 2 Esdras were omitted entirely. Luther was making a polemical point about the canonicity of these books. As an authority for this division, he cited St. Jerome, who in the early 5th century distinguished the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments, stating that books not found in the Hebrew were not received as canonical. Although his statement was controversial in his day, Jerome was later titled a Doctor of the Church and his authority was also cited in the Anglican statement in 1571 of the Thirty - Nine Articles. Luther also expressed some doubts about the canonicity of four New Testament books, although he never called them apocrypha : the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, and the Revelation to John. He did not put them in a separate named section, but he did move them to the end of his New Testament. Clementine Vulgate ( edit ) See also : Books of the Latin Vulgate In 1592, Pope Clement VIII published his revised edition of the Vulgate, referred to as the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate. He moved three books not found in the canon of the Council of Trent from the Old Testament into an appendix `` lest they utterly perish '' ( ne prorsus interirent ). Prayer of Manasses 3 Esdras ( 1 Esdras in the King James Bible ) 4 Esdras ( 2 Esdras in the King James Bible ) The protocanonical and deuterocanonical books he placed in their traditional positions in the Old Testament. King James version ( edit ) The English - language King James Version ( KJV ) of 1611 followed the lead of the Luther Bible in using an inter-testamental section labelled `` Books called Apocrypha '', or just `` Apocrypha '' at the running page header. The KJV followed the Geneva Bible of 1560 almost exactly ( variations are marked below ). The section contains the following : 1 Esdras ( Vulgate 3 Esdras ) 2 Esdras ( Vulgate 4 Esdras ) Tobit Judith ( `` Judeth '' in Geneva ) Rest of Esther ( Vulgate Esther 10 : 4 -- 16 : 24 ) Wisdom Ecclesiasticus ( also known as Sirach ) Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy ( `` Jeremiah '' in Geneva ) ( all part of Vulgate Baruch ) Song of the Three Children ( Vulgate Daniel 3 : 24 -- 90 ) Story of Susanna ( Vulgate Daniel 13 ) The Idol Bel and the Dragon ( Vulgate Daniel 14 ) Prayer of Manasses ( Daniel ) 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Included in this list are those books of the Clementine Vulgate that were not in Luther 's canon. These are the books most frequently referred to by the casual appellation `` the Apocrypha ''. These same books are also listed in Article VI of the Thirty - Nine Articles of the Church of England. Despite being placed in the Apocrypha, in the table of lessons at the front of some printings of the King James Bible, these books are included under the Old Testament. The Bible and the Puritan revolution ( edit ) The British Puritan revolution of the 1600s brought a change in the way many British publishers handled the apocryphal material associated with the Bible. The Puritans used the standard of Sola Scriptura ( Scripture Alone ) to determine which books would be included in the canon. The Westminster Confession of Faith, composed during the British Civil Wars ( 1642 -- 1651 ), excluded the Apocrypha from the canon. The Confession provided the rationale for the exclusion : ' The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings ' ( 1.3 ). Thus, Bibles printed by English Protestants who separated from the Church of England began to exclude these books. Other early Bible editions ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( May 2008 ) All English translations of the Bible printed in the sixteenth century included a section or appendix for Apocryphal books. Matthew 's Bible, published in 1537, contains all the Apocrypha of the later King James Version in an inter-testamental section. The 1538 Myles Coverdale Bible contained an Apocrypha that excluded Baruch and the Prayer of Manasseh. The 1560 Geneva Bible placed the Prayer of Manasseh after 2 Chronicles ; the rest of the Apocrypha were placed in an inter-testamental section. The Douay - Rheims Bible ( 1582 -- 1609 ) placed the Prayer of Manasseh and 3 and 4 Esdras into an Appendix of the second volume of the Old Testament. In the Zürich Bible ( 1529 -- 30 ) they are placed in an Appendix. They include 3 Maccabees, along with 1 Esdras & 2 Esdras. The 1st edition omitted the Prayer of Manasseh and the Rest of Esther, although these were included in the 2nd edition. The French Bible ( 1535 ) of Pierre Robert Olivétan placed them between the Testaments, with the subtitle, `` The volume of the apocryphal books contained in the Vulgate translation, which we have not found in the Hebrew or Chaldee ''. In 1569 the Spanish Reina Bible, following the example of the pre-Clementine Latin Vulgate, contained the deuterocanonical books in its Old Testament. Following the other Protestant translations of its day, Valera 's 1602 revision of the Reina Bible moved these books into an inter-testamental section. Modern editions ( edit ) All King James Bibles published before 1666 included the Apocrypha, though separately to denote them as not equal to Scripture proper, as noted by Jerome in the Vulgate, to which he gave the name, `` The Apocrypha. '' In 1826, the National Bible Society of Scotland petitioned the British and Foreign Bible Society not to print the Apocrypha, resulting in a decision that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any Apocryphal books anywhere. Since that time most modern editions of the Bible and reprintings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha section. Modern non-Catholic reprintings of the Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section. Many reprintings of older versions of the Bible now omit the apocrypha and many newer translations and revisions have never included them at all. There are some exceptions to this trend, however. Some editions of the Revised Standard Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible include not only the Apocrypha listed above, but also the third and fourth books of Maccabees, and Psalm 151. The American Bible Society lifted restrictions on the publication of Bibles with the Apocrypha in 1964. The British and Foreign Bible Society followed in 1966. The Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate ( the printed edition, not most of the on - line editions ), which is published by the UBS, contains the Clementine Apocrypha as well as the Epistle to the Laodiceans and Psalm 151. Brenton 's edition of the Septuagint includes all of the Apocrypha found in the King James Bible with the exception of 2 Esdras, which was not in the Septuagint and is no longer extant in Greek. He places them in a separate section at the end of his Old Testament, following English tradition. In Greek circles, however, these books are not traditionally called Apocrypha, but Anagignoskomena ( ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα ), and are integrated into the Old Testament. The Orthodox Study Bible, published by Thomas Nelson Publishers, includes the Anagignoskomena in its Old Testament, with the exception of 4 Maccabees. This was translated by the Saint Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology, from the Rahlfs Edition of the Septuagint using Brenton 's English translation and the RSV Expanded Apocrypha as boilerplate. As such, they are included in the Old Testament with no distinction between these books and the rest of the Old Testament. This follows the tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church where the Septuagint is the received version of Old Testament scripture, considered itself inspired in agreement with some of the Fathers, such as St Augustine, rather than the Hebrew Masoretic text followed by all other modern translations. Anagignoskomena ( edit ) The Septuagint, the ancient and best known Greek version of the Old Testament, contains books and additions that are not present in the Hebrew Bible. These texts are not traditionally segregated into a separate section, nor are they usually called apocrypha. Rather, they are referred to as the Anagignoskomena ( ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, `` things that are read '' or `` profitable reading '' ). The anagignoskomena are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira ( Sirach ), Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah ( in the Vulgate this is chapter 6 of Baruch ), additions to Daniel ( The Prayer of Azarias, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon ), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, i.e. all of the Deuterocanonical books plus 3 Maccabees and 1 Esdras. Some editions add additional books, such as Psalm 151 or the Odes ( including the Prayer of Manasses ). 2 Esdras is added as an appendix in the Slavonic Bibles and 4 Maccabees as an appendix in Greek editions. Pseudepigrapha ( edit ) Technically, a pseudepigraphon is a book written in a biblical style and ascribed to an author who did not write it. In common usage, however, the term pseudepigrapha is often used by way of distinction to refer to apocryphal writings that do not appear in printed editions of the Bible, as opposed to the texts listed above. Examples include : Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Moses Letter of Aristeas Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah Joseph and Aseneth Life of Adam and Eve Lives of the Prophets Ladder of Jacob Jannes and Jambres History of the Captivity in Babylon History of the Rechabites Eldad and Modad History of Joseph Odes of Solomon Prayer of Joseph Prayer of Jacob Vision of Ezra Often included among the pseudepigrapha are 3 and 4 Maccabees because they are not traditionally found in western Bibles, although they are in the Septuagint. Similarly, the Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees and 4 Baruch are often listed with the pseudepigrapha although they are commonly included in Ethiopian Bibles. The Psalms of Solomon are found in some editions of the Septuagint. Classification ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Apocrypha of the King James Bible constitutes the books of the Vulgate that are present neither in the Hebrew Old Testament nor the Greek New Testament. Since these are derived from the Septuagint, from which the old Latin version was translated, it follows that the difference between the KJV and the Roman Catholic Old Testaments is traceable to the difference between the Palestinian and the Alexandrian canons of the Old Testament. This is only true with certain reservations, as the Latin Vulgate was revised by Jerome according to the Hebrew, and, where Hebrew originals were not found, according to the Septuagint. Furthermore, the Vulgate omits 3 and 4 Maccabees, which generally appear in the Septuagint, while the Septuagint and Luther 's Bible omit 2 Esdras, which is found in the Apocrypha of the Vulgate and the King James Bible. Luther 's Bible, moreover, also omits 1 Esdras. It should further be observed that the Clementine Vulgate places the Prayer of Manasses and 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in an appendix after the New Testament as apocryphal. It is hardly possible to form any classification not open to some objection. Scholars are still divided as to the original language, date, and place of composition of some of the books that come under this provisional attempt at order. ( Thus some of the additions to Daniel and the Prayer of Manasseh are most probably derived from a Semitic original written in Palestine, yet in compliance with the prevailing opinion they are classed under Hellenistic Jewish literature. Again, the Slavonic Enoch goes back undoubtedly in parts to a Semitic original, though most of it may have been written by a Greek Jew in Egypt. ) A distinction can be made between the Palestinian and the Hellenistic literature of the Old Testament, though even this is open to serious objections. The former literature was written in Hebrew or Aramaic, and seldom in Greek ; the latter in Greek. Next, within these literatures there are three or four classes of subject material. Historical, Legendary ( Haggadic ), Apocalyptic, Didactic or Sapiential. The Apocrypha proper then would be classified as follows : Palestinian Jewish Literature Historical 1 Esdras ( i.e. Greek Ezra ). 1 Maccabees. Legendary Book of Baruch Book of Judith Apocalyptic 2 Esdras ( see also Apocalyptic literature ) Didactic Sirach ( also known as Ecclesiasticus ) Tobit Hellenistic Jewish Literature : Historical and Legendary Additions to Daniel Additions to Esther Epistle of Jeremiah 2 Maccabees Prayer of Manasseh Didactic Book of Wisdom Cultural impact ( edit ) Christopher Columbus was said to have been inspired by `` Six parts hast Thou dried up. '' from 4 Esdras 6 : 42 to undertake his hazardous journey across the Atlantic. The introitus, `` Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them '', of the traditional Requiem in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2 : 34 -- 35. The alternative introitus for Quasimodo Sunday in the Roman rite of the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2 : 36 -- 37. The Story of Susanna is perhaps the earliest example of a courtroom drama, and perhaps the first example of an effective forensic cross-examination ( there are no others in the Bible : except perhaps Solomon 's judgement at 1 Kings 3 : 25 ). Bel and the Dragon is perhaps the earliest example of a locked room mystery. Shylock 's reference in The Merchant of Venice to `` A Daniel come to judgment ; yea, a Daniel! '' refers to the story of Susanna and the elders. The theme of the elders surprising Susanna in her bath is a common one in art, such as in paintings by Tintoretto and Artemisia Gentileschi, and in Wallace Stevens ' poem Peter Quince at the Clavier. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, the title of James Agee 's 1941 chronicle of Alabama sharecroppers, was taken from Ecclesiasticus 44 : 1 : `` Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us. '' In his spiritual autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, John Bunyan recounts how God strengthened him against the temptation to despair of his salvation by inspiring him with the words, `` Look at the generations of old and see : did any ever trust in God, and were confounded? '' `` At which I was greatly encouraged in my soul... So coming home, I presently went to my Bible, to see if I could find that saying, not doubting but to find it presently... Thus I continued above a year, and could not find the place ; but at last, casting my eye upon the Apocrypha books, I found it in Ecclesiasticus, chap. ii. 10. This, at the first, did somewhat daunt me ; because it was not in those texts that we call holy and canonical ; yet, as this sentence was the sum and substance of many of the promises, it was my duty to take the comfort of it ; and I bless God for that word, for it was of good to me. That word doth still ofttimes shine before my face. '' See also ( edit ) New Testament apocrypha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As in the original King James or Authorized Version, and in modern Bibles such as the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha, 4th Expanded Edition : New Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ See the English Standard Version with the Apocrypha, and the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha, 3rd Revised and Expanded Edition : Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ Bruce, F.F. `` The Canon of Scripture ''. IVP Academic, 2010, Location 1478 -- 86 ( Kindle Edition ). Jump up ^ Readings from the Apocrypha. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5. Jump up ^ `` The Revised Common Lectionary '' ( PDF ). Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015. In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books ( The Apocrypha ) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided. Jump up ^ Geneva Bible, 1560. Full preface available online : http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon2.html Jump up ^ `` The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Canon of the Scripture ; and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings. '' For more details see Development of the Old Testament canon # Church of England. Jump up ^ Ewert, David ( 11 May 2010 ). A General Introduction to the Bible : From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations. Zondervan. p. 104. ISBN 9780310872436. English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale ( 1535 ) called them `` Apocrypha ''. All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew 's Bible ( 1537 ), the Great Bible ( 1539 ), the Geneva Bible ( 1560 ), the Bishop 's Bible ( 1568 ), and the King James Bible ( 1611 ) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America ( 1782 -- 83 ) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again. Jump up ^ Ewert, David ( 11 May 2010 ). A General Introduction to the Bible : From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations. Zondervan. p. 104. ISBN 9780310872436. Jump up ^ Thomas, Owen C. ; Wondra, Ellen K. ( 1 July 2002 ). Introduction to Theology, 3rd Edition. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. ISBN 9780819218971. Jump up ^ Henze, Matthias ; Boccaccini, Gabriele ( 20 November 2013 ). Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch : Reconstruction after the Fall. Brill. p. 383. ISBN 9789004258815. Why 3 and 4 Esdraas ( called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha ) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list except 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 ( and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II ). Jump up ^ `` The Bible ''. Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Preface to Samuel and Kings ''. Jump up ^ `` St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra : English translation ''. Jump up ^ `` Jerome, Prologue to the Books of Solomon ( 2006 ) ''. Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb, Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Prologue to Judith ''. Jump up ^ Jerome, `` Apology Against Rufinus ( Book II ) '', in Philip Schaff, Henry Wace, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, 3 ( 1892 ed. ), Buffalo, NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. ( retrieved from New Advent ) Jump up ^ Barber, Michael ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ). `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 2 ) ''. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01. Jump up ^ Jerome, To Paulinus, Epistle 58 ( AD 395 ), in NPNF2, VI : 119. : `` Do not, my dearest brother, estimate my worth by the number of my years. Gray hairs are not wisdom ; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says : `` wisdom is the gray hair unto men. ' ( Wisdom 4 : 9 ) '' Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed, and to select them not for their years but for their discretion ( Num. 11 : 16 )? And, as a boy, Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age ( Daniel 13 : 55 -- 59 aka Story of Susannah 55 -- 59 ) '' Jump up ^ Jerome, To Oceanus, Epistle 77 : 4 ( AD 399 ), in NPNF2, VI : 159. : `` I would cite the words of the psalmist : ' the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit, ' ( Ps 51 : 17 ) and those of Ezekiel ' I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death, ' ( Ez 18 : 23 ) and those of Baruch, ' Arise, arise, O Jerusalem, ' ( Baruch 5 : 5 ) and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets. '' Jump up ^ Jerome, Letter 51, 6, 7, NPNF2, VI : 87 -- 8 : `` For in the book of Wisdom, which is inscribed with his name, Solomon says : `` God created man to be immortal, and made him to be an image of his own eternity. '' ( Wisdom 2 : 23 )... Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them, behold I have given you seven '' Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. ( 1913 ). `` Canon of the Old Testament ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York : Robert Appleton Company. section titled `` The Council of Florence 1442 '' : ``... contains a complete list of the books received by the Church as inspired, but omits, perhaps advisedly, the terms canon and canonical. The Council of Florence therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures, but did not formally pass on their canonicity. '' Jump up ^ `` Gutenberg Bible : View the British Library 's Digital Versions Online ''. Jump up ^ `` 1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on - line ''. Jump up ^ Preface to the Revised Standard Version Common Bible Jump up ^ See the Theological Glossary of the Jerusalem Bible Reader 's Edition : `` One tradition within the Church excluded the Greek books, and this tradition was taken up by the 15th century ( sic ) Reformers, who relegated these books to the Apocrypha. 1 Maccabees 12 : 9. '' Note that the JB is explicitly approved by the CBCEW ( the Bishop 's Conference of England and Wales ) Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia, `` St. Jerome evidently applied the term to all quasi-scriptural books which in his estimation lay outside the canon of the Bible, and the Protestant Reformers, following Jerome 's catalogue of Old Testament Scriptures -- one which was at once erroneous and singular among the Fathers of the Church -- applied the title Apocrypha to the excess of the Catholic canon of the Old Testament over that of the Jews. Naturally, Catholics refuse to admit such a denomination, and we employ `` deuterocanonical '' to designate this literature, which non-Catholics conventionally and improperly known as the Apocrypha ``. Jump up ^ `` And the other books ( as Hierome saith ) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners ; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine. '' Jump up ^ Six Points On Luther 's `` Epistle of Straw '', 3 April 2007 Jump up ^ Introductory material to the appendix of the Vulgata Clementina, text in Latin Jump up ^ `` Apocrypha, '' King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/ Jump up ^ The Bible : Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha, Oxford World 's Classics, 1998, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283525 - 3 Jump up ^ Article VI at episcopalian.org Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` WCF and MESV in Parallel Columns ''. Jump up ^ Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, Dictionary of the Bible edited by James Hastings, and published by Charles Scribner 's Sons of New York in 1909 Jump up ^ Grudem, Wayne ( 29 February 2012 ). Understanding Scripture : An Overview of the Bible 's Origin, Reliability, and Meaning. US : Crossway. p. 90. ISBN 978 - 1433529993. Retrieved 21 June 2014. Jump up ^ Howsam, Leslie ( 2002 ). Cheap Bibles. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52212 - 0. Jump up ^ Flick, Dr. Stephen. `` Canonization of the Bible ''. Christian heritage fellowship. Retrieved 21 June 2014. Jump up ^ A Brief History of the United Bible Societies Jump up ^ `` 2 Esdras ''. Jump up ^ `` The Orthodox Study Bible '' 2008, Thomas Nelson Inc. p. xi ^ Jump up to : Vassiliadis, Petros ( 2005 ). `` Canon and authority of Scripture ''. In S.T. Kimbrough. Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. Crestwood, N.Y : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press. p. 23. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 301 - 4. Jump up ^ The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Volume 2, James H. Charlesworth Jump up ^ Dotterer, Janet L. `` Christopher Columbus : Motivations to Reach the Indies by Sailing West ''. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved November 2012. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gilmore, George William ( 1916 ). Selections from the World 's Devotional Classics. Funk & Wagnalls company. p. 63. Texts Robert Holmes and James Parsons, Vet. Test. Graecum cum var. lectionibus ( Oxford, 1798 -- 1827 ) Henry Barclay Swete, Old Testament in Greek, i. - iii. ( Cambridge, 1887 -- 1894 ) Otto Fridolinus Fritzsche, Libri Apocryphi V.T. Graece ( 1871 ). Commentaries O.F. Fritzsche and Grimm, Kurzgef. exeget. Handbuch zu den Apok. des A.T. ( Leipzig, 1851 -- 1860 ) Edwin Cone Bissell, Apocrypha of the Old Testament ( Edinburgh, 1880 ) Otto Zöckler, Die Apokryphen des Alten Testaments ( Munchen, 1891 ) Henry Wace, The Apocrypha ( `` Speaker 's Commentary '' ) ( 1888 ) Introduction and General Literature : Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes, vol. iii. 135 sqq., and his article on `` Apokryphen '' in Herzog 's Realencykl. i. 622 -- 53 Porter, Frank C. ( 1898 ). `` Apocrypha ''. In James Hastings. A Dictionary of the Bible. I. pp. 110 -- 23. Metzger, Bruce M. An Introduction to the Apocrypha. ( Pbk. ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press, 1977, cop. 1957. ISBN 0 - 19 - 502340 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deuterocanonical books. `` The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments '' by Robert C. Dentan formerly at orthodoxanglican.net, now at thefishersofmenministries.com `` Lutheran Cyclopedia : Apocrypha '' at lcms.org `` Apocrypha '' in the Catholic Encyclopaedia at newadvent.org/cathen https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Category Portal WikiProject Book Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Category Christianity portal VIAF : 185088718 LCCN : n81065639 GND : 4002434 - 9 SUDOC : 03537165X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_apocrypha&oldid=803293422 '' Categories : Old Testament apocrypha Christian terminology Development of the Christian biblical canon Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Articles to be expanded from May 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017, at 17 : 01. 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{ "text": "Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China - wikipedia Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China Jump to : navigation, search Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China 中国 共产党 中央 政治 局 常务 委员会 Leadership Status Highest body of the Central Committee between sessions, Communist Party of China General Secretary Xi Jinping Members Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, Han Zheng Elected by 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Responsible to Politburo of the Communist Party of China Seats 5 to 9 historically ; 7 currently Meeting place Huairen Hall, Zhongnanhai Beijing, China Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China Simplified Chinese 中国 共产党 中央 政治 局 常务 委员会 Traditional Chinese 中國 共產黨 中央 政治 局 常務 委員會 Literal meaning China Communist Party Central Politburo Standing Committee ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì Abbreviation ( s ) Simplified Chinese ( ( 中共 ) 中央 ) 政治 局 常委 会 Traditional Chinese ( ( 中共 ) 中央 ) 政治 局 常委 會 Literal meaning ( ( CPC ) Central ) Politburo Standing - Committee ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin ( ( Zhōnggòng ) Zhōngyāng ) Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěihuì This article is part of a series on the Politics of the People 's Republic of China Leadership ( show ) Leadership generations Succession of power Hu -- Wen Administration ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Xi -- Li Administration ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Xi Core Administration ( zh ) ( since 2017 ) 4th Leadership Core : Xi Jinping 19th Central Politburo 13th State Council Current State leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader : Xi Jinping Communist Party leader : Xi Jinping Head of state : Xi Jinping Head of government : Li Keqiang Congress Chairman : Li Zhanshu Conference Chairman : Wang Yang Commander - in - chief : Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee Related systems Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service Communist Party ( hide ) History Principal leaders Constitution Organization National Party Congress ( 19th ) Central Committee ( 19th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - ranked secretary : Wang Huning Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang, Zhang Youxia National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu Office Chief : Ding Xuexiang Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy directors : Li Keqiang, Wang Huning, Han Zheng Secretary - General : Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy director : Li Keqiang Office Chief : Liu He General Office Director : Ding Xuexiang General Secretary 's Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Central Security Bureau Central Guard Unit Organization Department Head : Chen Xi Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Provincial standing committees United Front ( show ) Political Consultative Conference National Committee ( zh ) Chairman : Wang Yang Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Zhang Qingli Secretary - General : Xia Baolong Political parties : CPC ( ruling ) United Front Work Department Head : You Quan RCCK CDL CDNCA CAPD CPWDP CZGP JS TDSGL Federation of Industry and Commerce People 's organizations Ideology ( show ) Marxism -- Leninism Maoism ( `` Mao Zedong Thought '' ) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution Previous constitutions 1954 1978 `` People 's democratic dictatorship '' ( Article 1 ) Constitutional oath of office ( Article 27 ) Protection of human rights ( Article 33 ) Freedom of religion ( Article 36 ) Laws Legislation Law Statutes Crime Capital offences Capital punishment Death sentence with reprieve Legislative ( show ) National People 's Congress ( 13th ) Members Plenary sessions Voting results Presidium Standing Committee Chairman : Li Zhanshu Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Wang Chen Secretary - General : Yang Zhenwu ( zh ) Special committees Legislation Law Elections Presidency ( show ) President ( list ) : Xi Jinping Presidential spouse : Peng Liyuan Presidential Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Vice-President : Wang Qishan Executive ( show ) State Council ( Li Keqiang Cabinet II ) Premier ( list ) : Li Keqiang Vice-Premiers ( list ) Han Zheng Sun Chunlan Hu Chunhua Liu He State Councilors Wei Fenghe Wang Yong Wang Yi Xiao Jie Zhao Kezhi General Office Secretary - General : Xiao Jie Deputy Secretary - Generals Cabinet - level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office State - owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission Most Central Enterprises Military ( show ) Central Military Commission ( CMC ) Chairman ( supreme commander ) : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang Zhang Youxia Members : Wei Fenghe Li Zuocheng Miao Hua Zhang Shengmin Departments : Joint Staff ( Chief : Li Zuocheng ) Political Work ( Director : Miao Hua ) Logistic Support Equipment Development Training & Administration National Defense Mobilization National armed forces : People 's Liberation Army Theater commands People 's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council ( Central People 's Government ) National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman : Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister : Wei Fenghe Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defence Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader : Xi Jinping Supervision ( show ) Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Deputy Secretaries Yang Xiaodu Zhang Shengmin Liu Jinguo Yang Xiaochao Li Shulei Xu Lingyi Xiao Pei Chen Xiaojiang Secretary - 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China policy Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader : Xi Jinping Deputy Leader : Wang Yang Taiwan Affairs Office Director : Zhang Zhijun Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader : Han Zheng HK & Macau Affairs Office Director : Zhang Xiaoming Liaison Office in Hong Kong Liaison Office in Macau One country, two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive : Lam Cheng Yuet - ngor Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macau Basic Law Chief Executive : Chui Sai On Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Foreign relations ( show ) Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Director : Li Keqiang Secretary - General : Yang Jiechi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions in China Foreign aid to China Chinese foreign aid International Development Cooperation Agency ( zh ) Ministry of Commerce Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CPC International Liaison Department State Council Information Office State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports ( Hong Kong, Macau ) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens ( Hong Kong, Macau ) Visa policy of China ( Hong Kong, Macau ) State Immigration Administration ( zh ) Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Shanghai Cooperation Organisation One Belt One Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization China -- United States relations China -- Russia relations China -- European Union relations China -- Africa relations Related topics ( show ) Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities Other countries Atlas The Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China, usually known as the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ), is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. Historically it has been composed of five to nine members, and currently has seven members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo, a larger decision - making body, is not in session. According to the party 's Constitution, the General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee. According to the party 's constitution, the party 's Central Committee elects the Politburo Standing Committee. In practice, however, this is a mere formality. The method by which membership is determined has evolved over time. During the Mao Zedong era, Mao himself selected and expelled members, while during the Deng Xiaoping era consultations among party elders on the Central Advisory Commission determined membership. Since the 1990s, Politburo membership has been determined by deliberations and straw polls by incumbent and retired members of both the Politburo and the Standing Committee. While the PSC in theory reports into the Politburo, which in turn reports into the larger Central Committee, in practice, the Standing Committee is supreme over its parent bodies. Additionally, because China is a one - party state, Standing Committee decisions de facto have the force of law. Its membership is closely watched by both the national media as well as political watchers abroad. Historically, the role of the PSC has varied and evolved. During the Cultural Revolution, for example, the PSC had little power. The membership of the PSC is strictly ranked in protocol sequence. Historically, the General Secretary ( or Party Chairman ) has been ranked first ; the rankings of other leaders have varied over time. Since the 1990s, the General Secretary, Premier, Chairman of the National People 's Congress, the Chairman of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference, the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the party 's top anti-graft body, and the first - ranked Secretary of the Secretariat have consistently also been members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The portfolios of additional members varied. Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Cultural Revolution 2.3 After economic reforms 2.4 Contemporary selection method and considerations 3 Current members ( in order ) 4 Historical membership and rankings 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also Terminology ( edit ) The Politburo Standing Committee is technically responsible to the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. In Chinese political usage, a `` Standing Committee '' ( 常务 委员会, Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì ) simply refers to a body that carries out the day - to - day affairs of its parent organ, in this case, the Politburo. The Politburo, in turn, is a policy making body that is formally responsible to the larger Central Committee, which meets at plenary sessions usually once every year. `` Politburo Standing Committee '' is the most commonly used name to refer to the body in English - language media. It is sometimes abbreviated PSC or PBSC ( if `` Politburo '' is written as `` Political Bureau '' ). It can also be referred to informally as simply the `` Standing Committee ''. In its official English - language press releases, Chinese state media refers to the body by its lengthier, formal name, `` The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee ''. In turn, its members are officially referred to as `` Members of Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee ''. These official forms are rarely used by English - language newspapers outside of mainland China. In official Chinese - language announcements, the most commonly used name for members of the body is Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěi ( 中共 中央 政治 局 常委 ) ; this is an abbreviation of the much lengthier official title of Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì Wěiyuán ( 中国 共产党 中央 政治 局 常务 委员会 委员 ). As even the officially abbreviated terminology may still be too lengthy and unwieldy, some media outlets refer to PSC members as Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěi ( 政治 局 常委 ) or simply Chángwěi ( 常委 ). Do note that without any context, Changwei may still be an ambiguous term, as provincial and local party committees all have a Standing Committee, the members of this committee can also be known as Changwei. History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The first Standing Committee was formed in July 1928. Between January 1934 and the Eighth Party Congress in 1956, the Standing Committee was replaced by the Central Secretariat. In the early history of the Communist Party as the highest central body that was intended to carry out day - to - day work of the Party 's Central Committee. It was composed of the top leadership figures of the larger Political Bureau ( i.e., the `` Politburo '' ). Unlike most other Communist parties in the world modeled after the party of Lenin, the CPC formed a Standing Committee because the Politburo ( normally the highest organ in a Communist Party ) was considered too large and unwieldy to make decisions effectively. Cultural Revolution ( edit ) In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, the Politburo Standing Committee ceased normal operations, as many of its key members, such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, fell out of favour with Mao. Real power was concentrated in the Cultural Revolution Group, which was nominally reporting to the Politburo Standing Committee but in fact was a separate `` centre of authority '' that acted mostly on its own accord. At the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, radical supporters of Mao, Chen Boda, and Kang Sheng, gained seats on the Politburo Standing Committee, and it resumed a somewhat normal functioning. The last years of the Cultural Revolution were dominated by internal chaos. Between 1975 and 1976, PSC members Kang Sheng, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Mao all died. Deng Xiaoping was purged. During this time the body lost any semblance of a functioning policy - making or executive organ, and it met only on an ad hoc basis. By Mao 's death in September 1976, the only members who still attended meetings were Hua Guofeng, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, and Ye Jianying, with Zhang and Wang being members of the Gang of Four. On 6 October, Hua Guofeng called a PSC meeting ostensibly to discuss Mao 's legacy and memorial arrangements, inviting the active PSC members to attend. Wang and Zhang were both arrested at the meeting and accused of `` counter-revolutionary crimes ''. Thereafter, only Ye and Hua continued their official duties. A functioning PSC was not restored until 1977. After economic reforms ( edit ) After taking power in 1978, one of the goals of Deng Xiaoping was to strengthen the power of the party and institutionalize bodies such as the Politburo and its Standing Committee. For much of the 1980s, the PSC was restored as the party 's supreme decision making body. The Committee was again organized on the basis of democratic centralism, that is, decisions were to be made based on consensus, and, failing that, decisions are taken by majority vote ; once a decision is taken the entire body speaks with one voice. However, the PSC competed with retired party elders ( organized as the Central Advisory Commission, though they made most of their decisions informally ) for influence. Deng Xiaoping himself bridged the two bodies, and his informal clout translated to great political power personally. In 1987, Deng and other party elders ousted then General Secretary Hu Yaobang from the PSC, replacing him with Zhao Ziyang. In 1989, Deng and various party elders ordered the military to intervene in the Tiananmen Protests of 1989 without gaining the consensus of the PSC. Zhao was opposed to declaring martial law and broke with other members of the PSC, notably Premier Li Peng. In the aftermath, Zhao and Hu Qili were removed from the PSC at the Fourth Plenum in 1989, largely by fiat of Deng and the elders rather than institutional procedure, to be replaced by Jiang Zemin and Li Ruihuan. The operation of the Standing Committee has remained largely stable since Tiananmen in 1989. The 1989 Plenum was the last occasion where a major reshuffle of the PSC occurred. At the 14th Party Congress in 1992, seven people -- Jiang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Li Ruihuan, Zhu Rongji, Liu Huaqing, and Hu Jintao -- were named to the Standing Committee, this arrangement remained unchanged until the regularly scheduled 15th Party Congress in 1997, where Qiao Shi and Liu Huaqing retired and were replaced by Wei Jianxing and Li Lanqing, showing the first signs that the PSC would become a term - based body operating on a fixed schedule. Liu Huaqing was also the last PSC member with a military background. In 1998, Hu Jintao also became Vice-President, a largely ceremonial post, as he was being groomed to succeed Jiang. This was the first time a Standing Committee member had occupied the post of Vice-President. At the 16th Party Congress held in 2002, the Standing Committee was expanded from seven to nine members. Some political observers speculated that the expansion was done in order to stack the new Standing Committee with loyalists of Jiang Zemin, though this characterization has been disputed. During Hu Jintao 's term as General Secretary ( 2002 -- 2012 ), the PSC could be understood as a `` leadership collective '' or a `` joint presidency '' ; that is, essentially a body operating on consensus that executes powers normally granted to a single officeholder. The 16th Party Congress also saw Li Changchun gain a seat on the PSC without a formally defined portfolio, though he was widely considered to be the `` propaganda chief ''. Huang Ju died in June 2007, becoming the first sitting PSC member to die in office since 1976. His vacancy was not filled ostensibly because it was only a few months preceding a Party Congress, making the body operate temporarily with an eight - member structure. The 17th Party Congress maintained roughly the same structure as the 16th. At the 18th Party Congress held in 2012, membership of the PSC was yet again reduced to seven members. The head of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission did not feature in the new Standing Committee, neither did the Vice-President. The positions of executive secretary of the Secretariat and that of `` propaganda chief '' were consolidated into one person, Liu Yunshan. Contemporary selection method and considerations ( edit ) Selection of members is believed to be largely the result of high - level deliberations among incumbent members of the party 's Politburo and PSC as well as retired PSC members. Prospective candidates for membership in the PSC typically rely on individual members of this high level group to act as their patrons. The current and former Politburo members conduct several rounds of deliberations interspersed with a series of straw polls to determine their support for the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members. These straw polls are not binding and instead a reflect the evolving consensus of the group on a new member 's candidacy. The Politburo may also conduct a straw poll of all incumbent Central Committee members on the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members, but this poll is only consultative. The process of selecting the new Politburo and PSC begins with a closed door session of the incumbent PSC at Beidaihe in the last summer before the Party Congress convenes. The list of Politburo and PSC candidates for the Central Committee to formally confirm is usually complete several weeks before the Party Congress. According to informed academic observers such as Cheng Li, a scholar at Brookings Institution, and Susan Shirk of the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, rise in the Chinese political system and selection to the Standing Committee depends more on family connections and loyalty to powerful patrons than on ability. It was widely believed, for example, that the Standing Committee line - up of the 16th Party Congress included several members who were elevated based on their relationship with outgoing General Secretary Jiang Zemin, including, most notably, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, and Jia Qinglin. Much has been written on the divide between Princelings and the Tuanpai ( Youth League faction ) between the 16th and 18th Congresses, though it is not precisely known to what extent factional identity played in the selection of PSC members. Seniority also played an important role. It was established convention that a member of the PSC must have served for at least one term on the Politburo prior to entry to the PSC. However, this `` rule '' had been broken several times by those destined for party leader or the premiership, most notably with Zhu Rongji and Hu Jintao in 1992, and Li Keqiang and Xi Jinping in 2007. Jiang Zemin was also in the middle of serving out his first term on the Politburo before he was suddenly made General Secretary and thus a member of the PSC in 1989. Since the late 1990s, nearly all PSC members have experience as a party chief of a province or a direct - controlled municipality. Of the 29 Standing Committee members inaugurated to the body since 1997, only six individuals have not held regional party chief positions : Li Peng, Wen Jiabao, Li Lanqing, Luo Gan, Liu Yunshan, and Wang Huning ; of these, only three -- Li Peng, Wen Jiabao, and Wang Huning have never served in a regional leadership role. Age is also key. For instance, since 1989, all Standing Committee members have been at least 50 years old at the time of their appointment. Hu Jintao was 50 upon his appointment to the PSC at the 14th Party Congress in 1992. Xi Jinping was 54 and Li Keqiang was 52 at their appointment to the PSC at the 17th Party Congress in 2007. At the same time, since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, PSC members who were 68 or older at the time of a Party Congress have retired without exception. This has been known as the rule of qi - shang, ba - xia ( 七 上 八 下 ; lit. `` seven up, eight down '' ), referring to the fact that if a PSC member is 68 or older at the time of a party congress, he must retire, but if he is 67 or younger, he may still enter the committee. Recently, however, doubt has been cast over this `` rule ''. A senior party cadre named Deng Maosheng, in a statement to state - run news agency Xinhua in October 2016, stated that `` The strict boundaries of ' seven up, eight down ' do n't exist. This is something from folklore, and can not be trusted. '' In 2002, apart from Hu Jintao, the entire outgoing PSC was replaced. Strict age - based retirement instituted in the CPC meant de facto term limits and relatively high turnover, with the vast majority of members serving for one or two terms. Since 1989, the only PSC member to have served more than three terms on the body was Hu Jintao, who served for four terms between 1992 and 2012. Policy views of ambitious aspirants are routinely concealed in order to gain the broadest level of consensus, with Hu Jintao being a prime example. Various theories have been proposed, mostly by academic outside of mainland China, to discern the ' factions ' within a Standing Committee ( often between `` conservatives '' and `` reformers '' ), though in practice due to its opaque operations, faction membership has never been a hard - and - fast rule. Overly showy or high - profile ' campaigning ' for the PSC, such as the actions of former Chongqing party chief Bo Xilai, were considered detrimental to PSC selection. Current members ( in order ) ( edit ) No Portrait Information Party position ( s ) State position ( s ) 1st Name Xi Jinping General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission Leader of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Chairman of the National Security Commission President of the People 's Republic of China Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission Birthplace Beijing NPC Constituency Inner Mongolia at - large Member since 22 October 2007 2nd Name Li Keqiang Party Secretary of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China Deputy Leader of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Vice Chairman of the National Security Commission Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China Birthplace Hefei, Anhui NPC Constituency Guangxi at - large Member since 22 October 2007 3rd Name Li Zhanshu Party Secretary of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress Birthplace Pingshan County, Hebei NPC Constituency Jiangxi at - large Member since 25 October 2017 4th Name Wang Yang Party Secretary of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference Chairman of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference Vice Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China Birthplace Suzhou, Anhui NPC Constituency Sichuan at - large Member since 25 October 2017 5th Name Wang Huning Top - ranked Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the CPC To be determined Birthplace Shanghai NPC Constituency Hebei at - large Member since 25 October 2017 6th Name Zhao Leji Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection To be determined Birthplace Xining, Qinghai NPC Constituency Heilongjiang at - large Member since 25 October 2017 7th Name Han Zheng Vice Party Secretary of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China First Vice Premier of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China Birthplace Shanghai NPC Constituency Shaanxi at - large Member since 25 October 2017 In October 2017, the 19th PSC took office. Five of the previous PSC members retired having exceeded the age of 67 at the time of the party congress. Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang retained their seats. Historical membership and rankings ( edit ) Main article : Historical membership of the Politburo Standing Committee The following is a list of the historical composition of the Standing Committee since the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949, listed by official ranking protocol. Those ranked first have held the title of Chairman or General Secretary of the Communist Party. The remaining ranks vary. 8th PSC ( elected September 1956 ) : Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Chen Yun, Lin Biao ( X ), Deng Xiaoping 8th PSC ( Cultural Revolution re-shuffle, elected August 1966 ) : Mao, Lin Biao ( X ), Zhou Enlai, Tao Zhu, Chen Boda ( X ), Deng Xiaoping, Kang Sheng ( X ), Liu Shaoqi ( R ), Zhu De, Li Fuchun, Chen Yun 9th PSC ( elected April 1969 ) : Mao, Lin Biao ( X ), Zhou Enlai, Chen Boda ( X ), Kang Sheng ( X ) 10th PSC ( elected August 1973 ) : Mao ( D ), Hua Guofeng ( elevated April 1976 ), Zhou Enlai ( D ), Wang Hongwen ( X ), Kang Sheng ( D, X ), Ye Jianying, Li Desheng, Zhu De ( D ), Zhang Chunqiao ( X ), Dong Biwu ( D ), Deng Xiaoping ( elected January 1975 ) 11th PSC ( elected August 1977 ) : Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, Wang Dongxing ( resigned February 1980 ), Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang ( elected February 1980 ) 12th PSC ( elected September 1982 ) : Hu Yaobang ( removed January 1987 ), Ye Jianying ( resigned September 1985 ), Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun 13th PSC ( elected November 1987 ) : Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Hu Qili, Yao Yilin 13th PSC ( Post-Tiananmen re-shuffle, elected June 1989 ) : Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Yao Yilin, Song Ping, Li Ruihuan 14th PSC ( elected October 1992 ) : Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Li Ruihuan, Zhu Rongji, Liu Huaqing, Hu Jintao 15th PSC ( elected September 1997 ) : Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, Li Ruihuan, Hu Jintao, Wei Jianxing, Li Lanqing 16th PSC ( elected November 2002 ) : Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju ( D ), Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun, Luo Gan 17th PSC ( elected October 2007 ) : Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang, Zhou Yongkang ( X ) 18th PSC ( elected November 2012 ) : Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Zhang Dejiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan, Zhang Gaoli 19th PSC ( elected October 2017 ) : Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, Han Zheng Notes : ( D ) : Died in office. ( X ) : Expelled from party ( including posthumous ) ( R ) : Expelled from the party, then rehabilitated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Indeed, this was the only time since 1992 that the Standing Committee member had not served out an entire term on the body. Jump up ^ Li Lanqing served as vice-mayor of Tianjin, Luo Gan the vice-governor of Henan, and Liu Yunshan the party chief of Chifeng, among other roles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wang, Jun ( 15 June 2013 ). `` 中央 政治 局 如何 开会 ''. qikan.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` '' 怀 仁 堂 政变 `` 后 的 政治 局 紧急 会议 ''. DWnews.com. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 2002 ''. www.china.org.cn. Jump up ^ Li, Cheng ( 2016 ). Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era : Reassessing Collective Leadership. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815726937. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Jump up ^ Kang Lim, Benjamin ( 20 November 2017 ). `` Exclusive : China 's backroom powerbrokers block reform candidates - sources ''. Reuters. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` China 's Next Leaders : A Guide to What 's at Stake ''. China File. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ Jump up to : Edward Wong ( 14 November 2012 ). `` Ending Congress, China Presents New Leadership Headed by Xi Jinping ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2012. Jump up ^ Li, Cheng ( 2016 ). Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era : Reassessing Collective Leadership. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815726937. Retrieved 18 October 2017. Jump up ^ Kang Lim, Benjamin ( 20 November 2017 ). `` Exclusive : China 's backroom powerbrokers block reform candidates - sources ''. Reuters. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wong, Edward ( 17 November 2012 ). `` Family Ties and Hobnobbing Trump Merit at China Helm ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Jump up ^ Shirk, Susan ( 15 November 2012 ). `` Age of China 's New Leaders May Have Been Key to Their Selection ''. China File. Retrieved 18 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Will Xi Bend Retirement ' Rule ' to Keep Top Officials in Power? ''. Bloomberg.com. 2016 - 10 - 31. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ Li, Cheng ( Winter 2012 ). `` The Battle for China 's Top Nine Leadership Posts ''. The Washington Quarterly. 35 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 145. doi : 10.1080 / 0163660X. 2012.642788. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. See also ( edit ) China portal Communism portal Politics portal Collective leadership Historical membership of the Politburo Standing Committee ( includes list of all Standing Committee members throughout history ) Politburo of the Communist Party of China Political position ranking of the People 's Republic of China Politics of the People 's Republic of China Provincial Party Standing Committee 19th Politburo of the Communist Party of China ( 2017 -- 2022 ) Xi Core Administration ( zh ) ) Standing Committee Xi Jinping ( General Secretary ) Li Keqiang Li Zhanshu Wang Yang Wang Huning Zhao Leji Han Zheng Other members in surname stroke order Ding Xuexiang Wang Chen Liu He Xu Qiliang Sun Chunlan ♀ Li Xi Li Qiang Li Hongzhong Yang Jiechi Yang Xiaodu Zhang Youxia Chen Xi Chen Quanguo Chen Min'er Hu Chunhua Guo Shengkun Huang Kunming Cai Qi 7th → 8th → 9th → 10th → 11th → 12th → 13th → 14th → 15th → 16th → 17th → 18th → 19th Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China Standing Committee members 1st ( 1921 ) 2nd ( 1922 ) 3rd ( 1923 ) 4th ( 1925 ) 5th ( 1927 ) 6th ( 1928 ) 7th ( 1945 ) 8th ( 1956 ) 9th ( 1969 ) 10th ( 1973 ) 11th ( 1977 ) 12th ( 1982 ) 13th ( 1987 ) 14th ( 1992 ) 15th ( 1997 ) 16th ( 2002 ) 17th ( 2007 ) 18th ( 2012 ) 19th ( 2017 ) Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Major organs Politburo Standing Committee General Secretary Secretariat Central Military Commission Departments General Office Central Security Bureau Secrecy Office Cryptography Office Central Archives Organization Department Publicity Department United Front Work Department International Liaison Department Policy Research Office Institutions Central Party School Chinese Academy of Governance Institution for Party History and Literature Research People 's Daily Qiushi Guangming Daily Executive Leadership Academies Pudong Yan'an Jinggangshan Commissions Auditing Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Comprehensively Law - Based Governance Financial and Economic Affairs Foreign Affairs Cyberspace Affairs Office National Security Political and Legal Affairs Spiritual Civilization Institutional Organization Office Secrecy Office Leading Groups Cryptography Work Office Education Inspection Work Military Reform Propaganda and Ideology Taiwan Office Hong Kong and Macau Office Sittings 1st ( 1921 ) vacant 2nd ( 1922 ) 3rd ( 1923 ) 4th ( 1925 ) 5th ( 1927 ) 6th ( 1928 ) 7th ( 1945 ) 8th ( 1956 ) 9th ( 1969 ) 10th ( 1973 ) 11th ( 1977 ) 12th ( 1982 ) 13th ( 1987 ) 14th ( 1992 ) 15th ( 1997 ) 16th ( 2002 ) 17th ( 2007 ) 18th ( 2012 ) 19th ( 2017 ) Organizational structure of the Communist Party of China National Congress Central Committee Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary, deputy secretaries and Secretary General Standing Committee Central Military Commission General Secretary Chairman and Vice-Chairmen Politburo General Office Departments : Organization, Publicity, United Front and International Research institutions : Central Party School, Institution for Party History and Literature Research, and Central Policy Research Office Politburo Standing Committee Secretariat National Security Commission Leading Small Groups Local Party branches Other commissions : Central Political and Legal Affairs, Spiritual Civilization, Internet Security and Informatization and Institutional Organization Party organizations within the People 's Liberation Army PLA Political Work Department Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&oldid=840104043 '' Categories : Politburo of the Communist Party of China Collective heads of government Standing committees 1928 establishments in China Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from October 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 19 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&amp;oldid=840104043" }

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{ "text": "Fall of the Western Roman Empire - wikipedia Fall of the Western Roman Empire Jump to : navigation, search `` Fall of Rome '' redirects here. For other uses, see Sack of Rome. `` The Fall of the Roman Empire '' redirects here. For the film, see The Fall of the Roman Empire ( film ). Animated map of the Roman Republic and Empire between 510 BCE and 530 CE Republic Empire Eastern / Byzantine Empire Western Empire The Fall of the Western Roman Empire ( also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome ) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control ; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration. Increasing pressure from barbarians outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse. The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure. Relevant dates include 117 CE, when the Empire was at its greatest territorial extent, and the accession of Diocletian in 284. Irreversible major territorial loss, however, began in 376 with a large - scale irruption of Goths and others. In 395, after winning two destructive civil wars, Theodosius I died, leaving a collapsing field army and the Empire, still plagued by Goths, divided between his two incapable sons. By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. Invading barbarians had established their own power in most of the area of the Western Empire. While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again. The Fall is not the only unifying concept for these events ; the period described as Late Antiquity emphasizes the cultural continuities throughout and beyond the political collapse. Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical approaches 1.1 Timespan 1.2 Reasons 1.3 Alternative descriptions and labels 2 Height of power, crises, and recoveries 2.1 Height of power 2.2 Crisis of the Third Century 2.3 Reunification and political division 2.4 Growing social divisions 3 313 -- 376 : Abuse of power, frontier warfare, and rise of Christianity 4 376 -- 395 ; invasions, civil wars, and religious discord 4.1 Battle of Adrianople 4.2 Partial recovery in the Balkans 4.3 Civil wars 5 Military, financial, and political ineffectiveness : the process of failure 6 395 -- 406 ; Stilicho 6.1 Stilicho 's attempts to unify the Empire, revolts, and invasions 7 408 -- 410 ; the end of an effective regular field army, starvation in Italy, sack of Rome 7.1 Stilicho 's fall and Alaric 's reaction 7.2 Alaric besieges Rome 7.3 The Goths move out of Italy 8 405 -- 418 in the Gallic provinces ; barbarians and usurpers, loss of Britannia, partial loss of Hispania and Gaul 8.1 Settlement of 418 ; barbarians within the empire 9 421 -- 433 ; renewed dissension after the death of Constantius, partial loss of the Diocese of Africa 10 433 -- 454 ; ascendancy of Aetius, loss of Carthage 10.1 444 -- 453 ; attacks by the empire of Attila the Hun 11 455 -- 456 ; failure of Avitus, further losses in Gaul, rise of Ricimer 12 457 -- 467 ; resurgence under Majorian, attempt to recover Africa, control by Ricimer 13 467 -- 472, Anthemius ; an Emperor and an army from the East 14 472 -- 476 ; the final emperors, puppets of the warlords 15 From 476 ; last Emperor, rump states 16 Legacy 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References Historical approaches Main article : Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire Since 1776, when Edward Gibbon published the first volume of his The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Decline and Fall has been the theme around which much of the history of the Roman Empire has been structured. `` From the eighteenth century onward, '' historian Glen Bowersock wrote, `` we have been obsessed with the fall : it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline, and, hence, as a symbol for our own fears. '' The Fall is not the only unifying concept for these events ; the period described as Late Antiquity emphasizes the cultural continuities throughout and beyond the political collapse. Timespan The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule. The loss of centralized political control over the West, and the lessened power of the East, are universally agreed, but the theme of decline has been taken to cover a much wider time span than the hundred years from 376. For Cassius Dio, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 CE marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron ''. Gibbon started his story in 98 and Theodor Mommsen regarded the whole of the imperial period as unworthy of inclusion in his Nobel Prize - winning History of Rome. Arnold J. Toynbee and James Burke argue that the entire Imperial era was one of steady decay of institutions founded in republican times. As one convenient marker for the end, 476 has been used since Gibbon, but other markers include the Crisis of the Third Century, the Crossing of the Rhine in 406 ( or 405 ), the sack of Rome in 410, the death of Julius Nepos in 480, all the way to the Fall of New Rome in 1453. Reasons Gibbon gave a classic formulation of reasons why the Fall happened. He began an ongoing controversy about the role of Christianity, but he gave great weight to other causes of internal decline and to attacks from outside the Empire. The story of its ruin is simple and obvious ; and, instead of inquiring why the Roman empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long. The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy ; the vigour of the military government was relaxed, and finally dissolved, by the partial institutions of Constantine ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians. -- Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, `` General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West '', Chapter 38 Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell, and new ideas have emerged since. Historians still try to analyze the reasons for loss of political control over a vast territory ( and, as a subsidiary theme, the reasons for the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire ). Comparison has also been made with China after the end of the Han dynasty, which re-established unity under the Sui dynasty while the Mediterranean world remained politically disunited. Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth, which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government. An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '', but in the later period, the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire. Alternative descriptions and labels Main article : Late Antiquity From at least the time of Henri Pirenne scholars have described a continuity of Roman culture and political legitimacy long after 476. Pirenne postponed the demise of classical civilization to the 8th century. He challenged the notion that Germanic barbarians had caused the Western Roman Empire to end, and he refused to equate the end of the Western Roman Empire with the end of the office of emperor in Italy. He pointed out the essential continuity of the economy of the Roman Mediterranean even after the barbarian invasions, and suggested that only the Muslim conquests represented a decisive break with antiquity. The more recent formulation of a historical period characterized as `` Late Antiquity '' emphasizes the transformations of ancient to medieval worlds within a cultural continuity. In recent decades archaeologically - based argument even extends the continuity in material culture and in patterns of settlement as late as the eleventh century. Observing the political reality of lost control, but also the cultural and archaeological continuities, the process has been described as a complex cultural transformation, rather than a fall. Height of power, crises, and recoveries Height of power The Roman Empire reached its greatest geographical extent under Trajan ( emperor 98 -- 117 ), who ruled a prosperous state that stretched from Armenia to the Atlantic. The Empire had large numbers of trained, supplied, and disciplined soldiers, as well as a comprehensive civil administration based in thriving cities with effective control over public finances. Among its literate elite it had ideological legitimacy as the only worthwhile form of civilization and a cultural unity based on comprehensive familiarity with Greek and Roman literature and rhetoric. The Empire 's power allowed it to maintain extreme differences of wealth and status ( including slavery on a large scale ), and its wide - ranging trade networks permitted even modest households to use goods made by professionals far away. Its financial system allowed it to raise significant taxes which, despite endemic corruption, supported a large regular army with logistics and training. The cursus honorum, a standardized series of military and civil posts organised for ambitious aristocratic men, ensured that powerful noblemen became familiar with military and civil command and administration. At a lower level within the army, connecting the aristocrats at the top with the private soldiers, a large number of centurions were well - rewarded, literate, and responsible for training, discipline, administration, and leadership in battle. City governments with their own properties and revenues functioned effectively at a local level ; membership of city councils involved lucrative opportunities for independent decision - making, and, despite its obligations, became seen as a privilege. Under a series of emperors who each adopted a mature and capable successor, the Empire did not require civil wars to regulate the imperial succession. Requests could be submitted directly to the better emperors, and the answers had the force of law, putting the imperial power directly in touch with even humble subjects. The cults of polytheist religion were hugely varied, but none claimed that theirs was the only truth, and their followers displayed mutual tolerance, producing a polyphonous religious harmony. Religious strife was rare after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 136 ( after which the devastated Judaea ceased to be a major centre for Jewish unrest ). Heavy mortality in 165 -- 180 from the Antonine Plague seriously impaired attempts to repel Germanic invaders, but the legions generally held or at least speedily re-instated the borders of the Empire. Map of the Roman Empire in the early second century Crisis of the third century Main article : Crisis of the Third Century The Empire suffered from multiple, serious crises during the third century, including the rise of the Sassanid Empire, which inflicted three crushing defeats on Roman field armies and remained a potent threat for centuries. Other disasters included repeated civil wars, barbarian invasions, and more mass mortality in the Plague of Cyprian ( from 250 onwards ). Rome abandoned the province of Dacia on the north of the Danube ( 271 ), and for a short period the Empire split into a Gallic Empire in the West ( 260 -- 274 ), a Palmyrene Empire in the East ( 260 -- 273 ), and a central Roman rump state. The Rhine / Danube frontier also came under more effective threat from larger barbarian groupings, which had developed better agriculture and larger populations. The Empire survived the Crisis of the Third Century, directing its economy successfully towards defence, but survival came at the price of a more centralized and bureaucratic state. Under Gallienus the senatorial aristocracy ceased joining the ranks of the senior military commanders, its typical members lacking interest in military service and showing incompetence at command. The divided Empire in 271 CE Reunification and political division Aurelian reunited the empire in 274 ; and from 284 Diocletian and his successors reorganized it with more emphasis on the military. John the Lydian, writing over two centuries later, reported that Diocletian 's army at one point totaled 389,704 men, plus 45,562 in the fleets, and numbers may have increased later. With the limited communications of the time, both the European and the Eastern frontiers needed the attention of their own supreme commanders. Diocletian tried to solve this problem by re-establishing an adoptive succession with a senior ( Augustus ) and junior ( Caesar ) emperor in each half of the Empire, but this system of tetrarchy broke down within one generation ; the hereditary principle re-established itself with generally unfortunate results, and thereafter civil war became again the main method of establishing new imperial regimes. Although Constantine the Great ( in office 306 to 337 ) again re-united the Empire, towards the end of the fourth century the need for division was generally accepted. From then on, the Empire existed in constant tension between the need for two emperors and their mutual mistrust. Until late in the fourth century the united Empire retained sufficient power to launch attacks against its enemies in Germania and in the Sassanid Empire. Receptio of barbarians became widely practiced : imperial authorities admitted potentially hostile groups into the Empire, split them up, and allotted to them lands, status, and duties within the imperial system. In this way many groups provided unfree workers ( coloni ) for Roman landowners, and recruits ( laeti ) for the Roman army. Sometimes their leaders became officers. Normally the Romans managed the process carefully, with sufficient military force on hand to ensure compliance, and cultural assimilation followed over the next generation or two. Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs ' zones of responsibility Growing social divisions The new supreme rulers disposed of the legal fiction of the early Empire ( seeing the emperor as but the first among equals ) ; emperors from Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) onwards openly styled themselves as dominus et deus, `` lord and god '', titles appropriate for a master - slave relationship. An elaborate court ceremonial developed, and obsequious flattery became the order of the day. Under Diocletian, the flow of direct requests to the emperor rapidly reduced and soon ceased altogether. No other form of direct access replaced them, and the emperor received only information filtered through his courtiers. Official cruelty, supporting extortion and corruption, may also have become more commonplace. While the scale, complexity, and violence of government were unmatched, the emperors lost control over their whole realm insofar as that control came increasingly to be wielded by anyone who paid for it. Meanwhile, the richest senatorial families, immune from most taxation, engrossed more and more of the available wealth and income, while also becoming divorced from any tradition of military excellence. One scholar identifies a great increase in the purchasing power of gold, two and a half fold from 274 to the later fourth century, which may be an index of growing economic inequality between a gold - rich elite and a cash - poor peasantry. Within the late Roman military, many recruits and even officers had barbarian origins, and soldiers are recorded as using possibly - barbarian rituals such as elevating a claimant on shields. Some scholars have seen this as an indication of weakness ; others disagree, seeing neither barbarian recruits nor new rituals as causing any problem with the effectiveness or loyalty of the army. 313 -- 376 : abuse of power, frontier warfare, and rise of Christianity Further information : History of late ancient Christianity In 313 Constantine I declared official toleration of Christianity, followed over the ensuing decades by establishment of Christian orthodoxy and by official and private action against pagans and non-orthodox Christians. His successors generally continued this process, and Christianity became the religion of any ambitious civil official. Under Constantine the cities lost their revenue from local taxes, and under Constantius II ( r. 337 -- 361 ) their endowments of property. This worsened the existing difficulty in keeping the city councils up to strength, and the services provided by the cities were scamped or abandoned. Public building projects became fewer, more often repairs than new construction, and now provided at state expense rather than by local grandees wishing to consolidate long - term local influence. A further financial abuse was Constantius 's increased habit of granting to his immediate entourage the estates of persons condemned of treason and other capital charges ; this reduced future though not immediate income, and those close to the emperor gained a strong incentive to stimulate his suspicion of plots. Constantine settled Franks on the lower left bank of the Rhine ; their settlements required a line of fortifications to keep them in check, indicating that Rome had lost almost all local control. Under Constantius, bandits came to dominate areas such as Isauria well within the empire. The tribes of Germany also became more populous and more threatening. In Gaul, which did not really recover from the invasions of the third century, there was widespread insecurity and economic decline in the 300s, perhaps worst in Armorica. By 350, after decades of pirate attacks, virtually all villas in Armorica were deserted, and local use of money ceased about 360. Repeated attempts to economize on military expenditure included billeting troops in cities, where they could less easily be kept under military discipline and could more easily extort from civilians. Except in the rare case of a determined and incorruptible general, these troops proved ineffective in action and dangerous to civilians. Frontier troops were often given land rather than pay ; as they farmed for themselves, their direct costs diminished, but so did their effectiveness, and there was much less economic stimulus to the frontier economy. However, except for the provinces along the lower Rhine, the agricultural economy was generally doing well. The average nutritional state of the population in the West suffered a serious decline in the late second century ; the population of North - Western Europe did not recover, though the Mediterranean regions did. The numbers and effectiveness of the regular soldiers may have declined during the fourth century : payrolls were inflated so that pay could be diverted and exemptions from duty sold, their opportunities for personal extortion were multiplied by residence in cities, and their effectiveness was reduced by concentration on extortion instead of drill. However, extortion, gross corruption, and occasional ineffectiveness were not new to the Roman army ; there is no consensus whether its effectiveness significantly declined before 376. Ammianus Marcellinus, himself a professional soldier, repeats longstanding observations about the superiority of contemporary Roman armies being due to training and discipline, not to physical size or strength. Despite a possible decrease in its ability to assemble and supply large armies, Rome maintained an aggressive and potent stance against perceived threats almost to the end of the fourth century. Solidus of Julian, c. 361. Obverse : Julian with the beard appropriate to a Neoplatonic philosopher. Inscription : FL ( AVIVS ) CL ( AVDIVS ) IVLIANVS PP ( = Pater Patriae, `` father of the nation '' ) AVG ( = Augustus ). Reverse : an armed Roman, military standard in one hand, a captive in the other. Inscription : VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM, `` the bravery / virtue of the Roman army '' ; the mint mark is SIRM, Sirmium Julian ( r. 360 -- 363 ) launched a drive against official corruption which allowed the tax demands in Gaul to be reduced to one - third of their previous amount, while all government requirements were still met. In civil legislation Julian was notable for his pro-pagan policies. All Christian sects were officially tolerated by Julian, persecution of heretics was forbidden, and non-Christian religions were encouraged. Some Christians continued to destroy temples, disrupt rituals, and break sacred images, seeking martyrdom and at times achieving it at the hands of non-Christian mobs or secular authorities ; some pagans attacked the Christians who had previously been involved with the destruction of temples. Julian won victories against Germans who had invaded Gaul. He launched an expensive campaign against the Persians, which ended in defeat and his own death. He succeeded in marching to the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, but lacked adequate supplies for an assault. He burned his boats and supplies to show resolve in continuing operations, but the Sassanids began a war of attrition by burning crops. Finding himself cut off in enemy territory, he began a land retreat during which he was mortally wounded. His successor Jovian, acclaimed by a demoralized army, began his brief reign ( 363 -- 364 ) trapped in Mesopotamia without supplies. To purchase safe passage home, he had to concede areas of northern Mesopotamia and Kurdistan, including the strategically important fortress of Nisibis, which had been Roman since before the Peace of Nisibis in 299. The brothers Valens ( r. 364 -- 378 ) and Valentinian I ( r. 364 -- 375 ) energetically tackled the threats of barbarian attacks on all the Western frontiers and tried to alleviate the burdens of taxation, which had risen continuously over the previous forty years ; Valens in the East reduced the tax demand by half in his fourth year. Both were Christians and confiscated the temple lands that Julian had restored, but were generally tolerant of other beliefs. Valentinian in the West refused to intervene in religious controversy ; in the East, Valens had to deal with Christians who did not conform to his ideas of orthodoxy, and persecution formed part of his response. The wealth of the church increased dramatically, immense resources both public and private being used for ecclesiastical construction and support of the religious life. Bishops in wealthy cities were thus able to offer vast patronage ; Ammianus described some as `` enriched from the offerings of matrons, ride seated in carriages, wearing clothing chosen with care, and serve banquets so lavish that their entertainments outdo the tables of kings ''. Edward Gibbon remarked that `` the soldiers ' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity '', though there are no figures for the monks and nuns nor for their maintenance costs. Pagan rituals and buildings had not been cheap either ; the move to Christianity may not have had significant effects on the public finances. Some public disorder also followed competition for prestigious posts ; Pope Damasus I was installed in 366 after an election whose casualties included a hundred and thirty - seven corpses in the basilica of Sicininus. Valentinian died of an apoplexy while personally shouting at envoys of Germanic leaders. His successors in the West were children, his sons Gratian ( r. 375 -- 383 ) and Valentinian II ( r. 375 -- 392 ). Gratian, `` alien from the art of government both by temperament and by training '' removed the Altar of Victory from the Senate House, and he rejected the pagan title of Pontifex Maximus. 376 -- 395 ; invasions, civil wars, and religious discord Battle of Adrianople In 376 the East faced an enormous barbarian influx across the Danube, mostly Goths who were refugees from the Huns. They were exploited by corrupt officials rather than effectively resettled, and they took up arms, joined by more Goths and by some Alans and Huns. Valens was in Asia with his main field army, preparing for an assault on the Persians, and redirecting the army and its logistic support would have required time. Gratian 's armies were distracted by Germanic invasions across the Rhine. In 378 Valens attacked the invaders with the Eastern field army, perhaps some 20,000 men -- possibly only 10 % of the soldiers nominally available in the Danube provinces -- and in the Battle of Adrianople, 9 August 378, he lost much of that army and his own life. All of the Balkan provinces were thus exposed to raiding, without effective response from the remaining garrisons who were `` more easily slaughtered than sheep ''. Cities were able to hold their own walls against barbarians who had no siege equipment, and they generally remained intact although the countryside suffered. Partial recovery in the Balkans Gratian appointed a new Augustus, a proven general from Hispania called Theodosius. During the next four years, he partially re-established the Roman position in the East. These campaigns depended on effective imperial coordination and mutual trust -- between 379 and 380 Theodosius controlled not only the Eastern empire, but also, by agreement, the diocese of Illyricum. Theodosius was unable to recruit enough Roman troops, relying on barbarian warbands without Roman military discipline or loyalty. In contrast, during the Cimbrian War, the Roman Republic, controlling a smaller area than the western Empire, had been able to reconstitute large regular armies of citizens after greater defeats than Adrianople, and it ended that war with the near - extermination of the invading barbarian supergroups, each recorded as having more than 100,000 warriors ( with allowances for the usual exaggeration of numbers by ancient authors ). Theodosius 's partial failure may have stimulated Vegetius to offer advice on re-forming an effective army ( the advice may date from the 390s or from the 430s ) : From the foundation of the city till the reign of the Emperor Gratian, the foot wore cuirasses and helmets. But negligence and sloth having by degrees introduced a total relaxation of discipline, the soldiers began to think their armor too heavy, as they seldom put it on. They first requested leave from the Emperor to lay aside the cuirass and afterwards the helmet. In consequence of this, our troops in their engagements with the Goths were often overwhelmed with their showers of arrows. Nor was the necessity of obliging the infantry to resume their cuirasses and helmets discovered, notwithstanding such repeated defeats, which brought on the destruction of so many great cities. Troops, defenseless and exposed to all the weapons of the enemy, are more disposed to fly than fight. What can be expected from a foot - archer without cuirass or helmet, who can not hold at once his bow and shield ; or from the ensigns whose bodies are naked, and who can not at the same time carry a shield and the colors? The foot soldier finds the weight of a cuirass and even of a helmet intolerable. This is because he is so seldom exercised and rarely puts them on. The final Gothic settlement was acclaimed with relief, even the official panegyrist admitting that these Goths could not be expelled or exterminated, nor reduced to unfree status. Instead they were either recruited into the imperial forces, or settled in the devastated provinces along the south bank of the Danube, where the regular garrisons were never fully re-established. In some later accounts, and widely in recent work, this is regarded as a treaty settlement, the first time that barbarians were given a home within the Empire in which they retained their political and military cohesion. No formal treaty is recorded, nor details of whatever agreement was actually made, and when `` the Goths '' re-emerge in our records they have different leaders and are soldiers of a sort. In 391 Alaric, a Gothic leader, rebelled against Roman control. Goths attacked the emperor himself, but within a year Alaric was accepted as a leader of Theodosius 's Gothic troops and this rebellion was over. Theodosius 's financial position must have been difficult, since he had to pay for expensive campaigning from a reduced tax base. The business of subduing barbarian warbands also demanded substantial gifts of precious metal. Nevertheless, he is represented as financially lavish, though personally frugal when on campaign. At least one extra levy provoked desperation and rioting in which the emperor 's statues were destroyed. He was pious, a Nicene Christian heavily influenced by Ambrose, and implacable against heretics. In 392 he forbade even private honor to the gods, and pagan rituals such as the Olympic Games. He either ordered or connived at the widespread destruction of sacred buildings. Civil wars Theodosius had to face a powerful usurper in the West ; Magnus Maximus declared himself Emperor in 383, stripped troops from the outlying regions of Britannia ( probably replacing some with federate chieftains and their war - bands ) and invaded Gaul. His troops killed Gratian and he was accepted as Augustus in the Gallic provinces, where he was responsible for the first official executions of Christian heretics. To compensate the Western court for the loss of Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia, Theodosius ceded the diocese of Dacia and the diocese of Macedonia to their control. In 387 Maximus invaded Italy, forcing Valentinian II to flee to the East, where he accepted Nicene Christianity. Maximus boasted to Ambrose of the numbers of barbarians in his forces, and hordes of Goths, Huns, and Alans followed Theodosius. Maximus negotiated with Theodosius for acceptance as Augustus of the West, but Theodosius refused, gathered his armies, and counterattacked, winning the civil war in 388. There were heavy troop losses on both sides of the conflict. Later Welsh legend has Maximus 's defeated troops resettled in Armorica, instead of returning to Britannia, and by 400, Armorica was controlled by Bagaudae rather than by imperial authority. Theodosius restored Valentinian II, still a very young man, as Augustus in the West. He also appointed Arbogast, a pagan general of Frankish origin, as Valentinian 's commander - in - chief and guardian. Valentinian quarreled in public with Arbogast, failed to assert any authority, and died, either by suicide or by murder, at the age of 21. Arbogast and Theodosius failed to come to terms and Arbogast nominated an imperial official, Eugenius ( r. 392 -- 394 ), as emperor in the West. Eugenius made some modest attempts to win pagan support, and with Arbogast led a large army to fight another destructive civil war. They were defeated and killed at the Battle of the Frigidus, which was attended by further heavy losses especially among the Gothic federates of Theodosius. The north - eastern approaches to Italy were never effectively garrisoned again. The Eastern and Western Roman Empire at the death of Theodosius I in 395 Theodosius died a few months later in early 395, leaving his young sons Honorius ( r. 395 -- 423 ) and Arcadius ( r. 395 -- 408 ) as emperors. In the immediate aftermath of Theodosius 's death, the magister militum Stilicho, married to Theodosius 's niece, asserted himself in the West as the guardian of Honorius and commander of the remains of the defeated Western army. He also claimed control over Arcadius in Constantinople, but Rufinus, magister officiorum on the spot, had already established his own power there. Henceforward the Empire was not under the control of one man, until much of the West had been permanently lost. Neither Honorius nor Arcadius ever displayed any ability either as rulers or as generals, and both lived as the puppets of their courts. Stilicho tried to reunite the Eastern and Western courts under his personal control, but in doing so achieved only the continued hostility of all of Arcadius 's successive supreme ministers. Military, financial, and political ineffectiveness : the process of failure The ineffectiveness of Roman military responses from Stilicho onwards has been described as `` shocking '', with little evidence of indigenous field forces or of adequate training, discipline, pay, or supply for the barbarians who formed most of the available troops. Local defence was occasionally effective, but was often associated with withdrawal from central control and taxes ; in many areas, barbarians under Roman authority attacked culturally - Roman `` Bagaudae ''. Corruption, in this context the diversion of public finance from the needs of the army, may have contributed greatly to the Fall. The rich senatorial aristocrats in Rome itself became increasingly influential during the fifth century ; they supported armed strength in theory, but did not wish to pay for it or to offer their own workers as army recruits. They did, however, pass large amounts of money to the Christian Church. At a local level, from the early fourth century, the town councils lost their property and their power, which often became concentrated in the hands of a few local despots beyond the reach of the law. The fifth - century Western emperors, with brief exceptions, were individuals incapable of ruling effectively or even of controlling their own courts. Those exceptions were responsible for brief, but remarkable resurgences of Roman power. 395 -- 406 ; Stilicho The emperor Honorius, a contemporary depiction on a consular diptych issued by Anicius Petronius Probus to celebrate Probus 's consulship in 406, now in the Aosta museum Without an authoritative ruler, the Balkan provinces fell rapidly into disorder. Alaric was disappointed in his hopes for promotion to magister militum after the battle of the Frigidus. He again led Gothic tribesmen in arms and established himself as an independent power, burning the countryside as far as the walls of Constantinople. Alaric 's ambitions for long - term Roman office were never quite acceptable to the Roman imperial courts, and his men could never settle long enough to farm in any one area. They showed no inclination to leave the Empire and face the Huns from whom they had fled in 376 ; indeed the Huns were still stirring up further migrations which often ended by attacking Rome in turn. Alaric 's group was never destroyed nor expelled from the Empire, nor acculturated under effective Roman domination. Stilicho 's attempts to unify the Empire, revolts, and invasions Stilicho moved with his remaining mobile forces into Greece, a clear threat to Rufinus ' control of the Eastern empire. The bulk of Rufinus ' forces were occupied with Hunnic incursions in Asia Minor and Syria, leaving Thrace undefended. He opted to enlist Alaric and his men, and sent them to Thessaly to stave off Stilicho 's threat, which they did. No battle took place. Stilicho was forced to send some of his Eastern forces home. They went to Constantinople under the command of one Gainas, a Goth with a large Gothic following. On arrival, Gainas murdered Rufinus, and was appointed magister militum for Thrace by Eutropius, the new supreme minister and the only eunuch consul of Rome, who controlled Arcadius `` as if he were a sheep ''. Stilicho obtained a few more troops from the German frontier and continued to campaign ineffectively against the Eastern empire ; again he was successfully opposed by Alaric and his men. During the next year, 397, Eutropius personally led his troops to victory over some Huns who were marauding in Asia Minor. With his position thus strengthened he declared Stilicho a public enemy, and he established Alaric as magister militum per Illyricum. A poem by Synesius advises the emperor to display manliness and remove a `` skin - clad savage '' ( probably Alaric ) from the councils of power and his barbarians from the Roman army. We do not know if Arcadius ever became aware of the existence of this advice, but it had no recorded effect. Synesius, from a province suffering the widespread ravages of a few poor but greedy barbarians, also complained of `` the peacetime war, one almost worse than the barbarian war and arising from military indiscipline and the officer 's greed. '' The Favorites of the Emperor Honorius, by John William Waterhouse, 1883 The magister militum in the Diocese of Africa declared for the East and stopped the supply of grain to Rome. Italy had not fed itself for centuries and could not do so now. In 398, Stilicho sent his last reserves, a few thousand men, to re-take the Diocese of Africa, and he strengthened his position further when he married his daughter Maria to Honorius. Throughout this period Stilicho, and all other generals, were desperately short of recruits and supplies for them. In 400, Stilicho was charged to press into service any `` laetus, Alamannus, Sarmatian, vagrant, son of a veteran '' or any other person liable to serve. He had reached the bottom of his recruitment pool. Though personally not corrupt, he was very active in confiscating assets ; the financial and administrative machine was not producing enough support for the army. An ivory diptych, thought to depict Stilicho ( right ) with his wife Serena and son Eucherius, ca. 395 ( Monza Cathedral ) In 399, Tribigild 's rebellion in Asia Minor allowed Gainas to accumulate a significant army ( mostly Goths ), become supreme in the Eastern court, and execute Eutropius. He now felt that he could dispense with Alaric 's services and he nominally transferred Alaric 's province to the West. This administrative change removed Alaric 's Roman rank and his entitlement to legal provisioning for his men, leaving his army -- the only significant force in the ravaged Balkans -- as a problem for Stilicho. In 400, the citizens of Constantinople revolted against Gainas and massacred as many of his people, soldiers and their families, as they could catch. Some Goths at least built rafts and tried to cross the strip of sea that separates Asia from Europe ; the Roman navy slaughtered them. By the beginning of 401, Gainas ' head rode a pike through Constantinople while another Gothic general became consul. Meanwhile, groups of Huns started a series of attacks across the Danube, and the Isaurians marauded far and wide in Anatolia. In 401 Stilicho travelled over the Alps to Raetia, to scrape up further troops. He left the Rhine defended only by the `` dread '' of Roman retaliation, rather than by adequate forces able to take the field. Early in spring, Alaric, probably desperate, invaded Italy, and he drove Honorius westward from Mediolanum, besieging him in Hasta Pompeia in Liguria. Stilicho returned as soon as the passes had cleared, meeting Alaric in two battles ( near Pollentia and Verona ) without decisive results. The Goths, weakened, were allowed to retreat back to Illyricum where the Western court again gave Alaric office, though only as comes and only over Dalmatia and Pannonia Secunda rather than the whole of Illyricum. Stilicho probably supposed that this pact would allow him to put Italian government into order and recruit fresh troops. He may also have planned with Alaric 's help to relaunch his attempts to gain control over the Eastern court. Christian pendant of Empress Maria, daughter of Stilicho, and wife of Honorius. Musée du Louvre. The pendant reads, around a central cross ( clockwise ) : HONORI MARIA SERHNA VIVATIS STELICHO. The letters form a Christogram However, in 405, Stilicho was distracted by a fresh invasion of Northern Italy. Another group of Goths fleeing the Huns, led by one Radagaisus, devastated the north of Italy for six months before Stilicho could muster enough forces to take the field against them. Stilicho recalled troops from Britannia and the depth of the crisis was shown when he urged all Roman soldiers to allow their personal slaves to fight beside them. His forces, including Hun and Alan auxiliaries, may in the end have totalled rather less than 15,000 men. Radagaisus was defeated and executed. 12,000 prisoners from the defeated horde were drafted into Stilicho 's service. Stilicho continued negotiations with Alaric ; Flavius Aetius, son of one of Stilicho 's major supporters, was sent as a hostage to Alaric in 405. In 406 Stilicho, hearing of new invaders and rebels who had appeared in the northern provinces, insisted on making peace with Alaric, probably on the basis that Alaric would prepare to move either against the Eastern court or against the rebels in Gaul. The Senate deeply resented peace with Alaric ; in 407, when Alaric marched into Noricum and demanded a large payment for his expensive efforts in Stilicho 's interests, the senate, `` inspired by the courage, rather than the wisdom, of their predecessors, '' preferred war. One senator famously declaimed Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis ( `` This is not peace, but a pact of servitude '' ). Stilicho paid Alaric four thousand pounds of gold nevertheless. Stilicho sent Sarus, a Gothic general, over the Alps to face the usurper Constantine III, but he lost and barely escaped, having to leave his baggage to the bandits who now infested the Alpine passes. The empress Maria, daughter of Stilicho, died in 407 or early 408 and her sister Aemilia Materna Thermantia married Honorius. In the East, Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son Theodosius II ; Stilicho seems to have planned to march to Constantinople, and to install there a regime loyal to himself. He may also have intended to give Alaric a senior official position and send him against the rebels in Gaul. Before he could do so, while he was away at Ticinum at the head of a small detachment, a bloody coup against his supporters took place at Honorius 's court. It was led by Stilicho 's own creature, one Olympius. 408 -- 410 ; the end of an effective regular field army, starvation in Italy, sack of Rome Stilicho 's Fall and Alaric 's reaction Stilicho had news of the coup at Bononia ( where he was probably waiting for Alaric ). His small escort of barbarians was led by Sarus, who rebelled. His Gothic troops massacred the Hun contingent in their sleep, and then withdrew towards the cities in which their families were billeted. Stilicho ordered that these troops should not be admitted, but, now without an army, he was forced to flee for sanctuary, promised his life, and killed. Alaric was again declared an enemy of the Emperor. The conspiracy then massacred the families of the federate troops ( as presumed supporters of Stilicho, although they had probably rebelled against him ), and the troops defected en masse to Alaric. The conspirators seem to have let their main army disintegrate, and had no policy except hunting down supporters of Stilicho. Italy was left without effective indigenous defence forces thereafter. Heraclianus, a co-conspirator of Olympius, became governor of the Diocese of Africa, where he controlled the source of most of Italy 's grain, and he supplied food only in the interests of Honorius 's regime. As a declared ' enemy of the Emperor ', Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he needed to collect taxes and hold cities without large garrisons, which he could not afford to detach. He again offered to move his men, this time to Pannonia, in exchange for a modest sum of money and the modest title of Comes, but he was refused as a supporter of Stilicho. He moved into Italy, probably using the route and supplies arranged for him by Stilicho, bypassing the imperial court in Ravenna which was protected by widespread marshland and had a port, and he menaced the city of Rome itself. In 407, there was no equivalent of the determined response to the catastrophic Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, when the entire Roman population, even slaves, had been mobilized to resist the enemy. Alaric 's military operations centred on the port of Rome, through which Rome 's grain supply had to pass. Alaric 's first siege of Rome in 408 caused dreadful famine within the walls. It was ended by a payment that, though large, was less than one of the richest senators could have produced. The super-rich aristocrats made little contribution ; pagan temples were stripped of ornaments to make up the total. With promises of freedom, Alaric also recruited many of the slaves in Rome. Alaric withdrew to Tuscany and recruited more slaves. Ataulf, a Goth nominally in Roman service and brother - in - law to Alaric, marched through Italy to join Alaric despite taking casualties from a small force of Hunnic mercenaries led by Olympius. Sarus was an enemy of Ataulf, and on Ataulf 's arrival went back into imperial service. Alaric besieges Rome In 409 Olympius fell to further intrigue, having his ears cut off before he was beaten to death. Alaric tried again to negotiate with Honorius, but his demands ( now even more moderate, only frontier land and food ) were inflated by the messenger and Honorius responded with insults, which were reported verbatim to Alaric. He broke off negotiations and the standoff continued. Honorius 's court made overtures to the usurper Constantine III in Gaul and arranged to bring Hunnic forces into Italy, Alaric ravaged Italy outside the fortified cities ( which he could not garrison ), and the Romans refused open battle ( for which they had inadequate forces ). Late in the year Alaric sent bishops to express his readiness to leave Italy if Honorius would only grant his people a supply of grain. Honorius, sensing weakness, flatly refused. Alaric moved to Rome and captured Galla Placidia, sister of Honorius. The Senate in Rome, despite its loathing for Alaric, was now desperate enough to give him almost anything he wanted. They had no food to offer, but they tried to give him imperial legitimacy ; with the Senate 's acquiescence, he elevated Priscus Attalus as his puppet emperor, and he marched on Ravenna. Honorius was planning to flee to Constantinople when a reinforcing army of 4,000 soldiers from the East disembarked in Ravenna. These garrisoned the walls and Honorius held on. He had Constantine 's principal court supporter executed and Constantine abandoned plans to march to Honorius 's defence. Attalus failed to establish his control over the Diocese of Africa, and no grain arrived in Rome where the famine became even more frightful. Jerome reports cannibalism within the walls. Attalus brought Alaric no real advantage, failing also to come to any useful agreement with Honorius ( who was offered mutilation, humiliation, and exile ). Indeed, Attalus 's claim was a marker of threat to Honorius, and Alaric dethroned him after a few months. In 410 Alaric took Rome by starvation, sacked it for three days ( there was relatively little destruction, and in some Christian holy places Alaric 's men even refrained from wanton wrecking and rape ), and invited its remaining barbarian slaves to join him, which many did. The city of Rome was the seat of the richest senatorial noble families and the centre of their cultural patronage ; to pagans it was the sacred origin of the empire, and to Christians the seat of the heir of Saint Peter, Pope Innocent I, the most authoritative bishop of the West. Rome had not fallen to an enemy since the Battle of the Allia over eight centuries before. Refugees spread the news and their stories throughout the Empire, and the meaning of the fall was debated with religious fervour. Both Christians and pagans wrote embittered tracts, blaming paganism or Christianity respectively for the loss of Rome 's supernatural protection, and blaming Stilicho 's earthly failures in either case. Some Christian responses anticipated the imminence of Judgement Day. Augustine in his book `` City of God '' ultimately rejected the pagan and Christian idea that religion should have worldly benefits ; he developed the doctrine that the City of God in heaven, undamaged by mundane disasters, was the true objective of Christians. More practically, Honorius was briefly persuaded to set aside the laws forbidding pagans to be military officers, so that one Generidus could re-establish Roman control in Dalmatia. Generidus did this with unusual effectiveness ; his techniques were remarkable for this period, in that they included training his troops, disciplining them, and giving them appropriate supplies even if he had to use his own money. The penal laws were reinstated no later than 25 August 410 and the overall trend of repression of paganism continued. Inscription honouring Honorius, as florentissimo invictissimoque, the most excellent and invincible, 417 -- 418, Forum Romanum Procopius mentions a story in which Honorius, on hearing the news that Rome had `` perished '', was shocked, thinking the news was in reference to his favorite chicken he had named `` Roma ''. On hearing that Rome itself had fallen he breathed a sigh of relief : At that time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Roma had perished. And he cried out and said, `` And yet it has just eaten from my hands! '' For he had a very large cockerel, Roma by name ; and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of Roma which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief answered quickly : `` But I thought that my fowl Roma had perished. '' So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was possessed. -- Procopius, The Vandalic War ( De Bellis III. 2.25 -- 26 ) The Goths move out of Italy Alaric then moved south, intending to sail to Africa, but his ships were wrecked in a storm and he shortly died of fever. His successor Ataulf, still regarded as an usurper and given only occasional and short - term grants of supplies, moved north into the turmoil of Gaul, where there was some prospect of food. His supergroup of barbarians are called the Visigoths in modern works : they may now have been developing their own sense of identity. 405 -- 418 in the Gallic provinces ; barbarians and usurpers, loss of Britannia, partial loss of Hispania and Gaul The Crossing of the Rhine in 405 / 6 brought unmanageable numbers of German and Alan barbarians ( perhaps some 30,000 warriors, 100,000 people ) into Gaul. They may have been trying to get away from the Huns, who about this time advanced to occupy the Great Hungarian Plain. For the next few years these barbarian tribes wandered in search of food and employment, while Roman forces fought each other in the name of Honorius and a number of competing claimants to the imperial throne. The remaining troops in Britannia elevated a succession of imperial usurpers. The last, Constantine III, raised an army from the remaining troops in Britannia, invaded Gaul and defeated forces loyal to Honorius led by Sarus. Constantine 's power reached its peak in 409 when he controlled Gaul and beyond, he was joint consul with Honorius and his magister militum Gerontius defeated the last Roman force to try to hold the borders of Hispania. It was led by relatives of Honorius ; Constantine executed them. Gerontius went to Hispania where he may have settled the Sueves and the Asding Vandals. Gerontius then fell out with his master and elevated one Maximus as his own puppet emperor. He defeated Constantine and was besieging him in Arelate when Honorius 's general Constantius arrived from Italy with an army ( possibly, mainly of Hun mercenaries ). Gerontius 's troops deserted him and he committed suicide. Constantius continued the siege, defeating a relieving army. Constantine surrendered in 411 with a promise that his life would be spared, and was executed. In 410, the Roman civitates of Britannia rebelled against Constantine and evicted his officials. They asked for help from Honorius, who replied that they should look to their own defence. While the British may have regarded themselves as Roman for several generations, and British armies may at times have fought in Gaul, no central Roman government is known to have appointed officials in Britannia thereafter. In 411, Jovinus rebelled and took over Constantine 's remaining troops on the Rhine. He relied on the support of Burgundians and Alans to whom he offered supplies and land. In 413 Jovinus also recruited Sarus ; Ataulf destroyed their regime in the name of Honorius and both Jovinus and Sarus were executed. The Burgundians were settled on the left bank of the Rhine. Ataulf then operated in the south of Gaul, sometimes with short - term supplies from the Romans. All usurpers had been defeated, but large barbarian groups remained un-subdued in both Gaul and Hispania.. The imperial government was quick to restore the Rhine frontier. The invading tribes of 407 had passed into Spain at the end of 409 but the Visigoths had exited Italy at the beginning of 412 and settled themselves in Narbo. Heraclianus was still in command in the diocese of Africa, the last of the clique that overthrew Stilicho to retain power. In 413 he led an invasion of Italy, lost to a subordinate of Constantius, and fled back to Africa where he was murdered by Constantius 's agents. In January 414 Roman naval forces blockaded Ataulf in Narbo, where he married Galla Placidia. The choir at the wedding included Attalus, a puppet emperor without revenues or soldiers. Ataulf famously declared that he had abandoned his intention to set up a Gothic empire because of the irredeemable barbarity of his followers, and instead he sought to restore the Roman Empire. He handed Attalus over to Honorius 's regime for mutilation, humiliation, and exile, and abandoned Attalus 's supporters. ( One of them, Paulinus Pellaeus, recorded that the Goths considered themselves merciful for allowing him and his household to leave destitute, but alive, without being raped. ) Ataulf moved out of Gaul, to Barcelona. There his infant son by Galla Placidia was buried, and there Ataulf was assassinated by one of his household retainers, possibly a former follower of Sarus. His ultimate successor Wallia had no agreement with the Romans ; his people had to plunder in Hispania for food. Settlement of 418 ; barbarians within the Empire Areas allotted to or claimed by barbarian groups in 416 -- 418 In 416 Wallia reached agreement with Constantius ; he sent Galla Placidia back to Honorius and received provisions, six hundred thousand modii of wheat. From 416 to 418, Wallia 's Goths campaigned in Hispania on Constantius 's behalf, exterminating the Siling Vandals in Baetica and reducing the Alans to the point where the survivors sought the protection of the king of the Asding Vandals. ( After retrenchment they formed another barbarian supergroup, but for the moment they were reduced in numbers and effectively cowed. ) In 418, by agreement with Constantius, Wallia 's Goths accepted land to farm in Aquitania. Constantius also reinstituted an annual council of the southern Gallic provinces, to meet at Arelate. Although Constantius rebuilt the western field army to some extent -- the Notitia Dignitatum gives a list of the units of the western field army at this time -- he did so only by replacing half of its units ( vanished in the wars since 395 ) by re-graded barbarians, and by garrison troops removed from the frontier. Constantius had married the princess Galla Placidia ( despite her protests ) in 417. The couple soon had two children, Honoria and Valentinian III, and Constantius was elevated to the position of Augustus in 420. This earned him the hostility of the Eastern court, which had not agreed to his elevation. Nevertheless, Constantius had achieved an unassailable position at the Western court, in the imperial family, and as the able commander - in - chief of a partially restored army. This settlement represented a real success for the Empire -- a poem by Rutilius Namatianus celebrates his voyage back to Gaul in 417 and his confidence in a restoration of prosperity. But it marked huge losses of territory and of revenue ; Rutilius travelled by ship past the ruined bridges and countryside of Tuscany, and in the west the River Loire had become the effective northern boundary of Roman Gaul. In the east of Gaul the Franks controlled large areas ; the effective line of Roman control until 455 ran from north of Cologne ( lost to the Ripuarian Franks in 459 ) to Boulogne. The Italian areas which had been compelled to support the Goths had most of their taxes remitted for several years. Even in southern Gaul and Hispania large barbarian groups remained, with thousands of warriors, in their own non-Roman military and social systems. Some occasionally acknowledged a degree of Roman political control, but without the local application of Roman leadership and military power they and their individual subgroups pursued their own interests. 421 -- 433 ; renewed dissension after the death of Constantius, partial loss of the Diocese of Africa Constantius died in 421, after only seven months as Augustus. He had been careful to make sure that there was no successor in waiting, and his own children were far too young to take his place. Honorius was unable to control his own court and the death of Constantius initiated more than ten years of instability. Initially Galla Placidia sought Honorius 's favour in the hope that her son might ultimately inherit. Other court interests managed to defeat her, and she fled with her children to the Eastern court in 422. Honorius himself died, shortly before his thirty - ninth birthday, in 423. After some months of intrigue, the patrician Castinus installed Joannes as Western Emperor, but the Eastern Roman government proclaimed the child Valentinian III instead, his mother Galla Placidia acting as regent during his minority. Joannes had few troops of his own. He sent Aetius to raise help from the Huns. An Eastern army landed in Italy, captured Joannes, cut his hand off, abused him in public, and killed him with most of his senior officials. Aetius returned, three days after Joannes ' death, at the head of a substantial Hunnic army which made him the most powerful general in Italy. After some fighting, Placidia and Aetius came to an agreement ; the Huns were paid off and sent home, while Aetius received the position of magister militum. Galla Placidia, as Augusta, mother of the Emperor, and his guardian until 437, could maintain a dominant position in court, but women in Ancient Rome did not exercise military power and she could not herself become a general. She tried for some years to avoid reliance on a single dominant military figure, maintaining a balance of power between her three senior officers, Aetius ( magister militum in Gaul ), Count Boniface governor in the Diocese of Africa, and Flavius Felix magister militum praesentalis in Italy. Meanwhile, the Empire deteriorated seriously. Apart from the losses in the Diocese of Africa, Hispania was slipping out of central control and into the hands of local rulers and Suevic bandits. In Gaul the Rhine frontier had collapsed, the Visigoths in Aquitaine may have launched further attacks on Narbo and Arelate, and the Franks, increasingly powerful although disunited, were the major power in the north - east. Aremorica was controlled by Bagaudae, local leaders not under the authority of the Empire. Aetius at least campaigned vigorously and mostly victoriously, defeating aggressive Visigoths, Franks, fresh Germanic invaders, Bagaudae in Aremorica, and a rebellion in Noricum. Not for the first time in Rome 's history, a triumvirate of mutually distrustful rulers proved unstable. In 427 Felix tried to recall Boniface from Africa ; he refused, and overcame Felix 's invading force. Boniface probably recruited some Vandal troops among others. In 428 the Vandals and Alans were united under the able, ferocious, and long - lived king Genseric ; he moved his entire people to Tarifa near Gibraltar, divided them into 80 groups nominally of 1,000 people, ( perhaps 20,000 warriors in total ), and crossed from Hispania to Mauretania without opposition. ( The Straits of Gibraltar were not an important thoroughfare at the time, and there were no significant fortifications nor military presence at this end of the Mediterranean. ) They spent a year moving slowly to Numidia, defeating Boniface. He returned to Italy where Aetius had recently had Felix executed. Boniface was promoted to magister militum and earned the enmity of Aetius, who may have been absent in Gaul at the time. In 432 the two met at the Battle of Ravenna which left Aetius 's forces defeated and Boniface mortally wounded. Aetius temporarily retired to his estates, but after an attempt to murder him he raised another Hunnic army ( probably by conceding parts of Pannonia to them ) and in 433 he returned to Italy, overcoming all rivals. He never threatened to become an Augustus himself and thus maintained the support of the Eastern court, where Valentinian 's cousin Theodosius II reigned until 450. 433 -- 454 ; ascendancy of Aetius, loss of carthage Aetius campaigned vigorously, somewhat stabilizing the situation in Gaul and in Hispania. He relied heavily on his forces of Huns. With a ferocity celebrated centuries later in the Nibelungenlied, the Huns slaughtered many Burgundians on the middle Rhine, re-establishing the survivors as Roman allies, the first Kingdom of the Burgundians. This may have returned some sort of Roman authority to Trier. Eastern troops reinforced Carthage, temporarily halting the Vandals, who in 435 agreed to limit themselves to Numidia and leave the most fertile parts of North Africa in peace. Aetius concentrated his limited military resources to defeat the Visigoths again, and his diplomacy restored a degree of order to Hispania. However, his general Litorius was badly defeated by the Visigoths at Toulouse, and a new Suevic king, Rechiar, began vigorous assaults on what remained of Roman Hispania. At one point Rechiar even allied with Bagaudae. These were Romans not under imperial control ; some of their reasons for rebellion may be indicated by the remarks of a Roman captive under Attila who was happy in his lot, giving a lively account of the vices of a declining empire, of which he had so long been the victim ; the cruel absurdity of the Roman princes, unable to protect their subjects against the public enemy, unwilling to trust them with arms for their own defence ; the intolerable weight of taxes, rendered still more oppressive by the intricate or arbitrary modes of collection ; the obscurity of numerous and contradictory laws ; the tedious and expensive forms of judicial proceedings ; the partial administration of justice ; and the universal corruption, which increased the influence of the rich, and aggravated the misfortunes of the poor. A religious polemic of about this time complains bitterly of the oppression and extortion suffered by all but the richest Romans. Many wished to flee to the Bagaudae or even to foul - smelling barbarians. Although these men differ in customs and language from those with whom they have taken refuge, and are unaccustomed too, if I may say so, to the nauseous odor of the bodies and clothing of the barbarians, yet they prefer the strange life they find there to the injustice rife among the Romans. So you find men passing over everywhere, now to the Goths, now to the Bagaudae, or whatever other barbarians have established their power anywhere... We call those men rebels and utterly abandoned, whom we ourselves have forced into crime. For by what other causes were they made Bagaudae save by our unjust acts, the wicked decisions of the magistrates, the proscription and extortion of those who have turned the public exactions to the increase of their private fortunes and made the tax indictions their opportunity for plunder? From Britannia comes an indication of the prosperity which freedom from taxes could bring. No sooner were the ravages of the enemy checked, than the island was deluged with a most extraordinary plenty of all things, greater than was before known, and with it grew up every kind of luxury and licentiousness. Nevertheless, effective imperial protection from barbarian ravages was eagerly sought. About this time authorities in Britannia asked Aetius for help : `` To Aetius, now consul for the third time : the groans of the Britons. '' And again a little further, thus : -- `` The barbarians drive us to the sea ; the sea throws us back on the barbarians : thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or drowned. '' The Romans, however, could not assist them... The Visigoths passed another waymark on their journey to full independence ; they made their own foreign policy, sending princesses to make ( rather unsuccessful ) marriage alliances with Rechiar of the Sueves and with Huneric, son of the Vandal king Genseric. In 439 the Vandals moved eastward ( temporarily abandoning Numidia ) and captured Carthage, where they established an independent state with a powerful navy. This brought immediate financial crisis to the Western Empire ; the diocese of Africa was prosperous, normally required few troops to keep it secure, contributed large tax revenues, and exported wheat to feed Rome and many other areas. Roman troops assembled in Sicily, but the planned counter-attack never happened. Huns attacked the Eastern empire, and the troops, which had been sent against Genseric, were hastily recalled from Sicily ; the garrisons, on the side of Persia, were exhausted ; and a military force was collected in Europe, formidable by their arms and numbers, if the generals had understood the science of command, and the soldiers the duty of obedience. The armies of the Eastern empire were vanquished in three successive engagements... From the Hellespont to Thermopylae, and the suburbs of Constantinople, ( Attila ) ravaged, without resistance, and without mercy, the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia. Attila 's invasions of the East were stopped by the walls of Constantinople, and at this heavily fortified Eastern end of the Mediterranean there were no significant barbarian invasions across the sea into the rich southerly areas of Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt. Despite internal and external threats, and more religious discord than the West, these provinces remained prosperous contributors to tax revenue ; despite the ravages of Attila 's armies and the extortions of his peace treaties, tax revenue generally continued to be adequate for the essential state functions of the Eastern empire. Genseric settled his Vandals as landowners and in 442 was able to negotiate very favourable peace terms with the Western court. He kept his latest gains and his eldest son Huneric was honoured by betrothal to Princess Eudocia, who carried the legitimacy of the Theodosian dynasty. Huneric 's Gothic wife was suspected of trying to poison her father - in - law Genseric ; he sent her home without her nose or ears, and his Gothic alliance came to an early end. The Romans regained Numidia, and Rome again received a grain supply from Africa. The losses of income from the Diocese of Africa were equivalent to the costs of nearly 40,000 infantry or over 20,000 cavalry. The imperial regime had to increase taxes. Despite admitting that the peasantry could pay no more, and that a sufficient army could not be raised, the imperial regime protected the interests of landowners displaced from Africa and allowed wealthy individuals to avoid taxes. 444 -- 453 ; attacks by the Empire of Attila the Hun In 444, the Huns were united under Attila. His subjects included Huns, outnumbered several times over by other groups, predominantly Germanic. His power rested partly on his continued ability to reward his favoured followers with precious metals, and he continued to attack the Eastern Empire until 450, by when he had extracted vast sums of money and many other concessions. Attila may not have needed any excuse to turn West, but he received one in the form of a plea for help from Honoria, the Emperor 's sister, who was being forced into a marriage which she resented. Attila claimed Honoria as his wife and half of the Western Empire 's territory as his dowry. Faced with refusal, he invaded Gaul in 451 with a huge army. In the bloody battle of the Catalaunian Plains the invasion was stopped by the combined forces of the barbarians within the Western empire, coordinated by Aetius and supported by what troops he could muster. The next year, Attila invaded Italy and proceeded to march upon Rome, but an outbreak of disease in his army, lack of supplies, reports that Eastern Roman troops were attacking his noncombatant population in Pannonia, and, possibly, Pope Leo 's plea for peace induced him to halt this campaign. Attila unexpectedly died a year later ( 453 ) and his empire crumbled as his followers fought for power. The life of Severinus of Noricum gives glimpses of the general insecurity, and ultimate retreat of the Romans on the Upper Danube, in the aftermath of Attila 's death. The Romans were without adequate forces ; the barbarians inflicted haphazard extortion, murder, kidnap, and plunder on the Romans and on each other. So long as the Roman dominion lasted, soldiers were maintained in many towns at the public expense to guard the boundary wall. When this custom ceased, the squadrons of soldiers and the boundary wall were blotted out together. The troop at Batavis, however, held out. Some soldiers of this troop had gone to Italy to fetch the final pay to their comrades, and no one knew that the barbarians had slain them on the way. In 454 Aetius was personally stabbed to death by Valentinian, who was himself murdered by the dead general 's supporters a year later. ( Valentinian ) thought he had slain his master ; he found that he had slain his protector : and he fell a helpless victim to the first conspiracy which was hatched against his throne. A rich senatorial aristocrat, Petronius Maximus, who had encouraged both murders, then seized the throne. He broke the engagement between Huneric, prince of the Vandals, and Princess Eudocia, and had time to send Avitus to ask for the help of the Visigoths in Gaul before the Vandals sailed to Italy. Petronius was unable to muster any effective response and was killed by a mob as he tried to flee the city. The Vandals entered Rome, and plundered it for two weeks. Despite the shortage of money for the defence of the state, considerable private wealth had accumulated since the previous sack in 410. The Vandals sailed away with large amounts of treasure and also with the Princess Eudocia, who became the wife of one Vandal king and the mother of another. The Vandals conquered Sicily, and their fleet became a constant danger to Roman sea trade and to the coasts and islands of the western Mediterranean. 455 -- 456 ; failure of Avitus, further losses in Gaul, rise of Ricimer Avitus, at the Visigothic court in Burdigala, declared himself Emperor. He moved on Rome with Visigothic support which gained his acceptance by Majorian and Ricimer, commanders of the remaining army of Italy. This was the first time that a barbarian kingdom had played a key role in the imperial succession. Avitus 's son - in - law Sidonius wrote propaganda to present the Visigothic king Theoderic II as a reasonable man with whom a Roman regime could do business. Theoderic 's payoff included precious metal from stripping the remaining public ornaments of Italy, and an unsupervised campaign in Hispania. There he not only defeated the Sueves, executing his brother - in - law Rechiar, but he also plundered Roman cities. The Burgundians expanded their kingdom in the Rhone valley and the Vandals took the remains of the Diocese of Africa. In 456 the Visigothic army was too heavily engaged in Hispania to be an effective threat to Italy, and Ricimer had just destroyed a pirate fleet of sixty Vandal ships ; Majorian and Ricimer marched against Avitus and defeated him near Placentia. He was forced to become Bishop of Placentia, and died ( possibly murdered ) a few weeks later. 457 -- 467 ; resurgence under Majorian, attempt to recover Africa, control by Ricimer During his four - year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul, meanwhile reducing the Visigoths, Burgundians and Suevi to federate status. Majorian and Ricimer were now in control of Italy. Ricimer was the son of a Suevic king and his mother was the daughter of a Gothic one, so he could not aspire to an imperial throne. After some months, allowing for negotiation with the new emperor of Constantinople and the defeat of 900 Alamannic invaders of Italy by one of his subordinates, Majorian was acclaimed as Augustus. Majorian is described by Gibbon as `` a great and heroic character ''. He rebuilt the army and navy of Italy with vigour and set about recovering the remaining Gallic provinces, which had not recognized his elevation. He defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Arelate, reducing them to federate status and obliging them to give up their claims in Hispania ; he moved on to subdue the Burgundians, the Gallo - Romans around Lugdunum ( who were granted tax concessions and whose senior officials were appointed from their own ranks ) and the Suevi and Bagaudae in Hispania. Marcellinus, magister militum in Dalmatia and the pagan general of a well - equipped army, acknowledged him as emperor and recovered Sicily from the Vandals. Aegidius also acknowledged Majorian and took effective charge of northern Gaul. ( Aegidius may also have used the title `` King of the Franks ''. ) Abuses in tax collection were reformed and the city councils were strengthened, both actions necessary to rebuild the strength of the Empire but disadvantageous to the richest aristocrats. Majorian prepared a fleet at Carthago Nova for the essential reconquest of the Diocese of Africa. The fleet was burned by traitors, and Majorian made peace with the Vandals and returned to Italy. Here Ricimer met him, arrested him, and executed him five days later. Marcellinus in Dalmatia, and Aegidius around Soissons in northern Gaul, rejected both Ricimer and his puppets and maintained some version of Roman rule in their areas. Ricimer later ceded Narbo and its hinterland to the Visigoths for their help against Aegidius ; this made it impossible for Roman armies to march from Italy to Hispania. Ricimer was then the effective ruler of Italy ( but little else ) for several years. From 461 to 465 the pious Italian aristocrat Libius Severus reigned. There is no record of anything significant that he even tried to achieve, he was never acknowledged by the East whose help Ricimer needed, and he died conveniently in 465. 467 -- 472, Anthemius ; an emperor and an army from the East Tremissis of Anthemius After two years without a Western Emperor, the Eastern court nominated Anthemius, a successful general who had a strong claim on the Eastern throne. He arrived in Italy with an army, supported by Marcellinus and his fleet ; he married his daughter to Ricimer, and he was proclaimed Augustus in 467. In 468, at vast expense, the Eastern empire assembled an enormous force to help the West retake the Diocese of Africa. Marcellinus rapidly drove the Vandals from Sardinia and Sicily, and a land invasion evicted them from Tripolitania. The commander in chief with the main force defeated a Vandal fleet near Sicily and landed at Cape Bon. Here Genseric offered to surrender, if he could have a five - day truce to prepare the process. He used the respite to prepare a full - scale attack preceded by fireships, which destroyed most of the Roman fleet and killed many of its soldiers. The Vandals were confirmed in their possession of the Diocese of Africa and they retook Sardinia and Sicily. Marcellinus was murdered, possibly on orders from Ricimer. The Praetorian prefect of Gaul, Arvandus, tried to persuade the new king of the Visigoths to rebel, on the grounds that Roman power in Gaul was finished anyway, but he refused. Anthemius was still in command of an army in Italy. Additionally, in northern Gaul, a British army led by one Riothamus, operated in imperial interests. Anthemius sent his son over the Alps, with an army, to request that the Visigoths return southern Gaul to Roman control. This would have allowed the Empire land access to Hispania again. The Visigoths refused, defeated the forces of both Riothamus and Anthemius, and with the Burgundians took over almost all of the remaining imperial territory in southern Gaul. Ricimer then quarreled with Anthemius, and besieged him in Rome, which surrendered in July 472 after more months of starvation. Anthemius was captured and executed ( on Ricimer 's orders ) by the Burgundian prince Gundobad. In August Ricimer died of a pulmonary haemorrhage. Olybrius, his new emperor, named Gundobad as his patrician, then died himself shortly thereafter. 472 -- 476 ; the final emperors, puppets of the Warlords After the death of Olybrius there was a further interregnum until March 473, when Gundobad proclaimed Glycerius emperor. He may have made some attempt to intervene in Gaul ; if so, it was unsuccessful. Tremissis of Julius Nepos In 474 Julius Nepos, nephew and successor of the general Marcellinus, arrived in Rome with soldiers and authority from the eastern emperor Leo I. Gundobad had already left to contest the Burgundian throne in Gaul and Glycerius gave up without a fight, retiring to become bishop of Salona in Dalmatia. In 475, Orestes, a former secretary of Attila, drove Julius Nepos out of Ravenna and proclaimed his own son Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus ( Romulus Augustulus ) to be Emperor, on October 31. His surname ' Augustus ' was given the diminutive form ' Augustulus ' by rivals because he was still a minor, and he was never recognized outside of Italy as a legitimate ruler. In 476, Orestes refused to grant Odoacer and the Heruli federated status, prompting an invasion. Orestes fled to the city of Pavia on August 23, 476, where the city 's bishop gave him sanctuary. Orestes was soon forced to flee Pavia when Odoacer 's army broke through the city walls, and his army ravaged the city. Odoacer 's army chased Orestes to Piacenza, where they captured and executed him on August 28, 476. On September 4, 476, Odoacer forced then 16 - year - old Romulus Augustulus, whom his father Orestes had proclaimed to be Rome 's Emperor, to abdicate. After deposing Romulus, Odoacer did not execute him. The Anonymus Valesianus wrote that Odoacer, `` taking pity on his youth '', spared Romulus ' life and granted him an annual pension of 6,000 solidi before sending him to live with relatives in Campania. Odoacer then installed himself as ruler over Italy, and sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople. From 476 ; last emperor, rump states Europe and the Near East in 476 AD By convention, the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476, when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and proclaimed himself ruler of Italy, but this convention is subject to many qualifications. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims. In areas where the convulsions of the dying Empire had made organized self - defence legitimate, rump states continued under some form of Roman rule after 476. Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West and controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480. Syagrius son of Aegidius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 487. The indigenous inhabitants of Mauretania developed kingdoms of their own, independent of the Vandals, with strong Roman traits. They again sought Imperial recognition with the reconquests of Justinian I, and they put up effective resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. While the civitates of Britannia sank into a level of material development inferior even to their pre-Roman Iron Age ancestors, they maintained identifiably Roman traits for some time, and they continued to look to their own defence as Honorius had authorized. The Ostrogothic Kingdom, which rose from the ruins of the Western Roman Empire Odoacer began to negotiate with the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Emperor Zeno, who was busy dealing with unrest in the East. Zeno eventually granted Odoacer the status of patrician and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy. Zeno, however, insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire. Odoacer never returned any territory or real power, but he did issue coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy. The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 ( Glycerius may have been among the conspirators ) prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia, annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy. In 488 the Eastern emperor authorized a troublesome Goth, Theoderic ( later known as `` the Great '' ) to take Italy. After several indecisive campaigns, in 493 Theoderic and Odoacer agreed to rule jointly. They celebrated their agreement with a banquet of reconciliation, at which Theoderic 's men murdered Odoacer 's, and Theoderic personally cut Odoacer in half. Legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was not only a political unity enforced by violence. It was also the combined and elaborated civilization of the Mediterranean basin and beyond. It included manufacture, trade, and architecture, widespread secular literacy, written law, and an international language of science and literature. The Western barbarians lost much of these higher cultural practices, but their redevelopment in the Middle Ages by polities aware of the Roman achievement formed the basis for the later development of Europe. Observing the cultural and archaeological continuities through and beyond the period of lost political control, the process has been described as a complex cultural transformation, rather than a fall. See also Comparative studies of the Roman and Han empires Decline of the Byzantine Empire ( Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire ) Historiography of the fall of the Roman Empire Last of the Romans Late Roman army Notes Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2007, p. 1. Jump up ^ e.g. Why Nations Fail. Acemoglu D and Robinson JA. Profile Books ( Random House Inc. ) 2012. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 429 - 6. pp. 166 -- 175 Jump up ^ Glen Bowersock, `` The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome '' Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1996. vol. 49 no. 8 pp 29 -- 43. Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4, Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Momigliano 1973. Jump up ^ Alexander Demandt : 210 Theories Archived 2015 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine., quoting A. Demandt, Der Fall Roms ( 1984 ) 695. Jump up ^ Galinsky 1992, pp. 53 -- 73. Jump up ^ Morris, p. 184. Jump up ^ Brown 1978, pp. 2 -- 3. Jump up ^ Hunt 2001, p. 256. Jump up ^ Randsborg 1991. Jump up ^ Cameron, 1993 & chapter 4. Jump up ^ Bowersock 2001. Jump up ^ Harper 2011. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, pp. 87 -- 121. Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2003, pp. 68 -- 73. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 110. Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon Chapter 2. Fall In The West. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume1/chap2.htm Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter I : The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter II : The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter III : The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 67. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 123. Jump up ^ Letki 2012, pp. 52 -- 53. Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus. chapter XXXIII verse 34. `` Et patres quidem praeter commune Romani malum orbis stimulabat proprii ordinis contumelia, 34 quia primus ipse metu socordiae suae, ne imperium ad optimos nobilium transferretur, senatum militia vetuit et adire exercitum. Huic novem annorum potentia fuit. '' http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 63 -- 64. Jump up ^ Macarius Magnes, Apocriticus IV : 23 : `` Therefore you make a great mistake in thinking that God is angry if any other is called a god, and obtains the same title as Himself. For even rulers do not object to the title from their subjects, nor masters from slaves. '' Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, pp. 110, 147. ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988, pp. 137 -- 142. Jump up ^ Matthews 2007, p. 253. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 170. Jump up ^ Cameron 2012, p. 97. Jump up ^ Matthews 2007, p. 278. Jump up ^ Rathbone 2009, p. 324. Jump up ^ Matthews 2007, p. 284. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 119. ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964, p. 131. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 115 -- 116. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, pp. 181 -- 183. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, pp. 23, 178, 186. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 161. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, pp. 190 -- 193. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 176. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 112 -- 115. Jump up ^ G.M. Klein Goldewijk and W.M. Jongman. They never had it so good. Roman stature and the biological standard of living. As quoted in : Willem Jongman. Gibbon was right : The decline and fall of the Roman economy. In : Crises and the Roman Empire, pp 183 -- 200. Editors O. Hekster ; G. Kleijn ; Daniëlle Slootjes. Brill : 2007. Chapter DOI : 10.1163 / ej. 9789004160507. i - 448.38 E-ISBN 978 - 90 - 474 - 2090 - 3 pages 194 -- 195. https://books.google.com/books?id=nG-S-X_uI6EC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 175. Jump up ^ Tacitus, Annals, book 11, chapter 18. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/11B*.html Corbulo... recalled the legions, as lethargic in their toils and duties as they were ardent in pillage, to the old code with its prohibitions against falling out on march or beginning an action without orders. Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998, p. 187. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, p. 37. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, pp. 173 -- 175, 181. Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998, p. 261. Jump up ^ Ammianus 1935, book XVI, chapter V : `` what good he did to Gaul, labouring as it was in utmost destitution, appears most clearly from this fact : when he first entered those parts, he found that twenty - five pieces of gold were demanded by way of tribute from every one as a poll and land tax ; but when he left, seven only for full satisfaction of all duties. And on account of this ( as if clear sunshine had beamed upon them after ugly darkness ), they expressed their joy in gaiety and dances. '' Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005, pp. 94 - 95. Jump up ^ Burns 1990, p. 283. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 147. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 152. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 51. Jump up ^ Gibbon & vol. 2, p. 513. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter XXVII : Civil Wars, Reign Of Theodosius. -- Part I. Death Of Gratian. ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988, p. 185. Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998, p. 263ff. Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998, p. 256. ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007, p. 183. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 48. Jump up ^ Ab Urbe Condita by Titus Livius. Translated from the Original with Notes and Illustrations by George Baker, A.M.. First American, from the Last London Edition, in Six Volumes ( New York : Peter A. Mesier et al., 1823 ). Vol. 6, surviving summaries of books LXIII, LXV, LXVII, LXVIII, http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1758&layout=html#chapter_92709 accessed 4th July 2012 Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 182 -- 183,212. ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964, pp. 157 -- 158, 169. Jump up ^ Milner NP. Vegetius : Epitome of Military Science, second edition, Liverpool University Press, 1996. pp. xxxvii ff Jump up ^ Seeck O. Die Zeit des Vegetius. Hermes 1876 vol. 11 pp. 61 -- 83. As quoted in Milner NP. Vegetius : Epitome of Military Science, second edition, Liverpool University Press, 1996. pp. xxxvii ff Jump up ^ De Re Militari. Flavius Vegetius Renatus. Translated by Lieutenant John Clarke 1767. Etext version by Mads Brevik ( 2001 ) http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/vegetius/dere03.php Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 188. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 54. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 157. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 185. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 102, 152. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 65. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, pp. 162, 169. ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964, p. 162. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, pp. 166 -- 167. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 164. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 159. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 178. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 159. ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964, p. 173. ^ Jump up to : Macgeorge 2002, p. 171. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, pp. 213 -- 214, 217 -- 218, 242, 255. ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964, p. 187. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, chapter 2 : Power Effective pp = 58 -- 121. Jump up ^ Alföldy 2001, p. 17. Jump up ^ Macgeorge 2002, p. 171 - 172. Jump up ^ Macgeorge 2002, p. 172. ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 153. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 154. ^ Jump up to : Zosimus, book 5 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 162 -- 163. Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988, p. 189. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 183. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 186. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 187. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 169. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 175. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, p. 60. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 173. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 192. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 191. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 190. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 193. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 195. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 198. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 277 Jump up ^ Zosimus, Nova Historia, book 5. http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus05_book5.htm ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 215. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 216. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 218. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 227. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 219. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 224 -- 225. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 228. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 236. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 216. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 226 -- 227. Jump up ^ Connolly 1998, p. 189. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 233 -- 234. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 234. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 227. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 226. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 239. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 238 -- 239. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 240. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 242. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 243. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 243 -- 244. Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume VI / The Letters of St. Jerome / Letter 127 Philip Schaff et al. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_VI/The_Letters_of_St._Jerome/Letter_127 ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 239. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 228 -- 231. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 229 -- 232. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 196, 237, 238. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 238. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 245. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 198. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 202 -- 205. Jump up ^ Jones, 1964 & 185 -- 189. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 128. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 244. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 205 -- 212. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 251. ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994, p. 257. ^ Jump up to : Eucharisticus Paulinus Pellaeus English translation by H.G. Evelyn White, 1921, Loeb Classical Library 's Ausonius, vol. II, pp 295 ‐ 351. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Paulinus_Pellaeus/Eucharisticus*.html Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 258 -- 259. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 259. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, pp. 259 -- 260. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 240 -- 241. Jump up ^ Burns 1994, p. 260. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 241. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 242. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 246 -- 248. Jump up ^ Matthews 1975, p. 378. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 257. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 234. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 231 -- 232. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 246. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 204. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 274 -- 278. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 261. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 260. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 283. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 285. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 240. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 290. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 244. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 288. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter XXXIV : Attila. -- Part II. Jump up ^ De gubernatione Dei by Salvianus. The fifth book. verses 5 -- 7. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/salvian/govt.iv.vi.html ^ Jump up to : Gildas. On The Ruin of Britain ( De Excidio Britanniae ). Translation by J.A. Giles https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1949/pg1949.html Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 247. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 288 -- 290. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 291 -- 292. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter XXXIV : Attila. -- Part I. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, pp. 54 -- 62. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, pp. 58 -- 62. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, pp. 206 -- 207. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 293 -- 294. Jump up ^ Gibbon, Chapter XXXV : Invasion By Attila. -- Part I. & ( http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm ). Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 298. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 295 -- 297. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, pp. 205 -- 206. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 330. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 332. Jump up ^ Gibbon et al. Jump up ^ The Life of St. Severinus ( 1914 ) by Eugippius pp. 13 -- 113, English translation by George W. Robinson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jump up ^ Gibbon & Chapter XXXV : Invasion By Attila. -- Part III. ( http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm ). Jump up ^ Bury, J.B., The Cambridge Medieval History Vol. I ( 1924 ), pages 418 -- 419 Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 375 -- 377. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 256. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter XXXVI : Total Extinction Of The Western Empire. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, p. 379. ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005, p. 381. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 260. Jump up ^ Heather 2005, pp. 382 -- 383. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 261. Jump up ^ Gibbon, 1782 & Chapter XXXVI : Total Extinction Of The Western Empire. -- Part II. Jump up ^ Martindale 1980, pp. 708 -- 710, Chapter Marcellinus 6. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 266 -- 267. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 241. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 391. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 273. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 276 -- 277. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 277. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, p. 278. ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007, p. 279. Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online Jump up ^ De Imperatoribus Romanis Jump up ^ Gibbon, p. 406 Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 280 -- 281. Jump up ^ Jones 1964, p. 246. Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 405 -- 411. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, p. 118. Jump up ^ The Britons : from Romans to barbarians. Alex Woolf. pp 345 -- 380 in Regna and Gentes. The relationship between Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World. Edited by Hans - Werner Goetz, Jörg Janut, and Walter Pohl with the collaboration of Sören Kaschke. Brill, Leiden, 2003. ISBN 90 - 04 - 12524 - 8 Jump up ^ Halsall 2007, pp. 284 -- 319. ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007, p. 287. Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005, pp. 87 -- 122. Jump up ^ Bowersock 2001, pp. 87 -- 122. References Alföldy, Géza. Urban life, inscriptions, and mentality in late antique Rome. In Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity, Thomas S. Burns and John W. Eadie ( eds. ). Michigan State University Press 2001. ISBN 0 - 87013 - 585 - 6. Ammianus. The History. Trans. J.C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library, Vol. I, 1935. Bowersock, Glen, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar. Interpreting Late Antiquity : essays on the postclassical world. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0 - 674 - 00598 - 8. Brown, Peter. The Making of Late Antiquity, Harvard University Press, 1978. Burns, Thomas S. Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome : A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375 -- 425 A.D. Indiana University Press 1995. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 31288 - 4. Börm, Henning. Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian. Kohlhammer 2013. ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 ( Review in English ). Cameron, Averil. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity. AD 395 -- 700. Routledge 2011, ISBN 978 - 0415579612. Connolly, Peter. Greece and Rome at War. Revised edition, Greenhill Books, 1998. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 303 - 0. Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ. Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire. University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24104 - 6. Galinsky, Karl. Classical and Modern Interactions ( 1992 ) 53 -- 73. Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. With notes by the Rev. H.H. Milman. 1782 ( Written ), 1845 ( Revised ) Goldsworthy, Adrian. The complete Roman Army. ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05124 - 5. Thames & Hudson, 2003. Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Fall of the West : The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2692 - 8. Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, 2010. Heather, Peter. The fall of the Roman Empire. A new history. Pan Books, 2006. ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49136 - 5. Halsall, Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376 -- 568 ( Cambridge Medieval Textbooks ) Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the late Roman world AD 275 -- 425. ISBN ( hardback ) 978 - 0 - 521 - 19861 - 5. Cambridge University Press 2011. Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po - chia Hsia, Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, Volume A : To 1500. Bedford / St. Martins 2001. ISBN 0 - 312 - 18365 - 8. Hodges, Richard, Whitehouse, David. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe : archaeology and the Pirenne thesis. Cornell University Press, 1983. Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284 -- 602 : A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey ( Paperback, vol. 1 ) ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3353 - 1 Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1964. Letki Piotr. The cavalry of Diocletian. Origin, organization, tactics, and weapons. Translated by Pawel Grysztar and Trystan Skupniewicz. Wydawnictwo NapoleonV ISBN 978 - 83 - 61324 - 93 - 5. Oświęcim 2012. Macgeorge, Penny. Late Roman Warlords. Oxford University Press 2002. MacMullen, Ramsay. Corruption and the decline of Rome. Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0 - 300 - 04799 - 1. Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire volume II, A.D. 395 -- 527. Cambridge University Press 1980. Matthews, John. The Roman empire of Ammianus. Michigan Classical Press, 2007. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799713 - 2 - 7. Matthews, John. Western aristocracies and Imperial court AD 364 -- 425. Oxford University Press 1975. ISBN 0 - 19 - 814817 - 8. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1973. `` La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C. '' ( `` The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD '' ). Rivista storica italiana, 85 ( 1973 ), 5 -- 21. Nicasie, M.J. Twilight of Empire. The Roman Army from the reign of Diocletian to the Battle of Adrianople. J.C. Gieben, 1998. ISBN 90 - 5063 - 448 - 6. Randsborg, Klavs. The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean : an archaeological essay. Cambridge University Press 1991. ISBN 0 521 38401 X. Rathbone, Dominic. `` Earnings and Costs. Part IV, chapter 15 '', pages 299 -- 326. In : Quantifying the Roman Economy. Methods and Problems. Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson eds. Oxford University Press 2009, paperback edition 2013, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 967929 - 4. Ward - Perkins Bryan. The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford University Press 2005 ( hardback edition ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280728 - 1 Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Consul Censor Praetor Tribune Tribune of the Plebs Military tribune Quaestor Aedile Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Rex Interrex Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Latin Ammianus Marcellinus Appian Appuleius Asconius Pedianus Augustine Aurelius Victor Ausonius Boëthius Caesar Catullus Cassiodorus Censorinus Cicero Claudian Columella Ennius Eutropius Fabius Pictor Festus Florus Frontinus Fulgentius Gellius Horace Jerome Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Macrobius Marcus Aurelius Martial Orosius Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Priscian Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Servius Sidonius Apollinaris Statius Suetonius Symmachus Tacitus Terence Tertullian Tibullus Valerius Antias Valerius Maximus Varro Velleius Paterculus Verrius Flaccus Virgil Vitruvius Greek Arrian Cassius Dio Diodorus Siculus Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dioscorides Eusebius of Caesaria Galen Herodian Josephus Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polybius Porphyrius Procopius Strabo Zonaras Zosimus Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Cities and towns Climate Consuls Distinguished women Emperors Generals Gentes Geographers Institutions Laws Legacy Legions Nomina Tribunes Wars and battles Fiction Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire&oldid=826311051 '' Categories : Fall of the Western Roman Empire 5th century in the Roman Empire Societal collapse Dissolutions of empires Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018, at 11 : 49. 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{ "text": "Law enforcement in the United States - wikipedia Law enforcement in the United States Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of the United States, along with courts and corrections. Although each component operates semi-independently, the three collectively form a chain leading from investigation of suspected criminal activity to administration of criminal punishment. Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. The law - enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to the courts, and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants, writs, and other orders of the courts. Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety ; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure ; the maintenance of public order ; the protection of public officials ; and the operation of some correctional facilities ( usually at the local level ). Contents 1 Types of police 1.1 Federal 1.2 State 1.3 County 1.3. 1 County police 1.3. 2 Sheriffs ' offices 1.4 Municipal 1.5 Other 2 Police functions 3 History 3.1 Police reform 3.2 Militarization of police 3.3 Styles of policing 4 Powers of officers 4.1 General powers 4.2 Civil asset forfeiture 4.3 Deadly force 4.4 Accountability 4.5 Misconduct 5 Entry qualifications 5.1 Requirements 5.2 Issues with recruitment 6 Police equipment 6.1 Firearms 6.2 Less lethal weapons 6.3 Specialized weapons 6.4 Body armor 6.5 Body - worn camera 7 Police communications 7.1 Radio 7.2 National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System 7.3 Dissemination 8 Number of police 8.1 Changes in personnel numbers 8.2 Salary 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References Types of police ( edit ) Policing in the United States is conducted by `` close to 18,001 federal, state, local and city departments ''. Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state. Federal ( edit ) Main article : Federal law enforcement in the United States See also : Law enforcement agency § Federal responsibilities U.S. Park Police officers standing by during the 2005 Inauguration Day At the federal level, there exists both federal police, who possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code ( U.S.C. ), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level. Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles ; each may maintain a small component of the other ( for example, the FBI Police ). The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law. Most federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act. There are also federal law enforcement agencies, such as the United States Park Police, that are granted state arrest authority off primary federal jurisdiction. The Department of Justice ( DOJ ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level. It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ), the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives ( ATF ), the United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons ( BOP ) and others. The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ), Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ), United States Secret Service ( USSS ), United States Coast Guard ( USCG ), Homeland Security Investigations ( HSI ), and the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) are some of the agencies that report to DHS. It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war. At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements, for example the United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. Command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue. In accordance with the federal, as opposed to unitary or confederal, structure of the United States government, the national ( federal ) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States of America. Each of the United States ' 50 federated states ( referred to simply as ' states ' in the United States despite their lack of full sovereignty ) retain their own police, military and domestic law - making powers. The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs ( affairs between the states ). For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved. State ( edit ) Main article : State police Massachusetts State Police Troopers Most states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called state police or highway patrol, and are normally part of the state Department of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General 's office of each state has its own state bureau of investigation. In Texas, the Texas Ranger Division fulfill this role though they have their history in the period before Texas became a state. Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions, such as capitol police, campus police, state hospitals, Departments of Correction, water police, environmental ( fish and game / wildlife ) game wardens or conservation officers ( who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction ). In Colorado, for instance, the Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch, as do many of the state - funded universities. County ( edit ) Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs ' departments or offices and county police. County police ( edit ) Main article : County police County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In some areas, there is a sheriff 's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers and security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is more common than there being a separate county police force. County police tend to fall into three broad categories : Full service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective of local communities, and may provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county. Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county ( and may provide services to some incorporated areas by contract ), and usually provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county. Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks. Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and provide support to municipal police departments in the county. Some northeastern states maintain county detectives in their county attorneys ' offices. For example, the Commonwealth of Virginia does not have overlapping County and City jurisdictions, whereas in the other 49 states most municipalities fall within ( and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with ) a County. In Virginia, governmental power flows down from the State ( or in Virginia 's case, Commonwealth ) directly to either a County or an Independent City. Thus, policing in Virginia is more streamlined : the County Sheriff 's Office / Department or County Police Department does not overlap with an Independent City Police Department. Unincorporated Townships remain part of their parent County, but may have Town Police Departments to augment their County law enforcement. Town Police Departments are often small, and may deploy a combination of paid and nonpaid, full and part - time law enforcement officers, including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part - time, unpaid volunteers. If present, Independent City Sheriff 's Offices usually follow the Restrictive model shown below for Sheriff 's Departments, with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service, jail bailiff, etc. Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other, however, in addition to State ( Commonwealth ) law enforcement resources. Sheriffs ' offices ( edit ) Main article : Sheriffs in the United States Full service - The most common type, provide all traditional law - enforcement functions, including countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries. Limited service - along with the above, perform some type of traditional law - enforcement function such as investigations and patrol. This may be limited to security police duties on county properties ( and others by contract ) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract. Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail, transporting prisoners, providing courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued by county and state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of chattel property to satisfy a judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, such as a marshal or constable. In Texas, the sheriff 's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls. If the situation is dangerous, a sheriff 's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately. However, if the situation is not actively dangerous, a warrant must be sought. With the rise in mental health units across the state, the Texas CIT Association was formed. Municipal ( edit ) A Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor of the New York City Police Department See Municipal police departments of the United States for a list Municipal police range from one - officer agencies ( sometimes still called the town marshal ) to the 40,000 person - strong New York City Police Department. Most municipal agencies take the form ( Municipality Name ) Police Department. Most municipalities have their own police departments. Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff 's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff 's departments, such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties. Other ( edit ) See Specialist police departments of the United States for a list There are other types of specialist police departments with varying jurisdictions. Most of these serve special - purpose districts and are known as special district police. In some states, they serve as little more than security police, but in states such as California, special district forces are composed of fully sworn peace officers with statewide authority. These agencies can be transit police, school district police, campus police, airport police, railroad police, park police or police departments responsible for protecting government property, such as the former Los Angeles General Services Police. Some agencies, such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department, have multi-state powers. There are also some Private Police agencies, such as the Parkchester Department of Public Safety and Co-op City Department of Public Safety Puerto Rico Police Main article : Puerto Rico Police The Puerto Rico Police traces back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Civil Guard ) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects, and provide police services to the entire island, even though many municipalities maintain their own police force. The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the Spanish -- American War and has controlled the island as a US territory since then. The Insular Police of Puerto Rico was created on February 21, 1899, under the command of Col. Frank Thacher ( US Marine officer during the Spanish -- American War ), with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers. As of 2009, the PRPD had over 17,292 officers. Police functions ( edit ) A Florida Highway Patrol state trooper at the scene of a motor vehicle accident FBI Evidence Response Team Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions. The following is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice, by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth / Thomson Learning : Order maintenance. This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist - fight. By way of description, Cole and Smith note that police are usually called - on to `` handle '' these situations with discretion, rather than deal with them as strict violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations are based in violations of law. Law enforcement. Those powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include robbery, murder, or burglary. This is the popular notion of the main police function, but the frequency of such activity is dependent on geography and season. Service. Services may include rendering first aid, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators ( on topics such as preventing drug use ). Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80 % of all calls for police assistance did not involve crimes, but this may not be the case in all parts of the country. Because police agencies are traditionally available year - round, 24 hours a day, citizens call upon police departments not only in times of trouble, but also when just inconvenienced. As a result, police services may include roadside autoassistance, providing referrals to other agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks on vacationers ' homes. History ( edit ) Early policing in American history was based on the ancient English common law system which relied heavily on citizen volunteers, watch groups, and a conscription system known as posse comitatus similar to the militia system, which continued until the mid-Nineteenth century. Police reform ( edit ) Main article : Police reform in the United States There have been many initiatives to reform policing, notably since the 1960s, under President Lyndon Johnson, and several more recent efforts. Police departments across the country continue to be scandalized by instances of corruption and brutality. Reforms based on community dialogue, legal requirements and updating of police training is growing. Militarization of police ( edit ) Main article : Militarization of police § United States The militarization of both rural and urban law enforcement has been attributed to the United States ' involvement in wars during the 20th century, although some attribute the militarization to the more recent campaigns on drugs and terror. Historian Charles Beard argues that cultural change during the Great Depression encouraged the militarization of law enforcement, whereas Harwood argues that the creation of SWAT teams and tactical units within law enforcement during the 1960s began such trend. In recent years, the use of military equipment and tactics for community policing and for public order policing has become more widespread under the 1033 program. The program prompted discussion among lawmakers in 2014 after unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. President Obama introduced restrictions in 2015 on the transfer of surplus military equipment to police. In 2017, the Trump administration announced it will reinstate the program. Styles of policing ( edit ) Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high - speed vehicular pursuits. Researchers Falcone, Wells, & Weisheit 's describe a historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities. The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models, which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each. Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction 's socioeconomic characteristics, government organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson ( `` Varieties of Police Behavior '', 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press ), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions, and were linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. ( Wilson 's field of study was in the United States, and it is not clear if similar studies have been done for other countries with different governmental organization and laws ). Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue - collar, mixed ethnic / racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be `` overlooked '' on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the public order is maintained. Cole and Smith comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others ; Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform - minded cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations, and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than different standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups ; Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle - class communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against `` outsiders '', with frequent but often - informal interventions against community members. The uniform make - up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control. Wilson 's study applies to police behavior for the entire department, over time. At any given time, police officers may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by nature of what they 're doing at the time, or temperament, or mood. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another, regardless of supervisor or citizen demands. Community - oriented policing is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventative model where police actively partner with the community it serves. Powers of officers ( edit ) General powers ( edit ) Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties. When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a serious crime, a law enforcement officer can handcuff and arrest a person, who will be held in a police station or jail pending a judicial bail determination or an arraignment. The procedural use of strip searches and cavity searches by law enforcement has raised civil liberties concerns. The practice of taking an arrested person on a perp walk, often handcuffed, through a public place at some point after the arrest, creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event, has also raised concerns. In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests ( excluding traffic violations ). Of those persons arrested, 74.5 % were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white, 28.0 percent were black, and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races. A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in a crime but short of probable cause to arrest. Contrary to popular belief and Hollywood - style depictions in TV and movies, merely lawfully detaining a person -- in and of itself -- does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches. Federal, state, and local laws, and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when, where, how, and upon whom a law enforcement officer may perform a `` pat down, '' `` protective search, '' or `` Terry frisk, '' based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions ( including Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ), Michigan v. Long ( 1983 ), and Maryland v. Buie ( 1990 ) ) : In Terry v. Ohio, the landmark decision introducing the term `` Terry frisk, '' or `` frisk, '' to the broader public : `` Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer, where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual, regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest the individual for a crime. The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed ; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger ( italics added ). '' The New York City Police Department came under scrutiny in 2012 for its use of a stop - and - frisk program. Civil asset forfeiture ( edit ) Main article : Civil forfeiture in the United States The Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement officers may enter a house without knocking if they have `` a reasonable suspicion '' that announcing their presence would be dangerous or allow a suspect to destroy evidence ( for example, by flushing drugs down the toilet ). In addition, rules on civil asset forfeiture allow law enforcement officers to seize anything which they can plausibly claim was the proceeds of a crime. The property - owner need not be convicted of that crime ; if officers find drugs in a house, they can take cash from the house and possibly the house itself. Commentators have said these rules provide an incentive for law enforcement officers to focus on drug - related crimes rather than rape and murder investigations. They also provide an incentive to arrest suspected drug - dealers inside their houses, which can be seized, and to raid stash houses after most of their drugs have been sold, when officers can seize the cash. Deadly force ( edit ) Main articles : Police use of deadly force in the United States and List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self - defense laws as the citizens of that state. Generally, when the officer or an innocent party is at risk of serious bodily injury and / or death, lethal force is justified. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive use of force. Nonetheless, some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about widespread and ongoing excessive use of force. Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns. Accountability ( edit ) Main article : Police accountability § Police reform in the United States Misconduct ( edit ) Main articles : Police misconduct § United States, Police brutality in the United States, Police perjury in the United States, and Police riots in the United States Several serious cases of police misconduct have raised questions surrounding abuse of powers by individual or groups of officers. Historical examples include the Chicago Police Department 's torture of felony suspects between 1972 - 1991 by and under Jon Burge, Los Angeles Police Department 's 1991 beating of Rodney King and late - 1990s LAPD Rampart Scandal, New York City Police Department 's 1970s fatal shootings of Clifford Glover ( 1973 ) and Randolph Evans ( 1976 ), the 1980s chokehold of Michael Stewart ( 1983 ), shootings of Eleanor Bumpers ( 1984 ) and Edmund Perry ( 1985 ), the stun gun torture of Mark Davidson ( 1985 ), the 1990s torture of Abner Louima and shooting of Amadou Diallo, the 2000s shootings and record - publicizing of Patrick Dorismond, and Sean Bell, Philadelphia Police Department 's torture of suspects in the 1970s to improve then - mayor Frank Rizzo 's reputation and Torrington, Connecticut 's Tracey Thurman. Entry qualifications ( edit ) Requirements ( edit ) Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum - standard standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards apply to in - service training as well as entry - level training, particularly in the use of firearms, with periodic re-certification required. These standards often comply with standards promoted by the US Department of Justice. These standards typically require a thorough background check that potential police recruits : Be a United States citizen ( waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident ). Must have a high school diploma or a GED and if necessary a college degree or served in the United States military without a dishonorable discharge ; Be in good medical, physical, and psychological condition ; Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony convictions ; Must have a valid driver 's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of being suspended or revoked ; Be of high moral character ; Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism ; Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, educational, or financial improprieties ; Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness ; Not to pose a safety and security risk ; Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm. Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive background investigations, fingerprinting, drug testing, a police oral board interview, a polygraph examination and consultation with a psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates. Recruiting in most departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones, and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely. Police oral boards are the most subjective part of the process and often disqualifies the biggest portion of qualified candidates. Departments maintain records of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests between other agencies. Issues with recruitment ( edit ) Further information : Gypsy cop Despite these safeguards, some departments have at times relaxed hiring and staffing policies, sometimes in violation of the law, most often in the cases of local departments and federally funded drug task forces facing staffing shortages, attrition, and needs to quickly fill positions. This has included at times the fielding ( and sometimes the arming ) of uncertified officers ( who may be working temporarily in what is supposed to be a provisional limited - duty status prior to certification ) and the hiring of itinerant `` gypsy cops '', who may have histories of poor performance or misconduct in other departments. Police equipment ( edit ) Firearms ( edit ) Police in the United States usually carry a handgun on duty. Many are required to be armed on - duty and often required to have a concealable off - duty handgun. Among the most common sidearms are models produced by Glock, Smith & Wesson, SIG Sauer, Beretta, and Heckler & Koch, usually in 9mm,. 40 S&W,. 357 SIG ( US Secret Service and other Federal Law Enforcement agencies ) or. 45 ACP. Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, most US police officers carried revolvers, typically in. 38 Special or. 357 Magnum calibers, as their primary duty weapons. At the time, Smith & Wesson, Colt, Ruger and some Taurus models were popular with police officers, most popular being the Smith & Wesson or Colt revolvers. Since then, most agencies have switched to semiautomatic pistols. Two key events influencing many US police forces to upgrade their primary duty weapons to weapons with greater stopping power and round capacity were the 1980 Norco shootout and the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. Some police departments allow qualified officers to carry shotguns and / or semiautomatic rifles in their vehicles for additional firepower, typically to be used if a suspect is involved in an active shooter situation, or a hostage / barricade incident. Less lethal weapons ( edit ) ASP 21 '' tactical baton in collapsed and expanded states. Police also often carry an impact weapon - a baton, also known as a nightstick. The common nightstick and the side handle baton have been replaced in many locations by expandable batons such as the Monadnock Auto - Lock Expandable Baton or ASP baton. One advantage of the collapsible baton is that the wearer can comfortably sit in a patrol vehicle while still wearing the baton on their duty belt. The side handle night stick usually has to be removed before entering the vehicle. Many departments also use less - lethal weapons like mace, pepper spray, electroshock guns, and beanbag shotgun rounds. Another less lethal weapon that police officers often carry is an electroshock gun, also known as a Taser. The handheld electroshock weapon was designed to incapacitate a single person from a distance by using electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles. Someone struck by a Taser experiences stimulation of his or her sensory nerves and motor nerves, resulting in strong involuntary muscle contractions. Tasers do not rely only on pain compliance, except when used in Drive Stun mode, and are thus preferred by some law enforcement over non-Taser stun guns and other electronic control weapons. Specialized weapons ( edit ) Further information : SWAT Most large police departments have elite SWAT units which are called in to handle situations, such as barricaded suspects, hostage situations and high - risk warrant service, that require greater force, specialized equipment, and special tactics. These units usually have submachine guns, automatic carbines or rifles, semiautomatic combat shotguns, sniper rifles, gas, smoke and flashbang grenades, and other specialized weapons and equipment at their disposal. Some departments are equipped with armored vehicles. Body armor ( edit ) Further information : Body armor Uniformed police officers are often issued body armor, typically in the form of a lightweight Level IIA, II or IIIA vest that can be worn under service shirts. SWAT teams typically wear heavier Level III or IV tactical armored vests, often with steel or ceramic trauma plates, comparable to those worn by U.S. military personnel engaged in ground operations. Officers trained in bomb disposal wear specialized heavy protective armor designed to protect them from the effects of an explosion when working around live ordnance. Local police foundations have initiated programs to provide law enforcement agencies with higher level vests that provide greater protection and vests for police K - 9s as well. Body - worn camera ( edit ) Further information : Body worn video ( police equipment ) Multiple states have pending body - worn camera legislation that require its law enforcement to be equipped with body - worn cameras when the officers are on duty. Some of these states include California, Washington, and Illinois, among others. Body - worn cameras are video recording devices around three inches long that cost between $129 - $900. There are different body - worn camera models, but a standard body - worn camera includes an on and off switch that enables the image capturing technology to record and store data in the cloud. Body - worn cameras have become standard due to the rise of civilian complaints about police brutality across the nation. Supporters argue that the use of a body - worn camera allows evidence to be viewed from an unbiased perspective. Corporations are currently working on body - worn camera models that will resolve the technology 's limitations such as better audio capturing technology and battery life, to name a few. Surveillance items that can be used by law enforcement which have been scrutinized also include the automatic number plate recognition due to its similarities to mass surveillance. Police communications ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Most American police departments are dispatched from a centralized communications center, using VHF, UHF or, more recently, digitally trunked radio transceivers mounted in their vehicles, with individual officers carrying portable handsets or ear - worn headsets for communication when away from their vehicles. American police cars are also increasingly equipped with mobile data terminals ( MDT 's ) or portable computers linked by radio to a network allowing them access to state department of motor vehicles information, criminal records, and other important information. Most police communications are now conducted within a regional pool of area telecommunicators or dispatchers using 9 - 1 - 1 and 9 - 1 - 1 telephone taxation. A large number of police agencies have pooled their 9 - 1 - 1 tax resources for Computer Aided Dispatching ( CAD ) to streamline dispatching and reporting. CAD systems are usually linked to MDT 's ( see above ). National law enforcement Telecommunications system ( edit ) A variety of national, regional, state and local information systems are available to law enforcement agencies in the U.S., with differing purposes and types of information. One example is the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System ( NLETS ), an interstate justice and public safety network owned by the states supporting inquiry into state systems for criminal history, driver 's license and motor vehicle registration, as well as supporting inquiry into federal systems, such as the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Law Enforcement Support Center, the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) National Drug Pointer Index ( NDPIX ), and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Aircraft Registry, plus the Government of Canada 's Canadian Police Information Centre ( CPIC ). NLETS operates primarily through a secure private network through which each state has an interface to the network, and all agencies within the state operate through this portal. The federal and international components operate very similarly. Users include all United States and territories, Federal agencies with a justice mission, and certain international agencies. The primary operational site for the network is housed in Arizona, with a secure backup site located in the East Central U.S. Through the NLETS network, law enforcement and criminal justice agencies can access a wide range of information, from standard driver license and vehicle queries to criminal history and Interpol information. Operations consist of nearly 1.5 billion transactions a year to over 1 million PC, mobile and handheld devices in the U.S. and Canada at 45,000 user agencies, and to 1.3 million individual users. Dissemination ( edit ) Police departments share arrest information with third - party news organizations that archive names of citizens and legal allegations in a `` police blotter ''. However, if the allegations are dismissed in court a citizen may not petition the third - party for removal. Number of police ( edit ) In 2008, federal police employed approx. 120,000 full - time law enforcement officers, authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the United States. The 2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics ' Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies ( CSLLEA ), found there were 17,985 state and local law enforcement agencies employing at least one full - time officer or the equivalent in part - time officers. In 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million people on a full - time basis, including about 765,000 sworn personnel ( defined as those with general arrest powers ). Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part - time employees, including 44,000 sworn officers. From 2004 to 2008, overall full - time employment by state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide increased by about 57,000 ( or 5.3 % ). Sworn personnel increased by about 33,000 ( 4.6 % ), and nonsworn employees by about 24,000 ( 6.9 % ). From 2004 to 2008, the number of full - time sworn personnel per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251. From 1992 to 2008, the growth rate for civilian personnel was more than double that of sworn personnel. Local police departments were the largest employer of sworn personnel, accounting for 60 % of the total. Sheriffs ' offices were next, accounting for 24 %. About half ( 49 % ) of all agencies employed fewer than 10 full - time officers. Nearly two - thirds ( 64 % ) of sworn personnel worked for agencies that employed 100 or more officers. Changes in personnel numbers ( edit ) Fifteen of the 50 largest local police departments employed fewer full - time sworn personnel in 2008 than in 2004. The largest declines were in Detroit ( 36 % ), Memphis ( 23 % ), New Orleans ( 13 % ), and San Francisco ( 10 % ). Ten of the 50 largest local police departments reported double - digit increases in sworn personnel from 2004 to 2008. The largest increases were in Phoenix ( 19 % ), Prince George 's County ( Maryland ) ( 17 % ), Dallas ( 15 % ), and Fort Worth ( 14 % ). Salary ( edit ) Salary varies widely for police officers, with most being among the top third of wage - earners, age 25 or older, nationwide. In May 2012, the overall median was $56,980. The top 10 % earned more than $93,450 and bottom 10 % less than $33,060. The median wages for police and detective occupations in May 2012 were as follows : $74,300 for detectives and criminal investigators $55,270 for police and sheriff 's patrol officers $55,210 for transit and railroad police $48,070 for fish and game wardens Gallery ( edit ) Grover Cleveland was Sheriff of Erie County New York 1871 - 1872 Theodore Roosevelt as Police Commissioner of New York City with Jacob Riis 1894 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police of the United States. List of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies Police ranks in the US Police uniforms of the United States Police academies in the United States List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Related : Crime in the United States Incarceration in the United States Terrorism in the United States General : Police United States portal Law enforcement portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debusmann, Bernd ( October -- November 2016 ). `` The race problem in black and white ''. The World Today. Chatham House. Retrieved October 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Langeluttig, Albert ( 1927 ). The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9 -- 14. Jump up ^ `` Virginia County vs. Town vs. City ''. Virginia Places.Org. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Auxiliary Police and Part Time Law Enforcement Officer Training Standards '' ( PDF ). Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. DCJS VA. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ Archbold, Carol A. ( 2013 ). Policing ( PDF ). Sage Publication. ISBN 9781412993692. Jump up ^ Gregory, Anthony. `` Rise of the Warrior Cop : The Militarization of America 's Police Forces. '' The Independent Review 19.2 ( 2014 ) : 271 - 75. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. Jump up ^ Kraska, Peter B. `` Militarizing Criminal Justice : Exploring the Possibilities. '' The Journal of Political and Military Sociology 27.2 ( 1999 ) : 205 - 15. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. Jump up ^ Kohn, Richard H. `` The Danger of Militarization in an Endless `` War '' on Terrorism. '' The Journal of Military History 73.1 ( 2008 ) : 177 - 208. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. Jump up ^ `` War Gear Flows to Police Departments ''. New York Times. June 8, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Community Police Armed with the Weapons and Tactics of War ''. ACLU. Retrieved June 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cash Flowed To Lawmakers Who Voted to ' Militarize ' Police ''. International Business Times. August 15, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Amid Ferguson chaos, Rand Paul bemoans ' militarization ' of police ''. LA Times. August 14, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Trump to Fully Restore Military Surplus Transfers to Police ''. The New York Times. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017. Jump up ^ Falcone, David N., Edward L. Wells, and Ralph A. Weisheit. `` The Small - Town Police Department. '' Policing 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 371 - 85. ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. Jump up ^ Batten, Ed. Donna ( 2010 ). `` Community - Oriented Policing. '' Gale Encyclopedia of American Law ( 3 ed. ). Detroit : Gale. pp. 49 -- 51. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Strip Searching Americans Without Cause : A Blow to Personal Privacy ''. Huffington Post. June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` In U.S. justice system, the strip - search is common practice ''. Reuters. December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Strip Searches ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Case Study : DSK Fallout : Time for the Perp Walk to Take a Hike? ''. Time. July 11, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2014. Jump up ^ FBI Uniform Crime Reports Jump up ^ `` Protective Searches - Building Upon Terry V. Ohio ''. Law Enforcement Today. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Terry v. Ohio ''. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` NYPD Stop And Frisks : 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program ''. Huffington Post. May 15, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Stop - and - Frisk Campaign : About the Issue ''. NYCLU. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NYPD Stop and Frisk ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cops or soldiers? ''. The Economist. March 22, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Civil Asset Forfeiture ''. ACLU. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide ''. The Washington Post. May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` America 's police kill too many people. But some forces are showing how smarter, less aggressive policing gets results ''. The Economist. December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Arrest - Related Deaths ''. Bureau Of Justice Statistics. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ `` US Police Have Killed Over 5,000 Civilians Since 9 / 11 ''. November 10, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2014... Jump up ^ `` Police Involved Shooting Statistics : A National One - Year Summary ''. December 25, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2014... Jump up ^ Sullivan, Larry ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of law enforcement. Sage. p. 702. ISBN 0761926496. Jump up ^ Suarez, Jonathan. Police Officer Exam. Lulu.com. p. 357. ISBN 0557036372. Jump up ^ The Law Enforcement Oral Board Interview - http://www.lawenforcementts.com Jump up ^ `` Cast - Out Police Officers Are Often Hired in Other Cities ''. The New York Times. September 10, 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fired / Rehired : Police chiefs are often forced to put officers fired for misconduct back on the streets ''. Washington Post. August 3, 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` How Police Unions and Arbitrators Keep Abusive Cops on the Street ''. The Atlantic. December 2, 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ Barker, Tom ( 2011 ). Police ethics : crisis in law enforcement ( 3rd ed. ). Chares C. Thomas. p. 134. ISBN 039808615X. Jump up ^ `` Push to keep `` gypsy cops '' with questionable pasts off the streets ``. CBS News. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shielded from Justice : Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States ''. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Houston Police Foundation - Houston Police Department Body Armor ''. www.houstonpolicefoundation.org. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` Body Armor Recent News ''. www.alexandriapolicefoundation.org. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ CAPPS, KRISTON ( July 30, 2015 ). `` Police Body Cameras : Coming Everywhere in 3 to 5 Years ''. City Lab. Jump up ^ Wagstaff, Keith ( December 2, 2014 ). `` Digital Partner : Here 's How Police Body Cameras Work ''. NBC News. Jump up ^ Ariel, Barak ; Farrar, William ; Sutherland, Alex ( September 2015 ). `` The Effect of Police Body - Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens ' Complaints Against the Police : A Randomized Controlled Trial ''. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are - Nlets ''. www.nlets.org. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13. Jump up ^ `` National Crime Information Systems TRIBAL ''. Department of Justice. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13. Jump up ^ `` What We Do - Nlets ''. www.nlets.org. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Justice, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008, p. 2 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau. ( June 24, 2005 ). PINC - 03. Educational Attainment -- People 25 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2008, Work Experience in 2004, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. '' Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` Police and Detectives : Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014 -- 15 edition ''. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014. 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{ "text": "In the Air Tonight - wikipedia In the Air Tonight `` In the Air Tonight '' Single by Phil Collins from the album Face Value B - side `` The Roof is Leaking '' Released 9 January 1981 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Townhouse Studios London, 1980 Genre Experimental pop soft rock Length 5 : 34 ( album version ) 4 : 57 ( single edit ) Label Virgin Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Phil Collins Producer ( s ) Phil Collins Hugh Padgham Phil Collins singles chronology `` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 ) Separate Lives ( 1985 ) In the Air Tonight ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love ( 1988 ) You Touch My Heart ( 2005 ) In the Air Tonight ( 2007 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave ( 2010 ) Audio sample file help `` In the Air Tonight '' is the debut solo single by the English singer - songwriter and drummer Phil Collins. It was released as the lead single from Collins ' debut solo album, Face Value, in January 1981. Collins co-produced the single with Hugh Padgham, who became a frequent collaborator in the following years. The song was an instant hit, quickly climbing to No. 2 on the UK Singles chart but was held off the top spot by the posthumous release of John Lennon 's `` Woman ''. It was also an international hit, achieving top 10 status in Australia, New Zealand and several European territories, reaching No. 1 in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. It peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, and was later certified Gold by the RIAA, representing 500,000 copies sold. The song 's music video, directed by Stuart Orme, received heavy play on MTV when the new cable music video channel launched in August 1981. `` In the Air Tonight '' remains one of Collins ' best - known hits, often cited as his signature song, and is especially famous for his drum break towards the end, which has been described as `` the sleekest, most melodramatic drum break in history '' and one of the `` 101 Greatest Drumming Moments ''. The song was ranked at number 35 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' in 2006. In 2007, Mike Gruss, former columnist for The Virginian - Pilot, referred to the song as a `` soft rock classic. '' Contents 1 Background and recording 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Musical style 1.3 Drum sound 2 Urban legend 3 Music video 4 In popular culture 5 Sampling 6 Use in literature 7 Single and credits 7.1 UK and US single ( 1981 ) 7.2 12 '' German maxi - single ( 1981 ) 7.3 Japan CD single ( 1988 ) 7.4 German CD single ( 1990 ) 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Cover versions 10 References 11 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Collins wrote the song amid the grief he felt after divorcing his first wife Andrea Bertorelli in 1980. In a 2016 interview, Collins said of the song 's lyrics : `` I wrote the lyrics spontaneously. I 'm not quite sure what the song is about, but there 's a lot of anger, a lot of despair and a lot of frustration. '' In a 1997 BBC Radio 2 documentary, the singer revealed that the divorce contributed to his 1979 hiatus from Genesis until the band regrouped in October of that year to record the album Duke. The lyrics of the song take the form of a dark monologue directed towards an unnamed person : Well if you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand I 've seen your face before, my friend, but I do n't know if you know who I am Well I was there and I saw what you did I saw it with my own two eyes So you can wipe off that grin I know where you 've been It 's all been a pack of lies Musical style ( edit ) The recording is notable for its atmospheric production and macabre theme. It has been described as being `` at the vanguard of experimental pop '' in 1981 and `` a rock oddity classic '', having been influenced by `` the unconventional studio predilections of Brian Eno and Peter Gabriel ''. Musically, the song consists of a series of ominous chords played by a Sequential Circuits Prophet - 5 over a simple drum machine pattern ( the Roland CR - 78 Disco - 2 pattern, plus some programming ) ; processed electric guitar sounds and vocoded vocals, an effect which is increased on key words to add additional atmosphere. The mood is one of restrained anger until the final chorus when an explosive burst of drums releases the musical tension, and the instrumentation builds to a thundering final chorus. Collins has described obtaining the drum machine specifically to deal with personal issues relating to his divorce through songwriting, telling Mix magazine : `` I had to start writing some of this music that was inside me. '' He improvised the lyrics during a songwriting session in the studio : `` I was just fooling around. I got these chords that I liked, so I turned the mic on and started singing. The lyrics you hear are what I wrote spontaneously. That frightens me a bit, but I 'm quite proud of the fact that I sang 99.9 percent of those lyrics spontaneously. '' Drum sound ( edit ) The song is known for its use of the gated reverb drum sound. Fellow musicians and journalists have commented on its use in the record. Black Sabbath singer Ozzy Osbourne called the drum fill `` the best ever -- it still sounds awesome '', while music critic and broadcaster Stuart Maconie was quoted : Musically, it 's an extraordinarily striking record, because almost nothing happens in it... It 's the drum sound in particular that 's amazing. You do n't hear it at all for the first two minutes of the song... then there 's that great doo - dom doo - dom doo - dom comes in, and the drums come in half way through the song, setting the template for all the Eighties drum songs after that. The means by which Collins attained the drum sound on this recording was long a source of mystery. The exact process was a result of serendipity : an unintended use of studio technology giving unexpectedly useful results. In this case, the Solid State Logic 4000 mixing board had a `` reverse talk - back '' circuit ( labeled on the board as `` Listen Mic '' ). Normal `` talkback '' is a button that the mixing engineer has to press in order to talk to the recording musicians ( the recording and the mixing parts of a studio are, otherwise, completely sonically isolated ). Reverse talkback is a circuit ( also button - activated ) for the engineer to listen to musicians in the studio. In order to compensate for sound level differences -- people can be close to the reverse talkback microphone or far off -- this circuit has a compressor on it, which minimizes the differences between loud and soft sounds. While recording `` Intruder '' for his former bandmate Peter Gabriel 's third solo album, at some point Collins started playing the drums while the reverse talkback was activated. Engineer Hugh Padgham was amazed at the sound achieved. Overnight, they rewired the board so that the reverse talkback could be recorded in a more formal manner. Later models of the SSL 4000 allowed the listen mic to be recorded with the touch of a button. When recording engineer Padgham was brought in to help develop Collins ' demos that would become Face Value they recreated the `` Intruder '' sound using the reverse talkback microphone as well as heavily compressed and gated ambient mics. Padgham continued working with Genesis for Abacab later in 1981 and the same technique ( generally referred to as gated reverb ) was used, and the powerful drum sound has become synonymous with later Genesis projects and Collins ' solo career ever since. The original single version of `` In the Air Tonight '' features extra drums that play underneath the song until the signature drum crash ( referred to by fans as the `` magic break '' ) appears. These were added at the suggestion of Atlantic Records head Ahmet Ertegun. In 2007, Collins wrote : Ahmet came down to the final mix in the cutting room in New York (... ) The drums do n't come in until the end but Ahmet did n't know that at this point, because on the demo the drums had n't come in at all ; it was only drum machine all the way. And he was saying, `` Where 's the down beat, where 's the backbeat? '' I said, `` The drums come in in a minute. '' `` Yeah, you know that and I know that, but the kids do n't know that ; you 've got to put the drums on earlier. '' So we added some drums to the mix and put it out as a single. Speaking about the song 's rapid ascension in the music charts, Collins wrote the following in 2007 : It was a surprise. The single came in at No. 36, I did Top of the Pops with Dave Lee Travis, and in one of the down moments he said, `` This record is going to be a top three. '' I did n't believe him, because it had been made so haphazardly, but the next week, there it was at No. 3. And then Mark Chapman shot John Lennon and that was that. Urban legend ( edit ) An urban legend has arisen around `` In the Air Tonight '', according to which the lyrics are based on a drowning incident in which someone who was close enough to save the victim did not help them, while Collins, who was too far away to help, looked on. Increasingly embellished variations on the legend emerged over time, with the stories often culminating in Collins singling out the guilty party while singing the song at a concert. Collins has denied all such stories ; he commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview : I do n't know what this song is about. When I was writing this I was going through a divorce. And the only thing I can say about it is that it 's obviously in anger. It 's the angry side, or the bitter side of a separation. So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago, particularly in America, of someone come up to me and say, `` Did you really see someone drowning? '' I said, `` No, wrong ''. And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers, it gets more and more elaborate. It 's so frustrating, ' cause this is one song out of all the songs probably that I 've ever written that I really do n't know what it 's about, you know? The urban legend is referenced in the song `` Stan '' by Eminem. The reference is contained in the following lyrics : You know the song by Phil Collins, `` In the Air of the Night '' ( sic ) About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin ' But did n't, then Phil saw it all, then at a show he found him? The urban legend is referenced in the Family Guy episode The Peter Principal as Brian is listening to Bonnie and Joe argue about the contents of the song. Music video ( edit ) The music video animates the photograph of Collins 's face from the cover of the Face Value album, slowly fading in through the introduction until it fills the screen, singing the first chorus. The video then cuts to Collins sitting in an empty room at night. Twice a spectral figure appears in the window, but only the second time does Collins get up to look at it, then is shown walking to the one door of the room. Collins 's face returns for the second chorus. He is then shown leaving the room and entering a hallway full of doors. The first one is locked, then the second opens and Collins sees himself looking at the window again, only now the spectre has turned into his own reflection. The third door is locked, but as the fourth one opens, the drum break sounds and the viewer is returned to Collins 's face again, this time in thermal coloring, which gradually reverts to black and white. Collins recedes into the darkness as the song repeats and fades. In 1983 the music video was released on the home video Phil Collins available on VHS and LaserDisc which received a Grammy nomination for Best Video, Short Form. In popular culture ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' remains a popular selection on classic rock radio stations. It is the song most often associated with Collins ' solo career, and he has performed it at many events, including Live Aid, where he played the song on a piano on the same calendar day in both Philadelphia and London. He also performed the song at The Secret Policeman 's Ball, which was his first live performance as a solo artist. `` I remember doing ' In the Air Tonight ' at Live Aid, '' he recalled, `` and ( Pete ) Townshend saying, ' Are you going to do that fucking song again? ' as it was the only one I ever played. '' `` In the Air Tonight '' has also been licensed extensively for use in films, television and advertisements for various products. The song appeared in videogame NBA 2K14 and used for its announcement trailer. It was hand - picked by LeBron James The song was featured in two episodes of the hit BBC One 1980s - based drama series Ashes to Ashes. In an interview with SFX, series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale. He considered the piece ideal for his purpose, evoking the mood of the early - 1980s. In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of U.S. television show Miami Vice ( `` Brother 's Keeper '' ), one of the first pop / rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner. Its use in that scene was `` a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match '', The A.V. Club wrote in 2012. It subsequently `` bubbled under '' the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985. On the heels of this successful merging of media, Collins became associated with the show ; other Collins tracks including `` Take Me Home '' were later featured, and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode `` Phil the Shill ''. This song was later used in the show 's fourth season episode `` A Bullet for Crockett '' for its car chase opening scene, a clear reference to the show 's pilot episode. A cover of `` In the Air Tonight '', performed by American metal band Nonpoint, also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation. The song was featured in the 2006 video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories on an in - game radio station, `` Emotion 98.3 ''. Collins was the first celebrity to appear as himself in Grand Theft Auto, during missions `` Kill Phil '', `` Kill Phil : Part 2 '' and `` In the Air Tonight '', where he performed the song on a concert stage. Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar. Afterwards, the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart. The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1, staying there for two weeks, beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak, and become his first chart topper song in the country. The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies. This advert was so popular, it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year, at New Zealands Fair - Go Ad Awards. It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael. Mike Tyson had a cameo appearance in the 2009 film, The Hangover in which he sings a part of the song as well as doing an air drum rendition of the famous drum break. Sampling ( edit ) The song has been sampled by many artists, including Shaquille O'Neal in his song `` Edge of Night '', Nas in his song `` One Mic '', and Tupac Shakur on his tracks `` Starin ' Through My Rear View '' and `` Letter to the President ''. Other tracks which include samples of `` In the Air Tonight '' include DMX 's `` I Can Feel It '', Krayzie Bone 's `` Silent Warrior '', Joe Budden 's `` Rest in Peace ( In the Air ) '', Sean Kingston 's `` Can You Feel It '', Young Buck 's `` New York City '', Big Audio Dynamite 's `` Innocent Child '', Lil ' Kim 's `` In the Air Tonite '', Kesha 's `` Love Into the Light '', and Av LMKR 's `` In The Air ''. It was used in 2009 by Canadian rapper Roi Heenok in his song `` La Mama Coca. '' According to video game music composer David Wise, he sampled the percussion track of `` In the Air Tonight '' for `` Bayou Boogie '', a track in the 1995 SNES game Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest. It was also sampled by MiC LOWRY on their single `` Oh Lord ''. The song sampled by The Overall Ole in the song `` Gig Paty Gig! ''. Use in literature ( edit ) U.S. author Mohja Kahf obtained permission to cite two lines from the song in her novel, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ( Perseus Books, 2006 ). When the novel 's protagonist, a young Syrian American woman named Khadra who is coming of age during the 1970s and 1980s in America, performs the Muslim ritual pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca and views the Ka'ba for the first time, the author writes that : `` Khadra tried to keep the joyous talbiya ( ritual chant ) in her mind and on her tongue : Here I am, O my Lord, Here I am! Labbaik, allahumma, labbaik! But she kept getting it crossed with Phil Collins in her head crooning, ' I can feel it coming in the air tonight, Oh Lo - ord... I 've been waiting for this moment for all my life, oh Lo - ord... ' '' Single and credits ( edit ) VSK102 UK Single Release ( Martin H ) `` In the Air Tonight '' `` The Roof is Leaking Sleeve includes a black and white 12 page cartoon storyboard drawn by Collins ' brother Clive Collins. UK and U.S. single ( 1981 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' -- 4 : 57 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine, vocals, drums, Prophet 5 synthesizer, Rhodes piano, Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano, vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar A demo track for `` In the Air Tonight '' also appeared on the `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' single. 12 '' German maxi - single ( 1981 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( full - length version including the extra drums ) -- 5 : 34 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine, vocals, drums, Prophet 5 synthesizer, Rhodes piano, Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano, vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar, aka Eric Clapton, credited as Eric Japan CD single ( 1988 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) `` I Missed Again '' ( Album Version ) German CD single ( 1990 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 33 ( Additional production by Ben Liebrand ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) -- 5 : 07 ( Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham ) `` I Missed Again '' -- 3 : 42 ( catalogue 2292 - 57672 - 2 ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart ( 2008 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Digital single Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and in the film Miami Vice ( 2006 ), and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film. Nonpoint 's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010. The song was also covered by American metal band In This Moment for their 2017 album Ritual. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for Phil Collins ( page 3 ) ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 16 February 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Phil Collins ''. The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Drummers of All Time ''. LA Weekly. Los Angeles. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Drumming Moments ''. Rhythm. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2018. Jump up ^ `` JdjdjRock On The Net : VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 ''. Jump up ^ Gruss, Mike ( 11 July 2007 ). `` I 've been Waiting for a theme song all my life ''. The Virginian - Pilot. Daily Break section, p. E1. Retrieved 11 August 2013... Phil Collins ' 1981 soft - rock classic ' In the Air Tonight. ' ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Greene, Andy ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ). `` '' In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) Phil Collins : My Life in 15 Songs ``. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ Mills, Gary ( 26 May 2010 ). `` No Flak Jacket Required : In Defence Of Phil Collins ''. The Quietus. Retrieved 23 October 2015. the single 's place in 1981 at the vanguard of experimental pop ^ Jump up to : `` Mix Magazine - Classic Tracks : Phil Collins ' `` In the Air Tonight '' ``. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave ( November 2004 ). Turn It On Again : Peter Gabriel, Phil Collins, and Genesis. Backbeat Books. p. 182. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 810 - 0. Jump up ^ Wardrop, Murray ( 8 May 2009 ). `` Ozzy Osbourne : ' I love Phil Collins ' ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 July 2015. Jump up ^ BBC. `` Sold on Song - Song Library - In the Air Tonight ''. www.bbc.co.uk. ^ Jump up to : Collins, Phil ; et al. ( 2007 ). Genesis : Chapter and Verse. St. Martin 's Griffin. pp. 220 -- 221. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37956 - 8. Jump up ^ `` In the Air Tonight ''. Snopes.com. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11. Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - `` The Singer and the Song '' Phil Collins `` ''. Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- Stan Lyrics ''. MetroLyrics. Retrieved 9 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins ( VHS ) at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins ( LaserDisc ) at Discogs ''. Discogs. Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 19. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 1985 ''. Awards & shows. Retrieved March 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` BBC News : Stars recall Live Aid spectacular ''. 8 November 2004. Jump up ^ Ellen, Mark : `` Does everybody still hate Phil Collins? '' ; Classic Rock # 217, December 2015, p82 Jump up ^ Setchfield, Nick ; Graham, Matthew ( 22 May 2010 ). `` Ashes exclusive ''. SFX. Retrieved 17 June 2010. Jump up ^ Murray, Noel ( 2 August 2012 ). `` How Miami Vice launched the ' 80s on TV, then died with its decade TV A Very Special Episode ''. The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 9 August 2012. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. Bubbling Under Singles & Albums ( 1998 ) : 51 Jump up ^ Totilo, Stephen ( 31 October 2006 ). `` ' GTA ' Land Of Confusion : Why Is Phil Collins In ' Vice City Stories '? ''. MTV News. Retrieved 16 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Platinum Certification ''. RadioScope New Zealand. 25 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009. Jump up ^ Wonderbra drums up sexy hit, Daily Mail, 9 November 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2012. Jump up ^ YouTube. `` Gorilla TV advert - In The Air Tonight ( Ad Of The Decade ) ''. YouTube. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ Daily Mail. `` Revealed : The man behind the drum - playing gorilla suit in Cadbury 's ad ''. Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ CARONEDEC, PATRICK ( December 28, 2017 ). `` PHIL COLLINS WANTS YOU TO RING IN 2018 WITH ' IN THE AIR TONIGHT ' ''. Maxim. Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Paul, Oscar ( August 27, 2017 ). `` Why is Floyd Mayweather using Phil Collins In The Air Tonight as his ring music and when else was it used in boxing? ''. The Sun. Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ ANDERSON, KYLE ( June 8, 2009 ). `` THE REAL STAR OF ' THE HANGOVER ' IS... PHIL COLLINS? ''. MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` David Wise on Twitter : `` @ pantalytron No coincidence. I was trying to get the SNES to sound like the Roland CR78 that Phil Collins used for In the air tonight. '' ``. Twitter. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19. Jump up ^ ( The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, p. 162 ) Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed. ). St. Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book. p. 71. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ( single ) '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Air Tonight ''. Irish Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz - Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ''. Retrieved 14 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight ''. VG - lista. Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando ( September 2005 ). Sólo éxitos : año a año, 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed. ). Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE. ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight ''. Singles Top 100. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book. Harare : C. Kimberley, 2000 Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ( ' 88 Remix ) ( single ) '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Discography Phil Collins ''. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight ''. Top 40 Singles. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video ''. Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 16 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1981 ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 14 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2008 ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 14 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Phil Collins ; ' In The Air Tonight ' ) '' ( in German ). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand ''. Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. RadioScope New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type In The Air Tonight in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 14 October 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type In The Air Tonight in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter. ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 February 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH. External links ( edit ) The Singer and the Song, a `` Learning English '' episode from the BBC World Service, which includes a clip from the song and a recording of Collins reading part of the song 's lyrics ( in RealAudio ) `` Classic track : In the Air Tonight '' About the lyrics and the drum sound. aglassandahalffullproductions.com, Cadbury advert featuring a Gorilla playing the song. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Phil Collins songs Discography Face Value `` In the Air Tonight '' `` I Missed Again '' `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' Hello, I Must Be Going! `` Thru These Walls '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away '' `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning '' `` I Cannot Believe It 's True '' `` Like China '' No Jacket Required `` Sussudio '' `` One More Night '' `` Do n't Lose My Number '' `` Take Me Home '' Buster `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' `` Two Hearts ''... But Seriously `` Another Day in Paradise '' `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven '' `` That 's Just the Way It Is '' `` Do You Remember? '' `` Hang in Long Enough '' Serious Hits... Live! `` Do You Remember? '' ( live ) `` Who Said I Would '' ( live ) Both Sides `` Both Sides of the Story '' `` Everyday '' `` We Wait and We Wonder '' Dance into the Light `` Dance into the Light '' `` It 's in Your Eyes '' `` No Matter Who '' `` Wear My Hat '' `` The Same Moon ''... Hits `` True Colors '' Tarzan `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' Testify `` Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Come with Me '' `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do '' Brother Bear `` Look Through My Eyes '' `` No Way Out '' Going Back `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' `` Going Back '' Featured singles `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' `` Easy Lover '' `` Hero '' `` In the Air Tonite '' `` Home '' Other singles `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Separate Lives '' `` Somewhere '' Other songs `` The Man with the Horn '' `` You Ought to Know... '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Air_Tonight&oldid=865678067 '' Categories : 1981 singles Phil Collins songs 1980s ballads Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Debut singles Virgin Records singles Rock ballads Songs written by Phil Collins Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham Song recordings produced by Phil Collins Atlantic Records singles 1980 songs Miami Vice Number - one singles in Austria Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 13 : 34 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "In the Air Tonight", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=In_the_Air_Tonight&amp;oldid=865678067" }

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{ "text": "History of Native Americans in the United States - wikipedia History of Native Americans in the United States Jump to : navigation, search This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ). The history of Native Americans in the United States began in ancient times tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by the Paleo - Indians. Anthropologists and archeologists have identified and studied a wide variety of cultures that existed during this era. Their subsequent contact with Europeans had a profound impact on their history Contents ( hide ) 1 Settlement of the Americas 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.2 Major cultures 1.2. 1 Adena culture 1.2. 2 Coles Creek culture 1.2. 3 Hohokam culture 1.2. 4 Puebloan culture 1.2. 5 Mississippian culture 1.2. 6 Iroquois culture 2 European exploration and colonization 2.1 Impact on native populations 2.2 Animal introductions 3 King Philip 's War 4 Foundations for freedom 5 18th century 5.1 American Revolution 5.2 After the formation of the United States 6 19th century 6.1 Resistance 6.2 American expansion 6.3 Civil War 6.4 Removals and reservations 6.5 Native Americans and U.S. citizenship 6.5. 1 Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 6.6 Education and Indian boarding schools 7 20th century 7.1 World War II 7.2 Self - determination 7.3 The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 8 21st century 9 See also 10 Notes Settlement of the Americas ( edit ) According to the most generally accepted theory of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Eurasia to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The number and composition of the migrations is still being debated. Falling sea levels associated with an intensive period of Quaternary glaciation created the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to Alaska about 60 -- 25,000 years ago. The latest this migration could have taken place is 12,000 years ago ; the earliest remains undetermined. Three major migrations occurred, as traced by linguistic and genetic data ; the early Paleoamericans soon spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. By 8000 BCE the North American climate was very similar to today 's. A study published in 2012 gives genetic backing to the 1986 theory put forward by linguist Joseph Greenberg that the Americas must have been populated in three waves, based on language differences. Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America, according to Alfred Kroeber. Native American cultures are not included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic, '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia, Africa, and other regions. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a megafauna hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute, by which it was insecarbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years BP ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ). Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America, with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada, as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living on this continent since their genesis, described by a wide range of traditional creation stories. Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians. Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas. A Folsom point for a spear. The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips, and activities known from kill sites, where slaughter and butchering of bison took place. Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE. Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE, reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE, and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior. Linguists, anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America, later than the first Paleo - Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples, including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year - round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE. They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico, the San Juan Basin, the Rio Grande Valley, southern Colorado, and southeastern Utah. Since the 1990s, archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods. The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana, whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE, making it the oldest, dated site in the Americas for such complex construction. It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site. Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE, probably due to changing environmental conditions. Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast. The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE, during the Late Archaic period. Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites, from the major complex at Poverty Point, Louisiana ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni, Mississippi. Totem poles in Wrangell, Alaska. Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings, with additional platform mounds at the site. Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region. This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders. The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America. The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities, but they shared certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol. Their gift - giving feast, potlatch, is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events, such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief. The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole, with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs, legends, and notable events. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations, who were connected by a common network of trade routes, known as the Hopewell Exchange System. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Within this area, societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes. The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States. Major cultures ( edit ) Adena culture ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound, located in Moundsville, West Virginia, is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States. It was built by the Adena culture. Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BCE to 200 BCE, in a time known as the Early Woodland period. The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system. A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites. Coles Creek culture ( edit ) Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period. The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas, more complex political institutions, and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period. The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site. He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites, and almost went with the Mazique culture, but decided on the less historically involved sites name. It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture. Hohokam culture ( edit ) The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest. The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River. They raised corn, squash and beans. The communities were located near good arable land, with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period. They were known for their pottery, using the paddle - and - anvil technique. The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics. Buildings were grouped into walled compounds, as well as earthen platform mounds. Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems, suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor. Polychrome pottery appeared, and inhumation burial replaced cremation. Trade included that of shells and other exotics. Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 CE. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Taos Pueblo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people, marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era. White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument Puebloan culture ( edit ) Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed, at least in part, from the Oshara Tradition, who developed from the Picosa culture. They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses, larger clan type structures, grand pueblos, and cliff sited dwellings. The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers. The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls, particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras. Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo. The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks ( US ), examples being, Navajo National Monument, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Mesa Verde National Park, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Aztec Ruins National Monument, Bandelier National Monument, Hovenweep National Monument, and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer. The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs. An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE. Engraved stone palette from Moundville, illustrating two horned rattlesnakes, perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Mississippian culture ( edit ) Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast, created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico, most notably at Cahokia, on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois. The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt. The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds, positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy, and built with knowledge of varying soil types. The society began building at this site about 950 CE, and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people, which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800. Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom, with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 CE, is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture, it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois. Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques. The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ). Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period, but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period. The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies and mythology. The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture, development of greater population densities, and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE. The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico. Cahokian pottery was espically fine, with smooth surfaces, very thin walls and distinctive tempering, slips and coloring. Iroquois culture ( edit ) Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ). Iroquois culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '', based in present - day upstate and western New York, had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century. It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government. Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation, different from the strong, centralized European monarchies. Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs, each representing one clan within a tribe ; the Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight. Representation was not based on population numbers, as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others. When a sachem chief died, his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally. Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making, with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power. The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '', responsible for raising topics to be discussed. They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire, the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side. ) Elizabeth Tooker, an anthropologist, has said that it was unlikely the US founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy, as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States. For example, it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership, selected by female members of the tribes, consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes, and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body. Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples, and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them. The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds. Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century, or in the 17th century Beaver Wars. Through warfare, the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River. Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage, Kaw, Ponca and Omaha people. By the mid-17th century, they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans, displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories. European exploration and colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Age of Discovery and European colonization of the Americas Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell ( 1823 -- 1879 ) is a Romantic depiction of de Soto 's seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda. After 1492 European exploration and colonization of the Americas revolutionized how the Old and New Worlds perceived themselves. One of the first major contacts, in what would be called the American Deep South, occurred when the conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed in La Florida in April 1513. He was later followed by other Spanish explorers, such as Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539. The subsequent European colonists in North America often rationalized their expansion of empire with the assumption that they were saving a barbaric, pagan world by spreading Christian civilization. In the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the policy of Indian Reductions resulted in the forced conversions to Catholicism of the indigenous people in northern Nueva España. They had long - established spiritual and religious traditions and theological beliefs. What developed during the colonial years and since has been a syncretic Catholicism that absorbed and reflected indigenous beliefs ; the religion changed in New Spain. Impact on Native populations ( edit ) Main article : Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways : epidemic diseases brought from Europe ; violence and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists, as well as between tribes ; displacement from their lands ; internal warfare, enslavement ; and a high rate of intermarriage. Most mainstream scholars believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives because of their lack of immunity to new diseases brought from Europe. With the rapid declines of some populations and continuing rivalries among their nations, Native Americans sometimes re-organized to form new cultural groups, such as the Seminoles of Florida in the 19th century and the Mission Indians of Alta California. Some scholars characterize the treatment of Native Americans by the US as genocide or genocidal whilst others dispute this characterization. Estimating the number of Native Americans living in what is today the United States of America before the arrival of the European explorers and settlers has been the subject of much debate. While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus, estimates range from a low of 2.1 million ( Ubelaker 1976 ) to 7 million people ( Russell Thornton ) to a high of 18 million ( Dobyns 1983 ). A low estimate of around 1 million was first posited by the anthropologist James Mooney in the 1890s, by calculating population density of each culture area based on its carrying capacity. In 1965, the American anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns published studies estimating the original population to have been 10 to 12 million. By 1983, he increased his estimates to 18 million. Historian David Henige criticized higher estimates such as those of Dobyns ', writing that many population figures are the result of arbitrary formulas selectively applied to numbers from unreliable historical sources. By 1800, the Native population of the present - day United States had declined to approximately 600,000, and only 250,000 Native Americans remained in the 1890s. A conference of French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire by Émile Louis Vernier Chicken pox and measles, endemic but rarely fatal among Europeans ( long after being introduced from Asia ), often proved deadly to Native Americans. Smallpox epidemics often immediately followed European exploration and sometimes destroyed entire village populations. While precise figures are difficult to determine, some historians estimate that at least 30 % ( and sometimes 50 % to 70 % ) of some Native populations died after first contact due to Eurasian smallpox. One element of the Columbian exchange suggests explorers from the Christopher Columbus expedition contracted syphilis from indigenous peoples and carried it back to Europe, where it spread widely. Other researchers believe that the disease existed in Europe and Asia before Columbus and his men returned from exposure to indigenous peoples of the Americas, but that they brought back a more virulent form. In the 100 years following the arrival of the Spanish to the Americas, large disease epidemics depopulated large parts of the eastern United States in the 15th century. In 1618 -- 1619, smallpox killed 90 % of the Native Americans in the area of the Massachusetts Bay. Historians believe many Mohawk in present - day New York became infected after contact with children of Dutch traders in Albany in 1634. The disease swept through Mohawk villages, reaching the Onondaga at Lake Ontario by 1636, and the lands of the western Iroquois by 1679, as it was carried by Mohawk and other Native Americans who traveled the trading routes. The high rate of fatalities caused breakdowns in Native American societies and disrupted generational exchange of culture. Through the mid 17th century the Beaver Wars were fought over the fur trade between the Iroquois and the Hurons, the northern Algonquians, and their French allies. During the war the Iroquois destroyed several large tribal confederacies -- including the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock, and Shawnee, and became dominant in the region and enlarged their territory. Between 1754 and 1763, many Native American tribes were involved in the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War. Those involved in the fur trade in the northern areas tended to ally with French forces against British colonial militias. Native Americans fought on both sides of the conflict. The greater number of tribes fought with the French in the hopes of checking British expansion. The British had made fewer allies, but it was joined by some tribes that wanted to prove assimilation and loyalty in support of treaties to preserve their territories. They were often disappointed when such treaties were later overturned. The tribes had their own purposes, using their alliances with the European powers to battle traditional Native enemies. Native California Population, according to Cook 1978. The 2010 U.S. Census reported 723,225 Native Americans in California. After European explorers reached the West Coast in the 1770s, smallpox rapidly killed at least 30 % of Northwest Coast Native Americans. For the next 80 to 100 years, smallpox and other diseases devastated native populations in the region. Puget Sound area populations, once estimated as high as 37,000 people, were reduced to only 9,000 survivors by the time settlers arrived en masse in the mid-19th century. The Spanish missions in California did not significantly affect the population of Native Americans, but the numbers of the latter decreased rapidly after California ceased to be a Spanish colony, especially during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th ( see chart on the right ). Smallpox epidemics in 1780 -- 1782 and 1837 -- 1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians. By 1832, the federal government established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans ( The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 ). It was the first federal program created to address a health problem of Native Americans. Animal introductions ( edit ) With the meeting of two worlds, animals, insects, and plants were carried from one to the other, both deliberately and by chance, in what is called the Columbian Exchange. Sheep, pigs, horses, and cattle were all Old World animals that were introduced to contemporary Native Americans who never knew such animals. In the 16th century, Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to Mexico. Some of the horses escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The early American horse had been game for the earliest humans on the continent. It was hunted to extinction about 7000 BCE, just after the end of the last glacial period. Native Americans benefited from the reintroduction of horses, as they adopted the use of the animals, they began to change their cultures in substantial ways, especially by extending their nomadic ranges for hunting. The reintroduction of the horse to North America had a profound impact on Native American culture of the Great Plains. The tribes trained and used horses to ride and to carry packs or pull travois. The people fully incorporated the use of horses into their societies and expanded their territories. They used horses to carry goods for exchange with neighboring tribes, to hunt game, especially bison, and to conduct wars and horse raids. King Philip 's War ( edit ) Main article : King Philip 's War King Philip 's War, also called Metacom 's War or Metacom 's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present - day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675 to 1676. It continued in northern New England ( primarily on the Maine frontier ) even after King Philip was killed, until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678. According to a combined estimate of loss of life in Schultz and Tougias ' King Philip 's War, The History and Legacy of America 's Forgotten Conflict ( based on sources from the Department of Defense, the Bureau of Census, and the work of Colonial historian Francis Jennings ), 800 out of 52,000 English colonists of New England ( 1 out of every 65 ) and 3,000 out of 20,000 natives ( 3 out of every 20 ) lost their lives due to the war, which makes it proportionately one of the bloodiest and costliest in the history of America. More than half of New England 's 90 towns were assaulted by Native American warriors. One in ten soldiers on both sides were wounded or killed. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet ( also known as Metacom or Pometacom ) who was known to the English as King Philip. He was the last Massasoit ( Great Leader ) of the Pokanoket Tribe / Pokanoket Federation and Wampanoag Nation. Upon their loss to the Colonists, many managed to flee to the North to continue their fight against the British ( Massachusetts Bay Colony ) by joining with the Abanaki Tribes and Wabanaki Federation. Foundations for freedom ( edit ) Further information : Great Law of Peace The Treaty of Penn with the Indians by Benjamin West painted in 1771. Some Europeans considered Native American societies to be representative of a golden age known to them only in folk history. The political theorist Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote that the idea of freedom and democratic ideals was born in the Americas because `` it was only in America '' that Europeans from 1500 to 1776 knew of societies that were `` truly free. '' Natural freedom is the only object of the policy of the ( Native Americans ) ; with this freedom do nature and climate rule alone amongst them... ( Native Americans ) maintain their freedom and find abundant nourishment... ( and are ) people who live without laws, without police, without religion. -- Jean Jacques Rousseau In the 20th century, some writers have credited the Iroquois nations ' political confederacy and democratic government as being influences for the development of the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. In October 1988, the U.S. Congress passed Concurrent Resolution 331 to recognize the influence of the Iroquois Constitution upon the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. However, leading historians of the period note that historic evidence is lacking to support such an interpretation. Gordon Wood wrote, `` The English colonists did not need the Indians to tell them about federalism or self - government. The New England Confederation was organized as early as 1643. '' The historian Jack Rakove, a specialist in early American history, in 2005 noted that the voluminous documentation of the Constitutional proceedings `` contain no significant reference to Iroquois. '' Secondly, he notes : `` All the key political concepts that were the stuff of American political discourse before the Revolution and after, had obvious European antecedents and referents : bicameralism, separation of powers, confederations, and the like. '' 18th century ( edit ) American Revolution ( edit ) Yamacraw Creek Native Americans meet with the Trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. The painting shows a Native American boy ( in a blue coat ) and woman ( in a red dress ) in European clothing. During the American Revolution, the newly proclaimed United States competed with the British for the allegiance of Native American nations east of the Mississippi River. Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, based both on their trading relationships and hopes that colonial defeat would result in a halt to further colonial expansion onto Native American land. Many native communities were divided over which side to support in the war and others wanted to remain neutral. The first native community to sign a treaty with the new United States Government was the Lenape. For the Iroquois Confederacy, based in New York, the American Revolution resulted in civil war. The only Iroquois tribes to ally with the colonials were the Oneida and Tuscarora. Frontier warfare during the American Revolution was particularly brutal, and numerous atrocities were committed by settlers and native tribes alike. Noncombatants suffered greatly during the war. Military expeditions on each side destroyed villages and food supplies to reduce the ability of people to fight, as in frequent raids by both sides in the Mohawk Valley and western New York. The largest of these expeditions was the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, in which American colonial troops destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages to neutralize Iroquois raids in upstate New York. The expedition failed to have the desired effect : Native American activity became even more determined. American Indians have played a central role in shaping the history of the nation, and they are deeply woven into the social fabric of much of American life... During the last three decades of the 20th century, scholars of ethnohistory, of the `` new Indian history, '' and of Native American studies forcefully demonstrated that to understand American history and the American experience, one must include American Indians. -- Robbie Ethridge, Creek Country. Mishikinakwa ( `` Little Turtle '' ) 's forces defeated an American force of nearly 1000 U.S Army soldiers and other casualties at the Battle of the Wabash in 1791. Bronze medals struck at behest of Virginia governor Thomas Jefferson and carried by Joseph Martin to give to Cherokee allies of colonial forces. Notice peace pipe atop the medal The British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ), through which they ceded vast Native American territories to the United States without informing or consulting with the Native Americans. The Northwest Indian War was led by Native American tribes trying to repulse American settlers. The United States initially treated the Native Americans who had fought as allies with the British as a conquered people who had lost their lands. Although most members of the Iroquois tribes went to Canada with the Loyalists, others tried to stay in New York and western territories to maintain their lands. The state of New York made a separate treaty with Iroquois nations and put up for sale 5,000,000 acres ( 20,000 km ) of land that had previously been their territories. The state established small reservations in western New York for the remnant peoples. The Indians presented a reverse image of European civilization which helped America establish a national identity that was neither savage nor civilized. -- Charles Sanford, The Quest for Paradise : Europe and the American Moral Imagination After the formation of the United States ( edit ) The United States was eager to expand, to develop farming and settlements in new areas, and to satisfy land hunger of settlers from New England and new immigrants. The national government initially sought to purchase Native American land by treaties. The states and settlers were frequently at odds with this policy. George Washington advocated the advancement of Native American society and he `` harbored some measure of goodwill towards the Indians. '' European nations sent Native Americans ( sometimes against their will ) to the Old World as objects of curiosity. They often entertained royalty and were sometimes prey to commercial purposes. Christianization of Native Americans was a charted purpose for some European colonies. Whereas it hath at this time become peculiarly necessary to warn the citizens of the United States against a violation of the treaties... I do by these presents require, all officers of the United States, as well civil as military, and all other citizens and inhabitants thereof, to govern themselves according to the treaties and act aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril. -- George Washington, Proclamation Regarding Treaties, 1790. United States policy toward Native Americans had continued to evolve after the American Revolution. George Washington and Henry Knox believed that Native Americans were equals but that their society was inferior. Washington formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process. Washington had a six - point plan for civilization which included : impartial justice toward Native Americans regulated buying of Native American lands promotion of commerce promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Native American society presidential authority to give presents punishing those who violated Native American rights. Robert Remini, a historian, wrote that `` once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans. '' The United States appointed agents, like Benjamin Hawkins, to live among the Native Americans and to teach them how to live like whites. How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended. But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America -- This opinion is probably more convenient than just. -- Henry Knox to George Washington, 1790s. Benjamin Hawkins, seen here on his plantation, teaches Creek Native Americans how to use European technology. Painted in 1805. In the late 18th century, reformers starting with Washington and Knox, supported educating native children and adults, in efforts to `` civilize '' or otherwise assimilate Native Americans to the larger society ( as opposed to relegating them to reservations ). The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 promoted this civilization policy by providing funding to societies ( mostly religious ) who worked on Native American improvement. I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families. Be assured you will support them better and with less labor, by raising stock and bread, and by spinning and weaving clothes, than by hunting. A little land cultivated, and a little labor, will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt ; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving, than a man by hunting. Compared with you, we are but as of yesterday in this land. Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry, and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us. Follow then our example, brethren, and we will aid you with great pleasure... -- President Thomas Jefferson, Brothers of the Choctaw Nation, December 17, 1803 19th century ( edit ) Resistance ( edit ) Tecumseh was the Shawnee leader of Tecumseh 's War who attempted to organize an alliance of Native American tribes throughout North America. As American expansion continued, Native Americans resisted settlers ' encroachment in several regions of the new nation ( and in unorganized territories ), from the Northwest to the Southeast, and then in the West, as settlers encountered the tribes of the Great Plains. East of the Mississippi River, an intertribal army led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, fought a number of engagements in the Northwest during the period 1811 -- 12, known as Tecumseh 's War. In the latter stages, Tecumseh 's group allied with the British forces in the War of 1812 and was instrumental in the conquest of Detroit. Conflicts in the Southeast include the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian Removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes beginning in the 1830s under President Andrew Jackson 's policies. Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the United States throughout the 19th century, through what were called generally `` Indian Wars. '' The Battle of Little Bighorn ( 1876 ) was one of the greatest Native American victories. Defeats included the Sioux Uprising of 1862, the Sand Creek Massacre ( 1864 ) and Wounded Knee in 1890. Indian Wars continued into the early 20th century. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ), `` The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate... '' American expansion ( edit ) Native Americans flee from the allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny, Columbia, painted in 1872 by John Gast In July 1845, the New York newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan coined the phrase, `` Manifest Destiny, '' as the `` design of Providence '' supporting the territorial expansion of the United States. Manifest Destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans, since continental expansion for the United States took place at the cost of their occupied land. Manifest Destiny was a justification for expansion and westward movement, or, in some interpretations, an ideology or doctrine that helped to promote the progress of civilization. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious and certain. The term was first used primarily by Jacksonian Democrats in the 1840s to promote the annexation of much of what is now the Western United States ( the Oregon Territory, the Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cession ). What a prodigious growth this English race, especially the American branch of it, is having! How soon will it subdue and occupy all the wild parts of this continent and of the islands adjacent. No prophecy, however seemingly extravagant, as to future achievements in this way ( is ) likely to equal the reality. -- Rutherford Birchard Hayes, U.S. President, January 1, 1857, Personal Diary. The age of Manifest Destiny, which came to be associated with extinguishing American Indian territorial claims and removing them to reservations, gained ground as the United States population explored and settled west of the Mississippi River. Although Indian Removal from the Southeast had been proposed by some as a humanitarian measure to ensure their survival away from Americans, conflicts of the 19th century led some European - Americans to regard the natives as `` savages ''. Civil War ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see Native Americans in the American Civil War. Ely Parker was a Union Civil War General who wrote the terms of surrender between the United States and the Confederate States of America. Parker was one of two Native Americans to reach the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War. Many Native Americans served in the military during the Civil War, on both sides. By fighting with the whites, Native Americans hoped to gain favor with the prevailing government by supporting the war effort. Cherokee confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903. General Ely S. Parker, a member of the Seneca tribe, created the articles of surrender which General Robert E. Lee signed at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Gen. Parker, who served as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's military secretary and was a trained attorney, was once rejected for Union military service because of his race. At Appomattox, Lee is said to have remarked to Parker, `` I am glad to see one real American here, '' to which Parker replied, `` We are all Americans. '' General Stand Watie, a leader of the Cherokee Nation and Confederate Indian cavalry commander, was the last Confederate General to surrender his troops. Removals and reservations ( edit ) Main article : Americanization of Native Americans Further information : List of Native American reservations in the United States In the 19th century, the incessant westward expansion of the United States incrementally compelled large numbers of Native Americans to resettle further west, often by force, almost always reluctantly. Native Americans believed this forced relocation illegal, given the Hopewell Treaty of 1785. Under President Andrew Jackson, United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the President to conduct treaties to exchange Native American land east of the Mississippi River for lands west of the river. As many as 100,000 Native Americans relocated to the West as a result of this Indian Removal policy. In theory, relocation was supposed to be voluntary and many Native Americans did remain in the East. In practice, great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. The most egregious violation of the stated intention of the removal policy took place under the Treaty of New Echota, which was signed by a dissident faction of Cherokees but not the principal chief. The following year, the Cherokee conceded to removal, but Georgia included their land in a lottery for European - American settlement before that. President Jackson used the military to gather and transport the Cherokee to the west, whose timing and lack of adequate supplies led to the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees on the Trail of Tears. About 17,000 Cherokees, along with approximately 2,000 enslaved blacks held by Cherokees, were taken by force migration to Indian Territory. Tribes were generally located to reservations where they could more easily be separated from traditional life and pushed into European - American society. Some southern states additionally enacted laws in the 19th century forbidding non-Native American settlement on Native American lands, with the intention to prevent sympathetic white missionaries from aiding the scattered Native American resistance. Native Americans and U.S. Citizenship ( edit ) Portraits of Native Americans from the Cherokee, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Comanche, Iroquois, and Muscogee tribes in American attire. Photos date from 1868 to 1924. In 1817, the Cherokee became the first Native Americans recognized as U.S. citizens. Under Article 8 of the 1817 Cherokee treaty, `` Upwards of 300 Cherokees ( Heads of Families ) in the honest simplicity of their souls, made an election to become American citizens. '' The next earliest recorded date of Native Americans ' becoming U.S. citizens was in 1831, when some Mississippi Choctaw became citizens after the United States Congress ratified the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Article 22 sought to put a Choctaw representative in the U.S. House of Representatives. Under article XIV of that treaty, any Choctaw who elected not to move with the Choctaw Nation could become an American citizen when he registered and if he stayed on designated lands for five years after treaty ratification. Through the years, Native Americans became U.S. citizens by : 1. Treaty provision ( as with the Cherokee ) 2. Registration and land allotment under the Dawes Act of February 8, 1887 3. Issuance of Patent in Fee simple 4. Adopting Habits of Civilized Life 5. Minor Children 6. Citizenship by Birth 7. Becoming Soldiers and Sailors in the U.S. Armed Forces 8. Marriage to a U.S. citizen 9. Special Act of Congress. In 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney expressed the opinion of the court that since Native Americans were `` free and independent people, '' they could become U.S. citizens. Taney asserted that Native Americans could be naturalized and join the `` political community '' of the United States. ( Native Americans ), without doubt, like the subjects of any other foreign Government, be naturalized by the authority of Congress, and become citizens of a State, and of the United States ; and if an individual should leave his nation or tribe, and take up his abode among the white population, he would be entitled to all the rights and privileges which would belong to an emigrant from any other foreign people. -- Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, 1857, What was Taney thinking? American Indian Citizenship in the era of Dred Scott, Frederick E. Hoxie, April 2007. After the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 states, `` that all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States ''. This was affirmed by the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. But the concept of Native Americans as U.S. citizens fell out of favor among politicians at the time. Senator Jacob Howard of Michigan commented, `` I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow - citizens and go to the polls and vote with me ''. ( Congressional Globe, 1866, 2895 ) In a Senate floor debate regarding the Fourteenth Amendment, James Rood Doolittle of Wisconsin stated, ``... all those wild Indians to be citizens of the United States, the Great Republic of the world, whose citizenship should be a title as proud as that of king, and whose danger is that you may degrade that citizenship ( Congressional Globe, 1866, 2892 ). '' Indian appropriations Act of 1871 ( edit ) In 1871 Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act ending United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations, and prohibiting additional treaties. That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty : Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe. -- Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Education and Indian boarding schools ( edit ) Main article : Indian boarding schools After the Indian wars in the late 19th century, the United States established Native American boarding schools, initially run primarily by or affiliated with Christian missionaries. At this time American society thought that Native American children needed to be acculturated to the general society. The boarding school experience often proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity and denied the right to practice their native religions, and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Native American identities and adopt European - American culture. Since the late 20th century, investigations have documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuse occurring at such schools. While problems were documented as early as the 1920s, some of the schools continued into the 1960s. Since the rise of self - determination for Native Americans, they have generally emphasized education of their children at schools near where they live. In addition, many federally recognized tribes have taken over operations of such schools and added programs of language retention and revival to strengthen their cultures. Beginning in the 1970s, tribes have also founded colleges at their reservations, controlled and operated by Native Americans, to educate their young for jobs as well as to pass on their cultures. 20th century ( edit ) Charles Curtis, of Kaw, Osage, Potawatomi, French and British ancestry, was 31st Vice President of the United States, 1929 -- 1933. On August 29, 1911 Ishi, generally considered to have been the last Native American to live most of his life without contact with European - American culture, was discovered near Oroville, California after a forest fire drove him from nearby mountains. He was the last of his tribe, the rest having been massacred by a party of White `` Indian fighters '' in 1865 when he was a boy. After being jailed in protective custody, Ishi was released to anthropologists led by Alfred L. Kroeber at the University of California. They studied his Southern Yahi language and culture, and provided him a home until his death from tuberculosis five years later. On June 2, 1924 U.S. Republican President Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which made citizens of the United States of all Native Americans born in the United States and its territories and who were not already citizens. Prior to passage of the act, nearly two - thirds of Native Americans were already U.S. citizens. American Indians today have all the rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, can vote in elections, and run for political office. There has been controversy over how much the federal government has jurisdiction over tribal affairs, sovereignty, and cultural practices. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all noncitizen Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States : Provided, That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Native American to tribal or other property. -- Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 World War II ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see Native Americans and World War II. General Douglas MacArthur meeting Navajo, Pima, Pawnee and other Native American troops. Some 44,000 Native Americans served in the United States military during World War II : at the time, one - third of all able - bodied Indian men from 18 to 50 years of age. The entry of young men into the United States military during World War II has been described as the first large - scale exodus of indigenous peoples from the reservations. It involved more people than any migration since the removals from areas east of the Mississippi River of the early 19th century. The men 's service with the US military in the international conflict was a turning point in Native American history. The overwhelming majority of Native Americans welcomed the opportunity to serve ; they had a voluntary enlistment rate that was 40 % higher than those who were drafted. War Department officials said that if the entire population had enlisted in the same proportion as the Native Americans, the response would have rendered the draft unnecessary. Their fellow soldiers often held them in high esteem, in part since the legend of the tough Native American warrior had become a part of the fabric of American historical legend. White servicemen sometimes showed a lighthearted respect toward Native American comrades by calling them `` chief ''. Native American cultures were profoundly changed after their young men returned home, because of their wide contact with the world outside of the reservation system. `` The war '', said the U.S. Indian Commissioner in 1945, `` caused the greatest disruption of Native life since the beginning of the reservation era '', affecting the habits, views, and economic well - being of tribal members. The most significant of these changes was the opportunity -- as a result of wartime labor shortages -- to find well - paying work in cities. After the war many Native Americans relocated to urban areas, particularly on the West Coast with the buildup of the defense industry. In the 1950s the federal government had a relocation policy encouraging them to do so because of economic opportunity in cities. But Native Americans struggled with discrimination and the great cultural changes in leaving their reservations behind. There were also losses as a result of the war. For instance, a total of 1,200 Pueblo men served in World War II ; only about half came home alive. In addition many more Navajo served as Code talkers for the military in the Pacific. The code they made, although cryptologically very simple, was never cracked by the Japanese. Self - determination ( edit ) Main articles : Native American self - determination and Native American civil rights Military service and urban residency contributed to the rise of American Indian activism, particularly after the 1960s and the occupation of Alcatraz Island ( 1969 -- 1971 ) by a student Indian group from San Francisco. In the same period, the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) was founded in Minneapolis, and chapters were established throughout the country, where American Indians combined spiritual and political activism. Political protests gained national media attention and the sympathy of the American public. Through the mid-1970s, conflicts between governments and Native Americans occasionally erupted into violence. A notable late 20th - century event was the Wounded Knee incident on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Upset with tribal government and the failures of the federal government to enforce treaty rights, about 300 Oglala Lakota and American Indian Movement ( AIM ) activists took control of Wounded Knee on February 27, 1973. Indian activists from around the country joined them at Pine Ridge, and the occupation became a symbol of rising American Indian identity and power. Federal law enforcement officials and the national guard cordoned off the town, and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days. During much gunfire, one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed. In late April a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire ; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost. In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and killed at close range. The AIM activist Leonard Peltier was sentenced in 1976 to two consecutive terms of life in prison in the FBI deaths. In 1968 the government enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act. This gave tribal members most of the protections against abuses by tribal governments that the Bill of Rights accords to all U.S. citizens with respect to the federal government. In 1975 the U.S. government passed the Indian Self - Determination and Education Assistance Act, marking the culmination of 15 years of policy changes. It resulted from American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and community development aspects of President Lyndon Johnson 's social programs of the 1960s. The Act recognized the right and need of Native Americans for self - determination. It marked the U.S. government 's turn away from the 1950s policy of termination of the relationship between tribes and the government. The U.S. government encouraged Native Americans ' efforts at self - government and determining their futures. Tribes have developed organizations to administer their own social, welfare and housing programs, for instance. Tribal self - determination has created tension with respect to the federal government 's historic trust obligation to care for Indians, however, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has never lived up to that responsibility. By this time, tribes had already started to establish community schools to replace the BIA boarding schools. Led by the Navajo Nation in 1968, tribes started tribal colleges and universities, to build their own models of education on reservations, preserve and revive their cultures, and develop educated workforces. In 1994 the U.S. Congress passed legislation recognizing the tribal colleges as land - grant colleges, which provided opportunities for funding. Thirty - two tribal colleges in the United States belong to the American Indian Higher Education Consortium. By the early 21st century, tribal nations had also established numerous language revival programs in their schools. In addition, Native American activism has led major universities across the country to establish Native American studies programs and departments, increasing awareness of the strengths of Indian cultures, providing opportunities for academics, and deepening research on history and cultures in the United States. Native Americans have entered academia ; journalism and media ; politics at local, state and federal levels ; and public service, for instance, influencing medical research and policy to identify issues related to American Indians. In 1981, Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times, an independent Native American newspaper, located at the Pine Ridge Reservation but not controlled by tribal government. He later founded the Native American Journalists Association. Other independent newspapers and media corporations have been developed, so that Native American journalists are contributing perspective on their own affairs and other policies and events. In 2004 Senator Sam Brownback ( Republican of Kansas ) introduced a joint resolution ( Senate Joint Resolution 37 ) to `` offer an apology to all Native Peoples on behalf of the United States '' for past `` ill - conceived policies '' by the U.S. government regarding Indian Tribes. President Barack Obama signed the historic apology into law in 2009, as Section 8113 of the 2010 defense appropriations bill. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Native American Apology Resolution After years of investigation and independent work by Native American journalists, in 2003 the U.S. government indicted suspects in the December 1975 murder of Anna Mae Aquash at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. A Mi'kmaq, Aquash was the highest - ranking woman activist in the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) at the time. She was killed several months after two FBI agents had been killed at the reservation. Many Lakota believe that she was killed by AIM on suspicion of having been an FBI informant, but she never worked for the FBI. Arlo Looking Cloud was convicted in federal court in 2004. In 2007 the United States extradited AIM activist John Graham from Canada to stand trial for her murder. He was also convicted and sentenced to life. The Indian arts and crafts Act of 1990 ( edit ) The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 ( P.L. 101 - 644 ) is a truth - in - advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States, including dreamcatchers. It is illegal to offer or display for sale, or sell any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced. Though this law has been in effect for 27 years -- it is still widely unknown and rarely enforced due to the difficulty in proving the heritage of anyone found to be in violation of the law. 21st century ( edit ) Native American tribes and individuals began to file suits against the federal government over a range of issues, especially land claims and mismanagement of trust lands and fees. A number of longstanding cases were finally settled by the administration of President Barack Obama, who made a commitment to improve relations between the federal government and the tribes. Among these was Cobell v. Salazar, a class action suit settled in 2009, with Congress appropriating funds in 2010. Another was Keepseagle v., settled in April 2011. The $760 million settlement `` designated $680 million for Native American farmers who had faced discrimination from the U.S. Department of Agriculture over a period of several years in the past. By 2012, `` the Justice and Interior departments had reached settlements totaling more than $1 billion with 41 tribes for claims of mismanagement. '' The Navajo Nation gained the largest settlement with a single tribe, of $554 million. It is the largest tribe in the United States. In 2013 under renewal of the Violence Against Women Act, the federal government strengthened protection of Native American women, as it established authority for tribes to prosecute non-Natives who commit crimes on Indian land. Domestic and sexual abuse of Native American women has been a problem in many areas, but previous laws prevented arrest or prosecution by tribal police or courts of non-native abusive partners. Native American migration to urban areas continued to grow : 70 % of Native Americans lived in urban areas in 2012, up from 45 % in 1970, and 8 % in 1940. Urban areas with significant Native American populations include Rapid City, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, Denver, Phoenix, Tucson, Seattle, Chicago, Houston, and New York City. Many have lived in poverty and struggled with discrimination. 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A10. ^ Jump up to : Alysa Landry, `` Barack Obama : ' Emotionally and Intellectually Committed to Indian Country ' '', Indian Country Today, 1 November 2016 ; accessed 5 November 2016 Jump up ^ Rob Capriccioso, `` Tribes Do n't Like Keepseagle Lawyers Controlling $380 Million of Settlement '', Indian Country Today, 4 September 2013 ; accessed 5 November 2016 Jump up ^ Camia, Catalina ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ). `` Congress sends Violence Against Women Act to Obama ''. USA Today. Retrieved 28 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` VAWA victory shows that House GOP needs Democrats ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 February 2013. Jump up ^ Timothy Williams ( April 13, 2013 ). `` Quietly, Indians Reshape Cities and Reservations ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2013. 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{ "text": "List of Ultimate X-Men characters - wikipedia List of Ultimate X-Men characters The Ultimate X-Men are a team of mutant superheroes that appear in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The codenames listed under `` Character '' are those used during the time frame of the particular iteration. Characters with more than one codename for that period have them listed chronologically and separated by a slash ( / ). Bolded names in the most recent iteration published are the current team members. Contents 1 X-Men 1.1 Kitty Pryde 's Free Mutants 1.2 Original X-Men 1.3 Colossus 's X-Men 2 Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow 3 Karen Grant 's The Runaways 4 Enemies 4.1 Nomi Blume 's Renegades 4.2 The Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy 4.3 Weapon X 4.4 The Morlocks 4.5 Alpha Flight 5 Other Teams 5.1 Bishop 's X-Men 5.2 Xavier Institute Student Body 5.3 Xavier Institute Teaching Staff 5.4 Other villains 6 X-Men allies 7 Neutral characters 8 References X-Men ( edit ) Kitty Pryde 's free mutants ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Having reunited with her fellow mutants after the death of Peter Parker, Kitty helps spearhead a campaign to protect mutants who are being hunted down by Sentinels. After striking a deal with President Captain America, she ( and the mutants who did not want to take a cure to rid them of their powers ) were allowed to live `` freely '' on a reservation dubbed Utopia. She was elected leader of the group, although her approach causes friction with Nomi Blume, who eventually defects along with a number of mutants. Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Having been imprisoned after the events of Ultimatum along with Colossus, she eventually makes her way to the Mutant haven Utopia, and sides with Kitty in deciding who would be the leader over the small remaining group of mutants. Rogue Marian Carlyle Ultimate X-Men # 32 Having been in hiding after the events of Ultimatum, she eventually reappears, seemingly on William Stryker 's side. However, it was a ruse to stop his killing of mutants. She eventually joins Kitty 's team in Utopia. Wolverine Jimmy Hudson Ultimate X # 1 The son of Wolverine, and adopted son of the Hudsons. He has a healing factor and retractable claws, which he is able to cover with organic metal, much like Colossus. After leaving Karen Grant 's X-Team, he eventually stumbles upon Kitty and the rest of the mutants. He eventually begins a romantic relationship with Kitty, and is second - in - command. It is revealed in Ultimate Comics : Wolverine # 2 that his mother is Madga, and is half - siblings with Pietro and Wanda Lensherr. Blackheath Samuel Smithers Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 A mutant whose powers is related to botany, he originally sided with Nomi during the initial vote over who would be leader in Utopia. He continued to work with Kitty for a time, although it was to spy for Nomi. He eventually defected from Nomi 's group and joined with Kitty. Black Box Seth Vale Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 Although a minor character in Utopia, he has become close friends with Jimmy, and co-starred with him in Ultimate Comics : Wolverine # 2. Armor Hisako Ichiki Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 17 She first appears as a young Japanese child being held captive in one of William Stryker 's Mutant internment camps. After being rescued by Iceman and Husk, she joins their Mutant resistance movement. In this continuity, Hisako 's energy armor takes the form of animals including a large, glowing dragon and a panda bear. Magma Amara Aquilla Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 A former mutant prisoner of Camp : Angel ( along with Storm and Colossus ), she joined Kitty Pryde 's resistance in the Ultimate Marvel title, Ultimate Comics : X-Men. Her powers include fire and mantle manipulation. Zero Kenji Uedo Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 Although initially part of Nomi 's rebellious mutants and leaving the settlement, for unknown reasons, he defected to Kitty 's group. Micromax Scott Wright Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 Although initially part of Nomi 's rebellious mutants and leaving the settlement, for unknown reasons, he defected to Kitty 's group. His powers include mass / size manipulation. Original X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Professor X Charles Xavier Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team founder, headmaster of the Xavier Institute for Gifted Youngsters ( now the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning ). Presumed to have died in issue # 78 and revealed to be alive in the future in issue # 80. Rejoined the X-Men as headmaster and mentor once again in issue # 93. Deceased : Magneto snapped his neck. Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team 's medical doctor and biologist. Thought dead, but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue # 81. Rejoined the X-Men in issue # 88. Deceased : Confirmed by Jean Grey in issue # 98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave. Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 1 Left the X-Mansion in issue # 80 to live with Northstar. Returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation to his return and an addiction to `` Banshee ''. After battling the X-Men, Jean Grey revealed Northstar to still be alive after his supposed death. Colossus then returns ( alongside his X-Men team ) to Xavier 's X-Men. Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 1 Field leader. Left the team for a short while to join the Brotherhood, but later returned to the X-Men. Broke up the X-Men when Xavier `` died ''. After Xavier 's `` death '', Cyclops became headmaster of the Institute along with Jean Grey. Following Xavier 's return, he returned to the X-Men. He began using Banshee and officially left Xavier 's team for Colossus 's team, before eventually returning. Deceased : Killed by Quicksilver. Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 Youngest member of the original team. Student at the Xavier Institute. Left the X-Men when Cyclops disbanded them, without joining Bishop 's new team. Returned as an X-Man after Xavier 's return in issue # 93. Marvel Girl Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 1 Girlfriend of Cyclops. Former teacher and former headmistress of the Xavier Institute. Went missing after issue # 93. Returned in issue # 94. Featured in Ultimate Comics : X Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Second field leader. Helped Bishop make a new team of X-Men following Xavier 's `` death '', before eventually returning. Longtime member of the X-Men. Later recruits Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 3 Formerly Magneto 's assassin and the original Weapon X. Left in issue # 80 to find answers about his past. Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 83 and returned to the Institute after Xavier 's return. Deceased : Killed by Magneto in Ultimatum Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Spider - Man 's ex-girlfriend. Left the team in issue # 79, featured in Ultimate Comics Spiderman. Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former member of Weapon X. He was previously psychically incapacitated by Professor X for kidnapping Dazzler, but escaped in issue # 79 following Xavier 's death. Was made leader of the Morlocks afterward, but returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation on his return. Currently is an X-Man. He was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team, but later returned to Xavier 's X-Men. He was also thought to have been deceased by Jean in issue # 98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave. Rogue Marian Ultimate X-Men # 32 Currently a student at the Xavier Institute and a member of the X-Men. She was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team. She eventually returned to Xavier 's X-Men after battling her teammates. Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 40 Was expelled from the X-Men by Professor X as a cover for him to join Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow as a spy. He joined as a member of Bishop 's new X-Men. He was shot and killed by Mister Sinister in issue # 90 and later revived in issue # 93 by Jean Grey / Phoenix, and is now an X-Man again. He was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team. He soon returned to the X-Mansion and Xavier 's X-Men. Deceased : Killed by Sabretooth during Ultimatum. Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 48 Left the X-Men after Nightcrawler kidnapped her in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2. Joined the new X-Men in issue # 82. Returned to the Institute following Xavier 's return. She was then revealed to be part of Colossus 's team. After a battle against Xavier 's X-Men, the separate X-Men teams conjoined into one again. Deceased : In issue # 98, after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave. Syndicate Luke and Matthew ( surname unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 58 Conjoined twins, working as a private agent for Professor X. Never seen with the rest of the team until issue # 93 where they became X-Men. Deceased : One head was shot off by William Stryker, and then they both died of blood loss. Magician Elliot Boggs Ultimate X-Men # 69 Current whereabouts unknown. Bishop Bishop ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 77 Time traveler from the future. Leader and founder of the new X-Men. Deceased : Killed by Wolverine in issue # 90. Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Ultimate X-Men # 82 Former Morlock. Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in issue # 82. Defected to the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Had both his hands cut off by Valkyrie, and following Ultimatum is possibly dead. Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock Ultimate X-Men # 84 Former S.T.R.I.K.E. agent. Inherited the body of a woman known as Kwannon after being possessed by Proteus and then killed by Colossus. Joined Bishop 's team as a member of the new X-Men. Returned to the X-Mansion as one of Xavier 's X-Men. Current whereabouts unknown. Toad Mortimer Toynbee Ultimate X-Men # 93 Former Brotherhood member. Became a teacher at the Xavier Institute after Cyclops disbanded the X-Men in issue # 81. After Xavier was revealed to be alive and returned as Headmaster of the Institute, Toad became one of Xavier 's X-Men. Current whereabouts unknown. Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allan Ultimate X-Men # 94 Friend of Mary Jane and Peter Parker from the Ultimate Spider - Man series. Joined the Xavier Institute and the X-Men after she found out she was a mutant. Was revealed to have returned to civilian life with her half - brother, Blob II, and later joined the Jeany Grey 's new X-Team Colossus 's X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 94 Created his own X-Men team when he was revealed by Jean Grey to be taking the mutant enhancing drug, Banshee. He made the team go on a mission to save his boyfriend, Northstar ; but, unfortunately, Northstar became paraplegic due to an overdose on Banshee. Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight. His appearance on Banshee is altered, making him look like a bald eagle. Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight. Her powers are now greatly enhanced. Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight. His costume is altered, covering him in leather, and he now has cosmic swords. His teleportation abilities have greatly enhanced beyond anything he has ever imagined. Rogue Marian Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight. She can now control her powers and permanently has Colossus 's steel skin, Angel 's feathered wings, and Nightcrawler 's yellow eyes. She kissed Cyclops, possibly trying to start a relationship. Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 95 Joined Colossus 's team as an undercover agent for Xavier and Jean Grey. He faked his doses of Banshee until he met his match against Vindicator. He took Banshee and was able to absorb solar energy throughout his body, enabling him to control his optic blasts and fly. This knowledge was discovered by the X-Men, and Cyclops temporally left Xavier 's team for Colossus 's team. Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Emma Frost Emma Frost Headmistress of the Academy of Tomorrow. Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man. Havok Alex Summers Cyclops ' brother. Field leader and student of the Academy of Tomorrow. Was put in a mental hospital following the Ultimatum. Was later taken by the U.S. Government for unknown reasons. Is currently under the watch of Layla Miller. Cannonball Sam Guthrie Student at the Academy of Tomorrow. Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man. Cypher Douglas Ramsey Non-mutant genius. Student at the Academy of Tomorrow. Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man. Northstar Jean - Paul Beaubier Son of Canada 's ambassador to the U.S. Colossus 's boyfriend. Former student at the Academy of Tomorrow until he was kidnapped by Alpha Flight. Alpha Flight overdosed him with Banshee, which resulted in him becoming paralyzed from the waist down. It is unknown whether he returned to the Academy or stayed with Colossus at the X-Mansion. He was killed during the Ultimatum. Polaris Lorna Dane Havok 's girlfriend. Student at the Academy of Tomorrow. Was briefly imprisoned in the same cell as Magneto. Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man. Sunspot Roberto DaCosta Mutant vigilante from Harlem. Student at the Academy of Tomorrow. Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man. Angel Warren Worthington III Joined the Academy of Tomorrow to act as a spy for Professor X. Later returned to the X-Men. Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Former X-Man. Presumed dead, but was working for S.H.I.E.L.D. and later returned to the X-Men. Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Punk rock singer. Left the Academy to join the X-Men. Karma Xi'an `` Shan '' Coy Mahn S.H.I.E.L.D. Psi - Ops operative placed on the team as a mole for the U.S. government. Left the team after her mission was accomplished. Current whereabouts unknown. Shinobi Shaw Shinobi Shaw Emma Frost 's boyfriend. Leader of the Hellfire Club. Revealed to still be alive following the Ultimatum Wave in Ultimates # 1. Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Northstar 's boyfriend. He moved to the Academy after Xavier 's death and left when Xavier returned. Karen Grant 's the runaways ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Karen Grant Jean Grey A former member of the X-Men, Jean assumes the name of Karen Grant and forms a new X-Team following Ultimatum Jimmy Hudson The son of Wolverine, and adopted son of the Hudsons. He has a healing factor and retractable claws, which he is able to cover with organic metal, much like Colossus. Guardian Derek Morgan A young mutant from Chicago. He is able to fly by growing a pair of birdlike wings which can be retracted. When he grows his wings out, his eyes turn red, his fingernails grow into talons, and his canine teeth appear to become sharp. Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allan Spider - Man 's former classmate who vanished to Southern California after Ultimatum. Hulk Bruce Banner First introduced to the series in the fifth and final issue of Ultimate Comics : X Enemies ( edit ) Nomi Blume 's renegades ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Mach II Nomi Blume Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 13 Wielding the power of magnetism, Nomi was initially hiding in the Morlock Tunnels along other mutants who were protected by the X-Men. After the war is over and the mutants move to Utopia, Nomi 's hatred for Kitty is very apparent. It originated from Kitty 's actions of leaving any mutant who wanted to take the government 's cure to remove their powers, and for `` abandoning '' her during the war against the Sentinels ( although Kitty actually denied her help because Nomi was too young ). She challenged Kitty 's authority. After the `` destruction '' of the Seed, she ( and a small group of like - minded mutants ) defect, and leads her group out of Utopia with the intent to fight for freedom. Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 After the death of Peter Parker, Bobby rejoins the X-Men. Initially siding with Kitty after the events of the war, he eventually defected to Nomi 's team after he was convinced by his girlfriend Husk of a better future with Nomi leading the charge. Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock Ultimate X-Men # 84 Although having been listed as dead after the events of Ultimatum, it appears that Psylocke is alive, having `` jumped '' her consciousness into another body before her death ( however, oddly no one recognizes or remembers her ). She sides with Nomi after the events of the war, and eventually leaves with Nomi after the Seed was `` destroyed ''. In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 24, it is revealed that she has enlisted Warpath ( who is in love with her ) to betray both Kitty and Nomi. In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 27, Jean Grey ( herself in disguise ) unmasked Psylocke as being a fake, revealed her to be Mothervine, who set out to destroy both Utopia and Tian. Warpath James Proudstar Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 Warpath is a mutant who possesses superhuman physical ability in virtually all areas. So far, he has demonstrated the following abilities : Superhuman Reflexes, Superhuman Strength, and Superhuman Sense of Smell. He is one of the mutants seen in the mutant resistance against William Stryker, and later one of the twenty mutants who decided to retain their powers instead of taking the `` cure '', and inhabited the new mutant nation `` Utopia ''. In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 24, it is revealed that he is working with Psylocke to betray both Kitty and Nomi. Shola Inkosi Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 17 A Mutant with the power of combat telekinesis. Husk Paige Gunthrie Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 15 A mutant from The Southwest. Husk was brainwashed by William Stryker to infiltrate Kitty Pryde 's mutant resistance. She led Pryde and her party to the mutant underground. During this time, Husk began a relationship with Bobby Drake. Following Pryde 's defeat of Stryker, Husk killed 5 mutants by setting off a bomb while in line for `` the cure ''. After being arrested and rehabilitated, Husk joined the other mutants in Utopia where she chose to side with Mach II over Pryde. The Brotherhood of mutant Supremacy ( edit ) Character Real name Status Notes Founding members Magneto Erik Lensherr Killed by Cyclops Founder of the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Lost his arm, but replaced it with a new metal arm. Thought to be alive in Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 7, but late revealed to be an illusion by Sinister. Blob Frank ( full name unknown ) Deceased : Killed by Hank Pym Obese mutant with super strength, and a cannibal. Hank Pym bit his head off, killing him. Detonator Ricky Gibson Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man Rescued by Magneto and Xavier from a lynch mob. Killed by Multiple Man. Mastermind Unknown Deceased : Killed by Valkyrie Mutant illusionist. He was decapitated by Valkyrie. Quicksilver Pietro Lensherr ( Ultimates background, falsified for public consumption, listed real name as Pietro Lensherr Maximoff ) Leader of the new Brotherhood Magneto 's son. Former member of the Ultimates. Rejoined forces with his father following Scarlet Witch 's death. Thought to have been Killed by Hawkeye while saving his father, but somehow survived. Scarlet Witch Wanda Lensherr ( Ultimates background, falsified for public consumption, listed real name as Wanda Lensherr Maximoff ) Deceased : Killed by Ultron Magneto 's daughter. Former member of the Ultimates and killed in Ultimates # 3 by a lovelorn Ultron in a plot by Doctor Doom. She appeared to be alive in Ultimate X, however it is eventually revealed she is nothing but an illusion created by Sinister. Toad Mortimer Toynbee Deceased Mutant with toad - like powers and appearance. After briefly returning to the Brotherhood, he eventually defected to the X-Men following Xavier 's death. Died from unknown reasons following the Ultimatum Wave. Mystique Raven Darkhölme Working for the Brotherhood. Shapeshifting mutant. Xavier 's former lover. Helped Magneto escape from prison. Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Deceased ( killed by Magneto ) Disillusioned and betrayed Magneto. Longtime member of the X-Men, but Magneto ripped the adamantium off of his bones following the Ultimatum Wave, which killed him. Later recruits Cyclops Scott Summers Deceased ( killed by Quicksilver ) Joined the Brotherhood as a mole for Professor X. After surviving the Ultimatum Wave and the war against Magneto, he was assassinated by Quicksilver during a speech to the public. Forge ( Presumably ) Jonathon Silvercloud Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) The Brotherhood 's tech sage. Hard - Drive Unknown Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) Was presumed a prisoner in Camp X-Factor. Juggernaut Cain Marko Deceased Former Weapon X prisoner. Longshot Arthur Centino Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) Wanted murderer. Lorelei Unknown, possibly Lorelei Deceased ( killed by Wolverine ) Formerly in Brotherhood and attacked the Ultimates in Ultimatum # 3 alongside Magneto. Multiple Man Madrox ( full name unrevealed ) Deceased ( killed by Wolverine ) Stem cells were grafted onto the Schizoid Man of the Liberators by the French military. Rogue Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Current member of the X-Men. Former Weapon X prisoner. Sabretooth Victor Creed Working for the Brotherhood. Brother of Wolverine. High - ranking officer of Weapon X. Stacy X Unknown Whereabouts and status is unknown. Replaced Mystique in Triskelion along with her boyfriend Mastermind. Unknown if dead or alive. Unus Unknown Deceased ( killed by Thor ) Magneto 's psi - talent. Presumably was a prisoner in Camp X-Factor, but later returned to Magneto. Killed by Thor in Ultimates 3 # 4. Vanisher Unknown Whereabouts and status is unknown. Mutant with teleporting powers. Presumably was a prisoner in Camp X-Factor, but later returned to Magneto. Unknown if dead or alive following the Ultimatum Wave. Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Unknown Pyrokinetic. Former Morlock and X-Man. Presumed deceased after Valkyrie chopped off his hands. Mutant animals Orb Weaver Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor. A spider - like mutant. Prosimian Unknown Deceased : killed by Magneto. Evolved primate. One of the mutant animals rescued by the Brotherhood. Saluki Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor. A dog - like mutant. One of the mutant animals rescued by the Brotherhood. Sumatran Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor. A rhino - like mutant. Kathleen Kathleen ( full name unrevealed ) Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor. A centipede - like mutant. Weapon X ( edit ) Character / Real name Status Notes Willing members Col. John Wraith / Vindicator Shot by Nick Fury. Revived by Canadian government. Current leader of Alpha Flight as Vindicator. Former leader of Weapon X. Dr. Abraham Cornelius Currently heading the revamped Weapon X. Chief scientist for Weapon X. Sabretooth Formerly working for Dr. Cornelius. Rejoined the Brotherhood during Ultimatum and current whereabouts and status is unknown. Tara ( full name unrevealed ) Deceased : Committed suicide. A rogue Weapon X agent, was apparently present during Wolverine 's adamantium bonding. Deathstrike / Yuriko Oyama Neck snapped by Longshot while he was escaping. An old acquaintance of Storm, codenamed Project `` Y ''. Prisoners Wolverine / James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Current whereabouts are unknown Canadian paratrooper captured and experimented on during the Gulf War. The original Weapon X. Nightcrawler / Kurt Wagner Deceased, ( killed by Ultimatum Wave ) Mutant teleporter kidnapped from Bavaria. Former X-Man and Morlock leader. Rogue / Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Current member of the X-Men. Mutant kidnapped from Mississippi. Juggernaut / Cain Marko Former boyfriend of Rogue Rogue 's cellmate. X-Men Escaped Weapon X with the help of the Brotherhood and Nick Fury. Were kidnapped from their mansion in Westchester. The roster at the time consisted of Professor X, Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Storm, Beast, Colossus, and Iceman. The Morlocks ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Sunder Unknown Former leader of the Morlocks. Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave. Leech Unknown Former member of the Morlocks. Deceased : He was recently shot and killed by Sinister as a sacrifice for Apocalypse. Callisto Unknown Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave. Sparks Unknown She uses her abilities to provide electricity. When she sleeps, there is no power in the sewers. Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave. Caliban Unknown Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave. Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Former Morlock. Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in Ultimate X-Men # 82. Later joins the Brotherhood. Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Former member of Weapon X. Previously was psychically incapacitated by Professor X for kidnapping Dazzler, but escaped in Ultimate X-Men # 79 following Xavier 's death. Former leader of the Morlocks. Returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation for his return to the X-Men and departure with the Morlocks. Many other unnamed Morlocks Various Alpha Flight ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Vindicator Col. John Wraith Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. He is the leader of Ultimate Alpha Flight. He has enhanced his powers by using the drug Banshee. He was revealed to be John Wraith from Weapon X. Shaman John Proudstar Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Jubilee ( Presumably ) Jubilation Lee Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Appears to have the powers of Boom Boom from Earth - 616. Sunfire ( Presumably ) Shiro Yoshida Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Sasquatch Rahne Sinclair Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Presumably not the same Sasquatch that was mentioned to have been killed off - panel by former Ultimate X-Men writer, Brian Vaughan. Snowbird Danielle `` Dani '' Moonstar Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Aurora Jeanne - Marie Beaubier Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game. Sister of Northstar, who attends the Academy of Tomorrow. Other teams ( edit ) Bishop 's X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Bishop Bishop ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 81 Time traveller from the future. Leader and founder of the new X-Men. Killed by Wolverine in issue # 90. Storm Ororo Monroe Ultimate X-Men # 81 Second field leader. Helped Bishop make a new team of X-Men following Xavier 's `` death ''. Now lives at X-Mansion and is the second field leader to the X-Men. Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Ultimate X-Men # 82 Former Morlock. Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in issue # 82. Was part of Xavier 's X-Men, but joined the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Dazzler Alison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 82 Left the X-Men after Nightcrawler kidnapped her in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2. Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 82, and forced Bishop to take Angel as a member of his team. She went on to join Colossus 's X-Men, but eventually switched back to Xavier 's cause. Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 83 Was expelled from the X-Men by Professor X as a cover for him to join Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow as a spy. He joined as a member of Bishop 's new X-Men. He died, but was later revived by Jean Grey. Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 84 Formerly Magneto 's assassin and the original Weapon X. Left in issue # 80 to find answers about his past. Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 83. Psylocke Elisabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock ( in Kwannon 's body ) Ultimate X-Men # 84 After hearing the news of Professor X 's death, she returns to the mansion and learns that the X-Men are being disbanded. She joins Bishop 's team as a member of the new X-Men. Currently a part of Xavier 's team. Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 88 Thought dead, but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue # 81. Joined Bishop 's X-Men to be with Storm in Ultimate X-Men # 88. Currently a part of Xavier 's team. Xavier Institute student body ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Original student body Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until his departure in issue # 40. He later returned to the X-Men, but was killed by the Ultimatum Wave. Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until his departure in issue # 80 for the Academy of Tomorrow. He now leads his own X-Men, taking the drug Banshee to enhance their powers. Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until Xavier 's death in issue # 78, after which he was named Co-Headmaster of the Institute alongside Jean Grey and Storm. He remained with the X-Men until his assassination by Quicksilver in Ultimatum # 5. Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute and former boyfriend of Rogue until she began taking Banshee. He is an X-Man as well, but he is considered to be only a junior X-Man. Still a member of the X-Men, but the Xavier Institute 's status is unknown following the Ultimatum Wave. Jean Grey Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute until Xavier 's death in issue # 78, after which she was named Co-Headmistress of the Institute alongside Cyclops and Storm. Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute until later on in the series when she graduated ( off - panel ) and began training. She later became Co-Headmistress of the Institute alongside Cyclops and Jean Grey following Xavier 's `` death ''. Later recruited students Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Former student at the Institute until she departed in issue # 79 to be with Spider - Man. Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former student at the Institute. He went crazy and kidnapped Dazzler in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2 and left the X-Men. He came back only to begin abusing the drug Banshee and leave again. He rejoined the Institute later only to be killed by the Ultimatum Wave. Rogue Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former student at the Institute. Briefly left when she began using Banshee and joined Colossus 's X-Men. She is still a member of the X-Men, but the Xavier Institute 's status is unknown following the Ultimatum Wave. Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 40 Former student at the Institute until he was expelled in issue # 65. He later returned only to begin using Banshee and join Colossus 's X-Men. He once again returned soon after. He was brutally murdered by Sabretooth during Ultimatum. Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 48 Former student at the Institute. Former student of the Academy of Tomorrow. She became comatose in issue # 65. She later returned only to begin using Banshee and join Colossus 's X-Men to save Northstar. She returned again thereafter. Killed by the Ultimatum Wave. Syndicate Luke and Matthew ( surname unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 58 Began working for Xavier undercover without the X-Men knowing, until Xavier returned. They then joined the X-Men and the student body. Killed during the Purifier raid on the Xavier Institute. Magician Elliot Boggs Ultimate X-Men # 68 Brainwashed the X-Men into letting him join, until it was discovered and he was defeated by them in issue # 72. Current whereabouts and status is unknown. Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock ( in Kwannon 's body ) Ultimate X-Men # 84 Revealed to be a student when Bishop and Storm picked her up from the Institute to join the new X-Men team. She had since returned to the Institute along with the rest of the X-Men. However, she is believed to be deceased following the Ultimatum Wave or may just be missing in action. Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allen Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined the Institute and X-Men when Xavier resumed his position as Headmaster and after she discovered she was a mutant. She currently resides on Tian. Various unidentified students Various Xavier Institute teaching staff ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Professor X Charles Xavier Ultimate X-Men # 1 Founder of the Xavier Institute and founder of the X-Men. Original and current reigning Headmaster of the Institute. Killed by the Phoenix ( Jean Grey ) with her mind. Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Began training students in the Danger Room and later teaching them. Former Co-Headmistress alongside Cyclops and Jean Grey following Xavier 's death. Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 1 Began training students in the Danger Room and later teaching them strategic moves. Killed by Magneto, who ripped the adamantium off of his bones. Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 78 Began as a Co-Headmaster alongside Jean Grey and Storm, later only Jean Grey, and remained in a teaching role after Xavier returned. He went undercover in Colossus 's X-Men, but took a dose of Banshee. He returned to the X-Men only to be assassinated by Quicksilver in Ultimatum # 5. Jean Grey Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 78 Began as a Co-Headmistress alongside Cyclops and Storm, later only Cyclops, and became second - in - command to Xavier when he returned. Toad Mortimer Toynbee Ultimate X-Men # 81 Cyclops hired him in a teaching position following Xavier 's `` death ''. He became an X-Man when Xavier returned. Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave, but may just be missing in action. Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 94 Began teaching when he returned with the X-Men to the Institute following Xavier 's return. Killed by the Ultimatum Wave. Other villains ( edit ) Apocalypse Arcade Crimson Dynamo Fenris Hellfire Club ( led by Shinobi Shaw ) Major Domo Mojo Adams Moira MacTaggert Proteus Omega Red Reavers Sentinels Sinister Stryfe Bolivar Trask Shen - Yin Zorn Magician ( Elliot Boggs ) - first appears in Ultimate X-Men # 66. X-Men allies ( edit ) Dai Thomas Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) Fantastic Four Lilandra and the Shi'ar Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) Ultimates Neutral characters ( edit ) Gambit Spiral Ultimates S.H.I.E.L.D. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ultimate X-Men # 94 Ultimate X-Men Bill Jemas Joe Quesada Mark Millar Adam Kubert Andy Kubert X-Men Angel Beast Bishop Cable Colossus Cyclops Dazzler Deadpool Firestar Jimmy Hudson Human Torch Husk Iceman Magician Marvel Girl Nightcrawler Professor X Psylocke Pyro Rogue Shadowcat Storm Toad Wolverine Kuan - Yi Xorn Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy Avalanche Blob Forge Juggernaut Longshot Lorelei Magneto Mastermind Multiple Man Mystique Pyro Quicksilver Rogue Sabretooth Scarlet Witch Stacy X Toad Unus Vanisher Wolverine Opponents and villains Acolytes Mojo Adams Alpha Flight Apocalypse Arcade Fenris Lady Deathstrike Marauders Proteus Omega Red Sebastian Shaw Sentinels Shadow King Sinister William Stryker Jr. Stryfe Weapon X Shen - Yin Zorn Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow Angel Beast Cannonball Colossus Cypher Emma Frost Havok Karma Northstar Polaris Shinobi Shaw Sunspot Supporting characters Nick Fury Gambit Moira MacTaggert Morlocks Lilandra Numara Spider - Man Fantastic Four Locations Academy of Tomorrow Genosha Muir Island Hospital for Mutants Savage Land Sydney X-Mansion Technology Cerebro Danger Room X-Wing ( Blackbird ) Related books Ultimate War Ultimate Galactus Trilogy Ultimate X4 Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimatum : X-Men Requiem Ultimate Comics : X Ultimate Comics : X-Men Miscellaneous Ultimate X-Men Story Arcs Church of Shi'ar Enlightenment Banshee Hellfire Club Phoenix God Runaways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ultimate_X-Men_characters&oldid=833924794 '' Categories : Lists of Ultimate Marvel characters Lists of X-Men characters Hidden categories : Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 01 : 46 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Ultimate X-Men characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Ultimate_X-Men_characters&amp;oldid=833924794" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "group. His powers include mass / size manipulation. Original X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Professor X Charles Xavier Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team founder, headmaster of the Xavier Institute for Gifted Youngsters ( now the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning ). Presumed to have died in issue # 78 and revealed to be alive in the future in issue # 80. Rejoined the X-Men as headmaster and mentor once again in issue # 93. Deceased : Magneto snapped his neck. Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team 's medical doctor and biologist. Thought dead, but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue # 81. Rejoined the X-Men in issue # 88. Deceased : Confirmed by Jean Grey in issue # 98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave. Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 1 Left the X-Mansion in issue # 80 to live with Northstar. Returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation to his return and an addiction to `` Banshee ''. After battling the X-Men," ], "id": [ "17658736010333604643" ], "short_answers": [ "Beast" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Star Alliance - wikipedia Star Alliance Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the global airline alliance. For the political party in Benin, see Star Alliance ( Benin ). Star Alliance Launch date 14 May 1997 ; 20 years ago ( 1997 - 05 - 14 ) Full members 27 Non-voting members 40 affiliates Pending members 0 Destination airports 1,330 Destination countries 192 Annual passengers ( M ) 689.98 Annual RPK ( G ) 1,364 Fleet size 4,657 Headquarters Frankfurt am Main, Germany Management Jeffrey Goh, CEO Calin Rovinescu, Chairman Alliance slogan The Way the Earth Connects. Website www.staralliance.com Star Alliance is one of the world 's largest global airline alliances. Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Jeffrey Goh and its headquarters is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. As of November 2016, Star Alliance is the largest global alliance by passenger count with 689.98 million, ahead of SkyTeam ( 665.4 million ) and Oneworld ( 557.4 million ). Its slogan is `` The Way The Earth Connects ''. Star Alliance 's 27 member airlines operate a fleet of approximately 4,657 aircraft, serve more than 1,330 airports in 192 countries and carry 641.1 million passengers per year on more than 18,500 daily departures. The alliance has a two - tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals ( known as co-location ) and many member planes are painted in the alliance 's livery. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1997 -- 1999 : First alliance 1.2 Additions 1.3 2000 - 2006 : Expansion 1.4 2007 : First decade 1.5 2008 -- 2010 : Second decade of operations 1.6 2011 - present : Further expansion and stability 2 Member airlines and affiliates 2.1 Members and affiliates 3 Former members and affiliates 4 Customer service 4.1 Member hubs 4.2 Co-location at airports ( under one roof ) 4.3 Premiums 4.3. 1 Star Alliance Silver 4.3. 2 Star Alliance Gold 4.3. 3 Qualifying tiers by airline 5 Livery and logo 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1997 -- 1999 : first Alliance ( edit ) Air Canada A330 painted Star Alliance livery Three United planes at San Francisco International Airport. One is wearing Star Alliance Livery. Lufthansa is one of the alliance 's founding members. First Star Alliance logo, still in use today On 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents : Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million ( € 18 million ). The airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, `` The Airline Network for Earth '', with its goal `` an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on earth ''. Additions ( edit ) The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network on 22 October 1997, extending the alliance into South America. Also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific. With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways ( ANA ), the group 's second Asian airline, on 15 October 1999. 2000 - 2006 : expansion ( edit ) A South African Airways A340 in Star Alliance livery at Munich Airport During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance ; the Austrian Airlines Group ( Austrian Airlines, Tyrolean Airways and Lauda Air ) joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI ( British Midland ) and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the alliance 's membership to 13. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now - defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member but did not. In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers ( in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and Bangkok ) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team ( AMT ), the partnership 's executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia ( the alliance 's only Australian member ) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to Qantas ( a Oneworld member ). That year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003, Spanair on 1 May, and LOT Polish Airlines ( Poland 's flag carrier ) in October. Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld. US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US - based airline. In November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, the airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliance 's sixth European airline, and South African Airways ( its first African carrier ) became the 17th and 18th members. 2007 : first decade ( edit ) By May 2007, Star Alliance 's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections, a partnership with UNESCO, the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ), and the Ramsar Convention On Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability. Today, nearly 30 % of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances. -- Jaan Albrecht, former Star Alliance CEO VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines, Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December. 2008 -- 2010 : second decade of operations ( edit ) Aegean Airlines joined Star Alliance in 2010 Turkish Airlines Boeing 737 - 800 in star Alliance livery On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the alliance after a 15 - month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its seventh European airline and 20th member. EgyptAir, Egypt 's national airline and Star Alliance 's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008. On 27 October 2009, Continental Airlines became the 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, `` Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch ''. At the time, it was rumored that the switch was Continental 's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines. Two months later, Brussels Airlines joined the alliance. Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010, increasing its foothold in South America. Aegean Airlines, Greece 's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June. Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member. On 29 September, the chief executive board approved Ethiopian Airlines as Star Alliance 's 30th member. In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures. 2011 - present : further expansion and stability ( edit ) Air India Boeing 787 in Star alliance Livery Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members but has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to the alliance 's map. Star Alliance saw a tumultuous 2012 - 13, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group ( IAG ), the parent company of Oneworld members Iberia and British Airways. BMI was integrated into British Airways. In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines, reducing Star 's membership further, even if it effectively stayed in the alliance after the merger. On 21 June, though, Avianca, TACA Airlines and Copa Airlines joined, massively increasing the alliance 's Latin American presence. In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines. and Shenzhen Airlines joined, augmenting Air China 's Chinese network. Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA 's integration into Avianca, the alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances. On 13 December, Air India was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 3 July 2014. Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group, leaving the alliance without a presence in the world 's fifth - largest country. Next, US Airways completed its merger with American Airlines and also left the alliance. Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld. On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved Air India which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members, where it stands today. Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to the alliance without becoming full members. Avianca Brazil joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market partially filling the void left by TAM. South African Airways ' low - cost subsidiary, Mango, was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016 but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines, which codeshares with Shenzhen Airlines, joined as a Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017. Member Airlines and affiliates ( edit ) Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International and United Airlines are the five founding members of the alliance. Members and affiliates ( edit ) Member Joined Fleet size Affiliates Adria Airways 000000002004 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2004 13 N / A Aegean Airlines 000000002010 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2010 46 Olympic Air Air Canada 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1997 403 Air Canada Express Air Canada Rouge Air China 000000002007 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 2007 392 Dalian Airlines Air India 000000002014 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 2014 132 Alliance Air Air New Zealand 000000001999 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1999 103 Air New Zealand Link All Nippon Airways 000000001999 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 1999 218 Air Japan ANA Wings Asiana Airlines 000000002003 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2003 69 Air Seoul Air Busan Austrian Airlines 000000002000 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2000 82 N / A Avianca 000000002012 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2012 173 Avianca Argentina Avianca Brazil Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Ecuador Avianca El Salvador Avianca Guatemala Avianca Honduras Avianca Peru Brussels Airlines 000000002009 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2009 44 N / A Copa Airlines 000000002012 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2012 74 Copa Airlines Colombia Croatia Airlines 000000002004 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2004 14 N / A EgyptAir 000000002008 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 2008 50 EgyptAir Express Ethiopian Airlines 000000002011 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2011 96 N / A EVA Air 000000002013 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2013 74 UNI Air LOT Polish Airlines 000000002003 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2003 55 LOT Charters Nordica Airlines Lufthansa 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1997 273 Lufthansa Regional Lufthansa CityLine Air Dolomiti SunExpress Deutschland Scandinavian Airlines 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1997 159 Scandinavian Airlines Ireland Shenzhen Airlines 000000002012 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2012 176 Kunming Airlines Singapore Airlines 000000002000 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2000 112 Silkair South African Airways 000000002006 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2006 55 Airlink South African Express Mango Swiss International Air Lines 000000002006 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2006 78 Edelweiss Air TAP Air Portugal 000000002005 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2005 90 TAP Express Thai Airways 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1997 83 Thai Smile Turkish Airlines 000000002008 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2008 325 AnadoluJet SunExpress United Airlines 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1997 742 United Express World map showing home countries of the airlines in the three largest airline alliances : Star Alliance ( grey ), SkyTeam ( blue ) and Oneworld ( purple ) with IATA codes of founding members outlined in red. ( In the SVG file, hover over a code to highlight its alliance ; click to load its article. ) Founding member. Airlines operating under Air Canada Express, Air New Zealand Link, Cimber A / S, Lufthansa Regional and United Express are not necessarily members of Star Alliance. However, flights are operated on behalf of the respective member airlines, carry their designator code and are Star Alliance flights. Members of Lufthansa Regional that are fully owned by Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Air Canada Express flights are operated by Air Georgian, EVAS Air, Jazz Aviation, Sky Regional Airlines. Air India Regional flights are operated by Alliance Air. Air New Zealand Link flights are operated by Air Nelson and Mount Cook Airline. Lufthansa Regional flights are operated by Air Dolomiti and Lufthansa CityLine. United Express flights are operated by Cape Air, CommutAir, ExpressJet Airlines, GoJet Airlines, Mesa Airlines, Republic Airlines, SkyWest Airlines and Trans States Airlines. South African low - cost airline Mango will join the alliance as a Connecting Partner but until now the new date is still unannounced. SunExpress ( owned by member airlines Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa ) and SunExpress Deutschland ( owned by SunExpress ) is not part of Star Alliance UNI Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eva Air, although it is not a part of Star Alliance. Kunming Airlines is a wholly owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Airlines, although it is not a part of Star Alliance. Thai Smile is a subsidiary of Thai Airways but not a Star Alliance member. Edelweiss Air is a subsidiary of Swiss International Air Lines but not a Star Alliance member. Former members and affiliates ( edit ) Former members Former member Joined Exited Affiliates Notes Ansett Australia 000000001999 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1999 000000002001 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2001 Aeropelican Air Services Hazelton Airlines Kendell Airlines Skywest Airlines Left the alliance on 12 September 2001 after suffering financial collapse. Ansett resumed operations on 1 October 2001, but would permanently cease operations on 4 March 2002. Blue1 000000002004 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2004 000000002012 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2012 N / A Left the alliance on 1 November 2012 after SAS took over mainline operations, was a member affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, and is now a part of CityJet. British Midland International 000000002000 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2000 000000002012 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2012 BMI Regional Bmibaby Left the alliance on 20 April 2012 as a result of its merger into International Airlines Group, a Oneworld alliance member Continental Airlines 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2009 000000002012 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2012 Continental Connection Continental Express Continental Micronesia Merged with United Airlines on 3 March 2012. Mexicana 000000002000 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2000 000000002004 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2004 Aerocaribe Left the alliance in 2004 after deciding not to renew a codeshare alliance with United Airlines, opting instead to codeshare with American Airlines Shanghai Airlines 000000002007 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 2007 000000002010 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2010 China United Airlines Left the alliance on 31 October 2010 as a result of its merger with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member. Spanair 000000002003 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2003 000000002012 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2012 AeBal Ceased operations on 27 January 2012. TACA Airlines 000000002012 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2012 000000002013 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2013 TACA Regional Merged with Avianca on 27 May 2013 ; renamed Avianca El Salvador. TAM Airlines 000000002010 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2010 000000002014 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2014 TAM Paraguay Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with LAN Airlines, a Oneworld member. US Airways 000000002004 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2004 000000002014 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2014 US Airways Express US Airways Shuttle Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger with American Airlines, a Oneworld member. VARIG 000000001997 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 1997 000000002007 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2007 Nordeste Rio Sul PLUNA Ceased operations on 20 July 2006. Former affiliates of current members Former affiliate Joined Left Affiliate of Notes Air Canada Tango 2001 Air Canada Now part of Air Canada. Air Nova 1997 2001 Air Canada Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada. Air Next All Nippon Airways Now part of ANA Wings, a subsidiary of ANA. Air Nippon 1999 2012 All Nippon Airways Merged with ANA Wings. Air Ontario 1997 2001 Air Canada Branded as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Canada. Blue1 2012 2015 Scandinavian Airlines Now part of Cityjet after ceasing operations. Centralwings 2009 LOT Polish Airlines Now part of LOT Polish Airlines, ceased operations. Cyprus Turkish Airlines 2008 Turkish Airlines Now part of Turkish Airlines after going bankrupt. Darwin Airline 2017 2017 Adria Airways Went bankruptcy Korongo Airlines 2009 2015 Brussels Airlines Now part of Brussels Airlines after not gaining enough traction. Lauda Air 2000 2013 Austrian Airlines Replaced by Austrian Airlines operations, now known as Austrian myHoliday. Lufthansa Italia 2009 2011 Lufthansa Now part of Lufthansa. United Shuttle 1997 2001 United Airlines Became part of United Airlines. Swiss Private Aviation 2007 2011 Swiss International Air Lines Absorbed into Swiss International Air Lines. Tigerair 2003 2017 Singapore Airlines Merged with Scoot under Scoot brand. Tyrolean Airways 2000 2015 Austrian Airlines Now part of Austrian Airlines. ZIP 2002 Air Canada Absorbed into Air Canada. TED 2009 United Airlines Became part of United Airlines. Customer service ( edit ) Codeshare flights of Star Alliance airlines are consistent. This cooperation led to suspicions of anti-competitive behavior ; the alliance was suspected by the European Union of being a virtual merger of its members, and speculation existed that if government regulations were relaxed the members would merge into one corporation. Star Alliance developed a `` regional '' concept in 2004, which helped it penetrate markets with participation by smaller regional carriers. Regional Star Alliance members had to be sponsored by an alliance member. The alliance no longer designates airlines as `` regional '' members, now referring to its 27 airlines as `` members ''. In 2007, alliance members flew 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries with a fleet of 4,025 aircraft. Its members carried a total of 627.52 million passengers, with revenue of US $156.8 billion ( € 145 billion ). It had 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometers ( RPK ), greater than the combined market share of all airlines not in one of the three major alliances. All alliance carriers combined employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff. Member hubs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Members Hubs Focus cities Adria Airways Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport N / A Aegean Airlines Athens International Airport Thessaloniki International Airport Larnaca International Airport Chania International Airport Corfu International Airport Heraklion International Airport Kalamata International Airport Rhodes International Airport Air Canada Calgary International Airport Montréal -- Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Toronto Pearson International Airport Vancouver International Airport Halifax Stanfield International Airport Ottawa Macdonald -- Cartier International Airport Air China Beijing Capital International Airport Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shanghai Pudong International Airport N / A Air India Indira Gandhi International Airport Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Chennai International Airport Kempegowda International Airport Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Air New Zealand Auckland Airport Christchurch International Airport Wellington International Airport Los Angeles International Airport Sydney Airport All Nippon Airways Kansai International Airport Haneda Airport Narita International Airport Osaka International Airport Chūbu Centrair International Airport New Chitose Airport Asiana Airlines Incheon International Airport Gimpo International Airport Gimhae International Airport Jeju International Airport Austrian Airlines Vienna International Airport Innsbruck Airport Avianca El Dorado International Airport El Salvador International Airport Jorge Chávez International Airport Juan Santamaría International Airport Mariscal Sucre International Airport Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport José María Córdova International Airport La Aurora International Airport Augusto C. Sandino International Airport Miami International Airport São Paulo -- Guarulhos International Airport Brussels Airlines Brussels Airport N / A Copa Airlines Tocumen International Airport El Dorado International Airport José María Córdova International Airport Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport Juan Santamaría International Airport La Aurora International Airport Augusto C. Sandino International Airport Croatia Airlines Franjo Tuđman Airport Dubrovnik Airport Split Airport Zadar Airport EgyptAir Cairo International Airport Borg El Arab Airport Hurghada International Airport Sharm El Sheikh International Airport Ethiopian Airlines Bole International Airport N / A EVA Air Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Kaohsiung International Airport Suvarnabhumi Airport LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw Chopin Airport Copernicus Airport Wrocław John Paul II International Airport Kraków - Balice Lufthansa Frankfurt Airport Munich Airport N / A Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen Airport Oslo Gardermoen Airport Stockholm Arlanda Airport Bergen Airport, Flesland Göteborg Landvetter Airport Stavanger Airport, Sola Trondheim Airport, Værnes Helsinki Airport Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanning Wuxu International Airport Shenyang Taoxian International Airport Sunan Shuofang International Airport Singapore Airlines Singapore Changi Airport N / A South African Airways O.R. Tambo International Airport Cape Town International Airport Swiss International Air Lines Zürich Airport Geneva Airport TAP Air Portugal Lisbon Portela Airport Porto Airport Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Thai Airways Suvarnabhumi Airport Chiang Mai International Airport Incheon International Airport Phuket International Airport Turkish Airlines Istanbul Atatürk Airport Adnan Menderes Airport Antalya Airport Esenboğa International Airport Sabiha Gökçen International Airport United Airlines Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport Denver International Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport Los Angeles International Airport Narita International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport O'Hare International Airport San Francisco International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Cleveland Hopkins International Airport Co-location at airports ( under one roof ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Star Alliance members Scandinavian Airlines, Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines ( with Star Alliance livery ), and Air China ( in the field ) using Terminal 3E of Beijing Capital International Airport as part of the `` Move Under One Roof '' program to co-locate alliance members City Airport IATA Terminal Exceptions Barcelona Barcelona -- El Prat Airport BCN Terminal 1 Beijing Beijing Capital International Airport PEK Terminal 3 Cairo Cairo International Airport CAI Terminal 3 Chongqing Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport CKG Terminal 2B Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport DEL Terminal 3 Dublin Dublin Airport DUB Terminal 1 United Airlines ( Terminal 2 ) Frankfurt Frankfurt Airport FRA Terminal 1 `` Star Alliance Terminal '' Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport HKG Terminal 1 Thai Airways ( Terminal 2 ) London London Heathrow Airport LHR Terminal 2 ( The Queen 's Terminal ) `` Star Alliance Terminal '' Manchester, UK Manchester Ringway International Airport MAN Terminal 1 ( Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, Aegean Airlines, Turkish Airlines and Brussels Airlines ) Singapore Airlines, United Airlines and Air Canada Rouge ( Terminal 2 ) Adria Airways ( Terminal 3 ) Mexico City Benito Juárez International Airport MEX Terminal 1 Copa Airlines ( Terminal 2 ) Miami Miami International Airport MIA Concourse J United Airlines ( Concourse G ) Munich Munich Airport MUC Terminal 2 Turkish Airlines ( Terminal 1 ) Moscow Domodedovo International Airport DME Terminal A Turkish Airlines at Vnukovo International Airport Adria Airways, Air China, LOT Polish Airlines and Scandinavian Airlines at Sheremetyevo Airport Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport CDG Terminal 1 Adria Airways, Austrian Airlines, Croatia Airlines ( Terminal 2D ) Air Canada and Ethiopian Airlines ( Terminal 2A ) Air India ( Terminal 2C ) Phuket Phuket International Airport HKT Terminal 1 Thai Airways International ( partially in Terminal 2 ) São Paulo São Paulo -- Guarulhos International Airport GRU Terminal 3 Avianca and Copa Airlines ( Terminal 2 ) Seoul Incheon International Airport ICN Terminal 1 Shanghai Shanghai Pudong International Airport PVG Terminal 2 Stockholm Stockholm - Arlanda Airport ARN Terminal 5 Scandinavian Airlines domestic flights ( Terminal 4 ) Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport TPE Terminal 2 Thai Airways International ( Terminal 1 ) Tokyo Narita International Airport NRT Terminal 1 -- South Wing Air India ( Terminal 2 ) Toronto Toronto Pearson International Airport YYZ Terminal 1 Vienna Vienna International Airport VIE Austrian Star Alliance Terminal ( Check - in 3 ) Aegean Airlines and Turkish Airlines ( Check - in 1 ) Premiums ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Star Alliance has two premium levels ( Silver and Gold ), based on a customer 's status in a member 's frequent - flyer program. Member and regional airlines recognize Star Silver and Gold status, with a few exceptions mostly pertaining to airport lounge access. Membership is based on the frequent - flyer programs of the individual airlines. Many members have a premium status beyond Gold, which is not recognized across the alliance. Star Alliance Silver ( edit ) Star Alliance Silver status is given to customers who have reached a premium level of a member carrier 's frequent - flyer program. Benefits are priority reservation wait - listing and airport stand - by. Some airlines also offer priority airport check - in, baggage handling and boarding ; preferred seating ; an additional checked - luggage allowance, and waived fees for two checked bags. Star Alliance Gold ( edit ) Star Alliance Gold status is given to customers who have reached a higher level of a member airline 's frequent - flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations wait - listing, airport stand - by and check - in and baggage handling ; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kg ( or one extra piece, where the piece rule applies ), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating ( an exit seat or a special section of the plane ) ; guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check - in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long - haul international passengers ; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries. Qualifying tiers by airline ( edit ) Member airline Mileage program Star Silver ( qualifying tiers ) Star Gold ( qualifying tiers ) Adria Austrian Airlines Brussels Airlines Croatia Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa Swiss International Air Lines Miles & More Frequent Traveller Senator HON Circle Aegean Airlines Miles + Bonus Silver Gold Air Canada Aeroplan / Air Canada Altitude Prestige 25K Elite 35K Elite 50K Elite 75K Super Elite 100K Air China Shenzhen Airlines Phoenix Miles Silver Gold Platinum Air India Flying Returns Silver Edge Club Golden Edge Club The Maharajah Club Air New Zealand Airpoints Silver Gold Elite All Nippon Airways ANA Mileage Club Bronze Super Flyers Diamond Platinum Asiana Airlines Asiana Club Gold Diamond Diamond Plus Platinum Avianca LifeMiles Silver Gold Diamond Cenit Avianca Brazil Amigo Silver Gold Diamond Copa Airlines ConnectMiles Silver Gold Platinum Presidential Platium EgyptAir EgyptAir Plus Silver Gold Platinum Ethiopian Airlines Sheba Miles Silver Club Gold Club EVA Air Infinity MileageLands Infinity MileageLands Silver Infinity MileageLands Gold Infinity MileageLands Diamond Scandinavian Airlines EuroBonus Silver Gold Diamond Pandion Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Elite Silver Elite Gold PPS Club Solitaire PPS Club South African Airways Voyager Silver Gold Platinum TAP Air Portugal Victoria Silver Gold Thai Airways International Royal Orchid Plus Silver Gold, Platinum Turkish Airlines Miles & Smiles Classic Plus Elite Elite Plus United Airlines MileagePlus Premier Silver Premier Gold Premier Platinum Premier 1K Global Services Livery and logo ( edit ) Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually a white fuselage with `` Star Alliance '' across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo ; the color or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member 's livery. Singapore Airlines is the only exception, formerly keeping its own logo on the tails of its aircraft but now using the Star Alliance logo on white tails. Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery. Aircraft painted in an airline 's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors. Egyptair Airbus A330 with Star Alliance livery Turkish Airlines Airbus A340 with alliance livery Air India Boeing 787 - 8 with special Star Alliance livery Thai Airways International Airbus A330 with Star Alliance livery References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Star Alliance Facts & Figures ''. Star Alliance. July 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance Facts and Figures -- Star Alliance Employees ''. portal.staralliance.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Impressum ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 12 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Star Alliance Management ''. www.staralliance.com. Jump up ^ `` SkyTeam Alliance About Us SkyTeam ''. www.skyteam.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Network and Operations - Marketing, Financial, Corporate ''. www.oneworld.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19. ^ Jump up to : BRYANT, ADAM ( 14 May 1997 ). `` United and 4 Others to Detail Air Alliance Today ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ Jump up to : TAGLIABUE, JOHN ( 15 May 1997 ). `` 5 Airlines Extend Limits of Alliances ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ Meredith, Robyn ( 15 May 1997 ). `` Airline Alliance Picks Y. & R ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` 5 Airlines In ' Global Branding ' Alliance ''. Bloomberg News. nwsource.com. 14 May 1997. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance Welcomes New Members of the Team '' ( PDF ). SAS. SAS Press Release. 3 May 1999. Retrieved 23 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` ANA boards Star Alliance ''. The Nation. Google Archive. 24 October 1998. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` All Nippon Airways Joins Star Alliance Network '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Austrian Airlines ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Austrian Airlines Group has joined Star Alliance '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` Singapore Airlines ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 18. Jump up ^ `` British Midland And Mexicana Airlines Welcomed to the Star Alliance Network ''. breakingtravelnews.com. 26 June 2000. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ Reece, Damian ( 13 August 2000 ). `` Emirates poised to join Star Alliance ''. London : Telegrapg.co.uk. p. 11. Retrieved 16 October 2010. Jump up ^ Lewis, Paul ( 16 May 2000 ). `` BWIA seeks fleet renewal funds ''. Orlando : Flight International. Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 5 December 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Star Alliance Chronological History ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Asiana Airlines ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Spanair ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` LOT Polish Airlines ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ `` US Airways Joins Star Alliance ''. The New York Times. 2 June 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Croatia Airlines To Join Star Alliance ''. Star Alliance. Jump up ^ `` TAP brings Star Alliance new Africa destinations ''. The New York Times. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` TAP Air Portugal joins Star Alliance ''. AsiaTravelTips.com. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Press release 07.04. 2006 ''. SWISS. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance Celebrates 10 Years '' ( Press release ). Star Alliance. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` STAR ALLIANCE PARTNERS WITH GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANISATIONS '' ( PDF ). UNESCO. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance marks 10th anniversary with Copenhagen event '' ( PDF ). Star Alliance. 6 January 2006. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` VARIG to leave Star Alliance ''. Boarding.no. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Air China ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines joins Star Alliance '' ( Press release ). Turkish Airlines. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance soon to welcome Egypt Air ''. eTravel Blackboard. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Jump up ^ Frary, Mark ( 20 June 2008 ). `` Continental plans United tie - up ; will leave SkyTeam for Star Alliance ''. The Times. UK. Retrieved 17 November 2010. Jump up ^ ( 1 ). Company.brusselsairlines.com. Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 08. Jump up ^ `` TAM AIRLINES JOINS STAR ALLIANCE '' ( Press release ). Star Alliance. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` SkyTeam looking for new partners in Latin America, Asia and Africa ''. eTurboNews. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` AEGEAN AIRLINES JOINS STAR ALLIANCE NETWORK '' ( Press release ). Star Alliance. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 28. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Shanghai Airlines to Leave Star Alliance at End of October, Xinhua Reports ''. Bloomberg. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES ACCEPTED AS FUTURE STAR ALLIANCE MEMBER CARRIER '' ( Press release ). Star Alliance. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 04. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines Joins Star Alliance ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` bmi 's Exit from Star Alliance and Transferring Points and Status with British Airways ''. ViewFromTheWing. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 14 Feb 2016. Jump up ^ `` Spanair Ceases Operations ''. Upgrd.com. Jump up ^ `` A message for customers traveling on March 3 ''. hub.united.com. United Airlines. 3 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` AVIANCA, TACA AIRLINES AND COPA AIRLINES JOIN STAR ALLIANCE - Star Alliance ''. 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Blue1 to leave Star Alliance by end of November ''. Ch - Aviation. Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen Airlines Joins ''. Star Alliance. 2012 - 11 - 29. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 04. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22. Jump up ^ `` EVA AIR JOINS THE STAR ALLIANCE ''. Star Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Avianca - TACA primes for re-branding and intensifying competition with LATAM ''. CentreforAviation.com. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` STAR ALLIANCE AND AIR INDIA RECOMMENCE INTEGRATION PROCESS ''. Star Alliance. 2013 - 12 - 13. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines announced it will leave Star Alliance to join Oneworld ''. BusinessTravelNews.com. Jump up ^ `` US Airways and TAM leave Star Alliance ''. Star Alliance. 2014 - 03 - 31. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13. Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh, Ben. `` Star Alliance OKs Air India membership ''. USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2014. Jump up ^ Sinha, Saurabh ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ). `` Air India joins Star Alliance, flyers to benefit from today ''. Times of India. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance Chief Executive Board Approves Air India Membership ''. Star Alliance. 2014 - 06 - 24. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Air India becomes a permanent member of Star Alliance ''. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 24 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` AVIANCA BRASIL JOINS STAR ALLIANCE NETWORK ''. Star Alliance. 2015 - 07 - 22. Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 04. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06. ^ Jump up to : `` STAR ALLIANCE LAUNCHES CONNECTING PARTNER MODEL TO EXPAND NETWORK REACH VIA LOW - COST AND HYBRID AIRLINES SOUTH AFRICAN AIRLINE MANGO TO BE FIRST AIRLINE TO IMPLEMENT ''. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance and Juneyao Seal Partnership '' ( Press release ). Shanghai, China : Star Alliance. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` China 's Juneyao Airlines eyes Star Alliance 's CPM ''. ch - aviation. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Juneyao Airlines Becomes First Airline to Expand Star Alliance Network Under Connecting Partner Model '' ( Press release ). Shanghai, China : Star Alliance. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Member Airlines ''. Star Alliance. Jump up ^ `` Jazz begins flying under Air Canada Express banner ''. aircanada.com. Retrieved 5 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Our Fleet ''. aircanada.com. 24 November 1997. Retrieved 5 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` FAQ ''. Edelweiss Air. Retrieved 22 April 2017. Since November 2008, Edelweiss is an integrated member in the Lufthansa - Group and an affiliate of Swiss International Air Lines. However, Edelweiss is not a Star Alliance member. Jump up ^ Cook, Terry ( 15 September 2001 ). `` Australia 's second biggest airline collapses ''. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` SAS Enters into Agreements with Cityjet for Wet Lease and Sale of Blue1 ''. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Two mega-airlines are United : Continental is no more - Your Houston News : News ''. Your Houston News. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Mexicana airline leaves Star Alliance ''. USAToday.com. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Shanghai to end Star Alliance membership ''. ATWOnline.com. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Spanair collapses, stranding 200,000 passengers ''. BBC. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` TAM Leaving Star Alliance, Joining Oneworld ''. ViewFromTheWing. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` US Airways leaves Star Alliance, joins Oneworld ''. Business Journals. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Applying rouge ''. Airliner World : 88 -- 96. March 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Air Canada launches new regional brand ''. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` ANA Group History ''. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` LOT Polish Pulls the Plug on Centralwings ''. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyprus Turkish Airlines Goes Bankrupt ''. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Congo 's Kornogo Airlines Throws In The Towel ''. 6 September 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` AUA - Ferienmarke, myHoliday ersetzt die Lauda Air ''. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Lufthansa changes its Italy strategy ''. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bankrupt United to start West Coast shuttle service, reapply for loan ''. 13 December 2002. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^. Swiss Private Aviation https://web.archive.org/web/20110203032324/http://www.swiss-private-aviation.com/de/index.html. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 03. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` After merger, Scoot adds 5 destinations ''. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Austrian Bord unter Dach und Fach ''. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Air Canada 's Zip shut down ''. 8 Sep 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` United Shut Down Ted Airlines ''. 13 December 2002. Retrieved 15 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Current issues arising with airline alliances : panel discussion. EUROPEAN AIR LAW ASSOCIATION. 11th Annual Conference. Recent developments in European air transport law and policy Lisbon, 5 November 1999 ''. Ec.europa.eu. 5 November 1999. Retrieved 5 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Member Airlines -- Star Alliance ''. Staralliance.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2012. Jump up ^ `` Adria Airways ''. December 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Aegean Airlines ''. August 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Air Canada ''. August 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Air China ''. August 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Check - in Finder '' ( PDF ). Vienna International Airport. Retrieved 4 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` MAKE YOUR MILES COUNT ''. Air Canada. Jump up ^ `` Flying Returns Member '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Star Alliance Launches New Aircraft Livery ; New Member Asiana Airlines to Premiere Bold New Design ''. PRNewsWire. 22 November 2002. Retrieved 8 October 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Alliance. Official website Commercial air travel Airlines Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low - cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines Alliances Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance Value Alliance Vanilla Alliance U-FLY Alliance Trade groups International ( ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT ) United States ( A4A RAA ) Europe ( AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA ) Other regions ( AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA ) Aircrew Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading Airliner Travel class First class ( aviation ) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board Crew rest compartment In - flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag Airport Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check - in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel Customs / Immigration Arrival card ( Landing card ) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa Environmental impact Hypermobility Impact on environment Law Air transport agreement Bermuda Agreement ( UK - 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{ "text": "Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd Jump to : navigation, search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27, 2005 Last appearance `` You 're My Home '' ( 11.25 ) May 14, 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Pretty Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board ( former ) Chief of Surgery ( former ) Head of Neurosurgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father, deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m. 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m. 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) ( with Meredith ) certifications M.D. F.A.C.S Derek Christopher Shepherd, M.D., also referred to as `` McDreamy '', is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey. He made his first appearance during `` A Hard Day 's Night '', which was broadcast on March 27, 2005. Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years, before their divorce in 2006. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ). The couple are often referred to as `` MerDer '' and they have three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West ( Now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital ), but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting. For his portrayal of Shepherd, Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role, and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series award. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards. He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being. Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law. His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white. Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband. Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin - off Private Practice. In the season eight episode `` If / Then '', Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary ''. When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely. In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida. They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith. The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital. Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ), Derek 's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success. Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world ''. In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother. Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode `` My Next Life '', Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings. Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo. '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful. '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules. '' Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke. Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down. Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients. In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons. However, in April 2015, Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved. It 's just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out. '' In August 2015, Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time. '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus. Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013. Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming ''. He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything, who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed. USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self - involved the next. Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole. '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception. With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity ''. In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You 're the dick who cheated on her, you 're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy. '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season, saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ). How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He 's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship. '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses ''. The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television ''. His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time ''. Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances ''. He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's, '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other 's lives, and locker room - style teasing. '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint. However, following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4, Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' ``. TV Fanatic. Retrieved April 3, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge, Tips Cap to Bowdoin ''. Bowdoin College. October 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 2. April 12, 2012. ABC. ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 6. October 20, 2011. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 18. March 19, 2009. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 6. Episode 7. October 29, 2009. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Support System ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 19. April 12, 2012. ABC. ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 10. Episode 20. April 17, 2014. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Brave New World ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 4. October 16, 2008. ABC. ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 4. October 6, 2011. ABC. Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 4. Episode 4. October 18, 2007. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 6. November 2, 2006. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 9. Episode 8. December 6, 2012. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 12. January 15, 2009. ABC. Jump up ^ `` Yesterday ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 18. February 19, 2006. ABC. Jump up ^ `` White Wedding ''. Grey 's Anatomy. Season 7. Episode 20. May 5, 2011. ABC. Jump up ^ Rhodes, Joe ( July 15, 2005 ). `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy ''. TV Guide. Retrieved September 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Keck, William ( November 17, 2006 ). `` Lowe knows political roles ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved September 8, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( January 23, 2014 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey, Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( April 23, 2015 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons ''. Variety. Retrieved April 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette ( April 24, 2015 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Bucksbaum, Sydney ( August 5, 2015 ). `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy ''. E! Online. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight ''. The Bowdoin Orient. April 20, 2007. Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert ( April 24, 2015 ). `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death ''. USA Today. Retrieved April 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert ( May 14, 2006 ). `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' House ' ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan ( September 28, 2006 ). `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding, right? ''. What 's Alan Watching?. Blogspot. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Chang, Debbie ( May 27, 2008 ). `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back ''. BuddyTV. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy ( June 15, 2009 ). `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca ( December 21, 2012 ). `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV ''. Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television ''. BuzzFeed. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures, Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time ''. TV Guide. Retrieved June 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Balta, Victor. `` How adorable! TV 's best bromances ''. Today.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Thomas, Rachel. `` TV 's Best Bromances ''. About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy ''. BuddyTV. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances ''. Cosmopolitan. July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Hoffman, Kim ( January 28, 2013 ). `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You, Man! ( PHOTOS ) ''. Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Perigard, Mark ( July 27, 2012 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc ''. Boston Herald. Retrieved August 10, 2012. External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=843001899 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional neurosurgeons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 05 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Derek Shepherd", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&amp;oldid=843001899" }

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{ "text": "The Literary Digest - wikipedia The Literary Digest The Literary Digest Cover of the 19 February 1921 edition of The Literary Digest Founder Isaac Kaufmann Funk First issue 1890 ( 1890 - month ) Final issue 1938 Company Funk & Wagnalls Country United States Based in New York City Language English The Literary Digest was an influential American general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. Founded by Isaac Kaufmann Funk in 1890, it eventually merged with two similar weekly magazines, Public Opinion and Current Opinion. Contents 1 History 2 Presidential poll 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Beginning with early issues, the emphasis was on opinion articles and an analysis of news events. Established as a weekly newsmagazine, it offered condensations of articles from American, Canadian and European publications. Type - only covers gave way to illustrated covers during the early 1900s. After Isaac Funk 's death in 1912, Robert Joseph Cuddihy became the editor. In the 1920s, the covers carried full - color reproductions of famous paintings. By 1927, The Literary Digest climbed to a circulation of over one million. Covers of the final issues displayed various photographic and photo - montage techniques. In 1938, it merged with the Review of Reviews, only to fail soon after. Its subscriber list was bought by Time. A column in The Digest, known as `` The Lexicographer 's Easy Chair '', was produced by Frank Horace Vizetelly. Ewing Galloway as assistant editor at the publication. Presidential poll ( edit ) The Literary Digest is best - remembered today for the circumstances surrounding its demise. As it had done in 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1932, it conducted a straw poll regarding the likely outcome of the 1936 presidential election. Before 1936, it had always correctly predicted the winner. The 1936 poll showed that the Republican candidate, Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas, was likely to be the overwhelming winner. This seemed possible to some, as the Republicans had fared well in Maine, where the congressional and gubernatorial elections were then held in September, as opposed to the rest of the nation, where these elections were held in November along with the presidential election, as they are today. This outcome seemed especially likely in light of the conventional wisdom, `` As Maine goes, so goes the nation '', a saying coined because Maine was regarded as a `` bellwether '' state which usually supported the winning candidate 's party. In November, Landon carried only Vermont and Maine ; President Franklin Delano Roosevelt carried the 46 other states. Landon 's electoral vote total of eight is a tie for the record low for a major - party nominee since the American political paradigm of the Democratic and Republican parties began in the 1850s. The Democrats joked, `` As goes Maine, so goes Vermont. '' The magazine was so discredited by this discrepancy that it soon folded. In retrospect, the polling techniques employed by the magazine were to blame. Although it had polled ten million individuals ( of whom about 2.4 million responded, an astronomical total for any opinion poll ), it had surveyed its own readers first, a group with disposable incomes well above the national average of the time, shown in part by their ability still to afford a magazine subscription during the depths of the Great Depression, and then two other readily available lists : that of registered automobile owners and that of telephone users, both of which were also wealthier than the average American at the time. Research published in 1972 and 1988 concluded that non-response bias was the primary source of this error, although their sampling frame was also quite different from the vast majority of voters. George Gallup 's American Institute of Public Opinion achieved national recognition by correctly predicting the result of the 1936 election and by also correctly predicting the quite different results of the Literary Digest poll to within about 1 %, using a smaller sample size of 50,000. Gallup 's last poll before the election predicted Roosevelt would receive 56 % of the popular vote. The official tally gave Roosevelt 61 %. This debacle led to a considerable refinement of public opinion polling techniques and later came to be regarded as ushering in the era of modern scientific public opinion research. See also ( edit ) History of opinion polls References ( edit ) Freedman, David ; Pisani, Robert ; Purves, Roger ( 2007 ). Statistics ( 4th ed. ). New York : Norton. ISBN 0 - 393 - 92972 - 8. ^ Jump up to : `` Press : Digest Digested ''. Time. 23 May 1938. Retrieved 8 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` A word a day Man : a biography ''. Biographical essay. Centre d'études du 19e siècle français Joseph Sablé. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ewing Galloway Collection of Photographs ''. Special Collections Research Center. Syracuse University Library. Retrieved 4 June 2013. Jump up ^ Straw Vote Fight Arouses Interest The Pittsburgh Press ; November 2, 1936 ^ Jump up to : Freedman, et al. : 335 - 336 External links ( edit ) digitized archives : 2,037 Issues, 73,776 Articles, 115,219 pp January 2, 1897 to January 22, 1938 ; free access Landon in a Landslide : The Poll That Changed Polling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Literary_Digest&oldid=847106219 '' Categories : Defunct American literary magazines Magazines established in 1890 Magazines disestablished in 1938 Magazines published in New York City American weekly magazines Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018, at 00 : 11 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Literary Digest", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Literary_Digest&amp;oldid=847106219" }

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{ "text": "Bee hummingbird - wikipedia Bee hummingbird Jump to : navigation, search Bee hummingbird immature male Female in flight Both at Palpite, Cuba Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae Genus : Mellisuga Species : M. helenae Binomial name Mellisuga helenae ( Lembeye, 1850 ) Adult male non-breeding Cuba Adult male in flight Cuba The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) is a species of hummingbird which is the world 's smallest bird. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Diet 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Breeding 5 Coevolution with flowers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird. Females weigh 2.6 g ( 0.092 oz ) and are 6.1 cm ( 2.4 in ) long, and are slightly larger than males, with an average weight of 1.95 g ( 0.069 oz ) and length of 5.5 cm ( 2.2 in ). As its name suggests, it is scarcely larger than a bee. Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier. The male has a green pileum and fiery red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white. The male is smaller than the female. The female is green above, whitish below, with white tips to the outer tail feathers. Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and chunky. Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside. The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of a coffee bean. The brilliant, iridescent colors of the bee hummingbird 's feathers make the bird seem like a tiny jewel. The iridescence is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird 's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep into flowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly on nectar, and an occasional insect or spider, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks up pollen on its bill and head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role in plant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers. Using bits of cobwebs, bark, and lichen, the female bee hummingbird builds a cup - shaped nest that is only about 2.5 cm ( 0.98 in ) in diameter. Nests have been built on single clothespins. She lines the nest with soft plant fibers. In this nest she lays her eggs, which are no bigger than peas. She alone incubates the eggs and raises the young. Diet ( edit ) The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit 10 plant species ; nine of them were found to be endemic to Cuba. These flowers include Hamelia patens ( Rubiaceae ), Chrysobalanus icaco ( Chrysobalanaceae ), Pavonia paludicola ( Malvaceae ), Forsteronia corymbosa ( Apocynaceae ), Lysiloma latisiliquum ( Mimosaceae ), Turnera ulmifolia ( Passifloraceae ), Antigonon leptopus ( Polygonaceae ), Clerodendrum aculeatum ( Verbenaceae ), Tournefortia hirsutissima ( Boraginaceae ), and Cissus obovata ( Vitaceae ). Habitat and distribution ( edit ) The bee hummingbird is endemic to the entire Cuban archipelago, including the main island of Cuba and the Isle of Youth in the West Indies. It is found mainly in Cuba 's mogote area and uncommonly in Playa Larga near Zapata Swamp, but has been spotted in western Cuba. Breeding ( edit ) Sideview of the nest The bee hummingbird 's breeding season is March -- June. They lay up to 2 eggs at a time. Coevolution with flowers ( edit ) The bee hummingbird interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird -- plant coevolution with its primary food source ( flowers for nectar ). See also ( edit ) Hummingbird moth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ). `` Mellisuga helenae ''. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : Simon, Matt ( 10 July 2015 ). `` Absurd Creature of the Week : The World 's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime ''. Wired. Retrieved 8 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dalsgaard, B ; Martín González, A.M. ; Olesen, J.M. ; Ollerton, J ; Timmermann, A ; Andersen, L.H. ; Tossas, A.G. ( 2009 ). `` Plant - hummingbird interactions in the West Indies : Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size ''. Oecologia. 159 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 66. doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 008 - 1255 - z. PMID 19132403. ^ Jump up to : Adrienne Glick. `` Mellisuga helenae ''. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ T.S. Schulenber, ed. ( 2010 ). `` Bee Hummingbird, Mellisuga helenae ''. Ithaca, N.Y. : Neotropical Birds Online, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 8 March 2017. Jump up ^ Piper, Ross ( 2007 ). Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals '. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978 - 0313339226. ^ Jump up to : Dalsgaard, Bo, et al. `` Floral traits of plants visited by the bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) ''. Ornitologia Neotropical 23.1 ( 2012 ) : 143 -- 149. Jump up ^ Ibarra, Elena. `` Bird Surveys In The Mogote Vegetational Complex In The Sierra Del Infierno, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, June 2000 ''. El Pitirre : 7. Jump up ^ Garrido, O.H., & A. Kirkconnell. 2000. Field guide to the birds of Cuba. Cornell University Press, New York Jump up ^ Martínez García, Orestes ; Bacallao Mesa, Loraiza ; Nieves Lorenzo, Elio ( 1998 ). `` Estudio preliminar de la conducta reproductiva de Mellisuga helenae ( Aves, Apodiformes ) en condiciones naturales '' ( Preliminary study on the reproductive behaviour of Mellisuga helenae ( Aves, Apodiformes ) in natural conditions ). El Pitirre ( in Spanish ) ( Winter ) : 102 -- 106. External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Mellisuga helenae Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mellisuga helenae. Bee Hummingbird videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Bee Hummingbird photo gallery VIREO Article with synopsis ( with photos ) ; Photo BeautyofBirds / Avian Web - Bee Hummingbird ARKive Bee Hummingbird Fact File Taxon identifiers Wd : Q213036 ADW : Mellisuga_helenae EoL : 914480 GBIF : 5228500 iNaturalist : 6425 ITIS : 555310 IUCN : 22688214 Species+ : 10117 ARKive : bee - hummingbird / mellisuga - helenae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bee_hummingbird&oldid=809693948 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Mellisuga Birds of Cuba Birds described in 1850 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017, at 20 : 15. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bee hummingbird", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bee_hummingbird&amp;oldid=809693948" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Female in flight Both at Palpite, Cuba Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae Genus : Mellisuga Species : M. helenae Binomial name Mellisuga helenae ( Lembeye, 1850 ) Adult male non-breeding Cuba Adult male in flight Cuba The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) is a species of hummingbird which is the world 's smallest bird. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Diet 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Breeding 5 Coevolution with flowers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird. Females weigh 2.6 g ( 0.092 oz ) and are 6.1 cm ( 2.4 in ) long, and are slightly larger than males, with an average weight of 1.95 g ( 0.069 oz ) and length of" ], "id": [ "12890855059349661502" ], "short_answers": [ "bee hummingbird" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Shotgun shell - wikipedia Shotgun shell Jump to : navigation, search `` Birdshot '' redirects here. For the 2016 film, see Birdshot ( film ). The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 12 - gauge shotgun shell in a transparent plastic hull, allowing the contents to be seen. From left to right : brass, propellant, over-powder wad, shot wad, # 8 birdshot, over-shot wad, and crimp A shotgun shell is a self - contained cartridge typically loaded with multiple metallic `` shot '', which are small, generally spherical projectiles. The shells consist of a case mounted on a brass base holding a primer. The shot is typically contained in a small container inside the shell casing. Shot has traditionally been made of lead, but steel, tungsten or bismuth is frequently used due to restrictions on lead. A shotgun shell can contain a single, large projectile known as a shotgun slug. They can also be made with specialty non-lethal rounds such as beanbag rounds, flechette rounds, and rubber. An old non-lethal round consisted of a shotgun shell loaded with rock salt, which could inflict very painful, but rarely deadly, wounds, and was popular for scaring away trespassers. Most shotgun shells are designed to be fired from a smoothbore barrel, but dedicated shotguns with rifled barrels are limited to sabot slugs. A rifled barrel will increase the accuracy of sabot slugs, but makes it unsuitable for firing shot, as it imparts a spin to the shot cup, causing the shot cluster to disperse. A rifled slug uses rifling on the slug itself so it can be used in a smoothbore shotgun. Contents ( hide ) 1 Typical construction 2 Sizes 2.1 Non shotgun calibers 3 Shotgun gauge diameter formula 4 Lead free 5 Shot sizes 5.1 Birdshot 5.1. 1 Birdshot selection 5.2 Buckshot 6 Spread and patterning 6.1 Narrower patterns 6.2 Wider patterns 6.3 Spread 7 Dram equivalence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Typical construction ( edit ) Early shotgun shells used brass cases, not unlike rifle and pistol cartridge cases of the same era. These brass shotgun hulls or cases closely resembled rifle cartridges, in terms of both the head and primer portions of the shotgun shell, as well as in their dimensions. Card wads, made of felt, leather, and cork, as well as paperboard, were all used at various times. Waterglass was commonly used to cement the top overshot wad into these brass shell casings. No roll crimp or fold crimp was used on these early brass cases, although roll crimps were eventually used by some manufacturers to hold the overshot wad in place securely. The primers on these early shotgun shells were identical to pistol primers of the same diameter. Starting in about 1877, paper hulls started to replace brass shotgun shells. Paper hulls remained popular for nearly a century, until the late 1960s. These shotgun shells using paper hulls were nearly always roll crimped, although fold crimping also eventually became popular. The primers on these paper hull shotgun shells also changed from the pistol primers used on the early brass shotgun shells to a primer containing both the priming charge and an anvil, unlike rifle and pistol ammunition, making the shotgun shell primer taller. Card wads, made of felt and cork, as well as paperboard, were all used at various times, gradually giving way to plastic over powder wads, with card wads, and, eventually, to all plastic wads. Starting in the 1960s, plastic cases started to replace paper hulls for shotgun shells ; by the 1980s, plastic cases had become almost universal. Today, modern shotgun shells typically consist of a plastic case, with the base covered in a thin brass plated steel covering. As noted previously, paper shells used to be common, and are still made, as are solid brass shells. Some companies have produced what appear to be all - plastic shells, although in these there is a small metal ring cast into the rim of the shell to provide strength. Often the more powerful loads will use `` high brass '' shells, with the brass extended up further along the sides of the shell, while light loads will use `` low brass '' shells. The brass does not actually provide a significant amount of strength, but the difference in appearance provides shooters with a way to quickly differentiate between high and low powered ammunition. A 1908 depiction of a shotgun shell, showing a primitive felt wad to separate the powder ( left ) and shot ( right ) The base of the shotshell is fairly thick to hold the large shotgun primer, which is longer than primers used for rifle and pistol ammunition. Modern smokeless powders are far more efficient than the original black powder used in shotgun shells, so very little space is actually taken by powder ; shotguns use small quantities of double base powders, equivalent to quick - burning pistol powders, with up to 50 % nitroglycerin. After the powder comes the wadding or wad. The primary purpose of a wad is to prevent the shot and powder from mixing, and to provide a seal that prevents gas from blowing through the shot rather than propelling it. The wad design may also encompass a shock absorber and a cup that holds the shot together until it is out of the barrel. A modern wad consists of three parts, the powder wad, the cushion, and the shot cup, which may be separate pieces or be one part. The powder wad acts as the gas seal ( known as obturation ), and is placed firmly over the powder ; it may be a paper or plastic part. The cushion comes next, and it is designed to compress under pressure, to act as a shock absorber and minimize the deformation of the shot ; it also serves to take up as much space as is needed between the powder wad and the shot. Cushions are almost universally made of plastic with crumple zones, although for game shooting in areas grazed by farm stock or wildlife biodegradable fibre wads are often preferred. The shot cup is the last part of the shell, and it serves to hold the shot together as it moves down the barrel. Shot cups have slits on the sides so that they peel open after leaving the barrel, allowing the shot to continue on in flight undisturbed. Shot cups, where used, are also almost universally plastic. The shot fills the shot cup ( which must be of the correct length to hold the desired quantity of shot ), and the shotgun shell is then crimped, or rolled closed. Sizes ( edit ) Gauge ( number of lead balls in one pound ) Diameter of one ball 10 0.78 '' ( 19.7 mm ) 12 0.73 '' ( 18.5 mm ) 16 0.66 '' ( 16.8 mm ) 20 0.62 '' ( 15.6 mm ) 28 0.55 '' ( 14.0 mm ) Shotgun shells are generally measured by `` gauge '', which is the weight, in fractions of a pound, of a pure lead round ball that is the same diameter as the internal diameter of the barrel ; in Britain and some other locations outside the United States the term `` bore '' is used with the same meaning. This contrasts with rifles and handguns, which are almost always measured in `` caliber '', a measurement of the internal diameter of the barrel measured in millimeters or inches and, consequently, is approximately equal to the diameter of the projectile that is fired. 9 mm shotshells with. 22 long rifle for comparison For example, a shotgun is called `` 12 - gauge '' because a lead sphere that just fits the inside diameter of the barrel weighs ​ ⁄ of a pound. This measurement comes from the time when early cannons were designated in a similar manner -- a `` 12 pounder '' would be a cannon that fired a 12 - pound ( 5.5 kg ) cannonball ; inversely, an individual `` 12 - gauge '' shot would in fact be a ​ ⁄ pounder ( 38 g ). Thus, a 10 - gauge shotgun has a larger - diameter barrel than a 12 - gauge shotgun, which has a larger - diameter barrel than a 20 - gauge shotgun, and so forth. M35. 410 shotgun shells for M - 6 survival gun w /. 22 long rifle for comparison The most popular shotgun gauge by far is 12 - gauge. The larger 10 - gauge, once popular for hunting larger birds such as goose and turkey, is in the decline with the advent of longer, `` magnum '' 12 - gauge shells, which offer similar performance. The mid-size 20 - gauge is also a very popular chambering for smaller - framed shooters who favor its reduced recoil, those hunting smaller game, and experienced trap and skeet shooters who like the additional challenge of hitting their targets with a smaller shot charge. Other less - common, but commercially available gauges are 16 and 28. Several other gauges may be encountered but are considered obsolete. The 4, 8, 24, and 32 gauge guns are collector items. There are also some shotguns measured by diameter, rather than gauge. These are the. 410 ( 10 mm ),. 380 ( 9 mm ), and. 22 ( 5.5 mm ) ; these are correctly called ``. 410 bore '', not ``. 410 - gauge ''. The. 410 bore is the smallest shotgun size which is widely available commercially. In the UK, 9 mm shotguns are quite common for use in `` GardenGuns '' and folding shotguns. For size comparison purposes, the. 410, when measured by gauge, would be around 67 - or 68 - gauge ( it is 67.62 - gauge ), The. 410 is often mistakenly assigned 36 - gauge. The 36 gauge was in fact a. 360 diameter cartridge which was 1.5 '' in length and is now obsolete.. 44 caliber extra long shotgun cartridge ( right ) with. 22 long rifle for comparison. The. 44 caliber shotgun was essentially the predecessor to the. 410 bore shotgun. Non shotgun calibers ( edit ) Main article : Rat - shot. 22 Ratshot Shotshells are also available in non-shotgun calibers, for use in rifled barrels from. 22 Long Rifle upwards through. 38 Special to. 44 Magnum ; these are often used in revolvers to kill snakes at very close ranges, or for killing small pests such as rats. A number of single shot pistols and rifles are made in. 45 Colt with special screw - in chokes allowing the use of. 410 shells -- usually the chokes are designed with deep grooves parallel to the bore designed to stop the spin of the shot column, as the. 45 Colt barrel is rifled. Taurus sells a model called The Judge, which accommodates both. 45 Colt and. 410 shotshells. Smith & Wesson also makes a similar revolver dubbed the `` Governor, '' which not only shoots. 45 Colt and. 410 shotshells but also. 45 ACP with the aid of moon clips. Shotgun gauge diameter formula ( edit ) Further information : Gauge ( bore diameter ) § Calculating_gauge The standard definition of shotgun gauge assumes that a pure lead ball is used. The following formulas relate the bore diameter d ( in inches ) to the gauge n : d n = 1.67 / n 3 = 4.66 / n 3 ( \\ displaystyle d_ ( n ) = 1.67 / ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( n ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 4.66 / n ) ) ) n = ( 1.67 / d n ) 3 = 4.66 / ( d n ) 3 ( \\ displaystyle n = ( 1.67 / d_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 3 ) = 4.66 / ( d_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) For example, the common bore diameter d = 0.410 inches (. 410 bore ) is effectively gauge n = 67.6. Lead free ( edit ) At the beginning of the 21st century lead - free shotshell ammunition loaded with steel, bismuth, or tungsten composite pellets instead of more traditional lead - based pellets was introduced. Due to environmental regulations, lead - loaded ammunition must be used carefully by hunters in Europe. For instance, in France, it can not be fired in the vicinity of a pond. In fact, the laws are so complex that some hunters in Europe prefer not to risk getting into problems for firing lead pellets in the wrong places, so they opt for composite pellets in all situations. The use of lead shot is banned in Canada and the United States when hunting migratory game birds, such as ducks and geese, forcing the use of non-toxic shot in these countries for waterfowl hunting ( lead shot can still legally be used in the United States for hunting game other than waterfowl ). This means that manufacturers need to market new types of lead - free shotgun ammunition loaded with alternative pellets to meet environmental restrictions on the use of lead, as well as lead - based and cheaper shotshell ammunition, to remain competitive worldwide. The C.I.P. enforces approval of all ammunition a manufacturer or importer intends to sell in any of the ( mainly European ) C.I.P. member states. The ammunition manufacturing plants are obliged to test their products during production against the C.I.P. pressure specifications. A compliance report must be issued for each production lot and archived for later verification if needed. Besides pressure testing, shotshells containing steel pellets require an additional Vickers hardness test. The hardness VH1 must be below 100 for the steel pellets used but, even so, steel is known to wear the barrel excessively over time if the steel pellet velocities become too high, leading to potentially harmful situations for the user. As a result, the measurement of pellet velocity is also an additional obligation for shotshells in 12 -, 16 -, and 20 - gauges in both standard and high performance versions sold in Europe. The velocity of pellets must be below 425 m / s ( 1,390 ft / s ), 390 m / s ( 1,300 ft / s ) and 390 m / s ( 1,300 ft / s ) respectively for the standard versions. Another disadvantage of steel pellets is their tendency to ricochet unpredictably after striking any hard surface. This poses a major hazard at indoor ranges or whenever metal targets or hard backstops ( e.g. concrete wall vs. a dirt berm ) are used. For this reason, steel shot is explicitly banned at most indoor shooting ranges. Any shooters who are considering buying ammo loaded with steel for anything other than hunting purposes should first find out if using it wo n't cause undue hazard to themselves and others. However, it should be noted that data supporting the danger of firing high velocity shells loaded with steel shot causing barrel wear has not been published and the US equivalent of CIP, SAAMI, does not have any such restrictive limitations on the velocity of commercial steel shotshells sold in the United States. Similarly, shotgun manufacturers selling shotguns in the United States select their own appropriate standards for setting steel hardness for shotgun barrels and for velocities of steel shotshell loaded ammunition. Some indoor shooting ranges prohibit the use of steel shot over concern of it causing a spark when hitting an object down range and causing a fire. Another problem is ricochet. Steel is very elastic and can reflect back to the shooter. Shot sizes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Shot ( pellet ) Shotshells are loaded with different sizes of shot depending on the target. For skeet shooting, a small shot such as a No. 8 or No. 9 would be used, because range is short and a high density pattern is desirable. Trap shooting requires longer shots, and so a larger shot, usually # 71⁄2 is used. For hunting game, the range and penetration needed to assure a clean kill is considered. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low sectional density and ballistic coefficient ( see external ballistics ). Small shot, like that used for skeet and trap, will have lost all appreciable energy by around 100 yards ( 91 m ), which is why trap and skeet ranges can be located in relatively close proximity to inhabited areas with negligible risk of injury to those outside the range. Birdshot ( edit ) 12 - gauge birdshot shotgun shell. Birdshot sizes are numbered similar to the shotgun gauges. The smaller the number, the larger the shot ( except in the Swedish system, in which it is reversed ). Generally birdshot is just called `` shot '', such as `` number 9 shot '' or `` BB shot ''. There are small differences in size of American, Standard ( European ), Belgian, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, British, and Australian shot to make matters more complex. That is because some systems go by diameter in inches ( American ), some go by diameter in millimeters ( European ), and the British system goes by the number of lead shot per ounce. Australia has a hybrid system due to its market being flooded with a mixture of British, American, and European shells. For American shot, a useful method for remembering the diameter of numbered shot in inches is simply to subtract the shot size from 17. The resulting answer is the diameter of the shot in hundredths of an inch. For example, # 2 shot gives 17 - 2 = 15, meaning that the diameter of # 2 shot is 15 / 100 or 0.15 ``. B shot is. 170 inches, and sizes go up in. 01 increments for BB and BBB sizes. In metric measurement, it is easy to remember that # 5 shot is 3 mm ; each number up or down represents a 0.25 mm change in diameter, so e.g. # 7 shot is 2.5 mm. US Size EU Size SW Size UK Size AU Size Nominal diameter Pellets per oz ( 28 g ) Quantity per lb. Lead Steel FF. 230 '' ( 5.84 mm ) 35. 220 '' ( 5.59 mm ) 27 39 TT. 210 '' ( 5.33 mm ) AAA. 205 '' ( 5.20 mm ) AAA. 203 '' ( 5.16 mm ) 35 AAA. 200 '' ( 5.08 mm ) 36 53 AA. 191 '' ( 4.93 mm ) 40 BBB AA. 190 '' ( 4.83 mm ) 44 62 550 BB. 180 '' ( 4.57 mm ) 50 72 650 Air Rifle BBBB or 2 / 0. 177 '' ( 4.50 mm ). 170 '' ( 4.32 mm ) 86 No. 1 BB BB. 160 '' ( 4.06 mm ) 72 103 925 No. 1 7. 158 '' ( 4.00 mm ) No. 2. 150 '' ( 3.81 mm ) 87 125 1120 No. 2 6. 148 '' ( 3.75 mm ) No. 3. 140 '' ( 3.56 mm ) 108 158 1370 No. 3 5. 138 '' ( 3.50 mm ) No. 2 No. 2. 134 '' ( 3.40 mm ) No. 4. 130 '' ( 3.30 mm ) 135 192 1720 No. 4 No. 3 No. 3. 128 '' ( 3.25 mm ) 140 No. 5 No. 4 No. 4. 120 '' ( 3.05 mm ) 170 243 2180 No. 5. 118 '' ( 3.00 mm ) No. 6 No. 5 No. 5. 110 '' ( 2.79 mm ) 225 315 2850 No. 6. 108 '' ( 2.75 mm ) No. 51⁄2 No. 51⁄2. 107 '' ( 2.72 mm ) 240 No. 6 No. 6. 102 '' ( 2.59 mm ) 270 No. 7. 100 '' ( 2.54 mm ) 291 423 No. 7. 098 '' ( 2.50 mm ) No. 71⁄2. 094 '' ( 2.40 mm ) No. 71⁄2 No. 7 No. 7. 095 '' ( 2.41 mm ) 350 490 3775 No. 8 No. 71⁄2. 090 '' ( 2.29 mm ) 410 686 5150 No. 8 00. 089 '' ( 2.25 mm ) No. 8 No. 8. 087 '' ( 2.21 mm ) 472 No. 81⁄2. 085 '' ( 2.15 mm ) 497 No. 81⁄2. 083 '' ( 2.10 mm ) No. 9 No. 9 No. 9. 080 '' ( 2.03 mm ) 585 892 7400 No. 9 000. 079 '' ( 2.00 mm ) No. 10. 070 '' ( 1.78 mm ) 848 No. 10 No. 10. 070 '' ( 1.78 mm ) 850 No. 10. 069 '' ( 1.75 mm ) Number 11 and number 12 lead shot also exists. Shot of these sizes is used in specialized shotshells designed to be fired at close range ( less than four yards ) for killing snakes, rats and similar - sized animals. Such shells are typically intended to be fired from handguns, particularly revolvers. This type of ammunition is produced by Federal and CCI, among others. Birdshot selection ( edit ) For hunting, shot size must be chosen not only for the range, but also for the game. The shot must reach the target with enough energy to penetrate to a depth sufficient to kill the game. Lead shot is still the best ballistic performer, but environmental restrictions on the use of lead, especially with waterfowl, require steel, bismuth, or tungsten composites. Steel, being significantly less dense than lead, requires larger shot sizes, but is a good choice when lead is not legal and cost is a consideration. It is argued that steel shot can not safely be used in some older shotguns without causing damage to either the bore or to the choke due to the hardness of steel shot. However, the increased pressure in most steel cartridges is a far greater problem, causing more strain to the breech of the gun. Since tungsten is very hard, it must also be used with care in older guns. Tungsten shot is often alloyed with nickel and iron, softening the base metal. That alloy is approximately 1 / 3 denser than lead, but far more expensive. Bismuth shot falls between steel and tungsten shot in both density and cost. The rule of thumb in converting appropriate steel shot is to go up by two numbers when switching from lead. However, there are different views on dense patterns versus higher pellet energies. Game Lead / Tungsten Steel Pheasant 4 to 6 2 to 3 Turkey 4 to 6 2 to 3 Quail, dove, 71⁄2 to 8 Rabbit 6 to 71⁄2 Squirrel 6 Geese 2 to BB 1 to TT Ducks, low 4 to 6 2 to 4 Ducks, high 2 to 4 2 to BB Buckshot ( edit ) Larger sizes of shot, large enough that they must be carefully packed into the shell rather than simply dumped or poured in, are called `` buckshot '' or just `` buck ''. Buckshot is used for hunting larger game, such as deer. Buckshot size is designated by actual diameter or ( traditionally ) by letter or number, with smaller numbers being larger shot. Sizes larger than `` 0 '' ( `` aught '' ) are designated by multiple zeros. `` 00 '' ( `` double - aught '' ) is the most commonly used size. The British system is based on the amount of shot per ounce. The sizes are LG ( Large Grape - from grape shot derived from musket shooting ), MG ( Medium Grape ), and SG ( Small Grape ). For smaller game SSG shot is half the weight of SG, SSSG shot is half the weight of SSG, SSSSG shot is half the weight of SSSG, and so on. The Australian system is similar except they have 00 - SG, a Small Game shell filled with # 00 Buck. The most commonly produced buckshot shell is a 12 gauge, 00 buck shell that holds 9 pellets. Buckshot is generally used for two purposes : self - defense and hunting medium to large game. Loads can be tailored through altering the size of the shot, pellet count, length of the shell, powder charge, and in other ways to fit individual weapons and purposes. For instance, loads of 12 gauge 00 buck are commonly available in 8 to 18 pellets in vendor - stated lengths from 2 3 / 4 '' to 3 1 / 2 ``. On packaging, vendors state the length of the cartridge as expanded after firing. Before firing, the crimped cartridge starts off approximately one half inch shorter. Also, precise length varies depending on manufacturer and model. Reduced - recoil shells are becoming increasingly available. Low - recoil 00 buckshot allows the shooter to make fast follow - up shots, which may be needed in a combat situation. They are also useful for training shooters who are not yet used to the recoil of full - power shells. US Size UK Size AU Size Nominal diameter Pellets / oz ( 28 g ) Lead Steel Tri-Ball 12 ( 12 Gauge ) 0.60 '' ( 15.2 mm ) 1.4 Tri-Ball 20 ( 20 Gauge ) 0.52 '' ( 13.2 mm ) 2.1 # 000 Buck ( `` triple - aught '' ) LG. 36 '' ( 9.1 mm ) 6.2 MG. 346 '' ( 8.79 mm ) 7 SG. 332 '' ( 8.44 mm ) 8 # 00 Buck ( `` double - aught '' ) 00 - SG. 330 '' ( 8.38 mm ) 8 # 0 Buck ( `` single - aught '' ). 32 '' ( 8.1 mm ) 9 # 1 Buck. 30 '' ( 7.6 mm ) 11 Special SG. 298 '' ( 7.57 mm ) 11 # 2 Buck SSG. 27 '' ( 6.9 mm ) 14 SSG. 269 '' ( 6.83 mm ) 15 # 3 Buck. 25 '' ( 6.4 mm ) 18 SSSG. 244 '' ( 6.3 mm ) 20 # 4 Buck. 240 '' ( 6.10 mm ) 21 SSSSG. 227 ( 5.77 mm ) 25. 22 '' ( 5.59 mm ) 27 39 SSSSS or AAAA. 213 ( 5.41 mm ) 30 AAA. 203 '' ( 5.16 mm ) 35. 200 '' ( 5.08 mm ) 36 53 Spread and patterning ( edit ) Most modern sporting shotguns have interchangeable choke tubes to allow the shooter to change the spread of shot that comes out of the gun. In some cases, it is not practical to do this ; the gun might have fixed choke, or a shooter firing at receding targets may want to fire a wide pattern immediately followed by a narrower pattern out of a single barrelled shotgun. The spread of the shot can also be altered by changing the characteristics of the shell. Narrower patterns ( edit ) A buffering material, such as granulated plastic, sawdust, or similar material can be mixed with the shot to fill the spaces between the individual pellets. When fired, the buffering material compresses and supports the shot, reducing the deformation the shot pellets experience under the extreme acceleration. Antimony - lead alloys, copper plated lead shot, steel, bismuth, and tungsten composite shot all have a hardness greater than that of plain lead shot, and will deform less as well. Reducing the deformation will result in tighter patterns, as the spherical pellets tend to fly straighter. One improvised method for achieving the same effect involves pouring molten wax or tar into the mass of shot. Another is a partial ring cut around the case intended to ensure that the shot comes out tightly bunched along with the portion of the case forward of the cut, creating a ' cut - shell '. This can be dangerous, as it is thought to cause higher chamber pressures -- especially if part of the shell remains behind in the barrel and is not cleared before another shot is fired. Wider patterns ( edit ) Shooting the softest possible shot will result in more shot deformation and a wider pattern. This is often the case with cheap ammunition, as the lead used will have minimal alloying elements such as antimony and be very soft. Spreader wads are wads that have a small plastic or paper insert in the middle of the shot cup, usually a cylinder or `` X '' cross-section. When the shot exits the barrel, the insert helps to push the shot out from the center, opening up the pattern. Often these result in inconsistent performance, though modern designs are doing much better than the traditional improvised solutions. Intentionally deformed shot ( hammered into ellipsoidal shape ) or cubical shot will also result in a wider pattern, much wider than spherical shot, with more consistency than spreader wads. Spreader wads and non-spherical shot are disallowed in some competitions. Hunting loads that use either spreaders or non-spherical shot are usually called `` brush loads '', and are favored for hunting in areas where dense cover keeps shot distances very short. Spread ( edit ) Most shotgun shells contain multiple pellets in order to increase the likelihood of a target being hit. A shotgun 's shot spread refers to the two - dimensional pattern that these projectiles ( or shot ) leave behind on a target. Another less important dimension of spread concerns the length of the in - flight shot string from the leading pellet to the trailing one. The use of multiple pellets is especially useful for hunting small game such as birds, rabbits, and other animals that fly or move quickly and can unpredictably change their direction of travel. However, some shotgun shells only contain one metal shot, known as a slug, for hunting large game such as deer. As the shot leaves the barrel upon firing, the three - dimensional shot string is close together. But as the shot moves farther away, the individual pellets increasingly spread out and disperse. Because of this, the effective range of a shotgun, when firing a multitude of shot, is limited to approximately 20 to 50 m ( 22 to 55 yd ). To control this effect, shooters may use a constriction within the barrel of a shotgun called a choke. The choke, whether selectable or fixed within a barrel, effectively reduces the diameter of the end of the barrel, forcing the shot even closer together as it leaves the barrel, thereby increasing the effective range. The tighter the choke, the narrower the end of the barrel. Consequentially, the effective range of a shotgun is increased with a tighter choke, as the shot column is held tighter over longer ranges. Hunters or target shooters can install several types of chokes, on guns having selectable chokes, depending on the range at which their intended targets will be located. For fixed choke shotguns, different shotguns or barrels are often selected for the intended hunting application at hand. From tightest to loosest, the various choke sizes are : full choke, improved modified, modified, improved cylinder, skeet, and cylinder bore. A hunter who intends to hunt an animal such as rabbit or grouse, knows that the animal will be encountered at a close range -- usually within 20 m ( 22 yd ) -- and will be moving very quickly. So, an ideal choke would be a cylinder bore ( the loosest ) as the hunter wants the shot to spread out as quickly as possible. If this hunter was using a full choke ( the tightest ) at 20 m ( 22 yd ), the shot would be very close together and cause an unnecessarily large amount of damage to the rabbit, or, alternatively, a complete miss of the rabbit. This would waste virtually all of the meat for a hit, as the little amount of meat remaining would be overly - laden with shot and rendered inedible. By using a cylinder bore, this hunter would maximize the likelihood of a kill, and maximize the amount of edible meat. Contrarily, a hunter who intends to hunt geese knows that a goose will likely be approximately 50 m ( 55 yd ) away, so, that hunter would want to delay the spread of the shot as much as possible by using a full choke. By using a full choke for targets that are farther away, the shooter again maximizes the likelihood of a kill, and maximizes the amount of edible meat. Also, this guarantees a swift and humane kill as the target would be hit with enough shot to kill quickly instead of only wounding the animal. For older shotguns having only one fixed choke, intended primarily for equally - likely use against rabbits, squirrels, quail, doves, and pheasant, an often - chosen choke is the improved cylinder, in a 28 inches ( 710 mm ) barrel, making the shotgun suitable for use as a general all - round hunting shotgun, without having excess weight. Shotguns having fixed chokes intended for geese, in contrast, are often found with full choke barrels, in longer lengths, and are much heavier, being intended for fixed use within a blind against distant targets. Defensive shotguns with fixed chokes generally have a cylinder bore choke. Likewise, shotguns intended primarily for use with slugs invariably also are found with a choke that is a cylinder bore. Dram equivalence ( edit ) `` Dram '' equivalence is sometimes still used as a measure of the powder charge power in a shotgun shell. Today, it is an anachronistic equivalence that represents the equivalent power of a shotgun shell containing this equivalent amount of black - powder measured in drams avoirdupois. A dram in the avoirdupois system is the mass of ​ ⁄ pound or ​ ⁄ ounce or 27.3 grains. The reasoning behind this archaic equivalence is that when smokeless powder first came out, some method of establishing an equivalence with common shotgun shell loads was needed in order to sell a box of shotgun shells. For example, a shotgun shell containing a 3 or 3 1 / 2 dram load of black - powder was a common hunting field load, and a heavy full power load would have contained about a 4 to 4 - 1 / 2 dram load, whereas a shotgun shell containing only a 2 dram load of black - powder was a common target practice load. A hunter looking for a field or full power load familiar with black - powder shotgun loads would have known exactly what the equivalence of the shotgun shells would have been in the newly introduced smokeless powder. Today, however, this represents a poorly understood equivalence of the powder charge power in a shotgun shell. To further complicate matters, `` dram '' equivalence was only defined for 12 gauge shotgun shells, and only for lead shot, although it has often been used for describing other gauges of shells, and even steel shot loaded shells. Furthermore, `` dram '' equivalence only came around about 15 years after smokeless powder had been introduced, long after the need for an equivalence had started to fade, and actual black - powder loaded shotshells had largely vanished. In practice, `` dram '' equivalence today most commonly equates just to a velocity rating equivalence in fps ( feet - per - second ), while assuming lead shot. A secondary impact of this equivalence was that common shotgun shells needed to stay the same size, physically, e.g., 2 - 1 / 2 or 2 - 3 / 4 - inch shells, in order to be used in pre-existing shotguns when smokeless powder started being used to load shotgun shells in the place of black - powder. As smokeless powder did not have to be loaded in the same volume as black - powder to achieve the same power, being more powerful, the volumes of wads had to increase, to fill the shotgun shell enough to permit proper crimps still to be made. Initially, this meant that increased numbers of over powder card wads had to be stacked to achieve the same stack - up length. Eventually, this also lead to the introduction of one - piece plastic wads in the late 1950s through the early 1960s, to add additional wad volumes, in order to maintain the same overall shotgun shell length. Dram equivalence has no bearing on the reloading of shotgun shells with smokeless powder ; loading a shotgun shell with an equivalent dram weight of smokeless powder would cause a shotgun to explode. It only has an equivalence in the reloading of shotgun shells with black - powder. See also ( edit ) Breaching round Lead shot Rat - shot Red rocket, a 3D printed shotgun slug as a politically motivated demonstration of its possibility Shotgun slug Shrapnel shell Rifle cartridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siler, Wes. `` What 's Inside A Shotgun Shell And Why ''. Gizmodo. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ `` USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Lead Poisoning ''. www.nwhc.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20. Jump up ^ http://www.theboxotruth.com/docs/bot43.htm Jump up ^ Scottish Association for Country Sports ' Shotgun definition Jump up ^ `` Fourten shotgun resources - Shooting the. 44 Shotgun ''. Jump up ^ `` Snake Loads ''. Jump up ^ Tungsten shot table, used with permission. ^ Jump up to : Doyle, Jeffrey Scott. `` Shotgun Pattern Testing ''. FirearmsID.com. Retrieved 18 May 2012. Jump up ^ After bagging 300 birds, researchers declare that No. 2 is best steel shot size for roosters by Craig Bihrle. Reprinted with permission. ^ Jump up to : Krishan Vij. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, 5 / e. p. 240. ^ Jump up to : George C. Nonte. Firearms encyclopedia. Harper & Row. p. 76. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013213 - 2. A shotshell which has been cut partially through forward of the head in hope of reducing shot dispersion. Jump up ^ Julian Sommerville Hatcher ( 1935 ). Textbook of firearms investigation, identification and evidence : together with the Textbook of pistols and revolvers, Volume 3. Small - arms technical publishing company. p. 61. Jump up ^ `` Shot spread ''. Homestudy.ihea.com. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13. Jump up ^ Buzzacott, Francis H. ; Boyles, Denis ( 3 August 2008 ). The Complete Sportsman 's Encyclopedia. Globe Pequot. p. 271. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 330 - 9. Retrieved 1 July 2012. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shotgun shells. Goodwyn, Kendall W. ( October 1951 ). `` How They Make Shotgun Shells ''. Popular Science Monthly. 159 ( 4 ) : 170 -- 174. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shotgun_shell&oldid=832513244 '' Categories : Shotgun shells Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from January 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 13 : 26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Shotgun shell", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shotgun_shell&amp;oldid=832513244" }

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{ "text": "My brother 's Keeper ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia My brother 's Keeper ( the Vampire Diaries ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 7th episode of the fourth season of The Vampire Diaries `` My Brother 's Keeper '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no. Season 4 Episode 7 Directed by Jeffrey Hunt Written by Caroline Dries & Elisabeth R. Finch Production code 2J6657 Original air date November 29, 2012 Guest appearance ( s ) Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley David Alpay as Professor Shane Grace Phipps as April Young Episode chronology ← Previous `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' Next → `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` My Brother 's Keeper '' is the seventh episode of The Vampire Diaries 's fourth season, premiering November 29, 2012 on The CW. Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 2.1 Ratings 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The Miss Mystic Falls pageant is back, and Elena and Caroline help April find a dress to wear. Meanwhile, Caroline calls Stefan and he tells her about Elena 's feelings for Damon, which Caroline disapproves of. Klaus shows up shortly afterwards, questioning his trust in him. Damon and Stefan 's relationship is strained, but nonetheless, they still search for the cure. Caroline and Elena are suspicious of Shane, who Damon decides to confront. Ever since awakening as a hunter, Jeremy has been having nightmares of killing Elena, and Stefan uses criminals to provide vampires to complete Jeremy 's tattoo. Hayley and Tyler work to break the sire bond of Klaus 's hybrids. Caroline is stressed by a favor she owes Klaus, which is a date. Klaus makes her jealous of Hayley and Tyler 's friendship, but also charms her and she asks if he ever wanted to be human again. Jeremy 's hunter instinct develops to the extent where he grows a hatred for vampires and attacks Stefan. Damon asks why Shane showed up in Mystic Falls in the first place and reveals his vampirism to him. Jeremy arrives at the pageant and attacks Elena, nearly killing her, but she is rescued by Stefan and Matt. Stefan reveals to Elena he provided vampires for Jeremy to kill and she replies she does n't want her humanity back if it costs her brother his. Matt moves into her house and Elena decides to stay in the Salvatore House for safety. Stefan then decides to leave, unable to stay in the same house as Elena. It is eventually revealed that Shane and Hayley are working together to break the sire bond with Klaus 's hybrids. Caroline and Stefan begin to believe that Elena is sired to Damon. Later, Elena moves into the boarding house. She and Damon talk for a bit before they stand up and begin to dance by the fireplace. After a moment or so of dancing and holding each other close, they kiss. The two make out in the living room for a while before they go upstairs to Damon 's bedroom and have sex for the very first time. The episode ends with Damon and Elena cradling each other 's faces in a loving kiss. Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) When the episode aired on November 29, 2012, the episode was viewed by 2.86 million American viewers. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( November 30, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ', ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up, ' The Office ', ' Parks & Rec ', ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2012. External links ( edit ) Recap from Official Website The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come, All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Brother%27s_Keeper_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=806136961 '' Categories : 2012 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017, at 23 : 13 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "My Brother's Keeper (The Vampire Diaries)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=My_Brother%27s_Keeper_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&amp;oldid=806136961" }

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{ "text": "Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) - Wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search Fifty Shades Freed Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Arielle Kebbel Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $368.3 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, and based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James. It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series, following Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ). The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the couple as they marry, and must deal with Ana 's former boss ( Eric Johnson ), who begins to stalk them. Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016, in Paris and Vancouver. The film was released in the United States on February 9, 2018, including a limited IMAX release. It grossed $368 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest - grossing film of 2018, but, like its two predecessors, received negative reviews, with criticism aimed at its screenplay and performances. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break - in at Christian 's corporate headquarters. Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana 's former boss who was fired for sexual assault. Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team. Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect, Gia Matteo, to rebuild it. Ana is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with Christian in Ana 's presence. Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she continues her flirting, forcing her to stop. When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for an after - work drink. Kate, who is dating Christian 's older brother, Elliot, confides that she suspects Elliot may be having an affair with Gia, who is also his business associate. When Ana returns home, she encounters Jack Hyde, who attempts to kidnap her. Ana 's security team subdue him and he is arrested. After an argument with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom. Soon after, Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José. Elliott proposes to Kate, who accepts. It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliott choose the ring. Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant. Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together. He leaves, going on a night - long drunken bender. The next day, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln. Shortly after, Jack Hyde, released on a $500,000 bond, phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian 's abducted sister. Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed. He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone. Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe, then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount. The suspicious bank manager calls Christian. He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices the coincidence of Hyde 's recent release, Mia 's unknown whereabouts, and Ana 's sudden large cash withdrawal. Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard. Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager 's phone and slipping her phone own into the bag of cash. She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack 's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz. Ana arrives at the drop - off site with the money. Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks Ana, kicking her abdomen. Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg. Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana 's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz. Ana blacks out as she hears Christian 's voice. Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side. Though angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, Christian realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile. Christian 's adoptive mother, Grace, assures Christian that Ana will not leave him. Ana returns home the next day. Christian 's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though Christian has no memory of this. Hyde was vengeful over Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him. It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice. Christian and Ana also learn where Christian 's birth mother is buried. They visit her grave and Christian lays flowers on it. Two years later, Christian and Ana have a son named Theodore, and Ana is pregnant with their second child. Cast ( edit ) Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Grey Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana 's former boss and stalker. Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's fiancée. Rita Ora as Mia Grey, adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey. Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Katherine 's fiancé. Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia 's friends. Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian 's bodyguard. Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia 's mother. Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian 's former dominant. ( Unrated Version only ) Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian 's adoptive mother. Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach. Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian 's future home. Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia 's former stepfather. Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian 's second in command. Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana 's bodyguard. Amy Price - Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack 's accomplice. Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, popular author whose books are published by SIP. Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana 's co-worker and friend. Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian 's housekeeper. Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark. Production ( edit ) Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012. The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions. At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016. After the announcement, Taylor - Johnson told Digital Spy that `` It 's not my decision ( to return ), and I have n't been privy to any of the discussions. '' On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back - to - back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E.L. James and Marcus Viscidi. Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles. On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home, and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana 's boss at SIP and stalker. On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia. Filming ( edit ) In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back - to - back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016. Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3. '' Release ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed was released on February 9, 2018, by Universal Pictures. A teaser trailer was released on September 10, 2017, and a theatrical trailer on November 6. Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed was released on digital on April 24, 2018, with a Blu - ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray release following on May 8, 2018. Music ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Electro - R&B alternative R&B pop electropop Length 1hr 13mins Label Universal Studios Republic Producer Danny Elfman Ali Payami Benjamin Rice BloodPop Peter Karlsson Andrew Watt Oligee Black Atlass XXYYXX Whethan John Hill Rob Cohen Rissi Palmer Julian Gramma Geoffro Rice N ' Peas J Remy Hybrid Mark Jackson Ian Scott Freddy Wexler Spencer Lee Joe Pringle Eric Valentine Mattman & Robin Nasri Adam Messinger Miike Snow Jordan Palmer Shungudzo Kuyimba DJ Camper Ryan Marrone Oliver Kraus Louis the Child Max Martin Harvey Mason Jr. Fifty Shades soundtrack chronology Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Singles from Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` For You '' Released : January 5, 2018 `` Capital Letters '' Released : January 12, 2018 `` Heaven '' Released : January 26, 2018 The lead single from the film 's soundtrack, `` For You '', performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018. The soundtrack 's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22 - song album. Track listing ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- standard edition No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1. `` Capital Letters '' ( performed by Hailee Steinfeld and BloodPop ) Michael Tucker Rachel Keen Hailee Steinfeld Andrew Jackson Elena Goulding Ely Weisfield BloodPop Ben Rice 2. `` For You '' ( performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne ) Liam Payne Rita Sahatçiu Andrew Watt Alexander Payami Alexandra Tamposi Peter Karlsson Ali Payami Watt 3. `` Sacrifice '' ( performed by Black Atlass featuring Jessie Reyez ) Alexander `` Black Atlass '' Fleming Jessica Reyez Oliver Goldstein Marcel Everett Billy Walsh Jason Quenneville Black Atlass Oligee XXYYXX 4. `` High '' ( performed by Whethan and Dua Lipa ) Ethan Snoreck Dua Lipa Jonathan Hill Sarah Aarons Whethan John Hill Rob Cohen 5. `` Heaven '' ( performed by Julia Michaels ) Julia Michaels Brian Garcia Uzoechi Emenike Morten Ristorp Jansen Taylor Parks Rissi Palmer 6. `` Big Spender '' ( performed by Kiana Ledé featuring Prince Charlez ) Kiana Ledé Brown Jared Cotter Jeremy Skaller Charles Hinshaw Jr. Julian Gramma Geoffrey Early Adam Daniel Andrew Bazzi Cotter J Gramm Geoffro J Remy Rice N Peas 7. `` Never Tear Us Apart '' ( performed by Bishop Briggs ) Andrew Farriss Michael Hutchence HyBrid Mark Jackson Ian Scott 8. `` The Wolf '' ( performed by The Spencer Lee Band ) Spencer Lee Freddy Wexler Eric Valentine Lee Joe Pringle Wexler Valentine 9. `` Are You '' ( performed by Julia Michaels ) Michaels Mattias Larsson Robin Fredriksson Justin Tranter Mattman & Robin 10. `` Cross Your Mind '' ( performed by Sabrina Claudio ) Sabrina Claudio Adam Messinger Nasri Atweh Hayley Penner Nasri Messinger 11. `` Change Your Mind '' ( performed by Miike Snow ) Andrew Wyatt Pontus Winnberg Christian Karlsson Miike Snow 12. `` Come On Back '' ( performed by Shungudzo Kuyimba ) Alexandra `` Shungudzo '' Govere Jordan Palmer Jennifer Owen Youngs Shungudzo Kuyimba Palmer 13. `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' ( performed by Jessie J ) James Brown DJ Camper 14. `` ( Te Meilleure Ennemie ) Pearls '' ( performed by Samantha Gongol featuring Juliette Armanet ) Samantha Gongol Ryan Marrone Juliette Armanet Marrone 15. `` Deer In Headlights '' ( performed by Sia ) Sia Furler Samuel Dixon Oliver Kraus 16. `` Diddy Bop '' ( performed by Jacob Banks and Louis the Child ) Jacob Banks Freddy Kennett Robby Hauldren Louis the Child 17. `` Love Me Like You Do '' ( performed by Ellie Goulding ) Ebba Nilsson Payami Ilya Salmanzadeh Savan Kotecha Karl Sandberg Max Martin Payami 18. `` Freed '' ( performed by Danny Elfman ) Danny Elfman Elfman 19. `` Seeing Red '' ( performed by Danny Elfman ) Elfman Elfman Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- bonus tracks No. Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 20. `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' ( performed by Jamie Dornan ) Paul McCartney Harvey Mason Jr. 21. `` Cross Your Mind '' ( Spanish version ) ( performed by Sabrina Claudio ) Claudio Messinger Atweh Penner Luis Riog Atweh Messinger 22. `` Pearls '' ( performed by Samantha Gongol ) Gongol Marrone Marrone Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed has grossed $100.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $267.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $368.3 million, against a production budget of $55 million. In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15 : 17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37 -- 40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2 % from the $5.7 million taken in Fifty Shades Darker the previous year. It ended up making $38.6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office. The film grossed $10.8 million on Valentine 's Day, the third - highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ( $11.6 million in 2012 ) and Darker ( $11 million ), and bringing its five - day gross to $56.1 million. In its second weekend, the film made $17.3 million, dropping 55.1 % ( a slightly better hold than the previous film ) and finishing third, behind newcomer Black Panther and Peter Rabbit. Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80 -- 90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113 -- 130 million in its first three days. It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136.9 million, making a 7 % decrease from the previous film but still finishing first in 54 of the 57 markets. Its leading countries were Germany ( $10.7 million ), the United Kingdom ( $8.8 million ) and France ( $8.7 million ). Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 13 %, based on 144 reviews, and an average rating of 3.2 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning `` generally unfavorable reviews. '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while comScore reported that 56 % of females ( who made up 81 % of the opening weekend ) gave the film a `` definite recommend ''. Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying `` Indeed, a sex - free, PG - 13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is ; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands. '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating `` With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel. Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie. '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote `` This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product - placement Audi. '' Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger 's 91⁄2 Weeks, stating : `` Layering a damp - squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one - percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase. There 's an out - of - left - field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses ; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions. '' Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying `` Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES FREED ( 18 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades Freed ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Fleming, Mike Jr. ( March 26, 2012 ). `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, Julie ( July 10, 2012 ). `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers, Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration ''. Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Schumann, Rebecka ( February 6, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement ''. International Business Times. Newsweek. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Dibdin, Emma ( February 13, 2015 ). `` Sam Taylor - Johnson on 50 Shades of Grey sequel : ' It 's not my decision ' ''. Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved February 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Sneider, Jeff ( November 12, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back, James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) ''. TheWrap. Retrieved November 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca ; Kit, Borys ( February 8, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Adds ' Ballers ' Actress Arielle Kebbel ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( February 12, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Evans, Greg ( February 20, 2016 ). `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin ( November 12, 2015 ). `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Richford, Rhonda ( February 4, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Schumann, Rebecka ( January 5, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule, Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed ''. International Business Times. Newsweek. Retrieved January 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Barilla, Lucille ( January 6, 2016 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens? ''. Fashion & Style. Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( April 23, 2015 ). `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels, ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′, ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino - Ray ( September 10, 2017 ). `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Trailer : Things Get Darker, Sexier & Soapier In Third Installment Of Franchise ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Kyriazis, Stefan ( November 3, 2017 ). `` Fifty Shades Freed new and final TRAILER is coming : Watch it here and it will be in HD in first ''. The Daily Express. Express Newspapers. Retrieved November 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Latchem, John ( March 6, 2018 ). `` Unrated ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Coming to Digital April 24, Disc May 8 ''. Media Play News. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars ( January 8, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Track List : Sia, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld & More ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 18, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Looks To Lead Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend With Around $40 M -- B.O. Forecast ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 11, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 15, 2018 ). `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Pops At Valentine 's Day B.O. Before ' Black Panther ' Attacks -- Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 18, 2018 ). `` ' Black Panther ' Rips Apart Box Office Records : 3 - Day Opening Rises To $194 M+ ; 4 - Day At $223 M + ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 7, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( February 11, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Collars $98 M Overseas ; ' Jumanji ' Now Sony 's # 3 WW Release Ever ''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ Lodge, Guy ( February 7, 2018 ). `` Film Review : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' ''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Travers, Peter ( February 8, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Welcome to the Most Painful ' Shades ' of All ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Collin, Robbie ( February 8, 2018 ). `` Fifty Shades Freed review : painful, prissy, and even ropier than the last one ''. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Catsoulis, Jeannette ( February 8, 2018 ). `` Review : Finally, the Audience Is ' Fifty Shades Freed ' ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Lazic, Manuela ( February 8, 2018 ). `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Finally, a Sex Comedy From a Franchise That Took Itself Too Seriously ''. IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 16, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website Fifty Shades Freed on IMDb Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Films directed by James Foley Reckless ( 1984 ) At Close Range ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) After Dark, My Sweet ( 1990 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) Two Bits ( 1995 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Corruptor ( 1999 ) Confidence ( 2003 ) Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2011 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&oldid=843647720 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Fifty Shades 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films Adultery in films American erotic films American films American romantic drama films American sequel films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by James Foley Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in France Films set in Seattle Films shot in Paris Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films Pregnancy films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 14 : 32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fifty Shades Freed (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&amp;oldid=843647720" }

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{ "text": "DVD region code - Wikipedia DVD region code Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with the three ITU regions, for managing the global radio spectrum. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DVD regions DVD ( digital versatile disc ) region codes are a digital rights management technique designed to allow film distributors and television companies to control aspects of a release, including content, release date, and price, according to the region. This is achieved by way of region - locked DVD players, which will play back only DVDs encoded to their region ( plus those without any region code ). The American DVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the regional - playback control ( RPC ) system. However, region - free DVD players, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available, and many DVD players can be modified to be region - free, allowing playback of all discs. DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes ( multi-region ), every code ( all region ) or no codes ( region free ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Region codes and countries 2 Region - code enhanced 3 Purpose 3.1 PAL / SECAM vs. NTSC 4 Implementations of region codes 4.1 Standalone DVD players 4.2 Computer DVD drives 4.3 Software DVD players 4.4 Circumvention 4.5 Video game consoles 5 Blu - ray Disc region codes 6 UMD region codes 7 Criticism and legal concerns 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Region codes and countries ( edit ) Region code Area FREE Informal term meaning `` worldwide ''. Region 0 is not an official setting ; discs that bear the region 0 symbol either have no flag set or have regions 1 -- 6 flags set. Region 0 is commonly referred to as `` Region Free '', especially when talking about DVD and Blu - ray Disc players. But the formats of NTSC and PAL can be a factor in this. 0 United States, Canada, U.S. territories, and Bermuda Europe ( except Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan ), Egypt, Middle East, Japan, South Africa, Greenland, and French Guiana Southeast Asia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau Latin America ( except French Guiana ), New Zealand, Australia, Caribbean, and Oceania 5 South Asia, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Africa ( except Egypt and South Africa ), Central Asia, Mongolia, and North Korea 6 Mainland China 7 Reserved for future use, MPAA - related DVDs and `` media copies '' of pre-releases in Asia 8 International venues such as aircraft, cruise ships, spacecraft, etc. 9 These region discs have all eight flags set, allowing the disc to be played in any location, on any player. ALL DVDs in Mexico use both the region 1 and region 4 codes. DVDs sold in the Baltic states use both region 2 and 5 codes, having previously been in region 5 ( due to historic links with the USSR ) but EU single market law concerning the free movement of goods causing a switch to region 2. North Korea and South Korea have different DVD region codes ( North Korea : region 5, South Korea : region 3 ), but the same Blu - ray region code ( region A ). Egypt and South Africa are in DVD region 2, while all other African countries are in region 5, but all African countries have the same Blu - ray region code ( region B). In China, two DVD region codes are used : Mainland China has region 6, but Hong Kong and Macau have region 3, so does Taiwan. There are also two Blu - ray regions used : Mainland China has region C, but Hong Kong and Macau have region A, and so does Taiwan. Region 0 ( playable in all regions except 7 and 8 ) is widely used by China and the Philippines. Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes, or are region 0 ; Indian Disney discs contain only the region 3 code ( India has region 5, so region - 3 DVDs can not be played there ). European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded `` D1 '' to `` D4 ''. `` D1 '' are the UK only releases ; `` D2 '' and `` D3 '' are not sold in the UK and Ireland ; `` D4 '' are distributed throughout Europe. Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2 / 4 is suitable for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So - called `` Region 0 '' and `` ALL '' discs are meant to be playable worldwide. The term `` Region 0 '' also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1 -- 6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines. This system is known as `` Regional Coding Enhancement '' ( RCE ). Region - code enhanced ( edit ) Region - code enhanced, also known as just `` RCE '' or `` REA '', was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region 's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region - free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled. The scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region - free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it can not play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could be defeated by briefly playing a `` normal '' region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players. As of 2007 many `` multi-region '' DVD players defeated regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc 's region code or allowing the user to manually select a particular region. Some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default. Computer programs such as DVD Shrink, Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum can make copies of region - coded DVDs without RCE restriction. Purpose ( edit ) One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. A practice of movie marketing threatened by the advent of digital home video is to release a movie to cinemas, and then for general sale, later in some countries than in others. This is common partly because releasing a movie at the same time worldwide used to be prohibitively expensive. For example, a physical film copy for a cinema is expensive and the most copies are required for the first weeks after release, so a spread release allows for reuse of some copies in other regions. Videotapes were inherently regional since formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as NTSC and PAL, although from early 1990s PAL machines increasingly offered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restricted in this sense, and region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs. Also, the copyright in a title may be held by different entities in different territories. Region coding enables copyright holders to ( attempt to ) prevent a DVD from a region from which they do not derive royalties from being played on a DVD player inside their region. Region coding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from one region into another. PAL / SECAM vs. NTSC ( edit ) DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems : 480i / 60 Hz and 576i / 50 Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as 525 / 60 ( NTSC ) and 625 / 50 ( PAL / SECAM ) respectively. Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color television signal formats which have no relevance in the digital domain ( as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems ). However, the DVD system was originally designed to encode the information necessary to reproduce signals in these formats, and the terms continue to be used ( incorrectly ) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution. However, an `` NTSC '', `` PAL '' or `` SECAM '' DVD player that has one or more analog composite video output ( baseband or modulated ) will only produce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, from those outputs, and may only play DVDs identified with the corresponding format. NTSC is the analog TV format historically associated with the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and other countries. PAL is the analog color TV format historically associated with most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, North Korea, and other countries ( plus Brazil, which uses the refresh rate and resolution commonly associated with NTSC ). SECAM, a format associated with French - speaking Europe, while using the same resolution and refresh rate as PAL, is a distinct format which uses a very different system of color encoding. Some DVD players can only play discs identified as NTSC, PAL or SECAM, while others can play multiple standards. In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL / SECAM countries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almost all DVD players sold in PAL / SECAM countries are capable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modern PAL TVs can handle the converted signal. NTSC discs may be output from a PAL DVD player in three different ways : using a non-chroma encoded format such as RGB SCART or YP P component video. using PAL 60 encoded composite video / S - Video -- a `` hybrid '' system which uses NTSC 's 525 / 60 line format along with PAL 's chroma subcarrier using NTSC encoded composite video / S - Video. However, most NTSC players can not play PAL discs, and most NTSC TVs do not accept 576i video signals as used on PAL / SECAM DVDs. Those in NTSC countries, such as the United States, generally require both a region - free, multi-standard player and a multi-standard television to view PAL discs, or a converter box, whereas those in PAL countries generally require only a region - free player to view NTSC discs. There are also differences in pixel aspect ratio ( 720 × 480 vs. 720 × 576 with the same image aspect ratio ) and display frame rate ( 29.97 vs. 25 ). Most computer - based DVD software and hardware can play both NTSC and PAL video and both audio standards. Implementations of region codes ( edit ) Standalone DVD players ( edit ) Usually a configuration flag is set in each player 's firmware at the factory. This flag holds the region number that the machine is allowed to play. Region - free players are DVD players shipped without the ability to enforce regional lockout ( usually by means of a chip that ignores any region coding ), or without this flag set. However, if the player is not region - free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remote control. This code simply allows the user to change the factory - set configuration flag to another region, or to the special region `` 0 ''. Once unlocked this way, the DVD player allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region. Many websites exist on the Internet offering these codes, often known informally as hacks. Many websites provide instructions for different models of standalone DVD players, to hack, and their factory codes. Computer DVD drives ( edit ) Older DVD drives use RPC - 1 ( `` Regional Playback Control '' ) firmware, which means the drive allows DVDs from any region to play. Newer drives use RPC - 2 firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC - 1 firmware, effectively making the drive region - free. This may void the drive warranty. Some drives may come set as region - free, so the user is expected to assign their region when they buy it. In this case, some DVD programs may prompt the user to select a region, while others may actually assign the region automatically based on the locale set in the operating system. In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times. If the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive 's controller software, called firmware. Resetting the firmware count can be done with first - or third - party software tools, or by reflashing ( see above ) to RPC - 1 firmware. Since some software does not work correctly with RPC - 1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so - called auto - reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC - 2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a drive that has never had its region code changed. Software DVD players ( edit ) Most freeware and open source DVD players ignore region coding. VLC, for example, does not attempt to enforce region coding ; however, it requires access to the DVD 's raw data to overcome CSS encryption, and such access may not be available on some drives with RPC - 2 firmware when playing a disc from a different region than the region to which the drive is locked. Most commercial players are locked to a region code, but can be easily changed with software. Other software, known as DVD region killers, transparently remove ( or hide ) the DVD region code from the software player. Some can also work around locked RPC - 2 firmware. Circumvention ( edit ) The region coding of a DVD can be circumvented by making a copy that adds flags for all region codes, creating an all - region DVD. DVD backup software can do this, and some can also remove Macrovision, CSS, and disabled user operations ( UOps ). In common region - locked DVDs ( but not in RCE - DVDs ), the region code is stored in the file `` VIDEO_TS. IFO '' ( table `` VMGM_MAT '' ), byte offsets 34 and 35. The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2 : Region 1 corresponds to 1 ( 2 ), Region 2 to 2 ( 2 ), Region 3 to 4 ( 2 ), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128 ( 2 ). The values of each region that the disc is not encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions 2 -- 8 will have the value 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 244. A region - free or RCE - protected DVD will carry the value zero, since no regions are excluded. Video game consoles ( edit ) The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles are all region - locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2 can be modified to have its regional - locking disabled through the use of modchips. Although region locked on film DVDs and film Blu - ray Discs, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are region free for video games, though Add - on content on the online store is region locked and must match the region of the disc. Blu - ray disc region codes ( edit ) Blu - ray regions Main article : Blu - ray Disc § Region codes Blu - ray Discs use a much simpler region - code system than DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B and C. As with DVD many Blu - rays are encoded region 0 ( region free ), making them suitable for players worldwide. Region code Area The Americas and their dependencies, East Asia, and Southeast Asia ; excludes instances that fall under Region C. Africa, Middle East, Europe ( except Russia ), Australia, New Zealand, and their dependencies ; excludes instances that fall under Region C. Central Asia, mainland China, Mongolia, South Asia, Russia FREE Informal term meaning `` worldwide ''. Region FREE is not an official setting ; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flag set or have regions A -- C flags set. ABC Unlike DVD regions, Blu - ray regions are verified only by the player software, not by the computer system or the drive. The region code is stored in a file and / or the registry, and there are hacks to reset the region counter of the player software. In stand - alone players, the region code is part of the firmware. For bypassing region codes, there are software and multi-regional players available. A new form of Blu - ray region coding tests not only the region of the player / player software, but also its country code. This means, for example, although both USA and Japan are Region A, some American discs will not play on devices / software installed in Japan or vice versa, since the two countries have different country codes ( the United States has 21843 or Hex 5553, and Japan has 19024, or Hex 4a50 ; Canada has 17217 or Hex 4341 ). Although there are only three Blu - ray regions, the country code allows a much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu - ray discs than the six ( or eight ) DVD regions. In Blu - ray discs, there are no `` special regions '' such as the regions 7 and 8 in DVDs. UMD region codes ( edit ) Main article : Universal Media Disc § Region coding For the UMD, a disc type used for the PlayStation Portable, UMD movies are region - locked, and use roughly the same regions as DVDs do, but UMD video games are region - free. Criticism and legal concerns ( edit ) This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2010 ) Region - code enforcement has been discussed as a possible violation of World Trade Organization free trade agreements or competition law. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ( ACCC ) has warned that DVD players that enforce region - coding may violate their Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection. The practice has also been criticized by the European Commission which as of 2001 March 14 is investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of EU competition law. The Washington Post has highlighted how DVD region - coding has been a major inconvenience for travelers who wish to legally purchase DVDs abroad and return with them to their countries of origin, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their homeland and foreign film enthusiasts. Another criticism is that region - coding allows for local censorship. For example, the Region 1 DVD of the drama film Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ), directed by Stanley Kubrick, contains the digital manipulations necessary for the film to secure an MPAA R - rating, whereas these manipulations are not evident in non -- region 1 discs. See also ( edit ) Computer science portal Electronics portal Film portal Television portal Broadcast television systems DVD Copy Control Association Regional lockout References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Luh, James C. ( June 1, 2001 ). `` Breaking Down DVD Borders ''. The Washington Post. Jump up ^ Jim Taylor. `` DVD FAQ : DVD utilities and region - free information ''. Dvddemystified.com. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Regional Coding Enhancement FAQ from DVD Talk Jump up ^ `` RCE / REA Info ''. Barrel-of-monkeys.com. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Michael Demtschyna. `` Regional Code Enhancement ''. Michaeldvd.com.au. Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cheap DVD players come at a cost ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. May 28, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The DVD Doctors ''. The Tribal Mind ( of The Sydney Morning Herald ). March 30, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Taylor, Jim. `` DVD FAQ : Is DVD Video a Worldwide Standard? Does it Work with NTSC, PAL and SECAM? ''. Dvddemystified.com. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ Doom9 on RPC1. Jump up ^ `` Rulemaking hearing : Exemptions from prohibitions on circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works '' ( PDF ). May 15, 2003. p. 287, line 18. Retrieved June 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Does VLC support DVDs from all regions? Jump up ^ DVD - Replica Media LLC. `` DVD Basic Data Structure Guide ''. Dvd-replica.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Sony Playstation 2 Region Code ''. VideoHelp.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Openlaw DVD FAQ ''. Cyber.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Restricting DVD 's Illegal : ACCC ''. The Australian IT. March 27, 2001. Retrieved May 11, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Consumers in Dark about DVD Imports ''. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. December 21, 2000. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Difficulties Between the Pro-Competitive Community and Intellectual Property ( note : open one of the attachments and search for `` RPC '' to find the relevant section ). Jump up ^ Copyright Act 1994 No 143 ( as at 01 December 2008 ) section 226 part b. Jump up ^ `` SPEECH / 01 / 275 : Content, Competition and Consumers : Innovation and Choice '' ( Press release ). Europa. June 11, 2000. Retrieved December 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Probes into Regional DVD Imperils Studio Strategy, Paul Sweeting, Variety, June 3, 2001. Jump up ^ Closed Borders and Open Secrets : Regional Lockout, the Film Industry and Code - Free DVD Players, Brian Hu, Mediascape : Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Vol. 1, Number 2 External links ( edit ) DVD region information with regards to RCE from Home Theater Info Region Coding - Explanations & Help from The DVDCodes Source DVD Code Region Mapping from The Home of DVD Unlocks Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD_region_code&oldid=809571652 '' Categories : Digital rights management DVD Self - censorship Hardware restrictions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017, at 23 : 56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "DVD region code", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=DVD_region_code&amp;oldid=809571652" }

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{ "text": "Orleans Levee Board - wikipedia Orleans Levee Board From 1890 through 2006, the Orleans Levee Board was the body of commissioners that oversaw the Orleans Levee District ( OLD ) which supervised the levee and floodwall system in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. The role of the OLD has changed over time. Prior to Hurricane Betsy in 1965, the OLD developed land and sold it to raise money to build and improve levees. After 1965, Congress directed the Army Corps of Engineers to be responsible for design and construction of the hurricane flood protection system enveloping New Orleans. Owing to the 1965 legislation, the OLB 's duties regarding hurricane surge protection were now limited to collecting the 30 % cost share for project design and construction, and to maintaining and operating completed flood protection structures. Until the end of 2006, the OLB was a major governmental entity which functioned independently of municipal government in and around Orleans Parish. ( Orleans Parish is coextensive with the city of New Orleans ; their boundaries are one and the same ). In the wake of the catastrophic levee failures in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina, two new regional flood protection authorities were created to replace the multiple parochial levee boards, including Orleans Parish 's Levee Board. Most of the Orleans Levee District now falls under the jurisdiction of the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - East, charged with the oversight of all flood - protection infrastructure for Greater New Orleans on the East Bank of the Mississippi River. The Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - West possesses the same metro - wide jurisdiction for the West Bank of the Mississippi, and it includes that portion of the Orleans Levee District on the West Bank ( i.e., Algiers ). After Hurricana Katrina, it was widely believed that perhaps a different form of levee board governance might be more appropriate for a major marine terminal like New Orleans. Nevertheless, the issue of whether the members of the OLB Engineering Committee acted incompetently or negligently has not been conclusively demonstrated or proven. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Orleans Levee Board and Hurricane Katrina 3 Changes to National and State Policy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The pre-Katrina Orleans Levee District ( OLD ), governed by the Orleans Levee Board ( OLB ), owned considerable assets, mainly real estate, a peculiarity that stems from its history. The Orleans Levee District was created by the Louisiana legislature in 1890 for the purpose of protecting the low - lying city of New Orleans from floods. At that time, communities along the Mississippi River were largely in charge of creating their own levees to protect themselves, as no unified levee system existed. Most neighboring parishes had ( and some still have ) similar parochial levee boards. In the early twentieth century, the OLD reclaimed a portion of Lake Pontchartrain, a 24 - mile wide lake north of New Orleans. The OLD developed the land and sold it to raise money to build and improve levees. Starting in the 1920s, the Board undertook a massive flood - protection initiative involving the construction of a stepped seawall several hundred feet north of a portion of the existing south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. The intervening area was filled to several feet above sea level and was to serve as a `` super levee '' protecting the city from the Lake 's storm surge. The Lake Vista, Lake Oaks, Lake Terrace, East and West Lakeshore subdivisions and other property between Robert E. Lee Blvd and Lake Pontchartrain are all examples of the OLB 's developed properties. In 1924, the state legislature authorized the OLB to acquire 33,000 acres ( 130 km2 ) of land on the east bank of the Mississippi River about 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of New Orleans in order to build the Bohemia Spillway between the River and the Gulf of Mexico. ( 1924 La. Acts 99 ). Approximately half of this land was public property transferred from the state ; the other half was either expropriated, or purchased under threat of expropriation, from private owners according to a legal finding. ( 1928 La. Acts 246 ; 1942 La. Acts 311 ). In the aftermath of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the U.S. Congress gave the United States Army Corps of Engineers supervision and control over the design and construction of flood - control infrastructure throughout the Mississippi River Valley. In 1934, New Orleans Lakefront Airport opened on land dredged from Lake Pontchartrain by the Levee Board, part of a larger `` lakefill '' land - reclamation project initiated to construct a super levee for the protection of the northern perimeter of the city. The airport was originally named `` Shushan Airport '' after Orleans Levee Board president Abraham Lazar Shushan ; it was renamed `` New Orleans Airport '' after Shushan 's indictment for corruption in the Louisiana Scandals of the late 1930s. Governor Jimmie Davis, in his second term from 1960 to 1964, named the New Orleans attorney Gerald J. Gallinghouse as the president of the levee board. In that capacity, Gallinghouse delivered more than 300 speeches warning of the need to be prepared for weather disasters, another of which was on its way, Hurricane Betsy. After extensive flooding during Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Congress ordered the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers henceforth to design and build flood protection in the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project. The OLB became the local sponsor, and its duties regarding flood protection were now limited to collecting 30 % cost - share for project design and construction and maintaining the completed structures. Despite Congress 's mandate that the Corps now had the authority to design / build flood protection, the OLB still retained extensive assets which had to be managed. Orleans Levee Board and Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) Main article : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans Debris set on curb from flood - damaged Uptown home includes trashed `` Katrina refrigerator '' with graffiti labeling it as a `` levee board victim. '' After Hurricane Katrina, in a context of shock, chaos and confusion, the Orleans Levee Board found itself at the center of the greatest crisis ever to face the city of New Orleans. Multiple levee and floodwall breaches in the Industrial Canal, the 17th Street Canal, and the London Avenue Canal resulted in the flooding of 80 % of the city. The flood is believed to have directly caused over 1,400 deaths ; destroyed or severely damaged homes, businesses, and property in the majority of the city. Investigations after the disaster revealed that the design of the levee and floodwall system, designed and built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, had profoundly inadequate design and construction specifications. What is evident from the project record is that the Army Corps recommended raising the canal floodwalls for the 17th Street Canal, but recommended gated structures at the mouths of the Orleans and London Avenue Canals because the latter plan was less expensive. The OLB convinced Congress to pass legislation that required the Corps to raise the floodwalls for all three canals. Furthermore, the Corps, in a separate attempt to limit project costs, initiated a sheet pile load test ( E-99 Study ), but misinterpreted the results and wrongly concluded that sheet piles needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet ( 1 foot 1⁄4 0.3048 meters ) instead of between 31 and 46 feet. That decision saved approximately $100 million, but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability. Changes to national and state Policy ( edit ) After the levee failures, the immediate assumption was that the OLD commissioners were not engaged in flood protection. This was reinforced by corps spokespersons who repeatedly told a story of local levee board officials who `` forced '' the corps to build the system that failed. As revealed in an August 2015 article in the official journal of the World Water Council, the story is untrue, and responsibility for the levee failures belongs to the corps. Nonetheless, in the context of haste confusion, there were calls for the elimination of the Orleans Levee Board and other local boards. During a special session of the Louisiana Legislature, a bill submitted by Sen. Walter Boasso ( D - Arabi ) was passed into law, which consolidated the levee boards of various parishes within Greater New Orleans. The new legislation was intended to ( 1 ) remove distractions, ( 2 ) replace parochial flood control with regional flood control, and ( 3 ) require commissioners to have professional expertise including hydrology, construction engineering and civil engineering. The law created two new regional levee boards, Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - East and Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - West, separated by the Mississippi River. The Orleans Levee Board ceased to exist on January 1, 2007. The new regional flood - protection authorities assumed control of the Board 's flood - protection infrastructure. Lakefront Airport, the marinas ( except for the city - owned Municipal Yacht Harbor ), Lakeshore Drive, and the lakefront park system ( except for West End Park, administered by New Orleans ' Parks and Parkways Department ) are now operated and maintained by the Louisiana State Division of Administration Non-Flood Protection Asset Management Authority. Investigative studies completed after the legislation 's passage revealed no causal link between the pre-Katrina levee boards and the flooding. Nonetheless, the new levee boards are very useful. To the extent legally possible and within budget, the East and West Levee Authorities are checking the corps ' general plans. They are well focused, have relevant expertise and may catch egregious planning and / or design errors. '' The levee breach event was a pivotal moment in American history. The nation took a different path due to the flooding event. The myriad changes to national policy as a result of this lynchpin moment include, but are not limited to, the following : Nationwide assessment of levees, First - ever National Levee Safety Act, National Flood Risk Management Program, Reform of the Army Corps of Engineers and Changes in Levee Building by the Corps. Since fifty - five percent of American people lives in counties protected by levees, this means the majority of the national population are safer. See also ( edit ) Olaf Fink, late secretary of the Levee Board References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ). `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ). Water Policy. p. 709. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ). `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ). Water Policy. p. 721. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ ``? ''. Jump up ^ `` Gerald Joseph Gallinghouse ''. New Orleans Times - Picayune. Retrieved June 29, 2013. Jump up ^ J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ). `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ). Water Policy. p. 707. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ Schleifstein, Mark ( August 7, 2015 ). `` Study : Corps decisions, not Orleans Levee Board, doomed canal walls in Katrina ''. The Times - Picayune. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ). `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ). Water Policy. p. 720. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31. Jump up ^ J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ). `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' ( PDF ). Water Policy. p. 719. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. Jump up ^ Schleifstein, Mark ( January 2, 2010 ). `` Levee statistics point up their importance to nation 's economy ''. The Times - Picayune. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24. External links ( edit ) Levees.Org ( non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans ) OrleansLevee.com Times - Picayune article summarizing post-Katrina investigations of levee engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orleans_Levee_Board&oldid=829697521 '' Categories : Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Government of New Orleans Flood control in the United States 1890 establishments in Louisiana 2007 disestablishments in Louisiana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018, at 06 : 22. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Orleans Levee Board", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Orleans_Levee_Board&amp;oldid=829697521" }

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{ "text": "Baby blue ( George Strait song ) - Wikipedia Baby blue ( George Strait song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Baby Blue '' Single by George Strait from the album If You Ai n't Lovin ', You Ai n't Livin ' B - side `` Back to Bein ' Me '' Released April 25, 1988 Format 7 '' single Recorded September 29, 1987 Genre Country Length 3 : 32 Label MCA 53340 Songwriter ( s ) Aaron Barker Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen, George Strait George Strait singles chronology `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' ( 1988 ) `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Baby Blue '' is a song written by Aaron Barker, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in April 1988 as the second single from his album If You Ai n't Lovin ', You Ai n't Livin '. It was a number - one hit in the United States, while it peaked at number 3 in Canada. Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Chart positions 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator talks about a girl with baby blue eyes who had a profound impact on his life. She was in his life for a short time, but he still thinks of her often, especially when he sees the skies that her eyes matched in color. Though it has never been confirmed, it has long been thought that Strait sang this song for his daughter, Jennifer, who died at 13 in an automobile accident in San Marcos, Texas. Critical reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, calling it `` another one of Strait 's smoothest pop performances, with just enough country touches in the production to keep his traditionalist credentials intact. '' Coyne states that `` taken literally as a love gone wrong song, it 's a beautiful piece of work. '' Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak positions US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel ( 2004 ). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 336. ^ Jump up to : CountryUniverse.net Song review Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. Allmusic External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Do n't We All Have the Right '' by Ricky Van Shelton Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 6, 1988 Succeeded by `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' by Keith Whitley ( hide ) George Strait 1980s singles Strait Country `` Unwound '' `` Down and Out '' `` If You 're Thinking You Want a Stranger ( There 's One Coming Home ) '' Strait from the Heart `` Fool Hearted Memory '' `` Marina del Rey '' `` Amarillo by Morning '' `` A Fire I Ca n't Put Out '' Right or Wrong `` You Look So Good in Love '' `` Right or Wrong '' `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind `` Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind '' `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' `` The Fireman '' Something Special `` The Chair '' `` You 're Something Special to Me '' # 7 `` Nobody in His Right Mind Would 've Left Her '' `` It Ai n't Cool to Be Crazy About You '' Ocean Front Property `` Ocean Front Property '' `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' `` Am I Blue '' If You Ai n't Lovin ', You Ai n't Livin ' `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' `` Baby Blue '' `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' Beyond the Blue Neon `` Baby 's Gotten Good at Goodbye '' `` What 's Going On in Your World '' `` Ace in the Hole '' `` Overnight Success '' This 1988 country song - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Blue_(George_Strait_song)&oldid=784382922 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1987 songs Country ballads George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs in memory of deceased persons Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen MCA Records singles Songs written by Aaron Barker 1988 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 June 2017, at 01 : 04. About Wikipedia", "title": "Baby Blue (George Strait song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Baby_Blue_(George_Strait_song)&amp;oldid=784382922" }

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{ "text": "ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system Jump to : navigation, search `` ABO '' redirects here. For other uses, see ABO ( disambiguation ). `` H substance '' redirects here. For use in inflammation, see histamine. For hydrogen atom, see hydrogen. ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the AB antigens found on epithilia tissue and cells other than erythrocytes. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized. A very rare ( in modern medicine ) miss - match in this, or any other serotype, can cause a serious, potentially fatal, adverse reaction after a transfusion, or an contra - indicated immune response to a organ transplant. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discoveries of the blood types 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of discoveries of the blood types ( edit ) Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I, II, III, IV ) The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900. Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type `` C '', and in parts of Europe it is rendered as `` 0 '' ( zero ), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902. Ukraine marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907, but Landsteiner 's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský 's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I, II, III, IV ). Janský 's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former USSR, blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV. The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld. In America, W.L. Moss published his own ( very similar ) work in 1910. Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910 -- 11. Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type. After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens. The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin. Later, Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes. Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test. Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum. Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A. There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different. Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin. Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site. Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations. Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood, which could act as a substitute in emergencies. Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype. Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i, I, and I. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ). The I allele gives type A, I gives type B, and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i, only ii people have type O blood. Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood, and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes, because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i, I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O, A, B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A, B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O, A, B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A, B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A, B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A, B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A, B, or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance, but some occur more than once. Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O, A, B or AB A, B or AB O or B O, A, B or AB O or B A, B or AB AB A or B A, B or AB A, B or AB A, B or AB Historically, ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing, but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity. Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example, a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations, such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB. Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ). A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood. With the development of DNA sequencing, it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence. There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature. Cis AB is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent. Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations. In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen, Danes, Saxons, Celts, and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population. The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01. However, unlike the group A allele, a guanosine base is subsequently deleted. A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation. This variant is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from Africa. The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele. Some evolutionary biologists theorize that the I allele evolved first, followed by O ( by the deletion of a single nucleotide, shifting the reading frame ) and then I. This chronology accounts for the percentage of people worldwide with each blood type. It is consistent with the accepted patterns of early population movements and varying prevalent blood types in different parts of the world : for instance, B is very common in populations of Asian descent, but rare in ones of Western European descent. Another theory states that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09, B101, O02 and O01. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection. Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first. Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial, viral, or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus, whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria, such as E. coli, cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein. However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals. HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines. Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells. Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein, which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding, as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group, and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals. In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ), the same locus as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time. The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group. Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals, non-O group ( A, AB, and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma. Conversely, type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer. Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O. According to Glass, Holmgren, et al., those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera, and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections. The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature. ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O - type mother, IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions. Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies, it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia. Furthermore, the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens. Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development. More recently, a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ). Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world. There are some positive science studies. Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group A causes severe hangovers, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent. Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean, Japanese and German populations. Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.001. Korean versus Japanese, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.001. Korean versus German, p < 0.01. Korean versus German, p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ). Fukumori et al., 1996. Nishimukai et al., 1996. Source : Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ISBT ( 2014 ). `` Table of Blood Group Systems v4. 0 ( November ) '' ( PDF ). International Society of Blood Transfusion. Retrieved 19 February 2016. Jump up ^ Muramatsu M, Gonzalez HD, Cacciola R, Aikawa A, Yaqoob MM, Puliatti C ( 2014 ). `` ABO incompatible renal transplants : Good or bad? ''. 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PMID 11896825. doi : 10.1046 / j. 0904 - 2512.2001. 00004. x. Jump up ^ Amundadottir, Laufey T. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ). `` Pancreatic Cancer Genetics ''. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 325. ISSN 1449 - 2288. PMC 4753160. PMID 26929738. doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 15001. Jump up ^ Mega, Jessica L. ; Stitziel, Nathan O. ; Smith, J. Gustav ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Devlin, James J. ; Nordio, Francesco ; Hyde, Craig L. ; Cannon, Christopher P. ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ). `` Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy : an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials ''. Lancet. 385 ( 9984 ) : 2264 -- 2271. ISSN 1474 - 547X. PMC 4608367. PMID 25748612. doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61730 - X. Jump up ^ American Red Cross, Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ). `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ). Blood : the Basics : 4. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu, Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ), A Review of Sociocultural, Behavioral, Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology, The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology. Jump up ^ Hobgood, Donna K. ( 2011 ). `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities ''. Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300. PMID 21601990. doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039. Jump up ^ Klein, Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ). `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types? ''. Scientific American. Retrieved 16 November 2007. Jump up ^ Kang, Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ). Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population. In Japanese Journal of Human Genetics, 42 ( 2 ), Page 333. doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24, 2017, from link. Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ). `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group. ''. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Retrieved 24 March 2007. Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ). `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) ''. Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26. PMC 1082436. PMID 381816. doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383. External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH ABO blood groups, antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica, ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO ( hide ) Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=804647187 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 08 : 47. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902. Ukraine marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907, but Landsteiner 's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský 's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I, II, III, IV ). Janský 's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former USSR, blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV. The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld. In America, W.L. Moss published his own ( very similar ) work in 1910. Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910 -- 11. Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were" ], "id": [ "6832620959098791910" ], "short_answers": [ "I, II, III, IV" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus - wikipedia I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the song. For the film, see I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus ( film ). `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' Song by Jimmy Boyd Language English Released 1952 ( 1952 ) Recorded 15 July 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 15 ) Composer ( s ) Tommie Connor Lyricist ( s ) Tommie Connor `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' is a Christmas song with music and lyrics by British songwriter Tommie Connor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Jimmy Boyd original version 2 Spike Jones version 3 Cover versions 3.1 International versions 4 Film adaptation 5 Notes and references 6 External links Jimmy Boyd original version ( edit ) The original recording by Jimmy Boyd, recorded on July 15, 1952 when he was 13 years old, reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart in December 1952, and on the Cash Box chart at the beginning of the following year. It later reached Number 3 in the UK Charts when issued there in November 1953. The song was commissioned by Saks Fifth Avenue to promote the store 's Christmas card for the year, which featured an original sketch by artist Perry Barlow, who drew for The New Yorker for many decades. The song describes a scene where a child walks downstairs from his bedroom on Christmas Eve to see the mother kissing `` Santa Claus '' under the mistletoe. Boyd 's record was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church in Boston when it was released on the grounds that it mixed kissing with Christmas. Boyd was photographed meeting with the Archdiocese to explain the song. After the meeting, the ban was lifted. Spike Jones version ( edit ) A less successful version of the song was released in 1952 by Spike Jones ( with vocal by George Rock in the little boy voice used in Spike 's hit `` All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth '' ). Jones also recorded a parody for his personal pleasure titled `` I Saw Mommy Screwing Santa Claus. '' Cover versions ( edit ) Popular versions of the song were released by the Ronettes, Molly Bee, Bobby Sherman, Andy Williams, The Beverley Sisters, The Four Seasons, and The Jackson 5. Reba McEntire, Homer and Jethro, Amy Winehouse, John Mellencamp, Mitch Miller, John Prine, Sammi Sanchez, Tiny Tim, The Cheetah Girls, Bif Naked, Jessica Simpson, Teresa Brewer, Rica Fukami, Secret Chiefs 3 and Dionne Bromfield have also covered it. The Dollyrots recorded a variation ( titled `` I Saw Mommy Biting Santa Claus '' ) with humorous lyrics. RuPaul and Kip Addotta both recorded versions with changed lyrics titled `` I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus. '' John Mellencamp also filmed a music video to promote his recording for the 1987 Special Olympics charity album, A Very Special Christmas. International versions ( edit ) Danish : `` Jeg så julemanden kysse mor '' ( Danish text : Susanne Palsbo ) Finnish : `` Kun joulupukki suukon sai '' ( Finnish text : Saukki ) French : `` J'ai vu maman embrasser le Père Noël '' ( French text : Louis Gasté ) Norwegian : `` Jeg så mamma kysse nissen '' ( Norwegian text : Philip A. Kruse ) Swedish : `` Jag såg mamma kyssa tomten '' ( Swedish text : Ingrid `` Ninita '' Reuterskiöld ) Mexican : `` Hoy vi a Santa Claus besar a mamá '' ( Spanish text : Anibal Pastor ) Icelandic : `` Ég sá mömmu kyssa jólasvein '' ( Icelandic text : Hinrik Bjarnason ) Film adaptation ( edit ) A made - for - television movie based on the song was released in 2001. Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 40 Christmas Oldies Songs ''. Oldies.about.com. 1952 - 07 - 15. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc ( 1952 - 12 - 06 ). Billboard. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ Young, Jordan R. ( 1984 ). Spike Jones and his City Slickers. ISBN 9780940410732. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ `` John Mellencamp - I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus - Video ''. YouTube. Retrieved 24 December 2014. External links ( edit ) Lyrics to I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Preceded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me? '' by Joni James U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single December 27, 1952 -- January 3, 1953 Succeeded by `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' by Perry Como Preceded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me? '' by Joni James U.S. Cash Box Best Selling Records Chart number - one record January 3, 1953 Succeeded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me? '' by Joni James Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus&oldid=818317729 '' Categories : Number - one singles in the United States 1952 singles American Christmas songs Songs written by Tommie Connor Jimmy Boyd songs Christmas novelty songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 21 : 36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus&amp;oldid=818317729" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ": navigation, search This article is about the song. For the film, see I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus ( film ). `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' Song by Jimmy Boyd Language English Released 1952 ( 1952 ) Recorded 15 July 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 15 ) Composer ( s ) Tommie Connor Lyricist ( s ) Tommie Connor `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' is a Christmas song with music and lyrics by British songwriter Tommie Connor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Jimmy Boyd original version 2 Spike Jones version 3 Cover versions 3.1 International versions 4 Film adaptation 5 Notes and references 6 External links Jimmy Boyd original version ( edit ) The original recording by Jimmy Boyd, recorded on July 15, 1952 when he was 13 years old, reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart in December 1952, and on the Cash Box chart at the beginning of the following year. It later reached Number 3 in the UK Charts when issued there in November 1953." ], "id": [ "936898551458347338" ], "short_answers": [ "Tommie Connor" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) For other uses, see Time After Time ( disambiguation ). `` Time After Time '' Front sleeve for European releases Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` I 'll Kiss You '' Released January 27, 1984 Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded June 1983 Studio The Record Plant ( New York City, New York ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Rob Hyman Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release Music video `` Time After Time '' on YouTube `` Time After Time '' is the second single by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album, She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ), with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals. The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27, 1984. The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages, after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '', `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written. The writing began with the title, which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine, referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ). `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords, bright, jangly guitars, clock - ticking percussion, and elastic bassline. Lyrically, it is a love song of devotion. Music critics gave the song positive reviews, with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song. The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets, including Rolling Stone, Nerve, MTV and many others. `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her first number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9, 1984, and remaining there for two weeks. The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart. The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists, including Miles Davis, who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest, and Eva Cassidy, whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name. R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story. An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic. Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005, as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) 8.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) 8.4 Year - end charts 8.5 Certifications 9 Cover versions 9.1 INOJ version 9.1. 1 Weekly charts 9.1. 2 Year - end charts 9.1. 3 Certifications 9.2 Novaspace version 9.2. 1 Weekly charts 9.2. 2 Year - end charts 9.3 Quietdrive version 9.3. 1 Weekly charts 9.3. 2 Certifications 9.4 Javier Colon version 9.4. 1 Weekly charts 10 Other versions and samples 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track. While writing for her debut studio album, in the spring of 1983, Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman, who was recommended by Rick Chertoff, the album 's producer. Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album, including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '', `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '', but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song ''. Therefore, she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time ''. The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar situations in their respective relationships ; he was coming out of a relationship, while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend, David Wolff. One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '', which according to Lauper, `` struck her '', claiming it was a `` wonderful line '', while other lines came from Lauper 's life. The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being. Thus, Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles, with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen. Although trying to remove the title later, Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart. Initially, Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead single. However, Lauper felt that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way, noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career. Her manager Dave Wolff was convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem, and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead single. `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single, being released on January 27, 1984. Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff, `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords, bright, jangly guitars, clock ticking percussion, and elastic bassline. Lyrically, the track is a love song of devotion. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that, `` In ' Time After Time, ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person, unworthy of love. She runs away and shuts people out. However, her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything. The relationship is given depth. The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent. They 've been together for a long time. They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life. '' `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time. Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song. Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim : Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track, calling it `` the album 's finest moment, if not Lauper 's greatest moment period. '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track, naming it `` gorgeous ''. Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded. '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous ''. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic ''. Scott Floman, music critic for Goldmine magazine, described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads ''. Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad. '' Accolades ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '', `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others. Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '', writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads, '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite. '' Bill Lamb, also from About.com, placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list. On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '', `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5, being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment, '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost, you can look and you will find me, time after time '. '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66. The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists, at numbers 22 and 19 respectively. The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s, being ranked at number 79. The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper, whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy. ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ', and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself. '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award Nominations 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year Lists of best songs ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 2000 Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Pop Songs `` Time After Time '' # 66 MTV 2003 VH1 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years `` Time After Time '' # 22 2006 VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s `` Time After Time '' # 19 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts, reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984. It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart. In the United Kingdom, `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24, 1984, while peaking later at number 3, on June 16, 1984. In New Zealand, the song reached number 3, in Austria it reached number 5, in Switzerland it reached number 7, in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10. Music video ( edit ) Morristown, NJ, train station, seen at the end of the video. The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles, and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother. Lauper 's mother, brother, and then - boyfriend, David Wolff, appear in the video, and Lou Albano, who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video, can be seen as a cook. Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township, New Jersey, the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station. Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton, NJ, which was a staple of the community in the 1970s. According to Lauper, `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video. I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy. '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene, where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David, has Lauper crying for real. Track listing ( edit ) European single `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) US Vinyl, 7 ``, Single `` Time After Time '' `` I 'll Kiss You '' Personnel ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper, Rob Hyman Produced by Rick Chertoff Executive producer : Lennie Petze Associate producer : William Wittman Engineered by William Wittman Arranged by Cyndi Lauper, Rick Chertoff, Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 56 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998. Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box. Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ). It reached number 6 in Germany, number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia. American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006. The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow. The cover is their only charting song, hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown. The cover was certified gold by the RIAA. In April 2011, on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice, Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase. The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, number 41 on the Digital Songs chart, number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart, and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart. INOJ version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 64 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Novaspace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Quietdrive version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Javier Colon version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Other versions and samples ( edit ) Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date ''. American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985. Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest. Tuck & Patti recorded a version of the song on their first album Tears of Joy in 1988. New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992. Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000, four years after her death in 1996. American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day, All Night ''. Their version was not released as a single. American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999. American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story. English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont, which reached number 20 in the UK charts. Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002. French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour. Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008. The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album, Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ). The single was released on February 8, 2009, and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years. The song was produced by Keating himself. The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart. Actress and singer, Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air, in which she starred. In June 2016, Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams. The Lovelocks, a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July, 2016 U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ). It reached # 2 in Austria, # 7 in Finland, # 4 in Germany, # 15 in the Netherlands, # 5 in Norway, # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland. In 2006, Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ). In 2008, American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant. Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen performed a cover of the song at Lauper 's induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015. Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle. '' American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album, We are the Dreamers. Iron & Wine recorded a version of the song for a McDonald 's commercial in 2016. American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey sampled the song in her track `` Inseparable '', included on her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel in 2009. See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock ''. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : Myers, Marc ( 1 December 2015 ). `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit, ' Time After Time ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. New York City, NY, U.S. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 ''. Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Song of the Year - 27th Grammy Awards ''. The Recording Academy. Retrieved April 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Moser, John J. ( December 3, 2005 ). `` Time after time, Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work ''. The Morning Call. Retrieved October 30, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns ''. IGN Music. September 15, 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Lauper, Cindy ( 2012 ). Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuster,. ISBN 9781439147856. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani, Sal ( 29 September 2003 ). `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : Peake, Steve. `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s ''. About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Avoledo, Pam ( January 15, 2006 ). `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' ``. Blogcritics. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com ''. songbpm.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Lauper, Cyndi. `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print ``. Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Glen, Susan. `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters ''. PopMatters. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Madden, Bryan Lee ( February 17, 2010 ). `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) ''. Sputnikmusic. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Veevers, Brendon ( April 14, 2014 ). `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) ''. Renowned for Sound. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews ''. Sfloman.com. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Gerard, Chris ( April 3, 2014 ). `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later ``. Metro Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill. `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time ''. About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time ''. Nerve. February 10, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years : 1 -- 50 ''. Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 ''. Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1980s NME ''. NME. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Lauper, Cyndi. `` 7 ''. Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439147856. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6753. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` 7 ''. Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuste. ISBN 9781471114274. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved July 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 ''. Top 30 ( in Dutch ). Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday, June 09, 1984 ''. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ). CHUM. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia ''. HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26, 1984 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L ''. The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9, 1984 ''. Cash Box magazine. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history ''. Billboard Canadian Digital Songs. for Cyndi Lauper. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14, 2006 ''. Billboard Adult Contemporary. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ''. Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1984 ''. Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9638. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1984 ''. GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1984 ''. Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 ''. Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1984 ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984 ''. Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ 1984 in British music # Best - selling singles ^ Jump up to : `` Volume 96 No. 51, DECEMBER 22. 1984 '' ( PDF ). Billboard. New York, NY, USA. 22 December 1984. p. TA - 19, TA - 25. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 ''. Cash Box magazine. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25. ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Music Canada. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Time After Time in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 20 September 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 20 September 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ Hay, Carly ( March 20, 1999 ). `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Digital Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history ''. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs. for Javier Colon. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history ''. Billboard Heatseekers Songs. for Javier Colon. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history ''. Billboard Canadian Digital Songs. for Inoj. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Rhythmic ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` DECEMBER 26. 1998 '' ( PDF ). Billboard. New York, NY, USA. 26 December 1998. p. YE - 44. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Inoj -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33, 2002 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7, 2003 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 ''. Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 ''. GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Digital Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ). Lescharts.com. Retrieved June 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time ''. Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine ''. Jump up ^ `` Welcome ''. Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ). `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven ''. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Induction and Awards Ceremony ''. Songwriters Hall of Fame. June 19, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Jump up ^ Goodman, Jessica ( June 19, 2015 ). `` Carly Rae Jepsen 's cover of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Time After Time ' is totally ' 80s ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Further reading ( edit ) Lauper, Cindy ( 2012 ). Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439147856. Myers, Marc ( 2016 ). Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock, R&B and Pop. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1. External links ( edit ) Video on VH1 Classic website Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube `` Time after Time '' Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' The Hooters Eric Bazilian Rob Hyman David Uosikkinen John Lilley Fran Smith, Jr. Tommy Williams Bobby Woods John Kuzma Rob Miller Andy King Mindy Jostyn Studio albums Amore Nervous Night One Way Home Zig Zag Out of Body Time Stand Still Live albums The Hooters Live Both Sides Live Compilations Greatest Hits Hooterization : A Retrospective Video releases The Ultimate Clip Collection Mark Williams Studio albums Mark Williams Sweet Trials Taking It All In Stride Life After Dark Mark Williams ZNZ Mind over Matter Compilations Greatest Hits The Very Best of Singles `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' `` Sweet Wine '' `` If It Rains '' `` Taking It All in Stride '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Home and Away '' `` Show No Mercy `` Fix of Love `` Time After Time '' Related articles Dragon Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=849925929 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1980s ballads Rock ballads 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cyndi Lauper songs INOJ songs Ronan Keating songs Mark Williams ( singer ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Cyndi Lauper Songs written by Rob Hyman Willie Nelson songs The Hooters songs Nana Mouskouri songs 1983 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018, at 10 : 29 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&amp;oldid=849925929" }

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{ "text": "Women 's suffrage in the United states - wikipedia Women 's suffrage in the United states Jump to : navigation, search Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917, carrying placards with the signatures of more than a million women. Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History ( hide ) Social Feminist history History of feminism Women 's history American British Canadian German Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim countries US Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) ( show ) Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Activism Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Multicultural Black Chicana White Indigenous Native American Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) ( show ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts ( show ) Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Embedded feminism Equality Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminism in culture Feminist movement African - American women 's suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Girl 's Day and Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men in feminism Misogyny Networked feminism Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification Socialist feminism State feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender topics War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory ( show ) Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist... anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fpda geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics political ecology political theory pornography psychology revisionist mythology science fiction sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology thealogy womanist theology By country ( show ) Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Feminism in Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Feminism in Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Mali Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Syria South Africa South Korea Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States History of women Lists and categories ( show ) Lists Articles Feminists by nationality Literature American feminist literature Feminist comic books Conservative feminisms Countries by women 's average years in school Ecofeminist authors Feminist art critics Feminist economists Feminist philosophers Feminist poets Feminist rhetoricians Jewish feminists Muslim feminists Feminist parties Suffragists and suffragettes Women 's rights activists Women 's studies journals Women 's suffrage organizations Categories Women 's rights by country Feminists by nationality Feminism portal Women 's suffrage in the United States of America, the legal right of women to vote, was established over the course of several decades, first in various states and localities, sometimes on a limited basis, and then nationally in 1920. The demand for women 's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s, emerging from the broader movement for women 's rights. In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women 's rights convention, passed a resolution in favor of women 's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers, who believed the idea was too extreme. By the time of the first National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850, however, suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect of the movement 's activities. The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed, one led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the other by Lucy Stone. After years of rivalry, they merged in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) with Anthony as its leading force. Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote, suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in 1875, suffragists began the decades - long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. Much of the movement 's energy, however, went toward working for suffrage on a state - by - state basis. In 1916 Alice Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ), a militant group focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment. Over 200 NWP supporters, the Silent Sentinels, were arrested in 1917 while picketing the White House, some of whom went on hunger strike and endured forced feeding after being sent to prison. Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, the two - million - member NAWSA also made a national suffrage amendment its top priority. After a hard - fought series of votes in the U.S. Congress and in state legislatures, the Nineteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 26, 1920. It states, `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 National history 1.1 Early voting activity 1.2 Emergence of the women 's rights movement 1.3 Early backing for women 's suffrage 1.4 Early women 's rights conventions 1.4. 1 Seneca Falls convention 1.4. 2 National conventions 1.5 Anthony - Stanton collaboration 1.6 Women 's Loyal National League 1.7 American Equal Rights Association 1.8 New England Woman Suffrage Association 1.9 The Fifteenth Amendment 1.10 New Departure 1.11 United States v. Susan B. Anthony 1.12 History of Woman Suffrage 1.13 Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment 1.14 Early female candidates for national office 1.15 Initial successes 2 1890 -- 1919 2.1 Merger of rival suffrage organizations 2.2 National American Woman Suffrage Association 2.3 Opposition to women 's suffrage 2.3. 1 Women against suffrage 2.4 Southern strategy 2.5 New Woman 2.6 New suffrage organizations 2.6. 1 College Equal Suffrage League 2.6. 2 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women 2.6. 3 National Woman 's Party 2.7 Suffrage periodicals 2.8 Turn of the tide 2.9 Nineteenth Amendment 3 Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment 3.1 Immediate effects 3.1. 1 Changes in the voting population 3.1. 2 Changes in representation and government programs 3.1. 3 Notable legislation 3.1. 4 Socio - economic effects 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Anti-suffrage 6.2 Primary sources 7 Further reading 8 External links National History ( edit ) See also : Women 's suffrage in states of the United States Early voting activity ( edit ) Lydia Taft ( 1712 -- 1778 ), a wealthy widow, was allowed to vote in town meetings in Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1756. No other women in the colonial era are known to have voted. The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property. Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as `` he or she '', and women regularly voted. A law passed in 1807, however, excluded women from voting in that state. Kentucky passed the first statewide woman suffrage law in the New Republic Era ( since New Jersey revoked their woman suffrage rights in 1807 ) -- allowing any widow or feme sole ( legally, the head of household ) over 21 who paid property taxes for the new county `` common school '' system. This partial suffrage right for women was not expressed as for whites only. Emergence of the women 's rights movement ( edit ) Margaret Fuller The demand for women 's suffrage emerged as part of the broader movement for women 's rights. In England in 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a pioneering book called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. In Boston in 1838 Sarah Grimké published The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women, which was widely circulated. In 1845 Margaret Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century, a key document in American feminism that first appeared in serial form in 1839 in The Dial, a transcendentalist journal that Fuller edited. `` The very truths you are now contending for, will, in fifty years, be so completely imbedded in public opinion that no one need say one word in their defense ; whilst at the same time new forms of truth will arise to test the faithfulness of the pioneer minds of that age, and so on eternally. '' Angela Grimké, 1851, in a letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton Significant barriers had to be overcome, however, before a campaign for women 's suffrage could develop significant strength. One barrier was strong opposition to women 's involvement in public affairs, a practice that was not fully accepted even among reform activists. Only after fierce debate were women accepted as members of the American Anti-Slavery Society at its convention of 1839, and the organization split at its next convention when women were appointed to committees. Opposition was especially strong against the idea of women speaking to audiences of both men and women. Frances Wright, a Scottish woman, was subjected to sharp criticism for delivering public lectures in the U.S. in 1826 and 1827. When the Grimké sisters, who had been born into a slave - holding family in South Carolina, spoke against slavery throughout the northeast in the mid-1830s, the ministers of the Congregational Church, a major force in that region, published a statement condemning their actions. Despite the disapproval, in 1838 Angelina Grimké spoke against slavery before the Massachusetts legislature, the first woman in the U.S. to speak before a legislative body. Other women began to give public speeches, especially in opposition to slavery and in support of women 's rights. Early female speakers included Ernestine Rose, a Jewish immigrant from Poland ; Lucretia Mott, a Quaker minister and abolitionist ; and Abby Kelley Foster, a Quaker abolitionist. Toward the end of the 1840s Lucy Stone launched her career as a public speaker, soon becoming the most famous female lecturer. Supporting both the abolitionist and women 's rights movements, Stone played a major role in reducing the prejudice against women speaking in public. Opposition remained strong, however. A regional women 's rights convention in Ohio in 1851 was disrupted by male opponents. The National Women 's Rights Convention in 1852 was similarly disrupted, and mob action at the 1853 convention came close to violence. The World 's Temperance Convention in New York City in 1853 bogged down for three days in a dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there. Susan B. Anthony, a leader of the suffrage movement, later said, `` No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned and antagonized. '' Laws that sharply restricted the independent activity of married women also created barriers to the campaign for women 's suffrage. According to William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England, an authoritative commentary on the English common law on which the American legal system is modeled, `` by marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law : that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage '', referring to the legal doctrine of coverture that was introduced to England by the Normans in the Middle Ages. In 1862 the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court denied a divorce to a woman whose husband had horsewhipped her, saying, `` The law gives the husband power to use such a degree of force necessary to make the wife behave and know her place. '' Married women in many states could not legally sign contracts, which made it difficult for them to arrange for convention halls, printed materials and other things needed by the suffrage movement. Restrictions like these were overcome in part by the passage of married women 's property laws in several states, supported in some cases by wealthy fathers who did n't want their daughters ' inheritance to fall under the complete control of their husbands. Sentiment in favor of women 's rights was strong within the radical wing of the abolitionist movement. William Lloyd Garrison, the leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society, said `` I doubt whether a more important movement has been launched touching the destiny of the race, than this in regard to the equality of the sexes ''. The abolitionist movement, however, attracted only about one per cent of the population at that time, and radical abolitionists were only one part of that movement. Early backing for women 's suffrage ( edit ) The New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846 received petitions in support of women 's suffrage from residents of at least three counties. Several members of the radical wing of the abolitionist movement supported suffrage. In 1846, Samuel J. May, a Unitarian minister and radical abolitionist, vigorously supported women 's suffrage in a sermon that was later circulated as the first in a series of women 's rights tracts. In 1846, the Liberty League, an offshoot of the abolitionist Liberty Party, petitioned Congress to enfranchise women. A convention of the Liberty Party in Rochester, New York in May 1848 approved a resolution calling for `` universal suffrage in its broadest sense, including women as well as men. '' Gerrit Smith, its candidate for president, delivered a speech shortly afterwards at the National Liberty Convention in Buffalo, New York that elaborated on his party 's call for women 's suffrage. Lucretia Mott was suggested as the party 's vice-presidential candidate -- the first time that a woman had been proposed for federal executive office in the U.S. -- and she received five votes from delegates at that convention. Early women 's rights conventions ( edit ) Women 's suffrage was not a major topic within the women 's rights movement at that point. Many of its activists were aligned with the Garrisonian wing of the abolitionist movement, which believed that activists should avoid political activity and focus instead on convincing others of their views with `` moral suasion ''. Many were Quakers whose traditions barred both men and women from participation in secular political activity. A series of women 's rights conventions did much to alter these attitudes. Seneca Falls convention ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton The first women 's rights convention was the Seneca Falls Convention, a regional event held on July 19 and 20, 1848, in Seneca Falls in the Finger Lakes region of New York. Five women called the convention, four of whom were Quaker social activists, including the well - known Lucretia Mott. The fifth was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had discussed the need to organize for women 's rights with Mott several years earlier. Stanton, who came from a family that was deeply involved in politics, became a major force in convincing the women 's movement that political pressure was crucial to its goals, and that the right to vote was a key weapon. An estimated 300 women and men attended this two - day event, which was widely noted in the press. The only resolution that was not adopted unanimously by the convention was the one demanding women 's right to vote, which was introduced by Stanton. When her husband, a well - known social reformer, learned that she intended to introduce this resolution, he refused to attend the convention and accused her of acting in a way that would turn the proceedings into a farce. Lucretia Mott, the main speaker, was also disturbed by the proposal. The resolution was adopted only after Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist leader and a former slave, gave it his strong support. The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments, which was written primarily by Stanton, expressed an intent to build a women 's rights movement, and it included a list of grievances, the first two of which protested the lack of women 's suffrage. The grievances were aimed at the United States government `` demanded government reform and changes in male roles and behaviors that promoted inequality for women. '' This convention was followed two weeks later by the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention of 1848, which featured many of the same speakers and likewise voted to support women 's suffrage. It was the first women 's rights convention to be chaired by a woman, a step that was considered to be radical at the time. That meeting was followed by the Ohio Women 's Convention at Salem in 1850, the first women 's rights convention to be organized on a statewide basis, which also endorsed women 's suffrage. National conventions ( edit ) The first in a series of National Women 's Rights Conventions was held in Worcester, Massachusetts on October 23 -- 24, 1850, at the initiative of Lucy Stone and Paulina Wright Davis. National conventions were held afterwards almost every year through 1860, when the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) interrupted the practice. Suffrage was a preeminent goal of these conventions, no longer the controversial issue it had been at Seneca Falls only two years earlier. At the first national convention Stone gave a speech that included a call to petition state legislatures for the right of suffrage. Reports of this convention reached Britain, prompting Harriet Taylor, soon to be married to philosopher John Stuart Mill, to write an essay called `` The Enfranchisement of Women, '' which was published in the Westminster Review. Heralding the women 's movement in the U.S., Taylor 's essay helped to initiate a similar movement in Britain. Her essay was reprinted as a women 's rights tract in the U.S. and was sold for decades. Lucy Stone Wendell Phillips, a prominent abolitionist and women 's rights advocate, delivered a speech at the second national convention in 1851 called `` Shall Women Have the Right to Vote? '' Describing women 's suffrage as the cornerstone of the women 's movement, it was later circulated as a women 's rights tract. Several of the women who played leading roles in the national conventions, especially Stone, Anthony and Stanton, were also leaders in establishing women 's suffrage organizations after the Civil War. They also included the demand for suffrage as part of their activities during the 1850s. In 1852 Stanton advocated women 's suffrage in a speech at the New York State Temperance Convention. In 1853 Stone became the first woman to appeal for women 's suffrage before a body of lawmakers when she addressed the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. In 1854 Anthony organized a petition campaign in New York State that included the demand for suffrage. It culminated in a women 's rights convention in the state capitol and a speech by Stanton before the state legislature. In 1857 Stone refused to pay taxes on the grounds that women were taxed without being able to vote on tax laws. The constable sold her household goods at auction until enough money had been raised to pay her tax bill. The women 's rights movement was loosely structured during this period, with few state organizations and no national organization other than a coordinating committee that arranged the annual national conventions. Much of the organizational work for these conventions was performed by Stone, the most visible leader of the movement during this period. At the national convention in 1852, a proposal was made to form a national women 's rights organization, but the idea was dropped after fears were voiced that such a move would create cumbersome machinery and lead to internal divisions. Anthony - Stanton collaboration ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton met in 1851 and soon became close friends and co-workers. Their decades - long collaboration was pivotal for the suffrage movement and contributed significantly to the broader struggle for women 's rights, which Stanton called `` the greatest revolution the world has ever known or ever will know. '' They had complementary skills : Anthony excelled at organizing while Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters and writing. Stanton, who was homebound with several children during this period, wrote speeches that Anthony delivered to meetings that she herself organized. Together they developed a sophisticated movement in New York State, but their work at this time dealt with women 's issues in general, not specifically suffrage. Anthony, who eventually became the person most closely associated in the public mind with women 's suffrage, later said `` I was n't ready to vote, did n't want to vote, but I did want equal pay for equal work. '' In the period just before the Civil War, Anthony gave priority to anti-slavery work over her work for the women 's movement. Women 's Loyal national League ( edit ) Over Anthony 's objections, leaders of the movement agreed to suspend women 's rights activities during the Civil War in order to focus on the abolition of slavery. In 1863 Anthony and Stanton organized the Women 's Loyal National League, the first national women 's political organization in the U.S. It collected nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions to abolish slavery in the largest petition drive in the nation 's history up to that time. Susan B. Anthony Although it was not a suffrage organization, the League made it clear that it stood for political equality for women, and it indirectly advanced that cause in several ways. Stanton reminded the public that petitioning was the only political tool available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote. The League 's impressive petition drive demonstrated the value of formal organization to the women 's movement, which had traditionally resisted organizational structures, and it marked a continuation of the shift of women 's activism from moral suasion to political action. Its 5000 members constituted a widespread network of women activists who gained experience that helped create a pool of talent for future forms of social activism, including suffrage. American equal rights Association ( edit ) The Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention, the first since the Civil War, was held in 1866, helping the women 's rights movement regain the momentum it had lost during the war. The convention voted to transform itself into the American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ), whose purpose was to campaign for the equal rights of all citizens, especially the right of suffrage. In addition to Anthony and Stanton, who organized the convention, the leadership of the new organization included such prominent abolitionist and women 's rights activists as Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone and Frederick Douglass. Its drive for universal suffrage, however, was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the Republican Party, who wanted women to postpone their campaign for suffrage until it had first been achieved for male African Americans. Horace Greeley, a prominent newspaper editor, told Anthony and Stanton, `` This is a critical period for the Republican Party and the life of our Nation... I conjure you to remember that this is ' the negro 's hour, ' and your first duty now is to go through the State and plead his claims. '' They and others, including Lucy Stone, refused to postpone their demands, however, and continued to push for universal suffrage. In April 1867 Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell opened the AERA campaign in Kansas in support of referenda in that state that would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, an abolitionist leader who opposed mixing those two causes, surprised and angered AERA workers by blocking the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign. After an internal struggle, Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only and formed an `` Anti-Female Suffrage Committee '' to oppose the AERA 's efforts. By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed, and its finances were exhausted. Anthony and Stanton were harshly criticized by Stone and other AERA members for accepting help during the last days of the campaign from George Francis Train, a wealthy businessman who supported women 's rights. Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Party, which had won the loyalty of many reform activists, and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans. After the Kansas campaign, the AERA increasingly divided into two wings, both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches. One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first, if necessary, and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton, insisted that women and black men be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women 's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists for financial and other resources. The acrimonious annual meeting of the AERA in May 1869 signaled the effective demise of the organization, in the aftermath of which two competing woman suffrage organizations were created. New England Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Petition from the citizens of Massachusetts in support of woman suffrage Partly as a result of the developing split in the women 's movement, in 1868 the New England Woman Suffrage Association ( NEWSA ), the first major political organization in the U.S. with women 's suffrage as its goal, was formed. The planners for the NEWSA 's founding convention worked to attract Republican support and seated leading Republican politicians, including a U.S. senator, on the speaker 's platform. Amid increasing confidence that the Fifteenth Amendment, which would in effect enfranchise black men, was assured of passage, Lucy Stone, a future president of the NEWSA, showed her preference for enfranchising both women and African Americans by unexpectedly introducing a resolution calling for the Republican Party to `` drop its watchword of ' Manhood Suffrage ' '' and to support universal suffrage instead. Despite opposition by Frederick Douglass and others, Stone convinced the meeting to approve the resolution. Two months later, however, when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled in Congress, Stone backed away from that position and declared that `` Woman must wait for the Negro. '' The Fifteenth amendment ( edit ) In May 1869, two days after the final AERA annual meeting, Anthony, Stanton and others formed the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ). In November 1869, Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Henry Blackwell and others, many of whom had helped to create the New England Woman Suffrage Association a year earlier, formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ). The hostile rivalry between these two organizations created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even professional historians of the women 's movement. Frederick Douglass The immediate cause for the split was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a reconstruction amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race. Stanton and Anthony opposed its passage unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex. They said that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all women, the amendment would create an `` aristocracy of sex '' by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women. Male power and privilege was at the root of society 's ills, Stanton argued, and nothing should be done to strengthen it. Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men, who would gain voting power under the amendment, were overwhelmingly opposed to women 's suffrage. They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women 's suffrage. Frederick Douglass, a strong supporter of women 's suffrage, said, `` The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question. '' Douglass, however, strongly supported the amendment, saying it was a matter of life and death for former slaves. Lucy Stone, who became the AWSA 's most prominent leader, supported the amendment but said she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men. The AWSA and most AERA members also supported the amendment. Both wings of the movement were strongly associated with opposition to slavery, but their leaders sometimes expressed views that reflected the racial attitudes of that era. Stanton, for example, believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the `` lower orders '' of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters. In an article in The Revolution, Stanton wrote, `` American women of wealth, education, virtue and refinement, if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese, Africans, Germans and Irish, with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters... demand that women too shall be represented in government. '' In another article she made a similar statement while personifying those four ethnic groups as `` Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung ''. Lucy Stone called a suffrage meeting in New Jersey to consider the question, `` Shall women alone be omitted in the reconstruction? Shall ( they )... be ranked politically below the most ignorant and degraded men? '' Henry Blackwell, Stone 's husband and an AWSA officer, published an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both blacks and women to vote, `` the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged '' and `` the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics. '' The AWSA aimed for close ties with the Republican Party, hoping that the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment would lead to a Republican push for women 's suffrage. The NWSA, while determined to be politically independent, was critical of the Republicans. Anthony and Stanton wrote a letter to the 1868 Democratic National Convention that criticized Republican sponsorship of the Fourteenth Amendment ( which granted citizenship to black men but for the first time introduced the word `` male '' into the Constitution ), saying, `` While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship, with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women -- their own mothers and sisters, their own wives and daughters -- and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood. '' They urged liberal Democrats to convince their party, which did not have a clear direction at that point, to embrace universal suffrage. The two organizations had other differences as well. Although each campaigned for suffrage at both the state and national levels, the NWSA tended to work more at the national level and the AWSA more at the state level. The NWSA initially worked on a wider range of issues than the AWSA, including divorce reform and equal pay for women. The NWSA was led by women only while the AWSA included both men and women among its leadership. Events soon removed much of the basis for the split in the movement. In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified. In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short - lived Liberal Republican Party. The rivalry between the two women 's groups was so bitter, however, that a merger proved to be impossible until 1890. New Departure ( edit ) In 1869 Francis and Virginia Minor, husband and wife suffragists from Missouri, outlined a strategy that came to be known as the New Departure, which engaged the suffrage movement for several years. Arguing that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women, this strategy relied heavily on Section 1 of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment, which reads, `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. '' Votes for Women pennant In 1871 the NWSA officially adopted the New Departure strategy, encouraging women to attempt to vote and to file lawsuits if denied that right. Soon hundreds of women tried to vote in dozens of localities. In some cases, actions like these preceded the New Departure strategy : in 1868 in Vineland, New Jersey, a center for radical spiritualists, nearly 200 women placed their ballots into a separate box and attempted to have them counted, but without success. The AWSA did not officially adopt the New Departure strategy, but Lucy Stone, its leader, attempted to vote in her home town in New Jersey. In one court case resulting from a lawsuit brought by women who had been prevented from voting, the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., ruled that women did not have an implicit right to vote, declaring that, `` The fact that the practical working of the assumed right would be destructive of civilization is decisive that the right does not exist. '' In 1871 Victoria Woodhull, a stockbroker, was invited to speak before a committee of Congress, the first woman to do so. Although she had little previous connection to the women 's movement, she presented a modified version of the New Departure strategy. Instead of asking the courts to declare that women had the right to vote, she asked Congress itself to declare that the Constitution implicitly enfranchised women. The committee rejected her suggestion. The NWSA at first reacted enthusiastically to Woodhull 's sudden appearance on the scene. Stanton in particular welcomed Woodhull 's proposal to assemble a broad - based reform party that would support women 's suffrage. Anthony opposed that idea, wanting the NWSA to remain politically independent. The NWSA soon had reason to regret its association with Woodhull. In 1872 she published details of a purported adulterous affair between Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, president of the AWSA, and Elizabeth Tilton, wife of a leading NWSA member. Beecher 's subsequent trial was reported in newspapers across the country, resulting in what one scholar has called `` political theater '' that badly damaged the reputation of the suffrage movement. The Supreme Court in 1875 put an end to the New Departure strategy by ruling in Minor v. Happersett that `` the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone ''. The NWSA decided to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning for a constitutional amendment that would guarantee voting rights for women. United states v. Susan B. Anthony ( edit ) In a case that generated national controversy, Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the presidential election of 1872. The judge directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict. When he asked Anthony, who had not been permitted to speak during the trial, if she had anything to say, she responded with what one historian has called `` the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage ''. She called `` this high - handed outrage upon my citizen 's rights '', saying, ``... you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored. '' The judge sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she responded, `` I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty '', and she never did. However the judge did not order her to be imprisoned until she paid the fine, for Anthony could have appealed her case. History of Woman suffrage ( edit ) In 1876 Anthony, Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage began working on the History of Woman Suffrage. Originally envisioned as a modest publication that would be produced quickly, the history evolved into a six - volume work of more than 5700 pages written over a period of 41 years. Its last two volumes were published in 1920, long after the deaths of the project 's originators, by Ida Husted Harper, who also assisted with the fourth volume. Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women 's movement ( Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to do with the project ), the History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might have been lost forever, but it does not give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. Because it was for years the main source of documentation about the suffrage movement, historians have had to uncover other sources to provide a more balanced view. Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment ( edit ) In 1878 Senator Aaron A. Sargent, a friend of Susan B. Anthony, introduced into Congress a women 's suffrage amendment. More than forty years later it would become the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution with no changes to its wording. Its text is identical to that of the Fifteenth Amendment except that it prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex rather than `` race, color, or previous condition of servitude ''. It Does n't Unsex Her -- a women 's suffrage postcard from 1915 Early female candidates for national office ( edit ) Calling attention to the irony of being legally entitled to run for office while denied the right to vote, Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared herself a candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1866, the first woman to do so. In 1872 Victoria Woodhull formed her own political party and declared herself to be its candidate for President of the U.S. even though she was ineligible because she was not yet 35 years old. In 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood, the first female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, became the first woman to conduct a viable campaign for president. She was nominated, without her advance knowledge, by a California group called the Equal Rights Party. Lockwood advocated women 's suffrage and other reforms during a coast - to - coast campaign that received respectful coverage from at least some major periodicals. She financed her campaign partly by charging admission to her speeches. Neither the AWSA nor the NWSA, both of whom had already endorsed the Republican candidate for president, supported Lockwood 's candidacy. Initial successes ( edit ) An act of the Territory of Wyoming enfranchised women on December 10, 1869, which is commemorated as Wyoming Day in the state. Women were enfranchised in frontier Wyoming Territory in 1869 and in polygamous Utah in 1870. The short - lived Populist Party endorsed women 's suffrage, contributing to the enfranchisement of women in Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896. In some localities, women gained various forms of partial suffrage, such as voting for school boards. According to a 2018 study in The Journal of Politics, states with large suffrage movements and competitive political environments were more likely to extend voting rights to women ; this is one reason why Western states were quicker to adopt women 's suffrage than states in the East. In the late 1870s, the suffrage movement received a major boost when the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ), the largest women 's organization in the country, decided to campaign for suffrage and created a Franchise Department to support that effort. Frances Willard, its pro-suffrage leader, urged WCTU members to pursue the right to vote as a means of protecting their families from alcohol and other vices. In 1886 the WCTU submitted to Congress petitions with 200,000 signatures in support of a national suffrage amendment. In 1885 the Grange, a large farmers ' organization, officially endorsed women 's suffrage. In 1890 the American Federation of Labor, a large labor alliance, endorsed women 's suffrage and subsequently collected 270,000 names on petitions supporting that goal. 1890 -- 1919 ( edit ) Merger of rival suffrage organizations ( edit ) The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was initially the larger of the two rival suffrage organizations, but it declined in strength during the 1880s. Stanton and Anthony, the leading figures in the competing NWSA, were more widely known as leaders of the women 's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction. They sometimes used daring tactics. Anthony, for example, interrupted the official ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence to present the NWSA 's Declaration of Rights for Women. The AWSA declined any involvement in the action. Susan B. Anthony in 1900 Over time, the NWSA moved into closer alignment with the AWSA, placing less emphasis on confrontational actions and more on respectability, and no longer promoting a wide range of reforms. The NWSA 's hopes for a federal suffrage amendment were frustrated when the Senate voted against it in 1887, after which the NWSA put more energy into campaigning at the state level, as the AWSA was already doing. Work at the state level, however, also had its frustrations. Between 1870 and 1910, the suffrage movement conducted 480 campaigns in 33 states just to have the issue of women 's suffrage brought before the voters, and those campaigns resulted in only 17 instances of the issue actually being placed on the ballot. These efforts led to women 's suffrage in two states, Colorado and Idaho. Alice Stone Blackwell, daughter of AWSA leaders Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, was a major influence in bringing the rival suffrage leaders together, proposing a joint meeting in 1887 to discuss a merger. Anthony and Stone favored the idea, but opposition from several NWSA veterans delayed the move. In 1890 the two organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ). Stanton was president of the new organization, and Stone was chair of its executive committee, but Anthony, who had the title of vice president, was its leader in practice, becoming president herself in 1892 when Stanton retired. National American Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Although Anthony was the leading force in the newly merged organization, it did not always follow her lead. In 1893 the NAWSA voted over Anthony 's objection to alternate the site of its annual conventions between Washington and various other parts of the country. Anthony 's pre-merger NWSA had always held its conventions in Washington to help maintain focus on a national suffrage amendment. Arguing against this decision, she said she feared, accurately as it turned out, that the NAWSA would engage in suffrage work at the state level at the expense of national work. Stanton, elderly but still very much a radical, did not fit comfortably into the new organization, which was becoming more conservative. In 1895 she published The Woman 's Bible, a controversial best - seller that attacked the use of the Bible to relegate women to an inferior status. The NAWSA voted to disavow any connection with the book despite Anthony 's objection that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful. Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from the suffrage movement. Carrie Chapman Catt The suffrage movement declined in vigor during the years immediately after the 1890 merger. When Carrie Chapman Catt was appointed head of the NAWSA 's Organization Committee in 1895, it was n't clear how many local chapters the organization had or who their officers were. Catt began revitalizing the organization, establishing a plan of work with clear goals for every state every year. Anthony was impressed and arranged for Catt to succeed her when she retired from the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900. In her new post Catt continued her effort to transform the unwieldy organization into one that would be better prepared to lead a major suffrage campaign. Catt noted the rapidly growing women 's club movement, which was taking up some of the slack left by the decline of the temperance movement. Local women 's clubs at first were mostly reading groups focused on literature, but they increasingly evolved into civic improvement organizations of middle - class women meeting in each other 's homes weekly. Their national organization was the General Federation of Women 's Clubs ( GFWC ), founded in 1890. The clubs avoided controversial issues that would divide the membership, especially religion and prohibition. In the South and East, suffrage was also highly divisive, while there was little resistance to it among clubwomen in the West. In the Midwest, clubwomen had first avoided the suffrage issue out of caution, but after 1900 increasingly came to support it. Catt implemented what was known as the `` society plan, '' a successful effort to recruit wealthy members of the women 's club movement whose time, money and experience could help build the suffrage movement. By in 1914 women 's suffrage was endorsed by the national General Federation of Women 's Clubs. Catt resigned her position after four years, partly because of her husband 's declining health and partly to help organize the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, which was created in Germany, Berlin in 1904 with Catt as president. In 1904 Anna Howard Shaw, another Anthony protégée, was elected president of the NAWSA. Shaw was an energetic worker and a talented orator but not an effective administrator. Between 1910 and 1916 the NAWSA 's national board experienced a constant turmoil that endangered the existence of the organization. Although its membership and finances were at all - time highs, the NAWSA decided to replace Shaw by bringing Catt back once again as president in 1915. Authorized by the NAWSA to name her own executive board, which previously had been elected by the organization 's annual convention, Catt quickly converted the loosely structured organization into one that was highly centralized. Opposition to women 's suffrage ( edit ) Brewers and distillers, typically rooted in the German American community, opposed women 's suffrage, fearing that women voters would favor the prohibition of alcoholic beverages. German Lutherans and German Catholics typically opposed prohibition and woman suffrage ; they favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs. Their opposition to women 's suffrage was subsequently used as an argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. Defeat could lead to allegations of fraud. After the defeat of the referendum for women 's suffrage in Michigan in 1912, the governor accused the brewers of complicity in widespread electoral fraud that resulted in its defeat. Evidence of vote stealing was also strong during referenda in Nebraska and Iowa. Headquarters of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. Some other businesses, such as southern cotton mills, opposed suffrage because they feared that women voters would support the drive to eliminate child labor. Political machines, such as Tammany Hall in New York City, opposed it because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women 's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum 's passage. Although the Catholic Church did not take an official position on suffrage, very few of its leaders supported it, and some of its leaders, such as Cardinal Gibbons, made their opposition clear. The New York Times after first supporting suffrage reversed itself and issued stern warnings. A 1912 editorial predicted that with suffrage women would make impossible demands, such as, `` serving as soldiers and sailors, police patrolmen or firemen... and would serve on juries and elect themselves to executive offices and judgeships. '' It blamed a lack of masculinity for the failure of men to fight back, warning women would get the vote `` if the men are not firm and wise enough and, it may as well be said, masculine enough to prevent them. ''. Women against suffrage ( edit ) Anti-suffrage forces, initially called the `` remonstrants '', organized as early as 1870 when the Woman 's Anti-Suffrage Association of Washington was formed. Widely known as the `` antis '', they eventually created organizations in some twenty states. In 1911 the National Association Opposed to Women 's Suffrage was created. It claimed 350,000 members and opposed women 's suffrage, feminism, and socialism. It argued that woman suffrage `` would reduce the special protections and routes of influence available to women, destroy the family, and increase the number of socialist - leaning voters. '' Middle and upper class anti-suffrage women were conservatives with several motivations. Society women in particular had personal access to powerful politicians, and were reluctant to surrender that advantage. Most often the antis believed that politics was dirty and that women 's involvement would surrender the moral high ground that women had claimed, and that partisanship would disrupt local club work for civic betterment, as represented by the General Federation of Women 's Clubs. The best organized movement was the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage ( NYSAOWS ). Its credo, as set down by its president Josephine Jewell Dodge, was : We believe in every possible advancement to women. We believe that this advancement should be along those legitimate lines of work and endeavor for which she is best fitted and for which she has now unlimited opportunities. We believe this advancement will be better achieved through strictly non-partisan effort and without the limitations of the ballot. We believe in Progress, not in Politics for women. The NYSAOWS New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage used grass roots mobilization techniques they had learned from watching the suffragists to defeat the 1915 referendum. They were very similar to the suffragists themselves, but used a counter-crusading style warning of the evils that suffrage would bring to women. They rejected leadership by men and stressed the importance of independent women in philanthropy and social betterment. NYSAOWS was narrowly defeated in New York in 1916 and the state voted to give women the vote. The organization moved to Washington to oppose the federal constitutional amendment for suffrage, becoming the `` National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage '' ( NAOWS ), where it was taken over by men, and assumed a much harsher rhetorical tone, especially in attacking `` red radicalism ''. After 1919 the antis adjusted smoothly to enfranchisement and became active in party affairs, especially in the Republican Party. Southern strategy ( edit ) Vote for the Woman Suffrage Amendment, 1915 A promotional map of the woman 's suffrage movement in the U.S. and Canada by 1917. The U.S. states and Canadian provinces that had adopted suffrage are colored white ( or dotted and crosses, in case of partial suffrage ) and the others black. The Constitution required 34 states ( three - fourths of the 45 states in 1900 ) to ratify an amendment, and unless the rest of the country was unanimous there had to be support from the 11 ex-Confederate states. Three more western territories became states by 1912, helping the suffragist cause ; they now needed 36 states out of 48. In the end Tennessee provided the critical 36th state. The South was the most conservative region and always gave the least support for suffrage. There was little or no suffrage activity in the region until the late nineteenth century. Aileen S. Kraditor identifies four distinctly Southern characteristics that were in play : 1 ) Southern white men held to traditional values regarding women 's public roles ; 2 ) the Solid South was tightly controlled by the Democratic Party, so playing the two parties against each other was not a feasible strategy ; 3 ) strong support for states ' rights meant there was automatic opposition to a federal constitutional amendment ; 4 ) Jim Crow attitudes meant that expansion of the black vote ( to black women ) was strongly opposed. Mildred Rutherford, president of the Georgia United Daughters of the Confederacy and a leaders of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage made clear the opposition of elite white women to suffrage in a 1914 speech to the state legislature : The women who are working for this measure are striking at the principle for which their fathers fought during the Civil War. Woman 's suffrage comes from the North and the West and from women who do not believe in state 's rights and who wish to see negro women using the ballot. I do not believe the state of Georgia has sunk so low that her good men can not legislate for women. If this time ever comes then it will be time for women to claim the ballot. Elna Green points out that, `` Suffrage rhetoric claimed that enfranchised women would outlaw child labor, pass minimum - wage and maximum - hours laws for women workers, and establish health and safety standards for factory workers. '' The threat of these reforms united planters, textile mill owners, railroad magnates, city machine bosses, and the liquor interest in a formidable combine against suffrage. Henry Blackwell, an officer of the AWSA before the merger and a prominent figure in the movement afterwards, urged the suffrage movement to follow a strategy of convincing southern political leaders that they could ensure white supremacy in their region without violating the Fifteenth Amendment by enfranchising educated women, who would predominantly be white. Shortly after Blackwell presented his proposal to the Mississippi delegation to the U.S. Congress, his plan was given serious consideration by the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890, whose main purpose was to find legal ways of further curtailing the political power of African Americans. Although the convention adopted other measures instead, the fact that Blackwell 's ideas were taken seriously drew the interest of many suffragists. Blackwell 's ally in this effort was Laura Clay, who convinced the NAWSA to launch a state - by - state campaign in the South based on Blackwell 's strategy. Clay was one of several southern NAWSA members who opposed the idea of a national women 's suffrage amendment on the grounds that it would impinge on states ' rights. ( A generation later Clay campaigned against the pending national amendment during the final battle for its ratification. ) Amid predictions by some proponents of this strategy that the South would lead the way in the enfranchisement of women, suffrage organizations were established throughout the region. Anthony, Catt and Blackwell campaigned for suffrage in the South in 1895, with the latter two calling for suffrage only for educated women. With Anthony 's reluctant cooperation, the NAWSA maneuvered to accommodate the politics of white supremacy in that region. Anthony asked her old friend Frederick Douglass, a former slave, not to attend the NAWSA convention in Atlanta in 1895, the first to be held in a southern city. Black NAWSA members were excluded from 1903 convention in the southern city of New Orleans, which marked the peak of this strategy 's influence. The leaders of the Southern movement were privileged upper - class belles with a strong position in high society and in church affairs. They tried to use their upscale connections to convince powerful men that suffrage was a good idea to purify society. They also argued that giving white women the vote would more than counterbalance giving the vote to the smaller number of black women. No southern state enfranchised women as a result of this strategy, however, and most southern suffrage societies that were established during this period lapsed into inactivity. The NAWSA leadership afterwards said it would not adopt policies that `` advocated the exclusion of any race or class from the right of suffrage. '' Nonetheless NAWSA reflected its white membership 's viewpoint by minimizing the role of black suffragists. At the 1913 suffrage march on Washington, Ida B. Wells - Barnett, a leader in the African American community, was asked to march in an all - black contingent to avoid upsetting white southern marchers. When the march got underway, however, she slipped into the ranks of the contingent from Illinois, her home state, and completed the march in the company of white supporters. New Woman ( edit ) The concept of the New Woman emerged in the late nineteenth century to characterize the increasingly independent activity of women, especially the younger generation. The move from households to public spaces was expressed in many ways. In the late 1890s, riding bicycles was a newly popular activity that increased women 's mobility even as it signaled rejection of traditional teachings about women 's weakness and fragility. Susan B. Anthony said bicycles had `` done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world ''. Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that `` Woman is riding to suffrage on the bicycle. Official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. In the actual march, the woman on horseback was Inez Milholland. Play media Film of suffragettes marching from Newark, New Jersey to Washington, 1913. Activists campaigned for suffrage in ways that were still considered by many to be `` unladylike, '' such as marching in parades and giving street corner speeches on soap boxes. In New York in 1912, suffragists organized a twelve - day, 170 - mile `` Hike to Albany '' to deliver suffrage petitions to the new governor. In 1913 the suffragist `` Army of the Hudson '' marched 250 miles from New York to Washington in sixteen days, gaining national publicity. New suffrage organizations ( edit ) College equal suffrage League ( edit ) When Maud Wood Park attended the NAWSA convention in 1900, she found herself to be virtually the only young person there. After returning to Boston, she formed the College Equal Suffrage League, which affiliated with the NAWSA. Largely through Park 's efforts, similar groups were organized on campuses in 30 states, leading to the formation of the National College Equal Suffrage League in 1908. Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women ( edit ) The dramatic tactics of the militant wing of the British suffrage movement began to influence the movement in the U.S. Harriet Stanton Blatch, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, returned to the U.S. after several years in England, where she had associated with suffrage groups still in the early phases of militancy. In 1907 she founded the Equality League of Self - Supporting Women, later called the Women 's Political Union, whose membership was based on working women, both professional and industrial. The Equality League initiated the practice of holding suffrage parades and organized the first open air suffrage rallies in thirty years. As many as 25,000 people marched in these parades National Woman 's Party ( edit ) Work toward a national suffrage amendment had been sharply curtailed in favor of state suffrage campaigns after the two rival suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the NAWSA. Interest in a national suffrage amendment was revived primarily by Alice Paul. In 1910, she returned to the U.S. from England, where she had been part of the militant wing of the suffrage movement. Paul had been jailed there and had endured forced feedings after going on a hunger strike. In January 1913 she arrived in Washington as chair of the Congressional Committee of the NAWSA, charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women. She and her coworker Lucy Burns organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration as president. Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot, which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order. Public outrage over the incident, which cost the chief of police his job, brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum. In 1914 Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as the `` Susan B. Anthony Amendment, '' a name that was widely adopted. Paul argued that because the Democrats would not act to enfranchise women even though they controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress, the suffrage movement should work for the defeat of all Democratic candidates regardless of an individual candidate 's position on suffrage. She and Burns formed a separate lobbying group called the Congressional Union to act on this approach. Strongly disagreeing, the NAWSA in 1913 withdrew support from Paul 's group and continued its practice of supporting any candidate who supported suffrage, regardless of political party. In 1916 Blatch merged her Women 's Political Union into Paul 's Congressional Union. Alice Paul In 1916 Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ). Once again the women 's movement had split, but the result this time was something like a division of labor. The NAWSA burnished its image of respectability and engaged in highly organized lobbying at both the national and state levels. The smaller NWP also engaged in lobbying but became increasingly known for activities that were dramatic and confrontational, most often in the national capital. One form of protest was the watchfires, which involved burning copies of President Wilson 's speeches, often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park. The NWP continued to hold watchfires even as the war began, drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic. Suffrage periodicals ( edit ) Stanton and Anthony launched a sixteen - page weekly newspaper called The Revolution in 1868. It focused primarily on women 's rights, especially suffrage, but it also covered politics, the labor movement and other topics. Its energetic and broad - ranging style gave it a lasting influence, but its debts mounted when it did not receive the funding they had expected, and they had to transfer the paper to other hands after only twenty - nine months. Their organization, the NWSA, afterwards depended on other periodicals, such as The National Citizen and Ballot Box, edited by Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Women 's Tribune, edited by Clara Bewick Colby, to represent its viewpoint. In 1870, shortly after the formation of the AWSA, Lucy Stone launched an eight - page weekly newspaper called the Woman 's Journal to advocate for women 's rights, especially suffrage. Better financed and less radical than The Revolution, it had a much longer life. By the 1880s it had become an unofficial voice of the suffrage movement as a whole. In 1916 the NAWSA purchased the Woman 's Journal and spent a significant amount of money to enhance it. It was renamed Woman Citizen and declared to be the official organ of the NAWSA. Alice Paul began publishing a newspaper called The Suffragist in 1913 when she was still part of the NAWSA. Editor of the eight - page weekly was Rheta Childe Dorr, an experienced journalist. Turn of the tide ( edit ) New Zealand enfranchised women in 1893, the first country to do so on a nationwide basis. In the U.S. women gained the franchise in the states of Washington in 1910 ; in California in 1911 ; in Oregon, Kansas and Arizona in 1912 ; and in Illinois in 1913. Some states allowed women to vote in school elections, municipal elections, or for members of the Electoral College. Some territories, like Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, allowed women to vote before they became states. As women voted in an increasing number of states, Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment, and paid more attention to issues such as child labor. The status of women 's suffrage before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 Full suffrage Presidential suffrage ( vote only for President ) Primary suffrage ( vote only in primary elections ) Municipal suffrage ( vote only in city elections ) School, bond, or tax suffrage ( vote only in special elections ) Municipal suffrage in some cities Primary suffrage in some cities No suffrage The reform campaigns of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement. Beginning around 1900, this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government, eliminating child labor, and protecting workers and consumers. Many of its participants saw women 's suffrage as yet another progressive goal, and they believed that the addition of women to the electorate would help their movement achieve its other goals. In 1912 the Progressive Party, formed by Theodore Roosevelt, endorsed women 's suffrage. The socialist movement supported women 's suffrage in some areas. By 1916 suffrage for women had become a major national issue, and the NAWSA had become the nation 's largest voluntary organization, with two million members. In 1916 the conventions of both the Democratic and Republican parties endorsed women 's suffrage, but only on a state - by - state basis, with the implication that the various states might implement suffrage in different ways or ( in some cases ) not at all. Having expected more, Catt called an emergency NAWSA convention and proposed what became known as the `` Winning Plan ''. For several years the NAWSA had focused on achieving suffrage on a state - by - state basis, partly to accommodate members from southern states who opposed the idea of a national suffrage amendment, considering it an infringement on states ' rights. In a strategic shift, the 1916 convention approved Catt 's proposal to make a national amendment the priority for the entire organization. It authorized the executive board to specify a plan of work toward this goal for each state and to take over that work if the state organization refused to comply. In 1917 Catt received a bequest of $900,000 from Mrs. Frank ( Miriam ) Leslie to be used for the women 's suffrage movement. Catt formed the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission to dispense the funds, most of which supported the activities of the NAWSA at a crucial time for the suffrage movement. `` Kaiser Wilson '' banner held by an NWP member picketing the White House The entry of the U.S. into World War I in April 1917 had a significant impact on the suffrage movement. To replace men who had gone into the military, women moved into workplaces that did not traditionally hire women, such as steel mills and oil refineries. The NAWSA cooperated with the war effort, with Catt and Shaw serving on the Women 's Committee for the Council of National Defense. The NWP, by contrast, took no steps to cooperate with the war effort. Jeannette Rankin, elected in 1916 by Montana as the first woman in Congress, was one of fifty members of Congress to vote against the declaration of war. In January 1917 the NWP stationed pickets at the White House, which had never before been picketed, with banners demanding women 's suffrage. Tension escalated in June as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House and NPW members unfurled a banner that read, `` We, the women of America, tell you that America is not a democracy. Twenty million American women are denied the right to vote. President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement ''. In August another banner referred to `` Kaiser Wilson '' and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women. Some of the onlookers reacted violently, tearing the banners from the picketers ' hands. The police, whose actions had previously been restrained, began arresting the picketers for blocking the sidewalk. Eventually over 200 were arrested, about half of whom were sent to prison. In October Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison. When she and other suffragist prisoners began a hunger strike, prison authorities force - fed them. The negative publicity created by this harsh practice increased the pressure on the administration, which capitulated and released all the prisoners. In November 1917 a referendum to enfranchise women in New York - at that time the most populous state in the country - passed by a substantial margin. In September 1918, President Wilson spoke before the Senate, calling for approval of the suffrage amendment as a war measure, saying `` We have made partners of the women in this war ; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right? '' By the end of 1919, women effectively could vote for president in states with 326 electoral votes out of a total of 531. Political leaders who became convinced of the inevitability of women 's suffrage began to pressure local and national legislators to support it so that their respective party could claim credit for it in future elections. The war served as a catalyst for suffrage extension in several countries, with women gaining the vote after years of campaigning partly in recognition of their support for the war effort, which further increased the pressure for suffrage in the U.S. About half of the women in Britain had become enfranchised by January 1918, as had women in most Canadian provinces, with Quebec the major exception. Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Main article : Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution A chorus of disreputable men supports an anti-suffrage woman in this 1915 cartoon from Puck magazine. The caption `` I did not raise my girl to be a voter '' parodies the antiwar song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ''. World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents. Women played a major role on the home fronts and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war, including the U.S., Britain, Canada ( except Quebec ), Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Sweden ; and Ireland introduced universal suffrage with independence. France almost did so but stopped short. Despite their eventual success, groups like the National Woman 's Party that continued militant protests during wartime were criticized by other suffrage groups and the public, who viewed it as unpatriotic. On January 12, 1915, a suffrage bill was brought before the House of Representatives but was defeated by a vote of 204 to 174, ( Democrats 170 - 85 against, Republicans 81 - 34 for, Progressives 6 - 0 for ). President Woodrow Wilson held off until he was sure the Democratic Party was supportive ; the 1917 referendum in New York State in favor of suffrage proved decisive for him. When another bill was brought before the House in January, 1918, Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the bill. Behn argues that : The National American Woman Suffrage Association, not the National Woman 's Party, was decisive in Wilson 's conversion to the cause of the federal amendment because its approach mirrored his own conservative vision of the appropriate method of reform : win a broad consensus, develop a legitimate rationale, and make the issue politically valuable. Additionally, I contend that Wilson did have a significant role to play in the successful congressional passage and national ratification of the 19th Amendment. The Amendment passed by two - thirds of the House, with only one vote to spare. The vote was then carried into the Senate. Again President Wilson made an appeal, but on September 30, 1918, the amendment fell two votes short of the two - thirds necessary for passage, 53 - 31 ( Republicans 27 - 10 for, Democrats 26 - 21 for ). On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon, and then it was lost by only one vote, 54 - 30 ( Republicans 30 - 12 for, Democrats 24 - 18 for ). There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the general elections of 1920, so the President called a special session of Congress, and a bill, introducing the amendment, was brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it was passed, 304 to 89, ( Republicans 200 - 19 for, Democrats 102 - 69 for, Union Labor 1 - 0 for, Prohibitionist 1 - 0 for ), 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 nays ( Republicans 36 - 8 for, Democrats 20 - 17 for ). Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being then in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. After Washington on March 22, 1920, ratification languished for months. Finally, on August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, making it the law throughout the United States. Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state. `` To get the word male in effect out of the Constitution cost the women of the country fifty - two years of pauseless campaign... During that time they were forced to conduct fifty - six campaigns of referenda to male voters ; 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters ; 47 campaigns to get State constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into State constitutions ; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks ; 30 campaigns to get presidential party conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party platforms, and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses. Millions of dollars were raised, mainly in small sums, and expended with economic care. Hundreds of women gave the accumulated possibilities of an entire lifetime, thousands gave years of their lives, hundreds of thousands gave constant interest and such aid as they could. '' Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Three other states, Connecticut, Vermont and Delaware, passed the amendment by 1923. They were eventually followed by others in the south. Nearly twenty years later Maryland ratified the amendment in 1941. After another ten years, in 1952, Virginia ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, followed by Alabama in 1953. After another 16 years Florida and South Carolina passed the necessary votes to ratify in 1969, followed two years later by Georgia, Louisiana and North Carolina. Mississippi did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1984, sixty four years after the law was enacted nationally. Effects of the Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Immediate effects ( edit ) Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt, Herbert H. Lehman, and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote, 1936. Politicians responded to the newly enlarged electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially prohibition, child health, public schools, and world peace. Women did respond to these issues, but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men. The suffrage organization NAWSA became the League of Women Voters and Alice Paul 's National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 ( but it was not ratified and never took effect ). The main surge of women voting came in 1928, when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith, while rural drys mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover. Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s, but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election -- the first in which Catholicism was a major issue. A few women were elected to office, but none became especially prominent during this time period. Overall, the women 's rights movement declined noticeably during the 1920s. Changes in the voting population ( edit ) Although restricting access to the polls because of sex was made unconstitutional in 1920, women did not turn out to the polls in the same numbers as men until 1980. From 1980 until the present, women have voted in elections in at least the same percentage as have men, and often more. This difference in voting turnout and preferences between men and women is known as the voting gender gap. The voting gender gap has impacted political elections and, consequently, the way candidates campaign for office. Changes in representation and government programs ( edit ) The presence of women in Congress has gradually increased since 1920, with an especially steady increase from 1981 ( 23 female members ) to the present ( 97 female members ). The 113th Congress, serving from 2013 - 2015, includes a record 20 female senators and 77 female representatives. Notable Legislation ( edit ) Immediately following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, many legislators feared a powerful women 's bloc would emerge as a result of female enfranchisement. The Sheppard - Towner Act of 1921, which expanded maternity care during the 1920s, was one of the first laws passed appealing to the female vote. Socio - economic effects ( edit ) A paper by John Lott and Lawrence W. Kenny, published by the Journal of Political Economy, found that women generally voted along more liberal political philosophies than men. The paper concluded that women 's voting appeared to be more risk - averse than men and favored candidates or policies that supported wealth transfer, social insurance, progressive taxation, and larger government. A paper found that `` exposure to women 's political empowerment during childhood leads to large increases in educational attainment for children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, in particular blacks and Southern whites. We also find improvements in employment outcomes among this group. '' See also ( edit ) African - American Woman Suffrage Movement Anti-suffragism California Proposition 4 ( 1911 ) League of Women Voters List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists National American Woman Suffrage Association Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Silent Sentinels Suffrage Suffrage Hikes Timeline of women 's rights ( other than voting ) Timeline of women 's suffrage Timeline of women 's suffrage in the United States Women 's suffrage in states of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue - 1917 ''. New York Times. 1917. Jump up ^ Chapin, Judge Henry ( 1881 ). Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church in Uxbridge, 1864. Worcester, Massachusetts : Charles Hamilton Press ( Harvard Library ; from Google Books ). p. 172. Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), p. 138 Jump up ^ `` An Act to establish a system of Common Schools in the State of Kentucky, Chap. 898, Sec. 37 ''. Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, December Session, 1837. Frankfort : A.G. Hodges State Printer. 1838. p. 282. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Jump up ^ Early activists tended to refer to `` woman suffrage, '' but historians usually call it `` women 's suffrage. '' See Gordon ( 1997 ), p. xxiv n. 5 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 32 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 43, 348 n. 19. Flexner refers to it a pamphlet, but it has 128 pages. See The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women by Sarah Grimké, 1838, Boston : Isaac Knapp. Jump up ^ Joan Von Mehren ( 1996 ). Minerva and the Muse : A Life of Margaret Fuller, p. 166. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0 - 87023 - 941 - 4. Jump up ^ Quoted in DuBois, ed. ( 1992 ), epigraph, prior to p. 1 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 40, 45 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 25 -- 26, 42, 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 40 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 120 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 1, 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 85 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 117 -- 18 Jump up ^ Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ), Vol. 1, pp. 101 -- 03 Jump up ^ Susan B. Anthony, `` Fifty Years of Work for Woman, '' Independent, 52 ( February 15, 1900 ), pp. 414 -- 17. Quoted in Sherr, Lynn ( 1995 ), Failure is Impossible : Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words, p. 134. New York : Random House. ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2430 - 4 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ), p. 41 Jump up ^ Victoria E. Bynum ( 1992 ). Unruly Women : The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South. University of North Carolina Press, p. 61, 171 n. 8. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2016 - 4 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ), p. 259 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 9 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 57 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), p. 150 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), pp. 151 -- 52. May condemned as `` all unequal, all unrighteous -- this utter annihilation, politically considered, of more than one half of the whole community. '' See Samuel J. May, `` The Rights and Conditions of Women '', in Women 's Rights Tract No. 1 : Commensurate with her capacities and obligations, are Woman 's Rights ( Syracuse, N.Y. : N.M.D. Lathrop, 1853 ), p. 2. Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), p. 72 Jump up ^ Quoted in Million ( 2003 ), p. 99 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), p. 176. Gerrit Smith was a cousin and close friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Wellman says they spurred each other to develop ideas of inclusive politics and to publicly advocate voting rights for women, which Smith did before Stanton. Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), p. 45 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), p. 204 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 3, 72, 77, 84 Jump up ^ Dubois, ed. ( 1992 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ), pp. 193, 195, 203 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 88 -- 89, 238 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Seneca Falls Convention - American Memory Timeline - Classroom Presentation ''. Teacher Resources - Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 95 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wellman, Judith ( 2008 ). `` The Seneca Falls Women 's Rights Convention and the Origin of the Women 's Rights Movement '', pp. 15, 84. National Park Service, Women 's Rights National Historical Park. Wellman is identified as the author of this document here. Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 104, 106 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 110 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), p. 41. The conventions also discussed a variety of other issues, including dress reform and liberalization of divorce laws. Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 109 -- 10 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 115 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 76 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 116 Jump up ^ The first national convention was organized primarily by Davis. The next several conventions were organized primarily by Stone. After the birth of her daughter in 1857, Stone withdrew from most public activity for several years. Anthony shared responsibilities for the 1858 and 1859 conventions. Stanton was the primary organizer of the 1860 convention. For details, see Million ( 2003 ), pp. 105 -- 6, 116, 174, 239, 250 -- 52, 260, 263 -- 69 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 123 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 136 -- 37. Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ), pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), p. 245. Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 109, 121 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 116, 173 -- 74, 264 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 113 Jump up ^ Sigerman, Harriet, Elizabeth Cady Stanton : The Right Is Ours, 2001, p. 95. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0195119695 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ), pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Gordon ( 1997 ), p. xxx Jump up ^ Dumenil, Lynn, Editor - in - Chief, The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History, 2012, p. 59. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0199743360 Jump up ^ National Woman Suffrage Association, Report of the International Council of Women, Volume 1, 1888, p. 327 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ), pp. 234 -- 35 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 149 Jump up ^ Judith E. Harper. `` Biography ''. Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ). Retrieved June 11, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Venet ( 1991 ), p. 148 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 51 Jump up ^ Venet ( 1991 ), p. 116 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 105 Jump up ^ For membership numbers, see Barry ( 1988 ), p. 154. For `` pool of talent, '' see Venet ( 1991 ), p. 1. Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, pp. 152 -- 53 Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, p. 270. Greeley was referring to the 1867 AERA campaign in New York State for women 's suffrage and the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters. Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, p. 232 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 105 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), pp. 124, 127 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 92 -- 94. Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 80 -- 81, 189, 196. The AERA held no further annual meetings and went out of existence a year later. See Harper ( 1899 ), pp. 348 - 49 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 164, 168 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 164 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` Woman Suffrage, '' New York Tribune, November 21, 1868 ; `` Mrs. Lucy Stone and Woman Suffrage, '' cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ `` Stones Holding Their Peace, '' and `` Lucy Stone and the Negro 's Hour, '' Revolution 3 ( February 4, 1869 ) : 73, 89. Citied in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p 165 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 173, 189, 196. Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ), p. 47 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 174 -- 75, 185 ^ Jump up to : Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ), p. 48 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Anniversaries ''. New York Tribune. May 15, 1868. Quoted in Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 149. Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, pp. 382 -- 384. Douglass and Stone are speaking here during the final AERA convention in 1869. Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ), pp. 194, 208. The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, `` The Sixteenth Amendment, '' The Revolution, April 29, 1869, p. 266. Quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ), p. 178. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, `` Manhood Suffrage, '' The Revolution, December 24, 1868. Reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ), p. 196 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ), p. 190 Jump up ^ Henry B. Blackwell ( January 15, 1867 ). `` What the South can do ''. Library of Congress. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Cited in Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 93 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 199 -- 200. That did not happen ; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women 's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform. Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, p. 341. This letter was signed by Anthony, who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person. Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 109 -- 10, 200 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 152. Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 17 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 192, 196, 197 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ), pp. 166, 200 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ), pp. 98 -- 99, 117 ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon. `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : A Short Narrative ''. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21. ( The name of this article 's author is here. ) Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ), pp. 100, 119, 120 Jump up ^ Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ), Vol. 2, p. 599 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ), pp. 100, 122 Jump up ^ DuBois, ed. ( 1992 ), pp. 101 -- 06 Jump up ^ Amanda Frisken, Victoria Woodhull 's sexual revolution : Political theater and the popular press in nineteenth - century America ( 2011 ). ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon. `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : Legal Questions Before the Federal Courts ''. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31. This article also points out that Supreme Court rulings did not establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights until the mid-twentieth century. Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit L. ; Ely, James W. ; Grossman, Joel B. ( 2005 ). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. pp. 381 -- 82. ISBN 9780195176612. Jump up ^ Anthony, Susan B. `` Susan B. Anthony 's speech before the circuit court ''. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31. Jump up ^ Cullen - DuPont, Kathryn ( 2000 ). `` History of Woman Suffrage '' in Encyclopedia of Women 's History in America, second edition, p. 115. New York : Facts on File. ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4100 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 165 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ), p. 120 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 218 Jump up ^ Norgren, Jill ( 2007 ). Belva Lockwood : The Woman Who Would Be President, pp. x, 124 -- 142. New York : New York University Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5834 - 7. Lockwood ran for president again in 1888. Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ), p. 326 Jump up ^ `` An Act Conferring upon Women the Elective Franchise '', approved February 12, 1870. Acts, Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Utah, Passed at the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Legislature, 1870, p. 8. Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ), pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 168 Jump up ^ Teele, Dawn Langan ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ). `` How the West Was Won : Competition, Mobilization, and Women 's Enfranchisement in the United States ''. The Journal of Politics : 000 -- 000. doi : 10.1086 / 696621. ISSN 0022 - 3816. Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 174 -- 176 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 207 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 173 Jump up ^ American Federation of Labor, William Clark Roberts compiler, American Federation of Labor : History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book, 1919, p. 367. Washington, D.C. Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2009 ). pp. xxv, 55 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ), p. 12. Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 163 -- 65 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 208 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Gordon, Ann D, `` Woman Suffrage ( Not Universal Suffrage ) by Federal Amendment '' in Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill ( ed. ), ( 1995 ), Votes for Women! : The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation, pp. 8, 14 -- 16. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0 - 87049 - 836 - 3 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 213 Jump up ^ Dubois, ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 178 -- 80 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 228, 231 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Dubois, ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 182, 188 -- 91 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 22 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Stephen M. Buechler, The Transformation of the Woman Suffrage Movement : The Case of Illinois, 1850 - 1920 ( 1986 ) pp 154 - 57 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Dubois, ed. ( 1992 ) p. 178 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 231 -- 232 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 25, 31 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), pp. 81, 86 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 25 Jump up ^ Richardson, Belinda ( 2007 ). Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence : Attitudes, Training, Or Religious Views?. ProQuest. p. 55. ISBN 9780549564379. Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner ( 2009 ). Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City. Harvard UP. pp. 31 -- 32. ISBN 9780674040090. Jump up ^ Rose, Kenneth D. ( 1997 ). American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. NYU Press. pp. 34 -- 35. ISBN 9780814774663. Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 252, 271 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 294 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 247, 282, 290 Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer, `` The New York City Woman Suffrage Party, 1909 - 1919. '' New York History ( 1962 ) : 269 - 287. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 263 -- 64, 290 Jump up ^ James J. Kenneally, `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts. '' Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) : 43 - 57 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The Uprising of the Women, '' New York Times May 5, 1912, quoted in Sandra Adickes, `` Sisters, not demons : The influence of British suffragists on the American Suffrage Movement, '' Women 's History Review ( 2002 ) 11 # 4 pp : 675 - 690 at p 681 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 223 Jump up ^ Blee, Kathleen M. ( 1999 ). `` Antifeminism ''. In Mankiller, Wilma P. ; et al. The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 32. ISBN 0618001824. Jump up ^ Susan Goodier, No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press, 2013 ) pp. 85 -- 86. Jump up ^ `` A Creed '' by Josephine Jewell Dodge, 1915, cited in Susan Goodier, The other woman 's movement : Anti-suffrage activism in New York State, 1865 -- 1932 ( PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2007 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Goodier ( 2013 ) ch. 6 Jump up ^ Arkansas also ratified. A. Elizabeth Taylor, `` A short history of the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee. '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly ( 1943 ) pp : 195 - 215. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Johnson, `` Kate Gordon and the Woman - Suffrage Movement in the South, '' Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38 # 3 pp 365 - 392 Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ) pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ( 1993 ). New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780195359572. Jump up ^ Elna C. Green, Southern Strategies : Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question ( 1997 ) p 52 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ), pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ), pp. 114 -- 18, 177 Jump up ^ Evelyn A. Kirkley, `` ' This Work is God 's Cause ' : Religion in the Southern Woman Suffrage Movement, 1880 -- 1920. '' Church history ( 1990 ) 59 # 4 pp : 507 - 522 esp p 508 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ), pp. 121, 120 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 298 -- 99 Jump up ^ New York World, February 2, 1896, quoted in Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ), Vol. 2. p. 859 Jump up ^ Quoted in Schultz ( 2013 ), p. 33 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), p. 72 Jump up ^ Schultz ( 2013 ), p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Maud Wood Park ''. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ Jana Nidiffer, `` Suffrage, FPS, and History of Higher Education '', in Allen, Elizabeth J., et al. ( 2010 ), Reconstructing Policy in Higher Education, pp. 45 -- 47. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 99776 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 242 -- 51 Jump up ^ Frost - Knappman and Cullen - DuPont ( 2009 ), p. 304 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 255 -- 57 Jump up ^ Ward ( 1999 ), pp. 214 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today ; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test ''. The New York Times. September 26, 1918. Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ), p. 146 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), pp. 133, 158 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map ''. Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ), pp. 14 -- 18 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), p. 210 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ), pp. 208, 224 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ), pp. 117, 119 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), pp. 88, 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 166 Jump up ^ `` Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 ''. Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), pp. 57, 112 -- 13 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), pp. 84 -- 85, 88 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ), p. 143 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), p. 87 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ), pp. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 276, 280 -- 81 Jump up ^ Norma Smith, Jeannette Rankin, America 's Conscience ( Montana Historical Society, 2002 ) Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 275 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), p. 187 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 277 -- 78 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ), pp. 192, 194, 200, 207 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ), p. 41 Jump up ^ The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson : War and peace, Baker and Dodd ( eds. ), p. 265, quoted in Flexner ( 1959 ), p. 302 Jump up ^ The record of the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission, Inc., 1917 - 1929, by Rose Young, posted on the web by the Library of Congress. Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ), p. 146 Jump up ^ Susan Zeiger, `` She did n't raise her boy to be a slacker : Motherhood, conscription, and the culture of the First World War. '' Feminist Studies ( 1996 ) : 7 - 39. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ), pp. 302, 381 n. 6 Jump up ^ Palm, Trineke ( March 2013 ). `` Embedded in social cleavages : an explanation of the variation in timing of women 's suffrage ''. Scandinavian Political Studies. Wiley. 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.2012. 00294. x. Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 ''. Jump up ^ `` On passage of H.J. Res. 1, proposing to the state legislatures a woman 's suffrage amendment to the constitution. ( P. 1483 ) ''. Jump up ^ Lunardini, Christine A. ; Knock, Thomas J. ( Winter 1980 -- 1981 ). `` Woodrow Wilson and woman suffrage : a new look ''. Political Science Quarterly. Academy of Political Science. 95 ( 4 ) : 655 -- 671. doi : 10.2307 / 2150609. Jump up ^ Behn, Beth ( 2012 ). Woodrow Wilson 's conversion experience : the president and the federal woman suffrage amendment ( pdf ) ( Ph. D. thesis ). University of Massachusetts Amherst. OCLC 813298690. ( Quote from abstract. ) Jump up ^ `` S652146 Y = 53, N = 31 JONES, N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200. '' Jump up ^ `` S653037 Y = 55, N = 29 JONES, N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200. '' Jump up ^ `` To pass H.J. Res. 1, proposing an amendment to the constitution extending the right to suffrage of women. ( P. 78 - 2 ) ''. Jump up ^ `` S661014 Y = 56, N = 25 WATSON, IND. TO PASS HJR 1 ''. Jump up ^ Arendale, Marirose ( Spring 1980 ). `` Tennessee and women 's rights ''. Tennessee Historical Quarterly. Tennessee Historical Society. 39 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 78. JSTOR 42626045. Jump up ^ Sherr, Lynn ( 1995 ), `` Oh slavery, hateful thing '', in Sherr, Lynn, Failure is impossible : Susan B. Anthony in her own words, New York : Crown / Archetype, p. 28, ISBN 9781299008762. Details. Jump up ^ Imsande, Jennifer Lynn ( 2006 ). The perils of protection : gender and the recasting of rights in a nation at war, 1860 - 1898 ( Ph. D. thesis ). University of Iowa via ProQuest. ISBN 9780542795619. OCLC 75385271. Details. ^ Jump up to : Spruill Wheeler, Marjorie ( 1995 ). Votes for women! : the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee, the South, and the nation. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9780870498374. Jump up ^ Scott, Thomas A., ed. ( 1995 ). Cornerstones of Georgia history documents that formed the state. Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820340227. Jump up ^ Payne, Elizabeth Anne ; Swain, Martha H. ( 2003 ), `` The twentieth century '', in Payne, Elizabeth Anne ; Swain, Martha H. ; Spruill, Majorie Julian, Mississippi women : their histories, their lives ( volume 2 ), Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, p. 154, ISBN 9780820333939. Preview. Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen, After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman, Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Center of American Women and Politics, `` Women in the U.S. Congress 2013 '', Rutgers, ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s, Hill and Wang, ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Lott, John and Lawrence W. Kenny, `` Did Women 's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government? '', Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago, 1999, vol. 107, no. 6, pt. 1 Jump up ^ Kose, Esra ; Kuka, Elira ; Shenhav, Na'ama ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ). `` Women 's Enfranchisement and Children 's Education : The Long - Run Impact of the U.S. Suffrage Movement ''. Rochester, NY. Bibliography ( edit ) Baker, Jean, ed. Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited ( 2002 ) 11 essays by scholars Barry, Kathleen ( 1988 ). Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist. New York : Ballantine Books. ISBN 0 - 345 - 36549 - 6. Corder, J. Kevin and Christina Wolbrecht, eds. Counting Women 's Ballots : Female Voters from Suffrage through the New Deal ( Cambridge UP, 2016 ). xiv, 316 pp. Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism ( 1987 ). DuBois, Ellen Carol ( 1978 ). Feminism and Suffrage : The Emergence of an Independent Women 's Movement in America, 1848 -- 1869. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press. ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8641 - 6. DuBois, Ellen Carol ( 1998 ). Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights. New York : New York University Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1901 - 5. Dudden, Faye E. ( 2011 ). Fighting Chance : The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977263 - 6. Flexner, Eleanor ( 1959 ). Century of Struggle. Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0674106536. Fowler, Robert Booth ( 1986 ). Carrie Catt : Feminist Politician. Boston : Northeastern University Press. ISBN 0 - 930350 - 86 - 3. Frost - Knappman, Elizabeth and Cullen - DuPont, Kathryn ( 2009 ). Women 's Suffrage in America. New York : Facts on File. ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5693 - 5. Graham, Sara Hunter ( 1996 ). Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy. New Haven : Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 06346 - 6. Ginzberg, Lori D ( 2009 ). Elizabeth Cady Stanton : An American Life. Hill and Wang, New York. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9493 - 6. Harper, Ida Husted ( 1898 -- 1908 ). The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol 1 of 3. ; The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Vol. 2 of 3. Hewitt, Nancy A. ( 2001 ). Women 's Activism and Social Change : Rochester, New York, 1822 -- 1872. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland. ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0297 - 4. Kraditor, Aileen S. The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ), influential intellectual history McMillen, Sally Gregory ( 2008 ). Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women 's Rights Movement. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0. Million, Joelle. ( 2003 ). Woman 's Voice, Woman 's Place : Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman 's Rights Movement, Westport, CT : Praeger. ISBN 0 - 275 - 97877 - X. Rakow, Lana F. and Kramarae, Cheris, editors ( 2001 ). The Revolution in Words : Righting Women 1868 -- 1871, Volume 4 of Women 's Source Library. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25689 - 6. Schultz, Jaime ( 2013 ). `` The Physical is Political : Women 's Suffrage, Pilgrim Hikes and the Public Sphere '', in Women, Sport, Society : Further Reflections, Reaffirming Mary Wollstonecraft, edited by Roberta J. Park and Patricia Vertinsky. New York : Routledge. ISBN 9781317985808 Scott, Anne Firor and Scott, Andrew MacKay ( 1982 ). One Half the People : The Fight for Woman Suffrage Chicago : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 01005 - 1. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony, Susan B. ; Gage, Matilda Joslyn ; Harper, Ida ( 1881 -- 1922 ). History of Woman Suffrage in six volumes. Rochester, NY : Susan B. Anthony ( Charles Mann Press ). Venet, Wendy Hamand ( 1991 ). Neither Ballots nor Bullets : Women Abolitionists and the Civil War. Charlottesville, VA : University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978 - 0813913421. Walton, Mary ( 2010 ). A Woman 's Crusade : Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot New York : Palgrave McMillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61175 - 7. Ward, Geoffrey C., with essays by Martha Saxton, Ann D. Gordon and Ellen Carol DuBois ( 1999 ). Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. New York : Alfred Knopf. ISBN 0 - 375 - 40560 - 7. Wellman, Judith ( 2004 ). The Road to Seneca Falls : Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women 's Rights Convention, University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 02904 - 6. Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill ( 1993 ). New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 507583 - 8. Anti-suffrage ( edit ) Benjamin, Anne M. A History of the Anti-Suffrage Movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920 ( Edwin Mellen Press, 1992 ). Goodier, Susan. No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press, 2013 ) ; chapter summary ; excerpt and text search. J essica Brannon - Wranosky. `` Review of Goodier, Susan, No Votes for Women : The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement ''. H - SHGAPE, H - Net Reviews. October 2014. Green, Elna C. `` From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism : The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden ''. Journal of Southern History ( 1999 ) : 287 - 316. in JSTOR Jablonsky, Thomas J. The home, heaven, and mother party : Female anti-suffragists in the United States, 1868 -- 1920 ( Carlson Pub., 1994 ). Kenneally, James J. `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts ''. Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) 8 # 1 pp : 43 - 57. Maddux, Kristy. `` When Patriots Protest : The Anti-Suffrage Discursive Transformation of 1917 ''. Rhetoric and Public Affairs ( 2004 ) 7 # 3 pp. 283 -- 310. Marshall, Susan E. Splintered Sisterhood : Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage ( University of Wisconsin Press, 1997 ) Nielsen, Kim E. Un-American womanhood : Antiradicalism, antifeminism, and the first Red Scare ( Ohio State University Press, 2001 ). Palczewski, Catherine H. `` The male Madonna and the feminine Uncle Sam : Visual argument, icons, and ideographs in 1909 anti-woman suffrage postcards ''. Quarterly Journal of Speech ( 2005 ) 91 # 4 pp. : 365 -- 394. Stevenson, Louise L. `` Women Anti-Suffragists in the 1915 Massachusetts Campaign ''. New England Quarterly ( 1979 ) 52 # 1 pp. 80 -- 93. in JSTOR Thurner, Manuela. `` ' Better Citizens Without the Ballot ' : American AntiSuffrage Women and Their Rationale During the Progressive Era ''. Journal of Women 's History ( 1993 ) 5 # 1 pp : 33 - 60. online Vacca, Carolyn Summers. A reform against nature : woman suffrage and the rethinking of American citizenship, 1840 -- 1920 ( Peter Lang, 2004 ) Primary sources ( edit ) DuBois, Ellen Carol, ed. ( 1992 ). The Elizabeth Cady Stanton -- Susan B. Anthony Reader. Boston : Northwestern University Press. ISBN 1 - 55553 - 143 - 1. Dubois, Ellen Carol and Dumenil, Lynn ( 2009 ). Through Women 's Eyes : An American History with Documents, Vol. 1. Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 46888 - 0. Gordon, Ann D., ed. ( 1997 ). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : In the School of Anti-Slavery, 1840 to 1866. Vol. 1 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2317 - 6. Gordon, Ann D., ed. ( 2000 ). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Against an aristocracy of sex, 1866 to 1873. Vol. 2 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2318 - 4. Gordon, Ann D., ed. ( 2009 ). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Place Inside the Body - Politic, 1887 to 1895. Vol. 5 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2321 - 7. Further reading ( edit ) Knobe, Bertha Damaris ( August 1911 ). `` Recent Strides Of Woman Suffrage ''. The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. XXII ( 1 ) : 14733 -- 14745. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage in the United States. Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Detailed Chronology of National Woman 's Party Database of National Woman 's Party Actions Outside Washington D.C. 1914 - 1924 National Woman 's Party Offices and Actions ( Washington D.C. map ) National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts International Woman Suffrage Timeline : Winning the Vote for Women Around the World provided by About.com The Liberator Files, Items concerning women 's rights from Horace Seldon 's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison 's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts. The Sewall - Belmont House & Museum -- Home of the historic National Woman 's Party Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Women 's suffrage in the United States from 1908 - 1918 : Select `` Suffrage '' subject, at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution from the Library of Congress Maurer, Elizabeth. `` Pathways to Equality : The U.S. Women 's Rights Movement Emerges ''. National Women 's History Museum. 2014. Mayo, Edith P. `` Creating a Female Political Culture ''. National Women 's History Museum. 2017. ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man, one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Alice Paul Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Co-authored Equal Rights Amendment Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Alice Paul Institute Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&oldid=839672221 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage in the United States History of voting rights in the United States History of women in the United States History of women 's rights in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018, at 23 : 00. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "June 4, 1919, it was brought the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 nays ( Republicans 36 - 8 for, Democrats 20 - 17 for ). Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being then in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. After Washington on March 22, 1920, ratification languished for months. Finally, on August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, making it the law throughout the United States. Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state. `` To get the word male in effect out of the Constitution cost the women of the country fifty - two years of pauseless campaign... During that time they were forced to conduct fifty - six campaigns of referenda to male voters ; 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters ; 47 campaigns to get State constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into State constitutions ; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks ; 30 campaigns to get presidential party conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party platforms, and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses. Millions of dollars were raised, mainly in small sums, and expended with economic care. Hundreds" ], "id": [ "11709374795053903008" ], "short_answers": [ "the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub - wikipedia U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub Jump to : navigation, search U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub Location Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Opening Date 2006 ( 2006 ) Developer Ayala Land Operator University of the Philippines Diliman Website AyalaTBI The U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub is an information technology hub jointly developed by the University of the Philippines Diliman and property developer Ayala Land. It is located in Commonwealth Avenue, Barangay U.P. Campus, Quezon City. It occupies 20 hectares ( 49 acres ) within the 37.5 hectares ( 93 acres ) of the U.P. North Science and Technology Park. Contents ( hide ) 1 Business activities 2 History 3 References 4 External links Business activities ( edit ) The entire development was listed as an approved IT Park by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority in February 2009. This status makes export - oriented companies located therein eligible for temporary tax holiday, permanent reduced rate of corporate income tax, and other incentives. IBM announced in February 2009 that it would open an Innovation Center at the park, its second in Southeast Asia after the one located in Malaysia. Convergys also inaugurated its contact center at TechnoHub in April 2009, along with two others simultaneously opened at Nuvali TechnoHub in Santa Rosa, Laguna and Cebu IT Park in Cebu City. History ( edit ) Panorama of the U.P. Ayala Land TechnoHub from the second floor of the Tech Portal Building. The TechnoHub is the second U.P. - Ayala joint project, the first being the U.P. South Technopark along C.P. Garcia and Katipunan Avenues ; it is then followed by collaborations on Katipunan Avenue south of the UP Diliman campus. In October 2006, Ayala Land announced that it would invest P6 billion over the following five to ten years to develop the Commonwealth Avenue property. Quezon City mayor Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. signed an order in December 2006 adjusting the zoning classification of part of UP Diliman so that the project could legally proceed. Critics have charged that the site represents stealth privatization of part of the university and a gateway for private sector `` vultures '' to establish a foothold in the non-commercial university. Seven U.P. students were arrested for raising protests to this end during the hub 's inauguration in November 22 2008 they were released without charges. The first batch of tenants began moving into the technology park in August 2008. In October 2008, Ayala announced that ten startups would move into the northern technology park, in comparison to the nine already located in its southern counterpart. In July 2009, Ayala and UP Diliman 's opened a third collaboration, the DOST - PEZA Open Technology Business Incubator, at Katipunan Avenue ; the new incubator planned to host companies focused on cloud computing and open - source software development. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New Ayala technology park ready to welcome tenants, GMA News Jump up ^ PGMA inaugurates UP - Ayala TechnoHub, Positive News Media via Philippine News Agency Jump up ^ UP Technology Park granted PEZA perks, Manila Bulletin Jump up ^ Philippine Economic Zone Authority : IT Parks / Centers Archived November 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ IBM to put up second lab in SEA at UP Technopark, Manila Bulletin Jump up ^ StarTek to expand maiden Philippine operation, Manila Times ^ Jump up to : Ayala signs 10 startups in UP Technopark, Philippine Daily Inquirer Jump up ^ Ayala earmarks P6 billion for UP property, Business World Jump up ^ National S&T complex to rise, Philippine Headline News Jump up ^ Ayala Land Builds RP 's `` Silicon Valley '', Pinoy Herald Jump up ^ Latest UP Diliman Technopark opens, Manila Times External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub. AyalaTBI official website PGMA 's Speech during the Inauguration of UP - Ayala Land TechnoHub Coordinates : 14 ° 39 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 03 ′ 21 '' E  /  14.657229 ° N 121.055834 ° E  / 14.657229 ; 121.055834 Populated places in Metro Manila Cities and municipalities Caloocan Las Piñas Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Parañaque Pasay Pasig Pateros Quezon City San Juan Taguig Valenzuela Barangays and districts Capital District Binondo Ermita Intramuros Malate Paco Pandacan Port Area Quiapo Sampaloc San Andres San Miguel San Nicolas Santa Ana Santa Cruz Santa Mesa Tondo Eastern Manila District Bagong Silangan Bagumbayan Balingasa Barangka Batasan Hills Calumpang Camp Aguinaldo Damayan Greater Lagro Marikina Heights Namayan Onse Payatas Pinyahan San Antonio Santa Cruz South Triangle Socorro Santa Elena Ugong UP Campus UP Village Veterans Village West Triangle Southern Manila District Alabang Ayala Alabang Baclaran Bagumbayan Bambang Bel - Air Village BF Homes Parañaque BF International Village Carmona Central Signal Village Dasmariñas Village Forbes Park Maharlika Village New Lower Bicutan Pinagsama Poblacion, Makati Poblacion, Muntinlupa Putatan San Isidro Singkamas Tunasan Upper Bicutan CAMANAVA District Arkong Bato Bagong Silang Bagumbayan North Bagumbayan South Balangkas Bangkulasi Bignay Bisig Daanghari Dalandanan Isla Karuhatan Lawang Bato Malanday Navotas East Navotas West Northbay Blvd. North Northbay Blvd. South Palasan Pariancillo Villa Polo Punturin San Jose San Rafael Village San Roque Sipac - Almacen Tagalag Tangos North Tangos South Tanza Tinajeros Tugatog Veinte Reales Business districts and commercial areas Central business districts Makati CBD Ortigas Center Bonifacio Global City Secondary business districts Alabang Araneta Center Bay City Binondo Eastwood City Ermita Makati Poblacion Malate San Lazaro Tourism and Business Park Triangle Park Other mixed - use areas Arca South Ayala Center Capitol Commons Century City, Makati Circuit Makati Entertainment City Eton Centris New Manila Bay -- City of Pearl Newport City Riverbanks Center Robinsons Cybergate Rockwell Center U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub Vertis North See also : Administrative divisions of Metro Manila University of the Philippines System UP President, UP Board of Regents Units Constituent universities UP Baguio UP Cebu UP Diliman UP Los Baños UP Manila UP Mindanao UP Open University UP Visayas Satellite units UP South Road Properties ( Cebu ) UP Bonifacio Global City ( Diliman ) UP Extension Program in Olongapo ( Diliman ) UP Extension Program in Pampanga ( Diliman ) UP School of Health Sciences, Aurora ( Manila ) UP School of Health Sciences, Koronadal City ( Manila ) UP School of Health Sciences, Leyte ( Manila ) UP Visayas Tacloban College ( Visayas ) Basic education units UP High School Cebu ( Cebu ) UP High School in Iloilo ( Visayas ) UP Integrated School ( Diliman ) UP Rural High School ( Bay, Laguna ) Research National National Center for Transportation Studies National College of Public Administration and Governance National Crop Protection National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development National Institute of Geological Sciences National Institutes of Health National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology National Institute of Physics National Engineering Center Sentro ng Wikang Filipino International ( hosted ) ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity International Rice Research Institute SEAMEO Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology SEAMEO Tropical Medicine and Public Health Network Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture Related articles People UP College Admission Test UP Centennial Oblation Oblation Run `` UP Naming Mahal '' DZUP Radio Circle U.P. -- Ayala Land TechnoHub UP Town Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.P. -- Ayala_Land_TechnoHub&oldid = 790186825 '' Categories : Science parks in Metro Manila Business incubators of the Philippines University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017, at 04 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "U.P.–Ayala Land TechnoHub", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=U.P.%E2%80%93Ayala_Land_TechnoHub&amp;oldid=790186825" }

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{ "text": "Culture of the Philippines - wikipedia Culture of the Philippines Current logo for the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property Part of a series on the Culture of the Philippines History ( show ) Archaeology Prehistory 900 -- 1521 1521 -- 1898 1946 -- 65 1965 -- 86 1986 -- present People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) basketball volleyball football martial arts rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Cultural properties Historical markers more Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Motto Anthem Language Flower Tree Bird Gem Sport Philippines portal Mano po gesture a sign of respect to elders The culture of the Philippines is a combination of cultures of the East and West. Filipino identity was born at the same time as its creation, Mainly from its pre-colonial cultures that merged with the influence of the colonizers and Chinese traders that melted and evolved to its own unique classical Filipino identity. In the pre-colonial times, it was a divided set of nations, islands and tribes being ruled by their own specific social kings, chieftains, Lakans, Rajahs, Datus and Sultans. Every nation has its own identity and some are even part of a larger empire outside of the modern day map of what is now the Philippines, for example ; Manila was once part of the Bruneian Empire. Another example is many parts of the modern day Mindanao is theorized to be part of the Majapahit empire with its capital being located in East Java in the modern day Indonesia. The advent of the colonial arrival to the islands started the modern day Philippines. As it was during that time, that what is today a united islands now known as the Philippines was created. The Chinese influenced has been felt throughout Southeast Asia through trade, even before the colonization of the region specifically Ming dynasty and other earlier dynasties as early as the 9th century. But it was during the Spanish colonization that modern day Chinese Filipino signature - mark on what is now the Philippines was developed. These cultures that melted from pre-colonial internal culture and external influence is very evident in the pre-modern era arts and tradition of the Philippines. The Philippines was first settled by Negritos ; today, although few in numbers, they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. After them, the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago. Today, the Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnicities, languages, cuisine, music, dance and almost every aspect of the culture. These Austronesians engaged in trading with other Austronesians, particularly in the neighbouring nations of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. They also traded with the mainland Southeast Asia, as well as Japan, China, the Indian subcontinent and Arabia. As a result, some of these cultures marked their influences on Philippine culture. The Spanish Empire then gradually colonized the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries ( Batanes being one of the last places to be colonized in the mid-1800s ), after more than three centuries of colonization, Roman Catholicism spread throughout the archipelago and influenced the religion of the native people. Then, after being colonized by Spain, the Philippines became a U.S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the United States is manifested in the wide use of the English language, media and in the modern culture and clothing of present - day Philippines. Contents 1 Architecture 2 Religion 3 Visual arts 3.1 Painting 3.2 Indigenous art 3.3 Islamic art 4 Performing arts 4.1 Dancing 4.2 Music 5 Literature 6 Cinema and media 7 Cuisine 8 Education 9 Sports 9.1 Martial arts 9.2 Traditional Filipino games 10 Indigenous groups 10.1 Indigenous religions or shamanism 10.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage 11 Filipino diaspora 12 Festivals 13 Holidays 13.1 Regular holidays 13.2 Special holidays 14 Philippine Heritage Towns and Cities 15 See also 16 Further reading 17 References 18 External links Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of the Philippines See also : Nipa hut, Ancestral houses of the Philippines, and Earthquake Baroque Bahay na bato is a traditional Filipino colonial house. Being a colony of the Spanish Empire for almost 300 years, the Spaniards introduced European colonial architecture to the Philippines. The introduction of Christianity brought European churches and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the nation. The Spaniards also introduced stones and rocks as housing and building materials and the Filipinos merged it with their existing architecture and forms a hybrid mix - architecture only exclusive to the Philippines. Filipino colonial architecture can still be seen in centuries - old buildings such as Filipino baroque churches, Bahay na bato ; houses, schools, convents, government buildings around the nation. The best collection of Spanish colonial era architecture can be found in the walled city of Intramuros in Manila and in the historic town of Vigan. Colonial - era churches are also on the best examples and legacies of Spanish Baroque architecture called Earthquake Baroque which are only found in the Philippines. Historic provinces such as Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Iloilo, Negros, Cebu, Bohol and Zamboanga del Sur also boasts colonial - era buildings. In the past, before the Spanish colonization, the Nipa hut ( Bahay Kubo ) was the common form of housing among the native Filipinos. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy seasons. Regional variations include the use of thicker, and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Bahay na bato architecture are a variant of Nipa Hut that emerge during the colonial era. The University of Santo Tomas Main Building in Manila is an example of Renaissance Revival architecture. The building was built on 1924 and was completed at 1927. The building, designed by Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P., is the first earthquake - resistant building in the Philippines that is not a church. Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. Pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. Contemporary - style housing subdivisions and suburban - gated communities are popular in urbanized places such as Metro Manila, Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Negros Island and other prosperous regions. Kalesa, a traditional Philippine urban transportation in front of Manila Cathedral entrance. There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city 's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country 's dying heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally - irresponsible development, and lack of towns - cape architectural vision. Such policies are used by countries which have preserved their architectural marvels, and entire cities as a whole, for hundreds of years, such as Italy, France, Romania, Germany, and Spain. The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping, especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50 - year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine - based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes, such as the case in Manila, where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila 's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila 's architectural townscape one building at a time. Furthermore, the singular architectural proposal has yet to be manifested into an actual policy due to the lack of a Department of Culture. Only the city of Vigan has passed such an ordinance, which led to its declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles. In 2016, senator Loren Legarda filed a bill establishing the Department of Culture. The bill was introduced in the Senate in January 2017 and is expected to be passed into law in late 2018 or early 2019. The bill is backed by 9 other senators from different political parties, namely, Bam Aquino, Nancy Binay, Francis Escudero, Juan Zubiri, Joseph Ejercito, Joel Villanueva, Sherwin Gatchalian, Risa Hontiveros, and Sonny Angara. Three counterpart bills that aim to establish a Department of Culture has also been filed in the House of Representatives, authored by Christopher de Venecia, Evilina Escudero, and Jose Antonio Sy - Alvarado. Architecture of the Philippines Vigan City in Ilocos Sur Aguinaldo Shrine in Cavite Loboc Church in Bohol Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte Liliw Church in Laguna Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the Philippines The Philippines is one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic ( 80.58 % ) nations in Asia - Pacific, the other being East Timor. From the census in 2014, Christianity consisted of about 90.07 % of the population and is largely present throughout the nation, while Islam is comprised for about 5.57 % of the total population and is mostly concentrated in southwestern Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago and southwestern Palawan. Those who reported others or none composed 4.37 % of the total population of the nation. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism and Western culture in the 16th century, the indigenous Austronesian peoples of what is now called the Philippines were adherents of a syncretic religion composed of shamanistic Animism, Polytheism, Islam, Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Visual arts ( edit ) Main article : Art of the Philippines Painting ( edit ) Tampuhan by Juan Luna. Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip ( clay mixed with water ) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery - making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga - Sanga Cave, Sulu and Cagayan 's Laurente Cave. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the archipelago. Early Austronesian peoples, especially in the Philippines, started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors, and at about the same time as the Thais and Laotians as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology. Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the ' Painted People ' of the Visayas. Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranaos who are well known for the Nāga dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King 's House. Letras y figuras is a genre of painting pioneered by Filipino painter José Honorato Lozano. Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th - century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light. Early modernist painters such as Haagen Hansen was associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Lorenzo Miguelito and Alleya Espanol showed a trend for political statement. The first American national artist Jhurgen D.C. Pascua used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artists such as Bea Querol used realities and abstract on his work. In the 1980s, Odd Arthur Hansen, popularly known as ama ng makabayan pintor or father of patriotic paint, gained recognition. He uses his own white hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood on the right side corner. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from professionals. Indigenous art ( edit ) The kut - kut art from Samar. The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics. The binakol is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions. Other parts of Highlands in the Cordillera Region or in local term `` KaIgorotan '' displays their art in tattoing, weaving bags like the `` sangi '' a traditional backpack and carving woods. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. Other peoples such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl, red hornbill beaks, plants, and metals. Some indigenous materials are also used as a medium in different kinds of art works especially in painting by Elito Circa, a folk artist of Pantabangan and a pioneer for using indigenous materials, natural raw materials including human blood. Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and started using materials such as extract from onion, tomato, tuba, coffee, rust, molasses and other materials available anywhere as paint. The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan, Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas, and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human, animal and plant themes. Kut - kut, a technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. It is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques : sgraffito, encaustic and layering. The merging of the ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines, multi-layered texture and an illusion of three - dimensional space. Islamic art ( edit ) Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved - line woodcarving and metalworking called okir, similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and Sama -- Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat - like imagery. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved. Performing arts ( edit ) Dancing ( edit ) Main article : Philippine dance Panderetas dance Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic - tac - toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles. Music ( edit ) Main articles : Music in the Philippines and Harana ( serenade ) The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukulele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay - Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music. Literature ( edit ) Ibong Adarna is a 15th - century Filipino epic poem. Main articles : Literature of the Philippines and Suyat The Philippine literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved throughout the centuries. It had started with traditional folktales and legends made by the ancient Filipinos before Spanish colonization. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country 's pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio - political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Spanish period, while being preserved orally prior to Spanish colonization. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, or any indigenous Philippine languages. Some of the well known work of literature were created from the 17th to 19th century. The Ibong Adarna is a famous epic about an magical bird which was claimed to be written by José de la Cruz or `` Huseng Sisiw ''. Francisco Balagtas is one of the country 's prominent Filipino poets, he is named as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his contributions in Philippine literature. His greatest work, the Florante at Laura is considered as his greatest work and one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature. Balagtas wrote the epic during his imprisonment. José Rizal, the national hero of the country, wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere ( Touch Me Not ) and El Filibusterismo ( The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed ). There have been proposals to revive all indigenous ethnic scripts or suyat in the Philippines, where the ethnic script of the ethnic majority of the student population shall be taught in public and private schools. The proposal came up after major backlash came about when a bill declaring the Tagalog baybayin as the national script of the country. The bill became controversial as it focuses only on the traditional script of the Tagalog people, while dismissing the traditional scripts of more than 100 ethnic groups in the country. The new proposal that came after the backlash cites that if the ethnic majority is Sebwano, then the script that will be taught is badlit. If the ethnic majority is Tagalog, then the script that will be taught is baybayin. If the ethnic majority is Hanunuo Mangyan, then the script that will be taught is hanunu'o, and so on. Cinema and media ( edit ) Main article : Cinema of the Philippines Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, Ang makapal na mukha ( 1939 ), along with Fernando Poe, Sr... The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1870s, were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature. The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures. In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award - winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor - management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films. The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen - oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films. The Philippines, being one of Asia 's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007. The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige. With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over 100 + roles in Philippine Cinema and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers. Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Filipino cuisine La Paz Batchoy is a noodle soup made with pork organs, crushed pork cracklings, chicken stock and beef loin. Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by of main Indian, Chinese, influences indigenous ingredients. The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method of sautéing with garlic and onions. Eating out is a favorite Filipino pastime. A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a day ; breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks, dinner, and again a midnight snack before going to sleep. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet, and is usually eaten together with other dishes. Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives. Some also eat with their hands, especially in informal settings, and also Filipinos use chopsticks when eating seafood. Rice, corn, and popular dishes such as adobo ( a meat stew made from either pork or chicken ), lumpia ( meat or vegetable rolls ), pancit ( a noodle dish ), and lechón baboy ( roasted pig ) are served on plates. Other popular dishes brought from Southeast Asian, and Spanish influences include afritada, asado, chorizo, empanadas, mani ( roasted peanuts ), paksiw ( fish or pork, cooked in vinegar and water with some spices like garlic and pepper ), pan de sal ( bread of salt ), pescado frito ( fried or grilled fish ), sisig, torta ( omelette ), kare - kare ( ox - tail stew ), kilawen, pinakbet ( vegetable stew ), pinapaitan, and sinigang ( tamarind soup with a variety of pork, fish, or prawns ). Some delicacies eaten by some Filipinos may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include balut ( boiled egg with a fertilized duckling inside ), longanisa ( sweet sausage ), and dinuguan ( soup made from pork blood ). A Filipino Lechon. Popular snacks and desserts such as chicharon ( deep fried pork or chicken skin ), halo - halo ( crushed ice with evaporated milk, flan, sliced tropical fruit, and sweet beans ), puto ( white rice cakes ), bibingka ( rice cake with butter or margarine and salted eggs ), ensaymada ( sweet roll with grated cheese on top ), polvoron ( powder candy ), and tsokolate ( chocolate ) are usually eaten outside the three main meals. Popular Philippine beverages include San Miguel Beer, Tanduay Rhum, coconut arrack, and tuba. Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region. In Bicol, for example, foods are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines. Patis ( fish sauce ), suka ( vinegar ), toyo ( soy sauce ), bagoong, and banana ketchup are the most common condiments found in Filipino homes and restaurants. Western fast food chains such as McDonald 's, Wendy 's, KFC, and Pizza Hut are a common sight in the country. Local food chains such as Jollibee, Goldilocks Bakeshop, Mang Inasal and Chowking are also popular and have successfully competed against international fast food chains. Education ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the Philippines and Higher education in the Philippines The University of Santo Tomas, located in Manila, was established in 1611. Education in the Philippines has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from the United States, Spain, and its neighbouring Asian countries. Philippine students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to kindergarten. At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school ( 6 to 9 years ) this include Grade 7 to Grade 10 as junior high school, then after, they graduate. Since the Philippines has already implemented the K - 12 system, students will enter SHS or senior high school, a 2 - year course, to be able to prepare college life with their chosen track such as ABM ( Accountancy Business Management ), STEM ( Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ) and HUMSS ( Humanities and Social Sciences ) other tracks are included like TECH - VOC ( Technical Vocational ). Students can make a choice if they will take the college entrance examinations ( CEE ) for which they enter college or university ( 3 to 5 years ) or find a work after they graduate on senior high school. Other types of schools in the country include private schools, preparatory schools, international schools, laboratory high schools, and science high schools. Of these schools, private Catholic schools are the most famous. Catholic schools are preferred in the Philippines due to their religious beliefs. Most Catholic schools are co-ed. The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have an emblem along with the school colors. The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March, with a two - month summer break from April to May, two - week semestral break in October and Christmas and New Year 's holidays. Changes are currently being made to the system and some universities have copied the Westernized academic calendar and now start the school year in August. In 2005, the Philippines spent about US $138 per pupil compared to US $1,582 in Singapore, US $3,728 in Japan, and US $852 in Thailand. Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in the Philippines Arnis, a form of martial arts, is the national sport in the Philippines. Among the most popular sports include basketball, boxing, football, billiards, chess, ten - pin bowling, volleyball, horse racing, Sepak Takraw and cockfighting. Dodgeball, badminton and Tennis are also popular. Filipinos have gained international success in sports. These are boxing, football, billiards, ten - pin bowling, and chess. Popular sport stars include Manny Pacquiao, Flash Elorde, and Francisco Guilledo in boxing, Paulino Alcántara in football, Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski, and Ramon Fernandez in basketball, Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards, Rafael Nepomuceno in ten - pin bowling, Eugene Torre and Renato Naranja in chess, and Mark Munoz in MMA. The Philippine National Basketball Team is a powerhouse in Asia and has the best performance of all Asian teams in the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup. The Palarong Pambansa, a national sports festival, has its origin in an annual sporting meet of public schools that started in 1948. Private schools and universities eventually joined the national event, which became known as the `` Palarong Pambansa '' in 1976. It serves as a national Olympic Games for students, competing at school and national level contests. The year 2002 event included football, golf, archery, badminton, baseball, chess, gymnastics, tennis, softball, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, track and field, and volleyball. Martial arts ( edit ) A grandmaster of Arnis. Main article : Filipino martial arts There are several forms of Filipino martial arts that originated in the Philippines ( similar to how Silat is the martial arts practiced in Asia ) including Eskrima ( weapon - based fighting, also known as Arnis and in the West sometimes as Kali ), Panantukan ( empty - handed techniques ), and Pananjakman ( the boxing component of Filipino martial arts ). Traditional Filipino Games ( edit ) Main article : List of traditional Filipino games One Traditional Filipino game is luksong tinik. A very popular game to Filipino children where one has to jump over the tinik and cross to the other side unscathed. Other traditional Filipino games include yo - yo, piko, patintero, bahay kubo, pusoy, and sungka. Tong - its is a popular gambling game. Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker hands wisely. Sungka is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to take all shells. The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small pits become empty. Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string, and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound. The `` Salagubang gong '' is a toy described by Charles Brtjes, an American entomologist, who traveled to Negros and discovered a toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the contraption. Piko is a Philippine version of the game hopscotch. Children will draw a sequence rectangles using chalk on the ground. With various level of obstacle on each rectangle, children will compete against one another or in a team. Players use pamato ; usually a flat stone, slipper or anything that could be toss easily. Indigenous groups ( edit ) Main article : Indigenous peoples of the Philippines An Ivatan woman in Batanes. The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of Austronesian ethnic groups. They are the descendants of the original Austronesian inhabitants of the Philippines, that settled in the islands thousands of years ago, and in the process have retained their Indigenous customs and traditions. In 1990, more than 100 highland peoples constituted approximately three percent of the Philippine population. Over the centuries, the isolated highland peoples have retained their Indigenous cultures. The folk arts of these groups were, in a sense, the last remnants of Indigenous traditions that flourished throughout the Philippines before the Islamic and Spanish contacts. The highland peoples are a primitive ethnic group like other Filipinos, although they did not, as a group, have as much contact with the outside world. These peoples displayed a variety of native cultural expressions and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity such as the production of bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. These peoples ranged from various groups of Igorot people, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and Kankana - ey, who built the Rice Terraces thousands of years ago. They have also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with Christian Filipinos. Other Indigenous peoples include the Lumad peoples of the highlands of Mindanao. These groups have remained isolated from Western and Eastern influences. Indigenous religions or shamanism ( edit ) Due to the influx of Christianity, Islam, and other world religions in traditional communities, the indigenous practices, rituals, and spiritual performances and knowledge of indigenous Filipinos are fast disappearing. Cultural workers in the country suggest the Paiwan Model, which was made by the Taiwanese government to preserve indigenous religions, to save the Philippines ' own indigenous religions. The indigenous practices and shamanism of the Paiwan people of Taiwan was the fastest declining religion in the country. This prompted the Taiwanense government to preserve the religion and to push for the establishment of the Paiwan School of Shamanism where religious leaders teach their apprentices the native religion so that it will never be lost. It became an effective medium in preserving, and even uplifting the Paiwan people 's indigenous religion. In the Philippines, shaminism is referred as dayawism, meaning ' gallant religions that give thanks to all living and non-living things '. As of 2018, there is no established school of dayawism in the Philippines, making the hundreds of indigenous religions in the country in great peril from extinction due to the influx of colonial - era religions. Each indigenous religion in the Philippines is distinct from each other, possessing unique epics, pantheons, belief systems, and other intangible heritage pertaining to religious beliefs. Due to this immense diversity in indigenous religions, a singular school of dayawism is not feasible. Rather, hundreds of schools of dayawism pertaining to an ethno - linguistic tribe is a better supplement to the current religious landscape in the Philippines. Intangible Cultural heritage ( edit ) The Philippines, with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as the de facto Ministry of Culture, ratified the 2003 Convention after its formal deposit in August 2006. Prior to the 2003 Convention, the Philippines was invited by UNESCO to nominate intangible heritage elements for the inclusion to the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This prompted the proclamation of the Hudhud chant of the Ifugao in 2001 and Darangen epic chant of the Maranao in 2005. After the establishment of the 2003 Convention, all entries to the Proclamation of Masterpieces were incorporated in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. A third inscription was made in 2015 through a multinational nomination between Cambodia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam for the Tugging Rituals and Games, wherein the Punnuk, tugging ritual of the Ifugao was included. As part of the objective of the 2003 Convention, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts through the Intangible Cultural Heritage unit and in partnership with ICHCAP, published the Pinagmulan : Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2012. The publication contains an initial inventory of 335 ICH elements with elaborate discussions on 109 ICH elements. The elements listed are the first batch of continuous updating process initiated by the government, UNESCO, and other stakeholders. In 2014, the Pinagmulan was a finalist under the category of the Elfren S. Cruz Prize for Best Book in the Social Sciences to the National Book Awards organized by the National Book Development Board. The Philippine inventory is currently being updated as a measure to safeguard more intangible cultural heritage elements in the country. The updating began in 2013 and results may be released in 5 -- 10 years after the scientific process finishes the second batch of element documentations. According to UNESCO, it is not expected by a country or state party to have a completed inventory. On the contrary, the development and updating of inventories is an ongoing process that can never be finished. Between 2015 and 2017, UNESCO 's Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific featured the darangen epic chant, punnuk tugging ritual, and at least three kinds of traditional healing practices in the Philippines, including the manghihilot and albularyo healing practices and belief of buhay na tubig ( living water ) of the Tagalog people of 20th century Quezon city, the baglan and mandadawak healing practices and stone beliefs of the Itneg people in Abra, and the mantatawak healing practices of the Tagalog people of Marinduque. By 2016, according to the ICH Unit, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, there were 367 elements listed under the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage ( PIICH ), the official ICH inventory of the Philippines. All elements under the PIICH are listed in Philippine Registry of Cultural Property ( PRECUP ), the official cultural property inventory of the country which includes both tangible and intangible cultural properties. In April 2018, the buklog of the Subanen people was nominated by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in the list for urgent safeguarding. Filipino diaspora ( edit ) Main article : Overseas Filipino An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin, who lives outside of the Philippines. This term is applied to people of Filipino ancestry, who are citizens or residents of a different country. Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers. There are about 11 million overseas Filipinos living worldwide, equivalent to about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines. Each year, thousands of Filipinos migrate to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs. Other individuals emigrate and become permanent residents of other nations. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects, entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, students, caregivers, domestic helpers, and household maids. International employment includes an increasing number of skilled Filipino workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as brain drain, particularly in the health and education sectors. Also, the employment can result in underemployment, for example, in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses and other employment programs. Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Festivals of the Philippines Flores de Mayo The MassKara Festival of Bacolod. The Sinulog Festival is held to commemorate the Santo Niño Pahiyas Festival in Lucban Quezon Festivals in the Philippines, locally known as fiestas, originated dating back to the Spanish colonial period when the Spaniards introduced Christianity to the country. Most Philippine towns and cities has a patron saint assigned to each of them. Fiestas in the Philippines serve as either religious, cultural, or both. These festivals are held to honor the patron saint or to commemorate history and culture, such as promoting local products and celebrate a bountiful harvest. Fiestas can be categorized by Holy Masses, processions, parades, theatrical play and reenactments, religious or cultural rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts, pageants and various games and contests. Month Festival Place January Ati - Atihan Kalibo, Aklan Sinulog Cebu Dinagyang Iloilo Dinagsa Cadiz, Negros Occidental Coconut San Pablo, Laguna Hinugyaw Koronadal, South Cotabato February Panagbenga Baguio Kaamulan Bukidnon Paraw Regatta Iloilo and Guimaras Pamulinawen ilocos March Pintados de Passi Passi, Iloilo Araw ng Dabaw Davao Kariton Licab, Nueva Ecija Kaamulan Bukidnon April Moriones Marinduque Sinuam San Jose, Batangas Pana - ad Negros Occidental Aliwan Pasay May Magayon Albay Pahiyas Lucban, Quezon Sanduguan Calapan, Oriental Mindoro Butwaan Butuan June Baragatan Palawan Sangyaw Tacloban Pista Y Ang Kagueban Puerto Princesa, Palawan July T'nalak Koronadal, South Cotabato August Kadayawan Davao Higalaay Cagayan de Oro Pavvu - rulun Tuguegarao Sabutan Festival Baler, Aurora September Peñafrancia Naga City Sandurot Dumaguete Padul - ong Borongan, Eastern Samar Bonok - Bonok Surigao City Banigan Basey, Samar Diyandi Iligan City October Fiesta Pilar Zamboanga City Masskara Bacolod Buglasan Negros Oriental November Itik Victoria, Laguna December Paru - Paru Dasmariñas, Cavite Holidays ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Philippines Parol ( Christmas lanterns ) being sold during the Christmas season Good Friday observance in Pampanga Regular holidays ( edit ) Date ( Gregorian Calendar ) Filipino language English language January 1 Araw ng Bagong Taon New Year 's Day March -- April Mahal na Araw including Biyernes Santo and Huwebes Santo Holy Week including Good Friday and Maundy Thursday April 9 Araw ng Kagitingan Day of Valour May 1 Araw ng Manggagawa Labour Day June 12 Araw ng Kalayaan Independence Day August 27 Araw ng mga Bayani National Heroes ' Day November 30 Araw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio Day December 24 Bisperás ng Pasko Christmas Eve December 25 Araw ng Pasko Christmas December 30 Araw ni Rizal Rizal Day Special holidays ( edit ) Date ( Gregorian Calendar ) Filipino language English language January -- February Bagong Taong Pang Tsino Chinese New Year February 25 Anibersaryo ng Rebolusyon ng Lakas ng mga Tao People Power Revolution Anniversary August 21 Araw ni Ninoy Aquino Ninoy Aquino Day November 1 Araw ng mga Santo All Saints Day November 2 Araw ng mga Kaluluwa All Souls ' Day December 31 Bisperás ng Bagong Taón New Year 's Eve Philippine heritage towns and cities ( edit ) The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre-war Philippines ' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio. Today, only the centres ( poblacion or downtown areas ) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the UNESCO city of Vigan which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city / town - singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former heritage townscapes. Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly - furnished modern - style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why UNESCO has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the World Heritage List since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture ( the Vigan colonial style ) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions. While Silay, Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses. In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions. Because of the minimal reach of the current governmental culture agency and the lack of awareness on the importance of Filipino sites, a bill establishing a Department of Culture was formally filed in 2016. The bill is expected to pass into law by late 2018 or early 2019 as it was declared a priority legislation by both houses of Congress. If the bill reaches its deadline, a secretary of culture will be appointed by June -- July 2019. Throughout the nation, there are many heritage cities and towns. The following are in : Greater Manila Area Metro Manila Malabon Manila ( UNESCO City ) Quezon City San Juan Cavite Cavite City Kawit Maragondon Laguna Alaminos de Laguna Biñan Cabuyao Calamba Liliw Los Baños Magdalena Majayjay Nagcarlan Paete Pagsanjan Pakil Pila San Pablo Santa Rosa Rizal Angono Antipolo Baras Morong Tanay Luzon Northern Luzon Batac Laoag Mahatao Paoay ( UNESCO Town ) Sabtang San Nicolas Santa Maria ( UNESCO Town ) Sarrat Tuguegarao Uyugan The Cordilleras Baguio ( UNESCO City ) Banaue ( UNESCO Town ) Hungduan ( UNESCO Town ) Kiangan ( UNESCO Town ) Mayoyao ( UNESCO Town ) Sagada Central Luzon Alaminos Angat Angeles Bacolor Baler Baliuag Bustos Guagua Lingayen Malolos Plaridel San Fernando San Miguel Santa Cruz Santa Rita Southern Luzon Balayan Batangas City Boac Calaca Lucban Lucena San Juan de Batangas Sariaya Taal Tayabas Bicol Region Camalig Daet Daraga Legazpi Naga Tabaco Visayas Western Visayas Iloilo City Miag - ao ( UNESCO Town ) Panay Romblon Roxas Palawan Culion Cuyo Puerto Princesa ( UNESCO City ) Taytay Negros Island Bacolod Bacong Dumaguete Silay Victorias Central Visayas Argao Baclayon Bantayan Carcar Cebu City Dalaguete Dauis Oslob Panglao Tagbilaran Lazi Eastern Visayas Capul Guiuan Mindanao Zamboanga Peninsula Dapitan Zamboanga City Northern Mindanao and A.R.M.M. Balingasag Cagayan de Oro Iligan Jasaan Jimenez Marawi Oroquieta Ozamiz Tugaya ( UNESCO Town ) Caraga Butuan Cabadbaran Davao Region Davao City Mati ( UNESCO Town ) SOCCSKSARGEN Glan Lake Sebu See also ( edit ) Art of the Philippines Filipino values List of museums in the Philippines Fashion and clothing in the Philippines History of the Philippines History of the Philippines ( before 1521 ) History of the Philippines ( Pre-Colonial Era 900 -- 1521 ) History of the Philippines ( Spanish Era 1521 -- 1898 ) History of the Philippines ( American Era 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the Philippines ( Third Republic 1946 -- 65 ) History of the Philippines ( Marcos Era 1965 -- 86 ) History of the Philippines ( Contemporary Era 1986 -- present ) Further Reading ( edit ) Kathleen Melissa Martinez ( 2007 ). FINDING A HOME FOR FILIPINO - AMERICAN DUAL CITIZENS : MEMBERSHIP AND THE FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY ( PDF ) ( Master of Arts in Communication, Culture and Technology thesis ). Georgetown University. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 05. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baringer, Sally E. ( c. 2006 ). `` The Philippines ''. In Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg Inc. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from www.everyculture.com. Jump up ^ `` Going Banana ''. ThePhilippines.ph. Jump up ^ `` The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan ''. Philippine Almanac. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ American influence on the Philipinnes Jump up ^ `` Main Building ''. UST.edu.ph. Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 28. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04. Jump up ^ `` 17th Congress - Senate Bill No. 1528 - Senate of the Philippines ''. Senate.gov.ph. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` House of Representatives ''. www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved 6 April 2018. Jump up ^ Carolyn Brewer ( 2004 ). Shamanism, Catholicism, and gender relations in colonial Philippines, 1521 - 1685. Ashgate Publishing. p. xvii. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3437 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Islas de los Pintados : The Visayan Islands ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 26. Jump up ^ Francisco Alzina ( 1668 ). Historias de las Islas el Indios de Bisaias. The Bisayans are called Pintados because they are in fact so, not by nature although they are well - built, well - featured and white, but by painting their entire bodies from head to foot as soon as they are young men with strength and courage enough to endure the torture of painting. In the old days, they painted themselves when they had performed some brave deed. They paint themselves by first drawing blood with pricks from a very sharp point, following the design and lines previously marked by the craftsmen in the art, and then over the fresh blood applying an indelible black powder. They do not paint the whole body at one time, but part by part, so that the painting takes many days to complete. In the former times they had to perform a new feat of bravery for each of the parts that were to be painted. The paintings are very elegant, and well proportioned to the members and parts where they are located. I used to say there, captivated and astonished by the appearance of one of these, that if they brought it to Europe a great deal of money could be made by displaying it. Children are not painted. The women paint the whole of one hand and a part of the other. Jump up ^ `` Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance - Singkil ''. Jump up ^ `` Guide to Philippine Cultural and Folk Dances ''. philippinesculturalfolkdances.blogspot.com. Jump up ^ `` Ibong Adarna in the year 2014 ''. philstar.com. Jump up ^ `` Philippine Heroes - Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz ( 1788 - 1862 ) ''. Etravel Pilipinas. Retrieved 11 March 2014. Jump up ^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress Jump up ^ `` Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Kovie Industry? ''. philnews.com. Retrieved January 25, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Aenet : Philippine Film History ''. aenet.org. Retrieved January 22, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Grafilo, John ( May 6, 2008 ). `` Cannes entry puts spotlight on Philippine indie films ''. Top News Light Reading. ^ Jump up to : Conde, Carlos H ( February 11, 2007 ). `` A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry ''. International Herald Tribune. Jump up ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo ( 1985 ). The Philippine cookbook. New York, New York : Penguin. pp. 12 -- 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 51144 - 8. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Civitello, Linda ( 2011 ). Cuisine and Culture : A History of cavalo and People. John Wiley and Sons. p. 263. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 09875 - 2. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven - thousand - island nation Philippines Country Study Guide. Int'l Business Publications. 2007. p. 111. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4330 - 3970 - 6. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavors. `` Philippine Cuisine. '' Balitapinoy.net. Accessed July 2011. Morgolis, Jason ( 6 February 2014 ). `` Why is it so hard to find a good Filipino restaurant? ''. Public Radio International. Retrieved 17 December 2014. Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences -- all cultures that have shaped the Philippines. Jump up ^ `` The Jollibee Phenomenon ''. Jollibee Inc. Archived from the original on June 23, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Conde, Carlos H. ( May 31, 2005 ). `` Jollibee stings McDonald 's in Philippines ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Saving Philippine education ''. mb.com.ph. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Differences in Culture in South East Asia ''. aroundtheworldinaday.com. Retrieved 15 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 9850 : AN ACT DECLARING ARNIS AS THE NATIONAL MARTIAL ART AND SPORT OF THE PHILIPPINES ''. Lawphil.net. December 11, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Mancala Games / Sungka ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ Brtjes, Charles. `` THE SALAGUBONG GONG, A FILIPINO INSECT TOY '' ( PDF ). Harvard University. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ `` National Commission of Indigenous People ''. ncip.gov.ph. Archived from the original on August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Collins, Nick ( 21 Sep 2009 ). `` School of witchcraft opens in Taiwan ''. Telegraph.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` NCCA History and Mandate ''. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Ratified and Non-Ratified Conventions by Country ''. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12. Jump up ^ `` LIST : National Book Awards 2014 finalists News Feature, News, The Philippine Star philstar.com ''. philstar.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Inventories : identifying for safeguarding - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO ''. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13. Jump up ^ http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/darangen-the-maranao-epic/ Jump up ^ http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/punnuk-the-tugging-ritual-in-hungduan-closing-an-agricultural-cycle/ ^ Jump up to : http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/experiencing-healing-rituals-of-the-philippines-2/ Jump up ^ http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/inventory-making-efforts-in-the-philippines/ Jump up ^ http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/291146/subanens-buklog-ritual-nominated-unesco-endangered-world-heritage-list/ Jump up ^ Yvette Collymore ( June 2003 ). `` Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines ''. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14. An estimated 10 percent of the Philippine population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad Jump up ^ GABRIELA Network USA ( 19 July 2004 ). `` ( Info - Bureau ) FW : STATEMENT ON FILIPINO HOSTAGE ''. Philippine Women Centre of BC -- requoted by lists.ilps-news.com Mailing Lists. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/214011/silay-in-negros-passes-landmark-heritage-ordinance/ Jump up ^ http://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ Jump up ^ https://www.rappler.com/nation/162946-ncca-intangible-heritage-department-culture-virgilio-almario Jump up ^ http://www.ivanhenares.com/2014/07/top-50-philippine-cities-to-see-in-your.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of the Philippines. `` Culture of the Philippines ''. Everyculture.com. Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Constitutional Commissions Audit Civil Service Elections Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Philippine National Police Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Anito Architecture Art Babaylan Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Culture of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma ( Myanmar ) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen observer states Palestine States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Culture of Southeast Asia Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Philippines&oldid=856124069 '' Categories : Philippine culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português Tagalog Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018, at 01 : 46 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Pyotr Wrangel - wikipedia Pyotr Wrangel Jump to : navigation, search Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel General Pyotr Wrangel ( 1878 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1878 Mukuliai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire 25 April 1928 ( 1928 - 04 - 25 ) ( aged 49 ) Brussels, Belgium Allegiance Russian Empire Russian Republic Service / branch Imperial Russian Army White Army Years of service 1902 -- 1920 Rank Lieutenant - general Commands held Russian Caucasus Army Battles / wars World War I Russian Civil War Awards see below Signature Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, also Vrangel ; German : Freiherr Peter von Wrangel ; ( August 27, 1878 -- April 25, 1928 ) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War. After his side lost the civil war in 1920, he left Russia and became one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Death and burial 3 Honors 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Life ( edit ) Wrangel was born in Mukuliai, Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire ( in present - day Zarasai District Municipality, Lithuania ). The Wrangel family was of the local Baltic German nobility. Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was only distantly related to the famed Arctic explorer Ferdinand von Wrangel. After graduating from the Rostov Technical High School in 1896 and the Institute of Mining Engineering in St. Petersburg in 1901, Wrangel volunteered for the prestigious Life Guards cavalry and was commissioned a reserve officer in 1902 after graduating from the Nikolaev Cavalry School. He soon resigned his commission, and travelled to Irkutsk, where he was assigned to special missions by the Governor - General. At the start of the Russo - Japanese War, in February 1904 he reenlisted and was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossack Corps. In December 1904, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. After the war ended, in January 1906, he was reassigned to the 55th Finland Dragoon Regiment, which under General A.N. Orlov took part in pacifying rebels in Siberia. In 1907, he returned to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1908 he married Olga Mikhaylovna Ivanenko in St. Petersburg, and the marriage produced two sons and two daughters. Wrangel graduated from the Nicholas Imperial General Staff Academy in 1910 and the Cavalry Officers ' School in 1911. Wrangel and Prince Sidamon - Eristavi at a captured German cannon in 1914 With the start of World War I, Wrangel was promoted to captain and assigned command of a cavalry squadron. On October 13, 1914 he became one of the first Russian officers to be awarded the Order of St. George ( 4th degree ) in the war, the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire. In December 1914, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In October 1915 Wrangel was transferred to the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the 1st Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossacks. This unit was very active in Galicia against the Austrians, and Wrangel distinguished himself especially during the Brusilov Offensive. He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1917, and took command of the 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cavalry Division, which was merged with other cavalry units to become the Consolidated Cavalry Corps in July of the same year. He was further decorated with the George Cross ( 4th degree ) for his defense of the Zbruch River in the summer of 1917. White propaganda poster, c. 1919 Following the end of Russia 's participation in the war, Wrangel resigned his commission and went to live at his dacha at Yalta in the Crimea. Arrested by the Bolsheviks at the end of 1917, he was released and escaped to Kiev, where he joined Pavlo Skoropadskyi 's Ukrainian State. However, it was soon apparent to him that the new government existed only through the waning support of Germany, and in August 1918, he joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army based at Yekaterinodar, where he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Division and the rank of major general in the White movement. After the Second Kuban Campaign in late 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and his Division was raised to that of a corps. As an aggressive commander, he won a number of victories in the north Caucasus. From January 1919, his military force was renamed the Caucasus Volunteer Army. Wrangel soon clashed politically with Armed Forces of South Russia leader Anton Denikin, who demanded a quick march on Moscow. Wrangel insisted instead that his forces should take Tsaritsyn first, to join up with the army of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, which his troops accomplished on June 30, 1919 after three previous attempts by Pyotr Krasnov had failed in 1918. The Government of South Russia established in Sevastopol, Crimea in April 1920 Wrangel gained a reputation as a skilled and just administrator, who, in contrast to some other White Army generals, did not tolerate lawlessness or looting by his troops. However, after he was unable to join forces with Admiral Kolchak and at the insistence of Denikin, he led his forces north towards Moscow on a failed attempt by the Whites to take the capital in November 1919. Continuing disagreement with Denikin led to his removal from command, and Wrangel departed for exile to Constantinople on February 8, 1920. Yet Denikin was forced to resign on March 20, 1920 and a military committee led by General Abram Dragomirov in Sevastopol asked that Wrangel return as Commander - in - Chief of the White forces in Crimea. He assumed the post on April 4, 1920 and put forth a coalition government which attempted to institute sweeping reforms ( including land reforms ). He also recognized and established relations with the new ( and short lived ) anti-Bolshevik independent republics of Ukraine and Georgia, among others. However, by this stage in the Russian Civil War, such measures were too late, and the White movement was rapidly losing support both domestically and overseas. Wrangel is immortalized by the nickname of `` Black Baron '' in the marching song The Red Army is the Strongest composed as a rallying call for a final effort on the part of the Bolsheviks to end the war ; the song became immensely popular in the early Soviet Union during the 1920s. At a prayer vigil upon accepting command. After defeats in which he lost half his standing army, and facing defeat in Northern Tavria and the Crimea, Wrangel organized a mass evacuation on the shores of the Black Sea. Wrangel gave every officer, soldier, and civilian the choice to evacuate and go with him into the unknown, or remain in Russia and face the wrath of the Red Army. Wrangel evacuated the White forces from the Crimea in 1920 in remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy that became known as Wrangel 's fleet. The last military and civilian personnel left Russia with Wrangel on board the General Kornilov on November 14, 1920. Initially, Wrangel lived on his yacht Lucullus at Constantinople, which was rammed and sunk by the Italian steamer Adria, which had sailed from Soviet - held Batum. Wrangel, who was on shore at the time, escaped with his life in what was widely regarded as an assassination attempt. In 1922, he moved to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the head of all Russian refugees, and arguably became the most prominent of all exiled White emigres. In 1924, in the Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci he established the Russian All - Military Union, an ostensibly non-military organization designed to embrace all Russian military émigrés the world over with a view to preserving a Russian military organisation for the eventuality of having to fight Bolshevism again. In September 1927, Wrangel and his family settled in Brussels, Belgium, where he worked as a mining engineer. Wrangel 's memoirs were published in the magazine White Cause ( Белое дело ) in Berlin in 1928. Death and burial ( edit ) Wrangel, Metropolitan Anthony, Metropolitan Anastasius and other Russian émigrés in Yugoslavia, 1927 Wrangel died suddenly on 25 April 1928, and Wrangel 's family believed that he had been poisoned by his butler 's brother, who lived in the Wrangel household in Brussels briefly and was allegedly a Soviet agent. Pyotr Wrangel 's burial took place in Brussels ; however, more than a year later, on 6 October 1929, his body was brought to Belgrade, where in a solemn public ceremony it was re-interred in the Russian church in Belgrade, in accordance with his wishes. The town of Sremski Karlovci, which served as his headquarters and was at the time of his death the location of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia and the Russian Ministry of Culture, erected a monument in his honour. Honors ( edit ) Statue of Wrangel in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia Order of St. Anne 4th class, 4 July 1904 Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd class, with swords and bow, 6 January 1906. Order of St. Anne 3rd degree, 9 May 1906 Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class, 6 December 1912 Order of St. George, 4th class, 13 October 1914 Order of St Vladimir, 4th class with swords and bow, 24 October 1914 Golden Sword of St George `` for courage '', 10 June 1915 Order of St Vladimir, 3rd class with swords, 8 December 1915 Cross of St. George, 4th class, 24 July 1917 Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, 2nd degree See also ( edit ) Russian Civil War White Army, Black Baron White movement Wrangel 's fleet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ New York Times obituary of his last surviving child Jump up ^ Lincoln, p. 430. Jump up ^ Luckett, pp. 359 - 360. Jump up ^ Luckett, pp. 381ff. Jump up ^ Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich, Baron Jump up ^ '' Главни војни циљ барона Врангела ''. / / Politika, 7 December 2017, p. 21. Jump up ^ Volodarsky, Boris. `` The KGB 's Poison Factory, from Lenin to Litvinenko ''. Frontline Books : 2009, p. 58. Jump up ^ '' Смрт и сахрана генерала Врангела у Београду : Чувени бели генерал је, по сопственој жељи, сахрањен у руској Цркви Свете Тројице на Ташмајдану. '' / / Politika, 18 January 2018, p. 20. Jump up ^ Споменик белом барону Politika, 13 September 2007. Bibliography ( edit ) Lincoln, W. Bruce. Red Victory : A History of the Russian Civil War. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0 - 671 - 63166 - 7 Luckett, Richard. The White Generals : An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War. New York, Viking, 1971. ISBN 0 - 670 - 76265 - 2 Wrangel, Alexis, General Wrangel - Russia 's White Crusader, London, 1987 ( reprint 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 85052 - 890 - 9 Always With Honour. By General Baron Peter N Wrangel. Robert Speller & sons. New York. 1957. External links ( edit ) Media related to Pyotr Wrangel at Wikimedia Commons Vinogradoff, Paul ( 1922 ). `` Wrangel, Peter Nicholaievich, Baron ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. ). ( hide ) Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic VIAF : 14948283 LCCN : n85289371 ISNI : 0000 0001 2121 7442 GND : 118643185 SELIBR : 237053 SUDOC : 056571623 BNF : cb136162255 ( data ) NLA : 35942734 NKC : ola2002106437 RLS : 000079599 SNAC : w6w67gk1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Wrangel&oldid=836222615 '' Categories : 1878 births 1928 deaths People from Zarasai District Municipality People from Kovno Governorate Baltic - German people Members of the Russian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lithuania Russian military personnel of the Russo - Japanese War Imperial Russian Army generals Russian Provisional Government generals Russian anti-communists Russian All - Military Union members Russian military personnel of World War I People of the Russian Civil War Russian nobility White movement generals Wrangel 's fleet Russian monarchists Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus ( Russian ), 2nd class Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery Recipients of the Cross of St. George Russian exiles White Russian emigrants to Belgium White Russian emigrants to Yugoslavia White Russian emigrants to Turkey Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 12 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Pyotr Wrangel", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Wrangel&amp;oldid=836222615" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Russian Empire Russian Republic Service / branch Imperial Russian Army White Army Years of service 1902 -- 1920 Rank Lieutenant - general Commands held Russian Caucasus Army Battles / wars World War I Russian Civil War Awards see below Signature Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, also Vrangel ; German : Freiherr Peter von Wrangel ; ( August 27, 1878 -- April 25, 1928 ) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War. After his side lost the civil war in 1920, he left Russia and became one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Death and burial 3 Honors 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Life ( edit ) Wrangel was born in Mukuliai, Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire ( in present - day Zarasai District Municipality, Lithuania ). The Wrangel family was of the local Baltic German nobility. Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was" ], "id": [ "18177283796041300743" ], "short_answers": [ "White Army" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) - wikipedia Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Trials and tribunals ( show ) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Tribunal Officers Judicial Vicar / Officialis Auditor Advocatus Diaboli Defender of the Bond Tribunal Procedure Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Canonical structures ( show ) Particular churches Particular churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Abbacy nullius Abbot nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Archdiocese Diocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Archeparchy Eparchy Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Personal Prelature Juridic persons Parish Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Jurisprudence ( show ) Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Contract law Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory ( show ) Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Law of persons ( show ) Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation ) Canonical documents ( show ) Acta Apostolicae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Penal law ( show ) Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure ( canon law ) Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae Procedural law ( show ) Election of the Roman Pontiff Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Academic degrees ( show ) Licentiate of Canon Law Doctor of Canon Law Doctor Juris Utriusque Catholicism portal Clerical celibacy is the discipline within the Catholic Church by which only unmarried men are ordained to the episcopate, to the priesthood ( as a rule to which exceptions are sometimes made for individuals ) in some autonomous particular Churches, and similarly to the diaconate, though in this last case exceptions exist not only for single individuals but for whole categories of people. In other autonomous particular Churches, the discipline applies only to ordination to the episcopate. Chief of the Catholic particular Churches that follow this discipline is the Latin Church, but among the Eastern Catholic Churches, at least the Ethiopic Catholic Church applies it also. In this context, `` celibacy '' retains its original meaning of `` unmarried ''. Though even the married may observe continence, abstaining from sexual intercourse, the obligation to be celibate is seen as a consequence of the obligation to observe perfect and perpetual continence for the sake of the Kingdom of heaven. Advocates see clerical celibacy as `` a special gift of God by which sacred ministers can more easily remain close to Christ with an undivided heart, and can dedicate themselves more freely to the service of God and their neighbour. '' Contents 1 Description 2 Theological and scriptural foundations 3 Historical origins 3.1 Medieval Christendom 3.2 Reformation period 4 Celibacy in the present - day Church 4.1 Celibacy of deacons 4.2 Celibacy of priests 4.2. 1 Debate on celibacy of priests 4.2. 2 Since the Second Vatican Council 4.2. 3 Pope Francis 4.2. 4 Exceptions to the rule of priestly celibacy 5 Eastern Catholic churches 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Throughout the Catholic Church, East as well as West, a priest may not marry. To become a married priest, one must therefore marry before being ordained. The Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, without exception, rule out ordination of married men to the episcopate, and marriage after priestly ordination ( clerical marriage ). The Church considers the law of clerical celibacy to be not a doctrine, but a discipline. Exceptions are sometimes made, especially in the case of married Protestant clergymen who convert to the Catholic Church, and the discipline could in theory be changed for all ordinations to the priesthood. Theological and scriptural foundations ( edit ) Theologically, the Church teaches that priesthood is a ministry conformed to the life and work of Jesus Christ. Priests as sacramental ministers act in persona Christi, that is in the person of Christ. Thus the life of the priest conforms, the Church believes, to the chastity of Christ himself. The sacrifice of married life is for the `` sake of the Kingdom '' ( Luke 18 : 28 -- 30, Matthew 19 : 27 -- 30 ), and to follow the example of Jesus Christ in being `` married '' to the Church, viewed by Catholicism and many Christian traditions as the `` Bride of Christ '' ( following Ephesians 5 : 25 - 33 and Revelation 21 : 9, together with the spousal imagery at Mark 2 : 19 - 20 ; cf. Matthew 9 : 14 - 15 ). Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger ( later Pope Benedict XVI ) in Salt of the Earth saw this practice as based on Jesus ' words in Matthew 19 : 12 : `` Some are eunuchs because they were born that way ; others were made that way by men ; and others have renounced marriage because of the kingdom of heaven. The one who can accept this should accept it. '' He linked this celibacy `` because of the kingdom of heaven '' with God 's choice to confer the Old Testament priesthood on a specific tribe, that of Levi, which unlike the other tribes received no land from God, but which had `` God himself as its inheritance '' ( Numbers 1 : 48 -- 53 ). Paul, within a context of having `` no command from the Lord '' ( 1 Cor 7 : 25 ), recommends celibacy, but acknowledges that it is not God 's gift to all within the church : `` For I wish that all men were even as I myself. But each one has his own gift from God, one in this manner and another in that. But I say to the unmarried and to the widows : It is good for them if they remain even as I am,... I want you to be without care. He who is unmarried cares for the things of the Lord -- how he may please the Lord. But he who is married cares about the things of the world -- how he may please his wife. There is a difference between a wife and a virgin. The unmarried woman cares about the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit. But she who is married cares about the things of the world -- how she may please her husband. And this I say for your own profit, not that I may put a leash on you, but for what is proper, and that you may serve the Lord without distraction '' ( 1 Corinthians 7 : 7 -- 8, 7 : 32 -- 35 ). Peter Brown and Bart D. Ehrman speculate that for early Christians celibacy had to do with the `` imminent end of the age '' ( 1 Corinthians 7 : 29 - 31 ). Historical origins ( edit ) In the earliest years of the church, the clergy were largely married men. CK Barrett points to 1 Cor 9 : 5 as clearly indicating that `` apostles, like other Christians, have a right to be ( and many of them are ) married '' and the right for their wife to be `` maintained by the communities in which they ( the apostles ) are working. '' However, Paul himself was celibate, and there is no consensus that inclusion among the requirements for candidacy to the office of `` overseer '' of being `` the husband of one wife '' meant that celibate Christians were excluded. Studies by some Catholic scholars, such as the Ukrainian Roman Cholij and Christian Cochini, have argued for the theory that, in early Christian practice, married men who became priests -- they were often older men, `` elders '' -- were expected to live in complete continence, refraining permanently from sexual relations with their wives. When at a later stage it was clear that not all did refrain, the Western Church limited ordination to unmarried men and required a commitment to lifelong celibacy, while the Eastern Churches relaxed the rule, so that Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches now require their married clergy to abstain from sexual relations only for a limited period before celebrating the Eucharist. The Church in Persia, which in the fifth century became separated from the Church described as Orthodox or Catholic, decided at the end of that century to abolish the rule of continence and allow priests to marry, but recognized that it was abrogating an ancient tradition. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, whose separation, along with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, came slightly later, allows deacons ( who are ordained when they are boys ) to marry after ordination, but not priests : any future priests who wish to marry must do so before becoming priests. The Armenian Apostolic Church, which also belongs to Oriental Orthodoxy, while technically prohibiting, like the Eastern Orthodox Church, marriage after ordination to the sub-diaconate, has generally let this rule fall into disuse and allows deacons to marry up to the point of their priestly ordination, thus continuing to maintain the traditional exclusion of marriage by those who are priests. This theory would explain why all the ancient Christian Churches of both East and West, with the one exception mentioned, exclude marriage after priestly ordination, and why all reserve the episcopate ( seen as a fuller form of priesthood than the presbyterate ) for the celibate. Some Catholic scholars, such as Jesuits Peter Fink and George T. Dennis of Catholic University of America, have argued that we can not know if priests in early Christianity practised sexual abstinence. Dennis says `` there is simply no clear evidence of a general tradition or practice, much less of an obligation, of priestly celibacy - continence before the beginning of the fourth century. '' Fink says that a primary book used to support apostolic origins of priestly celibacy `` remains a work of interpretation. There are underlying premises that seem to hold firm in this book but which would not stand up so comfortably to historical scrutiny. '' The earliest textual evidence of the forbidding of marriage to clerics and the duty of those already married to abstain from sexual contact with their wives is in the fourth - century decrees of the Council of Elvira and the later Council of Carthage ( 390 ). According to some writers, this presumed a previous norm, which was being flouted in practice. Council of Elvira ( c. 305 ) ( Canon 33 ) : It is decided that marriage be altogether prohibited to bishops, priests, and deacons, or to all clerics placed in the ministry, and that they keep away from their wives and not beget children ; whoever does this shall be deprived of the honor of the clerical office. Council of Carthage ( 390 ) ( Canon 3 ) : It is fitting that the holy bishops and priests of God as well as the Levites, i.e. those who are in the service of the divine sacraments, observe perfect continence, so that they may obtain in all simplicity what they are asking from God ; what the Apostles taught and what antiquity itself observed, let us also endeavour to keep.... It pleases us all that bishop, priest and deacon, guardians of purity, abstain from conjugal intercourse with their wives, so that those who serve at the altar may keep a perfect chastity. Among the early Church statements on the topic of sexual continence and celibacy are the Directa and Cum in unum decretals of Pope Siricius ( c. 385 ), which asserted that clerical sexual abstinence was an apostolic practice that must be followed by ministers of the church. The writings of Saint Ambrose ( died 397 ) also show that the requirement that priests, whether married or celibate, should be continent was the established rule. To the married clergy who, `` in some out - of - the - way places '', claimed, on the model of the Old Testament priesthood, the right to father children, he recalled that in Old Testament times even lay people were obliged to observe continence on the days leading to a sacrifice, and commented : `` If such regard was paid in what was only the figure, how much ought it to be shown in the reality! '' Yet more sternly he wrote : `` ( Saint Paul ) spoke of one who has children, not of one who begets children. '' Medieval christendom ( edit ) Teaching at Paris, in a late 14th - century Grandes Chroniques de France : the tonsured students sit on the floor. Beyond the fact that clerical celibacy functioned as a spiritual discipline, it also was guarantor of the independence of the Church and of its essential dimension as a spiritual institution ordered toward ends beyond the competence and authority of temporal rulers. During the decline of the Roman Empire, Roman authority in western Europe completely collapsed. However, the city of Rome, under the guidance of the Catholic Church, still remained a centre of learning and did much to preserve classical Roman culture in Western Europe. The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. Philosopher Will Durant argues that certain prominent features of Plato 's ideal community were discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of the medieval Church in Europe : The clergy, like Plato 's guardians, were placed in authority... by their talent as shown in ecclesiastical studies and administration, by their disposition to a life of meditation and simplicity, and... by the influence of their relatives with the powers of state and church. In the latter half of the period in which they ruled ( 800 AD onwards ), the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire ( for such guardians )... ( Clerical ) Celibacy was part of the psychological structure of the power of the clergy ; for on the one hand they were unimpeded by the narrowing egoism of the family, and on the other their apparent superiority to the call of the flesh added to the awe in which lay sinners held them... In the latter half of the period in which they ruled, the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire. In his book The Ruling Class, Gaetano Mosca wrote of the medieval Church and its structure :... the Catholic Church has always aspired to a preponderant share in political power, it has never been able to monopolize it entirely, because of two traits, chiefly, that are basic in its structure. Celibacy has generally been required of the clergy and of monks. Therefore no real dynasties of abbots and bishops have ever been able to establish themselves... Secondly, in spite of numerous examples to the contrary supplied by the warlike Middle Ages, the ecclesiastical calling has by its very nature never been strictly compatible with the bearing of arms. The precept that exhorts the Church to abhor bloodshed has never dropped completely out of sight, and in relatively tranquil and orderly times it has always been very much to the fore. Main article : Gregorian Reforms It is sometimes claimed that celibacy became mandatory for Latin Church priests only in the eleventh century ; but others say, for instance : `` ( I ) t may fairly be said that by the time of St. Leo the Great ( 440 -- 61 ) the law of celibacy was generally recognized in the West, '' and that the eleventh - century regulations on this matter, as on simony, should obviously not be interpreted as meaning that either non-celibacy or simony were previously permitted. Reformation period ( edit ) Celibacy as a requirement for ordination to the priesthood ( in the Western Church ) and to the episcopate ( in East as well as in West ) and declaring marriages of priests invalid ( in both East and West ) were important points of disagreement during the Protestant Reformation, with the Reformers arguing that these requirements were contrary to Biblical teaching in 1 Timothy 4 : 1 - 5, Hebrews 13 : 4, and 1 Corinthians 9 : 5, and implied a degradation of marriage, and were one reason for `` many abominations '' and for widespread sexual misconduct within the clergy at the time of the Reformation. The doctrinal view of the Reformers on this point was reflected in the marriages of Zwingli in 1522, Luther in 1525, and Calvin in 1539 ; in England, the married Thomas Cranmer was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. Both of these actions, marriage after ordination to the priesthood and consecration of a married man as a bishop, went against the long - standing tradition of the Church in the East as well as in the West. See Clerical marriage. Celibacy in the present - day Church ( edit ) Celibacy of deacons ( edit ) Following recommendations made at the Second Vatican Council, the Latin Church now admits married men of mature age to ordination as deacons, to remain permanently as deacons and not as part of the process by which aspirants are temporarily deacons on their way to priestly ordination. The change was effected by Pope Paul VI 's motu proprio Sacrum diaconatus ordinem of 18 June 1967. A candidate for ordination to the permanent diaconate must have reached a certain minimum age and must have the written consent of his wife. Ordination even to the diaconate is an impediment to a later marriage ( for example, if a man who was already married by the time of ordination to the diaconate subsequently becomes a widower ), though special dispensation can be received for remarriage under extenuating circumstances. Celibacy of priests ( edit ) Debate on celibacy of priests ( edit ) Garry Wills, in his book Papal Sin : Structures of Deceit, argued that the imposition of celibacy among Catholic priests played a pivotal role in the cultivation of the Church as one of the most influential institutions in the world. In his discussion concerning the origins of the said policy, Wills mentioned that the Church drew its inspiration from the ascetics, monks who devote themselves to meditation and total abstention from earthly wealth and pleasures in order to sustain their corporal and spiritual purity, after seeing that its initial efforts in propagating the faith were fruitless. The rationale behind such strict policy is that it significantly helps the priests perform well in their religious services while at the same time following the manner in which Jesus Christ lived his life. Moreover, the author also mentioned that although the said policy insists on helping priests focus more on ecclesiastical duties, it also enabled the Church to control the wealth amassed by the clerics through their various religious activities, hence contributing to the growing power of the institution. The Latin Church discipline continues to be debated for a variety of reasons. First, many believe celibacy was not required of the apostles. Peter himself had a wife at the time of Jesus ' ministry, whose mother Jesus healed of a high fever. And 1 Corinthians 9 : 5 is commonly interpreted as saying that years later, Peter and other apostles were accompanied by their wives. However, on the basis especially of Luke 18 : 28 - 30, others think the apostles left their wives, and that the women mentioned in 1 Corinthians as accompanying some apostles were `` holy women, who, in accordance with Jewish custom, ministered to their teachers of their substance, as we read was the practice with even our Lord himself. '' Second, this requirement excludes a great number of otherwise qualified men from the priesthood, qualifications which according to the defenders of celibacy should be determined not by merely human hermeneutics but by the hermeneutics of the divine. Supporters of clerical celibacy answer that God only calls men to the priesthood if they are capable. Those who are not called to the priesthood should seek other paths in life since they will be able to serve God better there. Therefore, to the supporters of celibacy no one who is called is excluded. Third, some say that resisting the natural sexual impulse in this way is unrealistic and harmful for a healthy life. Sexual scandals among priests, especially homosexuality and pedophilia, the defenders say, are a breach of the Church 's discipline, not a result of it, especially since only a small percentage of priests have been involved. Fourth, it is said that mandatory celibacy distances priests from this experience of life, compromising their moral authority in the pastoral sphere, although its defenders argue that the Church 's moral authority is rather enhanced by a life of total self - giving in imitation of Christ, a practical application of the Vatican II teaching that `` man can not fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself. '' In 1970, nine German theologians, including Joseph Ratzinger ( the future Pope Benedict XVI ), signed a letter calling for a new discussion of the law of celibacy, though refraining from making a statement as to whether the law of celibacy should in fact be changed. In 2011, hundreds of German, Austrian, and Swiss theologians ( 249 as of 15 February 2011 ) signed a letter calling for married priests, as well as for women in Church ministry. Since the Second Vatican Council ( edit ) During and after the Council, the Magisterium of the Catholic Church has repeatedly re-affirmed the permanent value of the discipline of obligatory clerical celibacy in the Latin Church. Pope John Paul II wrote in 1992 : The synod fathers clearly and forcefully expressed their thought on this matter in an important proposal which deserves to be quoted here in full : `` While in no way interfering with the discipline of the Oriental churches, the synod, in the conviction that perfect chastity in priestly celibacy is a charism, reminds priests that celibacy is a priceless gift of God for the Church and has a prophetic value for the world today. This synod strongly reaffirms what the Latin Church and some Oriental rites require, that is that the priesthood be conferred only on those men who have received from God the gift of the vocation to celibate chastity ( without prejudice to the tradition of some Oriental churches and particular cases of married clergy who convert to Catholicism, which are admitted as exceptions in Pope Paul VI 's encyclical on priestly celibacy, no. 42 ). The synod does not wish to leave any doubts in the mind of anyone regarding the Church 's firm will to maintain the law that demands perpetual and freely chosen celibacy for present and future candidates for priestly ordination in the Latin rite. He added that the `` unchanging '' essence of ordination `` configures the priest to Jesus Christ the Head and Spouse of the Church. '' Thus, he said, `` The Church, as the Spouse of Jesus Christ, wishes to be loved by the priest in the total and exclusive manner in which Jesus Christ her Head and Spouse loved her. '' There has never been any doubt, however, that it is an ecclesiastical discipline, as the Council Fathers explicitly recognised when they stated that `` it is not demanded by the very nature of the priesthood. '' Pope John Paul II took up this theme when he said at a public audience on 17 July 1993 that celibacy `` does not belong to the essence of priesthood. '' He went on to speak of its aptness for, and its congruence with, the requirements of sacred orders, asserting that the discipline `` enters into the logic of ( priestly ) consecration. '' Yet some commentators have argued for the possibility that married men of proven seriousness and maturity ( viri probati, taking up a phrase which appears in the first - century First Epistle of Clement in a different context ) might be ordained to a localized and modified form of the priesthood. The topic of viri probati was raised by some participants in discussions at Ordinary General Assembly XI of the Synod of Bishops held at the Vatican in October 2005 on the theme of the Eucharist, but it was rejected as a solution for the insufficiency of priests. Pope Francis ( edit ) Pope Francis shared his views on celibacy, and the possibility of church discussion on the topic, when he was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, recorded in the book On Heaven and Earth, a record of conversations conducted with a Buenos Aires rabbi. He commented that celibacy `` is a matter of discipline, not of faith. It can change '' but added : `` For the moment, I am in favor of maintaining celibacy, with all its pros and cons, because we have ten centuries of good experiences rather than failures... Tradition has weight and validity. '' He said that now the rule must be strictly adhered to, and any priest who can not obey it `` has to leave the ministry. '' National Catholic Reporter Vatican analyst, Jesuit Thomas J. Reese, called Bergoglio 's use of `` conditional language '' regarding the rule of celibacy `` remarkable. '' He said that phrases like `` for the moment '' and `` for now '' are `` not the kind of qualifications one normally hears when bishops and cardinals discuss celibacy. '' In a conversation with Bishop Erwin Krautler about mandatory celibacy on 4 April 2014, the Pope also spoke about a possible mechanism for a change starting with national bishop conferences. These conferences would seek and find consensus on reform and we should then bring up our suggestions for reform in Rome.... The pope explained that he could not take everything in hand personally from Rome. We local bishops, who are best acquainted with the needs of our faithful, should be ' corajudos, ' that is ' courageous ' in Spanish, and make concrete suggestions... It was up to the bishops to make suggestions, the pope said again. In 2018 Francis showed that he wanted the topic discussed, beginning with remote areas like Amazonia that have a shortage of priests. Exceptions to the rule of priestly celibacy ( edit ) Exceptions to the rule of celibacy for priests of the Latin Church are sometimes granted by authority of the Pope, when married Protestant clergy become Catholic. Thus married Anglicans have been ordained to the Catholic priesthood in personal ordinariates and through the United States Pastoral Provision. Because the rule of celibacy is an ecclesiastical law and not a doctrine, it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope. Nonetheless, both Pope Benedict XVI and his predecessors have spoken clearly of their understanding that the traditional practice was not likely to change. Father Richard McBrien, a controversial voice within the Church, argued that the existence of these exceptions, coupled with a declining number of priests in active ministry ( per McBrien 's North America and in Europe ) and reported cases of non-observance of the norm will keep the subject in the spotlight. However, the number of priests worldwide has been increasing in the past two decades, reversing the downward tendency of the 1970s and 1980s. Eastern Catholic Churches ( edit ) Eastern Catholic priest from Romania with his family. In general, the Eastern Catholic Churches allow ordination of married men as priests. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Rite Catholic Church, priests ' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly - knit hereditary caste. In North America, by the provisions of the decree Cum data fuerit, and for fear that married priests would create scandal among Latin Church Catholics, Eastern Catholic bishops were directed to ordain only unmarried men. This ban, which some bishops determined to be null in various circumstances or at times or simply decided not to enforce, was finally rescinded by a decree of June 2014. A condition for becoming an Eastern Catholic bishop is to be unmarried or a widower. The mainly Lebanese Maronite Church does n't demand celibacy vows from its deacons or parish priests ; their monks, however, are celibate, as well as their bishops who are normally selected from celibate priests and sometimesfrom the monasteries. The current Patriarch of the Maronite Church is originally a monk in the Mariamite Maronite Order. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Code of Canon Law : text -- IntraText CT ''. Jump up ^ Angelo Amato, Il Celibato di Gesù, Libreria Editrice Vaticana ( 2010 ), pp. 29 - 31 Jump up ^ Emeka, Aroh Prudentius ( 2014 - 05 - 19 ). Priestly celibacy : a gift and a commitment ( can. 277 § 1 ). Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 26. ISBN 9788878392830. Jump up ^ Cf. Bart Ehrman in `` Compare Historical Jesus Theories ''. ReligionFacts. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ CK Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, 2nd Edition ( 1971 ), A&C Black, London, p 203. Jump up ^ Calvin J. Roetzel, Paul : The Man and the Myth ( Continuum International 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 56708698 - 3 ), p. 157 Jump up ^ See e.g. Giggs : http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/transcripts/?id=78 Jump up ^ 1 Timothy 3 : 2 Jump up ^ Carl R. Triebs, `` About Celibacy, I Have No Instructions from the Lord '' An Inquiry Into the Origins of Clerical Celibacy ( Trafford Publishing 2004 ISBN 978 - 1 - 41202871 - 4 ), pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Priestly Celibacy in Patristics and Church History ''. Jump up ^ Book Review : The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy Jump up ^ BONIVENTO, Cesare. Priestly Celibacy. Ecclesiastical Institution or Apostolic Tradition? Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ; Thomas McGovern, Priestly Celibacy Today ; Cochini, Christian, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy, Ignatius Press ( October 1990 ). ISBN 0 - 89870 - 951 - 2 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 280 - 1. Jump up ^ Celibacy in the Early Church : The Beginnings of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West, Stefan Heid, p. 15. Jump up ^ On Oriental Orthodoxy 's exclusion of marriage after ordination to priesthood, see Deacons Focus of Oriental Orthodox - Roman Catholic Consultation Jump up ^ Dennis, George T., on Cochini, C. The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy ( book review ), Theological Studies, 52 : 4 ( 1991 : Dec. ) p. 738 Jump up ^ Fink, Peter E. ( 4 July 1992 ). `` Books about the priesthood ''. America. 167 ( 1 ). New York. p. 17. Jump up ^ `` Chapter One : Celibacy -- A Historical Perspective ( Part 1 ) ''. Jump up ^ De officiis ministrorum, 258. Jump up ^ `` habentem filios dixit, non facientem '' ( Ep. extra coll. ( Maur. 63 ) 14, 62, quoted in Giovanni Coppa, Il sacerdote `` vero levita '' secondo S. Ambrogio, L'Osservatore Romano 13 January 2007 ). Jump up ^ `` Celibacy as Political Resistance ''. First Things. January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014. ^ Jump up to : Durant, Will ( 2005 ). Story of Philosophy. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69500 - 2. Retrieved 10 December 2013. Jump up ^ Mosca, Gaetano ( 1939 ). The Ruling Class. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. Retrieved 3 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Celibacy of the Clergy ''. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Gregory VII : Simony and Celibacy 1074 ''. Medieval Sourcebook. Jump up ^ There was no `` oath of celibacy '', only a declaration that marriage by a priest was invalid. Jump up ^ Letter of Pope Adrian VI to Francesco Chieregati 25 November 1522, where the Pope says that even `` in this Holy See there have been many abominations these many years -- abuses in spiritual things, excessive decrees, and everything perverted '' but did not attribute these abominations to clerical celibacy ( Luther 's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, vol. 2 p. 146 by Preserved Smith ). Jump up ^ Catholic historian Ludwig von Pastor 's The history of the popes, from the close of the Middle Ages ( 1891 ) ( vol. V ) : Corruption of the Italian Clergy of all Ranks, 169ff. ; Fra Girolama Savonarola 181ff. likewise did not attribute to clerical celibacy the need for reform that was one of the reasons for holding the Council of Trent. Jump up ^ Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion IV, 12, 23 -- 28. Jump up ^ Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium, n. 29 ; Code of Canon Law, can. 1042 § 1 Jump up ^ can. 1032, CIC 1983 Jump up ^ `` Sacrum Diaconatus Ordinem ( June 18, 1967 ) - Paul VI ''. Jump up ^ Cong. for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Circular Letter to Diocesan Ordinaries..., 6 June 1997, Prot. N. 263 / 97, 8 ; in Origins 27 ( 28 August 1997 ) p 171 Jump up ^ Wills, Garry ( 2000 ). Papal Sin : Structures of Deceit. New York : Doubleday. Jump up ^ Matthew 8 : 14 Jump up ^ Saint Jerome, Against Jovinian, 26 Jump up ^ `` THE LOGIC OF PRIESTLY CELIBACY ''. Jump up ^ `` Priestly Celibacy ''. Jump up ^ Pope Paul VI ( December 1965 ). `` Gaudium et Spes ''. Vatican. Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Ratzinger, Rahner, et al. On Celibacy ( 1970 ) -- Paths of Love ''. Jump up ^ `` Signatories ''. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011. Jump up ^ Memorandum of professors of theology on the crisis of the Catholic Church Jump up ^ Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, Presbyterorum Ordinis, n. 16 ( `` held by the Church to be of great value in a special manner for the priestly life '' ) ; Pope Paul VI, Encyclical Sacerdotalis Caelibatus of 24 June 1967, passim ; Synod of Bishops, Ordinary General Assembly II, Ultimis Temporibus ( 30 November 1971 ), Part 2, 1, 4 ( esp. at ( e ) `` The law of priestly celibacy existing in the Latin Church is to be kept in its entirety '' ) ; Code of Canon Law, 1983, can. 277, § 1 ; Synod of Bishops, Ordinary General Assembly VIII ( 1990, on the theme of the priesthood ), prop. 11 ( a priceless gift of God for the Church... seen as a positive enrichment of the priesthood ), quoted by John Paul II in Pastores dabo vobis, 29 ; Catechism of the Catholic Church ( 1993 ), 1579 ; Synod of Bishops, Ordinary General Assembly XI ( 2005, on the theme of the Eucharist ), prop. 11... the importance of the priceless gift of ecclesiastical celibacy in the practices of the Latin Church is recognized... Jump up ^ Pastores dabo vobis ( 1992 ), section 29 Jump up ^ Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, Presbyterorum Ordinis, n. 16 Jump up ^ ( 18 July 1993 ) Pope Seeks to Clarify Reasons for Celibacy The New York Times, Retrieved 26 February 2013 Jump up ^ General Audience text in Italian : `` Rientra, come s'è detto, nella logica della consacrazione. '' Jump up ^ `` First Clement : Clement of Rome ''. Jump up ^ Fritz Lobinger, emeritus Bishop of Aliwal North in South Africa, has promoted the proposal ( under various names and subject to various revisions of principle ) in his books : Like His Brothers and Sisters, Claretian Publications, Quezon City, Philippines, 1998 ; Teams of Elders ( Moving Beyond Viri Probati ), Claretian Publications, Quezon City, Philippines, 2007 ; and Every Community Its Own Ordained Leaders, Claretian Publications, Quezon City, Philippines, 2008 Jump up ^ See Proposition 11 in the final list of Propositions approved by the Synod and submitted to the Pope. Available in Italian only, it reads, in the relevant part : `` Certuni hanno fatto riferimento ai `` viri probati '', ma quest ' ipotesi è stata valutata come una strada da non percorrere '' ( Some made reference to viri probati, but this hypothesis was evaluated as a path not to be taken ). ^ Jump up to : Gibson, David, `` Book reveals new pope 's views on celibacy, abuse, crisis '', USA Today ( from Religion News Service ), 20 March 2013, Retrieved 21 March 2013 ^ Jump up to : Connor, Tracy, `` Pope Francis spoke of being ' dazzled ' by girl, possible change of celibacy rule '', worldnews.nbcnews.com, 21 March 2013, Retrieved 21 March 2013 Jump up ^ Gibson, David, `` Are Married Priests Next? '', americamagazine.org, 25 April 2014, Retrieved 22 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Will Pan-Amazonian Synod Result in End to Clerical Celibacy? ''. National Catholic Register. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14. Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, `` Celibacy of the Clergy ''. Jump up ^ The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism, 1995, ed. McBrien, Richard P. ( NY : Harper Collins Publishers ), p. 291 Jump up ^ ZENIT News Agency, `` Number of Priests Worldwise Continues Steady Increase '' Jump up ^ `` Number of priests growing worldwide, but dropping in North America : News Headlines ''. Jump up ^ ZENIT News Agency, `` Vatican Releases Statistical Yearbook '' Archived 27 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ The world - wide number of priests declined from 419,728 in 1970 to a low of 403,280 in 1985. Since then it has risen to 412,236 in 2013, although the Catholic population has nearly doubled in this same period ( Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Georgetown University, District of Columbia, U.S.A. `` Frequently requested church statistics '' accessed 11 / 2013 ) Jump up ^ Orest Subtelny. ( 1988 ). Ukraine : A History. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, pp. 214 - 219. Jump up ^ `` Vatican lifts married priests ban in US, Canada, and Australia '' in CathNews New Zealand, 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` CCEO : text -- IntraText CT ''. External links ( edit ) Encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus -- Pope Paul VI The radical importance of the graced gift of priestly celibacy -- Congregation for the Clergy Priestly Celibacy Today -- book by Thomas McGovern Priestly celibacy in patristics and in the history of the Church -- Roman Cholij Priestly Celibacy. Ecclesiastical Institution or Apostolic Tradition? -- Cesare Bonivento The Case for Clerical Celibacy : Its Historical Development and Theological Foundations -- Alfons Stickler Celibacy Dates Back to the Apostles -- Fr. Anthony Zimmerman, STD The Ancient Tradition of Clerical Celibacy -- Mary R. Schneider ( Ignatius Press ) Celibacy in the Old Testament and Jewish Tradition -- by Br. Anthony Opisso, M.D. Imposed celibacy in the catholic church, explanations, articles, research -- by foraladypope.org Francis Speaks, Scalfari Transcribes, Brandmüller Shreds -- by Sandro Magister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)&oldid=864705358 '' Categories : Clerical celibacy Canon law of persons Canon law of religious Sacramental law Holy orders in the Catholic Church Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 22 : 31 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)&amp;oldid=864705358" }

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{ "text": "Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) - wikipedia Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Music Man B - side `` It 's Alright '' Released August 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 2 : 06 Label RCA 12067 Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Richie Albright Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980. Contents 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ), Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners. Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions : the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay. The television show version features Larry McNeely 's banjo work which the commercially available version does not. Additionally, the television version 's third verse contains the lyric, `` Fightin ' the system like two modern - day Robin Hoods '', which is accompanied by a `` Yee - haw! '' said by characters, Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ), though it is in fact Schneider 's vocal used twice. The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus. Also, following the commercial version 's second chorus, Jennings makes a tongue - in - cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing, `` I 'm a good ol ' boy, you know my mama loves me, but she do n't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV '' ( a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar ). Most of Jennings ' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' feature the commercially available version. Commercial performance ( edit ) In November 1980, `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' became Jennings ' twelfth # 1 country hit overall ( tenth as a solo recording act ). The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at # 21. It also appeared on several other music charts. The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million. Subsequent to the 2005 movie, the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales. Note : the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 26 Canadian RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Cashbox Top 100 22 Other versions ( edit ) The song was covered by the Swedish Lo - fi - group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full - length albums. Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song `` Comin ' Yo Direction '' off his album Doubt Me Now. The song was frequently covered live by Ween during their brief country phase. Other Artists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings ' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing `` Good ol ' Boys '' at the Dukefests, which honor the series, and his late father. Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones ( Cooter on the series ), Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version. Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( 1982 ). In 2006, John Schneider ( Bo Duke ), Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ), and Catherine Bach ( Daisy Duke ) made a music video, as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series. Schneider also covered the song. In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation ( 2005 ), a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene, also, as heard on the soundtrack, by Willie Nelson ( Uncle Jesse in the film ). In the film The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ), country singer John Anderson sings the theme. Rock band Cage9, performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films. Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams, who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle, West Virginia. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland, Tom, `` The Billboard of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Watson - Guptill Publications, New York, 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ), p. 426 - 427 Jump up ^ Bruce Eder ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ). `` Television 's Greatest Hits, Vol. 6 - Various Artists Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA ''. RIAA. Retrieved 15 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` Good Ol ' Boys by John Schneider ''. YouTube. 2013 - 05 - 04. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17. Further reading ( edit ) Whitburn, Joel, `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005, '' 2006. Whitburn, Joel, `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006, '' 2007. Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown, Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome, On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin, TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita, You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown, Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach, Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On, I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr. `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby, Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=852429021 '' Categories : 1980 singles Waylon Jennings songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Television theme songs The Dukes of Hazzard Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018, at 23 : 22 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&amp;oldid=852429021" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "`` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980. Contents 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ), Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered" ], "id": [ "3359369640056578767" ], "short_answers": [ "Waylon Jennings" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Who Do You Think You Are? ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia Who Do You Think You Are? ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search Who Do You Think You Are? Genre Documentary Narrated by David Morrissey ( 2004 ) Mark Strong ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Cherie Lunghi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Phil Davis ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 14 No. of episodes 128 and 2 specials ( as of 7 September 2017 or Series 14, Episode 9 ) Specials : 11 July 2007 : Adoption Special 6 August 2014 : 10 Years, 100 Shows Special Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Wall to Wall Distributor Warner Bros. Television Productions UK Release Original network BBC Two ( 2004 -- 06 ) BBC One ( 2006 -- ) Original release 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007t575 For the U.S. series of the same name, see Who Do You Think You Are? ( U.S. TV series ). Who Do You Think You Are? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004. In each episode, a celebrity traces their family tree. It is made by the production company Wall to Wall. The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers. More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Series 1 ( 2004 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2006 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2006 ) 1.4 Adoption special ( 2007 ) 1.5 Series 4 ( 2007 ) 1.6 Series 5 ( 2008 ) 1.7 Series 6 ( 2009 ) 1.8 Series 7 ( 2010 ) 1.9 Series 8 ( 2011 ) 1.10 Series 9 ( 2012 ) 1.11 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 1.12 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 1.13 Series 12 ( 2015 ) 1.14 Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.15 Series 14 ( 2017 ) 2 Awards and nominations 3 Media releases 4 Other countries 4.1 International versions 5 Similar programmes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two, and the first was the channel 's highest - rating programme of 2004. This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards. The current narrator, as of Series 14 in 2017, is Phil Davis. Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series, which was nominated for `` Best Factual Series or Strand '' in the 2005 BAFTAs ; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13. In the first series, the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree. In 2007, a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born. The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer - Wade, who also provided the background music for earlier episodes. The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe. The episode featuring Boris Johnson was filmed and set to air in late 2007, but was pulled because at the time of transmission, Johnson was getting ready to run in the London Mayoral election, so the episode was moved to the following series in 2008. Series 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) 5.79 Oddie, brought up by his father and paternal grandmother, goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother 's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother - in - law. Then he learns more about his grandmother 's life, her husband and family in Rochdale, Lancashire. He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton, Lancashire. Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) 4.63 Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) 4.25 Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) 4.95 5 Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) 4.96 Hislop, who was 12 when his father died, never met his grandfathers. Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother 's native Jersey, where for five years of her childhood, the island was occupied by Nazi Germany. He travels to Clary, France, where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line. He then goes to South Africa, where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War. While in South Africa, he discovered his father 's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany 's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch. 6 Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) 5.35 7 David Baddiel 23 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) 4.60 8 Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 30 ) 4.41 9 Meera Syal 7 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ) 3.97 10 Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) 4.46 Series 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 5.48 Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 5.43 Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 5.86 Julian Clary 1 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 5.94 5 Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 5.64 6 Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 3.96 Series 3 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) 6.40 Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) 5.95 Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 5.19 David Tennant 27 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 5.75 Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull, and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands. He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s, and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order. He is disturbed to learn that his great - grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry, Northern Ireland, and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday. 5 David Dickinson 4 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 5.80 6 Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 6.15 She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany, leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian - Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed. She also uncovered that her maternal great - great - great grandfather, Coenraad Sammes ( later Coleman Joseph ), had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft. 7 Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 5.82 8 Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 5.54 Adoption special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) 4.32 Campbell traces his adoptive family 's roots in Scotland and Australia. Series 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) 6.78 Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin 's family. This includes the death of family members during the `` liquidation '' -- massacre -- of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another 's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia. Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III. John Hurt 13 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) 5.80 Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ) 5.75 Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 6.53 Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation. He died while the programme was being filmed. Her great - grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins. 5 Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 6.17 6 Graham Norton 11 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 6.88 It was discovered that Norton 's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth, South Yorkshire, who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land. Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre. Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen. 7 Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 6.57 Series 5 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 13 ) 7.10 Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ) 7.04 Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) 6.71 Springer, who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age, travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939. He discovered that someone in England paid £ 50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents, but the rest of the family was left behind. He travels to his great - grandfather 's hometown of Neustettin ( now Szczecinek, Poland ), where his great grandfather, Abraham Springer, successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881. Springer then travels to Łódź, where his maternal grandmother, Marie Kallmann, was deported in 1941. She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942. Springer 's paternal grandmother, Selma Springer, died in Theresienstadt concentration camp. Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) 6.44 5 Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) 6.70 6 David Suchet 17 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) 6.79 Suchet, who has a love of water, discovers that his maternal great - great - great - grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England. His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews, and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey, Prussia, South Africa, and then the United Kingdom. He learns about his grandfather and great - grandfather, both of whom were noted photographers. 7 Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 5.87 8 Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen 29 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 4.72 Series 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather, George Baugh 's mysterious disappearance in 1938. She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children. The episode reveals that Baugh 's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961, and had lived there until Baugh 's death in 1974. 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather, whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II. He discovers that his great - grandfather was blind, married three times, and meets a cousin he never knew he had. He also discovers how syphilis ( a common disease at the time ) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Series 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bruce Forsyth 19 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) 7.22 Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 5.97 Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 5.58 Growing up, Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how. She discovers he was her great - great uncle : his sister, Margaret Collins O'Driscoll, was the mother of Kirwan 's maternal grandfather. Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather, Finian O'Driscoll, was involved in the IRA. She travels to Clonakilty, County Cork, birthplace of Michael Collins. On her father 's side, she finds out her great grandfather, Henry Kahn, was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century. Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland, after the Catholic church refused to marry them. Monty Don 9 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) 5.95 5 Rupert Penry - Jones 16 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 5.68 Penry - Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry. His great - great - great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers, and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He discovers Johnstone 's wife, Louisa Collum, was of Anglo - Indian heritage. 6 Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 6.46 Armstrong traces his mother 's side of the family, who are descended from Irish landed gentry. The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse - Boughton family, to Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts, Dukes of Somerset. 7 Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 5.55 8 Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 5.42 9 Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 5.15 Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather, whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya. He learns about his grandfather 's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II, his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan 's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign, and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya. Series 8 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) June Brown 10 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) 6.62 J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 17 ) 7.00 Rowling researches her mother 's paternal great - grandfather, Louis Volant, a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s. Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War. She also learns about Volant 's mother, Salomée Schuch, an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth. At age 17, she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace -- which became part of the German Empire during the Franco - Prussian War -- to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis ' father. Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) 5.45 Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 5.45 5 Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) 6.06 Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from. Fox 's father believes that Fox 's paternal grandfather, Robin Fox, a theatrical agent, likely would have wanted to be an actor. Fox learns that Robin 's mother was Hilda Hanbury, an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s. Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles. Fox also learns that Sampson Fox, father of Hanbury 's husband Arthur ( `` Willie '' ) was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company. With his large fortune, Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London. However, Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors. 6 Alan Carr 14 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) 5.49 7 Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 4.37 8 Richard Madeley 28 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 5.05 9 Len Goodman 5 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 5.03 10 Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) Unknown ( under 4.21 ) Series 9 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) 5.30 Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) 5.46 Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 4.58 Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) 4.86 5 Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) 4.87 6 Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) 4.97 7 William Roache 26 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4.30 8 Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4.89 9 John Barnes 17 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) Unknown ( under 4.10 ) 10 John Bishop 6 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 5.53 Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) 5.24 Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) 5.39 Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) 4.95 Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 14 ) 4.52 5 Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) 5.37 6 Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) 4.52 7 Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 4.31 8 Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 11 ) 4.57 9 Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 3.78 10 John Simpson 25 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are? : 10 Years, 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) Unknown ( under 3.34 ) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather, Anthony Clarke. Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather, Barnabus Blessed, a bookbinder, and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth, his four children were left orphans. Blessed 's great - great - grandfather, Jabez Blessed, became a `` real life Oliver Twist ''. Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33 Series 12 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On 23 June 2015, the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12, which began on 13 August 2015. # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) 5.08 Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) 5.14 Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II. Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 4.68 Jacobi, a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics, travels to France, where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution. His sixth great - grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne, a prominent financier of Louis XIV, lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701. He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London. In 1708, two years before his death, the 70 - year - old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide, sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide, and 45 years his junior. In 1709 they had a son, Guillaume, who was baptised with William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather. Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire. Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) 4.38 5 Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 4.56 6 Anne Reid 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 4.70 7 Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 4.41 8 Anita Rani 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 4.38 9 Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Unknown ( under 3.80 ) 10 Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3.83 Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage. Her great - great - great - great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley, stepdaughter of Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, married captain Alan Gardner in 1796. They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis, nephew of the Earl of Strathmore. Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis, Henry Fenton Gardner ( born in 1802 ), who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case, in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage. De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis ' mother, the Hon. Sophia Ann ( née Delaval ), daughter of John Delaval, 1st Baron Delaval. De la Tour discovers Sophia 's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry, and rushing to marry a man beneath her status, John Jadis. After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis, Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially. She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38. Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) On 13 July, the line - up for the 13th series was confirmed. The series started on 24 November 2016. # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) 5.45 Dyer discovers that his 3 × great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby, who died, that his 15 × great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell, his 14 × great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour, the sister of Jane Seymour, who was Henry VIII 's third wife and Queen, and that his 22 × great grandfather was Edward III. Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 4.71 Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother 's side. She discovers that her 5 × great - grandfather Collin Thomas served a year 's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15. Following his sentence, he enlisted in the British Army 's 51st ( 2nd Yorkshire West Riding ) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War. In 1814, while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France, he met a local woman, Radegonde Charbonnel. He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out, married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family, moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards. She also discovers that her paternal grandfather, Frank Holden, a psychiatric nurse, survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria, which sank with the loss of thousands of lives, outside the port of Saint - Nazaire. Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) 3.94 Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family 's Indian heritage, discovering that her 2 × great - grandfather, Timothy Sirju, travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872, where he worked as an indentured servant. She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family 's French heritage and discovers that her 3 × great - grandfather, François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves, Marie Joseph, in 1835, and was actually born a slave. He and his mother, Pauline Zoé, were freed by his father, also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux, and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner. Cheryl 15 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) 4.81 Cheryl researches her maternal family. Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl 's forebears. When tracing further back, in one of the branches of her paternal line, researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners. The investigation into Cheryl 's maternal line shows that her grandmother, Olga Ridley, was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton, the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage. Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and, from an examination of the census, before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman. 5 Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 4.28 6 Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 4.21 McKellen discovers that his great uncle, Frank Lowes, was an actor, and his great - great - grandfather, Robert Lowes, campaigned for a half - holiday for Manchester 's workers on Saturdays, an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend. 7 Greg Davies 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 4.63 8 Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 5.24 9 Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 3.97 10 Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4.45 Series 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 23, the BBC announced the line - up for the series ' 14th series, which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One. The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton, comedienne Ruby Wax, actor and director Noel Clarke, singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond. # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Charles Dance 6 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) TBA Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) TBA Clare Balding 20 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) TBA Adil Ray 27 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) TBA 5 Emma Willis 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) TBA 6 Lulu 17 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) TBA 7 Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) TBA 8 Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBA 9 Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBA 10 Ruby Wax 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series. Media releases ( edit ) Series 1 -- 11 of Who Do You Think You Are? are available on DVD in the UK ( Region 2 ). In October 2007, BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine, a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series. The series 1 -- 4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are? is available, distributed by Acorn Media UK. Complete Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage, First Steps to Researching Your Family The Complete Second Series TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage The Complete Third Series TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None The Complete Fourth Series TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born. The Complete Fifth Series TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind - the - scenes features The Complete Sixth Series TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None The Complete Seventh Series TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None The Complete Eighth Series TBA 20 August 2012 TBA None The Complete Ninth Series TBA 5 August 2013 TBA None The Complete Tenth Series TBA 22 September 2014 TBA None The Complete Eleventh Series TBA 10 November 2014 TBA Who Do They Think They Are? : 10 Years, 100 Shows Other countries ( edit ) See also : Who Do You Think You Are? ( disambiguation ) The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies, who have produced their own individual versions : TVP1 has aired a Polish version, called Sekrety rodzinne, which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007. In September 2007, a first series of Canadian version, consisting of 13 episodes, aired on CBC Television. An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008, after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown ; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry, Bill Oddie, Julia Sawalha, Jeremy Clarkson, Gurinder Chadha, and Nigella Lawson. In 2008, ARD 's Das Erste aired the German version, called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( `` The secret of my family '' ). They aired four episodes featuring Marie - Luise Marjan, Armin Rohde, Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay. Ireland 's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009. The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon, Dana, Rosanna Davison, and Dermot Gavin. The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland. Sveriges Television, the Swedish public service broadcaster, aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är? in 2009. Later that year, in May and June, they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry, Jeremy Irons, Nigella Lawson, John Hurt, and Jane Horrocks. Also on 31 May 2009, South African station SABC2 premiered its version, split into two parts, featuring local personalities. An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC. In Britain, this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010. In 2010, the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ( `` Hidden Past '' ) of the show started. Thus far, eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017. From 2005 to 2008, four series of the show Verre Verwanten ( `` Distant Relatives '' ) were shown on Dutch television. In September 2010, the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version, called Ved du hvem du er?. On 1 September 2010, France 2 aired two episodes of the French version, Retour aux Sources, featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié In January 2011, the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version, called Hvem tror du at du er? Starting on 9 January 2012, Finland 's national public - broadcasting company, YLE, aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version, called Kuka oikein olet?, in which local public figures searched for their origins. A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV, called Finding Your Roots, with Henry Louis Gates. This series adds DNA profiling to the format ; including Y - chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships. The series started airing on 25 March 2012. In January 2013, Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show, called Tajemství rodu ( `` The secret of the lineage '' ). Starting 15 January 2013, RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És? ( `` Who Do You Think You Are? '' ) at the 10 : 30 pm timeslot. The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José, the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu, the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané. International versions ( edit ) Country Local Name Network Air Dates Australia Who Do You Think You Are? SBS One January 2008 -- present Canada Quebec Who Do You Think You Are? CBC Television 11 October 2007 -- 31 January 2008 Qui êtes - vous? ( Who Are You? ) ICI Radio - Canada Télé 8 November 2013 Czech Republic Tajemství rodu ( The Secret of the Family ) ČT1 9 January 2013 Denmark Ved du hvem du er? ( Do You Know Who You Are? ) DR1 15 September 2010 -- 17 March 2012 Finland Kuka oikein olet? ( Who Are You? ) Yle TV1 9 January 2012 France Retour aux Sources ( Back to Basics ) France 2 1 September 2010 Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( The Secret of My Family ) Das Erste 31 March 2008 -- Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 -- 19 October 2009 Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה? ( Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata ) Channel 1 4 February 2010 Netherlands Verborgen verleden ( Hidden Past ) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 -- present Norway Hvem tror du at du er? NRK1 January 2011 -- present Poland Sekrety rodzinne ( Family Secrets ) TVP1 November 2006 -- March 2007 Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És? RTP1 15 January 2013 Russia Моя родословная ( My Family Tree ) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 -- 12 February 2011 South Africa Who Do You Think You Are? SABC2 31 May 2009 Sweden Vem tror du att du är? SVT1 Spring 2009 United States Who Do You Think You Are? NBC ( 2010 -- 12 ) TLC ( 2013 -- present ) 5 March 2010 -- present Similar Programmes ( edit ) BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home, which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background. In 2007, Wall to Wall developed You Do n't Know You 're Born for ITV1. The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors ' jobs. UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007. A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself, discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel - owner, respectively. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.4 million uncover Davina 's family history ''. Digital Spy. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? with Nicky Campbell ''. Who Do You Think You Are. 11 July 2007. BBC. BBC Two. Jump up ^ Meet Sir Alan Sugar, the Del Boy business tsar, who faces storm over Apprentice ' conflict ' Daily Mail, 10 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Programmes ''. Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson. BBC Who Do You Think You Are?, 26 September 2006 ; retrieved 5 October 2008. Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History ''. BBC News. 17 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Featured Articles -- BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are? ''. TheGenealogist.co.uk. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton ( 12 April 2011 ). `` This year 's Who Do You Think You Are? celebrities revealed ''. Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ richardm56 ( 1 August 2011 ). `` Yup. Sep 28, 9pm BBC1 ''. Twitter. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Elton, Matt ( 9 February 2012 ). `` Who Do You Think You Are? 2012 : new series celebrities revealed ''. Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? 2013 : new celebrities revealed ''. Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Who Do They Think They Are? : 10 Years, 100 Shows ''. BBC. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Julie Walters ''. BBC. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah ( 9 August 2014 ). `` Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers ' real - life Oliver Twist ' in the family ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2014. Jump up ^ Greenwood, Carl ( 22 June 2015 ). `` Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood, Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall ''. The Mirror. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? ''. BBC. Retrieved 7 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals WDYTYA? 2015 running order ''. Who Do You Think You Are Magazine. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. Jump up ^ Methven, Nicola ( 13 July 2016 ). `` Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary ''. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 13 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Television Awards Winners in 2010 ''. BAFTA. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon ''. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series Eight ( DVD ) : Alan Carr, June Brown, J.K. Rowling, Larry Lamb, Robin Gibb, Emilia Fox : Film & TV ''. Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series Nine ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series 10 ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series 11 ( DVD ) ''. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are % 3F ( Irish TV series ) ''. RTÉ. Retrieved 2 May 2010. Jump up ^ About The Show ( Series 2 ) Who Do You Think You Are? RTÉ Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? ( SA ) ''. TVSA. Retrieved 2 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Retour aux sources, TV Show '', Facebook. Jump up ^ `` Sarja : Kuka oikein olet? Ohjelmat Yle.fi ''. YLE. Retrieved 18 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tajemství rodu '' ( Secrets of the family ) ( in Czech ). Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Coming Home, Coming Soon ''. South East Wales. BBC Wales. 11 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Coming Home Coming Soon ''. Mid Wales. BBC Wales. 28 January 2008. Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017 References ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series one : Celebrity Gallery ''. BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series two : Celebrity Gallery ''. BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series three : Celebrity Gallery ''. BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series four : Celebrity Gallery ''. BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series five : Celebrity Gallery ''. BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links ''. Footnote.com. External Links ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are? ''. BBC Programmes. Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine BBC Who Do You Think You Are? Story Family History at BBC Online Who Do You Think You Are? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are? United Kingdom ( original ) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=802840647 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC television documentaries Television series about family history Television series by Warner Bros. Television English - language television programs British genealogy Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017, at 20 : 20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&amp;oldid=802840647" }

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{ "text": "Roger Lloyd - Pack - wikipedia Roger Lloyd - Pack Jump to : navigation, search Roger Lloyd - Pack Lloyd - Pack in 2013 at the Shakespeare 's Globe ( 1944 - 02 - 08 ) 8 February 1944 Islington, London, England 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) ( aged 69 ) Kentish Town, London, England Resting place Highgate Cemetery Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 1960 -- 2014 Spouse ( s ) Sheila Ball ( m. 1967 ; div. 1972 ) Jehane Markham ( m. 2000 ) Children 4, including Emily Lloyd Parent ( s ) Charles Lloyd - Pack Ulrike Pulay Relatives David Markham ( father - in - law ) Roger Lloyd - Pack ( 8 February 1944 -- 15 January 2014 ) was an English actor. He was best known for the role of Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003. He had a supporting role of Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007, and as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He was also well known for his appearance as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes `` Rise of the Cybermen '' and `` The Age of Steel ''. He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lloyd - Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of Ulrike Elizabeth ( née Pulay, 1921 - 2000 ), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent, and Charles Lloyd - Pack ( 1902 - 1983 ), who was also an actor. He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ), where he worked with actors including Kenneth Cranham and Richard Wilson. Career ( edit ) On British television he was best known for portraying `` Trigger '' in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt, and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV 's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice - related death of his wife. In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, `` Rise of the Cybermen '' and `` The Age of Steel '', opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd - Pack 's final TV appearance was in Law & Order : UK as Alex Greene. Personal life ( edit ) Lloyd - Pack was married twice : first to Sheila Ball, from whom he was divorced in 1972, and secondly to the poet and dramatist Jehane Markham ( the daughter of David Markham ), whom he married in 2000. He had one daughter, actress Emily Lloyd, and three sons. He lived most latterly in Kentish Town, North London, but also had a home near Fakenham in Norfolk. Lloyd - Pack supported Tottenham Hotspur. He voiced the pre-match build - up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur 's home matches which is still played today. In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC 's The Politics Show, arguing the case for better - integrated public transport ( specifically railways ). He was an honorary patron of the London children 's charity Scene & Heard. Lloyd - Pack supported the Labour Party and campaigned for Ken Livingstone in the London mayoral election, 2012. However, in 2013, he signed a letter in The Guardian stating he had withdrawn his support from the Labour Party, in favour of a new party of the left. In a 2008 interview, when asked what profession he would have chosen aside from acting, Lloyd - Pack said : `` Psychiatrist or a psychoanalyst or something in the psycho world because I 've always been interested in that... or I might have been a photographer... I also would have loved to have been a musician. '' In that same interview, he listed his favourite directors as Peter Gill, Harold Pinter, Richard Eyre, Thea Sharrock, and Tina Packer, and also listed actor Paul Scofield as both a favourite and influence. In January 2012, he and fellow actor Sarah Parish supported a campaign to raise £ 1million for The Bridge School in Islington. Death ( edit ) On 15 January 2014, Lloyd - Pack died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Kentish Town at the age of 69. His funeral was held at the church of St. Paul 's, Covent Garden. He was buried in Highgate Cemetery, northwest London. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1968 The Magus Young Maurice Conchis 1968 Secret Ceremony Cleaner Uncredited 1969 Hamlet Reynaldo 1970 Figures in a Landscape Soldier 1971 The Go Between Charles 1971 Fright Constable 1971 Fiddler On The Roof Russian Orthodox Sexton Confessions of a Sex Maniac Henry Milligan The Naked Civil Servant Bermondsey Liz 1979 Meetings with Remarkable Men Pavlov 1979 Cuba Nunez 1980 Bloody Kids Hospital Doctor 1984 1984 Waiter Prick Up Your Ears Actor 2 The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover Geoff 1990 Wilt Dr. Pittman 1991 American Friends Dr. Butler 1991 The Object of Beauty Frankie 1993 The Trial Stairman 1993 U.F.O. Solo 1994 Princess Caraboo Magistrate Haythorne 1994 Interview with the Vampire Piano Teacher 1995 The Young Poisoner 's Handbook Fred Hollow Reed Hannah 's Lawyer 1997 Preaching to the Perverted Mr. Cutts Watson Vanity Fair Francis Sharp 2003 Margery and Gladys DI Woolley 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Barty Crouch, Sr. 2006 The Living and the Dead Donald Brocklebank Made in Dagenham George 2011 Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy Mendel 2011 In Love with Alma Cogan Norman 2013 Twelfth Night Sir Andrew Aguecheek Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1968 Crime Buster 1970 The Roads to Freedom Bobby 1972 Spyder 's Web Albert 12 episodes 1972 Jason King Radio Operator 1972 The Protectors Paparazzo Uncredited 1 episode 1973 Special Branch Paul 1 episode 1973 The Protectors Russi 1 episode Within These Walls Dr Osmonde 1 episode Crown Court Dr Patrick Attwater 1 episode Churchill 's People Thug 1 episode Play for Today Sidney Bagley 1 episode Softly, Softly : Taskforce Martin Webb 1 episode 1976 Dixon of Dock Green Ron Fielding 1 episode 1976 Survivors Wally 2 episodes 1977 The Professionals Ramos the terrorist Episode : `` Long Shot '' 1978 Life of Shakespeare Jack Heminge 6 episodes 1981 Chronicle Chambers 1 episode 1981 Private Schulz Melvin 1 episode 1981 -- 2003 Only Fools and Horses Trigger 39 episodes 1985 Moving Jimmy Ryan 6 episodes 1985 -- 1993 Screen Two Selser David Power Derek 3 episodes Inspector Morse Donald Martin 1 episode 1990 Mr. Bean Waiter Episode : `` The Return of Mr. Bean '' 1990 Byker Grove Beckett 5 episodes 1990 Zorro Carrillo 1 episode 1991 The Chief 2 episodes 1991 Selling Hitler David Irving 2 episodes 1991 The Bill Arnie 1 episode 1991 Stay Lucky Eddie Vernon 1 episode 1991 The Gravy Train Goes East Ferenc Plitplov 4 episodes 1991 Boon Ray Watts 1 episode 1992 Archer 's Goon Quentin Sykes 1992 Screen One Gordon 1993 Lovejoy Smallman - Smith 1 episode 1993 -- 1995 Health and Efficiency Rex Regis 12 episodes 1993 -- 1996 2point4 Children Jake Klinger 3 episodes 1994 -- 2013 The Vicar of Dibley Owen Newitt 25 episodes 1996 -- 1997 Paul Merton in Galton & Simpson 's... Various Characters Murder Most Horrid Frank Foster 1 episode Heartbeat Reggie Rawlins Episode : `` Catch Us If You Can '' 1997 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling Anderson 2 episodes 1997 Noel 's House Party Builder 1997 -- 1998 Knight School Sir Baldwin De'Ath 2 episodes 1999 Kavanagh QC Alex Watkins 1 episode 1999 Oliver Twist Mr Sowerberry 2 episodes Murder Rooms : The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes Dr. Ibbotson 2002 Born and Bred Norman Pendleton 1 episode 2002 The Bill Mick Mortimer 7 episodes 2002 Dalziel and Pascoe Bishop Halliwell 1 episode Where the Heart Is Don Nicholls 1 episode 2005 Doc Martin Phil Pratt 1 episode 2006 Agatha Christie 's Poirot Inspector Caux Episode : `` The Mystery of the Blue Train '' 2006 Doctor Who John Lumic Episodes : `` Rise of the Cybermen '', `` The Age of Steel '' 2008 New Tricks Danny Jones 1 episode 2009 The Catherine Tate Show Ghost of Christmas Future Episode : `` Nan 's Christmas Carol '' 2009 -- 2010 The Old Guys Tom Finnan 12 episodes Arena Various Characters Episode : `` Harold Pinter : A Celebration '' Survivors Billy Stringer 2 episodes 2011 Hustle Clive Ban Episode : `` Clearance From A Deal '' 2012 The Borgias Friar 2012 Inspector George Gently Hector Blackstone 2014 Law & Order : UK Alex Greene Episode : `` I Predict a Riot '', ( final television appearance ) Stage ( edit ) Wild Honey ( 1984 ) by Anton Chekhov, playing the part of Osip Kafka 's Dick by Alan Bennett -- He played Kafka Blue / Orange by Joe Penhall ' Art ' Dick Whittington -- a family pantomime by Mark Ravenhill at the Barbican Centre One for the Road Dealer 's Choice by Patrick Marber -- He played Ash, alongside Malcolm Sinclair and Stephen Wight. The Last Laugh -- by Koki Mitani ( English version of Warai no Daigaku ). He played The Censor, Japan, 2007. The Trojan Women ( 2012 ) - Caroline Bird 's adaptation of the tragedy by Euripides at the Gate Theatre, Notting Hill, London -- He played Poseidon. Richard III ( 2012 ) by William Shakespeare at the Globe Theatre, South Bank, London -- He played Duke of Buckingham. Twelfth Night ( 2013 ) by William Shakespeare -- He played Sir Andrew Aguecheek. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roger Lloyd Pack obituary '', The Guardian, 16 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Roger Lloyd Pack Biography ''. filmreference.com. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Sale, Jonathan ( 19 February 2009 ). `` Passed / Failed : An education in the life of Roger Lloyd Pack, actor ''. The Independent. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Haverson, Neil ( 11 April 2011 ). `` Trigger happy in Norfolk ''. letstalk24.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Butt, Riazat ( 4 September 2006 ). `` People ''. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Rise of the Cybermen ''. BBC. 13 May 2006. Jump up ^ `` Trigger gets hitched ''. The Herald. 29 April 2000. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` One Week With John Gulliver -- Big name on the flotilla causes very few ripples ''. Camden New Journal. June 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Only Fools and Horses stars attend the funeral of Roger Lloyd Pack Eastern Daily Press, 13 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Trigger earns his Spurs ''. metro.co.uk. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Roger Lloyd pack on trains ''. news.bbc.co.uk. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Scene & Heard -- mentoring project that partners the inner - city children of Somers Town, London, with volunteer theatre professionals to write and perform plays ''. Sceneandheard.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` London Mayoral Election : All the latest news live ''. LondonlovesBusiness.com. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Left Unity ready to offer an alternative ''. The Guardian. 12 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : Paddock, Terri ( 7 January 2008 ). `` 20 Questions With... Roger Lloyd Pack ''. whatsonstage.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Butter, Susannah ( 20 January 2012 ). `` Stars Sarah Parish and Roger Lloyd Pack support Bridge School campaign ''. islingtontribune.com. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Roger Lloyd - Pack, star of Only Fools and Horses, dies aged 69 ''. BBC News. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Roger Lloyd - Pack, Trigger in Only Fools and Horses, dies ''. The Guardian. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Only Fools and Horses actor Roger Lloyd - Pack famous for `` Trigger '' character dies ``. Daily Telegraph. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ EHL ( January 17, 2014 ). `` Roger Lloyd - Pack ''. Find a Grave. Jump up ^ Michael Frayn : Plays Two, Methuen, 1991 External links ( edit ) Roger Lloyd - Pack on IMDb BBC biography BBC interview about appearing in Doctor Who VIAF : 78443511 LCCN : no2002026695 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Lloyd-Pack&oldid=837293655 '' Categories : 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Deaths from pancreatic cancer English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English people of Austrian - Jewish descent Male actors from London People educated at Bedales School People from Islington ( district ) Deaths from cancer in England British male comedy actors Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata EngvarB from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 22 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Roger Lloyd-Pack", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Roger_Lloyd-Pack&amp;oldid=837293655" }

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{ "text": "Kate Spade New York - Wikipedia Kate Spade New York Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kate Spade New York Type Subsidiary ISIN US4858651098 Industry Fashion Founded January 1993 Founder Kate Spade and Andy Spade Headquarters New York, New York Parent Kate Spade & Company Website www.katespade.com Kate Spade New York is an American fashion design house founded in January 1993 by Kate Spade and Andy Spade. Jack Spade is the brand 's line for men. Kate Spade New York competes with Michael Kors. The company was recently purchased by, and is now part of, Coach. Contents ( hide ) 1 Business history 1.1 Prior to company creation 1.2 Early stages 1.3 Later stages 2 Company 2.1 Merchandise 2.2 Jack Spade 3 References 4 External links Business history ( edit ) Store on Madison Avenue Temporary shop in New York Prior to company creation ( edit ) Katherine Noel Brosnahan ( later known as Kate Spade ) was born on December 4, 1962 in Kansas City, Missouri. She grew up in Kansas City and went to an all - girls Catholic high school. She moved to Arizona, where she attended Arizona State University and graduated in 1985. It is there that she met her future husband, Andy Spade. Katherine majored in journalism, while Andy majored in architecture. After they completed their education, the couple had moved to New York City by 1986. It was in New York that Katherine worked as a style editor for Mademoiselle, but left in 1991 ( with the title of senior editor / head of accessories ) to start her own handbag line. To get inspiration, Kate browsed local flea markets and secondhand stores. She also researched the styles, fabrics, and potential production costs of making her own handbags. The team slowly worked their way up the social ladder until they were able to create a company that would be noticed by the public. Early stages ( edit ) Kate Spade New York was founded in 1993 by Katherine Noel Brosnahan and her husband / business partner Andy Spade. Kate Spade New York started after a suggestion from Andy when Katherine was n't sure about her next career move after logging six years at Mademoiselle. Originally, the business started out with the Sam handbag and was only making colorful lively bags for consumers. Eventually, Andy withdrew $35,000 from his 401K account to fund the production of Kate 's handbags. Her debut line infused classic shapes, colors and fabrics into a now iconic square bag with a little black label sewn to the outside of the bag that said `` Kate Spade New York. '' Their main target market at this time was the upper middle class. In 1996, Spade 's company opened its first shop in New York City 's SoHo. Kate Spade rose in eight months after a journalist at Cleveland Research Co. recommended buying the shares because of the brand 's growth potential. Everywhere people went in New York from about 1997 - 2000, it would have been impossible to avoid seeing women carrying that simple nylon bag. The business was one of the first of its time to go digital, by using iPads, cell phones, and computers, as a part of the daily routine when working at one of its stores. The company started from nothing, and after 1998 it started to expand, with sales totally $27 million. By 2006, revenue was reportedly near $99 million. In 1999, Neiman Marcus Group paid $34 million for 56 % stake of the company. And in 2006, Neiman Marcus Group acquired the remaining 44 % stake in Kate Spade. Later stages ( edit ) In 2004, Kate Spade operated only 13 stores in the United States, and did not ship out of the country ( Cohen 198 ). The company initially sold handbags, but eventually extended to include stationery, personal organizers, address books, shoes, beauty products, perfume, raincoats, pajamas, and eyewear clothing. It now has a full women 's clothing line. The business ' clothing and handbag lines are featured in retail stores all across America. Products are easily and continuously shipped around the world. Control operation was given to Liz Claiborne in 2007, however Andy Spade was initially in charge of the company 's operations. By 2004, Kate Spade & Co. was worth $2.5 billion, not including the complimentary company Jack Spade. Kate Spade has over 180 stores around the world, and is sold in more than 400 stores worldwide ( Cohen 198 ). Kate and Andy went from taking `` the nothing black bag '' to a creative personalized purse, now they create merchandise from the simple tote to home decor and bedding. In November 2006, apparel giant Liz Claiborne Inc. bought Kate Spade for about $124 million from Neiman Marcus Group. Kate Spade expanded their retail stores to include Kate Spade New York Outlets. The brand has over 47 outlet locations across the United States ( Outlet Sheet ). The outlets offer Kate Spade New York handbags, clothing, jewelry, and accessories at a discounted price. Kate Spade New York Products are also sold in major department stores including Nordstrom, Macy 's, and Dillard 's. Kate Spade New York handbags, clothing, jewelry, accessories, and home products can be found in these major department stores. Kate Spade Home products are also sold at Bed, Bath and Beyond. As of January 2017, Kate Spade New York also debuted an exclusive collection with Williams - Sonoma including dinnerware, glassware, and flatware. ( Williams - Sonoma, INC ). Company ( edit ) Kate Spade logo Merchandise ( edit ) Kate Spade 's first handbag was sold in January 1993. Shortly after the initial products were released new collections came out containing glasses, jewelry, and other small accessories ( winter 36 ). In 2007, `` kate spade at home '' was launched as a home collection brand. It features bedding, bath items, china, and various items for the home and wallpaper. In April 2013, Kate Spade New York launched a new fragrance called Live Colorfully. Previous perfumes of the house include Kate Spade from 2003 and Twirl from 2010. Live Colorfully is a fragrance made in - house that marks the 20th anniversary of the brand. Each of Spade 's products sold are packaged, and each one has a card that gives a description of Kate and Andy 's journey to the top. Every product purchased also has its own protective carrying / travelling case, no matter the item. Even large tote bags come with a case. Jack Spade ( edit ) Jack Spade, a fictional name, is the men 's complement to the Kate Spade brand. The style of Jack Spade reflects different aspects than the Kate Spade New York Company does, and not only because it is a male line. While Kate Spade is a clean cut line that represents a sleek, upper east side, preppy style, Jack Spade is more of a rugged style. The styles are completely different because they are based on what trends that specific gender is wearing in the upper east side. Jack Spade is composed more of darker colors rather than bright lively colors ( Winters 36 ). Its founder and principal designer was Andy Spade. In recent years, Kate Spade has been featuring designs and special editions by guest designers and is no longer the sole artistic vision of the husband and wife team. All the Jack Spade stores were permanently closed in January 2015, but the brand continued to sell online and at Nordstrom. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sarah Halzack, Kate Spade has invaded your closet. Now it 's determined not to be a flash in the pan Washington Post May 7, 2015 Jump up ^ Gensler, Lauren. `` Coach Is Buying Kate Spade For $2.4 Billion ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19. ^ Jump up to : `` Who Is Kate Spade? '' Ophthalmology Times Issue 29. ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` CNN.com ''. www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Kate Spade ''. Biography.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Kate & Andy Spade Kate Spade HOW WE BAGGED OUR CAREERS, PURSUED OUR PASSION FOR FASHION, AND TURNED A SIMPLE PURSE INTO A SYMBOL OF STYLE AND A BURGEONING EMPIRE. - September 1, 2003 ''. money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Jacobs, Alexandra. `` Having Fun Is Hard Work. '' The New York Times, 29 May 2013. Jump up ^ Lieber, Chavie ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ). `` Kate Spade 's Shiny, Sparkly Success Story ''. Racked. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ Palmeri, Christopher ( 1999 - 05 - 03 ). `` Retailer 's revenge ''. Forbes. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ `` PrivCo The Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. acquires the remaining stake in Kate Spade LLC ''. www.privco.com. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ Winters, Rebecca ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ). `` Women in Fashion - TIME ''. Time. ISSN 0040 - 781X. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12. Jump up ^ VANESSA O'CONNELL and TERI AGINS, Neiman Marcus to Sell Kate Spade Wall Street Journal Nov. 8, 2006 Jump up ^ `` Kate Spade Outlet Near Me - Hours and Locations Outlet Sheet ''. www.outletsheet.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05. Jump up ^ `` WILLIAMS SONOMA DEBUTS EXCLUSIVE TABLETOP COLLABORATION WITH KATE SPADE NEW YORK Williams - Sonoma, Inc. Investor Relations ''. ir.williams-sonomainc.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05. Jump up ^ Jack Spade on Oak Street is closing Crain 's Chicago Business January 29, 2015 External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Spade_New_York&oldid=797514729 '' Categories : High fashion brands 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Bags ( fashion ) Design companies established in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017, at 14 : 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Kate Spade New York", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kate_Spade_New_York&amp;oldid=797514729" }

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{ "text": "Ink sac - Wikipedia Ink sac Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula showing the position of the ink sac An ink sac is an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink. With the exception of nocturnal and very deep water cephalopods, all coeloids ( squid, octopus and cuttlefish ) which dwell in light conditions have an ink sac, which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink in order to confuse predators. The ink sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hind gut ; it is a modified hypobranchial gland. It lies beneath the gut and opens into the anus, into which its contents -- almost pure melanin -- can be squirted ; its proximity to the base of the funnel means that the ink can be distributed by ejected water as the cephalopod uses its jet propulsion. The ejected cloud of melanin is bound by mucus particles, so it forms a lump approximately the size and shape of the cephalopod, fixing the predator 's attention while the mollusc itself makes a hasty escape. A general level of provocation is necessary to trigger an octopus to release its ink, as it is biologically costly to produce. Some species can even use their ink to stun or numb their predators. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Boyle, Peter ; Rodhouse, Paul ( 2004 ). Cephalopods : ecology and fisheries. Ames, Iowa : Blackwell. doi : 10.1002 / 9780470995310. ch2. ISBN 0 - 632 - 06048 - 4. Jump up ^ Nair, J.R., D. Pillai, S.M. Joseph, P. Gomathi, P.V. Senan & P.M. Sherief ( 2011 ). `` Cephalopod research and bioactive substances '' ( PDF ). Indian Journal of Geo - Marine Sciences 40 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 27. Cephalopod anatomy Shell Shell types External shells : Ammonoid shell Argonautid eggcase Nautiloid shell Orthocone Internal shells : Belemnoid guard Cirrate shell Cuttlebone Gladius ( pen ) Spirula shell Stylet External features Aperture Apex Callus Lirae Periostracum Sculpture Spire Sutures Umbilicus Internal features Body chamber Camerae Nacre Phragmocone Septa Siphuncle Whorls Mantle and funnel External anatomy Dermal structures Fins ( wings ) Flotation devices ( `` secondary fins '' ) Funnel -- mantle locking apparatus Tail Internal anatomy Branchial hearts Ctenidia ( gills ) Hepatopancreas ( digestive gland ) Ink sac and ink Needham 's sac Nephridia ( `` kidneys '' ) Nidamental glands Osphradium Pericardial glands Head and limbs Brachial crown Arms Hectocotylus Tentacles Carpus Dactylus Manus Suckers and hooks Buccal region Aptychus Beak Odontophore Radula Spadix and antispadix Occipital region Nuchal crest ( occipital crest ) Nuchal folds ( occipital folds ) Occipital membrane Olfactory organ Nuchal organ Other parts Eyes Statocysts General Chromatophores Photophores Nervous system Squid giant axon Squid giant synapse Developmental stages : Spawn → Paralarva ( Doratopsis stage ) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult Egg fossils Protoconch ( embryonic shell ) This cephalopod - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_sac&oldid=841321709 '' Categories : Cephalopod stubs Cephalopod zootomy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018, at 03 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ink sac", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ink_sac&amp;oldid=841321709" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Ink sac - Wikipedia Ink sac Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula showing the position of the ink sac An ink sac is an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink. With the exception of nocturnal and very deep water cephalopods, all coeloids ( squid, octopus and cuttlefish ) which dwell in light conditions have an ink sac, which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink in order to confuse predators. The ink sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hind gut ; it is a modified hypobranchial gland. It lies beneath the gut and opens into the anus, into which its contents -- almost pure melanin -- can be squirted ; its proximity to the base of the funnel means that the ink can be distributed by ejected water as the cephalopod uses its jet propulsion. The ejected cloud of melanin is bound by mucus particles, so it forms a lump approximately the size and shape of the cephalopod, fixing the predator 's attention while the mollusc itself makes a hasty escape. A general level of provocation is necessary to trigger an octopus to release its ink, as it is biologically costly to produce. Some species can even use their ink to stun or numb their predators. References ( edit )" ], "id": [ "14121471321186348963" ], "short_answers": [ "into the anus" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Dynamics ( Music ) - wikipedia Dynamics ( Music ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Crescendo '' redirects here. For other uses, see Crescendo ( disambiguation ). `` Fortissimo '' redirects here. For other uses, see Fortissimo ( disambiguation ). `` Diminuendo '' redirects here. For the Lowlife album, see Diminuendo ( album ). For the Thoroughbred racehorse, see Diminuendo ( horse ). Same motif repeated at various quiet and loud dynamics Play ( help info ) In music, the dynamics of a piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings still require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context : for instance a piano ( quiet ) marking in one part of a piece might have quite different objective loudness in another piece, or even a different section of the same piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato. Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose and interpretation 2 Dynamic markings 2.1 Changes 2.2 Extreme dynamic markings 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Purpose and interpretation ( edit ) Dynamics are one of the expressive elements of music. Used effectively, dynamics help musicians sustain variety and interest in a musical performance, and communicate a particular emotional state or feeling. Dynamic markings are always relative. p never indicates a precise level of loudness, it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be considerably quieter than f. There are many factors affecting the interpretation of a dynamic marking. For instance, the middle of a musical phrase will normally be played louder than the beginning or ending, to ensure the phrase is properly shaped, even where a passage is marked p throughout. Similarly, in multi-part music, some voices will naturally be played louder than others, for instance to emphasis the melody and the bass line, even if a whole passage is marked at one dynamic level. Some instruments are naturally louder than others - for instance, a tuba playing piano will likely be louder than a guitar playing fortissimo, while a high - pitched instrument piccolo playing in its upper register can usually sound loud even where its actual decibel level is lower than that of other instruments. Further, a dynamic marking does not necessarily only affect loudness of the music. A forte passage is not usually `` the same as a piano passage but louder ''. Rather, a musician will often use a different approach to other aspects of expression like timbre or articulation to further illustrate the differences. Sometimes this might also extend to tempo. It 's important for a performer to be able to control dynamics and tempo independently, and thus novice musicians are often instructed `` do n't speed up just because it 's getting louder! ''. However, in some circumstances, a dynamic marking might also indicate a change of tempo. In some music notation programs, there are default MIDI key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. Apple 's Logic Pro 9 ( 2009 - 2013 ) and Avid 's Sibelius 5 ( 2007 - 2009 ) use the following values : Sibelius 5 defines the following values, though these may be adjusted in Sibelius, within the range 0 - 127 : Letters ppp pp p mp mf f ff fff Logic Pro 9 dynamics 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 127 Sibelius 5 dynamics 20 39 61 71 84 98 113 127 Sibelius 5 attacks 15 30 50 60 75 90 105 119 Dynamic markings ( edit ) See also : Glossary of musical terminology Scale of dynamic markings Name Letters Level fortissississimo ffff maximum fortississimo fff fortissimo ff forte f mezzo - forte mf average mezzo - piano mp piano p pianissimo pp pianississimo ppp pianissississimo pppp pianississississimo ppppp pianissississississimo pppppp minimum The two basic dynamic indications in music are : p or piano, meaning `` soft ''. for forte, meaning `` loud ''. More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by : mp, standing for mezzo - piano, meaning `` half soft ''. mf, standing for mezzo - forte, meaning `` half loud ''. più p, standing for più piano and meaning `` softer ''. più f, standing for più forte and meaning `` louder ''. Use of up to three consecutive fs or ps is also common : pp, standing for pianissimo and meaning `` very soft ''. ff, standing for fortissimo and meaning `` very loud ''. ppp, standing for pianississimo and meaning `` very very soft '' ( or alternatively pianissimo possibile, `` as soft as possible '' ). fff, standing for fortississimo and meaning `` very very loud ''. The overall ranking of these is : ppp pp più p p mp mf f più f ff fff softest mid dle loudest Note Velocity is a MIDI measurement of the speed that the key travels from its rest position to completely depressed, with 127, the largest value in a 7 - bit number, being instantaneous, and meaning as strong as possible. Play a C major chord at each dynamic from fff to ppp ( help info ) Changes ( edit ) `` Crescendo '' redirects here. For other uses, see Crescendo ( disambiguation ). Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume : crescendo ( abbreviated cresc. ) translates as `` increasing '' ( literally `` growing '' ). decrescendo ( abbreviated to decresc. ) translates as `` decreasing ''. diminuendo ( abbreviated dim. ) translates as `` diminishing ''. Signs sometimes referred to as `` hairpins '' are also used to stand for these words ( See image ). If the angle lines open up ( ), then the indication is to get louder ; if they close gradually ( ), the indication is to get softer. The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong, then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter : Hairpins are usually written below the staff ( or between the two staves in a grand staff ), but are sometimes found above, especially in music for singers or in music with multiple melody lines being played by a single performer. They tend to be used for dynamic changes over a relatively short space of time ( at most a few bars ), while cresc., decresc. and dim. are generally used for changes over a longer period. Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate over what time the event should occur, which may be as long as multiple pages. For greater changes in dynamics, cresc. molto and dim. molto are often used, where the molto means `` much ''. Similarly, for more gradual changes poco cresc. and poco dim. are used, where `` poco '' translates as a little, or alternatively with poco a poco meaning `` little by little. Sudden changes in dynamics may be notated by adding the word subito ( meaning `` suddenly '' ) as a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation. Accented notes can be notated sforzando, sforzato, forzando or forzato ( abbreviated sfz, sf, or fz ) ( `` forcing '' or `` forced '' ), or using the sign >, placed above or below the head of the note. Sforzando ( sfz ) notation Sforzando ( or sforzato, forzando, forzato ) indicates a forceful accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. There is often confusion surrounding these markings and whether or not there is any difference in the degree of accent. However, all of these indicate the same expression, depending on the dynamic level, and the extent of the sforzando is determined purely by the performer. The fortepiano notation fp indicates a forte followed immediately by piano. By contrast, pf is an abbreviation for poco forte, literally `` a little loud '' but ( according to Brahms ) meaning with the character of forte, but the sound of piano, though rarely used because of possible confusion with pianoforte ). Extreme dynamic markings ( edit ) Dynamics softer than ppp or louder than fff are impractical, although theoretically any dynamic is possible. While the typical range of dynamic markings is from ppp to fff, some pieces use additional markings of further emphasis. Extreme dynamic markings imply an extreme range of loudness, or, alternatively, imply an extremely subtle distinction between very small differences of loudness within a normal range. This kind of usage is most common in orchestral works from the late 19th - century onwards. Generally, these markings are supported by the orchestration of the work, with heavy forte markings brought to life by having many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once. An early example of a decrescendo across 72 bars, from f to pppppp, is found in the fifth piece ( `` The Indian '' ) of Walter William Stockhoff 's In the Mountains : 7 Impressions for Pianoforte, op. 2 ( 1914 ). For instance, in Holst 's The Planets, ffff occurs twice in `` Mars '' and once in `` Uranus '', often punctuated by organ. It also appears in Heitor Villa - Lobos ' Bachianas Brasileiras No. 4 ( Prelude ), and in Liszt 's Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale `` Ad nos, ad salutarem undam ''. The Norman Dello Joio Suite for Piano ends with a crescendo to a ffff, and Tchaikovsky indicated a bassoon solo pppppp ( 6 p ) in his Pathétique Symphony and ffff in passages of his 1812 Overture and the 2nd movement of his Fifth Symphony. Igor Stravinsky used ffff at the end of the finale of the Firebird Suite. ffff is also found in a prelude by Rachmaninoff, op. 3 - 2. Shostakovich even went as loud as fffff ( 5 fs ) in his fourth symphony. Gustav Mahler, in the third movement of his Seventh Symphony, gives the celli and basses a marking of fffff ( 5 fs ), along with a footnote directing ' pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood '. On the other extreme, Carl Nielsen, in the second movement of his Symphony No. 5, marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to ppppp ( 5 ps ). Another more extreme dynamic is in György Ligeti 's Études No. 13 ( Devil 's Staircase ), which has at one point a ffffff ( 6 fs ) and progresses to a ffffffff ( 8 fs ). In Ligeti 's Études No. 9, he uses pppppppp ( 8 ps ). In the baritone passage `` Era la notte '' from his opera Otello, Verdi uses pppp. In the full score the same spot is marked ppp. Steane ( 1971 ) and others suggest that such markings are in reality a strong reminder to less than subtle singers to at least sing softly rather than an instruction to the singer actually to attempt a pppp. History ( edit ) On Music, one of the ' ' Moralia ' ' attributed to the philosopher Plutarch in the first century AD, suggests that ancient Greek musical performance included dynamic transitions - though dynamics receive far less attention in the text than does rhythm or harmony. The Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the first to indicate dynamics in music notation, but dynamics were used sparingly by composers until the late 18th century. Bach used some dynamic terms, including forte, piano, più piano, and pianissimo ( although written out as full words ), and in some cases it may be that ppp was considered to mean pianissimo in this period. The fact that the harpsichord could play only `` terraced '' dynamics ( either loud or soft, but not in between ), and the fact that composers of the period did not mark gradations of dynamics in their scores, has led to the `` somewhat misleading suggestion that baroque dynamics are ' terraced dynamics ', '' writes Robert Donington. In fact, baroque musicians constantly varied dynamics. `` Light and shade must be constantly introduced... by the incessant interchange of loud and soft, '' wrote Johann Joachim Quantz in 1752. In addition to this, the harpsichord in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture ( four notes are louder than two ). This allowed composers such as Bach to build dynamics directly into their compositions, without the need for notation. In the Romantic period, composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores. Where Haydn and Mozart specified six levels ( pp to ff ), Beethoven used also ppp and fff ( the latter less frequently ), and Brahms used a range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted. In the slow movement of the trio for violin, horn and piano ( Opus 40 ), he uses the expressions ppp, molto piano, and quasi niente to express different qualities of quiet. Many Romantic and later composers added più p and più f, making for a total of ten levels between ppp and fff. See also ( edit ) Look up fortissimo or decrescendo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Accent ( music ) Glossary of musical terminology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For instance, in Schubert 's string quartet Death and the Maiden, the dimenuendo marking is followed by a tempo, indicating that the dimenuendo is a reduction in speed as well as in loudness. In the same work Schubert uses decrescendo to indicate a reduction in loudness with no change in speed. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thiemel, Matthias. `` Dynamics ''. Grove Music Online ( subscriber only access ). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Apple Logic Pro 9 User Manual for MIDI Step Input Recording ''. Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ Spreadbury, Daniel ; Eastwood, Michael ; Finn, Ben ; and Finn, Jonathan ( March 2008 ). Sibelius 5 Reference. Edition 5.2. Sibeilus Software. Jump up ^ Read, Gardner ( 1969 / 1979 ). Music Notation : A Manual of Modern Practice, p. 250. 2nd edition. Crescendo Publishing, part of Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0 - 8008 - 5453 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Randel, Don Michael ( 2003 ). The Harvard Dictionary of Music ( 4th ed. ). Cambridge, MA, US : Harvard University Press Reference Library. Jump up ^ `` Piano ''. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Forte ''. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. ^ Jump up to : `` Dynamics ''. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Michael and Bourne, Joyce : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music ( 1996 ), entry `` Hairpins ''. Jump up ^ Gerou, Tom ; Lusk, Linda ( 1996 ). Essential Dictionary of Music Notation : The Most Practical and Concise Source for Music Notation. Van Nuys, CA : Alfred Music Publishing. pp. 37 -- 38. ISBN 978 - 0882847306. Jump up ^ An Enigmatic Marking Explained, by Jeffrey Solow, Violoncello Society Newsletter, Spring 2000 Jump up ^ Gerou, Tom and Lusk, Linda ( 1996 ). The Essential Dictionary of Music Notation, p. 133. Alfred. ISBN 0 - 88284 - 730 - 9. Jump up ^ ( 1965 ). The Musical Times, Vol. 106. Novello. Jump up ^ Donington, Robert : Baroque Music ( 1982 ) WW Norton, 1982. ISBN 0 - 393 - 30052 - 8. Page 32. Jump up ^ Donington, Robert : Baroque Music ( 1982 ) WW Norton, 1982. ISBN 0 - 393 - 30052 - 8. Page 33. Dynamics Accent Fortepiano Hauptstimme Niente Pensato Sotto voce Musical notation Staff 8 15 Abbreviation Bar / barline / measure Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Mode Ossia Scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Tempo Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument Musical notes Accidental ( flat natural sharp ) Cue note Dotted note Grace note Note value ( beam notehead stem ) Pitch Rest Tacet Tuplet Tremolo Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation Articulation Accent Sforzando ( musical direction ) Caesura Damping Dynamics Fermata Fingering Legato Marcato Ornament ( appoggiatura glissando grace note mordent slide trill ) Portato Slur Staccato Tenuto Tie Tonguing Sheet music History of music publishing Music engraving Popular - music publisher Sheet - music publisher Scorewriter Alternative Braille music Chord chart Fake book Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Eye music Nashville number system Numbered musical notation Klavarskribo Tablature ( `` Tab '' ) Parsons Percussion notation Simplified Non-Western and ancient Chinese Kepatihan Kunkunshi Neume Swaralipi Shakuhachi Znamenny Related Mensural notation Music stand Sight - reading Sight singing Transcription List of musical symbols Category : Musical notation Musical technique General Articulation Bariolage Circular breathing Col legno Damping Embouchure Extended technique Fingering Finger substitution Finger vibrato Flutter - tonguing Free bowing Growling Intonation Martelé Overblowing Position Prepared guitar Slap tonguing Stopped note Third bridge Tonguing Thumb position Tremolo Vibrato By instrument Harmonica Piano Finger tapping Piano extended technique Three - hand technique Violin Bowing Pizzicato Voice Sprechgesang Related articles Étude Category : Musical performance techniques Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&oldid=804776921 '' Categories : Musical notation Musical terminology Elements of music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 02 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Dynamics (music)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&amp;oldid=804776921" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "forte f mezzo - forte mf average mezzo - piano mp piano p pianissimo pp pianississimo ppp pianissississimo pppp pianississississimo ppppp pianissississississimo pppppp minimum The two basic dynamic indications in music are : p or piano, meaning `` soft ''. for forte, meaning `` loud ''. More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by : mp, standing for mezzo - piano, meaning `` half soft ''. mf, standing for mezzo - forte, meaning `` half loud ''. più p, standing for più piano and meaning `` softer ''. più f, standing for più forte and meaning `` louder ''. Use of up to three consecutive fs or ps is also common : pp, standing for pianissimo and meaning `` very soft ''. ff, standing for fortissimo and meaning `` very loud ''. ppp," ], "id": [ "8056823126346969520" ], "short_answers": [ "loud" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of largest companies by revenue - wikipedia List of largest companies by revenue Jump to : navigation, search This list comprises the world 's largest businesses by consolidated revenue as of 2016, according to the Fortune Global 500 tally. The list is limited to 35 companies, all of which have annual revenues exceeding $100 billion US dollars. The availability and reliability of up - to - date information on prior state - owned companies is limited and varies from country to country ; thus, this list may be incomplete. This list is shown in U.S. dollars, but many of the companies on it prepare their accounts in other currencies. The dollar value of their revenue may change substantially in a short period of time due to exchange rate fluctuations. Contents ( hide ) 1 List of largest companies by revenue 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of largest companies by revenue ( edit ) State - owned enterprise Rank Name Industry Revenue ( USD Million ) Revenue growth Employees Country Headquarters CEO Ref Walmart General merchandisers $485,873 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 % 2,300,000 Bentonville, Arkansas Doug McMillon State Grid Utilities $315,199 2999560000000099999 ♠ 4.4 % 926,067 Beijing Shu Yinbiao Sinopec Group Petroleum refining $267,518 2999090000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 713,288 Beijing Wang Yupu China National Petroleum Petroleum refining $262,573 2998877000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 1,512,048 Beijing Wang Yilin Toyota Motor vehicles and parts $254,694 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 364,445 Toyota, Aichi Akio Toyoda 6 Volkswagen Group Automotive $240,264 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 626,715 Wolfsburg Matthias Müller 7 Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum refining $240,033 2998882000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 89,000 The Hague Ben van Beurden 8 Berkshire Hathaway Conglomerate $223,604 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 % 367,700 Omaha, Nebraska Warren Buffett 9 Apple Computers, consumer electronics, and entertainment $215,639 2999230000000099999 ♠ 7.7 % 116,000 Cupertino, California Tim Cook 10 Exxon Mobil Petroleum refining $205,004 2998833000000000000 ♠ 16.7 % 72,700 Irving, Texas Darren Woods 11 McKesson Healthcare $198,533 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 64,500 San Francisco, California John Hammergren 12 BP Petroleum refining $186,606 2998826009999900000 ♠ 17.4 % 74,500 London Bob Dudley 13 United Health Healthcare $184,840 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.7 % 230,000 Minnetonka, Minnesota Stephen Hemsley 14 CVS Health Healthcare $177,526 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 % 204,000 Woonsocket, Rhode Island Larry Merlo 15 Samsung Electronics Electronics and electrical equipment $173,957 2999800000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 325,000 Suwon Oh - Hyun Kwon 16 Glencore Mining and crude oil production $173,883 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 93,123 Baar Ivan Glasenberg 17 Daimler Automotive $169,483 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 % 282,488 Stuttgart Dieter Zetsche 18 General Motors Automotive $166,380 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 % 225,000 Detroit, Michigan Mary Barra 19 AT&T Telecommunications $163,786 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 % 268,540 Dallas, Texas Randall L. Stephenson 20 Exor Diversified financials $154,894 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 302,562 Turin John Elkann 21 Ford Motor Automotive $151,800 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 201,000 Dearborn, Michigan James Hackett 22 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Financial services $147,675 7001117000000000000 ♠ 11.7 % 461,749 Beijing Yi Huiman 23 AmerisourceBergen Pharmaceuticals $146,850 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 % 18,500 Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania Steven H. Collis 24 China Construction Engineering Construction $144,505 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 263,915 Beijing Guan Qing 25 AXA Financial services $143,722 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % 97,707 Paris Thomas Buberl 26 Amazon Internet $135,987 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 341,400 Seattle, Washington Jeff Bezos 27 Foxconn Electronics $135,129 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 724,772 New Taipei Terry Gou 28 China Construction Bank Financial services $135,093 2999130000000000000 ♠ 8.7 % 362,482 Beijing Wang Zuji 29 Honda Automotive $129,198 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 % 211,915 Tokyo Takahiro Hachigo 30 Total Oil and gas $127,925 2998892000000000000 ♠ 10.8 % 102,168 Courbevoie Patrick Pouyanné 31 General Electric Conglomerate $126,661 2999019999999999999 ♠ 9.8 % 295,000 Boston, Massachusetts John Flannery 32 Verizon Telecommunications $125,980 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 160,900 New York City Lowell McAdam 33 Japan Post Conglomerate $122,990 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 % 248,384 Tokyo Masatsugu Nagato 34 Allianz Financial services $122,196 3000400000000000000 ♠ 0.6 % 140,253 Munich Oliver Bäte 35 Cardinal Health Pharmaceuticals $121,546 7001185000000000000 ♠ 18.5 % 37,300 Dublin, Ohio George S. Barrett See also ( edit ) Forbes Global 2000 Forbes 500 List of companies by employees List of corporations by market capitalization List of wealthiest organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Walmart ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` State Grid Corporation of China ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Sinopec Group ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` China National Petroleum ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen - Germany ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Royal Dutch Shell ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Apple ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Exxon Mobil ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` McKesson ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` BP ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` UnitedHealth Group ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` CVS Health ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Glencore ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Daimler ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` General Motors ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AT&T ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` EXOR Group ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Industrial & Commercial Bank of China ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AmerisourceBergen ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` China State Construction Engineering ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` AXA ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hon Hai Precision Industry ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` China Construction Bank ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Honda Motor ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Total ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` General Electric ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Verizon ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Japan Post Holdings ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Allianz ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Health ''. Fortune. Global 500. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017. External links ( edit ) Fortune Global 500 List ( hide ) Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue&oldid=810880173 '' Categories : Lists of companies by revenue Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017, at 01 : 30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of largest companies by revenue", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue&amp;oldid=810880173" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "of the companies on it prepare their accounts in other currencies. The dollar value of their revenue may change substantially in a short period of time due to exchange rate fluctuations. Contents ( hide ) 1 List of largest companies by revenue 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of largest companies by revenue ( edit ) State - owned enterprise Rank Name Industry Revenue ( USD Million ) Revenue growth Employees Country Headquarters CEO Ref Walmart General merchandisers $485,873 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 % 2,300,000 Bentonville, Arkansas Doug McMillon State Grid Utilities $315,199 2999560000000099999 ♠ 4.4 % 926,067 Beijing Shu Yinbiao Sinopec Group Petroleum refining $267,518 2999090000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 713,288 Beijing Wang Yupu China National Petroleum Petroleum refining $262,573 2998877000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 1,512,048 Beijing" ], "id": [ "15088239388351406499" ], "short_answers": [ "Walmart" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation, search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season. Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and are the third - oldest franchise in the National Football League ( NFL ). The club was founded in 1919 by coach, player, and future Hall of Fame inductee Curly Lambeau and sports and telegraph editor George Whitney Calhoun. The Packers competed against local teams for two seasons before entering the NFL in 1921. The Packers have had 46 starting quarterbacks ( QB ) in the history of their franchise. The Packers ' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Curly Lambeau, Tony Canadeo, Arnie Herber, Bart Starr and Brett Favre. The team 's first starting quarterback was Norm Barry, while the longest serving was Brett Favre. The Packers ' starting quarterback for the 2016 season was Aaron Rodgers, who was playing in his 12th season in the NFL. They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Packers. Regular season ( edit ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Don Majkowski ( right ) ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011, 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 -- present ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( Games ) References 1921 Adolph Kliebhan ( 5 ) 1921 Norm Barry ( 5 ) 1922 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1923 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1924 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) 1925 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) / Curly Lambeau ( 1 ) 1926 Pid Purdy ( 8 ) / Charlie Mathys ( 3 ) 1927 Red Dunn ( 10 ) 1928 Red Dunn ( 12 ) / Bullet Baker ( 1 ) 1929 Red Dunn ( 8 ) / Bullet Baker ( 2 ) / Jack Evans ( 2 ) 1930 Red Dunn ( 10 ) / Arnie Herber ( 4 ) 1931 Paul Fitzgibbon ( 7 ) / Red Dunn ( 4 ) / Roger Grove ( 3 ) 1932 Arnie Herber 1933 Arnie Herber 1934 Arnie Herber 1935 Arnie Herber 1936 Arnie Herber 1937 Arnie Herber 1938 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1939 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1940 Cecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every 1941 Cecil Isbell 1942 Cecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo 1943 Tony Canadeo / Irv Comp 1944 Irv Comp 1945 Irv Comp / Roy McKay 1946 Irv Comp / Cliff Aberson 1947 Jack Jacobs 1948 Jack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss 1949 Jug Girard ( 10 ) / Stan Heath ( 1 ) / Jack Jacobs ( 1 ) 1950 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1951 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bobby Thomason ( 4 ) 1952 Tobin Rote ( 8 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) 1953 Tobin Rote ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 5 ) 1954 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1955 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1956 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1957 Bart Starr ( 11 ) / Babe Parilli ( 1 ) 1958 Bart Starr ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) / Joe Francis ( 1 ) 1959 Bart Starr ( 5 ) / Lamar McHan ( 7 ) 1960 Bart Starr ( 8 ) / Lamar McHan ( 4 ) 1961 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1962 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1963 Bart Starr ( 10 ) / John Roach ( 4 ) 1964 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1965 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1966 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1967 Bart Starr ( 12 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 2 ) 1968 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 5 ) 1969 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Don Horn ( 5 ) 1970 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Don Horn ( 1 ) 1971 Scott Hunter ( 10 ) / Bart Starr ( 3 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1972 Scott Hunter ( 14 ) 1973 Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Scott Hunter ( 5 ) / Jim Del Gaizo ( 3 ) John Hadl ( 6 ) / Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Jack Concannon ( 2 ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Don Milan ( 1 ) 1976 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Carlos Brown ( 3 ) / Randy Johnson ( 1 ) 1977 Lynn Dickey ( 9 ) / David Whitehurst ( 5 ) 1978 David Whitehurst ( 16 ) 1979 David Whitehurst ( 13 ) / Lynn Dickey ( 3 ) 1980 Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1981 Lynn Dickey ( 13 ) / David Whitehurst ( 3 ) 1982 Lynn Dickey ( 9 ) Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1984 Lynn Dickey ( 15 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1985 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Jim Zorn ( 5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2000 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2001 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2002 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2003 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2005 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2006 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2007 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2008 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2009 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2012 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2013 Aaron Rodgers ( 9 ) / Matt Flynn ( 4 ) / Scott Tolzien ( 2 ) / Seneca Wallace ( 1 ) 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2015 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2016 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2017 Aaron Rodgers ( 6 ) / Brett Hundley ( 1 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( Games ) 1936 Herber, Arnie Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1938 Herber, Arnie Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1939 Herber, Arnie Arnie Herber ( 1 ) 1941 Isbell, Cecil Cecil Isbell ( 1 ) 1944 Comp, Irv Irv Comp ( 1 ) 1960 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1961 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1962 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1965 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1966 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1967 Starr, Bart Bart Starr ( 3 ) 1972 Hunter, Scott Scott Hunter ( 1 ) 1982 Dickey, Lynn Lynn Dickey ( 2 ) 1993 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1994 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1995 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1997 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1998 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2001 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2002 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2003 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2007 Favre, Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2009 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 4 ) 2011 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2012 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2013 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2014 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2015 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2016 Rodgers, Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 3 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1921 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1922 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1923 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1924 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1927 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1928 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1929 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1930 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1931 Green Bay Packers Starters, Roster, & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1932 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1933 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1934 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1935 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1936 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1937 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1938 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1939 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1940 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1941 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1942 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1943 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1944 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1945 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1946 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1947 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1948 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1949 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1950 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1951 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1952 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1953 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1954 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1955 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1956 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1957 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1958 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1959 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1960 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1961 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1962 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1963 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1964 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1965 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1967 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1968 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1969 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1970 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1971 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1972 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1973 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1974 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1975 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1976 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1977 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1978 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1979 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1980 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1981 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1982 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1983 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1984 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1985 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1986 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 1987 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players ''. 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Retrieved September 10, 2017. Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers, Inc. Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 23 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Norman Barry ( 1921 ) Charlie Mathys ( 1922 -- 1926 ) Curly Lambeau ( 1925 ) Pid Purdy ( 1926 ) Red Dunn ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Bullet Baker ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Jack Evans ( 1929 ) Arnie Herber ( 1930 -- 1940 ) Paul Fitzgibbon ( 1931 ) Roger Grove ( 1931 ) Cecil Isbell ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Hal Van Every ( 1940 ) Tony Canadeo ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Irv Comp ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Roy McKay ( 1945 ) Cliff Aberson ( 1946 ) Jack Jacobs ( 1947 -- 1949 ) Perry Moss ( 1948 ) Earl Girard ( 1949 ) Stan Heath ( 1949 ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1951 ) Babe Parilli ( 1952 -- 1953, 1957 -- 1958 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Joe Francis ( 1958 ) Lamar McHan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) John Roach ( 1963 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1966 -- 1968, 1971 ) Don Horn ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Scott Hunter ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Jerry Tagge ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Jim Del Gaizo ( 1973 ) John Hadl ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jack Concannon ( 1974 ) Don Milan ( 1975 ) Lynn Dickey ( 1976 -- 1977, 1979 -- 1985 ) Carlos Brown ( 1976 ) Randy Johnson ( 1976 ) David Whitehurst ( 1977 -- 1979, 1981 ) Randy Wright ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Jim Zorn ( 1985 ) Don Majkowski ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Alan Risher ( 1987 ) Anthony Dilweg ( 1990 ) Blair Kiel ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1991 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011, 2013 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 7 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=806536575 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Green Bay Packers players Green Bay Packers lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017, at 17 : 35. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_starting_quarterbacks&amp;oldid=806536575" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "1985 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Jim Zorn ( 5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett", "10 ) / Jim Zorn ( 5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett Favre ( 16 )", "5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2000" ], "id": [ "9045620580169311824" ], "short_answers": [ "Don Majkowski", "Mike Tomczak", "Blair Kiel" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Sadie Seymour botanical gardens - Wikipedia Sadie Seymour botanical gardens Jump to : navigation, search The Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens ( 1.5 acres ) are nonprofit botanical gardens located on the grounds of the Kona Educational Foundation Center at 76 - 6280 Kuakini Highway, Kailua - Kona, Hawai ʻi island, Hawai ʻi. Coordinates are 19 ° 36 ′ 49.5 '' N 155 ° 58 ′ 6 '' W  /  19.613750 ° N 155.96833 ° W  / 19.613750 ; - 155.96833 Coordinates : 19 ° 36 ′ 49.5 '' N 155 ° 58 ′ 6 '' W  /  19.613750 ° N 155.96833 ° W  / 19.613750 ; - 155.96833. They are open daily ; admission is free, but donations accepted. Sadie Seymour ( 1907 -- 1975 ) founded the outdoor circle to beautify the Kona community. The gardens were designed by landscape architect Scott Seymour on a wedge - shaped plot, and named in honor of his mother. They feature the cultivated plants of Hawai ʻi, arranged in 11 tiers by geographic origin. The first tier contains native Hawaiian plants. Other tiers include Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia ( featuring plants such as cuphea, eucalyptus, and ixora ) ; Indo - Asia ( lemon grass, and cinnamon, turmeric, and clove trees ) ; Africa ( Bismarckia nobilis ) ; and Central America ( calabash ). The grounds also contain an archaeological site called a Heiau, Kealakowa ʻa Heiau ( `` temple on the way for dragging canoes '' in the Hawaiian Language ). This ritual site, built in the time of King ʻUmi a Liloa, was used for construction and blessing of canoes. It can be viewed from the Kona Educational Foundation Center. The site contains a ceremonial platform, an astrological temple, the foundation of a priest 's house, and the foundation of a meeting house. The sacred site is positioned along an ancient trail ( Holua Loa means `` long slide '' ) that led from the upland Koa forests on Hualālai down to the royal complex at Holualoa Bay. After a tree was selected in the forest, the log was roughly hewn into the shape of a canoe and dragged down to this area for blessing ceremonies. From here it went down the slide to the water for completion and launching. References ( edit ) Map from 1953 of the site in the Bishop Museum Archives Kealakowa ʻa Heiau Preservation Council web site See also ( edit ) List of botanical gardens in the United States This Hawaiʻi state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadie_Seymour_Botanical_Gardens&oldid=799017971 '' Categories : Heiau Arboreta in Hawaii Botanical gardens in Hawaii Protected areas of Hawaii County, Hawaii Hawaii geography stubs Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017, at 04 : 32. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sadie_Seymour_Botanical_Gardens&amp;oldid=799017971" }

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{ "text": "American Horror Story - wikipedia American Horror Story Jump to : navigation, search American Horror Story Genre Horror Anthology Supernatural Slasher Drama Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Starring Connie Britton Dylan McDermott Evan Peters Taissa Farmiga Denis O'Hare Jessica Lange Zachary Quinto Joseph Fiennes Sarah Paulson Lily Rabe Lizzie Brocheré James Cromwell Frances Conroy Emma Roberts Kathy Bates Michael Chiklis Finn Wittrock Angela Bassett Wes Bentley Matt Bomer Chloë Sevigny Cheyenne Jackson Lady Gaga Cuba Gooding Jr. André Holland Billie Lourd Alison Pill Theme music composer Cesar Davila - Irizarry Charlie Clouser Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Mac Quayle Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 84 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Dante Di Loreto Tim Minear James Wong Jennifer Salt Bradley Buecker Alexis Martin Woodall Producer ( s ) Alexis Martin Woodall ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Patrick McKee Robert M. Williams Jr. Ned Martel Location ( s ) Los Angeles, California ( seasons 1 -- 2, 5 -- 6 ) New Orleans, Louisiana ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Santa Clarita, California ( season 6 ) Orange, California ( season 7 ) Cinematography Christopher Baffa ( pilot ) Michael Goi Nelson Cragg Editor ( s ) Bradley Buecker Doc Crotzer Adam Penn Camera setup Single camera Running time 37 -- 73 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Ryan Murphy Productions Brad Falchuk Teley - Vision Distributor 20th Television Release Original network FX Original release October 5, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) -- present External links Website American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own `` beginning, middle, and end. '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events. The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season. Although reception to individual seasons has varied, American Horror Story has, overall, been well received by television critics, with the majority of the praise going towards the cast, particularly Jessica Lange, who won two Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances. Additionally, Kathy Bates and James Cromwell each won an Emmy Award for their performances, while Lady Gaga won a Golden Globe Award. The series draws consistently high ratings for the FX network, with its first season being the most - viewed new cable series of 2011. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Murder House ( 2011 ) 1.2 Asylum ( 2012 -- 13 ) 1.3 Coven ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.4 Freak Show ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.5 Hotel ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.6 Roanoke ( 2016 ) 1.7 Cult ( 2017 ) 1.8 Season 8 1.8. 1 Production 1.8. 2 Casting 1.9 Season 9 1.9. 1 Production 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 2.4 Title sequences 3 Promotion 3.1 Universal 's Halloween Horror Nights 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of American Horror Story episodes Season Title Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Murder House 12 October 5, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) December 21, 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) Asylum 13 October 17, 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) January 23, 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) Coven 13 October 9, 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) January 29, 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) Freak Show 13 October 8, 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) January 21, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 5 Hotel 12 October 7, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) January 13, 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 6 Roanoke 10 September 14, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) November 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 7 Cult 11 September 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) November 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Murder House ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Murder House Set in the year 2011, the season follows the Harmons, consisting of psychiatrist Ben ( Dylan McDermott ), his wife Vivien ( Connie Britton ), and their teenage daughter Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ), as they move from Boston to Los Angeles to make a fresh start after Vivien 's miscarriage led to Ben having an affair with one of his students ; which almost tore their family apart. They move into a restored mansion and soon encounter the residence 's housekeeper, Moira O'Hara ( Frances Conroy ), as well as their neighbors -- the eccentric Langdon family consisting of Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her daughter Adelaide ( Jamie Brewer ). The Harmons ' lives are troubled by the meddling Langdons, the incompetent realtor Marcy ( Christine Estabrook ), as well as by the disfigured Larry Harvey ( Denis O'Hare ), a former resident of the mansion who is secretly in love with Constance, and the scorned Hayden McClaine ( Kate Mara ), Ben 's student who follows him to Los Angeles and is pregnant from their affair. Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship as Violet, suffering from depression, finds comfort with Tate ( Evan Peters ), the ghost of Constance 's psychopathic son. The family soon discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property, including its creators Charles ( Matt Ross ) and Nora Montgomery ( Lily Rabe ) ; and their deformed son Thaddeus ( Ben Woolf ). Flashbacks depict the mansion 's previous homeowners throughout the last century, dating back to its construction in the 1920s. The season deals with infidelity, as well as other themes including depression, family, school violence, religion, and sexuality. Asylum ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Asylum Set in the year 1964, the season follows the patients and staff members of the church - owned Briarcliff Manor, located in Massachusetts, which was founded to treat and house the criminally insane. Kit Walker ( Evan Peters ), of being prolific serial killer `` Bloody Face '' after the disappearance of his wife Alma ( Britne Olford ) -- though he claims she was abducted by aliens -- is incarcerated at Briarcliff. This piques the interest of ambitious journalist Lana Winters ( Sarah Paulson ), who is yearning to find a story for her big break. At Briarcliff, Kit meets the other patients, many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized, including microcephaly Pepper ( Naomi Grossman ), who was framed for her nephew 's murder ; nymphomaniac Shelley ( Chloe Sevigny ) ; and the unassuming Grace Bertrand ( Lizzie Brocheré ) from France, who appears to be harboring a deep secret of her own. Believed to be a violent serial killer, he becomes the subject of interest of pragmatic psychiatrist Oliver Thredson ( Zachary Quinto ) and the sadistic Dr. Arthur Arden ( James Cromwell ), the latter of whom routinely conducts scientific operations on patients. The institution is run under the watchful eye of the stern Sister Jude ( Jessica Lange ), as well as her second - in - command, the naive Sister Mary Eunice ( Lily Rabe ), and the founder of the institution, Monsignor Timothy Howard ( Joseph Fiennes ). Briarcliff 's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences, including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction. The season mostly deals with insanity, with other themes including female sexuality, corrupt ambition, religion versus science, racism, prejudice, death, and faith. Coven ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Coven Set in the year 2013, the season follows the dwindling descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials and their struggle to hide their identity in the modern world. Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to violent attacks from outside forces, such as religious townspeople and witch hunters. Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ), a young teenager completely unaware of the existence of witches, discovers her identity as a Salem descendent after a violent accident that causes the death of her boyfriend. She is sent to an all - girls boarding school in New Orleans which aims to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline, and keep them from the dangers of the outside world. There, she meets the other students, narcissistic film star Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ), outspoken Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ), and enigmatic Nan ( Jamie Brewer ), and gets romantically entangled with Kyle Spencer ( Evan Peters ), a non-witch and good - natured college student. The school is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx ( Sarah Paulson ), head of the Witches Council and eccentric fashionista Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ), and the mute butler Spalding ( Denis O'Hare ). Cordelia 's mother, Fiona Goode ( Jessica Lange ), is the Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation, though she regularly avoids her responsibilities, much to the chagrin of Cordelia and her long - time rival Myrtle. After a mob of townspeople discover and nearly kill a young witch living in the swamps named Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ), Fiona returns to the school to ensure the safety of the other young witches, but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda. Events reveal a long - held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans, as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau ( Angela Bassett ) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie ( Kathy Bates ). This season mostly deals with oppression, with other themes including witchcraft, voodoo, racism, prejudice, death, and the relationships between mothers and daughters. Freak show ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Freak Show Set in the year 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter, Florida, the season follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ). Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her `` monsters '', as well as for her own fame and fortune. Other members of her troupe include Jimmy Darling ( Evan Peters ), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life, and his mother Ethel ( Kathy Bates ), a bearded lady who is Elsa 's second - in - command by maintaining law and order under the tent. A strongman from Ethel 's troubled past named Dell Toledo ( Michael Chiklis ), and his three - breasted wife Desiree Dupree ( Angela Bassett ), make waves when they arrive to join the freak show. To drum up business and save her troupe once and for all, Elsa also recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ( Sarah Paulson ) to perform for her show. In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts, these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks. However, as events unfold, it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter, with all of their eyes being set on the freaks. A conman named Stanley ( Denis O'Hare ), posing as a Hollywood executive, arrives with his young protege Maggie Esmerelda ( Emma Roberts ), with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit. The wealthy and spoiled Dandy Mott ( Finn Wittrock ), enabled by his doting mother Gloria ( Frances Conroy ), develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks, particularly Bette and Dot. Perhaps most dangerous of all is a mysterious, deformed killer clown, only known as Twisty ( John Carroll Lynch ), who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike. This season mostly deals with discrimination, with other themes including prejudice, acceptance, exploitation, entertainment, television, and medical oddities. Hotel ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Hotel Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles, California, initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James March ( Evan Peters ). Detective John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) arrives at the hotel, based on intel from an anonymous tip, to investigate a grisly string of murders, each of which exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments. He has become estranged from his wife Alex ( Chloe Sevigny ), who suffers from depression, and his daughter Scarlett ( Shree Crooks ), after the disappearance of their son Holden ( Lennon Henry ). As the season unfolds, the Lowes discover that the disappearance of Holden may be related to the strange activities at the hotel, led by March 's fashionista widow Elizabeth Johnson ( Lady Gaga ), also known as the Countess -- who was turned into a vampire by her former lovers, actor Rudolph Valentino ( Finn Wittrock ) and his wife Natacha Rambova ( Alexandra Daddario ) -- and her current lover Donovan ( Matt Bomer ). Throughout his investigation, John also becomes entangled with the spirits of heroin junkie named Sally ( Sarah Paulson ), hotel maid Hazel Evers ( Mare Winningham ), and James March, who is looking for a protege to continue the violent acts he started when he was alive. The hotel 's tireless staff includes the surly front desk manager Iris ( Kathy Bates ), Donovan 's mother who took the job to be close to her son, and her best friend, the transgender bartender Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ), both of whom hesitantly cater to Elizabeth and her vampiric children. Elizabeth 's relationship with Donovan becomes troubled with the arrival of male model and cocaine addict Tristan Duffy ( Wittrock ), New York fashion designer Will Drake ( Cheyenne Jackson ), and her scorned ex-lover Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ), all of whom become entangled in her violent life. This season mostly deals with addiction, with other themes including sexuality, insanity, revenge, debauchery, religion, sin, drug use, forgiveness, and death. Roanoke ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Roanoke Set in the year 2016, the season follows the supernatural events that occur in a renovated farmhouse in North Carolina, which is situated on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after their infamous disappearance. Shelby Miller ( Lily Rabe ), her husband Matt ( André Holland ), along with Matt 's sister Lee Harris ( Adina Porter ) recount their harrowing experience living in the farmhouse a year prior in a popular documentary titled My Roanoke Nightmare, including their encounters with the ghosts of the house 's previous residents, the violent ghosts of the Roanoke Colony, the cannibalistic Polk family who live nearby, and the beautiful, yet terrifying Celtic goddess, Scáthach ( Lady Gaga ). The documentary becomes a huge success, featuring dramatic reenactments of the Millers ' story starring Audrey Tindall ( Sarah Paulson ) as Shelby, Dominic Banks ( Cuba Gooding Jr. ) as Matt, Monet Tumusiime ( Angela Bassett ) as Lee, Agnes Mary Winstead ( Kathy Bates ) as Thomasin White, leader of the ghost colony, Audrey 's husband Rory Monahan ( Evan Peters ) as Edward Philippe Mott, the creator and first owner of the house, William van Henderson ( Denis O'Hare ) as Dr. Elias Cunningham, a professor who becomes entranced with the paranormal happenings of the area, and Dylan ( Wes Bentley ) as Ambrose White, Thomasin 's son and accomplice. The success of the documentary leads to a sequel titled Return to Roanoke : Three Days In Hell, spearheaded by the producer of the original series, Sidney Aaron James ( Cheyenne Jackson ), who invites the Millers, as well as many of the reenactment actors, to return to the farmhouse for three days, where all their actions will be captured by hidden cameras. Although the Millers are aware of the entities that reside in the house, all three agree to return, each with their own agenda. The production eventually descends into disaster, however, as cast and crew alike are quickly targeted when the violent entities begin to surface. This season mostly deals with exploitation, with other themes including reality, fame, motherhood, family, drug abuse, publicity, revenge, the media, and television. Cult ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Cult Set in the year 2017, the fictitious town of Brookfield Heights, Michigan, is left divided upon the wake of Donald Trump 's presidential election. Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair - Richards ( Sarah Paulson ) is left utterly distraught, along with her wife Ivy ( Alison Pill ). Despite the help of her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson ( Cheyenne Jackson ), Ally becomes increasingly unstable in the following weeks, her long repressed phobias begin to re-emerge, and they begin to affect her relationships with her wife as well as their son Oz ( Cooper Dodson ). Across town, misogynistic alt - righter Kai Anderson ( Evan Peters ) rejoices at the election results, enticing him to pursue political power by running for city council, led by Bebe Babbitt ( Frances Conroy ) -- the former follower and lover of radical feminist Valerie Solanas ( Lena Dunham ) -- with the help of his reluctant, liberal sister Winter ( Billie Lourd ), who was also hired by the Mayfair - Richards household as their nanny. As Ally attempts to adjust to regular life despite her growing anxiety and paranoia, she becomes terrorized by a group of masked assailants in clown attire who are only present when she is alone, leaving those around her to wonder if she was truly attacked, or if they were merely hallucinations. Kai 's faithful followers include Ally 's eccentric neighbors Harrison ( Billy Eichner ) and Meadow Wilton ( Leslie Grossman ), newscast reporter Beverly Hope ( Adina Porter ), rogue detective Jack Samuels ( Colton Haynes ), as well as local grocery cashier Gary K. Longstreet ( Chaz Bono ). With Kai 's rise to power revealing sinister motives, amplifying her growing distrust of those around her, such as her neighbors, Ally starts to draw connections between her alleged clown attackers and the many strange incidents occurring in Brookfield Heights, and she begins to fear that everyone in town is out to get her. This season mostly deals with marginalization, with other themes including politics, government, conspiracies, the media, fear, power, disenfranchisement, revenge, sexism, and oppression. Season 8 ( edit ) Production ( edit ) On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth season, set to air in 2018. On January 5, 2018, series creator and executive producer Ryan Murphy announced the season would be set in the future. On April 6, 2018, it was revealed that the eighth season will be set 18 - months in the future, in October 2019, and will feature an Asylum and Coven tone. Filming for the season begins on June 16, 2018. Casting ( edit ) On October 1, 2017, it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson will return for the eighth season, and will be wearing dental appliances. On March 20, 2018, it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would return, and would be leading the season with Paulson. On April 4, 2018, it was announced that actress Joan Collins had joined the cast in an unspecified capacity. Peters will portray a comedic hairdresser and Collins will portray his grandmother. Adina Porter, Cheyenne Jackson, Billy Eichner, and Leslie Grossman were also confirmed to return. On May 18, 2018, it was announced that actress Billie Lourd would return for the eighth season. Season 9 ( edit ) Production ( edit ) On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a ninth season, set to air in 2019. On January 5, 2018, Murphy announced that the ninth season would most likely be the crossover between Murder House and Coven. The crossover season was first announced on October 30, 2016. Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) What you saw in the finale was the end of the Harmon house. The second season of the show will be a brand - new home or building to haunt. Just like this year, every season of this show will have a beginning, middle and end. ( The second season ) wo n't be in L.A. It will obviously be in America, but in a completely different locale. `` '' -- Murphy on the series ' anthology format Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production. Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series. He stated : `` I went from Nip / Tuck to Glee, so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark. And I always had loved, as Brad had, the horror genre. So it just was a natural for me. '' Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre, stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers. `` You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards, '' he said. In February 2011, FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing. Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer. Production on the series began in April 2011. In July 2011, FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series. From the beginning, Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story. After the first season finale aired, Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season. He did say, however, that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning. `` The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters, creatures, monsters, etc. ( The Harmons ' ) stories are done. People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters, '' he announced. In November 2012, FX chief executive, John Landgraf, described the unique format of the series stating : `` ( T ) he notion of doing an anthological series of miniseries with a repertory cast -- has proven groundbreaking, wildly successful and will prove to be trendsetting. '' At the 2013 PaleyFest, Falchuk compared the series to horror films : `` It does demand a little bit of compassion at the end because you fall in love with these characters in a different way than you would in a movie, '' he said. `` If you want to kill everybody in a movie except one person, you can kind of get away with that, but if you 're looking to do a horror TV show, you have a different responsibility to the characters because the audience has a different affection for them. '' Murphy then explained the process of planning a series ' season takes about a year. `` We come up with story first and then we come up with the characters, '' he said. `` It is a repertory company, so we 'll move people around and sometimes there wo n't yet be a role for somebody. Like when we started ( the second season ), I really had no idea that Dylan ( McDermott ) would be the person to play Sarah 's son, but the deeper we got, I thought, that would work great. '' In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly, Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year. The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall. He explained, `` We 're doing something that we 've never done before on the show where we 're doing two different groups of writers rooms. Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August. The next thing we 're crafting up is very, very different than ( Hotel ). Not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark. '' Casting ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story cast members Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series, portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House. Denis O'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey. Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance, her first regular role on television. Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon. Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast, portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon, respectively. In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude, a sadistic nun who runs the asylum. Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return, with the latter three joining the main cast. Peters portrays Kit Walker, an inmate accused of murdering his wife. Paulson portrays Lana, a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium. Rabe 's character is Sister Mary Eunice, clumsy second - in - charge to Sister Jude. Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson, a psychiatrist at the asylum. Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand, a character described originally as `` a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild - child sexpot '', but the role was later heavily revamped. James Cromwell co-stars as Dr. Arthur Arden, who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients. Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love interest for Sister Jude. For the third season, series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, `` many actors '' would return in different roles, beginning with Jessica Lange. Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return, portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx, respectively. Murphy added that Lange would portray a `` real glamour - cat lady '', later revealed to be named Fiona Goode. Taissa Farmiga, Violet in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season. Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day. Recurring cast member Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member, playing the character of Myrtle Snow. Oscar - winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star. It was first reported that she would portray `` a woman who, at the start, is Lange 's character 's best friend, but will become her worst enemy '', but this was altered. Murphy stated that Bates ' character will be `` five times worse than ( her ) Misery character '' and is also inspired by a `` true event ''. She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie, an immortal racist. It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a `` self - involved party girl ''. In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role, later revealed as Spalding. In November 2013, Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although in a reduced capacity. It was later revealed she would be playing Freak Show owner Elsa Mars. Kathy Bates returned in a main role, portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling. On March 29, 2014, Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Emma Roberts, Denis O'Hare, and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth season. Paulson portrayed conjoined sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ; Peters portrayed `` Lobster Boy '' Jimmy Darling ; Conroy played the well - off Gloria Mott ; Bassett portrayed three - breasted hermaphrodite Desiree Dupree ; and O'Hare played Stanley, a conman working with Roberts ' Maggie Esmerelda. At PaleyFest 2014, it was revealed that Michael Chiklis would be joining the cast as Dell Toledo, the father of Jimmy, ex-husband of Ethel, and current husband of Desiree. Finn Wittrock later joined the main cast as Gloria 's spoiled son, Dandy Mott. For the series ' fifth cycle, singer - songwriter Lady Gaga was announced as the first and newest main cast member on February 25, 2015. After a special guest appearance on the previous season, Matt Bomer joined the fifth season 's cast along with series newcomer Cheyenne Jackson during PaleyFest 2015. Chloë Sevigny and Wes Bentley were promoted as main cast members, after they appear as recurring special guests in Asylum and Freak Show respectively. Murphy later announced the returns of Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters and Angela Bassett. In June 2015, it was announced Denis O'Hare would also return for the fifth season. In August 2015, Murphy announced the character roles for the cast : Gaga 's Elizabeth Johnson also known as `` The Countess '', a fashionista vampire who owns the Hotel Cortez ; Jackson 's Will Drake, a desperate fashion designer ; O'Hare's Liz Taylor, a transsexual bartender who works at the hotel 's Blue Parrot Lounge bar ; Sevigny 's Alex Lowe, a pediatrician who was the wife of Bentley 's John Lowe, a detective who investigates the murders inside the hotel ; Bomer 's Donovan, the lover to the Countess whom often had conflict with his mother and hotel manager, Bates ' Iris ; Bassett 's Ramona Royale, a former actress who was the former lover of Elizabeth ; Paulson 's Sally, a drug addict who had a rivalry with Iris and forms a bond with John since his visit in the hotel. Peters co-starred as serial killer James Patrick March and the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez. In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirmed she would return to join the main cast of the sixth season during an interview with Larry King. Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the season in a May 2016 interview. In June 2016, Cheyenne Jackson, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, and Kathy Bates announced their returns for the sixth season. In August 2016, Sarah Paulson announced that she would return to the series in the sixth season and Ryan Murphy announced that Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr. had joined the main cast. In September 2016, the full main cast was announced after the first episode with the inclusion of André Holland and returning series veteran Lily Rabe. On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced that Paulson 's Asylum character, Lana Winters would also appear in the series after the recent appearance of the actress ' first role Billie Dean Howard from Murder House in the final episode of the fifth season. For the seventh season, Paulson and Peters were set to return to the series, as announced during the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour. Billie Lourd, who made her breakout appearance with Murphy in 2015, was confirmed to join the main cast in April, while Jackson was the next series regular to return in the next month. In June, Alison Pill was announced to co-star in the season, portraying the partner of Paulson 's character. For the series ' eighth season, it was announced in October 2017 that series mainstay Sarah Paulson will return for the eighth season, and will be wearing dental appliances. In March 2018, it was announced Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would return, and would be leading the season with Paulson. In April, it was announced that actress Joan Collins had joined the cast. Peters will portray a comedic hairdresser and Collins will portray his grandmother. Adina Porter, Cheyenne Jackson, Billy Eichner, and Leslie Grossman were also confirmed to return. Billie Lourd, who appeared in Cult, has also been confirmed to appear. Filming ( edit ) The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park, Los Angeles, California, which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series. Designed and built in 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim, the president of the American Institute of Architects ' Los Angeles chapter, the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic - style single family home was previously used as a convent. The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house. Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were re-created to preserve the look of the house. Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October. The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley, Ventura County, California, a rural area outside Los Angeles, although the season took place in Massachusetts. Principal photography for the third season began on July 23, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was first reported that the season would film in multiple locations, but filming primarily took place in New Orleans. Principal photography for the fourth season began on July 15, 2014, in New Orleans, though the story takes place in Jupiter, Florida. Principal photography for the fifth season began on July 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, where the story also takes place. Murphy revealed a six - story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot. A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International, showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s, inspired by the old Hollywood era. Filming for the sixth season began on July 6, 2016 at Santa Clarita, California. Set constructions include a colonial settler home to speculate the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony. Filming for the seventh season was originally planned to begin in Orange, California on June 2017 before it was moved to May instead. Filming for the eighth season is set to begin on June 16, 2018. Title sequences ( edit ) American Horror Story 's title screens offer vague hints to important plot elements and events that compose each season. For Murder House, Murphy described the sequence as a mini-mystery and stated that : `` By the time you see the ninth episode of this season, every image in that title sequence will be explained, '' establishing the purpose of the title sequence for future seasons. The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue. He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Seven. The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila - Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser. The cinematography was done by Juan Ruiz Anchía and the editing by Gabriel J. Diaz. For the first season, the sequence is set in the Harmons ' basement and includes images of postmortem young children, fetuses in jars, skulls, a christening dress, a nurse 's uniform, and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers. A photo of alleged axe murderer Lizzie Borden is shown. The second season 's opening sequence is done by the same creative team. `` We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year 's, '' series creator Ryan Murphy said. `` The song may stay... not sure. '' The music was kept, and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum, using shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces. Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary 's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite. The third season 's opening sequence keeps the same music, and this sequence is the first one to be filmed primarily outside and not in an enclosed location. Shots include figures wearing black robes and capirotes, a bony - skeleton creature with wings and shots of dead goats, the Minotaur from the season also appears. For the first time, there are actual backgrounds that appear with the actor names instead of an all - black background, some of these images include witches hanging and Santa Muerte. Other elements include a black man with piercing eyes and a disturbing smile as well as voodoo dolls. The final shot continues after the figures in black capirotes seize one of their own who is later seen burning at a stake where young, dress - clad witches dance around. The fourth season 's opening sequence changed things up, the series theme music remains intact albeit with an added carnival - like soundscape. The sequence is composed of both CGI and stop - motion animation and features strange characters such as a skeleton chimera of a human being and an elephant riding a bicycle, a skeleton of what appears to be a single head but two bodies, a devil - like man, a boy in a wheel chair with deformed legs, a character with severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, a clown who can twist his head around, a woman with a third leg where her genitalia should be, and a demonic cymbal - banging monkey toy. There are also shots of side show attractions like the Human Blockhead, knife throwing and sword swallowing. The main recurring element features a balloon twister popping balloons with a knife. The fifth season 's opening sequence also was very different from previous seasons ', taking a more biblical approach. The font, while remaining the same as the first four seasons, glow in red against a hotel wallpaper. The Ten Commandments are also shown throughout the video. The intro returns to live - action like the first three seasons. Visuals include many people scrubbing blood all over the walls and the floor, strange things shown through peepholes, people being victims to the hotel, little kids running around the hotel, as well as many different creatures. The sixth season featured no title sequence or opening credits, instead opting for a simple title card ( from the first season ) which read `` American Horror Story '', while the series theme music plays over the end credits. At the end of the finale 's credits, the title of the season `` American Horror Story : Roanoke '' was revealed. In the deveploment of the seventh season, Ryan Murphy confirmed that the opening sequence will return. The seventh season 's opening sequence features the series theme music played by a marching band. The sequence is live - action. Visuals include : a gang of clowns rises from a casket, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton masks, a George Washington statue, a dead dog killed by toxic gas, a Merry Go Round, bloody hands that can not be washed, beehive, toxic smoke released from a grenade, holes in several forms, bloody US flag with sound of a xylophone playing The Star - Spangled Banner, blood covered couple having sex and a handcuffed pinky promise. Clowns also appear throughout the sequence. The title sequence for all seasons of the show use a variation of the Willow typeface that very closely resembles a style for which Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh was known. Promotion ( edit ) As part of the promotion for the series, FX launched a `` House Call '' campaign, in which viewers at home could sign up and come face - to - face with a character from the series. Prior to the series premiere, FX released several clues to shine light on the series. They were offered on the show 's official YouTube channel. Ten clues were released. In September 2011, FX launched a website which allows visitors to tour the Murder House throughout the decades and look for clues. In August 2012, the first promo for the second season was released on the American Horror Story Facebook page entitled `` Special Delivery '', in which a nun carries a couple of buckets filled with body parts through a field. As a church bell rings, the nun empties one bucket 's bloody contents, leaving the empty bucket behind, and resumes her trek. Over 20 subsequent teasers were released. Four photos were also released on EW.com. Two televised teasers, titled `` Meet the Residents '', were released on August 31, 2012. They feature the patients and some staff ( such as Dr. Thredson, played by Zachary Quinto, and Sister Mary Eunice, played by Lily Rabe ) lying in twin beds and dealing with their individual issues as the heads of the asylum ( Jessica Lange, Joseph Fiennes and James Cromwell ) look on. The song `` Que Sera, Sera '', mixed with the show 's theme music, plays. To promote Cult, a competition was set up where fans who donated to the Children 's Hospital Los Angeles could get a chance to get a walk - on role in an episode, and lunch with Evan Peters. Universal 's Halloween Horror Nights ( edit ) On August 16, 2016, FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an American Horror Story exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their Halloween Horror Nights. The maze will feature sets and themes from Murder House, Freak Show, and Hotel. Universal said of the experience, `` Twisted scenes from Murder House will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate, spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there. In Freak Show, guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they 'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown. Finally, guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers. '' In 2017, the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on Asylum, Coven, and Roanoke, and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on Roanoke. Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries ' Fox Networks Group. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The sixth season premiered on September 14, 2016, and concluded on November 16, 2016. The seventh season premiered on September 5, 2017, and concluded on November 14, 2017. The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada, though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31, 2011. The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing. Along with it, it airs on FX India on standard definition and Fox in UK and Ireland in October 2011. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Murder House 74 % ( 38 reviews ) 62 ( 30 reviews ) Asylum 84 % ( 43 reviews ) 65 ( 23 reviews ) Coven 84 % ( 34 reviews ) 71 ( 24 reviews ) Freak Show 79 % ( 33 reviews ) 69 ( 19 reviews ) Hotel 64 % ( 44 reviews ) 60 ( 24 reviews ) Roanoke 78 % ( 13 reviews ) 72 ( 9 reviews ) Cult 72 % ( 42 reviews ) 66 ( 24 reviews ) Average 76 % 67 The first season of American Horror Story : Murder House received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74 % of 38 critics gave the first season a positive review. The site 's consensus stated : `` Convoluted yet effective, American Horror Story is strange, gory, and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked. '' The first season scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews. Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B+, stating : `` AHS is pretty much all scare, all the time : a whole lotta screams, sex, jolts, mashed faces, psychotic behavior, and dead babies. '' Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that : `` Overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws, but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross - outs. '' Not all reviews were favorable : Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D −, saying : `` It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror, and so full of strange sounds, sights and characters that you likely wo n't forget it -- even though many of you will wish you could. '' Sepinwall would later go on to call it one of the worst TV shows of 2011. The Los Angeles Times ' Mary McNamara gave it a mixed review, stating that it `` collapses into camp... upon more than one occasion '' but also noting that it is `` hard to look away. '' The second season, American Horror Story : Asylum, received mostly positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : Asylum crosses boundaries to shock and scare with sexy subplots and some innovative takes on current social issues. '' It scored 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews. James Poniewozik from Time stated : `` AHS : Asylum feels like a more focused, if equally frenetic, screamfest. It 's also gorgeously realized, with a vision of its ' 60s institution setting so detailed you can smell the stale air and incense. '' Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post said : `` It 's to the credit of Asylum 's writers, directors and cast that the emotional pain of the characters often feels as real as their uncertainty and terror. '' Verne Gay from Newsday gave the season a C grade, stating it `` has some good special effects, just not much of a story to hang them on. '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post thought the season was `` over the top, '' adding : `` I need to enter ( an asylum ) myself after two hours of this craziness. '' The third season, American Horror Story : Coven, received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84 % of 34 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus reads : `` A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy, outrageous thrills make American Horror Story : Coven a potently structured fright-fest. '' It scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews, the highest score for the show to that point. Not all reviews were positive, however, with criticism focused mainly in regards to the progression of both the story and certain character arcs in the second half of the season. The A.V. Club gave this season the low rating of a D+, with critic Todd Van DerWerff remarking : `` It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea, never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth. '' The fourth season, American Horror Story : Freak Show, received mostly positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of 32 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is : `` Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness, Freak Show still brings the thrills, thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast. '' It scored 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 19 `` generally favorable '' reviews. The fifth season, American Horror Story : Hotel, received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is : `` Favoring garish style over effective storytelling, the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel. '' Audience reception on the same website was also mixed, with 57 % of viewers giving the show a favorable review. Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 `` mixed or average '' reviews. The sixth season, American Horror Story : Roanoke, received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78 % of 13 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true - crime format feels overdone. '' It scored a 72 on Metacritic based on six reviews. The seventh season, American Horror Story : Cult, received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 72 % of 42 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : Cult intrigues with timely, over-the - top creepiness -- and lots of clowns -- despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic. '' It scored a 66 on Metacritic based on 24 `` generally favorable '' reviews. Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk have been credited with creating a successful tv series that increases both the LGBT creators in the industry, but also story lines. Harriet Earle has stated that they utilize `` the formal structure of the serialized anthology, but it does so to present serial narratives made by and about `` queers, '' openly subverting gender and sexual norms that define the majority of television ``. Upon its origin, the show had positive critical response from its graphic images of sex and violence. Ryan Murphy, who identifies as gay, has stated in interviews that `` I would stand in church with my arms spread for an hour, doing penance for my sins. The nuns told my parents there was something wrong with me. '' Using his own experience of heteronormative fixations, and knowing that what we truly fear are things that show otherness from ourselves, he creates complicated stories that showcase alternative gender and sexual norms that celebrate people who differ from what is normalized using horror tropes. While the show has received negative criticism for its representation of fetishes and sexuality, with Mike Hale writing that `` The show has always been all on the surface -- paper - thin in terms of ideas and drama but drenched in creepy atmosphere and peekaboo depravity '', others have praised the show as embracing of non-normative sexuality and representation of LGBT characters. Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode of American Horror Story was watched by 3.2 million viewers and averaged a 1.6 rating in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere. The episode was seen by 3.2 million total viewers in 59 countries. Ratings increased as the season progressed, with the season finale being watched by 3.22 million viewers and receiving a 1.7 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic. The series premiere aired in November 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels, and ranked as first or second most watched telecast in its timeslot among all paid television in most metered markets. `` Numbers so strong, it 's scary. American Horror Story has brought droves of new viewers to a killer global lineup, '' said Hernan Lopez, the president of Fox International Channels. The second season 's premiere gained a 2.2 18 -- 49 ratings share and gathered 3.85 million viewers, marking the highest numbers for the series. By the season 's sixth episode, the numbers dropped to a series - low 0.9 18 -- 49 ratings share and 1.89 million viewers ; however, they rebounded to above two million viewers for the subsequent episodes, and reached 2.29 million viewers for the season 's finale. The premiere of the fifth season of the series became the second most - watched telecast in the network 's history, only behind the premiere episode of the previous season, which was watched by 6.13 million viewers. The show was subsequently renewed for another season ; John Landgraf, the CEO of the network, commented on the show 's success by saying that American Horror Story, the network 's highest rated series, `` has unquestionably joined the ranks of television 's landmark series. '' In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike a lot of shows about the supernatural '', American Horror Story was `` more popular in cities, but also throughout parts of the Southwest ''. Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Avg. viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 10 : 00 p.m. 12 October 5, 2011 3.18 December 21, 2011 3.22 2011 -- 12 2.82 13 October 17, 2012 3.85 January 23, 2013 2.29 2012 -- 13 2.53 13 October 9, 2013 5.54 January 29, 2014 4.24 2013 -- 14 4.00 13 October 8, 2014 6.13 January 21, 2015 3.27 2014 -- 15 3.85 5 12 October 7, 2015 5.81 January 13, 2016 2.24 2015 -- 16 2.89 6 10 September 14, 2016 5.14 November 16, 2016 2.45 2016 -- 17 2.93 7 Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 11 September 5, 2017 3.93 November 14, 2017 1.97 2017 -- 18 2.22 American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story American Horror Story has won 59 of its 230 award nominations. The franchise has garnered 28 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with Jessica Lange winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, James Cromwell winning for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie, and Kathy Bates winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. It received an additional 50 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, winning eleven times, including Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie, Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie or a Special. It has received nine Golden Globe Award nominations, with Lange winning for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film, and Lady Gaga winning for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film. The series has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, with Lange winning for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. Additional accolades include eighteen Critics ' Choice Television Awards nominations, with four wins, the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Miniseries, four Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations, winning three times, eight wins out of ten nominations at the Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild, five People 's Choice Awards nominations, winning once, and eleven Satellite Awards nomination, with three wins. See also ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal American Crime Story, a spin - off series focusing on true crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Droesch, Paul. `` American Horror Story TV Series ( 2011 ) ''. AllMovie. Retrieved December 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story 6 Seasons 2011 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved July 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Pehanick, Maggie ( April 24, 2016 ). `` The True Stories Behind 18 American Horror Story Characters ''. Popsugar.com. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Wood, Lucy ( October 18, 2015 ). `` DID YOU KNOW THESE AMERICAN HORROR STORY PLOTLINES ARE BASED ON TRUE EVENTS? ''. Sugarscape.com. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie ( October 20, 2015 ). `` The Real - Life Inspirations Behind American Horror Story : Hotel ''. TV Guide. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie ( July 20, 2017 ). `` And the Title of American Horror Story Season 7 Is... ''. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( January 12, 2017 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Two More Seasons at FX ''. Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( January 12, 2017 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Seasons 8 & 9 By FX - TCA ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Hibberd, James ( January 5, 2018 ). `` American Horror Story shock : Season 8 is set in the future ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Blyth, Antonia ( April 6, 2018 ). `` Ryan Murphy Confirms ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Is Set `` 18 Months From Today '' ; Joan Collins To Play Evan Peters ' Grandmother ``. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Lynch, Jason ( October 1, 2017 ). `` Sarah Paulson Has Taken FX, the Emmys and Movie Studios by Storm. Next up : Netflix ''. Adweek. Retrieved October 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Stack, Tim ( March 20, 2018 ). `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates to return for season 8 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Rose, Lacey ( April 4, 2018 ). `` Ryan Murphy on ' American Crime Story ' Future and Scrapping Monica Lewinsky Season ''. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Bentley, Jean ( April 7, 2018 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters, Billy Eichner, Cheyenne Jackson, More Returning ''. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Bentley, Jean ( May 18, 2018 ). `` Billie Lourd To Return To ' American Horror Story ' For Season 8, Joins ' Booksmart ' Movie ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc ( October 30, 2016 ). `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House, Coven season ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Mullins, Jenna ( December 22, 2011 ). `` American Horror Story Season Two Scoop : New House and ( Mostly ) New Faces ''. E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved November 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( October 5, 2011 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' co-creator Ryan Murphy talks premiere, his favorite scene, and identity of Rubber Man -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Juergens, Brian ( October 3, 2011 ). `` Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk Talk `` American Horror Story '' : Blood, Infidelity, and Zachary Quinto ``. NewNowNext. Retrieved November 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel ( February 17, 2011 ). `` FX orders ' American Horror Story ' from ' Glee ' pair ''. HitFix. Retrieved February 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` FX Orders `` American Horror Story '' to Series ``. The Futon Critic ( Press release ). Futon Media. July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave ( December 22, 2011 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Will Scare Up a New Cast and New Haunted Home for Season 2 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa ( November 15, 2012 ). `` FX picks up third season of ' American Horror Story ' ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Luna, Keri ( March 19, 2013 ). `` American Horror Story Creators, Cast Tease Season 3 ''. Spinoff.ComicBookResources.com. Retrieved April 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( August 27, 2015 ). `` There could be TWO seasons of American Horror Story in 2016 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner ( March 18, 2011 ). `` ' Friday Night Lights ' star Connie Britton cast in Ryan Murphy 's ' American Horror Story ' pilot ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( March 30, 2011 ). `` Denis O'Hare Joins Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 30, 2011. Jump up ^ Andreeva ( April 13, 2011 ). `` Jessica Lange To Star in Ryan Murphy / Brad Falchuk 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Andreeva ( April 29, 2011 ). `` Dylan McDermott To Star in Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Andreeva ( May 5, 2011 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Casts Young Leads ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Sister Jude ( Jessica Lange ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney ( March 2, 2012 ). `` American Horror Story Season Two Scoop : Three More Castmembers Confirmed to Return! ''. E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved November 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Kit ( Evan Peters ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Lana ( Sarah Paulson ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Sister Eunice ( Lily Rabe ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Dr. Thredson ( Zachary Quinto ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( March 2, 2012 ). `` Zachary Quinto Returning to FX 's ' American Horror Story ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( April 11, 2012 ). `` Exclusive : American Horror Story Casts French Actress in Major ( and Mysterious ) Season 2 Role ''. TV Line. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris ( September 5, 2012 ). `` American Horror Story : Asylum Photos ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Dr. Arden ( James Cromwell ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( May 7, 2012 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' scoop : James Cromwell in talks for season 2 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( August 1, 2012 ). `` Ryan Murphy Reveals Title of New Chapter of ' American Horror Story ' ''. TV by the Numbers ( Press release ). Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara ( September 4, 2012 ). `` Monsignor Timothy Howard ( Joseph Fiennes ) ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( June 11, 2012 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' scoop : Joseph Fiennes in talks for season 2 -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris ( November 15, 2012 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed : FX Orders Season 3 With Jessica Lange ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 to Take Place in Multiple Cities ; First Plot Details Revealed! ''. TV Web. January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Lesley ( February 7, 2013 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds Frances Conroy, Taissa Farmiga for Season 3 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( January 31, 2013 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' : Lily Rabe Returning for Season 3 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( February 26, 2013 ). `` Exclusive : American Horror Story Season 3 Pits Jessica Lange Against... Kathy Bates! ''. TVLine. Retrieved February 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Masters, Megan ( February 27, 2013 ). `` American Horror Story Scoop : Ryan Murphy Teases Kathy Bates ' Turn as a ' Bad, Bad Woman! ' ''. TVLine. Retrieved March 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Masters, Megan ( May 22, 2013 ). `` American Horror Story Exclusive : Emma Roberts Joins the FX Spookfest 's Coven ''. TVLine. Retrieved June 5, 2013. Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb ( July 27, 2013 ). `` Horror Story Vet Denis O'Hare Joins Coven ''. TV Line. Retrieved July 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 4 : Jessica Lange 's Final Year ''. ScreenCrush.com. November 22, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' : Kathy Bates, Angela Bassett season 4 return ''. Hypable.com. November 8, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( March 29, 2014 ). `` Michael Chiklis Joins FX 's ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 29, 2014. Jump up ^ Perlman, Jake ( March 29, 2014 ). `` Michael Chiklis joins the cast of ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 29, 2014. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( February 25, 2015 ). `` Lady Gaga to star in American Horror Story next season ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann ( March 16, 2015 ). `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' adds to cast ''. USA Today. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( March 24, 2015 ). `` Chloe Sevigny cast in ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( June 17, 2015 ). `` Finn Wittrock joins American Horror Story : Hotel... and a Lady Gaga love triangle ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( June 18, 2015 ). `` Ryan Murphy On Jessica Lange 's ' AHS ' Exit & Possible Return, Building His ' Hotel ' & Next ' American Crime Story ' -- Emmys ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Woerner, Meredith ( August 7, 2015 ). `` Lily Rabe confirmed to play serial killer, Aileen Wuornos ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Confirms She 'll Be In ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 ''. Ora TV. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Here Is Your Confirmed Cast For Season 6 Of ' AHS ' ''. MoviePilot.com. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Dixon, Marcus James ( June 29, 2016 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Evan Peters to return, but what about Finn Wittrock, Denis O'Hare? ''. Gold Derby. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ( June 27, 2016 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' : Cheyenne Jackson Confirms Season 6 Return ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan ( July 23, 2016 ). `` Emma Roberts Teases ' American Horror Story ' Return : See Her Mysterious Comments! ''. Us Weekly. Retrieved July 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Brand New Haunted House Unveiled ''. TMZ. August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Branch, Kate ( August 5, 2016 ). `` Sarah Paulson on Playing American Horror Story and American Crime Story Characters at the Same Time ''. Glamour. Retrieved August 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney ( September 15, 2016 ). `` American Horror Story 's Season 6 Cast Is Finally Revealed ''. E! # E! Online. Retrieved September 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Murphy, Ryan ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( October 31, 2016 ). `` Sarah Paulson 's ASYLUM ultimate survivor LANA WINTERS returns this season on `` AHS : ROANOKE. '' Happy Halloween! '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved October 31, 2016 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( December 9, 2015 ). `` American Horror Story exclusive : Sarah Paulson to reprise season one 's Billie Dean Howard in Hotel finale ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth ( January 12, 2017 ). `` Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters to Return for ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 ''. Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( April 6, 2017 ). `` Billie Lourd To Star In ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 On FX ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Nilles, Billie ( April 7, 2017 ). `` American Horror Story Season 7 Adds Scream Queens Vet Billie Lourd ''. E!. Retrieved April 7, 2017. Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 27, 2017 ). `` Cheyenne Jackson @ cheyennejackson - On Set of `` American Horror Story '' - May 26 # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved May 27, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( June 28, 2017 ). `` Alison Pill is officially joining the cast of # AHS7! '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved June 28, 2017 -- via Twitter. ^ Jump up to : Keeps, David A. ( October 31, 2011 ). `` Set Pieces : The haunted house of ' American Horror Story ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Kudler, Adrian Glick ( October 4, 2011 ). `` American Horror Story Gave Alfred Rosenheim House in Country Club Park an Early Halloween Costume ''. Curbed.com. Retrieved October 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen ( October 5, 2011 ). `` Connie Britton on ' American Horror Story, ' ' Friday Night Lights ' and what she learned from Rob Zombie ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2011. Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette ( March 1, 2012 ). `` Jessica Lange will return to ' American Horror Story ' -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Dos Santos, Kristin ( July 26, 2012 ). `` American Horror Story Casting Scoop : Jenna Dewan to Be Lovers With Adam Levine ''. E! Online. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 Supports New Orleans Film Industry With Crew, Casting Call : Coven Cast Travel To Louisiana To Begin Shooting ''. KPopStarz.com. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura ( March 15, 2013 ). `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' : Kathy Bates To Star In Season 3, Featuring Witches And Filming In New Orleans ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( March 15, 2013 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' at PaleyFest : Season 3 Title Revealed ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' At PaleyFest : Season 3 Has Witches, Kathy Bates Comes Onstage ; Vampire Series Teased ''. Deadline Hollywood. March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Michael Goi on Twitter : `` To the fans of American Horror Story, who made us the # 1 show in FX 's history, we dedicate this season to you ''. Twitter. July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Woerner, Meredith ( July 11, 2015 ). `` Go inside the American Horror Story : Hotel, built just for San Diego Comic - Con ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Nilles, Billy ( June 27, 2016 ). `` Finally, An American Horror Story Season 6 Update ''. E!. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' New Set Photos Hint At Lost Colony ''. TMZ. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ( February 15, 2017 ). `` Ryan Murphy Reveals ' American Horror Story ' Will Tackle 2016 Presidential Election ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( March 28, 2017 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' : Billy Eichner Cast In Season 7 Of FX Anthology Series ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Crider, Michael ( August 3, 2011 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' Opening Credits Are Totally Creepy ( Updated ) ''. Screen Rant. Retrieved September 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( September 28, 2011 ). `` ' American Horror Story ' : Watch the terrifying opening credits sequence -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( August 7, 2012 ). `` The New Rubber Man, Lange 's Character and More American Horror Story : Asylum Spoilers ''. TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob ( October 1, 2015 ). `` Watch : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Opening Sequence Gets Biblical ''. Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved November 12, 2015. 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TV by the Numbers ( Press release ). Tribune Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( November 26, 2012 ). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Moonshiners ' & ' Duck Dynasty ' Win Night, ' American Horror Story ', ' Restaurant Impossible ', ' South Beach Tow ', ' Conan ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved November 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( November 29, 2012 ). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night, ' American Horror Story ', ' Moonshiners ', ' The Challenge ', ' Hot in Cleveland ', ' South Beach Tow ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved November 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( December 7, 2012 ). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night + ' American Horror Story : Asylum ', ' Moonshiners ', ' Smurfs Christmas Carol ', ' Daily Show ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved December 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( January 24, 2013 ). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Moonshiners ' Wins Night, ' American Horror Story ', ' Necessary Roughness ', ' Workaholics ', ' Top Chef ' & More ''. TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved January 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick ( October 8, 2015 ). `` Ratings : Viewers Go Gaga for FX 's ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Premiere ''. Variety. Retrieved October 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey ( November 10, 2015 ). `` FX Renews ' American Horror Story ' for Season 6 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Katz, Josh ( December 27, 2016 ). `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. January 24, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. January 30, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. January 22, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. January 14, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Emmy Awards nominations and wins : `` 64th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 65th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 66th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners ''. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. January 15, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Carol, ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations ''. Variety. December 10, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Critics ' Choice Awards nominations and wins : `` 2012 / / Winners of the 2nd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards ''. Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 2013 / / Winners for the 3rd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards ''. Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 2014 / / Winners and Nominees from the 4th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards ''. Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` The Critics ' Choice Television Awards Winners ''. Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Hipes, Patrick ( December 14, 2015 ). `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC, HBO, FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 24th Nominees ''. GLAAD. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations and wins : `` Winners of the 15th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards ''. Costume Designers Guild. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Barnes, Bronwyn ( January 8, 2014 ). `` ' Catching Fire, ' ' Breaking Bad ' among nominees for 16th Costume Designers Guild Awards ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 16, 2016. McNary, Dave ( February 17, 2015 ). `` ' Birdman ', ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Top Costume Designer Guild Awards : Winners List ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 16, 2016. McNary, Dave ( January 5, 2016 ). `` ' Star Wars, ' ' Mad Max, ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards nominations and wins : Giardina, Carolyn ( July 16, 2016 ). `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : The Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 21, 2016. `` ' Grand Budapest ', ' Guardians ', ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards ''. Deadline Hollywood. July 16, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016. `` ' Mad Max, ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead Makeup and Hair Stylists Guild Nominations ''. Variety. January 13, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's People 's Choice Awards nominations and wins : `` 2014 Nominees & Winners ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 2015 Nominees & Winners ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` 2016 Nominees & Winners ''. People 's Choice Awards. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Satellite Awards nominations and wins : `` View Awards by Year : 2011 ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` View Awards by Year : 2012 ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` View Awards by Year : 2013 ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` View Awards by Year : 2014 ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2016. `` View Awards by Year : 2015 ''. International Press Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2016. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAmerican Horror Storyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website American Horror Story on IMDb American Horror Story at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn, Witch, Burn! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake, Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Ryan Murphy Television series Popular ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2003 -- 10 ) Glee ( 2009 -- 15 ) American Horror Story ( 2011 -- present ) The New Normal ( 2012 -- 13 ) Scream Queens ( 2015 -- 16 ) American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Feud ( 2017 -- present ) 9 - 1 - 1 ( 2018 -- present ) Pose ( 2018 ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) Television pilots Pretty / Handsome ( 2008 ) Films directed Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2014 ) Films produced The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 2014 ) FX original programming Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) The Americans ( since 2013 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) Trust ( since 2018 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2014 ) Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball, Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black. 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Kamau Bell ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tyrant ( 2014 -- 16 ) UFC on FX ( 2012 -- 13 ) Unsupervised ( 2012 ) Wilfred ( 2011 -- 13 ) Upcoming Pose ( 2018 ) Mayans MC ( 2018 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2019 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre American Horror Story ( 2011 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) Outlander ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story&oldid=842863507 '' Categories : American Horror Story 2010s American horror television series 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts American anthology television series American horror fiction television series American LGBT - related television shows American supernatural television series English - language television programs FX network shows Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series created by Ryan Murphy ( writer ) Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series created by Brad Falchuk Television shows filmed in New Orleans Television shows filmed in Santa Clarita, California Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 05 : 30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "American Horror Story", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story&amp;oldid=842863507" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Original release October 5, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) -- present External links Website American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own `` beginning, middle, and end. '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events. The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few", "Story is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own `` beginning, middle, and end. '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events. The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel.", "and settings, and a storyline with its own `` beginning, middle, and end. '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events. The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh", "all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The series is broadcast", "the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season. Although", "during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season. Although reception to individual seasons has varied, American Horror Story has, overall, been well received by television critics, with the majority of the praise going towards the cast,", "in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season. Although reception to individual seasons has varied, American Horror Story has, overall, been well received by television critics, with the majority of the praise going towards the cast, particularly Jessica Lange, who won two Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances. Additionally, Kathy Bates and James" ], "id": [ "1850292377635122958" ], "short_answers": [ "Murder House", "Asylum", "Coven", "Freak Show", "Hotel", "Roanoke", "Cult" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Oliver Queen ( Arrow ) - wikipedia Oliver Queen ( Arrow ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Green Arrow ( Arrow ) '' redirects here. For the Arrow episode, see Green Arrow ( Arrow episode ). Oliver Queen Arrowverse character Stephen Amell in his costume during the first season. Photographed by Jack Rowand. First appearance `` Pilot '' ( Arrow, 1x01 ) October 10, 2012 Created by Comic book character Mort Weisinger George Papp Developed for television Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim Andrew Kreisberg Portrayed by Stephen Amell Years 2012 -- present Information Full name Oliver Jonas Queen Aliases Kapot, The Hood, The Arrow, Al Sah - him, Ra 's al Ghul, The Green Arrow Family Moira Queen ( mother ) Robert Queen ( father ) Walter Steele ( step - father ) Thea Queen ( half - sister ) William Clayton ( son ) Felicity Smoak ( wife ) Donna Smoak ( mother - in - law ) Noah Kuttler ( father - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Felicity Smoak Nyssa al Ghul ( invalid ) Significant other ( s ) Laurel Lance ( ex-girlfriend ) Sara Lance ( ex-lover ) Shado ( lover, deceased ) Affiliations Bratva A.R.G.U.S. League of Assassins Team Arrow ( leader ) Star City Council Abilities Master archer and martial artist, highly skilled tactician Oliver Queen is a fictional character on the television series Arrow, based on the DC Comics superhero, Green Arrow, created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. He was adapted for television in 2012 by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, and Andrew Kreisberg. Oliver Queen has been continually portrayed by Stephen Amell on Arrow. Queen is the alter - ego of the vigilante, `` Green Arrow ''. This is the second time the character has been adapted to a live - action television series ; the first time was on the series Smallville, where the character appeared over the course of five seasons and was portrayed by Justin Hartley. In the series, Oliver is a billionaire playboy who returns to Starling City after five years of being stranded after a shipwreck and presumed dead. He spends his nights as a hooded vigilante named the `` Arrow '' who stops crime in the city. During the first season, Oliver focuses on a list, written by his father, of targets that are taking advantage of the citizens. Subsequent seasons have him venturing into all criminal activity, and he shifts from being willing to kill to having a rule against all killing as a means of stopping assailants. In Arrow, Oliver does not take up the name of Green Arrow until season four. This is due to everyone believing the `` Arrow '' to be dead, and putting him in need of a new identity. He is a friend and frequent ally of the Central City - based superhero The Flash. Oliver Queen and his vigilante persona have also appeared in a digital comic book series, and with Amell appearing in crossovers on the television series The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, Supergirl, and the web series Vixen. Amell has been nominated for various awards for his performance, including a People 's Choice and Leo Award. Amell has received praise from critics who frequently cite his portrayal of the Oliver Queen persona over the hooded vigilante. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 1.1 Arrow 1.2 Spin - offs 2 Portrayal 3 Character development 3.1 Characterization 3.2 Relationships 3.3 Costume 4 Other versions 5 Reception 6 Other media 7 References Storyline ( edit ) Arrow ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oliver Queen first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow.. Having been shipwrecked five years earlier following the destruction of his family yacht `` The Queen 's Gambit '', he is discovered on the deserted island of Lian Yu by fishermen. Oliver returns to Starling City and is greeted by his mother Moira ( Susanna Thompson ), his sister Thea ( Willa Holland ), his best friend Tommy Merlyn ( Colin Donnell ), and ex-girlfriend Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ). Unknown to his friends and family, Oliver has returned to Starling City to carry out a plan of redemption for his father, who was with him during the ship wreck and died while stranded on the island, and whom Oliver believes failed to do everything he could to help the citizens of Starling City. Season one focuses on Oliver readjusting to life during the day, and spending his nights dressed as a hooded vigilante. As his vigilante persona, Oliver carries a bow and arrows, and acts as judge, jury, and if necessary executioner to the wealthy that have used their money and power to take advantage and hurt the citizens of Starling City, and in the process embroiled into conflicts with some of the city 's criminals including the Triad leader China White ( Kelly Hu ) and drug lord The Count ( Seth Gabel ). In the episodes `` Lone Gunman '' and `` The Odyssey '', Oliver is forced to reveal his identity to his bodyguard John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Queen Consolidated IT specialist Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ). Afterward, each joins Oliver in his quest to save Starling City from a mysterious group who is determined to destroy the Glades, an area of Starling City filled with crime and the underprivileged. Ultimately, Oliver discovers that the group 's leader is Tommy 's father Malcolm Merlyn ( John Barrowman ), who is also responsible for Oliver 's family 's yacht 's sabotage and thus his own father 's death, which leads Oliver and the elder Merlyn to become enemies. Season one also features flashbacks to Oliver 's time on Lian Yu and the inhabitants that he encounters while there. In season one, Oliver meets Yao Fei ( Byron Mann ) and Slade Wilson ( Manu Bennett ), who teach Oliver how to survive on the island, training him to fight and use a bow, while plotting to stop Edward Fyers ( Sebastian Dunn ) from taking out a Chinese commercial airliner. In season two, Oliver is initially found back on the island, having returned as penance for what he views a personal responsibility for the successful destruction of the Glades and the loss of his best friend. He eventually returns to save his family 's company, and decides that he needs to honor his friend by stopping crime in the city without killing. Oliver spends season two being harassed by Slade Wilson, who survived Lian Yu and arrives in Starling City determined to make Oliver suffer the way Slade did on the island. By the end of the season, Oliver has lost his company to Slade, and must contend with an army of soldiers with superhuman strength that are determined to destroy Starling City on Slade 's orders. Oliver and his friends -- which now includes trained assassin Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ), an aspiring vigilante named Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ), and members of the League of Assassins -- are able to stop the army and Slade. Season two flashbacks focused on the deteriorating relationship between Oliver and Slade, the discovery of a formula that can create super strength and near invulnerability, and a group of prisoners being experimented upon just off the coast of the island. In season three, Oliver is brought into a confrontation with Ra 's al Ghul ( Matthew Nable ) after Sara 's death. In order to protect his sister, who had been drugged and coerced into killing Sara by Malcolm, Oliver claims responsibility for the murder and engages Ra 's in a trial by combat. After surviving the sword of Ra 's al Ghul, he is pursued by Ra 's to become the new leader of the League. After Ra 's mortally wounds Thea, Oliver accepts his offer so that he can use the Lazarus Pit to save Thea. In `` Al - Sahim '', Oliver appears in Starling City to kill Nyssa al Ghul, who also claims the title of `` Heir to the Demon '', where it is revealed that he has been brainwashed by Ra 's into renouncing all things `` Oliver Queen ''. In `` This is Your Sword '', it is shown that Oliver is actually lying to Ra 's, and planning to destroy the League from the inside. The season three finale features Oliver killing Ra 's, and subsequently giving up being a hero for Starling City and leaving to have a new life with Felicity. Over the course of the season, Laurel and Thea take over Sara and Roy 's roles on the team. Season three flashbacks focused on Oliver living in Hong Kong and training under Amanda Waller ( Cynthia Addai - Robinson ) and her subordinates. In season four, after retiring from vigilantism, Oliver has live a happy life with Felicity Smoak at Ivy Town, until Thea and Laurel approach him, telling that they need him back at the newly rechristened Star City, which has been taken over by `` Ghosts ''. He eventually discovers that the mastermind is H.I.V.E. 's leader Damien Darhk ( Neal McDonough ), and become enemies with Darhk as both himself and his vigilante alter - ego. As the `` Arrow '' persona has been tarnished, Oliver now goes by the codename `` Green Arrow '' as he becomes a vigilante once again, but as a symbol of hope for the city, gradually regaining Diggle 's trust. Oliver also decides to run for mayor of Star City. During this time, Oliver discovers that he is the biological father to a nine - year child named William ( Jack Moore ), with Samantha Clayton ( Anna Hopkins ), a college classmate whom Oliver had a one - night stand during his relationship with Laurel. This discovery complicates his relationship with Felicity and his duty as Green Arrow, as well as threatens to jeopardize his mayoral campaign. After subsequent attacks from Darhk leaving Felicity permanently paraplegic, his son being kidnapped and Laurel is killed, leading Oliver to take his opportunity to kill Darhk when it arises, while his team helps avert Darhk 's plans for a nuclear holocaust. Season four flashbacks focus on Oliver returning to Lian Yu on Amanda Waller 's orders to infiltrate the mysterious Shadowspire organization. In season 5, Oliver recruits a team of vigilantes to help balanced his double life as Green Arrow and Star City 's mayor. He is also stalked by a mysterious archer, Prometheus ( Josh Segarra ), who has some troublesome link to his past. Later Oliver figures out that Prometheus is someone close to him. Oliver also facing with the possibility that his life might have inadvertently affected by his best friend and ally Barry Allen 's time - travelling actions. The season 's flashbacks explores Oliver time in Russia, where he joins the Bratva as part of an assassination ploy against Konstantin Kovar and exploring the criminal fraternity in the process. There, he meets and being trained by one of Ra 's al Ghul 's daughters, Talia al Ghul ( Lexa Doig ), as a hooded archer, before eventually returning to Lian Yu. In season 6, after a series of battles with Prometheus led to Samantha 's death, Oliver struggles to raise William himself and tries to have a relationship with his son. After he and Felicity rekindled their romance, they eventually married at Central City with Barry Allen and Iris West. Spin - offs ( edit ) Amell has appeared as Oliver Queen in each season of all four Arrowverse shows, ( Arrow, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow and Vixen ), one of only two characters to do so, as well as appearing in the Supergirl portion of the crossover events. He would make a guest appearance as Oliver 's vigilante persona in the pilot episode of The Flash to give some advice to Barry Allen on becoming a hero. Following that, he appeared in The Flash 's eighth episode, titled `` Flash vs. Arrow '', where he learns about metahumans and is forced to fight Barry after the latter is chemically brainwashed into becoming volatile and physically aggressive. Queen also appeared in the twenty - second episode of The Flash, `` Rogue Air '', helping Barry and Firestorm defeat the Reverse Flash. He voiced the character in the web series Vixen, in which he and Barry track down new Mari McCabe, the wielder of the Tantu totem who becomes the mystical vigilante Vixen and become her allies. Oliver later appeared in a two - part crossover spanning the Flash season two episode `` Legends of Today '' and the Arrow season four episode `` Legends of Yesterday '', with his and Barry 's respective teams working together to stop Vandal Savage. He briefly appears in the pilot episode of Legends of Tomorrow, advising Ray Palmer on joining Rip Hunter 's time - travelling mission. Oliver appears once again in Legends of Tomorrow, in its sixth episode, as a possible 2046 version of the character. This version has a goatee and is missing his left arm with a cybernetic prosthesis, a nod to the portrayal of the character in The Dark Knight Returns and The Dark Knight Strikes Again. In 2016, all three shows - along with Supergirl - come together in the `` Invasion! '' storyline, where the Dominators attack Earth and the various heroes must band together to fight them off, forcing Oliver to face his role as the indirect catalyst of the modern age of heroes as he helps Barry Allen coordinate Earth 's metahuman defenses. Another crossover of the four shows occurred the following year, in the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' storyline, with Oliver joined forces with the heroes of his world and Earth - 38 to battle against invaders from the parallel world of Earth - X, include facing his fascist parallel universe doppelgänger Dark Arrow ( also portrayed by Amell when unmasked ). Portrayal ( edit ) Amell was cast as Queen in January 2012, and was the first actor to audition for the role, with Kreisberg saying that Amell `` hit the target from the outset '' and `` everyone else just paled in comparison ''. Producer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to `` chart ( their ) own course, ( their ) own destiny '', and avoid any direct connections to Smallville, which featured its own Green Arrow / Oliver Queen ( Justin Hartley ), opting to cast a new actor in the role. It was also the first script that Amell auditioned for during pilot season, having received multiple scripts at the start of the year. For Amell, the appeal of portraying Queen was that he saw multiple roles tied to the same character : `` There 's Queen the casual playboy ; Queen the wounded hero ; Queen the brooding Hamlet ; Queen the lover ; Queen the man of action, and so on. '' The actor, who was already in shape from Rent - a-Goalie, did physical fitness training at Tempest Freerunning Academy out of Reseda, California. Amell received archery training as well, which included watching a video on how archery has been displayed inaccurately or poorly in television and film before learning the basics of shooting a bow. Amell describes the up - keep on his fitness as the biggest physical challenge of the series. Amell stated that he has to `` steal time at the gym '', and spends time on set being active. Character development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) In season one, Oliver is not afraid to kill criminals when he deems it necessary. Pilot episode director David Nutter believes that, following the time on the island, Oliver returns to Starling City with Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and this contributes to his willingness to kill. Amell stated, `` Killing people is gon na start to weigh on Oliver. He ca n't ( complete his mission ) by himself. He 's gon na have to lean on somebody. '' Amell describes Oliver as having to battle himself in season one. Similarly identifying Oliver as having PTSD, Amell sees the character as a `` damaged individual '' who is a `` ticking time bomb '' ; Oliver is not only doing good things, but falling along the way. For Amell, the character 's damaged nature will weigh on him throughout season one, because he must hide his new self from his family, and masquerade as the `` entitled jerk '' that he once was. Relationships ( edit ) Oliver has multiple romantic relationships over the course of the series. Prior to being marooned on the island, Oliver was dating Laurel Lance and briefly rekindles this relationship at the end of season one. He also had an affair with her sister Sara, who was on board the yacht with him when it was sabotaged. This later develops into a full relationship with her after she is revealed to have survived, and returns to Starling City in season two. In season three, he confesses to Felicity Smoak that he is in love with her, and the two enter a relationship by season end. They later become engaged, although the engagement and relationship come to an end in the episode `` Taken ''. The pair begin to rekindle their relationship towards the end of season five, which continues into the season six premiere. During the 2017 Arrowverse crossover, the couple marry. During season three, Katie Cassidy stated that she saw Laurel and Oliver as soul mates who knew each other better than anyone else. According to Cassidy, Laurel continually tried to see the best in Oliver, even when he was acting out his playboy side. Cassidy believes that when Laurel learns that Oliver is the `` Arrow '' it solidified her love for him, because it proved to her that he is the man she thought. Laurel sees Oliver as the love of her life, something she tells him on her deathbed. However, Stephen Amell has stated that whilst he believes Oliver will always care for Laurel, that love is from `` a different part of his life '', and it is Felicity who he is in love with now. This is supported by Emily Bett Rickards, who believes Oliver and Felicity are soul mates. Early in season six, Amell stated, regarding the couples reconcilliation, that `` They have so much history together that it 's just a matter of when 's the right time? ''. Show - runner / Executive Producer Wendy Mericle described the emotional journey Oliver goes through during the 2017 Arrowverse crossover ( in which he and Felicity marry ), as one where he `` explores the question of true love ''. Oliver also has connections with the other characters on the show. Amell sees the relationship between Oliver and his mother, upon his return from the island, as almost adversarial. To him, the Queen family has many skeletons in their closets, which helped them to amass their wealth, and his return is a threat to that way of life. Oliver 's relationship with his younger sister Thea changes once he returns from the island as well. Amell notes that Thea looks up to Oliver before he went missing, but it was an Oliver that was immature and a jerk. When he returns, Thea has taken over that role and Oliver has to recognize that his behaviors before impeded his ability to get through to Thea in season one. Following the events of the season five finale, season six also sees Oliver attempt to build a relationship with his son, William, who is grieving the loss of his mother. Costume ( edit ) Oliver receives this domino mask in the season two episode `` Three Ghosts ''. The producers wanted something that felt as though it could have been part of the costume from the beginning. The realistic approach to the series included the costume design for Oliver 's vigilante persona, created by Colleen Atwood. According to Amell, it was important for the suit to be functional, and the best way that he knew for that was if he could put the costume on by himself : `` If I can put it on by myself, I think that people will buy it. And that was our idea. That 's our world. '' In season four, Oliver acquires a new costume. Designed by Maya Mani at the end of season three, the costume originally had full sleeves. After input from producer Greg Berlanti and Amell, Mani redesigned the costume to show off the character 's biceps, and be more reflective of the comic book counterpart. According to Mani, `` I wanted it to be tactical, so the shoulders are a little tougher (... ) I also wanted him to be able to remove a layer or be in the layer and still be the Arrow, but not have the full fig on. '' In the second half of season two, Oliver replaces his `` painted '' mask with a domino mask gifted to him by Barry, similar to one worn by the character in the comics. The change is addressed on - screen, with Kreisberg saying, `` He does n't just put on a mask. It 's actually a big plot point in an episode, and there really is a story behind, not only the need for the mask but also who provides him with it. '' On adding the mask now, Kreisberg stated that, `` Conceptually, it was something we wanted to do because Oliver himself is evolving as the Arrow -- from vigilante to hero, sort of from Arrow to Green Arrow -- and we wanted to see that progression in his costume as well. As Oliver is embracing being a hero, being a hero means stepping out of the dark and being more of a symbol, so he has to take steps to conceal his identity more. '' He added that it will `` allow the Arrow to interact with people who do n't know his identity in a much more organic way than having him constantly keep his head down. '' Costume designer Maya Mani put together roughly 50 mask options for the producers. Various designs reminded the creative team of something Joel Schumacher would create. Kreisberg said, `` What 's so wonderful about the design that Maya came up with is that it really is very simple, and it feels as if it 's been part of his costume since the beginning... once we finally had this mask and put it on Stephen ( Amell ), even Stephen was like, ' This is the right one. ' '' In the season two episode `` Three Ghosts '', Oliver receives the mask from Barry, who is able to create a mask that will help conceal his identity, while still being functional and allowing Oliver to see clearly. Other versions ( edit ) The unseen Oliver Queen of Earth - 2 died when the Queen 's Gambit went down in 2007, causing a series of alternate events. Robert Queen conversely survived the boat sinking and became the Green Arrow himself, driven by his grief and need to honor his son. Oliver 's girlfriend, Dinah Laurel Lance, was so devastated by his death that she left Starling City in order to start fresh in Central City. When Central City 's particle accelerator exploded, Dinah became a metahuman with powers similar to the Canary Cry, but does not become the Black Canary. Instead, her grief drives her into a downward spiral, and she eventually becomes the criminal henchmen Black Siren. On Earth - X ( Earth - 53 ), where the Axis Forces won World War II that resulted the Nazi Germany in power worldwide, Oliver Queen ( also portrayed by Amell when unmasked ) is the Dark Arrow and Adolf Hitler 's successor as Führer. He is married to Overgirl, the Earth - X version of Kara Zor - El, and has been best friends with the Earth - X version of Tommy Merlyn, who is Earth - X 's Prometheus, since childhood just like the Earth - 1 versions of Tommy and Oliver. Dark Arrow is also a member of the supervillain team, the New Reichsmen, which includes Overgirl, Prometheus, and Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash ( of Earth - 1 ), who goes by `` Dark Flash. '' Dark Arrow arrives to Earth - 1 to capture his wife 's Earth - 38 doppelgänger Supergirl, before launching an invasion against parallel Earths. He sees his Earth - 1 doppelgänger, Green Arrow, of being weak because of his compassion and not even believe that the heroic archer would kill despite having killed Dark Arrow 's soldiers prior to his capture. Dark Arrow is ultimately killed in the final battle of the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover when, distracted after witnessing the explosive death of his wife, he is shot in the chest by his Earth - 1 doppelgänger. This version ( but named Black Arrow ) also appears in the animated web series Freedom Fighters : The Ray, voiced by Matthew Mercer. Reception ( edit ) In 2013, Stephen Amell was nominated for multiple awards. He received a Teen Choice Award nomination for `` Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi '', and a nomination for the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor ''. He followed that with three nominations in 2014 ; a Leo Award for `` Best Lead Male Performance '', a Constellation Award for `` Best Male Performance in a 2013 Science Fiction Television Episode '', and a Young Hollywood Award nomination for `` Super Superhero ''. Andy Greenwald of Grantland wrote that Amell deserves a `` great deal of the credit '' for Arrow 's success, as he brings a subtle humor hidden beneath his `` Hollister veneer ''. Greenwald goes on to state that Amell 's performance as Oliver Queen makes that persona a more interesting character than the Arrow. Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker acknowledged Amell 's range as an actor for the series premiere : `` Amell is no mere muscle - head as an actor -- he let confusion, dismay, disappointment, and resolve play across his face at the right moments, even when the dialogue became stilted or clunky. '' Neil Genzlinger wrote in The New York Times that Amell was `` just inscrutable enough to pull off the transition from the playboy he was before the shipwreck to the avenging, bow - wielding Green Arrow he becomes on his return to civilization ''. The San Francisco Chronicle 's David Wiegand came to a similar conclusion, stating Amell has the `` acting skill that enables him to be convincing both as rescued rich kid Oliver Queen and as his green - hooded alter ego, Arrow ''. In contrast, The Guardian 's Stephen Kelly found Amell more `` uncomfortable and awkward '' in the role, which made it difficult to like his character as a `` traumatised badass ''. Other media ( edit ) Arrow 's Oliver Queen first appeared in a prequel comic that tied into the television series, before being developed into an ongoing digital comic that lasted 36 chapters and featured various storylines. The next year, the character appeared in Arrow 2.5, a bi-weekly series that bridged the gap between the end of season two and the start of season three. The character also features in tie - in novels published for the series, Arrow : Vengeance, written by Oscar Balderrama and Lauren Certo, The Flash : The Haunting of Barry Allen written by Susan and Clay Griffith, and its sequel Arrow : A Generation of Vipers from the same authors. He will also appear in the upcoming novel Arrow : Fatal Legacies, co-authored by Marc Guggenheim and James R. Tuck, due to be published in January 2018. The novel will bridge the gap between the season five finale and the season six premiere of Arrow. A representation of Amell 's character has appeared in two video game products. The 2013 game Injustice : Gods Among Us contains downloadable content that features an optional costume for Green Arrow based on Queen 's appearance in the first season. Amell provides his voice and likeness to the costume. 2014 's Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham features an Arrow downloadable content pack that includes Oliver Queen in his Arrow persona, as well as a bonus level set on Lian Yu in which Oliver trains with Slade and raids Fyers ' camp to destroy a weapons stockpile. Amell also voices the traditional Green Arrow in the game. In May 2015, Amell revealed he had discussions with DC Entertainment to portray the character on Constantine, a show that was initially not depicted as existing in the shared universe created by The CW series, saying, `` The reason that I was going to guest star on Constantine, at least the idea that we were throwing around was ( Constantine 's ) an expert when it comes to the Lazarus Pit, which is now something that is a part of and will continue to be a part of Arrow. '' Amell stated that, even though Constantine was not renewed for a second season on NBC, a crossover `` was and is still on the table ''. In August 2015, it was confirmed that Matt Ryan, who portrayed Constantine, would appear on Arrow in the fourth - season episode `` Haunted '', per a `` one - time - only - deal ''. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & David Nutter ( director ) ( October 10, 2012 ). `` Pilot ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 1. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg ( writers ) & Guy Bee ( director ) ( October 24, 2012 ). `` Lone Gunman ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 3. The CW. Jump up ^ Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( February 13, 2013 ). `` The Odyssey ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 14. The CW. Jump up ^ Jake Coburn & Lana Cho ( writers ) & Michael Shultz ( director ) ( May 1, 2013 ). `` The Undertaking ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 21. The CW. ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldman ( May 30, 2012 ). `` Arrow Star Stephen Amell Talks About Playing TV 's New Oliver Queen ''. IGN. Retrieved November 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & David Barrett ( director ) ( October 17, 2012 ). `` Honor Thy Father ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 2. The CW. Jump up ^ Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz ( writers ) & Guy Bee ( director ) ( February 6, 2013 ). `` Betrayal ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 13. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg ( writers ) & David Barrett ( director ) ( May 15, 2013 ). `` Sacrifice ''. Arrow. Season 1. Episode 23. The CW. Jump up ^ Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( October 9, 2013 ). `` City of Heroes ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 1. The CW. ^ Jump up to : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( December 11, 2013 ). `` Three Ghosts ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 9. The CW. ^ Jump up to : Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski ( writers ) & Glen Winter ( director ) ( March 5, 2014 ). `` The Promise ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 15. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z. Greenberg ( writers ) & Guy Bee ( director ) ( April 2, 2014 ). `` Deathstroke ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 18. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( May 14, 2014 ). `` Unthinkable ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 23. The CW. Jump up ^ Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns ( writers ) & Michael Schultz ( director ) ( December 4, 2013 ). `` The Scientist ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 8. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu ( writers ) & Glenn Winter ( director ) ( October 23, 2013 ). `` Broken Dolls ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 3. The CW. Jump up ^ `` The Climb ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 9. The CW. Jump up ^ `` The Fallen ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 20. The CW. Jump up ^ `` Al - Sahim ''. Arrow. Season 3. April 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` This is Your Sword ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 22. The CW. Jump up ^ John Behring ( Director ), Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn ( Writers ) ( May 13, 2015 ). `` My Name is Oliver Queen ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 23. The CW. Jump up ^ `` Arrow breaks Captain Lance ''. www.avclub.com. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : The Flash 's Pilot Features an Arrow Crossover! ''. TV Guide. May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2014. Jump up ^ Abram, Natalie ( July 18, 2014 ). `` The Flash Casts Wentworth Miller, Plots Arrow Crossovers ''. TV Guilde. Retrieved July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Flash Rogue Air Extended Trailer! ''. Jump up ^ Brooks, Tamara ( March 6, 2015 ). `` GUGGENHEIM, BUTTERS ON `` AGENT CARTER 'S '' FUTURE, `` ARROW 'S '' ROGUES & MORE ``. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Amaya, Erik ( July 16, 2015 ). `` SDCC INTERVIEW : CAST, CREW DIVULGE SECRETS OF `` THE FLASH '' SEASON 2 ``. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved July 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura ( November 23, 2015 ). `` Watch : ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' Trailer Shows Time - Traveling Team in Action ''. Variety. Retrieved November 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( January 28, 2016 ). `` Legends of Tomorrow : Stephen Amell to appear as future Oliver Queen ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Natalie ( January 31, 2012 ). `` Stephen Amell Is Green Arrow : Lands Title Role In CW Drama Pilot ' Arrow ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved April 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Strachan, Alex ( October 11, 2012 ). `` Stephen Amell brings Arrow to small screen ''. canada.com. Retrieved February 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Christina Radish ( October 8, 2012 ). `` Stephen Amell Talks ARROW, How He Won the Role, the Evolution of the Queen Family Dynamic, Appearances by Other DC Characters, and More ''. Collider. Retrieved February 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Carina Adly MacKenzie ( October 10, 2012 ). `` ' Arrow ' star Stephen Amell : ' I do n't have a life, I have a show ' ''. Zap2It. Retrieved January 1, 2015. Jump up ^ Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle ( writers ) & Eagle Egilsson ( director ) ( October 30, 2013 ). `` Crucible ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 4. The CW. Jump up ^ Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz ( writers ) & Nick Copus ( director ) ( February 26, 2014 ). `` Time of Death ''. Arrow. Season 2. Episode 14. The CW. Jump up ^ Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu ( writers ) & Thor Freudenthal ( director ) ( December 10, 2014 ). `` The Climb ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 9. The CW. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( May 13, 2015 ). `` My Name is Oliver Queen ''. Arrow. Season 3. Episode 23. The CW. Jump up ^ Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski ( writers ) & John Behring ( director ) ( December 9, 2015 ). `` Dark Waters ''. Arrow. Season 4. Episode 9. The CW. Jump up ^ Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan ( writers ) & Gregory Smith ( director ) ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Taken ''. Arrow. Season 4. Episode 15. The CW. Jump up ^ Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama ( writers ) & Mairzee Almas ( director ) ( May 17, 2017 ). `` Missing ''. Arrow. Season 5. Episode 22. The CW. ^ Jump up to : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & Jesse Warn ( director ( May 24, 2017 ). `` Lian Yu ''. Arrow. Season 5. Episode 23. The CW. ^ Jump up to : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim ( writers ) & James Bamford ( director ) ( October 12, 2017 ). `` Fallout ''. Arrow. Season 6. Episode 1. The CW. Jump up ^ Phil Klemmer & Keto Shimizu ( writers ) & Gregory Smith ( director ). `` Crisis on Earth X Part 4 ''. Legends of Tomorrow. Season 3. Episode 8. The CW. Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( October 15, 2014 ). `` ' Arrow ' : Is Laurel in for a World of Hurt? Katie Cassidy on the Intense Road Ahead ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( May 7, 2014 ). `` ' Arrow ' : Katie Cassidy on Proactive Laurel, Rekindling Oliver Romance and Threat of Death ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu ( writers ) & Rob Hardy ( director ) ( April 27, 2016 ). `` Eleven - fifty - nine ''. Arrow. Season 4. Episode 18. The CW. Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Erin ( January 14, 2015 ). `` ' Arrow ' : Stephen Amell On That Fight, Black Canary & Olicity -- Felicity Is Oliver 's ' Match ' ''. Access Hollywood. Jump up ^ `` Arrow 's Emily Bett Rickards on Felicity 's surprising decision '' `` Entertainment Weekly '', Retrieved January 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( October 19, 2017 ). `` Arrow 's Stephen Amell on that Green Arrow twist ''. `` Entertainment Weekly ''. Retrieved October 23, 2017. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Lindsay ( October 4, 2017 ). `` Arrow : Oliver Will Explore `` True Love '' in Four - Way Crossover ``. `` TV Guide ''. Retrieved November 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( March 19, 2012 ). `` CW Fires Off First ' Arrow ' With Pic From Comic - Inspired Pilot ( Photo ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Fawnia Soo Hoo ( September 28, 2015 ). `` Costume Secrets from the Upcoming Seasons of ' Reign, ' ' The Good Wife ' and More ''. Fashionista.com. Retrieved September 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez, Sandra ( November 19, 2013 ). `` ' Arrow ' gives Oliver Queen 's alter - ego a mask -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 19, 2013. Jump up ^ John Behring ( director ), Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns ( writers ) ( December 11, 2013 ). `` Three Ghosts ''. Arrow. Season 2. The CW. Jump up ^ `` TC News ''. Retrieved May 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The 40th People 's Choice Awards ''. Retrieved November 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nominations ''. Leo Awards. Retrieved April 26, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nominations ''. Constellation Awards. Retrieved May 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list ''. Young Hollywood Awards. June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014. Jump up ^ Andy Greenwald ( May 8, 2013 ). `` Exiled in Smallville ''. Grantland. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( October 10, 2012 ). `` ' Arrow ' premiere review : More than just ab workouts and quiver - grabbin ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Neil Genzliner ( October 9, 2012 ). `` Castaways Gain New Leases on Lives of Promise : ' Arrow ' and ' Beauty & the Beast ' on the CW Network ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ David Wiegand ( October 9, 2012 ). `` ' Beauty and the Beast, ' ' Arrow ' reviews ''. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Stephen Kelly ( October 23, 2012 ). `` Does Arrow hit the target? ''. The Guardian. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Spiegel, Danny ( July 16, 2012 ). `` Arrow Targets San Diego ''. TV Guide. Page 10 Jump up ^ `` Arrow ( 2012 - 2013 ) # 1 : Special Edition ''. DC Web Store. Retrieved December 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Mahadeo, Kevin ( October 10, 2012 ). `` DC Comics Celebrates Arrow Day ''. DC Comics. Retrieved March 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Arrow ( 2012 - 2013 ) Vol. 1 ''. DC Web Store. Retrieved December 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Arrow ( 2012 - 2013 ) # 36 ''. DC Web Store. Retrieved December 12, 2013. Jump up ^ Sands, Rich ( July 9, 2014 ). `` Exclusive : DC Entertainment Launches New Arrow and The Flash Digital Comics ''. TV Guide. Retrieved July 9, 2014. Jump up ^ Balderrama, Oscar ; Certo, Lauren ( February 23, 2016 ). Arrow : Vengeance. `` Titan Books ''. ISBN 9781783294848. Jump up ^ Griffith, Susan ; Griffith, Clay ( November 29, 2016 ). The Flash : The Haunting of Barry Allen. `` Titan Books ''. ISBN 9781785651410. Jump up ^ Griffith, Susan ; Griffith, Clay ( March 28, 2017 ). Arrow : A Generation of Vipers. `` Titan Books ''. ISBN 9781783294855. Jump up ^ Wickline, Dan ( August 12, 2017 ). `` Marc Guggenheim To Write Novel Connecting Arrow Seasons 5 and 6 ''. Retrieved November 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Sunu, Steve ( March 14, 2013 ). `` Stephen Amell Adds `` Arrow '' To `` Injustice '' Roster ``. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved May 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle ( October 11, 2014 ). `` Arrow DLC Pack ( With Stephen Amell ), Conan O'Brien, And Many More Confirmed ''. Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved October 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Moser, Cassidee ( May 10, 2015 ). `` ARROW 'S STEPHEN AMELL ON A POSSIBLE CONSTANTINE CROSSOVER ''. IGN. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( August 11, 2015 ). `` Matt Ryan to Reprise ' Constantine ' Role on The CW 's ' Arrow ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Holbrook, Damian ( August 11, 2015 ). `` Constantine 's Matt Ryan Conjures Up Magical Return on Arrow ''. TV Insider. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Green Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrow Oliver Queen Connor Hawke Supporting characters Arrowette Black Canary Eddie Fyers Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Katana Felicity Smoak Shado Enemies Hannibal Bates Brick China White Clock King Count Vertigo Cupid Deathstroke Richard Dragon ( Ricardo Diaz, Jr. ) Constantine Drakon Merlyn Onomatopoeia Equipment Arrowcar Trick arrows Publications More Fun Comics Green Lantern / Green Arrow The Dark Knight Returns Green Arrow : The Longbow Hunters The Dark Knight Strikes Again Green Arrow : Year One Green Arrow and Black Canary Storylines `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' `` Quiver '' Locations Queen Industries / Q - Core Star City Starfish Island Vlatava In other media Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Arrowverse and related shows Arrow characters episodes The Flash Vixen DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Related articles The Outsiders The Green Archer ( 1940 serial ) Robin Hood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Queen_(Arrow)&oldid=816192412 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) characters Characters created by Marc Guggenheim DC Comics martial artists DC Comics superheroes DC Comics television characters Fictional archers Fictional business executives Fictional castaways Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional eskrimadors Fictional kidnappers Fictional mayors Fictional murderers Fictional outlaws Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional socialites Fictional torturers Fictional vigilantes Fictional Wing Chun practitioners Green Arrow in other media Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 21 : 31. 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{ "text": "La Piloto ( Season 1 ) - wikipedia La Piloto ( Season 1 ) La Piloto ( season 1 ) Promotional poster Starring Livia Brito Arap Bethke María Fernanda Yepes Alejandro Nones María de la Fuente Verónica Montes Natasha Domínguez María Fernanda García Mauricio Aspe Stephanie Salas Arturo Barba Tommy Vásquez Macarena Achaga Juan Colucho Country of origin United States No. of episodes 80 Release Original network Univision Original release 7 March ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) -- 26 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of La Piloto episodes The first season of the American television series La Piloto, created by Jörg Hiller, follows the story of Yolanda Cadena ( Livia Brito ) and all her efforts to become an airplane pilot. The season was ordered in May 2016, and filming began on 5 September 2016. The season stars Livia Brito as Yolanda Cadena, Arap Bethke as Jhon Lucio, María Fernanda Yepes as Zulima, Alejandro Nones as Óscar Lucio, María de la Fuente as Mónica Ortega, Verónica Montes as Lizbeth Álvarez, Natasha Domínguez as Amanda Cuadrado, María Fernanda García as Estela, Mauricio Aspe as Arley Mena, Stephanie Salas as Rosalba, Arturo Barba as Zeky Gilmas, Tommy Vásquez as Coronel Santamaría, Macarena Achaga as Olivia, and Juan Colucho as Dave Mejía. The first season began airing on 7 March 2017, and concluded on 26 June 2017. Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest stars 2 Episodes 3 References Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of La Piloto characters Main ( edit ) Livia Brito as Yolanda Cadena, the series ' protagonist, her dream is to become an airplane pilot. Arap Bethke as John Lucio, he is an airplane pilot, has an airplane company with his brother Oscar and uses it as a front for his illicit business. He teaches Yolanda everything about aviation. María Fernanda Yepes as Zulima Montes, she is the best friend of Yolanda, works in Central America Air as stewardess. Alejandro Nones as Óscar Lucio, he 's John 's brother. María de la Fuente as Mónica Ortega, she is assisting Dave in the DEA 's investigation and the Mexican government against Central America Air and the Lucio brothers. Verónica Montes as Lizbeth Álvarez, she is one of Yolanda 's aides, working as a stewardess in Central America Air. Natasha Domínguez as Amanda Cuadrado, she is one of Yolanda 's aides, working as a stewardess in Central America Air and for Yolanda as her helper to commit illicit business. María Fernanda García as Estela Lesmes, she is Yolanda 's mom. Mauricio Aspe as Arley Mena, he is one of the helpers of the Lucio brothers, Amanda 's lover and Guillermo 's father. Stephanie Salas as Rosalba Cadena, she is Yolanda 's aunt. Arturo Barba as Zeky Gilmas, he is the main manager of Central América Air and partner of the Lucio brothers. Tommy Vásquez as Arnoldo Santamaría, he is a Colombian guerrilla lieutenant. Macarena Achaga as Olivia Nieves, she is Yolanda 's chief of security and help with the use of weapons. Juan Colucho as Dave Mejía, he is an agent of the DEA that tries to imprison the Lucio brothers and to eliminate the company Central America Air. Recurring ( edit ) Jean Paul Leroux as Commissioner of the Cártel de las Sombras Shalim Ortiz as Dean Simpson, corrupt agent infiltrated in the DEA. Andrés Delgado as Cristian Nieves, Olivia 's brother. Rolando Brito as Capitán Argüelles, corrupt commander. Marcelo Buquet as Omar Nieves, Olivia 's father. Gerardo Murguía as Jorge Sinisterra Adriana Nieto as Sinisterra 's wife David Palacio as Alberto Rubio Special guest stars ( edit ) Antonio de la Vega as Ramón Cadena, Yolanda 's father. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of La Piloto episodes No. overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter 1 '' 7 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1.92 Yolanda is captured in Colombia by Colonel Santamaría when trying to transfer drugs in a plane and she tells the colonel how everything started. Yolanda flees from her hometown because her godfather tries to rape her, but she defends herself and her friend Zulima helps her get a job as a stewardess. `` Chapter 2 '' 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 1.79 Yolanda manages to leave the airport without any problem, but loses all the money she had with her. Yolanda goes to the place where the money would be given to face, but a war begins between John and the cartel and both try to flee. Lucio is injured and Yolanda tries to help him. John proposes to Yolanda to make a pact to return all the money that lost. `` Chapter 3 '' 9 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.94 Yolanda and Zulima help John escape from the airport, while fleeing collide and the car explodes, but all manage to escape the police. John offers Yolanda and her friends to work for him and his brother. Jhon helps Yolanda pilot a plane for the first time. `` Chapter 4 '' 10 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1.70 Oscar 's men are about to abuse Yolanda and Lizbeth, but the police save them. Lizbeth tells Yolanda that she will agree to work with John. 5 5 `` Chapter 5 '' 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 1.85 Oscar learns that there is an infiltrate in the airline. John faints in the plane, Yolanda and some men take him to a hospital. John demands Yolanda to turn away from John or he will kill her. 6 6 `` Chapter 6 '' 14 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1.76 John finds out that Yolanda is at Dave 's house and goes to look for her. Ernesto asks Zulima for Yolanda 's address. 7 7 `` Chapter 7 '' 15 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.87 Dave tells John and Oscar that he wants to work for them, but they refuse and try to kill him. Yolanda kisses John for the first time. 8 8 `` Chapter 8 '' 16 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 1.93 Yolanda believes that John 's people murdered Hector. Yolanda tells Dave that Ernesto abused her and is looking for her. 9 9 `` Chapter 9 '' 17 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.86 John betrays Dave and sets him up for arrest in Miami. Yolanda discovers that Dave is an agent of the DEA. 10 10 `` Chapter 10 '' 20 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 1.77 Yolanda and the Colombians manage to escape from the DEA agents in Miami. Zeki manages to escape the Lucio and takes Zulima with him, but finds his family dead in a cellar. 11 11 `` Chapter 11 '' 21 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.80 Yolanda tries to control the plane after Zeki kills the pilot, but they suffer a terrible accident and the survivors are in different places. The stewardesses are captured and taken to the police station for questioning by the DEA. 12 12 `` Chapter 12 '' 22 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 1.92 Yolanda kills Ernesto in self - defense and to evade his responsibility he offers John to be his best driver and his wife. Oscar puts a car bomb at the police station. 13 13 `` Chapter 13 '' 23 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.57 Yolanda sees that the director of the hospital gives a video of the murder of Ernesto to a policeman and robs it so that they do not discover that she is the assassin. Dave watches the room where Yolanda 's aunt is to find her. 14 14 `` Chapter 14 '' 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.35 The Lucio brothers meet with the senator 's men, he wants to expand the market and they accept. Yolanda manages to get her Aunt Rosaura out of the hospital with the help of John. 15 15 `` Chapter 15 '' 27 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 1.54 Dave tries to convince Yolanda to surrender, but she refuses. Mónica is determined to hire Estela to help them find Yolanda. 16 16 `` Chapter 16 '' 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 1.72 Zeki follows Zulima and tries to assassinate her. Estela apologizes to Yolanda and tells her that she wants to be with her and be a good mother, but it is a trap for the police to arrest her. 17 17 `` Chapter 17 '' 29 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 1.72 Zeki tells the police he will confess what he knows about John and Oscar if they give him immunity. Yolanda discovers that Estela has a microphone. 18 18 `` Chapter 18 '' 30 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 1.60 Estela confesses to Yolanda that she helped the police find her. Vargas kills Zeki. Zulima becomes jealous to know that seeing Yolanda and John together. 19 19 `` Chapter 19 '' 31 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 1.65 John and Oscar open a bar and ask the girls to work there. Dave goes to look for Estela at his house to find out about Yolanda, but she tells him that she does not know where she is. 20 20 `` Chapter 20 '' 3 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 1.60 Zulima tells Oscar that Yolanda was intimate with Dave and wants to get rid of her because he hates her. Amanda is about to confess to Mena that she is pregnant, but she finds him with another woman. 21 21 `` Chapter 21 '' 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.74 Zulima confesses to Yolanda that she was intimate with John. Some men try to kidnap Yolanda, but she manages to escape. 22 22 `` Chapter 22 '' 5 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 1.56 Vargas tries to assassinate Estela and Dave almost discovers it. Oscar asks Zulima to steal Yolanda 's phone to see if he 's betraying them. 23 23 `` Chapter 23 '' 6 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.69 Rosalba asks John to take care of Yolanda before leaving. Zulima tells John all the secrets of Yolanda to get rid of her. 24 24 `` Chapter 24 '' 7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 1.37 Estela tells Rosalba that Yolanda killed Ernesto. A man shoots Oscar in the back. 25 25 `` Chapter 25 '' 10 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 1.65 Mónica tells Dave that she thinks Simpson might be the infiltrator. Roberto tells Oscar that he wants to work for him. 26 26 `` Chapter 26 '' 11 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1.53 Some men attack the truck Yolanda travels to Colombia. Mónica and Dave travel to Villa Antigua to investigate if John and Lucio are there, but Captain Argüelles denies having any important information. 27 27 `` Chapter 27 '' 12 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 1.64 Aurora thanks Yolanda for rescuing her from her abduction and offers her help in Colombia. John orders to decompose Yolanda 's plane to die. 28 28 `` Chapter 28 '' 13 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.62 Commander Santamaría meets Yolanda and arrests her at the military base in Colombia. Oscar tells John that Yolanda is dead and he asks her to get rid of her family and friends. 29 29 `` Chapter 29 '' 14 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 1.50 Oscar orders Roberto to kill Olivia and her friends. Amanda confesses to Mena that she is pregnant so that he does not murder her, but his plan does not work. 30 30 `` Chapter 30 '' 17 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 1.82 Cindy finds Amanda in the river and takes her to her house. Yolanda agrees to help the army find John and Oscar. 31 31 `` Chapter 31 '' 18 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1.68 Salvador tells Oscar that Yolanda is alive and he asks her to murder her. Amanda wakes up, realizes that Cindy saved her and asks her not to tell Mena that she 's alive. 32 32 `` Chapter 32 '' 19 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) 1.82 Santamaría tries to abuse Yolanda, but she hits him. Mena tries to murder Lizbeth in jail, but Raul saves her. 33 33 `` Chapter 33 '' 20 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) 1.82 Zulima listens to Cindy talk to her mother and discovers that Amanda is alive. John and Oscar capture Bochas and assassinate him. 34 34 `` Chapter 34 '' 21 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 1.70 Zulima tells John and Oscar that Amanda and Lizbeth are alive. Raúl discovers that Argüelles works with John and Lucio and prevents that it assassinates to Lizbeth. 35 35 `` Chapter 35 '' 24 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 1.73 The men of Salvador catch Yolanda, but Santamaría murders them and takes her to the lair again. Carmen learns that Cindy died. Mónica helps John and Oscar escape. 36 36 `` Chapter 36 '' 25 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1.78 Teresa calls John to give Yolanda information, but Oscar answers and gives the information to him. Yolanda tells Santamaría that she does not want to leave the lair and kiss him. 37 37 `` Chapter 37 '' 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) 1.80 Simpson kills Sofia when he tries to escape with Mónica. Caicedo explodes grenades in the military barracks to assassinate Yolanda. 38 38 `` Chapter 38 '' 27 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 1.70 Mónica confesses to Dave that she helped John and Oscar escape because they threatened her. Rubio tells Yolanda that he believes Caicedo had something to do with the explosion. 39 39 `` Chapter 39 '' 28 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 1.84 Cañengo and Mena are taken to prison. Dave tells Rosalba that Yolanda is dead. 40 40 `` Chapter 40 '' 1 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 1.90 Salvador confesses to Dave that Santamaría kidnapped Yolanda. Santamaria 's wife discovers that there is a woman working with the soldiers and she becomes jealous. 41 41 `` Chapter 41 '' 2 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1.81 Yolanda steals a helicopter and manages to escape from the lair. Rubio tells Santamaría that the effects of methanol that Yolanda gave him caused blindness. 42 42 `` Chapter 42 '' 3 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 1.80 Yolanda calls John, Oscar answers and tells him that he will help her return with them. Dave tries to save Yolanda, but she demands that he leave her alone. 43 43 `` Chapter 43 '' 4 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.89 Yolanda arrives at the track, Santamaría and Rubio attack her, but Dave and the police appear. Oscar meets Yolanda and tries to assassinate her, but she manages to escape. 44 44 `` Chapter 44 '' 5 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 1.92 Dave goes to the house of Rosalba to look for Yolanda but discovers that there are some strange men. Yolanda rejoins Olivia. 45 45 `` Chapter 45 '' 8 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1.82 Oscar tells Yolanda that if he surrenders he will free Cristian and Estela. Cañengo tells the lawyer that Mena plans to betray John and Oscar. 46 46 `` Chapter 46 '' 9 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1.68 Roberto is about to tell Argüelles that Yolanda is alive, but Zulima discovers it and threatens him with a pistol. Yolanda meets John and he confesses that he tried to assassinate her because he betrayed him. 47 47 `` Chapter 47 '' 10 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1.57 John and Oscar try to assassinate Raúl in the hospital, but Mónica saves him. Dave arrests Yolanda and forces her to go with him. 48 48 `` Chapter 48 '' 11 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.73 Mónica takes the police to Rosalba 's house to arrest Yolanda, but Dave helps her escape. John suspects that Zulima and Oscar knew that Yolanda was alive. 49 49 `` Chapter 49 '' 12 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 1.55 Montgomery calls Mónica to get information from Dave, but she denies knowing anything about him. John tells Yáñez that he will be his new security chief and asks him to find Yolanda. 50 50 `` Chapter 50 '' 15 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 1.57 Yáñez catches Yolanda and she proposes to him to make a deal to get rid of John. Mónica goes to get Olivia to her house and John 's men kidnap her. 51 51 `` Chapter 51 '' 16 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1.80 Yañez agrees to work with Yolanda to get rid of John. Oscar confesses to John that Yolanda did not betray him, he gets very bad and tries to assassinate Zulima, but she escapes with Roberto. 52 52 `` Chapter 52 '' 17 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 1.79 John forgives Zulima 's life in exchange for not betraying him with the police and leaving the country. Amanda visits Mena in jail to show her that she was pregnant. 53 53 `` Chapter 53 '' 18 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 1.69 Mena tells Amanda that she hid money in the bar of Villa Antigua and asks her not to tell Zulima. Yolanda tells Dave that he captured John and wants to hand him over to the authorities. 54 54 `` Chapter 54 '' 19 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 1.55 Mónica proposes to John to cooperate to capture to Oscar but he refuses. Lizbeth tells Raúl about the money that is hidden in Villa Antigua. 55 55 `` Chapter 55 '' 22 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 1.56 Yolanda and Dave live a moment of passion. Oscar tries to get John out of jail, but Dave sets them up. 56 56 `` Chapter 56 '' 23 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1.59 John is officially surrendered to the Attorney General of Mexico. Oscar escapes from an ambush planned by the police. 57 57 `` Chapter 57 '' 24 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 1.65 Yolanda, Olivia and Lizbeth take Amanda 's baby to Rosalba 's house after being robbed from the hospital. Dave promises to Monica that she will watch over her in jail. 58 58 `` Chapter 58 '' 25 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 1.36 Oscar kills Montgomery. Oscar 's men kidnap a Benavides relative to force him to help John. 59 59 `` Chapter 59 '' 26 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) 1.36 Mena and John fight in jail. Rubio threatens Santamaria with a weapon to forget Yolanda, but he kills him. 60 60 `` Chapter 60 '' 29 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 1.57 Some men enter Rosalba 's house and kidnap the girls and the baby. Dave believes that Oscar kidnapped Yolanda and her friends, but he denies being with them. 61 61 `` Chapter 61 '' 30 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1.52 Santamaría goes to look for John and asks for help to find Yolanda. Yolanda refuses to tell Dave that she will work for the narco again. 62 62 `` Chapter 62 '' 31 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) 1.62 Óscar and Santamaría seal an alliance to prevent John from being extradited to the United States and murdering Yolanda. `` El Cártel de las Sombras '' orders Yolanda to kill John. 63 63 `` Chapter 63 '' 1 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) 1.67 Óscar is horribly injured after rescuing John and jumping off the DEA plane. Yolanda is tortured by El cártel de las Sombras for not killing John. 64 64 `` Chapter 64 '' 2 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 1.52 Mena goes to get her son to the hospital and a woman informs him that the baby was stolen. Dave tells Fajardo that Oscar and John were attacked on the plane and escaped. 65 65 `` Chapter 65 '' 5 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 1.60 Dave tells John that Santamaría stole the money he had hidden in Villa Antigua. Dave meets Mena and he agrees to help. 66 66 `` Chapter 66 '' 6 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 1.57 Yolanda goes to buy John 's plane and discovers that the salesman is one of his gunmen. Santamaría discovers that his lair was stolen. 67 67 `` Chapter 67 '' 7 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) 1.62 John fired his brother for the last time in the pantheon. Santamaría is beaten and locked up by John 's men. 68 68 `` Chapter 68 '' 8 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 1.42 Yolanda and Zulima travel together to Colombia to complete a business. John broadcasts the video of Senator Sinisterra next to Óscar when announcing his triumph in the presidential elections. 69 69 `` Chapter 69 '' 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 1.47 Dave and Mena unite to attack the barracks of El Cártel de las Sombras. Dave reveals to Mena that Zulima murdered Amanda. 70 70 `` Chapter 70 '' 12 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 1.50 Zulima threatens Yolanda with a gun and confesses that he hates her and that she told John that he worked for the DEA, so he tried to kill her. 71 71 `` Chapter 71 '' 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 1.62 John, Santamaría and Zulima come together to catch and destroy Yolanda. Dave threatens Sinisterra by denying his ties to El Cártel de las Sombras. 72 72 `` Chapter 72 '' 14 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 1.48 Zulima reveals to John and Santamaría the place where El Cartel de las Sombras has kidnapped Yolanda 's aunt. Sinisterra orders the murder of Sonia. 73 73 `` Chapter 73 '' 15 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 1.43 Rosalba tries to escape from El Cartel de las Sombras, but is recaptured. Sinisterra 's wife blames him for the murder of his son. 74 74 `` Chapter 74 '' 16 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 1.36 Zulima has intimacy with Santamaría. Sinisterra 's wife decides to stay with Mena 's baby. 75 75 `` Chapter 75 '' 19 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 1.46 Dave visits Mónica in jail and discovers that hatred invaded his heart. Thanks to Wilmer, Santamaría learns that Sinisterra 's wife has Amanda 's baby. 76 76 `` Chapter 76 '' 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 1.59 Sinisterra suffers for the death of his wife, who is killed by Santamaría. Estela, Mena and Dave save Yolanda from the kidnapping of Santamaría. 77 77 `` Chapter 77 '' 21 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 1.56 Zulima meets Liz 's friend in jail and lies to protect her. A prison police officer believes that Yolanda is not the baby 's true mother. 78 78 `` Chapter 78 '' 22 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 1.51 Rosalba visits Yolanda to tell her that Dave and Mena will get her out of jail. Santamaría corrupts a custody of the penalty to enter for Yolanda. 79 79 `` Chapter 79 '' 23 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.45 Yolanda encloses Santamaría in a cell and Mónica informs the authorities that she is a fugitive. Yolanda sets a trap for Sinisterra to demonstrate her links to drug trafficking. 80 80 `` Chapter 80 '' 26 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 1.83 Sinisterra agrees to work with the police to catch John and other drug traffickers. John kills all cartel members to own everything. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Poza, Javier. `` Livia Brito protagonizará `` La piloto '', se filmará en septiembre : Rovzar ``. radioformula.com.mx ( in Spanish ). Grupo Fórmula. Retrieved 25 May 2017. Jump up ^ González, Moisés. `` Livia Brito habla del final de La piloto, ¿ tendrá segunda temporada? ''. peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ). People en Español. Retrieved 24 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Jean Paul Leroux : `` Para mis amigos de Venezuela : fuerza y fe, vamos para adelante '' ``. edition.cnn.com ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ González, Moisés. `` Livia Brito trabaja con su padre en La piloto ¡ te lo presentamos! ''. peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ). People en Español. Retrieved 26 June 2017. Jump up ^ Buquet, Marcelo. `` No se asusten mi gente...!!! ✌ 🏾 ️ Estoy grabando `` La Piloto '' 👻 😂 ❤ ️ ``. twitter.com ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 22 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Adriana Nieto regresó a la televisión con la serie ' La Piloto ' ''. univision.com ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 16 June 2017. Jump up ^ Palacio, David. `` Palacio Status on Instagram ''. instagram.com ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 23 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` El asesinato del papá de ' La Piloto ', detrás de cámaras ''. www.univision.com. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : CBS and NBC Split Prime Time Victory as Both Far Outperform Their Competition ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' Survivor ' on CBS is Most - Viewed Prime Time Telecast Despite Series - Low Premiere To - Date ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : ' The Catch ' Return on ABC and ' Kicking & Screaming ' Debut on Fox Both Underwhelm ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : ' The Vampire Diaries ' on CW Concludes Series Run with 13 - Month Viewer High ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : ABC Dominates Prime Time Demos with ' Bachelor ' Season Finale Night ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' This Is Us ' on NBC Reaches New Series - Highs in Season Finale ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : Big - 4 Nets Share a Piece of Prime Time Victory ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : First Thu. Coverage of NCAA Tournament on CBS and Turner Sports Ranks Third - Best in 26 Years ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : NCAA Tournament on CBS and Turner Sports Tops Prime Time Among Young Adults ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Dancing with the Stars ' on ABC with Double - Digit Increase Among Adults 18 - 49 from Year - Ago Spring Premiere ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Trial & Error ' on NBC Remains Steady in Second Week ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : World Baseball Classic Championship Delivers All - Time Best MLB Network Non-Playoff Audience ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Double - Digit Increase for NCAA Tournament on CBS and TBS from Year - Ago Night ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and TBS Combine for Third - Largest NCAA Sweet Sixteen Friday in 24 Years ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : NBC Leads All Key Figures in Prime Time ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Bones ' on Fox Concludes Series Run Tying its Best Adults 18 - 49 Delivery in 15 Months ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' Imaginary Mary ' on ABC Matches Second - Highest Rated Midseason Comedy Debut in Adults 18 - 49 ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Mixed Results for ' The Amazing Race ' Season Premiere on CBS ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : Mississippi State - UConn on ESPN2 : Most - Viewed NCAA Women 's Final Four Game in 4 Years ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : North Carolina - Gonzaga on CBS Ranks as Fourth Most - Watched NCAA National Championship in 12 Years ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Prison Break ' on Fox Returns with Decent Performance in Young Demos ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' Full Frontal ' and ' Rachel Maddow Show ' Both Top ' O'Reilly Factor ' in All Key Demos ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Double - Digit Decline for First Round of Masters Golf on ESPN ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : Two Mild and One Dismal Broadcast Network Series Debuts ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Better Call Saul ' Return on AMC Tops Cable Scripted Telecasts Despite Down One - Third from Prior Year ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : WWE Smackdown on USA Delivers 9 - Month High ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : CBS and Fox Split Prime Time Victory ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Positive Ratings for NHL Playoffs on NBCSN and USA Network ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : NHL Playoffs on NBC Sports Thru Three Nights Up Slightly Year - to - Year ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : Season Finales -- ' 24 : Legacy ' at 5 - Week Viewer High, ' 2 Broke Girls ' at Series - Low ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Pretty Little Liars ' with On - Par Return to Freeform ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' Fargo ' Return to FX Slightly Down from Previous Season Premiere ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Cleveland - Indiana NBA Playoff Game 3 on TNT Leads Key Prime Time Adult and Male Demos ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : Houston - Oklahoma City NBA Playoff Game 3 on ESPN Sees Big Gains from Year - Ago Levels ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 9 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Bates Motel ' on A&E Concludes Series Run with Season - High Viewership ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 9 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' black - ish ' Dips to Series Lows in Back - to - Back Airings on ABC ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Second-Most Watched NFL Draft To - Date on ESPN and NFL Network ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : Two ESPN Networks Lead Prime Time Among Young Adults ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : ABC, NBC and TNT Spilt Prime Time Victory for Third Straight Monday ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Tuesday Final Nationals : CBS and TNT Share Leadership ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 4 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' Criminal Minds ' on CBS Reaches Six - Month High Among Adults 18 - 49 ''. programminginsider.com/. Retrieved 5 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Thursday Final Nationals : Celtics - Wizards Game 3 on ESPN Rises from Year - Ago NBA Playoff Game ''. programminginsider.com/. Retrieved 6 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and ESPN Share Prime Time Leadership ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017. Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas. `` Monday Final Nationals : CBS Sitcoms Fall to Respective Lows in Season Finales ''. programminginsider.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017. 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La Piloto Episodes season 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Piloto_(season_1)&oldid=853120293 '' Categories : 2017 Mexican television seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018, at 15 : 30 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "La Piloto (season 1)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=La_Piloto_(season_1)&amp;oldid=853120293" }

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{ "text": "Boston Marathon - wikipedia Boston Marathon For the rowing event, see Boston Rowing Marathon. Boston Marathon The Boston Marathon logo Date Third Monday of April ( Patriots ' Day ) Location Eastern Massachusetts, ending in Boston Event type Road Distance Marathon Established 1897 ; 121 years ago ( 1897 ) Course records Men : 2 : 03 : 02 ( 2011 ) Geoffrey Mutai Women : 2 : 19 : 59 ( 2014 ) Buzunesh Deba Official site www.bostonmarathon.org The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts, United States. It is always held on Patriots ' Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897, the event was inspired by the success of the first marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Boston Marathon is the world 's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world 's best - known road racing events. It is one of six World Marathon Majors. Its course runs from Hopkinton in southern Middlesex County to Copley Square in Boston. The Boston Athletic Association ( B.A.A. ) has organized this event since 1897, and it has been managed by DMSE Sports, Inc. since 1988. Amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year, braving the hilly Massachusetts terrain and varying weather to take part in the race. The event attracts 500,000 spectators each year, making it New England 's most widely viewed sporting event. Though starting with 15 participants in 1897, the event now attracts an average of about 30,000 registered participants each year, with 30,251 people entering in 2015. The Centennial Boston Marathon in 1996 established a record as the world 's largest marathon with 38,708 entrants, 36,748 starters, and 35,868 finishers. Contents 1 History 1.1 Bobbi Gibb and Kathrine Switzer 1.2 Rosie Ruiz, the impostor 1.3 Participant deaths 1.4 2011 Boston Marathon 1.5 2013 bombing 1.6 2014 drug case 1.7 2016 2 Race 2.1 Qualifying 2.2 Race day 2.3 Starting times 2.4 Course 2.4. 1 Heartbreak Hill 2.5 Records 3 The B.A.A. 4 Divisions 5 Memorial 6 Notable features 6.1 Spectators 6.2 Scream Tunnel 6.3 Boston Red Sox 6.4 Dick and Rick Hoyt 6.5 Bandits 6.6 Costumes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 General reference 10.2 Photo and video stories History ( edit ) See also : List of winners of the Boston Marathon Boston Marathon Finish Line, 1910. The Boston Marathon was first run in April 1897, having been inspired by the revival of the marathon for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. It is the oldest continuously running marathon, and the second longest continuously running footrace in North America, having debuted five months after the Buffalo Turkey Trot. On April 19, 1897, ten years after the establishment of the B.A.A., the association held the 24.5 miles ( 39.4 km ) marathon to conclude its athletic competition, the B.A.A. Games. The inaugural winner was John J. `` JJ '' McDermott, who ran the 24.5 mile course in 2 : 55 : 10, leading a field of 15. The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots ' Day, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty. The race, which became known as the Boston Marathon, has been held every year since then, even during the World War years, making it the world 's oldest annual marathon. In 1924, the starting line was moved from Metcalf 's Mill in Ashland to Hopkinton Green and the course was lengthened to 26 miles 385 yards ( 42.195 km ) to conform to the standard set by the 1908 Summer Olympics and codified by the IAAF in 1921. The Boston Marathon was originally a local event, but its fame and status have attracted runners from all over the world. For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches. However, corporate - sponsored cash prizes began to be awarded in the 1980s, when professional athletes refused to run the race unless they received a cash award. The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986. Walter A. Brown was the President of the Boston Athletic Association from 1941 to 1964. During the height of the Korean War in 1951, Brown denied Koreans entry into the Boston Marathon. He stated : `` While American soldiers are fighting and dying in Korea, every Korean should be fighting to protect his country instead of training for marathons. As long as the war continues there, we positively will not accept Korean entries for our race on April 19. '' Bobbi Gibb and kathrine Switzer ( edit ) Women were not allowed to officially enter the Boston Marathon until 1972. Roberta `` Bobbi '' Gibb is recognized by the race organizers as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon ( in 1966 ). In 1967, Kathy Switzer, who had registered as `` K.V. Switzer '', was the first woman to run and finish with a race number. She finished despite an infamous incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial women 's leaders of 1966 through 1971. In 2015, about 46 percent of the entrants were female. Rosie Ruiz, the impostor ( edit ) In 1980, amateur runner Rosie Ruiz crossed the finish line first in the women 's race. Marathon officials became suspicious when it was discovered that Ruiz did not appear in race videotapes until near the end of the race. A subsequent investigation concluded that Ruiz had skipped most of the race and blended into the crowd about one mile ( 1.6 km ) from the finish line, where she then ran to her bogus victory. Ruiz was officially disqualified, and Canadian Jacqueline Gareau was proclaimed the winner. Participant deaths ( edit ) In 1905, James Edward Brooks of North Adams, Massachusetts died of pneumonia shortly after running the marathon. In 1996, a 61 - year - old Swedish man, Humphrey Siesage, died of a heart attack during the 100th running. In 2002, Cynthia Lucero, 28, died of hyponatremia. 2011 Boston Marathon ( edit ) On Monday, April 18, 2011 Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya won the Boston Marathon in a time of 2 : 03 : 02. Although this was the fastest marathon ever run at the time, the International Association of Athletics Federations noted that the performance was not eligible for world record status given that the course did not satisfy rules that regarded elevation drop and start / finish separation ( the latter requirement being intended to prevent advantages gained from a strong tailwind, as was the case in 2011 ). The Associated Press reported that Mutai had the support of other runners who describe the IAAF 's rules as `` flawed ''. According to the Boston Herald, race director Dave McGillivray said he was sending paperwork to the IAAF in an attempt to have Mutai 's mark ratified as a world record. Although this was not successful, the AP indicated that the attempt to have the mark certified as a world record `` would force the governing bodies to reject an unprecedented performance on the world 's most prestigious marathon course ''. 2013 bombing ( edit ) Main article : Boston Marathon bombing On April 15, 2013, the Boston Marathon was still in progress at 2 : 49 p.m. EDT ( nearly three hours after the winner crossed the finish line ), when two homemade bombs were set off about 200 yards ( 180 m ) apart on Boylston Street, in approximately the last 225 yards ( 200 m ) of the course. The race was halted, preventing many from finishing. Three spectators were killed and an estimated 264 were injured. Entrants who completed at least half the course and did not finish due to the bombing were given automatic entry in 2014. In 2015, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, one of the perpetrators of the bombing, was found guilty of 30 federal offenses in connection with the attack and was sentenced to death. 2014 drug case ( edit ) Buzunesh Deba of Ethiopia was eventually named women 's winner of the 2014 Boston Marathon, following the disqualification of Rita Jeptoo from the event. Deba finished in a time of 2 : 19 : 59. As a result, she became the course record holder. Her performance bested that of Margaret Okayo, who ran a time of 2 : 20 : 43 in 2002. 2016 ( edit ) In 2016, Jami Marseilles, an American, became the first female double amputee to finish the Boston Marathon. Bobbi Gibb was the grand marshal of the race. The Women 's Open division winner, Atsede Baysa, gave Gibb her trophy ; Gibb said that she would go to Baysa 's native Ethiopia in 2017 and return it to her. Race ( edit ) Qualifying ( edit ) Boston Marathon qualifying standards ( effective for 2014 race ) Age Men Women 18 -- 34 3 h 05 min 3 h 35 min 35 -- 39 3 h 10 min 3 h 40 min 40 -- 44 3 h 15 min 3 h 45 min 45 -- 49 3 h 25 min 3 h 55 min 50 -- 54 3 h 30 min 4 h 00 min 55 -- 59 3 h 40 min 4 h 10 min 60 -- 64 3 h 55 min 4 h 25 min 65 -- 69 4 h 10 min 4 h 40 min 70 -- 74 4 h 25 min 4 h 55 min 75 -- 79 4 h 40 min 5 h 10 min ≥ 80 4 h 55 min 5 h 25 min The Boston Marathon is open to runners 18 or older from any nation, but they must meet certain qualifying standards. To qualify, a runner must first complete a standard marathon course certified by a national governing body affiliated with the International Association of Athletics Federations within a certain period of time before the date of the desired Boston Marathon ( usually within approximately 18 months prior ). In the 1980s and 1990s, membership in USA Track & Field was required of all runners, but this requirement has been eliminated. Qualifying standards for the 2013 race were tightened on February 15, 2011, by 5 minutes in each age - gender group for marathons run after September 23, 2011. Prospective runners in the age range of 18 -- 34 must run a time of no more than 3 : 05 : 00 ( 3 hours 5 minutes ) if male, or 3 : 35 : 00 ( 3 hours 35 minutes ) if female ; the qualifying time is adjusted upward as age increases. In addition, the 59 - second grace period on qualifying times has been completely eliminated ; for example, a 40 - to 44 - year - old male will no longer qualify with a time of 3 : 15 : 01. For many marathoners, to qualify for Boston ( to `` BQ '' ) is a goal and achievement in itself. An exception to the qualification times is for runners who receive entries from partners. About one - fifth of the marathon 's spots are reserved each year for charities, sponsors, vendors, licensees, consultants, municipal officials, local running clubs, and marketers. In 2010, about 5,470 additional runners received entries through partners, including 2,515 charity runners. The marathon currently allocates spots to two dozen charities who in turn are expected to raise more than $10 million a year. In 2017, charity runners raised $34.2 million for more than 200 non-profit organizations. The Boston Athletic Association 's Official Charity Program raised $17.96 million, John Hancock 's Non-Profit Program raised $12.3 million, and the last $3.97 million was raised by other qualified and invitational runners. On October 18, 2010, the 20,000 spots reserved for qualifiers were filled in a record - setting eight hours and three minutes. The speed of registration prompted the B.A.A. to change its qualifying standards for the 2013 marathon onward. In addition to lowering qualifying times, the change includes a rolling application process, which gives faster runners priority. Organizers decided not to significantly adjust the number of non-qualifiers. Race Day ( edit ) The race has traditionally been held on Patriots ' Day, a state holiday in Massachusetts, and until 1969 that was every April 19, whichever day of the week that fell on. Starting in 1969, the holiday was observed on the third Monday in April and so the marathon date was correspondingly fixed to that Monday, often referred to by local residents as `` Marathon Monday ''. Starting times ( edit ) Through 2005, the race began at noon ( wheelchair race at 11 : 25 am, and elite women at 11 : 31 am ), at the official starting point in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. In 2006, the race used a staggered `` wave start '', where top - seeded runners ( the elite men 's group ) and a first batch of up to 10,000 runners started at noon, with a second group starting at 12 : 30. The next year the starting times for the race were moved up, allowing runners to take advantage of cooler temperatures and enabling the roads to be reopened earlier. The marathon later added third and fourth waves to help further stagger the runners and reduce congestion. The starting times for 2017 and announced for 2018 were : 8 : 50 a.m. : Mobility Impaired 9 : 17 a.m. : Wheelchair Division 9 : 22 a.m. : Handcycle Participants 9 : 32 a.m. : Elite Women 10 : 00 a.m. : Elite Men and Wave One 10 : 25 a.m. : Wave Two 10 : 50 a.m. : Wave Three 11 : 15 a.m. : Wave Four Course ( edit ) Course map The course runs through 26 miles 385 yards ( 42.195 km ) of winding roads, following Route 135, Route 16, Route 30 and city streets into the center of Boston, where the official finish line is located at Copley Square, alongside the Boston Public Library. The race runs through eight Massachusetts cities and towns : Hopkinton, Ashland, Framingham, Natick, Wellesley, Newton, Brookline, and Boston. Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot on his way to winning the 2006 Boston Marathon, where he set a new course record. The Boston Marathon is considered to be one of the more difficult marathon courses because of the Newton hills, which culminate in Heartbreak Hill near Boston College. While the three hills on Commonwealth Avenue ( Route 30 ) are better known, a preceding hill on Washington Street ( Route 16 ), climbing from the Charles River crossing at 16 miles ( 26 km ), is regarded by Dave McGillivray, the long - term race director, as the course 's most difficult challenge. This hill, which follows a 150 - foot ( 46 m ) drop in a ⁄ mile ( 800 m ) stretch, forces many lesser - trained runners to a walking pace. Heartbreak Hill ( edit ) Heartbreak Hill is an ascent over 0.4 - mile ( 600 m ) between the 20 - and 21 - mile ( 32 - and 34 - km ) marks, near Boston College. It is the last of four `` Newton hills '', which begin at the 16 - mile ( 26 km ) mark and challenge contestants with late ( if modest ) climbs after the course 's general downhill trend to that point. Though Heartbreak Hill itself rises only 88 feet ( 27 m ) vertically ( from an elevation of 148 to 236 feet ( 45 to 72 m ) ), it comes in the portion of a marathon distance where muscle glycogen stores are most likely to be depleted -- a phenomenon referred to by marathoners as `` hitting the wall ''. It was on this hill that, in 1936, defending champion John A. `` Johnny '' Kelley overtook Ellison `` Tarzan '' Brown, giving him a consolatory pat on the shoulder as he passed. This gesture renewed the competitive drive in Brown, who rallied, pulled ahead of Kelley, and went on to win -- thereby, it was said, breaking Kelley 's heart. Records ( edit ) Participants in the 2010 Boston Marathon in Wellesley, just after the halfway mark Because the course drops 459 feet ( 140 m ) from start to finish and the start is quite far west of the finish, allowing a helpful tailwind, the Boston Marathon does not satisfy two of the criteria necessary for the ratification of world or American records. On April 18, 2011, Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya ran the fastest marathon ever in a time of 2 : 03 : 02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon ( since surpassed by Dennis Kipruto Kimetto 's 2 : 02 : 57 in Berlin 2014 ). Bezunesh Deba from Ethiopia set the women 's course record with a 2 : 19 : 59 performance on April 21, 2014. This was declared after Rita Jeptoo from Kenya was disqualified following a confirmed doping violation. Other course records include : Men 's Masters : John Campbell ( New Zealand ), 2 : 11 : 04 ( set in 1990 ) Women 's Masters : Mary Hannah ( United States ), 2 : 27 : 58 ( set in 2012 ) Men 's Push Rim Wheelchair : Joshua Cassidy ( Canada ), 1 : 18 : 25 ( set in 2012 ) Women 's Push Rim Wheelchair : Jean Driscoll ( United States ), 1 : 34 : 22 ( set in 1994 ) On only four occasions have world record times for marathon running been set in Boston. In 1947, the men 's record time set was 2 : 25 : 39, by Suh Yun - Bok of South Korea. In 1975, a women 's world record of 2 : 42 : 24 was set by Liane Winter of West Germany, and in 1983, Joan Benoit Samuelson of the United States ran a women 's world record time of 2 : 22 : 43. In 2012 Joshua Cassidy of Canada set a men 's wheelchair marathon world - record time of 1 : 18 : 25. In 2007, astronaut Sunita Williams was an official entrant of the race, running a marathon distance while on the International Space Station, becoming the first person to run a marathon in space. She was sent a specialty bib and medal by the BAA on the STS - 117 flight of the Space Shuttle Atlantis. The race 's organizers keep a standard time clock for all entries, though official timekeeping ceases after the six - hour mark. The B.A.A. ( edit ) Main article : Boston Athletic Association The Boston Athletic Association is a non-profit, organized sports association that organizes the Boston Marathon and other events. Divisions ( edit ) In 1975, the Boston Marathon became the first major marathon to include a wheelchair division competition. Bob Hall wrote race director Will Cloney to ask if he could compete in the race in his wheelchair. Cloney wrote back that he could not give Hall a race number, but would recognize Hall as an official finisher if he completed the race in under 3 hours and 30 minutes. Hall finished in 2 hours and 58 minutes, paving the way for the wheelchair division. In addition to the push rim wheelchair division, the Boston Marathon also hosts a blind / visually impaired division and a mobility impaired program. Similar to the running divisions, a set of qualifying times has been developed for these divisions to motivate aspiring athletes and ensure competitive excellence. In 1986, the introduction of prize money at the Boston Marathon gave the push rim wheelchair division the richest prize purse in the sport. More than 1,000 people with disabilities and impairments have participated in the wheelchair division, while the other divisions have gained popularity each year. In 2013, 40 blind runners participated. Memorial ( edit ) The Boston Marathon Memorial in Copley Square, which is near the finish line, was installed to mark the one - hundredth running of the race. A circle of granite blocks set in the ground surrounds a central medallion that traces the race course and other segments that show an elevation map of the course and the names of the winners. Notable features ( edit ) Spectators ( edit ) With approximately 500,000 spectators, the Boston Marathon is New England 's most widely viewed sporting event. About 1,000 media members from more than 100 outlets received media credentials in 2011. For the entire distance of the race, thousands line the sides of the course to cheer the runners on, encourage them, and provide free water and snacks to the runners. Scream Tunnel ( edit ) Along the course at Wellesley College At Wellesley College, a women 's college, it is traditional for the students to cheer on the runners in what is referred to as the Scream Tunnel. For about a quarter of a mile ( 400 m ), the students line the course, scream, and offer kisses. The Scream Tunnel is so loud runners claim it can be heard from a mile away. The tunnel is roughly half a mile ( 0.8 km ) prior to the halfway mark of the course. Boston Red Sox ( edit ) Every year, the Boston Red Sox play a home game at Fenway Park, starting at 11 : 05 am. When the game ends, the crowd empties into Kenmore Square to cheer as the runners enter the final mile. This tradition started in 1903. In the 1940s, the Red Sox from the American League and the Boston Braves from the National League ( who moved to Milwaukee after the 1953 season ) alternated yearly as to which would play the morning game. In 2007, the game between the Red Sox and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim was delayed until 12 : 18 pm due to heavy rain. The marathon, which had previously been run in a wide variety of weather conditions, was not delayed. The 2018 game hosting the Baltimore Orioles was postponed into May due to rain. Dick and Rick Hoyt ( edit ) Team Hoyt at ~ 12.8 miles on the Marathon course on April 16, 2012 Dick and Rick Hoyt are one of the most recognized duos each year at the Boston Marathon. Dick is the father of Rick, who has cerebral palsy. While doctors said he would never have a normal life and thought that institutionalizing Rick was the best option, Dick and his wife disagreed and raised him as an ordinary child. Eventually, a computer device was developed that helped Rick communicate with his family, and they learned that one of his biggest passions was sports. `` Team Hoyt '' ( Dick and Rick ) started competing in charity runs, with Dick pushing Rick in a wheelchair. Dick and Rick have competed in 66 marathons and 229 triathlons ( as of August 2008 ). Their top marathon finish was 2 : 40 : 47. The team completed their 30th Boston Marathon in 2012, when Dick was 72 and Rick was 50. They had intended the 2013 marathon to be their final one, but due to the Boston Marathon bombings were stopped a mile short of completing their run, and decided to run one more marathon the following year. They completed the 2014 marathon on April 21, 2014, having previously announced that it would be their last. In tribute to his connection with the race, Dick Hoyt was named the Grand Marshal of the 2015 marathon. Bandits ( edit ) Unlike many other races, the Boston Marathon tolerated `` bandits '' ( runners who do not register and obtain a bib number ). They used to be held back until after all the registered runners had left the starting line, and then were released in an unofficial fourth wave. They were generally not pulled off the course and mostly allowed to cross the finish line. For decades, these unofficial runners were treated like local folk heroes, celebrated for their endurance and spunk for entering a contest with the world 's most accomplished athletes. Boston Marathon race director Dave McGillivray was once a teenage bandit. Given the increased field that was expected for the 2014 Marathon, however, organizers planned `` more than ever '' to discourage bandits from running. As of September 2015 the B.A.A. website states : Q : Can I run in the Boston Marathon as an unofficial or `` bandit '' runner? A : No, please do NOT run if you have not been officially entered in the race. Race amenities along the course and at the finish, such as fluids, medical care, and traffic safety, are provided based on the number of expected official entrants. Any addition to this by way of unofficial participants, adversely affects our ability to ensure a safe race for everyone. Costumes ( edit ) A number of people choose to run the course in a variety of costumes each year. During the 100th running in 1996, one runner wore a scale model of the Old North Church steeple on his back. Old North Church is where the signal was lit that set Paul Revere off on his midnight ride, which is commemorated each year on the same day as the Marathon. During the 2014 marathon, runners and spectators were discouraged from wearing `` costumes covering the face or any non-form fitting, bulky outfits extending beyond the perimeter of the body, '' for security reasons following the 2013 bombings. However, state authorities and the Boston Athletic Association did not outright ban such costumes. See also ( edit ) List of winners of the Boston Marathon List of marathon races The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Boston Marathon ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Athletic Association : Established March 15, 1887 ''. Boston Athletic Association. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ DMSE Sports, Inc. ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Marathon History : Boston Marathon Facts ''. Boston Athletic Association. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Race Statistics, 2015 ''. Race Statistics, 2015. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ In the United States or the world? Jump up ^ Graham, Tim ( November 24, 2011 ). `` Pollow takes third consecutive Turkey Trot amid the goofballs ''. The Buffalo News. Retrieved November 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The History of the Boston Marathon : A Perfect Way to Celebrate Patriot 's Day ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved April 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Events ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Q&A : The Boston Marathon ''. Wasabi Media Group. Retrieved April 4, 2011. Jump up ^ `` De Castella and Kristiansen Win First Cash Prize ''. NY Times Co. Retrieved April 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Pave, Marvin ( April 17, 2008 ). `` Legacy on the line ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sport : Banned in Boston ''. Time. February 12, 1951. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NPR : Marathon Women ''. NPR. April 15, 2002. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ Boston Athletic Association ( 2011 ). `` Boston Marathon History : 1976 -- 1980 ''. baa.org. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Boston disqualifies Rosie Ruiz ''. Boca Raton News. April 30, 1980. p. 3C. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Johanne Grewell. `` Eleanor Brooks Fairs. '' American Communal Societies Quarterly, October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Heartbreak Hill Claims Another Victim ''. Associated Press. April 16, 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fluid Cited in Marathoner 's Death ''. Associated Press. August 13, 2002. Retrieved April 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Connolly, John ( April 20, 2011 ). `` BAA on record : Geoffrey Mutai 's No. 1 ''. Boston Herald. Retrieved April 20, 2011. Jump up ^ Monti, David ( April 18, 2011 ). `` Strong winds and ideal conditions propel Mutai to fastest Marathon ever -- Boston Marathon report ''. iaaf.org. International Association of Athletics Federations. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Golen, Jimmy ( April 19, 2011 ). `` Boston wants Mutai 's 2 : 03 : 02 to be world record ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Explosions rock Boston Marathon, several injured ''. CNN. April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Golen, Jimmy ( April 15, 2013 ). `` Two explosions at Boston marathon finish line ''. AP Newswire. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Kotz, Deborah ( April 24, 2013 ). `` Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264 ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264. Jump up ^ Stableford, Dylan ( May 16, 2013 ). `` Runners who did n't finish Boston Marathon due to bombings to get automatic entry in 2014 ''. The Lookout. Retrieved June 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death ''. International Business Times. 2017 - 04 - 16. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15. Jump up ^ Boston Athletic Association. `` Buzunesh Deba Named 2014 Boston Marathon Champion ''. B.A.A. Retrieved December 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Bruce Gellerman ( April 19, 2016 ). `` Bilateral Amputee Jami Marseilles Makes Boston Marathon History ''. wbur. Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Amputee Jami Marseilles Completes the Chicago Marathon ''. Runner 's World. Jump up ^ Associated Press. `` Bobbi Gibb serves as grand marshal of 2016 Boston Marathon ''. Wicked Local Rockport. Jump up ^ `` Atsede Baysa gives her Boston Marathon trophy to Bobbi Gibb - The Boston Globe ''. BostonGlobe.com. Jump up ^ `` Participant Information : Qualifying ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 14, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` New Qualifying Times in Effect for 2013 Boston Marathon ''. Boston Athletic Association. February 16, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Burfoot, Amby ( April 6, 2009 ). `` All in the Timing ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Mannes, George ( March 29, 2011 ). `` B.Q. or Die ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Hohler, Bob ; Springer, Shira ( February 17, 2011 ). `` Marathon qualifying is revised ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Official Charity Program ''. BAA. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2017 Boston Marathon Charity Runners Raised $34.2 Million ''. Competitor.com. 2017 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30. Jump up ^ Shira Springer ( October 19, 2010 ). `` Online, sprinters win race : Marathon fills its field in a record 8 hours ''. NY Times Co. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Boston Marathon Is Held on Patriots ' Day, Which Has Become an Unofficial Anti-Government Day of Action ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Patriot 's Day in United States ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Hansen, Amy ( April 15, 2013 ). `` Potter Twp. native recalls Marathon Monday ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Set to Begin Two Hours Earlier ''. VisitingNewEngland.com. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Time lapse video of 2008 marathon start ''. The New York Times. March 1, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` New Start Structure for the 2011 Boston Marathon ''. March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Race Day Schedule ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved November 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Event Information : Spectator Information ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Bakken, Marius. `` Boston Marathon : Pros and Cons ''. Retrieved February 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Connelly, Michael ( 1998 ). 26 Miles to Boston. Parnassus Imprints. pp. 105 -- 06. Jump up ^ `` Boston Course Tips ''. Rodale Inc. March 14, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ Boston Marathon Official Program, April 2005, p. 68 Jump up ^ Michael Vega ( October 7, 2004 ). `` At Heartbreak Hill, a salute to a marathoner for the ages ''. Boston.com. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Recalling The Most Memorable Boston Moments ''. Competitor Group, Inc. April 13, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011. Jump up ^ Malone, Scott ; Krasny, Ros ( April 18, 2011 ). `` Mutai runs fastest marathon ever at Boston ''. Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` USATF Rule 265 ( 5 ) '' ( PDF ). USATF. p. 9. Retrieved April 14, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Marathon History : Course Records ''. Boston Athletic Association website. Retrieved 16 October 2017. Jump up ^ Jimmy Golen for The Associated Press ( 2007 ). `` Astronaut to run Boston Marathon -- in space ''. MSNBC. Retrieved December 19, 2007. Jump up ^ NASA ( 2007 ). `` NASA Astronaut to Run Boston Marathon in Space ''. NASA. Retrieved December 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Hanc, John ( 2012 ). The B.A.A. at 125 : The Official History of the Boston Athletic Association, 1887 - 2012. Sports Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1613211984. Jump up ^ Savicki, Mike. `` Wheelchair Racing in the Boston Marathon ''. Disaboom. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Paving the way for disabled athletes since 1975 ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Running blind : 40 sightless runners competing in Boston marathon ''. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Memorial ''. Boston Art Commission. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 100 Public Artworks '' ( PDF ). Boston Marathon Memorial. Boston Art Commission. p. 3. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Driven to Repeat ''. Boston Herald. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Pave, Marvin ( April 22, 2003 ). `` Resounding Wellesley message : voices carry ''. Boston Globe. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Runner 's World Slideshow : 2008 Boston Marathon ''. Runnersworld.com. 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Marathon Monday ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Support, kisses at marathon 's Scream Tunnel ''. The Boston Globe. April 16, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Move Over Marathon : Red Sox Share the Tradition of Patriots ' Day ''. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Day Weather ''. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Red Sox announce postponement of Monday 's game ''. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16. Jump up ^ Bousquet, Josh ( April 15, 2012 ). `` Dick and Rick Hoyt are Boston Marathon fixtures ''. Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved December 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Dick And Rick Hoyt Complete 30th Boston Marathon ''. April 16, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Team Hoyt -- father and son Dick and Rick Hoyt -- finish final Boston Marathon ''. MassLive.com ( Associated Press ). April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Helliker, Kevin. `` Fleet of Foot and Blissfully Bold, Freeloaders at the Marathon Wear Fake Bibs -- but Win No Prizes ''. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Marathon bandits will be missed this year '', The Boston Globe. Jump up ^ `` Running Last, But Not Least '', The Boston Globe. Jump up ^ McGoldrick, Hannah. `` Q&A with B.A.A. Executive Director and Boston Marathon Race Director ''. Runners World. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions ''. Boston Athletic Association. Retrieved 3 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Costumed runners ''. Boston.com. April 17, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon 2013 costumed runners ''. Boston.com. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Expect Some Changes at Boston Marathon '' Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Runner 's World. Further reading ( edit ) History of the Boston Marathon, Boston Marathon : The First Century of the World 's Premier Running Event, by Tom Derderian, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1996, 634 pages, ISBN 0 - 88011 - 479 - 7 Boston Marathon, updated third edition, by Tom Derderian 2017, 827 pages. ISBN 978 - 1 - 5107 - 2428 - 0, EBook, 978 - 1 - 5107 - 2429 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Marathon. Wikinews has news related to : Boston Marathon General reference ( edit ) Official Website of the Boston Marathon History of the Boston Marathon `` Boston Marathon ''. MarathonGuide.com. Boston Marathon : What to Expect on Race Day Boston Marathon Course Pace Band Weather history Course map and elevation Course elevation The 1918 Boston Marathon Military Relay Photo and video stories ( edit ) Boston Marathon Photos - 2005 Boston Marathon Photos - 2008 Boston Marathon Course Photos : Runner 's View from Start to Finish Boston Marathon List of winners Qualifying standards By year... 1970... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 bombings Perpetrators Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ( alive ) trial Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( deceased ) Popular culture and adaptations Boston Strong Boston Strong ( book ) Digital Archive Patriots Day ( film ) Stronger ( film ) Related people George V. Brown Rosie Ruiz Jock Semple Edward F. Sheehan Kathrine Switzer Boston Athletic Association 10K event World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships World Marathon Cup Marathons at the Olympics IAAF Gold Label Road Races Marathons Amsterdam Beijing Berlin Boston Cape Town Chicago Dubai Frankfurt Fukuoka Gold Coast Hong Kong Istanbul Lake Biwa Lisbon London Madrid Nagoya New York City Ottawa Paris Prague Rotterdam Seoul Shanghai Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Valencia Vienna Xiamen Yellow River Estuary Half marathons Bogotá České Budějovice Copenhagen Delhi Gifu Seiryu Istanbul Karlovy Vary Lisbon Rock ' n ' Roll Lisbon Olomouc Prague Roma - Ostia Ústí nad Labem Valencia Yangzhou Jianzhen 10 km Ottawa 10K Prague Grand Prix San Juan World 's Best 10K LCCN : n2002114394 VIAF : 151466472 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Marathon&oldid=851924943 '' Categories : Marathons in the United States Boston Marathon Recurring sporting events established in 1897 Annual events in Boston Annual sporting events in the United States 1897 establishments in Massachusetts World Marathon Majors April sporting events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 13 : 21 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Boston Marathon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Boston_Marathon&amp;oldid=851924943" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "8 : 50 a.m. : Mobility Impaired 9 : 17 a.m. : Wheelchair Division 9 : 22 a.m. : Handcycle Participants 9 : 32 a.m. : Elite Women 10 : 00 a.m. : Elite Men and Wave One 10 : 25 a.m. : Wave Two 10 : 50 a.m. : Wave Three 11 : 15 a.m. : Wave Four Course ( edit ) Course map The course runs through 26 miles 385 yards ( 42.195 km ) of winding roads, following Route 135, Route 16, Route 30 and city streets into the center of Boston, where the official finish line is located at Copley Square, alongside the Boston Public Library. The race runs through eight Massachusetts cities and towns : Hopkinton, Ashland, Framingham, Natick, Wellesley, Newton, Brookline, and Boston. Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot on his way to winning the 2006 Boston Marathon, where he set a new course record. The Boston Marathon is considered to be one of the more difficult marathon courses because of the Newton hills, which culminate in Heartbreak Hill near Boston College. While the three hills on Commonwealth Avenue ( Route 30 ) are better known, a preceding hill on Washington Street ( Route 16 ), climbing from the Charles River crossing at 16 miles ( 26 km ), is regarded by Dave McGillivray, the long" ], "id": [ "12184809637817064093" ], "short_answers": [ "at Copley Square, alongside the Boston Public Library" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation, search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division ), revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The season is produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy Productions, with Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in May 2017. Alongside Clark Gregg, who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming - Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons, while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three. Due to its broadcast schedule, the season was split into two `` pods '', the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091. The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series, and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode. The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and is set to run for 22 episodes. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson, Jemma Simmons, Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie, and Yo - Yo Rodriguez, and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind. Upon arrival, the team are heralded by Virgil, who dies soon after. They quickly regroup and meet Deke, who reveals that the space station, known as the Lighthouse, was built nearly ninety years prior. Hoping to send a message back to Earth, May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event. At the same time, Coulson discovers that the monolith not only transported them through space, but also through time. Elsewhere, Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree, who maintain control on the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants. Back in the station, the team attempt to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meet Tess, who saves them during the Renewal. Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook. Meanwhile, Simmons is taken to meet Kasius, the Kree leader of the station, and is inducted as one of his servants. Later on, Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation, where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart. 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival, Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony. Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha. While the team adapt to their new jobs, Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them. During a space expedition, Coulson, May, Mack, and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface. Grill 's spy reports back, only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth. Meanwhile, Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons. However, her mission is thwarted by Deke, who reports her to Kasius. Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion. 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z. Greenberg December 15, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben, one of Kasius ' other champions, capable of telepathy. Using Ben to corroborate their story, Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others. They are able to convince Kasius they came alone, though he remains suspicious. During the interrogation, Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave. Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35. Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission, Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor. There, they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans. May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts, but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival. Coulson leaves with Deke, while May fights her alone. Meanwhile, Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment. Later, Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who 've arrived for Johnson 's exhibition. 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner, Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts, including the assassination attempt on General Talbot, and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe. For the next six months, Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails. With help from Lance Hunter, Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch, the man who took the others. Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin, the daughter of Charles from Spacetime, who can also tell the future but through drawings. Tracked by the military, Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker, where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team. Determined to help them, Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod. In the warehouse, they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech, including the Zephyr, which they use to escape. Back in the secret bunker, Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch, who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse. 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station, the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony. Flint, a friend of Tess, experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo. Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance. During a dinner with the other bidders, Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character, earning Kasius ' respect. The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May, resulting in May being sent to the surface, while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation. Meanwhile, Grill finds the team and holds them captive, until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill, killing him. The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition. During which, Fitz, Simmons, and Johnson are able to subdue the others and escape. 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBD 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBD 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBD The season 's 12th episode, which is also the series ' 100th, is scheduled to air on March 9, 2018. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Samuel Roukin as Faulnak Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Patrick Fabian as Senator Gaius Ponarian Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future, feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger ''. The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward, by reducing its budget and licensing fee. Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet. I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5. '' It was reported that Disney, the parent company of Marvel Television, ABC Studios, and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series ''. Writing ( edit ) In May 2017, ahead of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants. '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season, as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans. Whedon stated, `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it. '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four, Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '', especially for Fitz and Mack. When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories. '' However, Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up. The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs with different emphases, with Bell adding the whole season would `` have an arc that will pay off ''. The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017. First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space. Ahead of the season premiere, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series, and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ). Just creatively across the board for everyone, art direction, all of it, our sets, you 'll see an overhaul. '' On the move to space, Whedon commented, `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart. We spent a lot of time doing that... So our goal this year was... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally, inevitably... we 've spent this many years with them, let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of. '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming - Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie, respectively. Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con, it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season, after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez. In September 2017, it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter. Blood left the series during the third season, to star on the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted, which never came to fruition. Adrianne Palicki, who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season to star on Most Wanted with Blood, expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season, saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked. Also returning from earlier in the series include Joel Stoffer as Enoch, who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance, and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton. Polly 's daughter Robin also appears in the season, portrayed by multiple actresses, after the character previously made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension ''. Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin, Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin, while Willow Hale appears as an older Robin, when she is also known as The Seer. Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017, and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke, alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess, Coy Stewart as Flint, and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill. Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius, and Florence Faivre as Sinara. Design ( edit ) After leaving the series during the fourth season, costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season, before handing over to Whitney Galitz, who had assisted her on the previous few seasons, and Christann Chanell. The opening for the season is reminiscent of the sequence used for the episode `` 4,722 Hours '', forgoing the title card and having the series ' typeface silently fading onto the screen. Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20, 2017. In May 2017, Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season, and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode, which was the sixth of the season, `` Fun & Games ''. Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '', needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode. Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well. '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do, ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory. They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me. '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode. Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans, Whedon felt it was doubtful, but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ), so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it. It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game, but if you do n't, you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride. '' In November 2017, Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU, but that this would remain a `` thematic tie ''. He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier season because `` we have our own mythology. That started to be much more interesting to us, and hopefully to the audience, just digging that stuff up. No one wants to come to see our show to see another show. '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1, 2017, beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes. It is set to run for 22 episodes. The fifth season is moving to a Friday timeslot, alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time, with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining, `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans. Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time, which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time. '' Andy Kubitz, executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC, added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot. He continued, `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it. '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7, 2017, where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season. A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26, 2017, as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week. `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017, Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes. The program features five posters, one for each season of the series, representing `` key pivotal moments of each season ''. The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018. Megan Thomas Bradner, Vice President of Development and Production, Live Action at Marvel Television, called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here. By working with some of our favorite comic artists, we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100. '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators, the actors, the characters and a hundred amazing stories ''. The first poster, highlighting season one, was created by Dale Keown. It features four panels, showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot, Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse, the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand, and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale. Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1, 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8, 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15, 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Rewind '' December 22, 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5, 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on 5 reviews. Reviewing the premiere episodes, Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series, rather `` a continuation, in some form, of the story set - up at the end of last season. The show is not different. The team is still trying to save the world. They 're just doing it in a new place and new way. Overall, there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season. It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for. The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak. The space run is so far proving to be anything but. '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 4, 2017 ). `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 11, 2017 ). `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 18, 2017 ). `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 26, 2017 ). `` ' Blindspot, ' ' I Love Lucy ' special and others unchanged : Friday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 8, 2018 ). `` ' Child Support, ' ' MacGyver, ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' ``. The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' ``. The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Best Laid Plans '' ``. The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Dinh, Christine ( December 18, 2017 ). `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program ''. Marvel.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ). The Futon Critic. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Freeman, Molly ( May 31, 2017 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer 's Room Starts Work on Season 5 ''. ScreenRant. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Patten, Dominic ( October 5, 2017 ). `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Petski, Denise ( August 4, 2017 ). `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5 ''. Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( November 2, 2017 ). `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation, Part One & Part Two '' ``. The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 505 ) `` Rewind '' ``. The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( September 8, 2017 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette ( January 10, 2017 ). `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Leslie ( May 11, 2017 ). `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD, ' ' American Housewife, ' ' Designated Survivor ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( May 16, 2017 ). `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday, black - ish Shifts to Tuesday, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A ''. TVLine. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Lesley ; McClintock, Pamela ( September 5, 2017 ). `` ABC 's Marvel Drama ' Inhumans ' Underwhelms in Imax Bow ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri ( August 6, 2017 ). `` ABC Boss On Marvel 's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash, Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season ''. IGN. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel ( September 27, 2017 ). `` ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ' Idol, ' ' Inhuman ' Challenges ''. Variety. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( May 3, 2017 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Hurley, Laura ( November 29, 2017 ). `` How The Framework Will Continue To Impact Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. In Season 5 ''. Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Natalie ( November 30, 2017 ). `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is headed to space in season 5 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ching, Albert ( November 30, 2017 ). `` How Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Ties - In to the Marvel Studios Movies ''. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Yehl, Joshua ( November 28, 2017 ). `` Why Agents of SHIELD Is Going To Space For Season 5 ''. IGN. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Massabrook, Nicole ( October 7, 2017 ). `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents Of SHIELD ' Return ''. International Business Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' ``. The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Towers, Andrea ( May 18, 2016 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ @ afoley24 ) ( July 30, 2017 ). `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great! '' ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Lovett, Jamie ( November 28, 2017 ). `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere ''. Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Wen, Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20, 2017 ). `` First Day of school with these badass babes! We 're back! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Tancharoen, Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20, 2017 ). `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon. We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in... '' ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Gregg, Clark ( May 16, 2017 ). `` This is Clark ''. Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ). Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. I may direct an episode in season 5. if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it. Jump up ^ Gregg, Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12, 2017 ). `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week. # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017 -- via Twitter. ^ Jump up to : Dinh, Christine ( January 4, 2018 ). `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut ''. Marvel.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Agard, Chancellor ( October 7, 2017 ). `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan ; McCabe, Joseph ( April 7, 2017 ). `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series ''. Digital Spy. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( August 6, 2017 ). `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Ching, Albert ( September 5, 2017 ). `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD, Punisher and Runaways to NYCC ''. Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Lenker, Maureen Lee ( November 26, 2017 ). `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 15, 2017 ). `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 21, 2017 ). `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Barr, Merrill ( November 28, 2017 ). `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017. General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide ''. TV Guide. Retrieved July 21, 2017. `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC ''. The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 21, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr. Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout! Book Category Portal Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' `` The Asset '' `` Eye Spy '' `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' `` FZZT '' `` The Hub '' `` The Well '' `` Repairs '' `` The Bridge '' `` The Magical Place '' `` Seeds '' `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' `` Yes Men '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Turn, Turn, Turn '' `` Providence `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' `` Nothing Personal `` Ragtag '' `` Beginning of the End '' Season 2 `` Shadows '' `` Heavy Is the Head '' `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' `` Face My Enemy '' `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' `` A Fractured House '' `` The Writing on the Wall '' `` The Things We Bury '' ``... Ye Who Enter Here '' `` What They Become '' `` Aftershocks '' `` Who You Really Are '' `` One of Us '' `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' `` One Door Closes '' `` Afterlife '' `` Melinda '' `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' `` Scars '' `` S.O.S. '' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads, One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=819406084 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 05 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&amp;oldid=819406084" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation, search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division ), revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The season is produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant" ], "id": [ "16269337401721417179" ], "short_answers": [ "December 1, 2017" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "BBC America - Wikipedia BBC America BBC America Launched March 29, 1998 ; 20 years ago ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) Owned by BBC Studios ( 50.01 % ) AMC Networks ( 49.99 % ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City, New York Sister channel ( s ) AMC BBC Entertainment BBC World News IFC Sundance TV We TV Website www.bbcamerica.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 264 ( SD / HD ) 1264 ( VOD ) Dish Network 135 ( HD / SD ) C - Band -- H2H / 4DTV AMC 18 -- Channel 202 Cable Available on most US cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse 122 ( SD ) 1122 ( HD ) Verizon FiOS 689 ( HD ) 189 ( SD ) Streaming media PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television BBC America is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is jointly owned by BBC Studios and AMC Networks. Unlike the BBC 's domestic channels in the United Kingdom, BBC America does not receive funding from the British licence fee ( which is the principal funding for the BBC 's channels within the United Kingdom ), as the BBC can not fund any of its channels that are available outside the United Kingdom. Consequently, BBC America operates as an commercial - supported channel and accepts traditional advertising. It is also funded by cable and satellite TV subscription fees. As of February 2015, BBC America is available to approximately 78.4 million television households ( 67.3 % of cable, satellite, and telco customers ) in the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Programming 2.1 Current 2.2 Original programming and co-productions 2.3 Newscasts 3 Outside the U.S. 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) BBC America was launched on March 29, 1998, presenting a mixture of comedy, drama and lifestyle programs from BBC Television and other British television broadcasters including ITV and Channel 4. In the channel 's early days, it focused on repeats of popular lifestyle shows such as Changing Rooms and Ground Force. BBC America 's head of television programming later stated that it was important for the channel to establish a niche since non-UK viewers found the lifestyle shows appealing. Most of the newer programs appeared as part of BBC America 's evening schedule. The network removed the British soap opera EastEnders from its schedule in 2003 due to low ratings ; however the program 's removal from BBC America provoked complaints from viewers, which caught media attention. After CEO Paul Lee was appointed president of ABC Family in 2009, the network appointed Bill Hilary from Comedy Central to serve as its chief executive officer. Hilary appointed Kathryn Mitchell to the new position of general manager. Under Hilary 's tenure, BBC America was restructured ; it moved its main offices to New York City and had its programming budget increase substantially. The channel was led by Garth Ancier, who served as the president of BBC Worldwide Americas from February 2007 until 2010, when he was succeeded by former MTV Networks executive Herb Scannell. Meanwhile, Perry Simon serves as general manager. In 2014, AMC Networks acquired a 49.9 % equity stake in BBC America for $200 million, and replaced Discovery Communications as its management partner. As part of the deal, AMC Networks also took on the responsibility of negotiating U.S. broadcast and advertising sales for the BBC World News channel. AMC Networks CEO Josh Sapan stated that the deal gave his company `` a powerful collection of networks that are among the most critically acclaimed, with distinct dramas and other potent content that creates a deep connection with viewers '', while BBC Worldwide CEO Tim Davie considered it `` an opportunity to grow the creative quality and ambition from an already high base. '' AMC Networks is also a partner in BritBox, an over-the - top subscription service focused on British television that is operated by BBC Worldwide and ITV plc. Programming ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Doctor Who The Graham Norton Show Killing Eve Planet Earth Star Trek Star Trek : The Next Generation Star Trek : Voyager The X-Files Top Gear Top Gear America Some of the programs on the channel are edited either for adult content or to allow for commercials. Occasionally comedy shows are run in specially formatted 40 - minute blocks and a few first - run drama programs are broadcast in a longer block that allows them to run to their original broadcast length. Additional series which have been previously broadcast may periodically return to the schedule as part of the network 's rotation of daytime programming. Original programming and co-productions ( edit ) In the mid-2000s, BBC America produced a few of its own shows along with some joint productions. These have included Sharpe 's Challenge, part of the Sharpe series of made - for - television movies and co-produced with ITV ; as well as The State Within and Jekyll, which were co-productions with the BBC. The first original series produced solely by the channel was Copper, which premiered in the summer of 2012. BBC America has also branched into co-producing British series, including Robin Hood, The Musketeers, and, from its fourth series, the revival of Doctor Who. They also co-produce the Canadian series Orphan Black. Newscasts ( edit ) BBC America used to broadcast BBC World News each Monday through Friday morning from 6 : 00 to 8 : 00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. All news programs now air exclusively on the BBC World News channel, also distributed by AMC Networks in the United States. The weekday morning ( 6 : 00 -- 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time ) simulcast used to include BBC World News bulletins, World Business Report, Sport Today, Asia Today, and a one - hour bulletin called World News Today. Most of these were removed from the schedule without any announcement on April 6, 2009. The weekend morning ( 6 : 00 -- 6 : 30 a.m. ET ) simulcast was also abruptly dropped on April 4, 2009. According to BBC America, the simulcast was dropped because of disappointing ratings. From 2007 to 2011, BBC America broadcast BBC World News America, a live Washington, D.C. -- based program anchored by Matt Frei. Katty Kay served as a Washington - based correspondent. On February 18, 2011, network management announced that BBC World News America would be dropped from BBC America and would instead be broadcasting only on the BBC World News channel and PBS member stations in the United States. The network was in discussions to unveil a weekly news program fronted by Newsnight host Jeremy Paxman, who was to introduce a synopsis of Newsnight items with an international aspect and was expected to bring his brash interviewing style to bear on American politicians. An international edition of Newsnight debuted on February 29, 2008, in the 10 p.m. time slot. This program was canceled in November 2008, but the announcement of the program 's cancellation was not made until April 2009. During major breaking news events, the network will sometimes replace scheduled programs with coverage from BBC World News ; the London bombings in July 2005 was one example. BBC World News itself is not currently widely available in the U.S. as a separate channel, although it is carried on several cable systems throughout the United States, generally in lieu of or alongside BBC America ( one previous example is New York City - based Cablevision, which did not carry BBC America until August 2011 ) or BBC World News America, an American - focused news program presented by Katty Kay and usually from Washington, D.C. mainly carried by American public television stations though a distribution agreement with Los Angeles independent public television station KCET. Outside the US ( edit ) BBC America is available in Bermuda on both Bermuda CableVision 's digital cable service, and the WOW ( World on Wireless ) service, as well as the Bahamas on REVTV, in Barbados on Multi-Choice TV 's wireless service, in the Cayman Islands on Weststar TV, Grenada on Flow Digital Cable, Telbo MiTV in Bonaire, Flow Cable in Curaçao and on SXM Cable & Data in Sint Maarten. It is also available in the US territory of Guam on MCV Broadband and GTA Teleguam 's IPTV service. Similar programming is available to Canadians on BBC Canada. For other countries, programming genres are split between BBC First, BBC Brit, and BBC Earth. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lieberman, David. `` AMC Networks Pays $200 M For 49.9 % Of BBC America ''. Deadline. Retrieved October 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` FAQs ''. BBC America. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( February 22, 2015 ). `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 ''. TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved February 24, 2015. Jump up ^ BBC America Press - Corporate Jump up ^ `` EastEnders axe outrages US fans ''. The Guardian. September 30, 2003. Retrieved September 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Entertainment - EastEnders returns to US screens ''. BBC. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` BBC AMERICA ; Alas, ' East Enders ' ''. The New York Times. April 11, 2004. Jump up ^ `` Arts, Briefly - A Reprieve for ' EastEnders ' ''. The New York Times. January 31, 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Home - BBC America Press ''. Press.bbcamerica.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2011. Jump up ^ `` AMC Buys Half of BBC America to Bolster Pay - TV Leverage ''. Bloomberg. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` AMC Networks Pays $200 M For 49.9 % Of BBC America ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide, ITV SVOD Venture BritBox Launches With $6.99 Monthly Price ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' Episodes Now Available on BritBox a Day After U.K. Debut ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Press, Joy ( January 4, 2012 ). `` BBC America gives details about its first original drama, ' Copper ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Programs - BBC America Press Room ''. Retrieved May 17, 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/schedule/ BBC America television schedule ^ Jump up to : Leigh Holmwood. `` Jeremy Paxman 's US Newsnight axed in shakeup at BBC America ''. The Guardian. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' BBC World News America ' Shifts To BBC World News - February 18, 2011 20 : 13 : 35 Multichannel News ''. Multichannel.com. Retrieved December 17, 2011. Jump up ^ Welcome To Bermuda CableVision Archived August 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ WOW : : World On Wireless - Bermuda Archived April 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ REVTV PRIME PLUS Jump up ^ Multi-Choice TV Archived September 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Weststar TV Archived June 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Flow Grenada - Welcome - TV, Phone, and Internet Services from Flow '' ( PDF ). flowgrenada.com. Retrieved May 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` MiTV Packages - TELBO ''. Retrieved May 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Flow Extended Basic 24 channels Jump up ^ SXM Channel Line Up Archived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ MCV Broadband Guam : High - Definition Television Archived January 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Guam Cable TV - Guam Digital Television - GTA Teleguam ''. gta.net. Retrieved May 10, 2015. External links ( edit ) Official website AMC Networks IFC Films IFC Center US TV Networks AMC BBC America ( 49.9 % stake ) BBC World News IFC Shudder Sundance TV WE tv AMC Networks International UK ( EMEA ) AMC CBS Action, CBS Drama, CBS Reality, Horror Channel ( with CBS Studios International ) EVA Extreme Sports Channel JimJam Outdoor Channel ( with Kroenke Sports & Entertainment ) Sundance TV Central Europe AMC Kinowelt TV Minimax Sport 1 Sport 2 Sport M Televizija OBN ( with Ivan Ćaleta ) TV Paprika Southern Europe AMC A&E, Historia Spain, História Portugal, Crimen + Investigación ( with The History Channel Iberia ) Canal Hollywood ( Spain ) Canal Panda ( Spain ) Canal Hollywood ( Portugal ), Canal Panda ( Portugal ), Biggs, Blast ( with NOS ) Odisea / Odisseia Sundance TV Asia - Pacific AMC JimJam Latin America Sundance TV Defunct Canal MGM MGM Channel Europe MOV Other Dreamia MGM Networks BBC Television BBC UK channels BBC One ( in Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) BBC Two ( in Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament CBBC CBeebies UK nations & regions Scotland Wales Northern Ireland North East and Cumbria North West Yorkshire Yorkshire and Lincolnshire West West Midlands East Midlands East London South West South South East services and programming blocks BBC iPlayer BBC Learning Zone BBC Music BBC News BBC Schools BBC Sport BBC Three ( online ) BBC Weather CBBC CBeebies international channels & joint ventures BBC Alba BBC America BBC Arabic Television BBC Brit BBC Canada BBC Earth BBC Entertainment BBC First ( in Australia ) BBC HD ( international ) BBC Kids BBC Knowledge ( international ) BBC Lifestyle BBC Persian Television BBC UKTV ( Australia and New Zealand ) BBC World News Community Channel UKTV ( UK and Ireland ) defunct channels BBC Choice ( in Northern Ireland ) BBC Food BBC HD ( UK ) BBC Japan BBC Knowledge ( UK ) BBC Prime BBC Select BBC Three ( television channel ) BBC TV Europe BBC World Service Television BBC 2W category BBC portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_America&oldid=846194582 '' Categories : American television networks International BBC television channels English - language television stations in the United States Entertainment companies based in New York City Companies based in New York City Television channels and stations established in 1998 1998 establishments in New York ( state ) 1998 establishments in the United States AMC Networks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2017 Use American English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Scots 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 01 : 20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "BBC America", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=BBC_America&amp;oldid=846194582" }

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{ "text": "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind - Wikipedia Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Jump to : navigation, search Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Theatrical release poster Directed by Michel Gondry Produced by Steve Golin Anthony Bregman Screenplay by Charlie Kaufman Story by Charlie Kaufman Michel Gondry Pierre Bismuth Starring Jim Carrey Kate Winslet Kirsten Dunst Mark Ruffalo Elijah Wood Tom Wilkinson Music by Jon Brion Cinematography Ellen Kuras Edited by Valdís Óskarsdóttir Production company Anonymous Content This is That Distributed by Focus Features Release date March 19, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $72.3 million Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American romantic science fiction comedy drama film written by Charlie Kaufman and directed by Michel Gondry. It follows an estranged couple who have erased each other from their memories, then, started dating again. Pierre Bismuth created the story with Kaufman and Gondry. The ensemble cast includes Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet, Kirsten Dunst, Mark Ruffalo, Elijah Wood and Tom Wilkinson. The title of the film is a quotation from Eloisa to Abelard by Alexander Pope. The film uses elements of the psychological thriller and a nonlinear narrative to explore the nature of memory and romantic love. It opened in North America to wide acclaim on March 19, 2004, and grossed over $70 million worldwide. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and Winslet received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress. The film developed a cult following in the years after its release, and is now regarded by many critics as one of the greatest films of the 21st century. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Accolades 3.2. 1 AFI recognition 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Home video 6 Television series 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Shy, soft - spoken Joel Barish and unrestrained free - spirit Clementine Kruczynski begin a relationship on a Long Island Rail Road train from Montauk, New York to Rockville Centre. They are almost immediately drawn to each other, despite their contrasting personalities, and both had felt the need to travel to Montauk that day. Although they do not realize it, Joel and Clementine are, in fact, former lovers, now separated after having spent two years together. After a fight, Clementine had hired the New York City firm Lacuna, Inc. to erase all of her memories of their relationship. Upon discovering this from his friends Rob and Carrie, Joel was devastated and decided to undergo the procedure himself, a process that takes place while he sleeps. Much of the film subsequently takes place in Joel 's mind, during this memory erasure procedure. Joel finds himself revisiting his memories of Clementine in reverse, starting from the disintegration of their relationship. As he comes across happier, positive memories of Clementine early in his relationship, he decides to preserve at least some memory of her and his love for her, trying to evade the procedure by taking his idealized memory of Clementine into memories not related to her, or waking up to stop the process. Despite his efforts, the memories are steadily erased. He comes to the last remaining memory of Clementine, the day he had first met her at a beach house in Montauk. As this memory disintegrates around them, she tells him, `` Meet me in Montauk. '' Separate, but related, story arcs revolving around the employees of Lacuna are revealed during Joel 's memory erasure. Patrick, one of the Lacuna technicians performing the erasure, uses Joel 's memories and mannerisms to seduce and romance Clementine. Mary, the Lacuna receptionist, is dating the other memory - erasing technician, Stan, but has feelings for Dr. Howard Mierzwiak, the married doctor and head of Lacuna. During Joel 's memory wipe, Mary discovers she had previously had an affair with Dr. Mierzwiak and agreed to have this erased from her memory when Dr. Mierzwiak 's wife found out. On learning this, she asks Stan whether he knew about this, to which he claims that he did n't. Mary then quits her job and steals the company 's records, mailing them to all of Lacuna 's customers out of revenge. The film returns to the present, after Joel and Clementine have met aboard the train. They both come upon their Lacuna records later that day, and react with shock and bewilderment - they have no clear memory of having known each other, let alone having had a relationship and having had their memories erased. Joel pleads with Clementine to restart their relationship ; Clementine initially resists, pointing out it could go the same way. Joel accepts this, and they decide to try anyway. Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Joel Barish Ryan Whitney as young Joel Kate Winslet as Clementine Kruczynski Kirsten Dunst as Mary Svevo Mark Ruffalo as Stan Fink Elijah Wood as Patrick Tom Wilkinson as Howard Mierzwiak Jane Adams as Carrie Eakin David Cross as Rob Eakin Deirdre O'Connell as Hollis Mierzwiak Thomas Jay Ryan as Frank Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 93 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating, based on 234 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Propelled by Charlie Kaufman 's smart, imaginative script and Michel Gondry 's equally daring directorial touch, Eternal Sunshine is a twisty yet heartfelt look at relationships and heartache. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 41 reviews, indicating `` universal acclaim. '' Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film a perfect four stars, referring to Kaufman as `` the most gifted screenwriter of the 2000s '' and including it on his `` Great Movies '' list. A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being `` cerebral, formally and conceptually complicated, dense with literary allusions and as unabashedly romantic as any movie you 'll ever see. '' Time Out summed up their review by saying, `` the formidable Gondry / Kaufman / Carrey axis works marvel after marvel in expressing the bewildering beauty and existential horror of being trapped inside one 's own addled mind, and in allegorising the self - preserving amnesia of a broken but hopeful heart. '' In 2006, in issue 201 of Empire, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was voted # 83 in their 201 Greatest Movies of All Time poll as voted for by readers. That same year, Winslet 's performance as Clementine was included in Premiere magazine 's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time at # 81. Claudia Puig, reviewer in USA Today said about her performance that `` Winslet is wonderful as a free spirit whose hair color changes along with her moods. She has n't had such a meaty role in a while, and she plays it just right. '' In 2008, Carol Vernallis pointed out that Gondry 's experience in directing music videos contributed to the film 's mise - en - scène and sound design. Vernallis describes some threads of the visual, aural and musical motifs throughout the film, and how some motifs can work in counterpoint. In November 2009, Time Out New York ranked the film as the third - best of the decade, beaten by There Will Be Blood ( # 2 ) and Mulholland Drive ( # 1 ) : In the past, both director Michel Gondry 's kindergarten arts - and - crafts aesthetic and Charlie Kaufman 's Möbius - striptease scripts have come off as insufferably twee and gimmicky. So why does this existential meta - rom - com always leave us teary - eyed and genuinely moved?... ( T ) he duo finally finds the right combination of high - concept and humanity here, taking the what - if idea of a company that lobotomizes the lovelorn into territory that 's funny, painful, poetic and unsettlingly weird. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade, `` best - of '' list, saying, `` Only the bizarre and byzantine brain of Charlie Kaufman could turn this 2004 story about erasing all memories of love into one of the most romantic movies of the decade. '' Slant Magazine placed the film at number 87 on their list of the best films of the 2000s. Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 - 2009 ), ranking it at number 5. At the end of 2009, The Onion 's A.V. Club rated Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind as the number one film of the 2000s, beating out Christopher Nolan 's Memento and the Coen brothers ' No Country for Old Men. The article states, `` It 's the rare film that shows us who we are now and who we 're likely, for better or worse, forever to be. '' In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay of the flim at # 24 on its list of `` 101 Greatest Screenplays ''. In a 2016 BBC poll of 177 critics around the world, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was voted the sixth greatest film since 2000. Aggregation site They Shoot Pictures, Do n't They has also found it to be the 5th most acclaimed film of the same time period. Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Kaufman, Gondry, and Bismuth won the 2004 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Afi recognition ( edit ) The film was nominated for placement on two American Film Institute lists. AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Science Fiction Film Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack album for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was released by Hollywood Records on March 16, 2004. The score was composed by Los Angeles musician Jon Brion. Other songs are from artists such as The Polyphonic Spree, The Willowz, and Don Nelson. Beck, in a collaboration with Brion, provides a cover version of The Korgis ' `` Everybody 's Got to Learn Sometime ''. Home video ( edit ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was released on DVD in the U.S. in separate anamorphic widescreen and full screen editions on September 28, 2004. Both editions carry English Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, English DTS 5.1 Surround and French Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround tracks. Bonus features included on this disc are : Feature commentary with director Michel Gondry and writer Charlie Kaufman Deleted scenes A Look Inside Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind A Conversation with Jim Carrey and Michel Gondry The Polyphonic Spree `` Light & Day '' music video Lacuna, Inc. commercial A special two - disc widescreen Collector 's Edition DVD was released in the U.S. on January 4, 2005. Features on Disc 1 are identical to the single - disc edition. Bonus features on the two - disc edition include : Collectible packaging and booklet with photos A Conversation with Kate Winslet and Michel Gondry Inside the Mind of Michel Gondry Additional deleted / extended scenes Anatomy of a Scene : Saratoga Avenue `` The Misadventures of Superdog '' by Joel Bar ( r ) ish ( 22 - second Easter egg accessible just below other features ) A HD DVD edition was released in the U.S. on April 24, 2007, with a 1080p / VC - 1 video transfer, and both English and French Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 Surround tracks. This edition includes all the bonus features from the two - disc Collector 's Edition, sans the collectible packaging and booklet. A Blu - ray edition was released in the U.S. on January 25, 2011, with a 1080p H. 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC video transfer, and English DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 Surround and French DTS 5.1 Surround tracks. This edition also includes all the bonus features from the two - disc Collector 's Edition, except for the collectible packaging and booklet. Television series ( edit ) In October 2016, Anonymous Content announced they will be working with Universal Cable Productions to produce a television series based on the film. The project is still in planning stages. See also ( edit ) Lucid dream Inception Psychological thriller References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. Box Office Mojo. Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27. Jump up ^ The film was ranked # 6 on the BBC 's list of the 100 best films of the 21st century, compiled from a survey of 177 film critics. `` The 21st Century 's 100 Greatest Films ''. BBC. August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2017. See also Dargis, Manohla ; Scott, A.O. `` The 25 Best Films of the 21st Century... So Far ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2017. Jump up ^ Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind at Metacritic Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger ( January 2, 2010 ) ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ). `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. Rogerebert.suntimes.com ( Review ; 2010 review ). Jump up ^ Murphy, Mekado ( February 15, 2011 ). `` Critics ' Picks Video : ' Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind movie review -- Film -- Time Out London Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia ( March 18, 2004 ). `` Soak up ' Eternal Sunshine, ' and you 'll feel warm all over ''. USA Today. Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vernallis, Carol. `` Music video, songs, sound : experience, technique and emotion in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. Screen. 49.3. ( 2008 ) pp. 277 -- 97. Jump up ^ `` The TONY top 50 movies of the decade '' ( 739 ). Time Out New York. November 26 -- December 2, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02. Jump up ^ Geier, Thom ; Jensen, Jeff ; Jordan, Tina ; Lyons, Margaret ; Markovitz, Adam ; Nashawaty, Chris ; Pastorek, Whitney ; Rice, Lynette ; Rottenberg, Josh ; Schwartz, Missy ; Slezak, Michael ; Snierson, Dan ; Stack, Tim ; Stroup, Kate ; Tucker, Ken ; Vary, Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson, Simon ; Ward, Kate ( December 11, 2009 ), `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS ''. Entertainment Weekly. ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ `` Best of the Aughts : Film ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 - 2009 ) ''. Paste Magazine. November 3, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2011. Jump up ^ Murray, Noel ( December 3, 2009 ). `` The best films of the ' 00s Film Best of ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 27. Jump up ^ Savage, Sophia ( February 27, 2013 ). `` WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays, From ' Casablanca ' and ' Godfather ' to ' Memento ' and ' Notorious ' ''. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films ''. BBC. August 23, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016. Jump up ^ TSPDT - 21st Century ( Films 50 - 1 ). Gawker.com. Retrieved on 2014 - 08 - 10. Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Jump up ^ `` AFI.com Error '' ( PDF ). afi.com. Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. DC-DVD.net. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. DC-DVD.net. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. DC-DVD.net. Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ''. blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24. Jump up ^ Sandberg, Byran Elise ; Kit, Borys ( October 7, 2016 ). `` ' Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ' TV Series in the Works ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 7, 2016. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Official website Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind on IMDb Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind at AllMovie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind at Rotten Tomatoes Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind at Box Office Mojo Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind review by Roger Ebert Nick Madigan ( June 15, 1998 ). `` Pic pitch plays at Propaganda ''. Variety. Films directed by Michel Gondry Human Nature ( 2001 ) Pecan Pie ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Dave Chappelle 's Block Party ( 2005 ) The Science of Sleep ( 2006 ) Be Kind Rewind ( 2008 ) Tokyo! ( 2008 ) The Thorn in the Heart ( 2009 ) The Green Hornet ( 2011 ) The We and the I ( 2012 ) Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? ( 2013 ) Mood Indigo ( 2013 ) Microbe & Gasoline ( 2015 ) Charlie Kaufman filmography As screenwriter and director Synecdoche, New York ( 2008 ) Anomalisa ( 2015 ) As screenwriter only Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Human Nature ( 2001 ) Adaptation ( 2002 ) Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316752187 LCCN : no2004050627 GND : 4781823 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind&oldid=799896021 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films Science fiction drama films 2000s romantic comedy films American independent films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic fantasy films Comedy of remarriage films Mad scientist films Memory erasure and alteration in fiction Nonlinear narrative films American psychological films Films about altered memories Films set in Manhattan Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New Jersey Films directed by Michel Gondry Screenplays by Charlie Kaufman Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Focus Features films Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award Films produced by Steve Golin Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 13 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind&amp;oldid=799896021" }

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{ "text": "Puerto Rican government - debt crisis - wikipedia Puerto Rican government - debt crisis Jump to : navigation, search Part of a series on the Economy of Puerto Rico Economic history of Puerto Rico Currencies Primary sectors Agriculture Electricity Energy Fishing Secondary sectors Aerospace Automotives Construction Electronics Food service Pharmaceutics Petrochemicals PRIDCO Research Technology Textiles Tertiary sectors Banking Cooperativism Education Finance Healthcare Hotel Insurance Money transfers Mortgage Private security Public utilities Recreation Real estate Retail Social programs Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Warehousing Wholesale Entertainment Arts Filming Music News media Television Companies Companies of Puerto Rico Government - owned corporations Public -- private partnerships Government Agencies ( show ) Department of Economic Development and Commerce Department of Treasury Economic Development Bank Government - owned corporations Planning Board Office of Management and Budget Public -- Private Partnerships Authority Assets ( show ) Consolidated Fund General Fund Public Improvements Fund Special State Funds Bond issuers ( show ) AFI AFICA Authority for the Financing of the Infrastructure of Puerto Rico COFINA Government Development Bank Municipal Financing Agency Public debt ( show ) Balance Budget Bonds issued by Puerto Rico Debt crisis Public debt of Puerto Rico Taxes ( show ) Internal Revenue Code Sales and Use Tax Taxation in Puerto Rico Trade associations ( show ) Chamber of Commerce Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food Made in Puerto Rico MIDA Manufacturers Association Puerto Rico Products Association United Retailers Center The Puerto Rican government - debt crisis is a financial crisis affecting the government of Puerto Rico. After decades of mismanagement, the government 's outstanding debt exceeds $70 billion ( in addition to $50 billion in pension obligations ). These debts increased the government 's debt - to - GDP ratio to about 68 %, which forced it to cut spending, increase tax revenue, and attempt to spark economic growth so that its obligations could be better funded. Despite drastic measures, the debt crisis continues as the Puerto Rican economy 's health is precarious and aggravated by social distrust and unpleasantness. On August 3, 2015, Puerto Rico defaulted on a $58 million bond payment to the Public Finance Corporation, a subsidiary of the Government Development Bank, while other financial obligations were met. In June 2016, President Barack Obama signed PROMESA into law, which appointed an oversight board with ultimate control over the commonwealth 's budget and debt restructuring. The board extended a moratorium on debt collection lawsuits by creditors until May 1, 2017. Creditors sued as soon as the stay expired, and on May 3, 2017, the Commonwealth sought the quasi-bankruptcy protections provided by the aforementioned law. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Cessation of federal subsidies 2.2 Mismanagement and disparity 2.3 Economic depression 2.4 Tax policy 2.5 Disparity in federal social funding 2.6 Triple tax exemption 3 Downgrade 4 2015 Forbearance 5 Reactions to the crisis 5.1 Local market 5.2 U.S. municipal market 5.3 Skepticism 6 Proposed solutions 6.1 Restructuring of debt 6.2 Debt nullification 6.3 Change in autonomy 6.4 Bankruptcy 7 Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act ( PROMESA ) 7.1 2017 debt restructuring and effective bankruptcy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Background ( edit ) Distribution of Puerto Rico 's outstanding debt Puerto Rico 's budget expenses in relation to its debt obligations. Almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 was expected to be spent on debt service. Beginning with Christopher Columbus 's arrival on the island in 1493, Spain colonized Puerto Rico. In 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States, at the end of the Spanish -- American War. The United States then refused to pay the colony 's creditors, asserting they held odious debt. Prior to 1898, the people of Puerto Rico had Spanish citizenship ; after Puerto Rico stopped being part of Spain, the people of Puerto Rico effectively lacked citizenship from a sovereign country : they were neither Puerto Rican citizens, nor American citizens, nor Spanish citizens. In April 1900, President William McKinley signed the Foraker Act, which allowed popular election of only the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico. In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court of the United States, determined that the United States Constitution does not fully apply in Puerto Rico because it is an `` unincorporated '' United States territory, meaning that it would not necessarily become a U.S. state. The U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed Puerto Rican citizenship in Gonzales v. Williams ( 1904 ), which denied that Puerto Ricans were United States citizens and labeled them as non-citizen US nationals. This ruling effectively protected Puerto Ricans from conscription in the United States. In March 1917, while preparing to enter World War I, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones -- Shafroth Act, which gave Puerto Ricans citizenship of the United States and allowed popular election of the Senate of Puerto Rico. After the President declared war in April 1917, many Puerto Ricans were then drafted. The Political status of Puerto Rico makes it subject to U.S. laws. The Jones - Shafroth Act is one of these laws, which exempts interest payments from bonds issued by the government of Puerto Rico and its subdivisions from federal, state, and local income taxes ( so called `` triple tax exemption '' ) regardless of where the bond holder resided. This right made Puerto Rican bonds attractive to municipal bond investors. This advantage differs from the restriction typically imposed by municipal bonds enjoying triple tax exemption where such exemptions solely apply for bond holders that reside in the state or municipal subdivision that issues them. This factor led Puerto Rico to issue bonds that were always attractive to municipal investors, regardless of Puerto Rico 's account balances. Puerto Rico thus began to issue debt to balance its budget, a practice repeated for four decades since 1973. The island also began to issue debt to repay older debt, as well as refinancing older debt possessing low interest rates with debt possessing higher interest rates. In 1984, Congress explicitly forbade Puerto Rico from declaring bankruptcy under Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code. Between 1996 and 2006, Congress eliminated the tax credits, contributing to the loss of 80,000 jobs on the island and causing its population to shrink and its economy to contract in all but one year since the Great Recession. Because the Constitution of Puerto Rico established that `` all available resources '' must first go towards payment of the Commonwealth 's general obligation bonds, in 2006, the Commonwealth began issuing Puerto Rico Sales Tax Revenue Bonds, to avoid its constitution 's limits by being paid directly into a separate urgent interest fund. Sales tax was increased to 11 %. The last property tax assessment was done in 1958. It was not until Puerto Rico enlarged its outstanding debt to $71 billion -- an amount approximately equal to 68 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) -- that Puerto Rican bonds were downgraded to non-investment grade ( better known as `` junk status '' or speculative grade ) by three bond credit rating agencies between February 4 and 11, 2014. This downgrade triggered bond acceleration clauses that required Puerto Rico to repay certain debt instruments within months rather than years. Investors were concerned that Puerto Rico would eventually default on its debt. Such a default would reduce Puerto Rico 's ability to issue bonds in the future. Puerto Rico currently states that it is unable to maintain its current operations unless it takes drastic measures that may lead to civil unrest. There have already been protests over the austerity measures. These events, along with a series of governmental financial deficits and a recession, have led to Puerto Rico 's current debt crisis. Causes ( edit ) Cessation of federal subsidies ( edit ) For much of the 20th century Puerto Rico was subject to favorable tax laws from the US federal government, which essentially acted to subsidize the island 's economy. In 1996, US President Bill Clinton signed legislation phasing out important parts of the favorable federal tax code over a ten - year period ending in 2006. The end of the subsidies led to companies fleeing the island which itself subsequently led to tax shortfalls. At first, the Puerto Rican government tried to make up for the shortfall by issuing bonds. The government was able to issue an unusually large number of bonds, due to dubious underwriting from financial institutions such as Spain 's Santander Bank, UBS, and Citigroup. Eventually the debt burden became so great that the island was unable to pay interest on the bonds it had issued. Mismanagement and disparity ( edit ) Some newspapers, such as El Vocero, have stated that the main problem is local government inefficiency rather than lack of funds. As an example, the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico is incapable of collecting 44 % of the Puerto Rico Sales and Use Tax ( or about $900 million ), did not match what taxpayers reported to the department with the income reported by the taxpayer 's employer through Form W - 2s, and did not collect payments owed to the department by taxpayers that submitted tax returns without their corresponding payments. The treasury department also tends to publish its comprehensive annual financial reports ( CAFRs ) late, sometimes 15 months after a fiscal year ends, while the government as a whole constantly fails to comply with its continuing disclosure obligations on a timely basis. Furthermore, the government 's accounting, payroll and fiscal oversight information systems and processes also have deficiencies that significantly affect its ability to forecast expenditures. Similarly, salaries for government employees tend to be quite disparate when compared to the private sector and other positions within the government itself. For example, a public teacher 's base salary starts at $24,000 while a legislative advisor starts at $74,000. The government has also been unable to set up a system based on meritocracy, with many employees, particularly executives and administrators, simply lacking the competencies required to perform their jobs. There are 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, which budget $2.2 billion a year, with mayors ' salaries alone costing $4.8 million. Thirty - six of these have a budget deficit, putting 46 % of the municipalities in financial stress. Each municipality 's elected legislature, usually including 1,000 to 1,500 members, receive per diems and expense money. Just like the central government, the municipalities would issue debt through the Puerto Rico Municipal Financing Agency to stabilize its finances rather than make adjustments. In total, the combined debt carried by the municipalities of Puerto Rico account for $3.8 billion or about 5.5 % of Puerto Rico 's outstanding debt. During the New Deal, appointed Governor Rexford Tugwell created the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority by nationalizing the island 's private utilities. The state monopoly provides free electricity to local governments, which prompted the Mayor of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, to build an ice - skating rink. PREPA, which uses oil - fired power plants, has had opaque purchasing practices, and has resisted wind and solar power projects, has a debt of $9 billion. PREPA has had poor bill collection practices, with FTI Consulting estimating that the utility had improperly given away $420 million of electricity and that the island 's governments were $300 million delinquent in payments. In 2012, the Puerto Rico Ports Authority was forced to sell the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport to private buyers after PREPA threatened to cut off power over unpaid bills. In 2014, the Puerto Rico Energy Commission was established. Economic depression ( edit ) Puerto Rico has been experiencing an economic depression for 13 consecutive years, starting in late 2005 after a series of deficits and the expiration of the section 936 that applied to Puerto Rico of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Tax policy ( edit ) A federal statute that contributed to the crisis was the expiration of section 936 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which applied to Puerto Rico. This section was critical for the economy of the island as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico and allowed its subsidiaries operating in the island to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. The economy of the island was significantly reliant on the additional investment and spending generated by companies taking advantage of this provision, and has been unable to replace that benefit after its loss. Disparity in federal social funding ( edit ) More than 60 % of Puerto Rico 's population receives Medicare or Medicaid services, with about 40 % enrolled in Mi Salud, the Puerto Rican Medicaid program. There is a significant disparity in federal funding for these programs when compared to the 50 states, a situation started by Congress in 1968 when it placed a cap on Medicaid funding for United States territories. This has led to a situation where Puerto Rico might typically receive $373 million in federal funding a year, while, for instance, Mississippi receives $3.6 billion. Not only does this situation lead to an exodus of underpaid health care workers to the mainland, but the disparity has had a major impact on the finances of Puerto Rico. Triple tax exemption ( edit ) Interest income paid to owners of bonds issued by the government of Puerto Rico and its subdivisions is exempt from federal, state, and local taxes ( so called `` triple tax exemption '' ). Unlike most other US triple tax - exempt bonds, Puerto Rican bonds retain tax exemption regardless of where the bond holder resides in the United States, a marketing and sales advantage consequent to the restriction typically imposed on municipal bonds with triple tax exemption in which exemptions are available to bond holders that reside within the state or municipal subdivision that issues the bonds. Triple tax - exempt bonds are considered subsidized because bond issuers can offer a lower interest rate to satisfy bond holders ; as a result, Puerto Rico can issue more debt. Downgrade ( edit ) Puerto Rico was effectively downgraded to non-investment grade on February 4, 2014 by Standard & Poor 's when it downgraded Puerto Rico 's general obligation debt ( GO ) from BBB - status to BB+, one level below investment grade. The agency cited liquidity concerns for its downgrade and maintained a negative outlook on its watch. Moody 's would follow three days later by downgrading Puerto Rico 's GO debt on February 7, 2014 from Baa3 to Ba2, two levels below investment grade. Moody 's, however, cited lack of economic growth for its downgrade while assigning a negative outlook to the government 's ratings. Fitch Ratings would be the last to downgrade on February 11, 2014 by downgrading Puerto Rico 's GO debt from BBB - to BB, two levels below investment grade. Fitch cited both liquidity concerns and lack of economic growth for its downgrade while assigning a negative outlook to the government 's ratings. Each of these downgrades triggered several acceleration clauses which forced Puerto Rico to repay certain debt instruments within months rather than years. 2015 forbearance ( edit ) On June 28, 2015, Governor García Padilla admitted publicly that, `` the debt is not payable '', and that, if the government was unable to grow the economy, `` we will be in a death spiral ''. Previous to Padilla 's admittance, various government instruments had already entered into forbearance agreements with their lenders, but the warning still provoked a drop in Puerto Rican bonds and stocks. Reactions to the crisis ( edit ) Local market ( edit ) Around $30 billion, or about 42 % of Puerto Rico 's outstanding debt, is owned by residents of Puerto Rico. Residents of Puerto Rico and local businesses are the parties most affected by government cuts and increased taxes imposed in order to stabilize the island 's finances. Michele Caruso from CNBC reported on January 24, 2014 that, `` Taxes and fees went up on nearly everything and everyone. Personal income taxes, corporate taxes, sales taxes, sin taxes, and taxes on insurance premiums were hiked or newly imposed. Retirement age for teachers was raised from as low as 47 to at least 55 for current teachers, and 62 for new teachers. '' -- a significant cost to bear for a country with a purchasing power parity ( PPP ) per capita of $16,300 and with 41 % of its population living below the poverty line. The legislative assembly, together with the governor, also reduced operating deficits, and reformed the public employees ', teachers ', and judicial pension systems. They also announced the intent to further reduce appropriations in the current fiscal year by $170 million and budget for balanced operations for the upcoming fiscal year. As another countermeasure, the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a bill on March 3, 2014, allowing the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank to issue $3.5 billion in bonds to recover its liquidity. The Governor promptly signed the bill the day after, effectively becoming law as Act 34 of 2014 ( Pub. L. 2014 - 34 ). U.S. municipal market ( edit ) Nearly 70 % of U.S. - based municipal bond funds own Puerto Rican bonds or have some kind of exposure to Puerto Rico. A notable cause for this tendency is the fact that Puerto Rican bonds are triple tax - exempt in all of the states regardless of where the bond holder resides. Despite the expected impact, preemptive measures actually slowed the damage of the downgrade 's fallout. When the downgrade began being perceived as imminent, investors were warned that it would affect the municipal market in general and concerns surrounding a worst - case default scenario were already being considered. However, by the end of February 2014, municipal bond funds that relied on specific debt were already experiencing the backlash, leaving portfolio managers with fewer options in the market. Organizations such as First Investors made it clear that they did not intend to invest in Puerto Rico for a prolonged time period, at least until Puerto Rican bonds were restored to investment grade. Skepticism ( edit ) Several experts, including Senator Ángel Rosa, have expressed that Puerto Rico 's debt is simply impossible to repay, and have thus recommended that Puerto Rico should instead negotiate payback terms with bond holders. Others, such as economist Joaquin Villamil, have deemed it necessary that Puerto Rico issues debt at least once more to return liquidity to the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank and be henceforth able to repay its debt. Some, like House Minority Whip Jennifer González, claim the crisis is mere propaganda created so that the incumbent political party can enact, amend, and repeal laws that would otherwise be unable to justify. Others, such as the President of the Senate of Puerto Rico Eduardo Bhatia, claim the crisis was created by ruthless investors wishing to profit from credit downgrades. Proposed solutions ( edit ) Restructuring of debt ( edit ) The Capitol of Puerto Rico just outside Old San Juan In June 2015, Governor Padilla announced the Commonwealth was in a `` death spiral '' and `` the debt is not payable. '' The government of Puerto Rico commissioned an analysis of its financial problems asking for solutions that resulted in the `` Krueger Report '' published in June 2015. The report called for structural and fiscal reforms as well as for a restructuring of outstanding debts. One month later, a report was published that rejected the need for debt restructuring. It was commissioned by a group of 34 hedge funds that specialize in distressed debt -- sometimes referred to as vulture funds -- who had hired economists with an IMF background. Their report indicated that Puerto Rico has a fixable deficit problem, not a debt problem. It recommended improvements to tax collection and a reduction of public spending. The report also recommended consideration of public private partnerships and the monetization of government - owned buildings and ports. The report made use of data of the Krueger Report and warned that the costs of default would be high. One of the authors opined that Puerto Rico has been `` massively overspending on education ''. Detractors remark that Puerto Rico 's spending on education is only 79 % of the U.S. average per pupil while supporters remark that, when compared to Puerto Rico 's GDP, such spending is extraordinarily high. In response to the hedge fund report, Víctor Suárez Meléndez, chief of staff of the governor of Puerto Rico, indicated that `` extreme austerity ( alone ) is not a viable solution for an economy already on its knees ''. On October 14, 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that `` U.S. and Puerto Rican authorities were discussing the possibility of issuing a `` superbond '' as part of a restructuring package ``. This plan would have a designated third party administer an account holding some of the island 's tax collections and those funds would be used to pay holders of the superbond. The existing Puerto Rican bondholders would take a haircut on the value of their current bond holdings. Debt nullification ( edit ) Manuel Natal and some other lawmakers have proposed not to pay that part of the debt that may have been issued in violation of the Puerto Rican constitution. This strategy of `` debt nullification '' has been used elsewhere in the U.S. and is likely to lead to a legal challenge by creditors. Change in autonomy ( edit ) Puerto Rico 's financial problems are closely related to its ambiguous legal status under U.S. law ; it is an unincorporated territory like American Samoa or Guam. Proposed solutions are to reconsider its political status so that either its autonomy would be enhanced or it would be entitled to have similar protections and rights as bestowed by statehood. Bankruptcy ( edit ) On June 28, 2014, Governor Padilla signed into law the `` Puerto Rico Public Corporation Debt Enforcement and Recovery Act '', which sought to allow corporations owned by the Commonwealth, such as the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority, and the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority to declare bankruptcy. However, in February 2015, U.S. District Judge Francisco Besosa found the act was void because it was preempted by the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. In July 2015, that ruling was affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, with Justice Juan R. Torruella concurring only in the judgment. The following June, in Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust ( 2016 ), that ruling was additionally affirmed by a U.S. Supreme Court in a vote of 5 - 2, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissenting. Puerto Rico or any of its political subdivisions and agencies can not file for debt relief under Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code because it applies only to municipalities on the mainland. Puerto Rico 's nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives, Pedro Pierluisi, introduced H.R. 870 in February 2015 seeking to give Puerto Rico 's public agencies and municipalities access to chapter 9. In the US Senate, members submitted similar legislation in July 2015, but neither bill was enacted. In December 2015, the New York Times addressed investments in Puerto Rico securities by major distressed - debt and other hedge funds. John Paulson 's firm Paulson & Co., Appaloosa Management founded by David Tepper, Marathon Asset Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Monarch Alternative Capital were amongst purchasers of bonds in March 2014. The Times also traced opposition from the hedge funds, US Senator Marco Rubio, and Jenny Beth Martin of Tea Party Patriots to Congressional bills which would expand public - authority bankruptcy restructuring options. Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and economic Stability Act ( PROMESA ) ( edit ) Main article : PROMESA On June 30, 2016, President Barack Obama signed the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act, or PROMESA, which empowered him to appoint a seven - member Financial Oversight and Management Board that has ultimate control over the Commonwealth 's budget and would negotiate the Commonwealth 's debt restructuring. With the protection this bill gave from lawsuits, the governor of Puerto Rico, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, suspended payments due on July 1. PROMESA enables the island 's government to enter a bankruptcy - like restructuring process and halts litigation in case of default. The task of the Oversight Board is to facilitate negotiations, or, if these fail, bring about a court - supervised process akin to a bankruptcy. The Board is also responsible for overseeing and monitoring sustainable budgets. The Oversight Board is additionally empowered to institute hiring freezes, prohibit the Commonwealth from entering contracts, and sell off assets such as, controversially, public parks. The Oversight Board meets in New York City. 2017 debt restructuring and effective bankruptcy ( edit ) La Fortaleza, the Governor of Puerto Rico 's mansion, built in 1533 By mid January 2017, the bond debt had reached $70 billion, in a territory with a 45 percent poverty rate and a double digit unemployment ( 12.4 %, Dec. 2016 ) that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average. The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession. The Commonwealth defaulted on many debts, including bonds, since 2015. By mid-January, the cash - strapped government was having difficulty maintaining health care funding. `` Without action before April, Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened, thereby putting at risk beginning July 1, 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico, '' according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth. '' In January 2017, newly elected Governor Ricardo Rosselló entered office expecting a $3 billion budget deficit, only to discover the deficit was actually $7.5 billion. He proposed austerity measures cutting payments to government pensioners, who do not receive U.S. social security, by 10 %, prompting criticism from the island 's chapter of the Service Employees International Union. Governor Rosselló discussed the situation in an interview with the international Financial Times in January and indicated that he would seek an amicable resolution with creditors and also make fiscal reforms. `` There will be real fiscal oversight and we are willing to sit down. We are taking steps to make bold reforms... What we are asking for is runway to establish these reforms and have Washington recognize that they have a role to play. '' He had instructed Puerto Rican government agencies to cut operating expenses by 10 per cent and reduce political appointees by 20 percent. With debt payments due, he faced the risk of a government shutdown. Initially, the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28. Puerto Rico must reach restructuring deals with its creditors to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA. In late January 2017, the control board extended the deadline it gave the government to February 28 to present a fiscal plan which including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31. Governor Rosselló hired investment expert Rothschild & Co in January 2017 to assist in convincing creditors to take deeper losses on Puerto Rico 's debts than they had publicly expected. According to reliable sources, the company also explored the possibility of convincing insurers that had guaranteed some of the bonds against default to contribute more to the restructuring. The governor also planned to negotiate restructuring of about $9 billion of electric utility debt, a plan that could result `` in a showdown with insurers ''. Political observers suggest that his negotiation of the electrical utility debt indicated Rosselló 's intention to take a harder line with creditors. Puerto Rico has received authority from the federal government to reduce its debt with legal action and this may make creditors more willing to negotiate instead of becoming embroiled in a long and costly legal battle. In late January, the Oversight Board set up under PROMESA gave the Commonwealth until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors ) to solve the problems. By the end of February the Oversight Board 's plan with its focus on repayment of debts was criticized by economists Joseph E. Stiglitz and Martin Guzman positing that the Board lacks `` any understanding of basic economics and democratic accountability ''. With the Board 's focus on debt service leading to a predicted 16.2 % decline in GNP for the next fiscal year with a further decline expected, `` a social ( and ) economic catastrophe '' would be `` all but guarantee ( d ) ''. Stieglitz and Guzman were proposing that steps to enhance economic growth and not repayments should be at center of a viable plan to solve the crisis. Similarly, an internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government on similar grounds. Owners of the Commonwealth 's general obligation bonds, which are protected by the island 's constitution, and Puerto Rico Sales Tax Revenue Bonds, which are paid directly into a trust rather than the Commonwealth 's treasury, are in conflict over who holds the senior debt. In March 2017, Governor Rosselló was given permission from the Oversight Board to offer the creditors a plan that would repay less than a quarter of debts. At May Day protests residents angry about the Governor 's proposed subsidy cuts shouted `` Ricky is selling the island! '' As soon as a court stay expired on May 2, 2017, bondholders and a bond insurer sued the Commonwealth for full and timely debt repayment. On May 3, Governor Rosselló reacted by asking the Oversight Board to file in federal district court for debt relief under PROMESA, proceedings which will be very similar to bankruptcy. On May 5, Chief Justice John Roberts assigned the case to Judge Laura Taylor Swain of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. That day, the Puerto Rico Department of Education announced plans to close 184 schools. On May 17, 2017, Judge Swain traveled to San Juan for the first day of hearings, where she ultimately agreed to allow the Oversight Board and the Commonwealth to pursue separate lawsuits at the same time in a joint adjudication. On July 2, 2017, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority filed for bankruptcy protections under PROMESA for its $9 billion in bond debt. On August 7, 2017, Aurelius Capital Management had Theodore Olson file another lawsuit, now alleging that the selection of the Oversight Board violated the Appointments Clause of the U.S. Constitution. After touring the damage from Hurricane Maria on October 3, 2017, President Donald Trump announced that `` They owe a lot of money to your friends on Wall Street. We 're going to have to wipe that out. '' When markets opened the next day the price on the Commonwealth 's General Obligation bonds dropped to all - time lows of 32 cents on the dollar. Mick Mulvaney, the White House Director of the Office of Management and Budget, then said that the President should not be taken literally and clarified that `` We are not going to bail them out ''. The Commonwealth 's $123 billion liabilities from debt ( $74 billion ) and unfunded pension obligations ( $49 billion ) are much larger than the $18 billion Detroit bankruptcy, the prior record holder. The debt restructuring procedure will also be unprecedented in that it is governed by Title III of PROMESA instead of Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. See also ( edit ) Greek government - debt crisis Puerto Rican financial referendum, 1961 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caruso Cabrera ( 2014 ) `` The island, a territory of the United States, is in the midst of a debt crisis. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` The Commonwealth 's very high level of debt may affect the performance of the economy and government revenues. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` The Commonwealth (... ) will be required to reduce the amount of resources that fund other important governmental programs and services in order to balance its budget. '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 '' p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 64 -- 145 § 3 `` (... ) all bonds issued by the government of Porto Rico, or by its authority, shall be exempt from taxation by the government of the United States, or by the government of Porto Rico or of any political or municipal subdivision thereof, or by any state, or by any county, municipality, or other municipal subdivision of any state or territory of the United States, or by the District of Columbia. '' ^ Jump up to : Caruso Cabrera ( 2013 ) `` That 's because the island 's bonds have what 's known as `` triple exemption. '' No matter what state you live in, if you own a Puerto Rico bond, you do n't pay federal, state or local taxes on the interest. '' ^ Jump up to : Roos `` Some taxpayers also have to pay state and local income taxes, depending on where they reside. In this case, a triple tax - free municipal bond -- exempt from federal, state and local taxes -- is highly attractive. '' Jump up ^ Ismalidou ; Trianni ( 2014 ) `` Puerto Rico 's over-borrowing was facilitated by an eager group of U.S. investors. U.S. mutual funds were more than willing to buy Puerto Rico bonds, because the island has a special financial advantage : its bonds are triple tax - exempt (... ) This created a large buyers base for Puerto Rico 's bonds, which encouraged the commonwealth to keep issuing debt. '' ^ Jump up to : Caruso Cabrera ( 2014 ) `` Moody 's estimates that if Puerto Rico does get downgraded to junk status, it faces $1 billion in additional short - term costs due to collateral calls on loans that are contingent on Puerto Rico not being rated junk. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` The Commonwealth 's liquidity has been adversely affected by recent events, and it may be unable to meet its short - term obligations. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` If the Commonwealth 's financial condition does not improve, it may lack sufficient resources to fund all necessary governmental programs and services as well as meet debt service obligations. In such event, it may be forced to take emergency measures. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` If the Commonwealth is unable to obtain financing through the issuance of tax and revenue anticipation notes, it may not have sufficient resources to maintain its operations. '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud, las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo. '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio, que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero (... ) '' Jump up ^ Rivera Sánchez ( 2014 ; in Spanish ) `` En 2012 (... ) la tasa de captación en el segmento de ventas al detal fue de 52 % con una tasa de evasión de 48 %. En el resto de los renglones, la captación fue de 56 % con una evasión de 44 %. '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` On several occasions the Commonwealth has failed to comply with its continuing disclosure obligations on a timely basis. For example, the Commonwealth has failed to file the Commonwealth 's Annual Financial Report before the 305 - day deadline in nine of the past twelve years, including the two most recent fiscal years ( 2012 and 2013 ). '' Jump up ^ GDB ( 2014 ) `` ( The government 's ) accounting, payroll and fiscal oversight information systems and processes have deficiencies that significantly affect its ability to forecast expenditures. '' Jump up ^ Acevedo Denis ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para el profesor de la Escuela Graduada de Administración Pública de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rafael Torrech San Inocencio, más que una cuestión de que funcionarios del Gobierno devenguen altos salarios, es si tienen o no las competencias para los cargos que ocupan. '' Jump up ^ Acevedo Denis ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Hay funcionarios bien pagados, funcionarios excesivamente pagados y funcionarios que merecen mejor paga. El problema es cómo se parean las remuneraciones con las competencias profesionales. '' Jump up ^ WAPA - TV ( 2014 ; in Spanish ) `` El informe sobre la medida señala que al presente los municipios arrastran una deuda agregada de aproximadamente $590 millones (... ) '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 '' p. 61 Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years, Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older, outstanding bonds -- a red flag. It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits. '' ^ Jump up to : Ismalidou ; Trianni ( 2014 ) `` The spark that lit the fuse came in 1996, when President Clinton repealed legislation ( section 936 ) that gave tax incentives for U.S. companies to locate facilities in Puerto Rico. The island 's economy began to sputter, and after the great recession, the decline in the island 's governmental finances continued. '' Jump up ^ Corkery, Williams Walsh ( 2015 ) `` The debt is not payable, '' Mr. García Padilla said. `` There is no other option. I would love to have an easier option. This is not politics, this is math. '' Jump up ^ Corkery, Williams Walsh ( 2015 ) `` My administration is doing everything not to default, '' Mr. García Padilla said. `` But we have to make the economy grow, '' he added. `` If not, we will be in a death spiral. '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ), los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional. '' Jump up ^ Hitchcock ; Aldrete Sánchez ( 2014 ) `` That the rating is not lower is due to the progress the current administration has made in reducing operating deficits, and what we view as recent success with reform of the public employee and teacher pension systems, which had been elusive in recent years. '' Jump up ^ Hitchcock ; Aldrete Sánchez ( 2014 ) `` We view the current administration 's recently announced intent to further reduce appropriations in fiscal 2014 by $170 million and budget for balanced operations in fiscal 2015 as potentially leading to credit improvement in the long run (... ) '' Jump up ^ Caruso Cabrera ( 2014 ) `` Nearly 70 percent of U.S. municipal bond funds rated by Morningstar have some kind of exposure to Puerto Rico. '' Jump up ^ Ruiz Kuilan ( 2014 ; in Spanish ) `` La portavoz de la minoría penepé en la Cámara, Jennifer González (... ) sostuvo que junto con el gobernador el mensaje que se pretende difundir es uno alarmista para inquietar al País y que al final se tomen medidas menos severas. De esa forma, dijo González, el pueblo `` no reacciona de una manera más agresiva '' pensando que pudo ser peor. '' Jump up ^ Ruiz Kuilan ( 2014 ; in Spanish ) `` '' Con un plan de medidas de control de gastos las casas acreditadoras hubieran visto que Puerto Rico mantenía un presupuesto balanceado, que no se estaba gastando más de lo que tenía. '' (... ) sentenció la representante ( Jennifer González ). '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caruso Cabrera, Michelle ( January 24, 2014 ). `` Why Puerto Rico needs to borrow money -- and soon ''. CNBC. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary official statement dated march 6, 2014 subject to completion '' ( PDF ). Puerto Rico Government Development Bank. March 6, 2014. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Mary Williams Walsh ( August 4, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico Defaults on Bond Payment ''. The New York Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Nick Brown ( January 28, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico board extends key deadlines on turnaround plan ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 '' ( PDF ). Puerto Rico Government Development Bank. October 18, 2013. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Developments in the Law -- Ch. I : Territorial Federalism '' ( PDF ). Harvard Law Review. 130 : 1632. 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Developments in the Law -- Ch. II : The International Place of Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ). Harvard Law Review. 130 : 1656. 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` '' They say I am not an American... `` : The Noncitizen National and the Law of American Empire. Christina Duffy Burnett ''. Opiniojuris.org. July 1, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Roos, Dave. `` How Municipal Bonds Work ''. How Stuff Works. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ismailidou, Ellie ; Trianni, Francesca ( March 12, 2014 ). `` The Next Financial Catastrophe You Have n't Heard About Yet : Puerto Rico ''. Time. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra? ''. El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ). February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Emmanuelli Jiménez, Rolando ( February 12, 2014 ). `` ¿ Sabe qué provocará la degradación? ''. La Perla del Sur ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Walsh, Mary Williams ( May 6, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico : A Debt Problem That Kept Boiling Over ''. The New York Times. p. B5. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Kaske, Michelle ( May 3, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Slide ''. Bloomberg View. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mary Williams Walsh ( February 2, 2016 ). `` How Free Electricity Helped Dig $9 Billion Hole in Puerto Rico ''. The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Fitch becomes third agency to cut Puerto Rico to junk ''. Reuters. February 11, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Rother, Larry ( May 10, 1993 ). `` Puerto Rico Fighting to Keep Its Tax Breaks for Businesses ''. New York Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Greenburg, Scott ( June 30, 2015 ). `` Tax Policy Helped Create Puerto Rico 's Fiscal Crisis ''. Tax Foundation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary ( October 13, 2015 ). `` Santander to Pay $6.4 Million in Puerto Rico Bond Settlement ''. New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Hall, Camilla ( November 3, 2013 ). `` Bank disclosure sought on Puerto Rico debt ''. The Financial Times. Retrieved May 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Delgado, José ( December 16, 2016 ). `` Accusations of Conflicts in the Board ''. El Nuevo Día ( Puerto Rico ). Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado, Ileanexis ( May 17, 2013 ). `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud ''. El Vocero ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Rivera Sánchez, Maricarmen ( February 3, 2014 ). `` Hacienda pierde $900 millones del IVU ''. El Vocero ( in Spanish ). Retrieved March 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Hacienda espera recaudar $500 millones ; mientras, atiende masiva evasión -- NotiCel TM ''. Noticel.com. March 15, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Amnistía contributiva : aumenta recaudos, pero intesifica la evasión -- NotiCel TM ''. Noticel.com. March 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Treasury Department Submits Commonwealth Of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For FY 2011 -- 2012 ''. PRNewswire. September 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO QUARTERLY REPORT DATED JULY 17, 2014 '' ( PDF ). Puerto Rico Government Development Bank. July 17, 2014. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Acevedo Denis, Ely ( November 15, 2013 ). `` Salarios públicos : Problema no es la cuantía, es la incompetencia ''. NotiCel ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Lizette Alvarez ( July 27, 2016 ). `` How Many Mayors Can Puerto Rico Afford? Tradition and Budgets Collide ''. The New York Times. p. A18. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Vázquez, Brenda ( November 16, 2012 ). `` Extensa la lista de los municipios con déficit ''. Metro Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ). Metro International. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nace la Corporación de Financiamiento Municipal '' ( in Spanish ). WAPA - TV. January 23, 2014. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary ( October 7, 2013 ). `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Alvarez L, Goodnough A ( August 2, 2015 ). `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care ''. New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` S&P downgrades Puerto Rico debt to junk status ''. Reuters. February 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Hitchcock, David ; Aldrete Sánchez, Horacio ( February 4, 2014 ). `` Puerto Rico GO Rating Lowered To ' BB + ' ; Remains On Watch Negative '' ( PDF ). Standard and Poor 's. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 3 - Moody 's follows S&P, cuts Puerto Rico to junk ''. Reuters. February 7, 2014. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Corkery, Michael ; Williams Walsh, Mary ( June 28, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Governor Says Island 's Debts Are ' Not Payable ' ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Brown, Nick ; Davies, Megan ( April 25, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico utility wins bondholder agreement for extra time ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Corkery, Michael ( June 29, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Bonds Drop on Governor 's Warning About Debt ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Quintero, Laura ( September 14, 2013 ). `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' ``. NotiCel ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` AGP firma ley emisión de bonos '' ( in Spanish ). Metro International. March 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. Jump up ^ Act No. 34 of 2014 ( in Spanish ). Retrieved on March 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Michael Aneiro ( February 21, 2014 ). `` Muni Market Still Unfazed By Puerto Rico Junk Downgrades ''. Barron 's. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Jump up ^ John Waggoner ( November 6, 2013 ). `` How Puerto Rico 's debt woes affect fund investors ''. USA Today. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Tim McLaughlin ( February 28, 2014 ). `` Puerto Rico debt woes choke bond supply for some municipal funds ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Voto Explicativo PC 1696 -- Google Drive ''. Docs.google.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Ruiz Kuilan, Gloria ( March 4, 2014 ). `` Asoma una reestructuración completa del gobierno ''. El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. Jump up ^ Bhatia, Eduardo ( January 5, 2014 ). `` Twitter / eduardobhatia : @ Convertbond And finally, you... '' Twitter. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014. You Lawrence McDonald seem to be part of the hedgefund vultures that hope to gain from Puerto Rico 's debt. That is your agenda, not mine. Jump up ^ Michael Corkery ; Mary Williams Walsh ( June 29, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Governor Says Island 's Debts Are ' Not Payable ' ''. The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Clark, Greg ( August 5, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Leaders : Playing Games Or Out of Touch? ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Krueger AO, Teja R, Wolfe A ( June 29, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico -- A Way Forward '' ( PDF ). Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Fajgenbaum J, Guzman J, Loser C ( 2015 ). `` For Puerto Rico, There is a Better Way '' ( PDF ). Centennial Group. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Neate, Rupert ( July 28, 2015 ). `` Hedge funds tell Puerto Rico : lay off teachers and close schools to pay us back ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Hoke, William ( October 2015 ). `` FEDERAL ROLE IN PUERTO RICAN DEBT CRISIS UNCLEAR ''. Tax Notes Today ( 2015 TNT 203 - 8 ). ^ Jump up to : Paul Abowd ( October 24, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico considers simple solution to debt crisis : Do n't pay ''. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Carl Meacham ( August 5, 2015 ). `` Puerto Rico Debt : Is Becoming the 51st State the Answer? ''. Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Recent Legislation : Puerto Rico Passes New Municipal Reorganization Act '' ( PDF ). Harvard Law Review. 128 : 1320. 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Franklin California Tax - Free Trust v. Puerto Rico, 85 F. Supp. 3d 577 ( D.P.R. 2015 ). Jump up ^ Franklin California Tax - Free Trust v. Puerto Rico, 805 F. 3d 322 ( 1st Cir. 2015 ). Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust ''. SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Lucero, Kat ( July 2015 ). `` DESPITE CRISIS, PUERTO RICO TAX REFORM NOT BEING CONSIDERED ''. Tax Notes Today ( 2015 TNT 136 - 6 ). Jump up ^ Jonathan Mahler ; Nicholas Confessore ( December 20, 2015 ). `` Inside the Billion - Dollar Battle for Puerto Rico 's Future ''. The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nick Brown ( June 30, 2016 ). `` Puerto Rico authorizes debt payment suspension ; Obama signs rescue bill ''. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Nick Brown, Reuters ( January 18, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks ''. Fiscal Times. The Fiscal Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 29, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time ''. Star Herald. Scottsbluff, ME. Retrieved February 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Platt, Eric ( January 19, 2017 ). `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution ''. Financial Times. New York. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Watson, Dan ( January 17, 2017 ). `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico ''. Department of the Treasury. Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Robles, Frances ( May 7, 2017 ). `` Puerto Ricans Face ' Sacrifice Everywhere ' on an Insolvent Island ''. The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Nick Brown, Reuters ( January 18, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks ''. Fiscal Times. The Fiscal Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017. The bipartisan, seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA, passed by the U.S. Congress last year. It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam, including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors. Jump up ^ Staff ( January 28, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico gets more time to propose fiscal plan ''. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Schatzker, Erik ( February 9, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico Said to Seek Deeper Concessions in Utility Deal ''. Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Joseph E. Stiglitz, Martin Guzman ( February 28, 2017 ). `` From Bad to Worse for Puerto Rico ''. Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Economistas se oponen a las reformas para `` estimular la economía '' ``. El Nuevo Día. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Michael Corkery ; Mary Williams Walsh ( May 5, 2017 ). `` Message of Puerto Rico Debt Crisis : Easy Bets Sometimes Lose ''. The New York Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Spalding, Rebecca ; Levin, Jonathan ( April 19, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Governor Has to Clean Up His Dad 's Mess ''. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mary Williams Walsh ( May 4, 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico Declares a Form of Bankruptcy ''. Dealbook. The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary Williams ( 18 May 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico Faces ' Humbling ' Scope of Its Woes in First Court Hearing ''. The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved 10 October 2017. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary Williams ( 3 July 2017 ). `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy ''. The New York Times. p. B2. Retrieved 10 October 2017. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary Williams ( 8 August 2017 ). `` Hedge Fund Sues to Have Puerto Rico 's Bankruptcy Case Thrown Out ''. The New York Times. p. B6. Retrieved 10 October 2017. Jump up ^ Walsh, Mary Williams ; Rappeport, Alan ( 5 October 2017 ). `` White House Dials Back Trump 's Vow to Clear Puerto Rico 's Debt ''. The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved 10 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Sink, Justin ; Jennifer, Epstein ( 4 October 2017 ). `` No U.S. Bailout for Puerto Rican Debt, Trump 's Budget Chief Says ''. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 10 October 2017. ( hide ) Government finances in Puerto Rico Accounting Budget Debt crisis Government budget balance Public debt Assets Consolidated Fund General Fund Public Improvements Fund Special State Funds Bond issuers AFI AFICA Authority for the Financing of Housing Authority for the Financing of the Infrastructure of Puerto Rico COFIM COFINA Government Development Bank Municipal Financing Agency Public Financing Corporation Bonds Bonds issued by Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Sales Tax Revenue Bonds Other agencies Department of Economic Development and Commerce Department of Treasury Economic Development Bank Office of Management and Budget Planning Board Public -- Private Partnerships Authority Taxation Internal Revenue Code Sales and Use Tax Taxation in Puerto Rico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis&oldid=815941522 '' Categories : 2014 in Puerto Rico Economy of Puerto Rico Financial crises 2015 in Puerto Rico Government debt by country 2016 in Puerto Rico 2010s economic history 2017 in Puerto Rico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 05 : 53. About Wikipedia", "title": "Puerto Rican government-debt crisis", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis&amp;oldid=815941522" }

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{ "text": "How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord - Wikipedia How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord How Not to Summon a Demon Lord The cover of the first light novel featuring main character Shera. 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( Isekai Maō to Shōkan Shōjo no Dorei Majutsu ) Genre Comedy, fantasy, harem Light novel Written by Yukiya Murasaki Illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki Published by Kodansha English publisher J - Novel Club Demographic Male Imprint Kodansha Lanove Bunko Original run December 2, 2014 -- present Volumes 11 ( List of volumes ) Manga Written by Naoto Fukuda Published by Kodansha English publisher Seven Seas Entertainment Demographic Shōnen Magazine Suiyōbi no Sirius Original run June 2015 -- present Volumes 7 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Yūta Murano Written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu Music by Yusuke Kato Studio Ajia - do Animation Works Licensed by Crunchyroll Funimation Original network AT - X, Tokyo MX, FNS, Sun TV Original run July 5, 2018 -- September 20, 2018 Episodes 12 Anime and Manga portal How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( Japanese : 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術, Hepburn : Isekai Maō to Shōkan Shōjo no Dorei Majutsu, lit. `` The Other World Demon Lord and the Summoning Girl 's Slave Magic '' ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Yukiya Murasaki and illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki. The light novels are published in English by J - Novel Club. A manga adaptation by Naoto Fukuda has been running since 2015, and is licensed by Seven Seas Entertainment. An anime television series adaptation by Ajia - do Animation Works aired from July 5 to September 20, 2018. Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light novels 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Takuma Sakamoto is a hikikomori gamer who is mysteriously transported to the world of his favourite MMORPG, Cross Reverie, with the appearance of his own character in the game, the Demon Lord Diablo. The two young girls who summoned him, the pantherian Rem and the elf Shera, attempt to use a spell to make Takuma their servant, but due to his passive `` Magic Reflection '' ability, the spell rebounds, and both end up with magic collars stuck on their necks, thus becoming his slaves instead. With a serious case of social anxiety, Takuma decides to act like his character while interacting with others, and makes use of his high stats and vast knowledge of Cross Reverie 's lore to survive in his new environment, traveling along with Rem and Shera to look for a way to remove their slave collars while helping them with their own, personal issues that led them to summon him in the first place. Characters ( edit ) Takuma Sakamoto ( 坂本 拓真, Sakamoto Takuma ) / Diablo ( ディアヴロ, Diavuro ) Voiced by : Masaaki Mizunaka ( Japanese ) ; Eric Vale ( English ) Diablo is the male protagonist of the series. He was a Cross Reverie player who controlled the character Diablo, known as the true Demon King. He always defeated players with better equipment and overwhelming skills, always holding back for being too strong. But one day he was invoked in another world, reincarnating in the body of his character, Diablo, finding two girls, a Pantherian and an elf, who claimed to have invoked him and that he should be a slave to one of them, but due to his ring 's ability, the magic has rebound back against them, becoming his slaves. In volume 7 and 9, he married Shera and Rem respectively. Shera L. Greenwood ( シェラ ・ L ・ グリーン ウッド, Shera Eru Gurīn'uddo ) Voiced by : Yū Serizawa ( Japanese ) ; Sarah Wiedenheft ( English ) Shera L. Greenwood is one of the female protagonists of the series. She is an Elf who is one of the two Summoners who summoned Diablo. The reason she summoned him was to have the strength to live free. She is 15. Rem Galleu ( レム ・ ガレウ, Rem Gareu ) Voiced by : Azumi Waki ( Japanese ) ; Jad Saxton ( English ) Rem Galleu is one of the female protagonists of the series. She is a Pantherian who became an invoker and had no choice but to become an adventurer and continue to demonstrate its strength, saying to aim to exterminate the Demon King Krebskrem. It is later revealed that the soul of Krebskulm is sealed in her body and in case she dies the soul will be released. Alicia Crystella ( アリシア ・ クリステラ, Arishia Kurisutera ) Voiced by : Yumi Hara ( Japanese ) ; Sara Ragsdale ( English ) Alicia Crystella is an Imperial Knight. She was born as a daughter of a duke house. Sylvie ( シルヴィ, Shiruvi ) Voiced by : Rumi Okubo ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) Sylvie is the Guildmaster of the Adventurer 's Guild in Faltra City. Edelgard ( エデルガルト, Erudorugaruto ) Voiced by : Emiri Katō ( Japanese ) ; Kristi Rothrock ( English ) Edelgard is a Fallen ( Demonic Being ). She is shown riding a dragon - like creature, but as she enters into combat she descends from him and fights swiftly with her spear, this is because her demonic beast was paralyzed out of fear. She commanded the army that attacked the city of Faltra and was the superior of Gregore, but was defeated with the rest of the demonic beings by the supreme magic of Diablo. Klem ( クルム, Kurumu ) Voiced by : Atsumi Tanezaki ( Japanese ) ; Madeleine Morris ( English ) Krebskulm is the ruler of the Fallen ( Demonic Beings ). She has a fondness for biscuits. She later turns into her true from after Rem was attacked. Celestine Baudelaire ( セレスティーヌ ・ ボード レール, Seresutīnu Bōdorēru ) Voiced by : Sayaka Senbongi ( Japanese ) ; Marissa Lenti ( English ) Mei ( メイ, Mei ) Voiced by : Yūka Morishima ( Japanese ) ; Kimberly Grace ( English ) Emile Bichelberger ( エミール ・ ビュ シェル ベル ジェール, Emīru Byusheruberujēru ) Voiced by : Ryōtarō Okiayu Keera L. Greenwood ( キイラ ・ L ・ グリーン ウッド, Kiira L Gurīn'uddo ) Voiced by : Akira Ishida ( Japanese ) ; Stephen Fu ( English ) Chester Ray Galford ( チェスター ・ レイ ・ ガル フォード, Chesutā Rei Garufōdo ) Voiced by : Akio Ōtsuka ( Japanese ) ; Brian Mathis ( English ) Medios ( メディオス, Mediosu ) Voiced by : Sayaka Ohara ( Japanese ) ; Morgan Garrett ( English ) Saddler ( サドラー, Sadorā ) Voiced by : Daisuke Namikawa ( Japanese ) ; Anthony Bowling ( English ) Media ( edit ) Light novels ( edit ) The light novels are written by Yukiya Murasaki and illustrated by Takahiro Tsurusaki. Kodansha published the first volume under their Lanove Bunko imprint in December 2014. J - Novel Club announced their license to the series on September 28, 2017. No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 2, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381433 - 0 December 4, 2017 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ, Purorōgu ) `` Being Summoned '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば, Shōkan sa Rete Mireba ) `` Trying to be an Adventurer '' ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる, Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru ) `` Trying to Save the World '' ( 世界 を 救っ て みる, Sekai o Sukutte Miru ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ, Epirōgu ) May 1, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381461 - 3 February 19, 2018 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ, Purorōgu ) `` Meeting with the Governor '' ( 領主 と 会っ て みる, Ryōshu to Atte Miru ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間, Makuai ) `` Trying to Avoid a War '' ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる, Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間, Makuai ) `` Going to War '' ( 戦争 し て みる, Sensō Shite Miru ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ, Epirōgu ) September 2, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381487 - 3 May 7, 2018 -- `` Prologue '' ( プロローグ, Purorōgu ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間, Makuai ) `` Speaking with the Fallen '' ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる, Mazoku to Hanashite Miru ) `` Releasing the Seal '' ( 封印 を 解 いて みる, Fūin o Hodoite Miru ) `` Going to a Café '' ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる, Kōhī - ten ni Itte Miru ) `` Rem 's Story '' ( レム の 話, Remu no Hanashi ) `` Interlude '' ( 幕間, Makuai ) `` The Two Demon Lords '' ( 魔王 と 魔王, Maō to Maō ) `` Epilogue '' ( エピローグ, Epirōgu ) February 2, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381513 - 9 July 23, 2018 -- `` Prologue '' `` Pest Control '' `` Interlude '' `` Flying Sky High '' `` Heading to a New Town '' `` Interlude '' `` In Hot Pursuit '' `` Epilogue '' 5 June 2, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381541 - 2 October 8, 2018 -- 6 September 30, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381557 - 3 December 10, 2018 -- 7 March 2, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381589 - 4 -- -- 8 August 2, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381619 - 8 -- -- 9 February 2, 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 381643 - 3 -- -- 10 June 29, 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 512645 - 5 -- -- 11 October 2, 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 513796 - 3 -- -- Manga ( edit ) Naoto Fukuda launched a manga adaptation of the series on Kodansha 's Niconico based manga service Suiyōbi no Sirius in June 2015. Seven Seas Entertainment announced their license to the manga on September 14, 2017. No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN February 2, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376596 - 0 June 26, 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626927 - 60 - 5 `` Being Summoned I '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば I, Shōkan sa Rete Mireba I ) `` Being Summoned II '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば II, Shōkan sa Rete Mireba II ) `` Being Summoned III '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば III, Shōkan sa Rete Mireba III ) `` Being Summoned IV '' ( 召喚 され て みれ ば IV, Shōkan sa Rete Mireba IV ) June 2, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390637 - 0 September 25, 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626928 - 65 - 7 Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru I ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる I ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru II ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる II ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru III ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる III ) Bōken - sha o Yatte Miru IV ( 冒険 者 を やっ て みる IV ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru I ( 世界 を 救っ て みる I ) September 30, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390657 - 8 February 26, 2019 ISBN 978 - 1 - 626929 - 65 - 4 Sekai o Sukutte Miru II ( 世界 を 救っ て みる II ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru III ( 世界 を 救っ て みる III ) Sekai o Sukutte Miru IV ( 世界 を 救っ て みる IV ) Ryōshu to Atte Miru I ( 領主 と 会っ て みる I ) Ryōshu to Atte Miru II ( 領主 と 会っ て みる II ) March 9, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390687 - 5 -- -- Makuai ( 幕間 ) Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru I ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる I ) Sensō o Kaihi Shite Miru II ( 戦争 を 回避 し て みる II ) Sensō o Shite Miru I ( 戦争 を し て みる I ) Sensō o Shite Miru II ( 戦争 を し て みる II ) 5 August 9, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390723 - 0 -- -- Sensō Shite Miru III ( 戦争 し て みる III ) Makuai I ( 幕間 I ) Makuai II ( 幕間 II ) Mazoku to Hanashite Miru I ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる I ) Mazoku to Hanashite Miru II ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる II ) 6 February 2, 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 510795 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 510419 - 4 ( LE ) -- -- Mazoku to Hanashite Miru III ( 魔 族 と 話し て みる III ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru I ( 封印 を 解 いて みる I ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru II ( 封印 を 解 いて みる II ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru III ( 封印 を 解 いて みる III ) Fūin o Hodoite Miru IV ( 封印 を 解 いて みる IV ) 7 July 9, 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 511981 - 5 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 512845 - 9 ( LE ) -- -- Kōhī - ten ni itte miru I ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる I ) Kōhī - ten ni itte miru II ( 珈琲 店 に 行っ て みる II ) Remu no Hanashi I ( レム の 話 I ) Remu no Hanashi II ( レム の 話 II ) Remu no Hanashi III ( レム の 話 III ) Chapters not yet in tankōbon format The following chapters have not yet been collected in tankōbon format : Maō to Maō I ( 魔王 と 魔王 I ) Maō to Maō II ( 魔王 と 魔王 II ) Maō to Maō III ( 魔王 と 魔王 III ) Maō to Maō IV ( 魔王 と 魔王 IV ) Makuai I ( 幕間 I ) Makuai II ( 幕間 II ) Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation was announced in January 2018. The series is directed by Yūta Murano and written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu, with animation by studio Ajia - do Animation Works. Character designs for the series are provided by Shizue Kaneko. Yuki Nishioka is the chief animation director. Yuki Miyamoto provides monster designs and serves as action animation director. Backgrounds are provided by Kusanagi, and Natsuko Otsuka is the color key artist. Photography for the series is directed by Teppei Satō at Asahi Production Shiraishi Studio, and Satoshi Motoyama is directing the sound at Half HP Studio. The series aired from July 5 to September 20, 2018, and was broadcast on AT - X, BS Fuji, Tokyo MX, and Sun TV. Crunchyroll is simulcasting the series worldwide outside of Asia, and Funimation is streaming a simuldub of it in North America. The series ' opening theme, `` DeCIDE '', is performed by the unit SUMMONERS 2 +, a group composed of voice actresses Azumi Waki, Yū Serizawa, Yumi Hara, Rumi Okubo, and Emiri Katō, and the ending theme, `` Saiaku na Hi demo Anata ga Suki. '' ( 最悪 な 日 でも あなた が 好き., `` I Like You Even on the Worst Day. '' ), is performed by Serizawa and produced by HoneyWorks. The series ran for 12 episodes. No. Title Director Original air date Ref. `` The Demon Lord Act '' `` Maō Engi '' ( 魔王 演技 ) Hiroki Negishi July 5, 2018 Takuma Sakamoto, a secluded gamer, is transported into the world of his favourite game, Cross Reverie with the appearance of his own character in the game, the Demon Lord Diablo, where the pantherian Rem Galleu and the elf Shera L Greenwood accidentally fall into an enchantment that bound them to him as their slaves, thus beginning their adventures together. `` Strongest Newcomer '' `` Saikyō Shinjin '' ( 最強 新人 ) Hiroki Negishi July 12, 2018 Diablo, Rem and Shera become adventurers at the city of Faltra to make ends meet, but in their first quest, they end up in a trap set by elves who want Shera to return with them. `` Fallen Assault '' `` Mazoku Shūrai '' ( 魔 族 襲来 ) Wataru Sakaibashi July 19, 2018 Diablo and Shera set for another quest while Rem stays behind at the city, when an army of Fallen prepare to invade. `` Point - Blank War Dance '' `` Hakugeki Ranbu '' ( 迫撃 乱舞 ) Hiroki Negishi July 26, 2018 While Rem confronts the Fallen who sneaked past the town 's defenses, Diablo faces the Fallen army and their leader Edelgard alone. 5 `` Imperial Knight '' `` Kokka Kishi '' ( 国家 騎士 ) Toshiaki Kanbara August 2, 2018 Diablo and co. are informed that the elf Kingdom of Greenwood demands Shera to be returned to them, threatening to wage war on Faltra if they do not comply. To help on this matter, Alicia Crystella, a Imperial knight, is assigned to assist them. 6 `` Slave Market '' `` Doreishijō '' ( 奴隷 市場 ) Kazuomi Koga August 9, 2018 Diablo meets a slave owner looking for a way to remove the collars from Rem and Shera but to no avail, and later, they are visited by Shera 's brother Keera, who is eager to take her back by any means necessary. 7 `` Change of Heart '' `` Jinshin henten '' ( 人心 変転 ) Yoshie Takagi August 16, 2018 Despite affirming that she wants to stay with Diablo and Rem, Shera submits to her brother 's request to return with him, leaving Diablo disheartened, until Rem, certain that something is wrong, convinces him to chase after her. 8 `` Hero 's Charge '' `` Eiyuu Bakushin '' ( 英雄 驀進 ) TBA August 23, 2018 Diablo defeats the elves and rescue Shera. But Galford, the ruler of Faltra, takes advantage of the situation to launch an invasion on Greenwood, and Diablo must fight him to stop it. 9 `` Holy Knight Tale '' `` Hijiri kishi Tan '' ( 聖 騎士 譚 ) TBA August 30, 2018 Edelgard reappears and offers Diablo a way to extract the demon lord Krebskrum from Rem 's body without killing her. Meanwhile, rumors of a demon lord in Faltra brings Saddler, a ruthless and powerful Paladin, to the city. 10 `` The Demon Lord 's Resurrection '' `` Ma - nushi fukkatsu '' ( 魔 主 復活 ) TBA September 6, 2018 TBA Diablo holds a ritual to release the demon lord Krebskrum from inside Rem, but just as he prepares to confront her, they learn that she holds no intention to destroy the other races as they believed and befriend her, giving her the name of `` Klem ''. 11 `` The Young Girl Awakens '' `` Yōjo kakusei '' ( 幼女 覚醒 ) TBA September 13, 2018 TBA Now a friend to Diablo and the others, Klem accompanies them to the city, where Alicia reveals her true colors, kidnapping both Rem and Klem and turning them to Saddler as part of her plan have Klem fully awake as a demon lord. 12 `` Battle for Legitimacy '' `` Shingan Taisen '' ( 真贋 対戦 ) TBA September 20, 2018 TBA At the sight of Rem being gravely wounded, Klem becomes enraged and fully awakens into the demon lord Krebskrum. It falls to Diablo to contain Krebskrum 's rage before she destroys the whole city. Reception ( edit ) The light novels had over 1 million copies in print as of March 2018. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English episode titles are taken from Crunchyroll. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord ''. Seven Seas Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Pineda, Rafael Antonio ( April 20, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime 's Main Cast, July Premiere Revealed ''. Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Jad Saxton on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26. ^ Jump up to : Hodgkins, Crystalyn ( May 18, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals More Cast, New Visual, Opening Theme Artists ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Our Summer 2018 SimulDub lineup is just for you! ''. Funimation. June 21, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kristi Rothrock on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Sherman, Jennifer ( June 1, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals More Cast, July 5 Premiere ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved June 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Madeleine Morris on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Loo, Egan ( June 30, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Anime Unveils 3 More Cast Members ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved June 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Inman on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved September 20, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` J - Novel Club Adds How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Light Novel ''. Anime News Network. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu ( March 21, 2018 ). `` '' How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord '' Reveals Anime Visuals of Its Two Heroines : Shera & Rem ``. Crunchyroll. Retrieved June 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 1 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 2 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 2 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 3 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 3 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 4 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 4 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved May 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 5 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 5 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 6 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord : Volume 6 ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 7 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 8 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 9 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 10 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 11 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Seven Seas Licenses How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Manga ''. Anime News Network. September 14, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 1 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 1 ''. Seven Seas Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 2 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 2 ''. Seven Seas Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 3 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Vol. 3 ''. Seven Seas Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 4 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 5 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 6 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` アクリル キーホルダー 2 種 付き 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 6 ) 特 装 版 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 7 ) ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 両面 お 風呂 ポスター 付き 異 世界 魔王 と 召喚 少女 の 奴隷 魔術 ( 7 ) 特 装 版 ''. Kodansha ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Light Novels Get TV Anime ''. Anime News Network. January 25, 2018. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Loo, Egan ( March 21, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord Anime 's Promo Video Reveals Staff, Summer Debut ''. Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Ressler, Karen ( June 21, 2018 ). `` Crunchyroll, Funimation to Stream Attack on Titan 3, Overlord III, How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord, Angels of Death ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved June 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` OP テーマ 「 DeCIDE / SUMMONERS 2 + 」 ''. isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Sherman, Jennifer ( April 26, 2018 ). `` Yū Serizawa Performs How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord 's Ending Song ''. Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Sherman, Jennifer ( June 13, 2018 ). `` How NOT to Summon A Demon Lord Anime Reveals Promo Video, Visual ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` BD / CD ''. Retrieved August 10, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 1 話 魔王 演技 '' ( Episode 1 : `` The Demon Lord Act '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 7, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 二 話 最強 新人 '' ( Episode 2 : `` The Strongest Newcomer '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 三 話 魔 族 襲来 '' ( Episode 3 : `` Fallen Assault '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 21, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 四 話 迫撃 乱舞 '' ( Episode 4 : `` Point - Blank War Dance '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved July 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 5 話 国家 騎士 '' ( Episode 5 : `` Imperial Knights '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 5, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 6 話 奴隷 市場 '' ( Episode 6 : `` Slave Market '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 7 話 人心 変転 '' ( Episode 7 : `` Change of Heart '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved August 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 8 話 英雄 驀進 '' ( Episode 8 : `` Hero 's Charge '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 7, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 第 9 話 聖 騎士 譚 '' ( Episode 9 : `` Holy Knight Tale '' ). isekaimaou-anime.com ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu ( March 21, 2018 ). `` '' How NOT to Summon a Demon Lord '' Reveals Anime Visuals of Its Two Heroines : Shera & Rem ``. Crunchyroll. Retrieved June 8, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official light novel website ( in Japanese ) Official manga website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Ajia - do Animation Works Television series Nintama Rantarō ( 1993 -- present ) Miracle Girls ( 1993 ) Wankorobe ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Kaiketsu Zorori ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Absolute Boy ( 2005 ) Kujibiki Unbalance ( 2006 ) Emma - A Victorian Romance : Second Act ( 2007 ) Miyanishi Tatsuya Gekijō : Omae Umasou da na ( 2010 ) DD Fist of the North Star ( 2013 ) DD Fist of the North Star 2 ( 2015 ) Hokuto no Ken : Ichigo Aji ( 2015 ) Izetta : The Last Witch ( 2016 ) How Not to Summon a Demon Lord ( 2018 ) Films Maison Ikkoku : Kanketsuhen ( 1988 ) Eiga Nintama Rantarō ( 1996 ) Majime ni Fumajime Kaiketsu Zorori : Nazo no Otakara Daisakusen ( 2006 ) You Are Umasou ( 2010 ) Gekijō - ban Anime Nintama Rantarō Ninjutsu Gakuen Zenin Shutsudō! no Dan ( 2011 ) Magic Tree House ( 2011 ) Kaiketsu Zorori Da - Da - Da - Daibouken! ( 2012 ) Kaiketsu Zorori : Mamoru ze! Kyouryuu no Tamago ( 2013 ) Kaiketsu Zorori : Uchū no Yūsha - tachi ( 2015 ) Eiga Kaiketsu Zorori ZZ no Himitsu ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Time Knot : Reflection ( 1987 ) Shiratori Reiko de Gozaimasu! ( 1990 ) Here Is Greenwood ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Spirit of Wonder : Chaina - san no Yūutsu ( 1992 ) Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō ( 1998 ) Spirit of Wonder ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō : Quiet Country Cafe ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Genshiken ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Not_to_Summon_a_Demon_Lord&oldid=866488385 '' Categories : Manga series 2015 manga 2018 anime television series 2014 Japanese novels Ajia - do Animation Works Anime and manga based on light novels Comedy anime and manga Crunchyroll Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Harem anime and manga Isekai anime and manga J - Novel Club Japanese comedy novels Japanese fantasy novels Kodansha books Kodansha manga Light novels Seven Seas Entertainment titles Shōnen manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Episode lists with unformatted air dates Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles with Japanese - language external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский کوردی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 17 : 07 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "How Not to Summon a Demon Lord", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=How_Not_to_Summon_a_Demon_Lord&amp;oldid=866488385" }

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{ "text": "Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) - wikipedia Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) For other treaties also known as a `` Treaty of Paris '', see Treaty of Paris ( disambiguation ). Treaty of Paris Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain Signed 10 December 1898 ( 1898 - 12 - 10 ) Location Paris, France Effective 11 April 1899 Signatories Spain United States Citations 30 Stat. 1754 ; TS 343 ; 11 Bevans 615 Article IX amended by protocol of 29 March 1900 ( TS 344 ; 11 Bevans 622 ). Article III supplemented by convention of 7 November 1900 ( TS 345 ; 11 Bevans 623 ). The Treaty of Paris of 1898 ( Filipino : Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898 ; Spanish : Tratado de París ( 1898 ) ) was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish -- American War. The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire ( apart from some small holdings in North Africa ). It marked the beginning of the age of the United States as a world power. Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, and it became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan because he opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley upheld the treaty and was easily reelected. Contents 1 Background 2 Negotiations 3 U.S. ratification of the treaty in the Senate 4 Treaty provisions 5 Consequences of the treaty 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War began on April 25, 1898 due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10, 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spain 's loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire. After much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence, Cuba tried its hand at revolution in 1868 -- 1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí, or `` El Apóstol. '' Martí returned to Cuba and participated at first in the struggles against the Spanish government, but was killed on May 19, 1895. The Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule. August 26, 1896 presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio, succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, who had his predecessor arrested. Bonifacio was executed on May 10, 1897. Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak - na - Bato with the Spaniards and was exiled to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders. The Spanish -- American War that followed had overwhelming U.S. public support due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom as well as furthering U.S. economic interests overseas. The U.S. was particularly attracted to the developing sugar industry in Cuba. The U.S. military even resorted to falsifying reports in the Philippines in order to maintain public support for U.S. involvement abroad. The U.S. appealed to the principles of Manifest Destiny and expansionism to justify its participation in the war, proclaiming that it was America 's fate and its duty to take charge in these overseas nations. On September 16, U.S. President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the Spanish -- American War drew to a close : It is my earnest wish that the United States in making peace should follow the same high rule of conduct which guided it in facing war. In addition, the victor should be magnanimous in her treatment of the fallen foe ; and her morality should not under any illusion of the hour be dimmed by ulterior designs which might tempt us into excessive demands or into an adventurous departure on untried paths... The Philippines stand upon a different basis... without any original thought of complete or even partial acquisition, the presence and success of our arms at Manila imposes upon us obligations which we can not disregard. The march of events rules and overrules human action. Avowing unreservedly the purpose which has animated all our effort, and still solicitous to adhere to it, we can not be unmindful that, without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation... Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship can not be indifferent. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade ;... In view of what has been stated, the United States can not accept less than the cession in full right and sovereignty of the island of Luzon... Negotiations ( edit ) Article V of a peace protocol entered into between United States and Spain on August 12, 1898, read as follows : The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than Oct. 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries. The composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were Senators ( meaning, as many newspapers pointed out, that at a later date they would vote on the ratification of their own negotiations ). The American delegation members were : William R. Day, chairman, a former U.S. Secretary of State who had resigned from his cabinet position to lead the United States Peace Commission William P. Frye, a Senator from Maine Cushman Kellogg Davis, a Senator from Minnesota George Gray, a Senator from Delaware Whitelaw Reid, a former diplomat and a former Vice Presidential nominee John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of the United States The Spanish commission included the Spanish diplomats Eugenio Montero Ríos, Buenaventura de Abarzuza, José de Garnica, Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa - Urrutia, Rafael Cerero, as well as the French diplomat Jules Cambon. The American delegation, headed by former Secretary of State William R. Day -- who had vacated his position as U.S. Secretary of State in order to head the commission -- arrived in Paris on September 26, 1898. The negotiations were conducted in a suite of rooms at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the first session on October 1, the Spanish demanded that before the talks get underway the city of Manila, which had been captured by the Americans a few hours after the signing of the peace protocol in Washington, should be returned to Spanish authority. The Americans refused to consider this and for the moment it was pursued no further. Felipe Agoncillo, a Filipino lawyer representing the First Philippine Republic, was denied participation in the negotiation. For almost a month, negotiations revolved around Cuba. The Teller Amendment to the U.S. Declaration of War with Spain made it impractical for the U.S. to annex the island as it did with Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. On first instance, Spain refused to accept the Cuban national debt of four hundred million dollars, but ultimately it had no choice. Eventually, it was agreed that Cuba was to be granted to the Cubans and the four hundred million dollar liability returned to Spain. It was also agreed that Spain would cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. The negotiators then turned to the question of the Philippines. Spanish negotiators were determined to hang onto all they could, hoping to cede only Mindanao and perhaps the Sulu Islands. On the American side, Chairman Day had once recommended the acquisition of only the naval base in Manila, as a `` hitching post ''. Others had recommended retaining just the island of Luzon. In discussions with its advisers, though, the commission concluded that Spain, if it retained part of the Philippines, would be likely to sell that part to another European power and that this would likely be troublesome for America. On November 25, the American Commission cabled President McKinley for explicit instructions. Their cable crossed one from McKinley saying that duty left him no choice but to demand the entire archipelago, the following morning, another cable from McKinley arrived, saying... to accept merely Luzon, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, can not be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none. The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required. On November 4, the Spanish delegation formally accepted the American demand, and Spain 's Prime Minister, Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, backed up the commission. As the specter of collapse of the negotiations grew, there were mutters about resumption of the war. U.S. election results on November 8, however, cut McKinley 's Republican majority in Congress less than had been anticipated. The American delegation took heart from this, and Frye unveiled a plan of offering Spain ten or twenty million dollars for the islands. After some discussion the American delegation offered twenty million dollars on November 21, one tenth of a valuation which had been estimated in internal discussions in October, requesting an answer within two days. Montero Ríos said angrily that he could reply at once, but the American delegation had already departed from the conference table. When the two sides met again, Queen - Regent Maria Christina had cabled her acceptance. Montero Ríos recited the formal reply : The Government of Her Majesty, moved by lofty reasons of patriotism and humanity, will not assume the responsibility of again bringing upon Spain all the horrors of war. In order to avoid them, it resigns itself to the painful task of submitting to the law of the victor, however harsh it may be, and as Spain lacks the material means to defend the rights she believes hers, having recorded them, she accepts the only terms the United States offers her for the concluding of the treaty of peace. Work on the final draft of the treaty began on November 30. It was signed on December 10, 1898. The next step was legislative ratification. In Madrid, the Cortes rejected it, but the Queen Regent signed it, empowered to do so by a clause in the Spanish constitution. U.S. ratification of the treaty in the Senate ( edit ) In the U.S. Senate, there were four main schools of thought in regard to U.S. imperialism that influenced debate on ratification of the Treaty. Republicans generally supported the treaty, while those opposed either aimed to defeat the treaty or exclude the provision stipulating the acquisition of the Philippines. Democrats in general favored expansion as well, particularly Southern Democrats. A minority of Democrats also favored the treaty on the basis of ending the war and granting independence to Cuba and the Philippines. During the Senate debate to ratify the treaty, Senators George Frisbie Hoar and George Graham Vest were outspoken opponents of the treaty. This Treaty will make us a vulgar, commonplace empire, controlling subject races and vassal states, in which one class must forever rule and other classes must forever obey. -- Senator George Frisbie Hoar Some anti-expansionists stated that the treaty committed the United States to a course of empire and violated the most basic tenets of the United States Constitution. They argued that neither the Congress nor the President had the right to pass laws governing colonial peoples who were not represented by lawmakers. Certain Senate Expansionists who supported the treaty reinforced such views by arguing : If the U.S. were to reject the treaty, Suppose we reject the Treaty. We continue the state of war. We repudiate the President. We are branded as a people incapable of taking rank as one of the greatest of world powers! -- Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Providence has given the United States the duty of extending Christian civilization. We come as ministering angels, not despots. -- Senator Knute Nelson Expansionists said that the Constitution applied only to the citizens of the United States. This idea was later supported by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases. As the Senate debate continued, Andrew Carnegie and former President Grover Cleveland petitioned the Senate to reject the treaty. These two men adamantly opposed such imperialist policies, and participated in the American Anti-Imperialist League along with other such prominent members as Mark Twain and Samuel Gompers. The controversial treaty was eventually approved on February 6, 1899, by a vote 57 to 27, only one vote more than the two - thirds majority required. Only two Republicans voted against ratification, George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine. Senator Nelson W. Aldrich had opposed entry into the Spanish -- American War, but supported McKinley when it began. He played a central role in winning two - thirds Senate approval of the Treaty of Paris. Treaty provisions ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris provided that Cuba would become independent from Spain but the U.S. Congress made sure it would be under indirect U.S. control through the Platt Amendment. Specifically, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. Upon Spain 's departure from Cuba, it was to be occupied by the United States, and the United States would assume and discharge any obligations that under international law could result from the fact of its occupation. The Treaty also assured that Spain would cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands then under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, as well as the island of Guam in the Marianas Islands. The Treaty specified that Spain would cede to the United States the archipelago of the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within a specified line. In accordance with the treaty, Spain : Gave up all rights to Cuba ( see Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment ). Surrendered Puerto Rico and gave up its possessions in the West Indies. Surrendered the island of Guam to the United States. Surrendered the Philippines to the United States for a payment of twenty million dollars. Specifics of the cession of the Philippines were later clarified by the 1900 Treaty of Washington. The boundary line between the Philippines and North Borneo was further clarified by the Convention Between the United States and Great Britain ( 1930 ). Consequences of the treaty ( edit ) Victory in the Spanish -- American War turned the United States into a world power, as the attainment of the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines expanded U.S. economic dominance in the Pacific. This growth continued to have effects on U.S. foreign and economic policy well into the next century. Furthermore, President McKinley 's significant role in advancing the ratification of the treaty transformed the presidential office, from a weaker position to a prototype of the stronger presidency seen more in the present day. U.S. military occupation also continued to have further impacts abroad. In the Philippines, revolts against U.S. involvement initiated on February 4, 1899, quickly surpassing the fighting that had just occurred against the Spanish. As one Filipino writer noted in 1899 : Now here is a unique spectacle -- the Filipinos fighting for liberty, the American people fighting to give them liberty. The U.S. National Park Service says, `` The Spanish -- American War and its aftermath delayed Philippine independence until after World War II, but established a relationship that fostered a substantial Filipino population within U.S. borders. '' Furthermore, the Platt Amendment allowed the U.S. to continue its occupation of Cuba without annexing, despite promises made during the war and negotiations over Cuban freedom. In order to maintain control in Cuba, the U.S. government espoused the idea that the Cuban people were unprepared for self - governance. As Senator Stephen Elkins noted : When Cuba shall become a part of the American Union and the isthmian canal shall be completed, which is now assured, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines will be outposts of the great Republic, standing guard over American interests in the track of the world 's commerce in its triumphant march around the globe. Our people will soon see and feel that these island possessions belonging to the United States are natural and logical, and in the great part we are to play in the affairs of the world we would not only give them up but wonder how the working of our natural destiny we could get on without them. The splendid chain of island possessions, reaching half - way around the world, would not be complete without Cuba, the gem of the Antilles. Overall, these occupations greatly contributed to the growing economic role gained by the U.S. during this era. See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Puerto Rican Campaign German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Puerto Rico is spelled as `` Porto Rico '' in the Treaty of Paris. `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10, 1898 ''. Yale. 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01. Jump up ^ Charles Henry Butler ( 1902 ). The treaty making power of the United States. The Banks Law Pub. Co. p. 441. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Jump up ^ Paolo E. Coletta, `` Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris. '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1957 ) : 131 - 146. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey, `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?. '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) : 43 - 52. in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress. `` The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War : Introduction. '' Jump up ^ Pérez, Louis A. ( 1998 ). War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. `` Intervention and Intent. '' Pg. 24 Jump up ^ Coletta, Paolo E. ( 1957 ). `` Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris. '' Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 : pg. 131. Jump up ^ Vigilans, Semper ( 1899 ). `` Aguinaldo 's Case against the United States. '' The North American Review, Vol. 169, No. 514 : pg. 425 ^ Jump up to : `` The Spanish -- American War : The United States Becomes a World Power '' ( PDF ). Teaching with Primary Sources. Library of Congress. Jump up ^ Wolff, Leon ( 2006 ). Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn. History Book Club ( published 2005 ). pp. 154 -- 155. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3. Jump up ^ William McKinley. `` The Acquisition of the Philippines ''. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1898. U.S. Department of State : 904 -- 908. Jump up ^ Major Events of the Spanish -- American War - Topics in Chronicling America ( Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room, Library of Congress ) Jump up ^ Halstead, Murat ( 1898 ). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. pp. 176 -- 178. Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, p. 153 ( Introduction, Decolonizing the History of the Philippine -- American War, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2006, p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2006, p. 164 Jump up ^ Karnow, Stanley ( 1990 ). In our image : America 's empire in the Philippines. Ballantine Books. p. 126. ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 32816 - 8. Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, p. 167 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, p. 171 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, pp. 167, 172 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, p. 172 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006, p. 173 Jump up ^ Coletta, Paolo E. ( 1957 ). `` Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris. '' Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 : pg. 132 Jump up ^ Coletta, Paolo E., `` McKinley, the Peace Negotiations, and the Acquisition of the Philippines '', Pacific Historical Review 30 ( November 1961 ), 348. Jump up ^ Paolo E. Coletta, `` Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris, '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1957 ) 26 # 2 pp. 131 - 146 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` TREATY BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATE FOR CESSION OF OUTLYING ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES '' ( PDF ). University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26, 2012. Jump up ^ United States. Dept. of State ; Charles Irving Bevans ( 1968 ). Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776 - 1949. Dept. of State ; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 473 -- 476. Jump up ^ De Ojeda, Jaime. `` The Spanish -- American War of 1898 : A Spanish View. '' Library of Congress : Hispanic Division. Jump up ^ Koenig, Louis W. ( 1982 ). `` The Presidency of William McKinley '' by Lewis L. Gould : Review. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3 : pg. 448. Jump up ^ Vigilans, Semper ( 1899 ). `` Aguinaldo 's Case against the United States. '' The North American Review, Vol. 169, No. 514 : pg. 428 Jump up ^ `` Spanish -- American War and the Philippine -- American War, 1898 - 1902. '' National Park Service. Jump up ^ Pérez, Louis A. ( 1998 ). War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. `` Intervention and Intent. '' Pg. 33 Jump up ^ Pérez, Louis A. ( 1998 ). War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. `` Intervention and Intent. '' Pg. 49 Further reading ( edit ) Grenville, John A.S. and George Berkeley Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy : Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873 - 1917 ( 1966 ) pp 267 -- 96, on `` The influence of strategy upon history : the acquisition of the Philippines '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris, 1898. Law.yale.edu : Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain Msc.edu.ph : 1898 Treaty of Paris -- full text of the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish -- American War. 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{ "text": "Pacific Ocean - Wikipedia Pacific Ocean Jump to : navigation, search largest ocean on Earth `` North Pacific '', `` Pacific '', and `` Pacific region '' redirect here. For the region in Colombia, see Pacific Region, Colombia. For other uses, see North Pacific ( disambiguation ) and Pacific ( disambiguation ). Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 ° N 160 ° W  /  0 ° N 160 ° W  / 0 ; - 160 Coordinates : 0 ° N 160 ° W  /  0 ° N 160 ° W  / 0 ; - 160 Surface area 165,250,000 km ( 63,800,000 sq mi ) Average depth 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ) Max. depth 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ) Water volume 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ) Islands List of islands Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth 's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or, depending on definition, to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east. At 165,250,000 square kilometers ( 63,800,000 square miles ) in area ( as defined with an Antarctic southern border ), this largest division of the World Ocean -- and, in turn, the hydrosphere -- covers about 46 % of Earth 's water surface and about one - third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of Earth 's land area combined. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. Its mean depth is 4,280 meters ( 14,040 feet ). The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 meters ( 35,797 feet ). The western Pacific has many peripheral seas. Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times, the eastern Pacific was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great `` southern sea '' which he named Mar del Sur ( in Spanish ). The ocean 's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means `` peaceful sea ''. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early migrations 1.2 European exploration 1.3 New Imperialism 2 Geography 2.1 Bordering countries and territories 2.1. 1 Sovereign nations 2.1. 2 Territories 2.2 Landmasses and islands 3 Water characteristics 4 Climate 5 Geology 5.1 Geological history 5.2 Seamount chains 6 Economy 6.1 Fishing 7 Environmental issues 8 Major ports and harbors 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links History ( edit ) Early migrations ( edit ) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( October 2017 ) Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, from a time when the nature of the Americas was ambiguous, particularly North America, as a possible part of Asia, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered a `` new world '' and shows the name `` America '' for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size Maris Pacifici by Ortelius ( 1589 ). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. About 3000 BC, the Austronesian peoples on the island of Taiwan mastered the art of long - distance canoe travel and spread themselves and their languages south to the Philippines, Indonesia, and maritime Southeast Asia ; west towards Madagascar ; southeast towards New Guinea and Melanesia ( intermarrying with native Papuans ) ; and east to the islands of Micronesia, Oceania and Polynesia. Long - distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan. Trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of this trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality. From 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. European Exploration ( edit ) Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702 -- 1707. Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. The first contact of European navigators with the western edge of the Pacific Ocean was made by the Portuguese expeditions of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão, via the Lesser Sunda Islands, to the Maluku Islands, in 1512, and with Jorge Álvares 's expedition to southern China in 1513, both ordered by Afonso de Albuquerque from Malacca. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached a new ocean. He named it Mar del Sur ( literally, `` Sea of the South '' or `` South Sea '' ) because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Spanish explorations and routes across the Pacific Ocean. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian ( Spanish ) expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519. Magellan called the ocean Pacífico ( or `` Pacific '' meaning, `` peaceful '' ) because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century. Although Magellan himself died in the Philippines in 1521, Spanish Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano led the expedition back to Spain across the Indian Ocean and round the Cape of Good Hope, completing the first world circumnavigation in a single expedition in 1522. Sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542 -- 43 the Portuguese also reached Japan. In 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. For the remainder of the 16th century, Spanish influence was paramount, with ships sailing from Mexico and Peru across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines via Guam, and establishing the Spanish East Indies. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history. Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. Later, in the quest for Terra Australis ( i.e., `` the ( great ) Southern Land '' ), Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos, and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres. Dutch explorers, sailing around southern Africa, also engaged in discovery and trade ; Willem Janszoon, made the first completely documented European landing in Australia ( 1606 ), in Cape York Peninsula, and Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum -- a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines. The 18th century marked the beginning of major exploration by the Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, such as the First Kamchatka expedition and the Great Northern Expedition, led by the Danish Russian navy officer Vitus Bering. Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest. In 1768, Pierre - Antoine Véron, a young astronomer accompanying Louis Antoine de Bougainville on his voyage of exploration, established the width of the Pacific with precision for the first time in history. One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789 -- 1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. New imperialism ( edit ) See also : New Imperialism The Bathyscaphe Trieste, before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan and the United States. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1830s, with Charles Darwin aboard ; HMS Challenger during the 1870s ; the USS Tuscarora ( 1873 -- 76 ) ; and the German Gazelle ( 1874 -- 76 ). Dupetit Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 In Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations. By 1900 nearly all Pacific islands were in control of Britain, France, United States, Germany, Japan, and Chile. Although the United States gained control of Guam and the Philippines from Spain in 1898, Japan controlled most of the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during World War II. However, by the end of that war, Japan was defeated and the U.S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean. Since the end of World War II, many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent states. Geography ( edit ) Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Anvil tops of thunderclouds are also visible. The Pacific separates Asia and Australia from the Americas. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern ( North Pacific ) and southern ( South Pacific ) portions. It extends from the Antarctic region in the South to the Arctic in the north. The Pacific Ocean encompasses approximately one - third of the Earth 's surface, having an area of 165,200,000 km ( 63,800,000 sq mi ) -- significantly larger than Earth 's entire landmass of some 150,000,000 km ( 58,000,000 sq mi ). Extending approximately 15,500 km ( 9,600 mi ) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the northern extent of the circumpolar Southern Ocean at 60 ° S ( older definitions extend it to Antarctica 's Ross Sea ), the Pacific reaches its greatest east - west width at about 5 ° N latitude, where it stretches approximately 19,800 km ( 12,300 mi ) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia -- halfway around the world, and more than five times the diameter of the Moon. The lowest known point on Earth -- the Mariana Trench -- lies 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ; 5,966 fathoms ) below sea level. Its average depth is 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ; 2,340 fathoms ), putting the total water volume at roughly 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ). Due to the effects of plate tectonics, the Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking by roughly 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) per year on three sides, roughly averaging 0.52 km ( 0.20 sq mi ) a year. By contrast, the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size. Along the Pacific Ocean 's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea ( East Sea ), Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan ( East Sea ), South China Sea ( South Sea ), Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and Yellow Sea ( West Sea of Korea ). The Indonesian Seaway ( including the Strait of Malacca and Torres Strait ) joins the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the west, and Drake Passage and the Strait of Magellan link the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean. As the Pacific straddles the 180th meridian, the West Pacific ( or western Pacific, near Asia ) is in the Eastern Hemisphere, while the East Pacific ( or eastern Pacific, near the Americas ) is in the Western Hemisphere. The Southern Pacific Ocean harbors the Southeast Indian Ridge crossing from south of Australia turning into the Pacific - Antarctic Ridge ( north of the South Pole ) and merges with another ridge ( south of South America ) to form the East Pacific Rise which also connects with another ridge ( south of North America ) which overlooks the Juan de Fuca Ridge. For most of Magellan 's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the Philippines, the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many tropical storms batter the islands of the Pacific. The lands around the Pacific Rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes. Tsunamis, caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and in some cases destroyed entire towns. The Martin Waldseemüller map of 1507 was the first to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. Later, the Diogo Ribeiro map of 1529 was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size. Bordering countries and Territories ( edit ) The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin Regions, island nations and territories of Oceania Sovereign nations ( edit ) Australia Brunei Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati North Korea South Korea Malaysia Marshall Islands Mexico Nauru Nicaragua New Zealand Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Taiwan Thailand Timor - Leste Tonga Tuvalu United States Vanuatu Vietnam The status of Taiwan and China is disputed. For more information, see political status of Taiwan. Territories ( edit ) American Samoa ( US ) Baker Island ( US ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) Coral Sea Islands ( Australia ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( US ) Hong Kong ( China ) Howland Island ( US ) Jarvis Island ( US ) Johnston Island ( US ) Kingman Reef ( US ) Macau ( China ) Midway Atoll ( US ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( New Zealand ) Norfolk Island ( Australia ) Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) Palmyra Atoll ( US ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Wake Island ( US ) Landmasses and Islands ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Islands This ocean has most of the islands in the world. There are about 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. The islands entirely within the Pacific Ocean can be divided into three main groups known as Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line, includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast. Melanesia, to the southwest, includes New Guinea, the world 's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands. The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia. The largest area, Polynesia, stretching from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south, also encompasses Tuvalu, Tokelau, Samoa, Tonga and the Kermadec Islands to the west, the Cook Islands, Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center, and the Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu, Mangareva Islands, and Easter Island to the east. Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types : continental islands, high islands, coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside the andesite line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the Philippines. Some of these islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are Bougainville, Hawaii, and the Solomon Islands. The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low - lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean 's surface. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba ( formerly Ocean Island ) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia. Pacific Ocean up sun from the rocks Point Reyes headlands, Point Reyes National Seashore, California Tahuna maru islet, French Polynesia Los Molinos on the coast of Southern Chile Water characteristics ( edit ) Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. The volume of the Pacific Ocean, representing about 50.1 percent of the world 's oceanic water, has been estimated at some 714 million cubic kilometers ( 171 million cubic miles ). Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from − 1.4 ° C ( 29.5 ° F ), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) near the equator. Salinity also varies latitudinally, reaching a maximum of 37 parts per thousand in the southeastern area. The water near the equator, which can have a salinity as low as 34 parts per thousand, is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. The lowest counts of less than 32 parts per thousand are found in the far north as less evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas. The motion of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( the North Pacific gyre ) and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Equatorial Current, driven westward along latitude 15 ° N by the trade winds, turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current. Turning eastward at about 45 ° N, the Kuroshio forks and some water moves northward as the Aleutian Current, while the rest turns southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south - flowing California Current. The South Equatorial Current, flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of New Guinea, turns east at about 50 ° S, and joins the main westerly circulation of the South Pacific, which includes the Earth - circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current. As it approaches the Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides ; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current. Climate ( edit ) Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 The climate patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres generally mirror each other. The trade winds in the southern and eastern Pacific are remarkably steady while conditions in the North Pacific are far more varied with, for example, cold winter temperatures on the east coast of Russia contrasting with the milder weather off British Columbia during the winter months due to the preferred flow of ocean currents. In the tropical and subtropical Pacific, the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) affects weather conditions. To determine the phase of ENSO, the most recent three - month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately 3,000 km ( 1,900 mi ) to the southeast of Hawaii is computed, and if the region is more than 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) above or below normal for that period, then an El Niño or La Niña is considered in progress. In the tropical western Pacific, the monsoon and the related wet season during the summer months contrast with dry winds in the winter which blow over the ocean from the Asian landmass. Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active. The Pacific hosts the two most active tropical cyclone basins, which are the northwestern Pacific and the eastern Pacific. Pacific hurricanes form south of Mexico, sometimes striking the western Mexican coast and occasionally the southwestern United States between June and October, while typhoons forming in the northwestern Pacific moving into southeast and east Asia from May to December. Tropical cyclones also form in the South Pacific basin, where they occasionally impact island nations. In the arctic, icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December. A climatological low in the Gulf of Alaska keeps the southern coast wet and mild during the winter months. The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet. In the Southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions associated with extratropical cyclones riding the jet stream, it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude. Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geology of the Pacific Ocean and Pacific Plate Ring of Fire. The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. Ulawun stratovolcano situated on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea The ocean was first mapped by Abraham Ortelius ; he called it Maris Pacifici following Ferdinand Magellan 's description of it as `` a pacific sea '' during his circumnavigation from 1519 to 1522. To Magellan, it seemed much more calm ( pacific ) than the Atlantic. The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. A petrologic boundary, it separates the deeper, mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of felsic igneous rock on its margins. The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian arc, along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Japan, the Mariana Islands, the Solomon Islands, and New Zealand 's North Island. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes Cordillera along South America to Mexico, returning then to the islands off California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand lie outside the andesite line. Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin. Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome - shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the andesite line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world 's foremost belt of explosive volcanism. The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones. The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones. Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones. Geological History ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean was born 750 million years ago at the breakup of Rodinia, although it is generally called the Panthalassic Ocean until the breakup of Pangea, about 200 million years ago. The oldest Pacific Ocean floor is only around 180 Ma old, with older crust subducted by now. Seamount chains ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean contains several long seamount chains, formed by hotspot volcanism. These include the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain and the Louisville Ridge. Economy ( edit ) The exploitation of the Pacific 's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean 's great depths. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas are extracted, and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Philippines, although in sharply declining volume in some cases. Fishing ( edit ) Fish are an important economic asset in the Pacific. The shallower shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring, salmon, sardines, snapper, swordfish, and tuna, as well as shellfish. Overfishing has become a serious problem in some areas. For example, catches in the rich fishing grounds of the Okhotsk Sea off the Russian coast have been reduced by at least half since the 1990s as a result of overfishing. Environmental issues ( edit ) Main article : Marine pollution See also : Great Pacific garbage patch and Environmental impact of shipping Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast The quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north - east Pacific Ocean increased a hundredfold between 1972 and 2012. Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste. The rivers then empty into the ocean, often also bringing chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture. The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone. Marine debris, also known as marine litter, is human - created waste that has ended up floating in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. In addition, the Pacific Ocean has served as the crash site of satellites, including Mars 96, Fobos - Grunt, and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. Major ports and harbors ( edit ) Main article : List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean See also ( edit ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Pacific Alliance Pacific - Antarctic Ridge Pacific coast Pacific hurricane Pacific Time Zone Pacific War Seven Seas Trans - Pacific Partnership Typhoon War of the Pacific Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Ocean ''. Britannica Concise. 2008 : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Jump up ^ International Hydrographic Organization ( 1953 ). `` Limits of Oceans and Seas '' ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed. ). Monte Carlo, Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization. Retrieved 12 June 2010. 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Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN 9780393045550. Jump up ^ Turnbull, Alexander ( 15 December 2006 ). Map New Zealand : 100 Magnificent Maps from the Collection of the Alexander Turnbull Library. Godwit. p. 8. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86962 - 126 - 1. Retrieved 10 June 2013. Jump up ^ Trent, D.D. ; Hazlett, Richard ; Bierman, Paul ( 2010 ). Geology and the Environment. Cengage Learning. p. 133. ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 73755 - 5. Retrieved 10 June 2013. Jump up ^ Lal, Brij Vilash ; Fortune, Kate ( January 2000 ). The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 4. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2265 - 1. Retrieved 10 June 2013. Jump up ^ Mueller - Dombois, Dieter ( 1998 ). Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98313 - 4. Retrieved 10 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` GEOL 102 The Proterozoic Eon II : Rodinia and Pannotia ''. Geol.umd.edu. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010. Jump up ^ Mussett, Alan E. ; Khan, M. Aftab ( 23 October 2000 ). Looking Into the Earth : An Introduction to Geological Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78574 - 7. Retrieved 10 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Fisheries '', Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Commerce and Shipping '', The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Retrieved 14 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean Threats & Impacts : Overfishing and Exploitation '' Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Center for Ocean Solutions. Retrieved 14 June 2013. Jump up ^ Plastic waste in the North Pacific is an ongoing concern BBC 9 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` PHOTOS : Giant Ocean - Trash Vortex Documented - A First ''. News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 31 October 2010. Jump up ^ Gerlach : Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin ( 1975 ) Further reading ( edit ) Barkley, Richard A. ( 1968 ). Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press. prepared by the Special Publications Division, National Geographic Society. ( 1985 ). Blue Horizons : Paradise Isles of the Pacific. Washington, D.C. : National Geographic Society. ISBN 0 - 87044 - 544 - 8. Cameron, Ian ( 1987 ). Lost Paradise : The Exploration of the Pacific. Topsfield, Mass. : Salem House. ISBN 0 - 88162 - 275 - 3. Couper, A.D. ( ed. ) ( 1989 ). Development and Social Change in the Pacific Islands. London : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 415 - 00917 - 0. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gilbert, John ( 1971 ). Charting the Vast Pacific. London : Aldus. ISBN 0 - 490 - 00226 - 9. Lower, J. Arthur ( 1978 ). Ocean of Destiny : A Concise History of the North Pacific, 1500 -- 1978. Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0101 - 8. Napier, W. ; Gilbert, J. ; Holland, J. ( 1973 ). Pacific Voyages. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday. ISBN 0 - 385 - 04335 - X. Nunn, Patrick D. ( 1998 ). Pacific Island Landscapes : Landscape and Geological Development of Southwest Pacific Islands, Especially Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. editorips@usp.ac.fj. ISBN 978 - 982 - 02 - 0129 - 3. Oliver, Douglas L. ( 1989 ). The Pacific Islands ( 3rd ed. ). Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1233 - 6. Paine, Lincoln. The Sea and Civilization : A Maritime History of the World ( 2015 ). Ridgell, Reilly ( 1988 ). Pacific Nations and Territories : The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia ( 2nd ed. ). Honolulu : Bess Press. ISBN 0 - 935848 - 50 - 9. Samson, Jane. British imperial strategies in the Pacific, 1750 -- 1900 ( Ashgate Publishing, 2003 ). Soule, Gardner ( 1970 ). The Greatest Depths : Probing the Seas to 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) and Below. Philadelphia : Macrae Smith. ISBN 0 - 8255 - 8350 - 0. Spate, O.H.K. ( 1988 ). Paradise Found and Lost. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1715 - 5. Terrell, John ( 1986 ). Prehistory in the Pacific Islands : A Study of Variation in Language, Customs, and Human Biology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 30604 - 3. Historiography ( edit ) Davidson, James Wightman. `` Problems of Pacific history. '' Journal of Pacific History 1 # 1 ( 1966 ) : 5 -- 21. Gulliver, Katrina. `` Finding the Pacific world. '' Journal of World History 22 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 83 -- 100. online Igler, David ( 2013 ). The Great Ocean : Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 991495 - 8. Munro, Doug. The Ivory Tower and Beyond : Participant Historians of the Pacific ( Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009 ). Routledge, David. `` Pacific history as seen from the Pacific Islands. '' Pacific Studies 8 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 81 + online Samson, Jane. `` Pacific / Oceanic History '' in Kelly Boyd, ed. ( 1999 ). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 901 -- 2. ISBN 9781884964336. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacific Ocean. Look up pacific ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest 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Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles 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Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the 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{ "text": "Legion of Doom - Wikipedia Legion of Doom For other uses, see Legion of Doom ( disambiguation ). `` League of Evil '' redirects here. For the video game, see League of Evil ( video game ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legion of Doom From left to right : Black Manta, Giganta, Toyman, the Riddler, Bizarro, the Scarecrow, Lex Luthor, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Solomon Grundy, Gorilla Grodd, Brainiac, and Sinestro. Publication information First appearance `` Wanted : The Super Friends '' ( Challenge of the Super Friends, Episode 1 - September 9, 1978 ) In - story information Base ( s ) Hall of Doom Member ( s ) Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor Riddler Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman The Legion of Doom is a group of supervillains that originated in Challenge of the Super Friends, an animated series from Hanna - Barbera based on DC Comics ' Justice League. The Legion of Doom has since been incorporated into the main DC Universe, appearing in comics, as well as further animated and live - action adaptations. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Development 3 The Hall of Doom 4 Members 5 Other Legion episodes 6 Appearances in comics 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Legends of the Superheroes 7.1. 2 The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour 7.1. 3 Justice League Unlimited 7.1. 4 Smallville 7.1. 5 Batman : The Brave and the Bold 7.1. 6 Young Justice 7.1. 7 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 7.1. 8 Legends of Tomorrow 7.2 Gotham 7.2. 1 Teen Titans Go! 7.3 Six Flags 7.4 Film 7.4. 1 Justice League : Doom 7.4. 2 JLA Adventures : Trapped In Time 7.4. 3 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom 7.4. 4 Justice League vs. Teen Titans 7.4. 5 Justice League 7.5 Video games 7.6 Miscellaneous 8 Cultural references 9 References History ( edit ) In each episode of Challenge of the Super Friends that they appeared, the Legion of Doom would enact a plot against the Super Friends and a plot to take over the world only to be met with defeat by the end of the story. In some episodes, they would escape capture through a last - minute escape plan often contrived by Luthor. Other times, the Legion of Doom ( or portions of it ) would end up apprehended. The episode `` History of Doom '' showed that Lex Luthor assembled 12 supervillains in order to form the most powerful and sinister group the world has ever seen. Development ( edit ) When the Challenge of the Super Friends season was originally conceived, it was named Battle of the Superheroes and featured the introduction of Captain Marvel to the Super Friends. The group that challenged the heroes was to be called the `` League of Evil '', led by Captain Marvel 's nemesis Doctor Sivana. However, Filmation was producing Shazam! and The New Adventures of Batman which prevented the use of characters such as Mister Atom, King Kull, Beautia Sivana, Joker, Penguin, Mr. Freeze, and Catwoman. Early conceptual art drawn by Alex Toth also included Heat Wave, Poison Ivy, and Abra Kadabra. The Hall of Doom ( edit ) The Legion of Doom 's headquarters was the Hall of Doom that was located in Slaughter Swamp ( just outside Gotham City ). The facility, which has a close resemblance to Darth Vader 's helmet, could be lowered or raised above the swamp water 's surface. It could fly or enter space using rockets. The Hall of Doom 's mobility could be controlled through remote control helping the Legion to escape on several occasions. Its defenses included laser weapons and the ability to time travel. In `` Doomsday '' after Sinestro, Black Manta and Cheetah are abandoned by the rest of the Legion after they take control of a mental device, they use it to create another Hall of Doom, which attacks the original one and enables the Legion to be captured. In `` History of Doom, '' the Hall is shown being constructed in a barn just after the Legion formed. Black Manta proposed that they have it in the ocean, Captain Cold proposes to have underneath the polar ice caps, and Gorilla Grodd proposes that they have it in the jungle. As a compromise, Lex Luthor decides to have it within the waters of Slaughter Swamp as it is then flown to that location. Members ( edit ) There were thirteen members of the Legion of Doom : Member Alter ego Description Powers Traditional enemy Voice actor Bizarro None Twisted duplicate of Superman from Bizarro World Same as Superman, but often behaves in an erratic and irrational manner Superman William Callaway Black Manta David Hyde Deep sea diver and would - be ocean conqueror Enhanced strength, water breathing ability ( through artificial gills ), high tech equipment, laser beams Aquaman Ted Cassidy Brainiac Vril Dox Evil alien android Super-intelligence, advanced technology Superman Ted Cassidy Captain Cold Leonard Snart Blue - suited master of low temperatures Absolute - zero ray guns Flash Dick Ryal Michael Bell ( additional dialogue ) Cheetah Priscilla Rich Cheetah suit - wearing woman Cat - like reflexes, claw - tipped gloves Wonder Woman Marlene Aragon Giganta Doris Zeul Stole Apache Chief 's magic powder to duplicate his powers Ability to grow, super strength Wonder Woman and Apache Chief Ruth Forman Gorilla Grodd Grodd Megalomaniacal exile from Gorilla City Super-intelligence, super strength Flash Stanley Ralph Ross Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Mad scientist and founder / leader of the Legion of Doom Evil genius, highly advanced weaponry Superman Stanley Jones Riddler Edward Nygma Uses riddles to taunt and confuse adversaries while committing crimes Puzzle creation, problem solving, super intelligent evil genius, puzzle themed traps and gadgets. Batman and Robin Michael Bell Scarecrow Jonathan Crane Uses his fear gas to bring peoples ' worst fears to life Fear gas Batman and Robin Don Messick Sinestro Thaal Sinestro Renegade ex-Green Lantern Yellow power ring Green Lantern Vic Perrin Don Messick ( additional dialogue ) Solomon Grundy Cyrus Gold A super-powered gangster revived as a zombie in Slaughter Swamp Great strength, invulnerability Green Lantern, Batman, and Superman Jimmy Weldon Toyman Jack Nimball Dresses as a jester ; uses toy - based tactics to commit crimes Creates destructive toys Superman Frank Welker Despite the opening sequence for Challenge of the Super Friends claiming that the Legion 's members had `` banded together from remote galaxies '', ten out of the thirteen are native to Earth ; only Bizarro ( from Bizarro World ), Brainiac ( from Colu ), and Sinestro ( from Korugar ) are extraterrestrials. In certain versions in the character 's history, Bizarro is native to Earth. He later emigrated to Bizarro World which Superman created for him. The episode `` Super Friends : Rest In Peace '' makes a reference to a former unseen member of the Legion of Doom, the only time such a reference has been made. This was Doctor Natas ( Satan spelled backwards ), the inventor of the Noxium crystal that had the power to destroy all of the Super Friends like mimicking Kryptonite for Superman and mimicking a yellow energy for Green Lantern. The Super Friends knew of this crystal and tricked the Legion of Doom into thinking that it had killed all of them using android doubles of the Super Friends while the real ones hid in their space station. They anticipated that the Legion of Doom would throw away the crystal when they no longer needed it. The crystal was retrieved by Apache Chief in a hazmat suit and launched into deep space. It was not explained what happened to Doctor Natas. Prior to the first televised appearance of the Legion of Doom, a group called the Super Foes appeared in the first issue of the Super Friends comic book ( Nov 1976 ). Its membership featured Toyman, the Penguin, Poison Ivy, the Cheetah, the `` Human Flying Fish '', and their protégés Toyboy, Chick, Honeysuckle, Kitten, and Sardine, respectively, in keeping with the theme of trainees ala Wendy and Marvin. Other Legion episodes ( edit ) While Challenge of the Super Friends was the series spotlighting the Legion of Doom, they appear in a few Super Friends shorts. The Krypton Syndrome : After Superman saves Krypton in the past, he returns to an alternate present. Robin mentions that the Super Friends were defeated by the Legion of Doom. Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One : Though only Giganta and Gorilla Grodd appear, the Legion of Doom is mentioned where the Super Friends investigate rumors that the Legion of Doom are getting back together. Like in `` Super Friends : Rest in Peace '', the Super Friends used androids to trick Giganta and Gorilla Grodd into thinking they were destroyed. The Revenge of Doom ( Super Friends short ) : All 13 members of the Legion of Doom appear after getting back together, but only Lex Luthor, Sinestro and Solomon Grundy have dialogue. In this appearance, they salvaged the Hall of Doom disguised as construction workers with the cover - up that they were going to turn it into a museum. Batman and Robin came upon the `` construction workers '' and demanded to see their permit which they did having been obtained by the Department of Parks. When there was a mentioning that the Ion Engines were removed by the Super Friends which would 've made it the first flying museum, the Dynamic Duo gets suspicious about the construction workers learning about the top secret operation as the lead construction worker claims that the info of that might 've been leaked to the news. With the plot exposed, Lex Luthor and the Legion of Doom shed their disguises and capture Batman and Robin. After refurbishing the Legion of Doom and equipping it with new weapons, they have developed a crystallizing ray to immobilize Superman and Wonder Woman. Batman and Robin eventually escape, reverse the effects of the crystallizing ray on Superman and Wonder Woman, and apprehend the Legion of Doom. Members of the team have solo appearances in later episodes. Lex Luthor appears in : Lex Luthor Strikes Back ( The World 's Greatest Super Friends ) -- Using a special camera that would enable him to assume the disguise of everyone, Lex Luthor escapes from prison. No Honor Among Thieves Super Friends ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor collaborates with Darkseid in order to steal the powers of the Super Friends. The Case of the Shrinking Super Friends ' ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor uses a shrink ray to shrink the Wonder Twins, Gleek, Robin, Ronnie Raymond, and Professor Martin Stein. The Mask of Mystery ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor steals data that the incompetent superhero wannabe Captain Mystery had tapped from the Hall of Justice 's computers in order to trap the Super Friends. The Seeds of Doom ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) -- Lex Luthor attacks the city in a giant mechanical spider before he is defeated by the Super Powers Team and Cyborg. Brainiac appears in : Superclones ( Super Friends short ) - Brainiac clones Aquaman and El Dorado creating supervillain counterparts of them as part of a plot to discredit the Super Friends. The Wrath of Brainiac ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Brainiac collaborates with Darkseid to create android versions of Superman and Wonder Woman. Starting here, Brainiac takes up a more robotic form from this appearance to Brainchild matching his current comic counterpart at the time. The Village of Lost Souls ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Brainiac brainwashes a village of people to serve him and help him rebuild his ship. Brainchild ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) -- Brainiac kidnaps Cyborg for an evil `` mind - blowing '' plan. Bizarro appears in : Revenge of Bizarro ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro makes the Super Friends his slaves. He also uses Red Krytonite on Superman causing him to sprout many arms and legs. Bazarowurld ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro tricks Superman and Black Vulcan into going to Bazarowurld where Black Vulcan is placed in a maze of mirrors and Superman is placed in a Red Kryptonite Mine where he becomes a skinny figure. Video Victims ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro zaps some of the Super-Friends into a Pac - Man - like video game with him controlling the Pac - Man - like creature. The Bizarro Super Powers Team ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) - Mister Mxyzptlk brings Bizarro # 1 to Earth where he uses an invention that makes Bizarro versions of Wonder Woman, Firestorm, and Cyborg. He later accidentally creates a Bizarro version of Mister Mxyzptlk called Mister Kltpzyxm. Riddler appears in : `` Around the World in 80 Riddles '' ( Super Friends short ) -- Riddler infiltrates the Batcave and sprays Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Robin with Stupid Spray that would decrease their intelligence and had to solve each riddle that would lead to the location of the antidote. Scarecrow makes an appearance in The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians episode `` The Fear '' which also introducing his real name of Jonathan Crane. Appearances in Comics ( edit ) Members of the Legion of Doom made some appearances in the Super Friends spin - off comic title based on the TV series. A version of the Legion of Doom appeared in Extreme Justice # 17 -- 18 ( June -- July 1996 ), led by Brainwave Jr, during a time when he had become a villain. The other members were Killer Frost, Houngan, Major Force, the Madmen and a robot duplicate of Gorilla Grodd. The Legion of Doom in their Justice incarnation. From left to right : Clayface, Poison Ivy, Solomon Grundy, Parasite, Toyman, Sinestro, Black Manta, Scarecrow, Brainiac, Lex Luthor, Gorilla Grodd, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Riddler, Bizarro, Giganta, Black Adam and Metallo. Art by Alex Ross and Doug Braithwaite. The 2006 DC comic miniseries Justice features a version of the Legion of Doom. Series plotter / artist Alex Ross is a passionate Super Friends fan. In addition to Lex Luthor, Bizarro, Black Manta, Brainiac, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Giganta, Gorilla Grodd, Riddler, Scarecrow, Sinestro, Solomon Grundy, and Toyman, this version of the Legion of Doom also counts Black Adam, Metallo, Clayface, Parasite, and Poison Ivy as members. Joker and Doctor Sivana also make appearances. Sivana employs microscopic robots that resemble Mister Mind. The Hall of Doom serves as the headquarters for the Injustice League in Justice League of America : Injustice League Unlimited ( though, this Hall is located in the Florida swamplands ). The headquarters of the Justice League in the future of the Sorcerer Kings arc in Superman / Batman is the Hall of Doom. An alternate version of the team appeared in the mini-series Flashpoint : Legion of Doom, part of the company - wide Flashpoint event. This iteration of the team consisted of supervillains interred in Doom Prison, which is based on the Legion headquarters from Super Friends. The membership consisted of Heat Wave, Plastic Man, Sportsmaster, Killer Wasp and Cluemaster. A new Legion of Doom led by Superboy - Prime appeared in a Teen Titans storyline that ran from issues # 98 -- 100. The roster consisted of Sun Girl, Headcase, Persuader ( Elise Kimble ), Indigo, Zookeeper, three Superboy clones, and an imposter Inertia. In the mini-series Super Powers, Lex Luthor introduces a Legion of Doom featuring Bizarro, Black Manta, Brainiac, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Gorilla Grodd, Pryme, Riddler, Scarecrow, Sinestro, and Starro. Rather than meet in the Hall of Doom, they have a Kryptonite fortress based upon the Fortress of Solitude and set upon the ocean. In the miniseries Kingdom Come, the gulag built to imprison the younger heroes bears a strong resemblance to the Hall of Doom. The first arc of Scott Snyder and Jim Cheung 's Justice League relaunch for DC Rebirth features the Legion of Doom as the main antagonists. The group consists of Lex Luthor, the Joker, Sinestro, Cheetah, Black Manta and Gorilla Grodd. In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Legends of the Superheroes ( edit ) The two NBC televised specials of Legends of the Superheroes was based largely on Challenge of the Super Friends while featuring Adam West, Burt Ward, and Frank Gorshin of the 1966 Batman television series fame. The Legion of Doom featured Mordru leading Doctor Sivana, Riddler, Giganta, Sinestro, Weather Wizard, and Solomon Grundy ( Superman, Wonder Woman, and their associate characters were absent due to the Superman film and Wonder Woman television series licensing the rights, respectively ). The Aquaman & Friends action Hour ( edit ) In 2003, Cartoon Network Latin America aired the spoof series The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour that starred Aquaman as a children 's television show host and the Legion of Doom as his bankrupt villains. Justice League Unlimited ( edit ) An expanded version of the Secret Society is the primary focus of Season 3 of the 2000s animated series Justice League Unlimited. Although their swamp based headquarters is clearly based on the original Hall of Doom, the group is never called the Legion of Doom in the series, and is treated simply as an expanded version of the Secret Society previously formed by Gorilla Grodd in an earlier season and on camera referred to as such. Grodd is the leader of this `` Legion '', who refers to the group as a co-operative, a loose organization of super-villains that primarily work on their own, but back each other up when a member is challenged by the Justice League for a 25 % portion of the requesting member 's take of the crime commissioned at that time. After the revelation that Grodd 's ultimate plan in the creation of the new Secret Society was the ludicrous transformation of humanity into apes, Lex Luthor ousted him and assumed the position as leader with no objections from the membership ( Luthor states he had planned this for a later time anyway ). Solicitations for future episodes indicated that the team had a secret backer, but have turned out to be incorrect. Timm had also said he wanted to include Riddler and Scarecrow as villains in the group as a nod to the original Legion, but was prevented from doing this by the Bat - Embargo. Confirmed members of this `` Secret Society '' ( the DCAU take on the Legion ) are as follows : Lex Luthor -- Successor leader Gorilla Grodd -- Founder & original leader Angle Man Atomic Skull ( Joseph Martin ) Bizarro Black Mass Blockbuster Bloodsport Cheetah Copperhead Crowbar Devil Ray Doctor Cyber Doctor Destiny Doctor Polaris Doctor Spectro Dummy Electrocutioner Evil Star Fastball Gentleman Ghost Giganta Goldface Heat Wave Hellgrammite Javelin Key KGBeast Killer Frost Livewire Major Disaster Merlyn Metallo Mirror Master Monocle Neutron Nightfall Parasite Psycho - Pirate Puzzler Puppeteer Queen Bee Rampage Shade Shark Shatterfist Silver Banshee Sinestro Sonar Sportsmaster Star Sapphire Tala Tattooed Man Thinker Top Toyman Tsukuri Volcana Weather Wizard During the two - part series finale, Lex Luthor tried to resurrect Brainiac by ordering the crew to transform the base into a spaceship, so that they could travel to the site of Brainiac 's ruined asteroid base. With Tala 's help, Grodd attempted a coup to retake control of the Secret Society, leading to a battle between members loyal to either Grodd or Luthor. The Secret Society members loyal to Luthor were Atomic Skull, Bizarro, Cheetah, Evil Star, Giganta, Heat Wave, Toyman, Volcana, Star Sapphire, Sinestro, Doctor Destiny, KGBeast, Electrocutioner, Bloodsport, Major Disaster and Lady Lunar. The group loyal to Gorilla Grodd included Parasite, Shade, Copperhead, Weather Wizard, Blockbuster, Rampage, Key, Fastball, Goldface, Hellgrammite, Neutron, Silver Banshee, Monocle, Merlyn, Angle Man, Killer Frost, Crowbar, Doctor Cyber and Tala. After a pitched battle, Luthor defeated Grodd by turning his mental powers back on him and shunting the ape out an airlock as he swears for revenge. The 10 of Gorilla Grodd 's comrades were frozen solid by a defected Killer Frost to spare herself from any retribution from Luthor ( Parasite, Shade, Copperhead, Weather Wizard, Blockbuster, Rampage, Key, Fastball, Goldface, and Hellgrammite were shown being frozen ) after he questioned them to be allowed to live once they arrived before him. When the Secret Society reaches the site of Brainiac 's defeat, Luthor used Tala 's magic to restore Brainiac, apparently killing her, despite a sudden warning from the New God Metron. Luthor accidentally resurrected Darkseid merged with Brainiac instead, who rewards Luthor for his help by destroying the Secret Society 's base in a fiery explosion. Darkseid 's resurrection was possibly a last act of revenge from Tala. However, force fields produced by Star Sapphire and Sinestro saved Luthor 's crew. Lightray, another of the Gods of New Genesis, spotted the explosion, and was subsequently robbed of his Mother Box after Evil Star knocked him out from behind, which allowed the remnants of the Secret Society to make it back to Earth to warn the Justice League of Darkseid 's return. At the conclusion of `` Alive! '', the first part of the finale, the only remaining members of the team are : Atomic Skull, Bizarro, Cheetah, Evil Star, Giganta, Heat Wave, Killer Frost, Lex Luthor, Toyman, Volcana, Star Sapphire and Sinestro. They team up with the League to face Darkseid 's invasion of Earth by Parademons. Matt Wayne stated that he consciously tried to round up the original 13 Legion of Doom members in Luthor 's team, and for that he cited this English Wikipedia page as one source. In `` Destroyer '', ( the series finale ) Luthor acquires the Anti-Life Equation after Metron takes him to the Source Wall, which Darkseid was searching for, and shares it with him -- or possibly uses it on him. Both villains disappear in a flash of light, and Darkseid 's forces leave Earth. The remaining members of the Legion survive the battle, and as a reward are given a five - minute head start by the Justice League. It is assumed that all other villains that were n't with Luthor were killed. Smallville ( edit ) An alternate version of the Legion of Doom ( referred only as Marionette Ventures ) appears in the final season episode `` Prophecy ''. Formed and led by Toyman, this group is composed of Metallo, Roulette, Dark Archer, Black Manta, Captain Cold and Solomon Grundy. Batman : the Brave and the Bold ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appear in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold series. In the teaser of `` Triumvirate of Terror '', they play a game of baseball against the Justice League International. Members of the Legion of Doom are Lex Luthor, Joker, Cheetah, Weather Wizard, Felix Faust, Chronos, Clock King, and Amazo. Later, Lex Luthor, Joker, and Cheetah are shown at the Legion of Doom 's headquarters which is visually based on the Hall of Doom and in a swamp. Luthor and Cheetah are the only original members in the series. Young Justice ( edit ) In the Young Justice episode `` Revelation '', the team battles the Light 's Injustice League in the Louisiana bayou. The group 's headquarters and location is a homage to the Hall of Doom. Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( edit ) The Legion of Doom fitted prominently in the ongoing story arc of the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special. In the meeting room of the Hall of Doom, the Joker and Penguin were provided seats alongside the thirteen traditional members of the group. The Legion of Doom also has a mailroom worker named Glen who has a glandular problem and later dies during the commercial. Aquaman joins the group giving them access to the Justice League Watchtower in the final act after he was pushed too far by the other members of the Justice League. For the finale, this Legion of Doom was joined by Bane, Catwoman, Two - Face, Icicle, Mirror Master, Harley Quinn, Deathstroke, Mr. Freeze, Mister Banjo, Chillblaine, Darkseid, and original Robot Chicken character Humping Robot. It is soon discovered during Aquaman 's `` Trojan Cake '' plan that the Justice League prepared a surprise party for Aquaman who ends up cutting into the cake which resulted in Toyman getting stabbed enough for the villains to come out and fight the Justice League. The fight ensues until only Superman, Aquaman, and Lex Luthor remain standing. When Superman and Lex Luthor try to get Aquaman to hand each one the Kryptonite, Aquaman throws the Kryptonite and punches Lex Luthor as it is shown that the Kryptonite hit Superman by accident ( yet Superman survived ). Both sides attend the funeral of Glen. In the second Robot Chicken DC Comics Special, titled `` Villains in Paradise '', the Legion of Doom is featured prominently. Lex Luthor is still the leader, but its core membership now features Bizarro, Poison Ivy, Black Manta, Joker, Penguin, Brainiac, Captain Cold, Scarecrow, Gorilla Grodd, Sinestro, Catwoman, Riddler, Toyman, and Two - Face while Weather Wizard, Black Adam, Darkseid, Harley Quinn, Mr. Freeze, Professor Zoom, Starro, Killer Croc, and Clayface make cameo appearances among the core members. The Legion of Doom 's members are shown as being overworked by the stress of their jobs along with Lex Luthor 's daughter Lena Luthor having to work at the Hall of Doom 's coffee shop called `` Hall of Doom Coffee '' on spring break when she wants to go to a beach resort with her boyfriend. During the meeting, the members of the Legion of Doom demand a vacation where Luthor states they have plenty of time off when they are in prison. Starro agreed with Lex Luthor where he stated how he is back to work after his defeat. Captain Cold then flushes Starro much to Brainiac 's warning since the same flushing resulted in sewer alligators. After Lena leaves to go to the beach anyway where she enlisted Scarecrow 's nephew Calvin to cover for her, Lex Luthor gets a hold of her location when Gorilla Grodd sees her Instagram profile being active. In retaliation, Luthor allows the rest of the Legion of Doom to go to Lena 's location with him provided that they help him find Lena and bring her back. When at the beach, the Legion of Doom members end up taking part in some spring break activities. After an incident where Penguin, Scarecrow, Brainiac, Riddler, and Black Manta mistook the Justice League 's private beach for a nude beach ( since Penguin thought that they were the same thing ), Lex Luthor discovers that Lena 's boyfriend is actually Superboy ( who is at the beach with the Justice League ). The Legion of Doom and the Justice League briefly do battle over this before teaming up to fight a giant - sized Starro. After Starro was slain by Batman riding in Green Lantern 's boat construct, both sides are present at Gorilla Grodd and Bizarro 's wedding. Legends of Tomorrow ( edit ) The Legion of Doom serve as the main antagonists for season 2 of Legends of Tomorrow. Drawing from Arrow and The Flash, this version is led by Reverse - Flash ( Matt Letscher ) and consists of Damien Darhk ( Neal McDonough ), Malcolm Merlyn ( John Barrowman ), and a time - displaced Captain Cold ( Wentworth Miller ). For brief periods of time, the Legion is assisted by a brainwashed Rip Hunter ( Arthur Darvill ) and a reluctant Heat Wave ( Dominic Purcell ). They are termed `` The Legion of Doom '' by Legends member Nate Heywood, after a cartoon he states he enjoyed as a kid, a reference to Challenge of the Super Friends. Reverse - Flash and Darhk are the first two members of the team, after the former cheats death as a result of Flashpoint and recruits Darhk from 1987, with the goal of changing their destined deaths in conflict with Barry Allen and Oliver Queen, respectively. Thawne and Darhk recruit Malcolm Merlyn from 2016, convincing him to help them change history to prevent the death of his family. Their ultimate goal is to obtain the Spear of Destiny to fulfill their wishes. After coming into conflict with the titular team of superheroes, the Legends of Tomorrow, they are dubbed `` Legion of Doom '' by Citizen Steel. Merlyn questions why Thawne needed to assemble a team given his own power, and Darhk eventually agrees that Thawne had been extremely secretive to them regarding his habit of randomly vanishing. As the duo retrieves a mimetic device containing Rip Hunter 's memories in 2025 to locate the Spear, Thawne arrives, and they lock themselves inside the vault containing Hunter 's device to corner him and re-negotiate their partnership. Thawne finally reveals that he has been running from the Black Flash, who has been sent after him by the Speed Force for cheating death. After finally agreeing to treat them as equals, Merlyn and Darhk help to incapacitate Black Flash using Thawne as bait. They seal Black Flash inside the vault and retreat to the Vanishing Point, which they utilize as their lair, as it exists outside of the timeline. They eventually capture Rip Hunter and use his memories to alter his personality, forcing him to serve the Legion. After the Legends rescue Hunter and retrieve the Spear, the Legion recruits a past version of the deceased Captain Cold, from a point before he joins the Legends and was at his most cold - hearted. Like Thawne and Darhk, Cold is motivated to prevent his future death. He also convinces Heat Wave to betray the Legends and join the Legion, bringing the Spear of Destiny with him and delivering it to the Legion. The Legion of Doom then successfully rewrites reality : Thawne becomes the director of S.T.A.R. Labs, Darhk becomes mayor of Star City, Merlyn reunites with his family and damns Nyssa Raatko to a depressing, closeted life in revenge for her disbanding the League of Assassins, and Rory and Snart control Central City. In this new reality, nearly all the heroic vigilantes are deceased and the former Legends are reduced to various demeaning positions, with Vixen and Canary acting as Darhk 's personal assassins, Commander Steel being a discredited conspiracy theorist, and Atom, Firestorm, and Rip Hunter employed by Thawne in S.T.A.R. Labs. However, Heat Wave comes to regret his decision and reunites the Legends, using a creation of Ray 's to restore their memories of the original timeline. The Legends eventually retrieve the Spear of Destiny thanks to the Legion of Doom turning on Thawne upon learning of his plans to destroy the Spear. In the ensuing battle, the Legends lose Martin Stein to Thawne and Vixen to Captain Cold. Thawne manages to the Spear, apparently stabilizing the altered reality. In the season finale, the Legends time travel back to paradoxically join forces with their past versions to combat the Legion of Doom before they can obtain the Spear. In the ensuing battle, the Legends are subdued but Sara obtains the Spear of Destiny. The Spear is used against itself by Canary to cancel its own power and summon the Black Flash, who kills Thawne. The rest of the Legion is taken back to their original places in the timeline. Gotham ( edit ) In the fourth season of Fox TV show Gotham, Jerome Valeska forms a team of villains he called the Legion of Horribles. Teen Titans go! ( edit ) The Legion of Doom is referenced in the Teen Titans Go! episode `` Snuggle Time. '' The Teen Titans decide to become supervillains and steal the name of the Legion of Doom ( instead spelling it `` Legion of Doooom '' ). Each of the Teen Titans take on a new persona where Starfire becomes Starfire the Terrible ( which she previously was in the self - titled episode ), Cyborg becomes The Cyborg, Raven becomes the Demon of Azarath, Robin becomes Dick Gravestone, and Beast Boy becomes Beast Monster. They hire an army of henchmen and construct their own Hall of Doom. After taking out Earth 's heroes, the Legion of Doooom draw in H.I.V.E. Five to combat them as they finalize plans to conquer the Earth. H.I.V.E. believes the Titans are trying to teach them a lesson, but instead the Legion wrap the planet in a blanket and detonate stink bombs in order to pull off a world - sized Dutch Oven. Six Flags ( edit ) In 2007 at Six Flags New England, a live show written by Brandon T. Snider featured the Legion of Doom. This incarnation of the group involved Lex Luthor, Sinestro, Cheetah, Captain Cold, Riddler, and Joker. Film ( edit ) Justice League : Doom ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appear as the central antagonists in the animated film Justice League : Doom led by Vandal Savage. The members here are Cheetah, Star Sapphire, Bane, Metallo, Mirror Master, and Ma'alefa'ak. Cheetah is the only original member in this film. JLA Adventures : Trapped in time ( edit ) In the animated film JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time, the Legion of Doom travel back in time to eliminate Superman with the help of Time Trapper. The members here are Lex Luthor, Bizarro, Toyman, Cheetah, Solomon Grundy, Captain Cold, Black Manta, and Gorilla Grodd. After Lex Luthor was apprehended and Time Trapper was defeated, Gorilla Grodd becomes the acting leader of the Legion of Doom. Lego DC Comics Super heroes : Justice League : attack of the Legion of Doom ( edit ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom features the Legion of Doom as the main antagonists. This version includes Lex Luthor, Cheetah, Captain Cold, Sinestro, Black Manta, and Gorilla Grodd. Other villains who auditioned to join the Legion of Doom and were rejected for various reasons included Joker, Penguin, Man - Bat, Giganta, and Deathstroke. While Luthor is the one that formed them, it is in fact Darkseid that ordered him to do so. The Legion of Doom first appears where they attack Area 52 in order to free a capsule containing a specific alien and get away after a fight with the Justice League. Upon releasing the alien, he introduces himself as J'onn J'onzz where he shows off his abilities. Lex Luthor persuades J'onn J'onzz to assist the Legion of Doom against the `` dastardly '' Justice League. With J'onn J'onzz's help, the Legion of Doom fools the Justice League into thinking that the prototype nuketron reactor core is going to explode as part of a plan to discredit them. Cyborg 's readings of the core not exploding was repeatedly unheeded. After the Justice League are banished from Earth, the Legion of Doom rejoices as Sinestro is sent to use the Father Box to send the Justice League to the other side of the universe. Upon getting the info needed upon posing as Black Manta, J'onn Jonzz saves Cyborg ( who had his dummy take his place in the Justice League 's exile ) by mind - controlling Sinestro ( who was sent to destroy the Hall of Justice ) into rescuing the Justice League from the black hole. Lex Luthor pilots the Hall of Doom as Darkseid sends some gifts to the Legion of Doom to help take over Earth. While Cyborg keeps an eye on J'onn J'onzz and Sinestro, the Justice League heads out to fight the Legion of Doom. Using the Hall of Justice 's flight mode, Cyborg uses it to fight the Hall of Doom and shoot it down. J'onn J'onzz then helps to defeat the Legion of Doom. Afterwards, the Justice League are cleared of all charges and the Legion of Doom are arrested by the police. Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appears in Justice League vs. Teen Titans. The members include Lex Luthor, Toymaster, Cheetah, Weather Wizard, and Solomon Grundy. The Legion of Doom fights the Justice League until they are defeated by them. Justice League ( edit ) The post-credit scene of Justice League features Lex Luthor and Deathstroke discussing the potential formation of their own league of super villains, a possible allusion to either the Legion of Doom, the Injustice League, or the Secret Society of Super Villains. Video games ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appears in DC Universe Online. It is one of the hubs for the players that are on the villain campaign. Black Manta, Giganta, Toyman, Riddler, Bizarro, the Scarecrow, Lex Luthor, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Solomon Grundy, Gorilla Grodd, Brainiac, and Sinestro are all playable characters in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham. The Hall of Doom also appears as an explorable hub location. The key members of this Legion ( referred to on screen ) are Lex Luthor, Joker, Cheetah, Killer Croc, Firefly and Solomon Grundy. Notably, the only members of this Legion that play key roles in the story ( with the exception of Joker ) are Lex Luthor, Cheetah, and Solomon Grundy ( actual members of the original Legion of Doom ). Both Sinestro and Brainiac appear in the main story, although both play more villainous roles and are not explicitly said to be part of the Legion. The Headquarters also appears, with statues of the key members inside. Miscellaneous ( edit ) The Legion of Doom is named and pictured in the opening sequence for the direct - to - video original animation DC Super Friends : The Joker 's Playhouse ( 2010 ). In the fourth season of Fox TV show Gotham, Jerome Valeska forms a team of villains he called the Legion of Horribles. Cultural references ( edit ) In the mid to late 1990s, the Philadelphia Flyers forward line of John LeClair, Eric Lindros, and Mikael Renberg was nicknamed the Legion of Doom. Professional wrestling manager Paul Ellering named his wrestling stable The Legion of Doom after the supervillain group, eventually using the name to refer to his chief -- and later sole -- protégés, the tag team of The Road Warriors. When the Road Warriors arrived in the World Wrestling Federation in 1990, they changed their team name to The Legion of Doom. Two Cartoon Network bumpers featured the Legion of Doom. One had The Powerpuff Girls saving Aquaman and Wonder Woman from the Legion 's clutches. The other featured the membership annoying Luthor with petty demands. In Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 6, Episode 17 `` Normal Again '', Jonathan asks Andrew, `` Did you even read Legion of Doom? '' An episode of The Drew Carey Show featured Drew and his friends getting in trouble being a `` gang ''. Drew gets sent to a counseling session for gangbangers and enters the room to see a group of imposing bikers and gang members sitting around a large table. He quips `` the reason I 've called you all here is to destroy Superman '' as Lex Luthor would do when leading a Legion meeting. In the Family Guy episode `` It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One '', Lois, when trying to get money from the town to purify Lake Quahog during her time as the Mayor of Quahog, convinced the people in a press conference that the money would help to stop terrorists. One of these claims is that Adolf Hitler is conspiring with the Legion of Doom to assassinate Jesus while using Lake Quahog to conceal their base. The scene then jumps to the Hall of Doom where Lex Luthor shouts `` How did she discover our plan?! '' Solomon Grundy quotes `` Me Solomon Grundy kind of dropped the ball on that one. '' Almost all of the original Legion is portrayed except for the Riddler. In `` Something, Something, Something Dark Side '' ( which is a parody version of Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ), there is a reference to `` The Legion of Doom '' when the Hall of Doom begins to rise out of the swamp on Dagobah shortly after Luke Skywalker ( portrayed by Family Guy character Chris Griffin ) has landed. An announcer bearing resemblance to the narrative voice on Super Friends begins by saying `` Meanwhile, at the Legion of Doom... '' only to be cut off by Chris ( playing Luke Skywalker ) who says `` Not now! '' The narration then quickly says `` OK '' as the apparent Hall of Doom sinks back beneath the water in the swamp. In the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode `` Peanut Puberty, '' the headquarters for the Legion of Doom was used for a club called the `` Legion of Dance. '' South Park 's Legion of Doom. From left to right : Osama bin Laden, Doctor Doom, Black Manta, Saddam Hussein, Cheetah, Kim Jong - il, David Blaine, and Doctor Octopus. The Legion of Doom was referenced in the animated series South Park episode `` Krazy Kripples '' featuring Christopher Reeve ( who portrayed Superman in the movies ) forming his own version of the Legion of Doom, complete with the Hall of Doom as their headquarters ; its main goal, according to Reeve, was to kill Gene Hackman ( aka Lex Luthor in the movies : as a news reporter said `` if irony were made out of strawberries, we 'd all be drinking a lot of smoothies right now '' ). It included both parodies of actual LoD villains ( Solomon Grundy, Cheetah, and Black Manta ), at least two Marvel villain parodies ( Doctor Octopus and Doctor Doom ) and villains from the South Park universe ( such as Professor Chaos, General Disarray, David Blaine and Saddam Hussein, as well as Osama Bin Laden and Kim Jong Il ). The first episode of Season 3 of Duck Dodgers titled `` Till Doom Do Us Part '' featured the Legion of Duck Doom, led by Agent Roboto and was composed of various villains from the earlier seasons made up of Crusher, Fudd, a Catapoid, Count Muerte, New Cadet, Nasty Canasta, Commandante Hilgalgo, Baby - Faced Moonbeam, Long John Silver the 23rd, K'chutha Sa'am, and Taz. A new villain that is part of the Legion of Duck Doom named Black Eel ( a parody of Black Manta ) makes his first appearance in this episode. In the Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode `` The Last One, '' the Mooninites tried to organize a league of every single villain that was from Season 1 to 3. Among its members are the Mooninites, Rabbot, Mothmonsterman, Happy Time Harry, Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future, Travis of the Cosmos, Randy the Astonishing, the Brownie Monsters, Romulox, MC Pee Pants 's worm, the Trees, Frat Aliens, Oog, Dumbassahedratron, Ol'Drippy, and Major Shake. However, almost all of them got foolishly killed or asked to leave leaving only a small force led by the Mooninites. Afterwards, the Rabbot called the team `` Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday. '' In the Krypto the Superdog episode `` Mechanikalamity, '' the Intergalactic Villains Club that Mechanicat is a part of is a spoof of the Legion of Doom and has a base that is similar to the Hall of Doom. Due to Mechanicat 's repeated failure to defeat Krypto, he has been unable to get elected as leader with the recent election having the members voting for Glorg to be the leader of the Intergalactic Villains Club. The music video for the song `` P.I.M.P. '' by rappers 50 Cent, Snoop Dogg, Lloyd Banks, and Young Buck features 50 Cent seeking the join the `` P.I.M.P. Legion of Doom '' who are led by Snoop Dogg. The P.I.M.P Legion of Doom gathers around a round table and discuss criminal affairs amongst themselves. Despite not having a Cadillac or a perm, 50 Cent becomes a members by pleasing its members upon showing them his `` magic stick. '' In Johnny Test, The Evil Johnny Stopping Force Five have a secret base in a swamp that closely resembles the Legion of Doom 's secret headquarters. The song `` Trap or Die '' by rap artists Young Jeezy and Bun B contains the lyric `` I 've got my own Super Friends in a Legion of Doom '', referencing the DC characters. In an April, 2018 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, an opening sketch depicts the Legion of Doom as Donald Trump 's legal team. Among the members of this `` Law Office of Luther and Associates '' are original Legion members Lex Luthor, Sinestro, Bizarro, Solomon Grundy, and Black Manta, plus Trump 's actual lawyers Jay Sekulow, Ty Cobb, and then - recently added Rudy Giuliani. In the New Orleans region of ClubWAKA ( World Adult Kickball Association ), there is a team named Legion of Doom. Their colors are Orange & Black, and they use a logo that incorporates the Hall of Doom in the imagery. Each member of the team chooses a villain from the DC roster, and one game a season they dress as their villainous alter egos while challenging their opponents to dress in costumes as DC heroes. They are currently in their 12th season and have had over 50 different villains represented. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Legion of Doom 's Comic Book History ''. Screen Rant. 2017 - 01 - 25. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23. Jump up ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler ( 29 July 2011 ). `` Super ' 70s and ' 80s : `` Super Friends '' -- Darrell McNeil, animator ``. Noblemania. Retrieved 25 October 2011. Jump up ^ Although she is depicted as an enemy of Apache Chief in Challenge of the Super Friends, Giganta first appeared as a Wonder Woman villain in 1944. Jump up ^ Solomon Grundy was originally an enemy of the Golden Age Green Lantern Alan Scott Jump up ^ Extreme Justice # 17 Jump up ^ Extreme Justice # 18 Jump up ^ Justice # 10 ( April 2007 ) Jump up ^ Justice # 9 ( February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Justice League of America # 14 ( December 2007 ) Jump up ^ Superman / Batman # 83 ( April 2011 ) Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 1 Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 2 Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 01. Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03. Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 98 Jump up ^ Super Powers # 4 Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ). `` ' Justice League ' Covers Reveal Lex Luthor Goes Evil Again, Leads the Legion of Doom ''. Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Season Five ''. Jl.toonzone.net. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29. ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` I Am Legion '' ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` Dead Reckoning '' ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` The Great Brain Robbery '' Jump up ^ Justice League Unlimited episode `` Alive! '' Jump up ^ Justice League Unlimited episode `` Grudge Match '' Jump up ^ `` One of the nicest bits in `` Alive! '' was consciously making Luthor 's team the villains that the audience had seen most of, more or less, and cared about. Which was good, since we were hopefully making the audience worry about and root for Luthor 's group. This also let us come as close as we could to the classic 13 LOD villains. Grodd was now the enemy and was dead ; Captain Cold was n't around ; Devil Ray and Grundy were gone and we could n't use Scarecrow or Riddler, so we were left with : Luthor ( who kind of counted as Brainiac ), Bizarro, Giganta, Cheetah, Sinestro and Toyman. ( And no, I could n't keep all 13 straight two years later without referring to my script and Wikipedia. ) '' -- Matt Wayne ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brandon Vietti ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ). `` Brandon Vietti : Season One ''. Brandonvietti.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ Bucksbaum, Sydney ( July 23, 2016 ). `` Comic - Con : ' Legends of Tomorrow ' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ http://www.supermanhomepage.com/news/2007-news/2007-news-merchandise.php?topic=2007-news-merchandise/0701ii Jump up ^ http://www.comicvine.com/news/nathan-fillion-joins-justice-league-doom-the-new-dc-animated-movie/143635/ Jump up ^ http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1135 Jump up ^ Harvey, Jim ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ). `` Logline, Character Details For `` JLA Adventures : Trapped In Time '' Animated Feature - The World 's Finest ``. Worldsfinestonline.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ Voecks, Krystalle ( 15 January 2011 ). `` Massively exclusive : A chat with DCUO 's Chris Cao, part two ''. Massively. Joystiq. Retrieved 30 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` DC SUPER FRIENDS TM The Joker 's Playhouse DVD Episode Imaginext Fisher Price ''. YouTube. 2011 - 08 - 26. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29. Justice League International Keith Giffen J.M. DeMatteis Initial members Pre-Flashpoint Batman Black Canary Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord ) Booster Gold Captain Marvel Doctor Fate Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) Guy Gardner Martian Manhunter Mister Miracle The New 52 August General in Iron Booster Gold Fire Godiva Green Lantern ( Guy Gardner ) Ice Rocket Red ( Gavril Ivanovich ) Vixen Supporting characters L - Ron Catherine Cobert Maxwell Lord Oberon Superman Antagonists Black Hand Cadre Despero Doomsday Extremists Injustice League Kite Man Lobo Magog Major Disaster Manga Khan Maxwell Lord Neron ( DC comics ) Queen Bee Royal Flush Gang Signal Men Sinestro Starbreaker Suicide Squad Darkseid Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Locations Bialya The Hall of Justice Publications and storylines Legends Formerly Known as the Justice League Justice League : Generation Lost Spinoff teams Extreme Justice Justice League America Justice League Europe Justice League Task Force Super Friends Television series Super Friends ( 1973 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 ) Super Friends ( 1980 ) Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ( 1984 ) The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 ) Heroes Apache Chief Aquaman The Atom Batman Black Vulcan Cyborg El Dorado Firestorm The Flash Gleek Green Lantern Hawkgirl Hawkman Rima The Jungle Girl Robin Samurai Superman Wendy and Marvin Wonder Dog Wonder Twins Wonder Woman Villains Legion of Doom Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor The Riddler The Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman General Darkseid DeSaad Kalibak Mirror Master Mister Mxyzptlk Paradrones Time Trapper Merchandise Super Powers Collection Super Powers Minicomics Miscellania The Superman / Batman Adventures The Hall of Justice List of Super Friends episodes Justice League Gardner Fox Founding members Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Flash ( Barry Allen ) Aquaman Martian Manhunter Black Canary ( some retellings ) Triumph ( some retellings ) Cyborg ( some retellings ) Enemies Antagonists Amanda Waller Amazo Anti-Monitor Appellaxians Brainiac Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust General Wade Eiling Imperiex Joker Kanjar Ro Key Lex Luthor Libra Maxwell Lord Neron Parademons Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Ra 's al Ghul Sinestro Sonar Starro Steppenwolf T.O. Morrow Vandal Savage White Martians Organizations Aryan Brigade Brotherhood of Evil Demons Three Extremists Crime Syndicate of America Kobra Legion of Doom Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice Gang Injustice League League of Assassins Manhunters Royal Flush Gang Spin - offs Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Super Buddies Super Jrs. Young Justice Facilities Hall of Justice Happy Harbor Secret Sanctuary Justice League Satellite Justice League Watchtower Publications Storylines `` Breakdowns '' `` JLApe : Gorilla Warfare! '' `` World War III '' `` JLA : Tower of Babel '' `` JLA : Earth 2 '' `` Justice Leagues '' `` JLA : Pain of the Gods '' `` The Lightning Saga '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Trinity War '' Current series Justice League ( vol. 3 ) Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) Previous series Justice League of America Justice League International Justice League Europe Justice League Quarterly Justice League Task Force Extreme Justice JLA JLA : Classified Justice League ( The New 52 ) Justice League Dark Justice League United Justice League 3000 Limited series DC Comics Two Thousand JLA : Act of God JLA : Age of Wonder JLA : Created Equal JLA : Destiny JLA : The Nail series JLA : Shogun of Steel Justice Justice League Elite Justice League : Cry for Justice Justice League : Generation Lost Justice Riders Crossovers JLA / Avengers JLA / The 99 Justice League / Power Rangers Related articles A.R.G.U.S. Bizarro League Snapper Carr JL8 Justice League in other media Justice Society of America Squadron Supreme Avengers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legion_of_Doom&oldid=849256356 '' Categories : DC Comics supervillain teams Super Friends characters Comic book terrorist organizations Hidden categories : Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Redundant infobox title param Groups pop Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018, at 17 : 51 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Legion of Doom", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Legion_of_Doom&amp;oldid=849256356" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "From left to right : Black Manta, Giganta, Toyman, the Riddler, Bizarro, the Scarecrow, Lex Luthor, Captain Cold, Cheetah, Solomon Grundy, Gorilla Grodd, Brainiac, and Sinestro. Publication information First appearance `` Wanted : The Super Friends '' ( Challenge of the Super Friends, Episode 1 - September 9, 1978 ) In - story information Base ( s ) Hall of Doom Member ( s ) Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor Riddler Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman The Legion of Doom is a group of supervillains that originated in Challenge of the Super Friends, an animated series from Hanna - Barbera based on DC Comics ' Justice League. The Legion of Doom has since been incorporated into the main DC Universe, appearing in comics, as well as further animated and live - action adaptations. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Development 3 The Hall of Doom 4 Members 5 Other Legion episodes 6 Appearances in comics 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Legends of the Superheroes 7.1. 2 The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour 7.1. 3" ], "id": [ "3160348247879465577" ], "short_answers": [ "The Legion of Doom" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "NFL RedZone - wikipedia NFL RedZone Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with the Red Zone Channel on DirecTV 's NFL Sunday Ticket. NFL RedZone Launched September 13, 2009 Owned by National Football League Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets ) Slogan `` Every touchdown from every game '' Country United States Language American English Headquarters Culver City, California Sister channel ( s ) NFL Network Website NFL.com/redzone Slingtv Availability Satellite DirecTV 703 ( requires Sunday Ticket subscription ) Cable Comcast 390 Optimum 220 Verizon FiOS 335 ( SD ) 835 ( HD ) IPTV AT&T U-verse 1629 Streaming media PlayStation Vue Add - On NFL RedZone from NFL Network is an American sports television channel owned and operated by NFL Network since 2009. As a `` special '' game - day exclusive, it broadcasts on Sundays during the NFL regular season from 1 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern ( 10 : 00 a.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. Pacific ). RedZone provides `` whip around '' simulcast coverage of all Sunday afternoon games airing in - progress on CBS and Fox. RedZone is based out of the NFL Network studios and is hosted by Scott Hanson, and airs commercial - free. The channel prides itself on showing `` every touchdown from every game, '' and is closely linked to Fantasy Football, reporting superlatives and tracking various statistical accomplishments throughout the afternoon. RedZone monitors coverage of the traditional Sunday afternoon 1 : 00 p.m. `` early '' games and 4 : 05 / 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' games. RedZone is offered by numerous cable providers, Dish Network, and Verizon Wireless smartphones, but specifically is not available on DirecTV, which offers its own version ( Red Zone Channel hosted by Andrew Siciliano ) as part of NFL Sunday Ticket. ESPN Goal Line, a channel which debuted one year later, broadcasts college football with a similar format and style. The name `` RedZone '' derives from the term red zone, which is the part of the football field between the 20 - yard line and the goal line. Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Pre-game 1.2 Whip around coverage 1.3 Commercial - free format 1.4 Touchdown montage & sign - off 1.5 Off - air periods 1.6 Preseason 1.7 Availability 1.8 Criticism 2 Similar channels 2.1 DirecTV Red Zone Channel 2.2 The Sunday Drive 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Format ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) On game day, RedZone channel signs - on at 11 : 30 a.m. eastern with the 90 - minute pregame show NFL Fantasy Live. The talk show primarily focuses on fantasy football, and late - breaking news, and is hosted by James Koh, Michael Fabiano, Adam Rank, and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila. Unlike the game coverage, commercials are inserted during the pregame show. Five minutes prior to 1 : 00 p.m., the pre-game show concludes, and a countdown clock counts down the minutes and seconds until the start of the game coverage. Whip around coverage ( edit ) At 1 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern ) the RedZone program begins, and immediately dives into live look - ins across the league. Host Scott Hanson gives a brief introduction of the day, highlighting key developing stories, as teams are typically already lining up for opening kickoff. Coverage of the opening kickoffs and a cursory look at early drives that are being established are the initial focus. Coverage is normally shown in full - screen, with one particular game as the primary focus for the moment. Coverage sometimes switches to split - screen, with two, three, four ( `` quad - box '' ), or as many as eight ( `` Octo - box '' ) game feeds being shown simultaneously. Producers in the studio monitor all game feeds in - progress, and decide which game to feature at any given moment. NFL television rules are exempted for RedZone, and live look - ins of games that are subject to blackout are still allowed to be aired in all markets. Whenever a team enters the red zone, the coverage will switch to a full - screen live look - in of that game 's television broadcast. It will attempt to cover a potential scoring result ( touchdown or field goal ). Meanwhile, the other games continue to be monitored, in case the need arises to switch to another feed at short notice. Field goal attempts from outside the red zone are sometimes shown, either live or in replay, if they pose significance to the outcome of the respective game. As the games enter halftime, the coverage shifts over to games still finishing up the second quarter, even if there are no teams in the red zone. Some noncompetitive games that would otherwise not be looked at may take the attention for a few minutes, in order to fill the broadcast with as much live football coverage as possible. As soon as better games start returning for the third quarter, second half kickoffs typically take a priority. If there are no teams in the red zone at a given moment, the focus may shift to a team on a strong offensive drive, or an otherwise important game of the day. During the latter portion of the season, extra sidebar attention may be given to teams fighting for playoff berths, and the respective status thereof. The `` whip around '' coverage also is used to show quick replays of major plays such as turnovers, deep pass completions, very long runs from scrimmage, kickoff / punt return touchdowns, and other potentially interesting or important key plays. The `` Game Rewind '' feature is sometimes used to replay a significant play that resulted a particular team entering the red zone. It is not unusual for RedZone to switch between two or more games in quick succession, even between individual plays. Despite an effort made by producers to air all touchdowns live, some scoring plays are actually aired after a very brief time shift - ranging from as much as 30 to 60 seconds - usually if another scoring play is unfolding elsewhere. Time shifting can also occur if the scoring play happened unexpectedly, and / or initiated from outside the red zone. As the 1 p.m. `` early '' games begin to conclude, RedZone seamlessly leads into coverage of the 4 : 05 / 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' games. When the `` early '' games are in the fourth quarter, attention begins to focus on one - possession games ( games within 8 points ). Likewise, early games that go into overtime are usually prioritized, but neither at the expense of missing touchdowns in other games that just started. As the 4 p.m. `` late '' games begin to arrive at their conclusions, coverage will likewise narrow down to the remaining games still ongoing. At which time there is only one game left being played, coverage will switch to full - screen and see out its conclusion, irrespective of its competitiveness. Periodically throughout the afternoon, producers keep track of and update viewers on the status of fantasy football statistics, and / or other statistical superlatives. The channel 's priority, however, is to show every touchdown scored in every game throughout the afternoon. During the entire day, RedZone features a ticker at the bottom of the screen, updating scores and stats throughout the league. The ticker is situated in such a way that it is superimposed over the respective tickers of CBS and FOX. Commercial - free format ( edit ) RedZone operates as a commercial - free service ; as such, whenever a game taking primary focus goes to a broadcaster - designated commercial break or other stoppage ( such as timeout, instant replay challenge or an injury timeout ), the feed will immediately switch to the next most - interesting game in - progress at the moment. Despite the network 's commercial - free commitment, commercials are not completely avoided as sometimes the network coverage may take a break faster than expected, and broadcast network promotions of their programming will be shown as a natural part of the coverage. If all games being held at a given moment are on a commercial break or in halftime, coverage will revert to the studio for brief commentary, replays, or statistical analysis by Scott Hanson. In the `` late '' timeslot ( when there are fewer games to choose from ), highlight packages of selected `` early '' games may be shown during down times. Touchdown montage & sign - off ( edit ) The network 's broadcast day ends when the final Sunday afternoon game concludes, or at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern ), whichever comes first. At the conclusion of the coverage, an edited montage of every touchdown scored throughout the afternoon is aired. Due to contractual obligations, RedZone must sign - off no later than 8 : 00 p.m., even if late afternoon games are still in progress. If the RedZone signs - off with inadequate time for the touchdown montage ( which can vary from 5 -- 10 minutes in duration ), it will be posted online instead. At the onset, the total number of touchdowns for the afternoon by type ( offensive, defensive, and special teams ) is listed on a graphic, and a running tally for the entire season is also shown. In some cases, when games are running close to the 8 : 00 p.m. deadline, the touchdown montage has been shown in a split - screen format. The montage is shown in a prominent square with audio, while the game still being played is shown in a lesser square in the corner of the screen without audio. This is done particularly when the game still being played is a nationally - televised game - a situation in which most viewers in most markets across the country ( per NFL television rules ) could simply switch to CBS or FOX to watch the game to its conclusion. Off - air periods ( edit ) After the broadcast day ends ( ≈ 8 : 00 p.m. ) RedZone remains dark until the following Sunday. During the week, as well as during playoffs and off - season, a generic title card advertisement is shown, accompanied by music from NFL Films. However, cable providers may overlay their own tie - in title card. Providers are disallowed from using the channel space for other purposes during its off - time. While the RedZone channel is only utilized for Sunday afternoon games, in the unique instance in which Christmas falls on a Sunday ( and the full slate of Week 16 afternoon games is switched to Saturday ), the RedZone is utilized for that Saturday afternoon schedule. RedZone is not on - air during Thursday night, Sunday night, Monday night, and any stand - alone Saturday night games, nor for NFL International Series games which are scheduled in an early Sunday morning timeslot. It also does not cover Thanksgiving games or postseason games. During the offseason breaks before the 2016 NFL season and 2017 NFL season, NFL Network re-ran the previous season 's RedZone presentations. During seventeen selected Sunday afternoons in the spring and early summer, all seventeen weeks of the regular season as seen on RedZone were re-aired, edited for length, and with commercials inserted. Preseason ( edit ) Through 2013, during select nights of the preseason, special `` whip around '' coverage aired on the primary NFL Network. It followed the same style as RedZone and utilized the same production team and host. Starting in 2014, preseason `` whip around '' coverage moved to the RedZone channel itself. On four selected nights in August RedZone aired as part of a free preview of the service for all providers. Week 1 ( Friday ), weeks 2 - 3 ( Saturday ), and week 4 ( Thursday ) of the preseason featured the familiar `` whip around '' coverage. The broadcast utilized national and local team coverage feeds, as most preseason games are carried through regional sports networks or ' state / team networks ' made up of local broadcast stations. Coverage started at 7 : 00 p.m. ET In 2015, RedZone aired a free preview during the preseason for five selected nights, and during Week 1 of the regular season. In 2016, RedZone aired a free preview on four selected nights during the preseason starting August 11 and during Week 1 of the regular season. In 2017, RedZone aired only once during preseason. Availability ( edit ) The RedZone Channel is available on most providers carrying the NFL Network, and is presented in both standard and high definition ; availability of the channel depends on the service tier. Some carriers might carry NFL Network available on their main digital tier, while RedZone might be relegated to a digital sports tier at an additional cost. Access to the network is available through the Watch NFL Network mobile app via a subscriber 's TV Everywhere credentials if offered by their provider, one of the few exceptions where some form of access to NFL games is offered is offered beyond Verizon Wireless subscribers due to that provider 's mobile rights exclusivity. In the United Kingdom, NFL RedZone is available as a Red Button option to Sky Digital and Virgin Media subscribers. Since 2014, NFL RedZone has aired in Australia on ESPN Australia. ESPN Latin America began to air NFL RedZone in 2016. Including the 17 Sundays of the NFL regular season, and as many as five special broadcasts during the preseason, RedZone broadcasts a total of 18 - 22 days out of the year. Criticism ( edit ) RedZone has generally received favorable to positive reviews, and its product has been referred to as a form of new media. One source of criticism stems from RedZone potentially drawing viewers away from the traditional broadcasts on CBS and Fox, and likewise devaluing the commercial values for advertisers. Other minor complaints deal with viewers not seeing equal coverage of all games across the league, the inability to see outstanding defensive team performances ( outside of defensive scores ), and emphasis on individual players instead of teams. Games in the `` early '' time slot that become blowouts are sometimes completely ignored ( except for very brief replays of touchdowns to maintain the promise of showing `` every touchdown from every game. '' ) Likewise a scoreless, or very low scoring game, will not garner much attention either. Furthermore, many fans still prefer to watch complete games. Other complaints include games without playoff implications being nearly pushed off the channel in the last weeks of the season, with only cursory glances at highlights and scores for those match - ups. Similar channels ( edit ) The NFL RedZone channel is similar in format and style to ESPN Goal Line, which airs live look - ins of college football games. DirecTV red zone channel ( edit ) The NFL RedZone channel should not be confused with the nearly identical Red Zone Channel, a service included as part of DirecTV 's out - of - market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket, and hosted by Andrew Siciliano. The two red zone channels operate independently of each other but have similar names, identical formats, cover the same games, and will often show the same game live look - ins at the same time. The Sunday drive ( edit ) Apart from the RedZone channel, a similar service is aired parallel on Sirius XM NFL Radio. During the Sunday afternoon games, The Sunday Drive monitors all games in progress across the league. Any time a team enters the red zone, they will cut - in to the team 's live local radio broadcast to cover potential scoring action. Until 2014, this audio was also carried on NFL Network during Sunday afternoon games, overlaid with textual scores and stats to avert any form of competition with the league 's broadcast partners. See also ( edit ) List of personalities on NFL Network NFL Sunday Ticket References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown, Rembert ( November 15, 2012 ). `` A Trip Inside the RedZone ''. Grantland. Retrieved September 3, 2014. Jump up ^ The split - screen format for the Touchdown Montage was used on September 21, 2014 ; at the time in which the Denver at Seattle game went into overtime. The network instructed viewers to switch to CBS if they wanted to see the game out to its conclusion, though it concluded just a minute before off - air time and was taken to full - screen to conclude the day 's schedule. Jump up ^ Dish Joins Comcast In NFL RedZone - Both Distributors Will Kick Off Scoring Ser2009 Jump up ^ Updated : Verizon FiOS Fires Up NFL RedZone Deal - Telco Positions Service As Stand - Alone Network Available On A Full - Season Basis Multichannel News September 10, 2009 Jump up ^ AT&T Adds NFL RedZone To Lineup - Telco Will Position Scoring Service On Its HD Premium Tier Multichannel News September 11, 2009 Jump up ^ Blue Ridge Enters NFL RedZone - Operator Adds ' Scoring Channel To HD Plus Package Multichannel News September 10, 2009 Jump up ^ NFL RedZone on DISH Network -- Brings You Every NFL Touchdown American DISH Blog July 30, 2010 Jump up ^ Cox Re-Ups With NFL Network, Adds RedZone Multichannel News August 24, 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/sky-sports-uk-screen-nfl-redzone-live-highlights-1369990.htm Jump up ^ Pierik, Jon ( 18 September 2014 ). `` Channels kick for NFL touchdown on Australian TV ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIAN NFL TV GUIDE & GAME PASS FAQ ''. US Sports Down Under. 31 August 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015. Jump up ^ Nueva temporada de la NFL en ESPN - ESPN Media Zone Latinoamérica, 6 September 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Red Meat for N.F.L. Fans : Football Channel Sees All ''. The New York Times. September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Best, Neil ( December 12, 2014 ). `` Touchdown frenzy enhanced by NFL RedZone channel ''. Newsday. Retrieved September 3, 2014. Jump up ^ Van Riper, Tom ( September 9, 2013 ). `` Is ' Red Zone ' Hurting NFL 's Network Ratings? ''. Forbes. Retrieved September 3, 2014. Jump up ^ Strauss, Chris ( October 24, 2013 ). `` Follow the amazing : A behind - the - curtain look at the Red Zone Channel ''. USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2014. External links ( edit ) NFL Network official website ( hide ) NFL Network On - air talent Current Kay Adams Brian Baldinger Judy Battista Brian Billick Tiffany Blackmon Kyle Brandt Albert Breer Bucky Brooks Nate Burleson Charley Casserly Erin Coscarelli Stacey Dales Dave Dameshek Charles Davis Terrell Davis Jamie Dukes Rich Eisen Heath Evans Michael Fabiano Marshall Faulk Alex Flanagan Jay Glazer Rebecca Haarlow Scott Hanson Elliot Harrison Michael Irvin Daniel Jeremiah Kimberly Jones Aditi Kinkhabwala Andrea Kremer Rhett Lewis Steve Mariucci Mike Mayock Willie McGinest Randy Moss Adam Rank Ian Rapoport Lindsay Rhodes Deion Sanders Peter Schrager Sterling Sharpe Andrew Siciliano Jane Slater Jason Smith Matt Smith Melissa Stark Amber Theoharis Kurt Warner Solomon Wilcots Ari Wolfe Cole Wright Steve Wyche Former Jennifer Allen Marcus Allen Bobby Beathard Michelle Beisner Paul Burmeister Fran Charles Jeff Darlington Butch Davis Spero Dedes Dennis Green Kara Henderson Derrin Horton Seth Joyner Lincoln Kennedy Jason La Canfora Michael Lombardi Mike Martz Jim E. Mora Brad Nessler Ken Norton Jr. Bob Papa Glenn Parker Bill Patrick Mike Pereira Molly Qerim Dan Reeves Warren Sapp Danyelle Sargent Adam Schefter Darren Sharper Emmitt Smith Tom Waddle Rod Woodson Nicole Zaloumis Programs Current America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions A Football Life Good Morning Football NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL RedZone NFL Replay NFL Scoreboard NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 NFL Total Access Path to the Draft Thursday Night Football Former College Football Now College Scoreboard Football America NFL AM NFL Cheerleader Playoffs NFL Films Game of the Week NFL HQ Point After Put Up Your Dukes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_RedZone&oldid=808396539 '' Categories : English - language television stations in the United States Commercial - free television networks NFL Network Sports television networks in the United States Television channels and stations established in 2009 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 16 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "NFL RedZone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=NFL_RedZone&amp;oldid=808396539" }

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{ "text": "The Shining ( film ) - wikipedia The Shining ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search The Shining Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Diane Johnson Based on The Shining by Stephen King Starring Jack Nicholson Shelley Duvall Scatman Crothers Danny Lloyd Music by Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Cinematography John Alcott Edited by Ray Lovejoy Production company The Producer Circle Company Peregrine Productions Hawk Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Release date May 23, 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) October 2, 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 02 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 146 minutes ( Premiere ) 144 minutes ( American ) 119 minutes ( European ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $44.4 million ( North America ) The Shining is a 1980 horror film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick and co-written with novelist Diane Johnson. The film is based on Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining. The Shining is about Jack Torrance ( Jack Nicholson ), an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic, who accepts a position as the off - season caretaker of the isolated historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies. Wintering over with Jack is his wife Wendy Torrance ( Shelley Duvall ) and young son Danny Torrance ( Danny Lloyd ), who possesses `` the shining '', an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotel 's horrific past. The hotel 's current cook, Dick Hallorann ( Scatman Crothers ), also has this ability and is able to telepathically communicate with Danny. The hotel had a previous winter caretaker who went crazy and killed his wife, two daughters and then himself. After a winter storm leaves the Torrances snowbound, Jack 's sanity deteriorates due to the influence of the supernatural forces that inhabit the hotel, placing his wife and son in danger. Supporting roles are provided by Barry Nelson, Philip Stone, Joe Turkel, Anne Jackson, and Tony Burton. Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations. Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes, sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff. The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel. Because of inconsistencies, ambiguities, symbolism, and differences from the book, there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie. Unlike Kubrick 's previous works, which developed audiences gradually through word - of - mouth, The Shining was released as a mass - market film, initially opening in two U.S. cities on Memorial Day, then nationwide within a month. The European release of The Shining a few months later was 25 minutes shorter due to Kubrick 's removal of most of the scenes taking place outside the environs of the hotel. Although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time. Critics, scholars, and crew members ( such as Kubrick 's producer Jan Harlan ) have discussed the film 's enormous influence on popular culture. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Genesis 3.2 Casting 3.3 Shooting 3.3. 1 Interior sets 3.3. 2 Exterior locations 3.3. 3 Shooting 3.3. 4 Steadicam 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Post-release edit 6 European version 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Initial reviews 8.2 Reappraisal 8.3 Analysis of change in perception 8.4 Response by Stephen King 8.5 Awards and nominations 9 Social interpretations 9.1 Native Americans 9.2 Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust 10 Literary allusions 11 Ambiguities in the film 11.1 Ghosts vs. cabin fever 11.2 The two Gradys 11.3 The photograph 11.4 Spatial layout of the Overlook Hotel 12 Comparison with the novel 12.1 Motivation of ghosts 12.2 Room number 12.3 Jack Torrance 12.4 Danny Torrance 12.5 Wendy Torrance 12.6 Stuart Ullman 12.7 Family dynamics 12.8 Plot differences 12.9 Film adaptation commentary 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain - isolated Overlook Hotel, which is twenty - five miles from the closest town, to be interviewed for the position of winter caretaker. Once hired, Jack plans to use the hotel 's solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed - in during the winter ; it is closed from October to May. Manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jack 's son, Danny Torrance, has a terrifying premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door, and then falls into a trance. Jack 's wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has an imaginary friend named Tony, and that Jack has given up drinking because he dislocated Danny 's shoulder following a binge. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour. The chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, which he calls `` shining ''. Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a `` shine '' to it along with many memories, not all of which are good. He also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes ; while Jack 's writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotel 's hedge maze, and Hallorann goes to Florida. Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts. Danny 's curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the room 's door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter. After she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is visibly traumatized with a bruise on his neck, causing Wendy to accuse Jack of abusing him. Jack wanders into the hotel 's Gold Room and meets a ghostly bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage. Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a `` crazy woman in one of the rooms '' attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, but tells Wendy that he saw nothing. Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must `` correct '' his wife and child and that Danny has reached out to Hallorann using his `` talent ''. Meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about what 's going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado. Danny starts calling out `` redrum '' and goes into a trance, referring to himself as `` Tony ''. While searching for Jack, Wendy discovers he has been typing pages of a repetitive manuscript : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy ''. She begs Jack to leave the hotel with Danny, but he threatens her before she knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat. She drags him into the kitchen and locks him in the pantry, but she and Danny are both trapped at the hotel : Jack has disabled the hotel 's two - way radio and snowcat. Later, Jack converses through the pantry door with Grady, who unlocks the door. Danny writes `` REDRUM '' on the outside of the bathroom door in the family 's living quarters. When Wendy sees the word reversed in the bedroom mirror, the word is revealed to be `` MURDER ''. Jack begins hacking through the quarters ' main door with a firefighter 's axe. Wendy sends Danny through the bathroom window, but it will not open sufficiently for her to pass. Jack breaks through the bathroom door, shouting `` Here 's Johnny! '', but retreats after Wendy slashes his hand with a butcher 's knife. Hearing Hallorann arriving in a snowcat he borrowed, Jack leaves the room. He murders Hallorann with the axe in the lobby and pursues Danny into the hedge maze. Wendy runs through the hotel looking for Danny, encountering ghosts and the cascade of blood Danny envisioned in Boulder. She also finds Hallorann 's corpse in the lobby. Danny lays a false trail to mislead Jack, who is following his footprints, before hiding behind a drift. Danny escapes from the maze and reunites with Wendy ; they escape in Hallorann 's snowcat, while Jack freezes to death in the snow. In a photograph in the hotel hallway dated July 4, 1921, Jack Torrance smiles amid a crowd of party revelers. Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Jack Torrance Shelley Duvall as Wendy Torrance Danny Lloyd as Danny Torrance Scatman Crothers as Dick Hallorann Barry Nelson as Stuart Ullman Philip Stone as ( Delbert ) Grady Joe Turkel as Lloyd Anne Jackson as Doctor Tony Burton as Larry Durkin Lia Beldam as Young Woman In Bath Billie Gibson as Old Woman In Bath Barry Dennen as Bill Watson David Baxt as Forest Ranger # 1 Manning Redwood as Forest Ranger # 2 Lisa Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 1 ) Louise Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 2 ) Robin Pappas as Nurse Alison Coleridge as Secretary ( Susie ) Burnell Tucker as Policeman Jana Sheldon as Stewardess Kate Phelps as Receptionist Norman Gay as Injured guest In the shorter European cut, all of the scenes involving Jackson and Burton are cut ( although their names still appear in the credits ). Dennen is on - screen in both versions of the film, albeit to a limited degree ( and with no dialogue ) in the shorter cut. The actresses who played the ghosts of the murdered Grady daughters, Lisa and Louise Burns, are identical twins ; however, the characters in the book and film script are merely sisters, not twins. In the film 's dialogue, Mr. Ullman identifies them as `` about eight and ten. '' Nonetheless, they are frequently referred to in discussions about the film as `` the Grady twins. '' The resemblance in the staging of the Grady girls and the `` Twins '' photograph by Diane Arbus has been noted both by Arbus ' biographer, Patricia Bosworth, the Kubrick assistant who cast and coached them, Leon Vitali, and by numerous Kubrick critics. Although Kubrick both met Arbus personally and studied photography under her during his youthful days as photographer for Look magazine, Kubrick 's widow says he did not deliberately model the Grady girls on Arbus ' photograph, in spite of widespread attention to the resemblance. Production ( edit ) Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene of The Shining. Genesis ( edit ) Before making The Shining, Stanley Kubrick had directed the 1975 movie Barry Lyndon, a highly visual period film about an Irish man who attempts to make his way into the British aristocracy. Despite its technical achievements, the film was not a box office success in the United States and was derided by critics for being too long and too slow. Kubrick, disappointed with Barry Lyndon 's lack of success, realized he needed to make a film that would be commercially viable as well as artistically fulfilling. Stephen King was told that Kubrick had his staff bring him stacks of horror books as he planted himself in his office to read them all : `` Kubrick 's secretary heard the sound of each book hitting the wall as the director flung it into a reject pile after reading the first few pages. Finally one day the secretary noticed it had been a while since she had heard the thud of another writer 's work biting the dust. She walked in to check on her boss and found Kubrick deeply engrossed in reading The Shining. '' Speaking about the theme of the film, Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality. There 's an evil side to it. One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly ''. Casting ( edit ) Nicholson was Kubrick 's first choice for the role of Jack Torrance ; other actors considered included Robert De Niro ( who claims the film gave him nightmares for a month ), Robin Williams, and Harrison Ford, all of whom met with Stephen King 's disapproval. In his search to find the right actor to play Danny, Kubrick sent a husband and wife team, Leon and Kersti Vitali, to Chicago, Denver, and Cincinnati to create an interview pool of 5,000 boys over a six - month period. These cities were chosen since Kubrick was looking for a boy with an accent which fell in between Jack Nicholson 's and Shelley Duvall 's speech patterns. Shooting ( edit ) Interior sets ( edit ) The set design for the interior scenes of the Overlook Hotel was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel ( It was renamed Majestic Yosemite Hotel on March 1, 2016. ) The Ahwahnee 's lobby was the model for the set of the lobby created at Elstree Studios. Having chosen King 's novel as a basis for his next project, and after a pre-production phase, Kubrick had sets constructed on soundstages at EMI Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, Britain. Some of the interior designs of the Overlook Hotel set were based on those of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. To enable him to shoot the scenes in chronological order, he used several stages at EMI Elstree Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production. The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree, including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel. In February 1979, the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire, causing a delay in the production. Exterior locations ( edit ) Timberline Lodge in Oregon served as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel. While most of the interior shots, and even some of the Overlook exterior shots, were shot on studio sets, a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan. Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes, with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road. The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel ; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze, something the Timberline Lodge does not have. Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner ( 1982 ). Shooting ( edit ) Screenplay from The Shining at LACMA exhibit. William Beutler from Washinton, DC, USA The Shining had a prolonged and arduous production period, often with very long workdays. Principal photography took over a year to complete, due to Kubrick 's highly methodical nature. Actress Shelley Duvall did not get along with Kubrick, frequently arguing with him on set about lines in the script, her acting techniques and numerous other things. Duvall eventually became so overwhelmed by the stress of her role that she became physically ill for months. At one point, she was under so much stress that her hair began to fall out. The shooting script was being changed constantly, sometimes several times a day, adding more stress. Jack Nicholson eventually became so frustrated with the ever - changing script that he would throw away the copies that the production team would give to him to memorize, knowing that it was just going to change anyway. He learned most of his lines just minutes before filming them. Nicholson was living in London with his then - girlfriend Anjelica Huston and her younger sister, Allegra, who testified to his long shooting days. Joe Turkel stated in a 2014 interview that they rehearsed the `` bar scene '' for six weeks, starting at 9 a.m. and finishing at 10 : 30 p.m. each day, with Turkel recollecting that his clothes would be soaked in his own sweat by the end of every day 's shoot. He also added that it was his favorite scene in the film. For the final Gold Room sequence, Kubrick instructed the extras ( via megaphone ) not to talk, `` but to mime conversation to each other. Kubrick knew from years of scrutinizing thousands of films that extras could often mime their business by nodding and using large gestures that look fake. He told them to act naturally to give the scene a chilling sense of time - tripping realism as Jack walks from the seventies into the roaring twenties ''. Original typewriter from the film. For the international versions of the film, Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages. For each language, a suitable idiom was used : German ( Was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- `` Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today '' ), Italian ( Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- `` The morning has gold in its mouth '' ), French ( Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' -- `` One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '', the equivalent of `` A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '' ), Spanish ( No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- `` No matter how early you get up, you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner. '' ) These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release, where only the English phrase `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used. The door that Jack chops through with the axe near the end of the film was a real door. Kubrick had originally shot this scene with a fake door, but Nicholson, who had worked as a volunteer fire marshal, tore it down too quickly. Jack 's line, `` Heeeere 's Johnny! '', is taken from Ed McMahon 's famous introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and was improvised by Nicholson. Kubrick, who had lived in England for some time, was unaware of the significance of the line, and nearly used a different take. Carson later used the Nicholson clip to open his 1980 anniversary show on NBC. During production, Kubrick screened David Lynch 's Eraserhead ( 1977 ) to the cast and crew, to convey the mood he wanted to achieve for the film. Steadicam ( edit ) Similar 2007 Steadicam and video equipment. The Shining was among the first half - dozen films ( after the 1976 films Bound for Glory, Marathon Man, and Rocky ), to use the newly developed Steadicam, a stabilizing mount for a motion picture camera, which mechanically separates the operator 's movement from the camera 's, allowing smooth tracking shots while the operator is moving over an uneven surface. It essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a regular mount with the fluidity and flexibility of a handheld camera. The inventor of the Steadicam, Garrett Brown, was heavily involved with the production of The Shining. Brown has described his excitement taking his first tour of the sets which offered `` further possibilities for the Steadicam ''. This tour convinced Brown to become personally involved with the production. Kubrick was not `` just talking of stunt shots and staircases ''. Rather he would use the Steadicam `` as it was intended to be used -- as a tool which can help get the lens where it 's wanted in space and time without the classic limitations of the dolly and crane ''. Brown used an 18 mm Cooke lens that allowed the Steadicam to pass within an inch of walls and door frames. Brown published an article in American Cinematographer about his experience, and contributed to the audio commentary on the 2007 DVD release. The Overlook Hotel 's Colorado Lounge set was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel 's Great Lounge Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology. Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film. For this film, Brown developed a two - handed technique, which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera. In addition to tracking shots from behind, the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls, or backing the camera into doors. Brown notes that : One of the most talked - about shots in the picture is the eerie tracking sequence which follows Danny as he pedals at high speed through corridor after corridor on his plastic Big Wheel tricycle. The soundtrack explodes with noise when the wheel is on wooden flooring and is abruptly silent as it crosses over carpet. We needed to have the lens just a few inches from the floor and to travel rapidly just behind or ahead of the bike. This required the Steadicam to be on a special mount modeled on a wheelchair in which the operator sat while pulling a platform with the sound man. The weight of the rig and its occupants proved to be too much for the original tires however, resulting in a blowout one day that almost caused a serious crash. Solid tires were then mounted on the rig. Kubrick also had a highly accurate speedometer mounted on the rig so as to duplicate the exact tempo of a given shot so that Brown could perform take after identical take. Brown also discusses how the scenes in the hedge maze were shot with a Steadicam. Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The stylistically modernist art - music chosen by Kubrick is similar to the repertoire he first explored in 2001 : A Space Odyssey. Although the repertoire was selected by Kubrick, the process of matching passages of music to motion picture was left almost entirely at the discretion of music editor Gordon Stainforth, whose work on this film is known for the attention to fine details and remarkably precise synchronization without excessive splicing. The soundtrack album on LP was withdrawn due to problems with licensing of the music. It remains only available on vinyl ( there has never been a CD release ) and is difficult to find. The LP soundtrack omits some pieces heard in the film, and also includes complete versions of pieces of which only fragments are heard in the film. The non-original music on the soundtrack is as follows : `` Lontano '' by György Ligeti, Ernest Bour conducting the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra ( Wergo Records ) `` Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta '' by Béla Bartók, Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ( Deutsche Grammophon ) `` Utrenja '' -- excerpts from the `` Ewangelia '' and `` Kanon Paschy '' movements by Krzysztof Penderecki, Andrzej Markowski conducting the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra ( Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` The Awakening of Jacob '', `` De Natura Sonoris No. 1 '' ( the latter not on the soundtrack album, Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ) and `` De Natura Sonoris No. 2 '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Andrzej Markowski, Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` Home '', performed by Henry Hall and the Gleneagles Hotel Band ( Columbia Records ) `` It 's All Forgotten Now '' by Al Bowlly, performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on the soundtrack album ) `` Masquerade '', performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) `` Kanon ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( not on soundtrack ) `` Polymorphia ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki, Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ( not on soundtrack ) `` Midnight, the Stars and You '' by Al Bowlly, performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) Upon their arrival at Elstree Studios, Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind were shown the first version of the film by Kubrick : `` The film was a little on the long side. There were great gobs of scenes that never made it to the film. There was a whole strange and mystical scene in which Jack Nicholson discovers objects that have been arranged in his working space in the ballroom with arrows and things. He walks down and thinks he hears a voice and a ghost throws a ball back to him. None of that made it to the final film. We scored a lot of those. We did n't know what was going to be used for sure ''. Carlos has said that she was so disillusioned by Kubrick 's actions that she vowed never to work with him again. Her own music was released in its near entirety in 2005 as part of her Rediscovering Lost Scores compilation. Post-release edit ( edit ) After its premiere and a week into the general run ( with a running time of 146 minutes ), Kubrick cut a scene at the end that took place in a hospital. The scene shows Wendy in a bed talking with Mr. Ullman who explains that Jack 's body could not be found ; he then gives Danny a yellow tennis ball, presumably the same one that Jack was throwing around the hotel. This scene was subsequently physically cut out of prints by projectionists and sent back to the studio by order of Warner Bros., the film 's distributor. This cut the film 's running time to 144 minutes. As noted by Roger Ebert : If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth, of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later, since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel. If Jack 's body was not found, what happened to it? Was it never there? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination, or Danny 's, or theirs?... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue. It pulled one rug too many out from under the story. At some level, it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter, whatever happens or whatever they think happens. European version ( edit ) For its release in Europe, Kubrick cut about 25 minutes from the film. The excised scenes included a longer meeting between Jack and Watson at the hotel, Danny being attended by a doctor ( Anne Jackson ) including references to Tony and how Danny was once injured by Jack in a drunken rage, more footage of Hallorann 's attempts to get to the hotel during the snowstorm including a sequence with a garage attendant ( Tony Burton ), extended dialogue scenes at the hotel, and a scene where Wendy discovers a group of skeletons in the hotel lobby during the climax. Jackson and Burton are credited in the European print, despite their scenes being excised from the movie. According to Harlan, Kubrick decided to cut some sequences because the film was `` not very well received '', and after Warner Bros. complained about its ambiguity and length. The scene where Jack writes obsessively on the typewriter `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was shot changing the language of the typescript in Italian, French, Spanish, and German, because the film would be dubbed in these languages in their respective countries : Italian : Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca ( `` The morning has gold in ( its ) mouth '', the equivalent of the English proverb `` The early bird catches the worm '' ) Spanish : No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano ( `` Waking up earlier wo n't make the dawn come sooner. '' ) German : Was Du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf Morgen ( `` Do n't put off until tomorrow what you can do today '' ) French : Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' ( `` One ' Yours ' is better than two ' You will have it ' `` ) In the Italian version, Nicholson was dubbed by Giancarlo Giannini ; Kubrick sent him a congratulations letter for his excellent work as voice actor. Two alternative takes were used in a British television commercial. Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The U.S. premiere by ABC on May 6, 1983 started with a placard saying, `` TONIGHT 'S FILM DEALS WITH THE SUPERNATURAL, AS A POSSESSED MAN ATTEMPTS TO DESTROY HIS FAMILY. '' With the movie 's ambiguities, it is not known how Kubrick felt about or if he agreed with this proclamation. The placard also said that the film was edited for television and warned about the content. The U.S. region 1 DVD of the film is the longer ( 144 minute ) edit of the film. The European ( including UK ) region 2 DVD is the shorter ( 119 minute ) version. On British television, the short version played on Channel 4 once and on Sky Movies numerous times in the mid-nineties. All other screenings, before and since these, have been on either ITV or ITV4 and have been the longer U.S. edit. The German DVD shows the short version, as seen in German television screenings. In accordance with stipulations contained in Kubrick 's will, DVD releases show the film in open matte ( i.e., with more picture content visible than in movie theaters ). The scene in which Wendy discovers her husband 's work ( consisting only of a simple proverb : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' repeatedly typed on numerous pages ) was shot with different proverbs in at least five languages ( English, French, Spanish, Italian and German ). Nevertheless, most DVD releases show the English version, disregarding the dub language. DVDs in both regions contain a candid fly - on - the - wall 33 - minute documentary made by Kubrick 's daughter Vivian ( who was 17 when she filmed it ) entitled Making The Shining, originally shown on British television in 1980. She also provided an audio commentary track about her documentary for its DVD release. It appears even on pre-2007 editions of The Shining on DVD, although most DVDs of Kubrick films before then were devoid of documentaries or audio commentaries. It has some candid interviews and very private moments caught on set, such as arguments with cast and director, moments of a no - nonsense Kubrick directing his actors, Scatman Crothers being overwhelmed with emotion during his interview, Shelley Duvall collapsing from exhaustion on the set, and Jack Nicholson enjoying playing up to the behind - the - scenes camera. Reception ( edit ) Initial reviews ( edit ) The Shining had a slow start at the box office, but gained momentum, eventually doing well commercially during the summer of 1980 and making Warner Bros. a profit. It opened at first to mixed reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times lauded Nicholson 's performance and praised the Overlook Hotel as an effective setting for horror, but wrote that `` the supernatural story knows frustratingly little rhyme or reason (... ) Even the film 's most startling horrific images seem overbearing and perhaps even irrelevant. '' Variety was critical, saying, `` With everything to work with,... Kubrick has teamed with jumpy Jack Nicholson to destroy all that was so terrifying about Stephen King 's bestseller. '' A common initial criticism was the slow pacing, which was highly atypical of horror films of the time. Roger Ebert did not review the film on his television show when first released, and in print complained that it was hard to connect with any of the characters. It was the only one of Kubrick 's last nine films to receive no nominations at all from either the Oscars or Golden Globes, but was nominated for a pair of Razzie Awards, including Worst Director and Worst Actress ( Duvall ), in the first year that award was given. Reappraisal ( edit ) Tim Cahill of Rolling Stone noted in an interview with Kubrick that by 1987 there was already a `` critical reevaluation of ( The Shining ) in process ''. As with most Kubrick films, more recent analyses have treated the film more favorably. Viewers subsequently decided the slow pacing actually contributes to the film 's hypnotic quality. Film website Rotten Tomatoes, which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics, gives the film a score of 87 % `` Certified Fresh ''. In 2006, Roger Ebert, who was initially critical of the work, inducted The Shining into his Great Movies series, saying, `` Stanley Kubrick 's cold and frightening The Shining challenges us to decide : Who is the reliable observer? Whose idea of events can we trust? (... ) It is this elusive open - endedness that makes Kubrick 's film so strangely disturbing. '' Horror film critic Peter Bracke reviewing the Blu - ray release in Hi - Def Digest writes : Just as the ghostly apparitions of the film 's fictional Overlook Hotel would play tricks on the mind of poor Jack Torrance, so too has the passage of time changed the perception of The Shining itself. Many of the same reviewers who lambasted the film for `` not being scary '' enough back in 1980 now rank it among the most effective horror films ever made, while audiences who hated the film back then now vividly recall being `` terrified '' by the experience. The Shining has somehow risen from the ashes of its own bad press to redefine itself not only as a seminal work of the genre, but perhaps the most stately, artful horror ever made. The Shining is widely acclaimed by today 's critics, and has become a staple of pop culture. In 2001, the film was ranked 29th on AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list and Jack Torrance was named the 25th greatest villain on the AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list in 2003. In 2005, the quote `` Here 's Johnny! '' was ranked 68 on AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list. It was named the all - time scariest film by Channel 4, Total Film labeled it the 5th greatest horror film, and Bravo TV named one of the film 's scenes 6th on their list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In addition, film critics Kim Newman and Jonathan Romney both placed it in their top ten lists for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll. Director Martin Scorsese placed The Shining on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time. Mathematicians at London 's King 's College used statistical modeling in a study commissioned by Sky Movies to conclude that The Shining was the `` perfect scary movie '' due to a proper balance of various ingredients including shock value, suspense, gore and size of the cast. It was voted the 62nd greatest American film ever made in a 2015 poll conducted by BBC. Analysis of change in perception ( edit ) In 1999, Jonathan Romney discussed Kubrick 's perfectionism and dispelled others ' initial arguments that the film lacked complexity : `` The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers (... ) look beyond the simplicity and the Overlook reveals itself as a palace of paradox ''. Romney further explains : The dominating presence of the Overlook Hotel -- designed by Roy Walker as a composite of American hotels visited in the course of research -- is an extraordinary vindication of the value of mise en scène. It 's a real, complex space that we do n't just see but come to virtually inhabit. The confinement is palpable : horror cinema is an art of claustrophobia, making us loath to stay in the cinema but unable to leave. Yet it 's combined with a sort of agoraphobia -- we are as frightened of the hotel 's cavernous vastness as of its corridors ' enclosure... The film sets up a complex dynamic between simple domesticity and magnificent grandeur, between the supernatural and the mundane in which the viewer is disoriented by the combination of spaciousness and confinement, and an uncertainty as to just what is real or not. Response by Stephen King ( edit ) Author Stephen King was an executive producer for a faithful 1997 adaptation, and continues to hold mixed feelings regarding Kubrick 's version. Speaking about the theme of the film, Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality. There 's an evil side to it. One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly ''. Stephen King has been quoted as saying that although Kubrick made a film with memorable imagery, it was poor as an adaptation and that it is the only adaptation of his novels that he could `` remember hating ''. However, in King 's 1981 nonfiction book Danse Macabre, he listed Kubrick 's film among those he considered to have `` contributed something of value to the ( horror ) genre '' and mentioned it as one of his `` personal favorites ''. Before the 1980 movie King often said he gave little attention to the film adaptations of his work. King himself was suffering from alcoholism at the time he wrote the novel, therefore giving a strong autobiographical element to the story. He has expressed disappointment that his novel 's important themes, such as the disintegration of family and the dangers of alcoholism, are less prevalent in the film. King also viewed the casting of Nicholson as a mistake, arguing it would result in a rapid realization among audiences that Jack would ultimately go mad, due to Nicholson 's famous identification with the character of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ). King had suggested that a more `` everyman '' - like actor such as Jon Voight, Christopher Reeve, or Michael Moriarty play the role, so that Jack 's subsequent descent into madness would be more unnerving. In an interview with the BBC, King also criticized Shelley Duvall 's performance in the film, stating `` ( S ) he 's basically just there to scream and be stupid, and that 's not the woman that I wrote about. '' Over the years, contradictions have arisen in the discussion of King 's criticisms. The author once suggested that he disliked the film 's downplaying of the supernatural ; King had envisioned Jack as a victim of the genuinely external forces haunting the hotel, whereas King felt Kubrick had viewed the haunting and its resulting malignancy as coming from within Jack himself. In October 2013, however, journalist Laura Miller wrote that the discrepancy between the two was almost the complete opposite : the Jack Torrance of the novel was corrupted by his own choices -- particularly alcoholism -- whereas in Kubrick 's adaptation the causes are actually more surreal and ambiguous : King is, essentially, a novelist of morality. The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him. But in Kubrick 's The Shining, the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control. It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs, while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional, defensive entitlement. As King sees it, Kubrick treats his characters like `` insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates. Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening, irresistible force, which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic ; they are its slaves. In King 's `` The Shining '', the monster is Jack. In Kubrick 's, the monster is Kubrick. King 's oft - cited remark about Kubrick being a man who `` thinks too much and feels too little '' is often misconstrued as a remark on Kubrick 's obsessive and detached approach to directing actors, but it is actually a less disparaging reference to Kubrick 's skepticism regarding the verisimilitude of the supernatural, which emerged in pre-production conversations between King and Kubrick. The full context of King 's well - known quote is : Parts of the film are chilling, charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror, but others fall flat. Not that religion has to be involved in horror, but a visceral skeptic such as Kubrick just could n't grasp the sheer inhuman evil of The Overlook Hotel. So he looked, instead, for evil in the characters and made the film into a domestic tragedy with only vaguely supernatural overtones. That was the basic flaw : because he could n't believe, he could n't make the film believable to others. What 's basically wrong with Kubrick 's version of The Shining is that it 's a film by a man who thinks too much and feels too little ; and that 's why, for all its virtuoso effects, it never gets you by the throat and hangs on the way real horror should. Mark Browning, a critic of King 's work, observed that King 's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story, which Kubrick 's film lacks. Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick. King, he believes, `` feels too much and thinks too little ''. King was also disappointed by Kubrick 's decision not to film at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, which inspired the story ( a decision Kubrick made since the hotel lacked sufficient snow and electricity ). However, King finally supervised the 1997 television adaptation also titled The Shining, filmed at The Stanley Hotel. The animosity of King toward Kubrick 's adaptation has dulled over time. During an interview segment on the Bravo channel, King stated that the first time he watched Kubrick 's adaptation, he found it to be `` dreadfully unsettling ''. Nonetheless, writing in the afterword of Doctor Sleep, King professed continued dissatisfaction with the Kubrick film. He said of it ``... of course there was Stanley Kubrick 's movie which many seem to remember -- for reasons I have never quite understood -- as one of the scariest films they have ever seen. If you have seen the movie but not read the novel, you should note that Doctor Sleep follows the latter which is, in my opinion, the True History of the Torrance Family. '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Actress Shelley Duvall Nominated Worst Director Stanley Kubrick Saturn Award Best Director Best Supporting Actor Scatman Crothers Won Best Horror Film Nominated Best Music Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Social interpretations ( edit ) The film 's iconic sequence in which Jack places his head on the broken door and says, `` Here 's Johnny! '', echoes scenes in both D.W. Griffith 's Broken Blossoms and the Swedish horror film The Phantom Carriage. Film critic Jonathan Romney writes that the film has been interpreted in many different ways ; as being about the crisis in masculinity, sexism, corporate America, and racism : `` It 's tempting to read The Shining as an Oedipal struggle not just between generations but between Jack 's culture of the written word and Danny 's culture of images... '' Romney writes, `` Jack also uses the written word to more mundane purpose -- to sign his ' contract ' with the Overlook. ' I gave my word, ' (... ) which we take to mean ' gave his soul ' in the (... ) Faustian sense. But maybe he means it more literally -- by the end (... ) he has renounced language entirely, pursuing Danny through the maze with an inarticulate animal roar. What he has entered into is a conventional business deal that places commercial obligation (... ) over the unspoken contract of compassion and empathy that he seems to have neglected to sign with his family. '' These varied interpretations spawned the 2012 documentary Room 237, directed by Rodney Ascher, which provides an in - depth exploration of various interpretations of, and myths surrounding, the film. Native Americans ( edit ) Among interpreters who see the film reflecting more subtly the social concerns that animate other Kubrick films, one of the earliest and most well - known viewpoints was discussed in an essay by ABC reporter Bill Blakemore entitled `` Kubrick 's ' Shining ' Secret : Film 's Hidden Horror Is The Murder Of The Indian '', first published in The Washington Post on July 12, 1987. He believes that indirect references to American killings of Native Americans pervade the film as exemplified by the Indian logos on the baking powder in the kitchen and Indian artwork that appears throughout the hotel, though no Native Americans are ever seen. Stuart Ullman tells Wendy that when building the hotel a few Indian attacks had to be fended off since it was constructed on an Indian burial ground. Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans. He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann, the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif. The blood in the elevator shafts is, for Blakemore, the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built. As such, the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic. Blakemore writes, As with some of his other movies, Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking, `` What was that all about? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook, reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall. The caption reads : `` Overlook Hotel - July 4th Ball - 1921. '' The answer to this puzzle, is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball, nor any kind of Independence day, for native Americans ; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years ; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries. Blakemore also sees this film as similar to other Kubrick films where evil forces get weak men to do their bidding. Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism. This is exemplified by many clues ; the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party, or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem `` The White Man 's Burden ''. The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people, while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism, from which he suffers. Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust ( edit ) Film historian Geoffrey Cocks has extended Blakemore 's idea that the film has a subtext about Native Americans to arguing that the film indirectly reflects Stanley Kubrick 's concerns about the Holocaust ( Both Cocks ' book and Michael Herr 's memoir of Kubrick discuss how he wanted his entire life to make a film dealing directly with the Holocaust, but could never quite get the handle on it that satisfied him ). Cocks is a cultural historian best known for describing the impact of the Holocaust on subsequent Western culture. Cocks, writing in his book The Wolf at the Door : Stanley Kubrick, History and the Holocaust, proposed a controversial theory that all of Kubrick 's work is informed by the Holocaust ; there is, he says, a strong ( though hidden ) holocaust subtext in The Shining. This, Cocks believes, is why Kubrick 's screenplay goes to emotional extremes, omitting much of the novel 's supernaturalism and making the character of Wendy much more hysteria - prone. Cocks places Kubrick 's vision of a haunted hotel in line with a long literary tradition of hotels in which sinister events occur, from Stephen Crane 's short story `` The Blue Hotel '' ( which Kubrick admired ) to the Swiss Berghof in Thomas Mann 's novel The Magic Mountain, about a snowbound sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps in which the protagonist witnesses a series of events which are a microcosm of the decline of Western culture. In keeping with this tradition, Kubrick 's film focuses on domesticity and the Torrances ' attempt to use this imposing building as a home which Jack Torrance describes as `` homey ''. Cocks claims that Kubrick has elaborately coded many of his historical concerns into the film with manipulations of numbers and colors and his choice of musical numbers, many of which are post-war compositions influenced by the horrors of World War II. Of particular note is Kubrick 's use of Penderecki 's The Awakening of Jacob to accompany Jack Torrance 's dream of killing his family and Danny 's vision of past carnage in the hotel, a piece of music originally associated with the horrors of the Holocaust. As such, Kubrick 's pessimistic ending in contrast to Stephen King 's optimistic one is in keeping with the motifs that Kubrick wove into the story. Cocks ' work has been anthologized and discussed in other works on Stanley Kubrick films, but sometimes with skepticism. In particular, Julian Rice writing in the opening chapter of his book Kubrick 's Hope believes Cocks ' views are excessively speculative and contain too many strained `` critical leaps '' of faith. Rice holds that what went on in Kubrick 's mind can not be replicated or corroborated beyond a broad vision of the nature of good and evil ( which included concern about the Holocaust ), but Kubrick 's art is not governed by this one single obsession. Diane Johnson, co-screenwriter for The Shining, commented on Cocks ' observations and holds that preoccupation with the Jewish Holocaust on Kubrick 's part could very likely have motivated his decision to place the hotel on a Native American burial ground, although Kubrick never directly mentioned it to her. Literary allusions ( edit ) Geoffrey Cocks notes that the film contains many allusions to fairy tales, both Hansel and Gretel and the Three Little Pigs, with Jack Torrance identified as the Big Bad Wolf, which Bruno Bettelheim interprets as standing for `` all the asocial unconscious devouring powers '' that must be overcome by a child 's ego. The saying `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English, Italian, French and Spanish ( 1659 ). Ambiguities in the film ( edit ) Roger Ebert notes that the film does not really have a `` reliable observer '', with the possible exception of Dick Hallorann. Ebert believes various events call into question the reliability of Jack, Wendy, and Danny at various points. This leads Ebert to conclude that : Kubrick is telling a story with ghosts ( the two girls, the former caretaker and a bartender ), but it is n't a `` ghost story '', because the ghosts may not be present in any sense at all except as visions experienced by Jack or Danny. Ebert ultimately concludes that `` The movie is not about ghosts but about madness and the energies ''. Likewise, film critic James Berardinelli ( who is generally much less impressed with the film than Ebert ), notes that `` King would have us believe that the hotel is haunted. Kubrick is less definitive in the interpretations he offers. '' He dubs the film a failure as a ghost story, but brilliant as a study of `` madness and the unreliable narrator. '' Ghosts vs. cabin fever ( edit ) In some sequences, there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present. In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror, or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady, a reflective, highly polished door. Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes `` It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost, causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche. '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King, Tony Magistrale writes : Kubrick 's reliance on mirrors as visual aids for underscoring the thematic meaning of this film portrays visually the internal transformations and oppositions that are occurring to Jack Torrance psychologically. Through... these devices, Kubrick dramatizes the hotel 's methodical assault on Torrance 's identity, its ability to stimulate the myriad of self - doubts and anxieties by creating opportunities to warp Torrance 's perspective on himself and ( his family ). Furthermore the fact that Jack looks into a mirror whenever he `` speaks '' to the hotel means, to some extent, that Kubrick implicates him directly into the hotel 's `` consciousness '', because Jack is, in effect, talking to himself. Ghosts are the implied explanation for Jack 's escape from the locked storeroom. In an interview by scholar Michel Ciment, Kubrick stated : It seemed to strike an extraordinary balance between the psychological and the supernatural in such a way as to lead you to think that the supernatural would eventually be explained by the psychological : ' Jack must be imagining these things because he 's crazy. ' This allowed you to suspend your doubt of the supernatural until you were so thoroughly into the story that you could accept it almost without noticing... It 's not until Grady, the ghost of the former caretaker who axed to death his family, slides open the bolt of the larder door, allowing Jack to escape, that you are left with no other explanation but the supernatural. The two gradys ( edit ) Early in the film, Stuart Ullman tells Jack of a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, who, in 1970, succumbed to cabin fever, murdered his family and then killed himself. Later, Jack meets a ghostly butler named Grady. Jack says he knows about the murders, claiming to recognize Grady from pictures ; however, the butler introduces himself as Delbert Grady. Gordon Dahlquist of The Kubrick FAQ argues that the name change `` deliberately mirrors Jack Torrance being both the husband of Wendy / father of Danny and the mysterious man in the July Fourth photo. It is to say he is two people : the man with choice in a perilous situation and the man who has ' always ' been at the Overlook. It 's a mistake to see the final photo as evidence that the events of the film are predetermined : Jack has any number of moments where he can act other than the way he does, and that his ( poor ) choices are fueled by weakness and fear perhaps merely speaks all the more to the questions about the personal and the political that The Shining brings up. In the same way Charles had a chance -- once more, perhaps -- to not take on Delbert 's legacy, so Jack may have had a chance to escape his role as ' caretaker ' to the interests of the powerful. It 's the tragic course of this story that he chooses not to. '' Dahlquist 's argument is that Delbert Grady, the 1920s butler, and Charles Grady, the 1970s caretaker, rather than being either two different people or the same are two ' manifestations ' of a similar entity ; a part permanently at the hotel ( Delbert ) and the part which is given the choice of whether to join the legacy of the hotel 's murderous past ( Charles ), just as the man in the photo is not exactly Jack Torrance, but nor is he someone entirely different. Jack in the photo has ' always ' been at the Overlook, Jack the caretaker chooses to become part of the hotel. The film 's assistant editor Gordon Stainforth has commented on this issue, attempting to steer a course between the continuity - error explanation on one side and the hidden - meaning explanation on the other ; `` I do n't think we 'll ever quite unravel this. Was his full name Charles Delbert Grady? Perhaps Charles was a sort of nickname? Perhaps Ullman got the name wrong? But I also think that Stanley did NOT want the whole story to fit together too neatly, so ( it is ) absolutely correct, I think, to say that ' the sum of what we learn refuses to add up neatly '. '' Kubrick 's other doubling / mirroring effects in the film : `` Jack 's interview with Ullman, whose confident affability contrasts with Jack 's unconvincing nonchalance, pairs off with the meeting between Wendy and a female doctor, whose somber and professional womanhood reacts in stunned disbelief to Wendy 's explanation for an old injury inflicted on Danny by his drunken father. During the interview, Jack and Ullman are joined by a hotel employee named Bill Watson, whose only real distinction ( and function ) is his striking physical resemblance to Jack, especially when seen from behind. The Grady sisters who look like twins but who are actually doubles ( their ages of eight and ten are established in Jack 's interview with Ullman ). On two occasions Ullman says goodbye to two young female employees. In the Miami bedroom, two paintings showing a black nude woman on opposite walls ( mirroring ) are seen just before Hallorann experiences a `` shining ''. Two versions of the same nude woman inhabit the green bathroom in Room 237. The film not only contains two mazes ( the hedges outside, which are, appropriately, 13 feet high, and the model inside ), but the Overlook itself is a maze and, significantly, breaks down into two sections, one old and one remodeled, one past, one present. ( During Wendy 's initial tour of the kitchen with Hallorann she remarks that it is like a maze, and she later characterizes the fast - emptying hotel as `` like a ghost ship ''. ) There are two Jack Torrances, the one who goes mad and freezes to death in present time and the one who appears in a 1921 photograph that hangs on the gold corridor wall inside the Overlook. '' The photograph ( edit ) At the end of the film, the camera moves slowly towards a wall in the Overlook and a 1921 photograph, revealed to include Jack Torrance seen at the middle of a 1921 party. In an interview with Michel Ciment, Kubrick overtly declared that the photograph suggests that Jack was a reincarnation of an earlier official at the hotel. Still, this has not stopped interpreters from developing alternative readings, such as that Jack has been `` absorbed '' into the Overlook Hotel. Film critic Jonathan Romney, while acknowledging the absorption theory, wrote As the ghostly butler Grady ( Philip Stone ) tells him during their chilling confrontation in the men 's toilet, ' You 're the caretaker, sir. You 've always been the caretaker. ' Perhaps in some earlier incarnation Jack really was around in 1921, and it 's his present - day self that is the shadow, the phantom photographic copy. But if his picture has been there all along, why has no one noticed it? After all, it 's right at the center of the central picture on the wall, and the Torrances have had a painfully drawn - out winter of mind - numbing leisure in which to inspect every corner of the place. Is it just that, like Poe 's purloined letter, the thing in plain sight is the last thing you see? When you do see it, the effect is so unsettling because you realise the unthinkable was there under your nose -- overlooked -- the whole time. Spatial layout of the Overlook hotel ( edit ) Screenwriter Todd Alcott has noted : Much has been written, some of it quite intelligent, about the spatial anomalies and inconsistencies in The Shining : there are rooms with windows that should not be there and doors that could n't possibly lead to anywhere, rooms appear to be in one place in one scene and another place in another, wall fixtures and furniture pieces appear and disappear from scene to scene, props move from one room to another, and the layout of the Overlook makes no physical sense. Artist Juli Kearns first identified and created maps of spatial discrepancies in the overall layout of the Overlook Hotel location, the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England. These spatial discrepancies included windows appearing in impossible places, such as in Stuart Ullman 's office which is surrounded by interior hallways, and apartment doorways positioned in places where they can not possibly lead to apartments. Rob Ager is another proponent of this theory. Jan Harlan, an Executive Producer on The Shining, was asked about the discontinuity of sets by Xan Brooks of The Guardian and confirmed the discontinuity was intentional, `` The set was very deliberately built to be offbeat and off the track, so that the huge ballroom would never actually fit inside. The audience is deliberately made not to know where they 're going. People say The Shining does n't make sense. Well spotted! It 's a ghost movie. It 's not supposed to make sense. '' Harlan further elaborated to Kate Abbot for the same newspaper, `` Stephen King gave him the go - ahead to change his book, so Stanley agreed -- and wrote a much more ambiguous script. It 's clear instantly there 's something foul going on. At the little hotel, everything is like Disney, all kitsch wood on the outside -- but the interiors do n't make sense. Those huge corridors and ballrooms could n't fit inside. In fact, nothing makes sense. '' Comparison with the novel ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film differs from the novel significantly with regard to characterization and motivation of action. The most obvious differences are those regarding the personality of Jack Torrance ( the source of much of author Stephen King 's dissatisfaction with the film ). Motivation of ghosts ( edit ) In the film, the motive of the ghosts is apparently to `` reclaim '' Jack ( even though Grady expresses an interest in Danny 's `` shining '' ability ), who seems to be a reincarnation of a previous caretaker of the hotel, as suggested by the 1920s photograph of Jack at the end of the film and Jack 's repeated claims to have `` not just a deja vu ''. The film is even more focused on Jack ( as opposed to Danny ) than the novel. Room number ( edit ) The room number 217 has been changed to 237. Timberline Lodge, located on Mt. Hood in Oregon, was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel. The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 ( featured in the book ) in The Shining, because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there, and a nonexistent room, 237, was substituted in the film. Contrary to the hotel 's expectations, Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline. There are fringe analyses relating this number change to rumors that Kubrick faked the first moon landing, as there are approximately 237,000 miles between Earth and Moon ( average is 238,855 miles ) and the movie is a subtle confession of his involvement. Another theory is an obsession with the number 42 and its forms in the movie and the product of the digits in 237 is 42. Jack Torrance ( edit ) The novel presents Jack as initially likable and well - intentioned but haunted by the demons of alcohol and authority issues. Nonetheless, he becomes gradually overwhelmed by the evil forces in the hotel. At the novel 's conclusion, the hotel forces have possessed Jack 's body and proceed to destroy all that is left of his mind during a final showdown with Danny, leaving a monstrous entity that Danny is able to divert while he, Wendy and Dick Halloran escape. The film 's Jack is established as somewhat sinister much earlier in the story and dies in a different manner. Jack actually kills Dick Hallorann in the film, but only wounds him in the novel. King attempted to talk Stanley Kubrick out of casting Jack Nicholson even before filming began, on the grounds that he seemed vaguely sinister from the very beginning of the film, and had suggested Jon Voight among others for the role. Only in the novel does Jack hear the haunting, heavy - handed voice of his father with whom he had a troubled relationship. In both the novel and film, Jack 's encounter with the ghostly bartender is pivotal to Jack 's deterioration. However, the novel gives much more detail about Jack 's problems with drinking and alcohol. The film prolongs Jack 's struggle with writer 's block. Kubrick 's co-screenwriter Diane Johnson believes that in King 's novel, Jack 's discovery of the scrapbook of clippings in the boiler room of the hotel which gives him new ideas for a novel catalyzes his possession by the ghosts of the hotel, while at the same time unblocking his writing. Jack is no longer a blocked writer, but now filled with energy. In her contribution to the screenplay, Johnson wrote an adaptation of this scene, which to her regret Kubrick later excised, as she felt this left the father 's change less motivated. Kubrick showed Jack 's continued blockage quite late in the film with the `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' scene, which does not appear in the novel. Stephen King has openly stated on the DVD commentary of the 1997 mini-series of The Shining that the character of Jack Torrance was partially autobiographical, as he was struggling with both alcoholism and unprovoked rage toward his family at the time of writing. Tony Magistrale wrote about Kubrick 's version of Jack Torrance in Hollywood 's Stephen King : Kubrick 's version of Torrance is much closer to the tyrannical Hal ( from Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey ) and Alex ( from Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ) than he is to King 's more conflicted, more sympathetically human characterization. From Thomas Allen Nelson 's Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : `` When Jack moves through the reception area on his way to a ' shining ' over the model maze, he throws a yellow tennis ball past a stuffed bear and Danny 's Big Wheel, which rests on the very spot ( a Navajo circle design ) where Hallorann will be murdered. '' Jack 's tennis ball mysteriously rolls into Danny 's circle of toy cars just before the boy walks through the open door of Room 237. `` In the film 's opening, the camera from above moves over water and through mountains with the ease of a bird in flight. Below, on a winding mountain road, Jack 's diminutive yellow Volkswagen journeys through a tree - lined maze, resembling one of Danny 's toy cars or the yellow tennis ball seen later outside of Room 237. '' Danny Torrance ( edit ) Danny Torrance is considerably more open about his supernatural abilities in the novel, discussing them with strangers such as his doctor. In the film, he is quite secretive about them even with his prime mentor Dick Halloran, who also has these abilities. ( The same is true of Dick Halloran, who in his journey back to the Overlook in the book, talks with others with the `` shining '' ability, while in the film he lies about his reason for returning to the Overlook. ) Danny in the novel is generally portrayed as unusually intelligent across the board. In the film, he is more ordinary, though with a preternatural gift. In the novel, Danny is much more bonded to his father than in the film. Although Danny has supernatural powers in both versions, the novel makes it clear that his apparent imaginary friend `` Tony '' really is a projection of hidden parts of his own psyche, though heavily amplified by Danny 's psychic `` shining '' abilities. At the end it is revealed that Danny Torrance 's middle name is `` Anthony ''. Wendy Torrance ( edit ) Wendy Torrance in the film is relatively meek, submissive, passive, gentle, and mousy ; this is shown by the way she defends Jack even in his absence to the doctor examining Danny. It is implied she has perhaps been abused by him as well. In the novel, she is a far more self - reliant and independent personality who is tied to Jack in part by her poor relationship with her parents. In the novel, she never displays hysteria or collapses the way she does in the film, but remains cool and self - reliant. Writing in Hollywood 's Stephen King, author Tony Magistrale writes about the mini-series remake : De Mornay restores much of the steely resilience found in the protagonist of King 's novel and this is particularly noteworthy when compared to Shelley Duvall 's exaggerated portrayal of Wendy as Olive Oyl revisited : A simpering fatality of forces beyond her capacity to understand, much less surmount. Co-screenwriter Diane Johnson stated that in her contributions to the script, Wendy had more dialogue, and that Kubrick cut many of her lines, possibly due to his dissatisfaction with actress Shelley Duvall 's delivery. Johnson believes the earlier draft of the script portrayed Wendy as a more - rounded character. Stuart Ullman ( edit ) In the novel, Jack 's authority issues are triggered by the fact that his interviewer, Ullman, is highly authoritarian, a kind of snobbish martinet. The film 's Ullman is far more humane and concerned about Jack 's well - being, as well as smooth and self - assured. Only in the novel does Ullman state that he disapproves of hiring Jack but higher authorities have asked that Jack be hired. Ullman 's bossy nature in the novel is one of the first steps in Jack 's deterioration, whereas in the film, Ullman serves largely as an expositor. In Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation, author Greg Jenkins writes `` A toadish figure in the book, Ullman has been utterly reinvented for the film ; he now radiates charm, grace and gentility. '' From Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : Ullman tells Jack that the hotel 's season runs from May 15 to October 30, meaning the Torrances moved in on Halloween. On Ullmann 's desk next to a small American flag sits a metal cup containing pencils and a pen -- and a miniature replica of an ax. `` When Ullman, himself all smiles, relates as a footnote the story about the former caretaker who ' seemed perfectly normal ' but nevertheless cut up his family with an ax, Jack 's obvious interest ( as if he 's recalling one of his own nightmares ) and his insincere congeniality ( early signs of a personality malfunction ) lead the viewer to believe that the film 's definition of his madness will be far more complex. '' Family dynamics ( edit ) Stephen King provides the reader with a great deal of information about the stress in the Torrance family early in the story, including revelations of Jack 's physical abuse of Danny and Wendy 's fear of Danny 's mysterious spells. Kubrick tones down the early family tension and reveals family disharmony much more gradually than does King. In the film, Danny has a stronger emotional bond with Wendy than with Jack, which fuels Jack 's rather paranoid notion that the two are conspiring against him. Plot differences ( edit ) In the novel Jack recovers his sanity and goodwill through the intervention of Danny while this does not occur in the film. Writing in Cinefantastique magazine, Frederick Clarke suggests `` Instead of playing a normal man who becomes insane, Nicholson portrays a crazy man attempting to remain sane. '' In the novel, Jack 's final act is to enable Wendy and Danny to escape the hotel before it explodes due to a defective boiler, killing him. The film ends with the hotel still standing. More broadly, the defective boiler is a major element of the novel 's plot, entirely missing from the film version. Because of the limitations of special effects at the time, the living topiary animals of the novel were omitted and a hedge maze was added, acting as a final trap for Jack Torrance as well as a refuge for Danny. In the film, the hotel possibly derives its malevolent energy from being built on an Indian burial ground. In the novel, the reason for the hotel 's manifestation of evil is possibly explained by a theme present in King 's previous novel Salem 's Lot as well as Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House : a physical place may absorb the evils that transpire there and manifest them as a vaguely sentient malevolence. The film 's Hallorann speaks to Danny about that phenomenon occurring at the Overlook. In the novel, Jack does a great deal of investigation of the hotel 's past through a scrapbook, a subplot almost omitted from the film aside from two touches : a brief appearance of the scrapbook beside the typewriter, and Jack 's statement to the ghost of Grady that he knows his face from an old newspaper article describing the latter 's horrific acts. Kubrick in fact shot a scene where Jack discovers the scrapbook but removed it during post-production, a decision which co-screenwriter Diane Johnson lamented. Some of the film 's most famous iconic scenes, such as the ghost girls in the hallway and the torrent of blood from the elevators, are unique to the film. The most notable of these would be the typewritten pages Wendy discovers on Jack 's desk. Similarly, many of the most memorable lines of dialogue ( `` Words of wisdom '' and `` Here 's Johnny! '' ) are heard exclusively in the film. Film adaptation commentary ( edit ) Although Stephen King fans were critical of the novel 's adaptation on the grounds that Kubrick altered and reduced the novel 's themes, a defense of Kubrick 's approach was made in Steve Biodrowski 's review of the film. He argues that as in earlier films, Kubrick stripped out the back story of the film, reducing it down to a `` basic narrative line '', making the characters more like archetypes. His review of the film is one of the few to go into detailed comparison with the novel. He writes, `` The result... ( is ) a brilliant, ambitious attempt to shoot a horror film without the Gothic trappings of shadows and cobwebs so often associated with the genre. '' In popular culture ( edit ) Both parodies and homages to The Shining are prominent in UK and U.S. popular culture, particularly in films, TV shows, video games and music. Images and scenes frequently referenced are : the Grady girls in the hallway, the word `` Redrum '', the blood spilling out of the elevator doors and Jack sticking his head through the hole in the bathroom door, saying, `` Here 's Johnny. '' The tricycle scene in which Danny sees the Grady girls and the `` here 's Johnny '' scene are seen on a drive - in theatre screen in the movie Twister just before a tornado rips the screen down. Director Tim Burton ( who credits Kubrick as an influence ) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland ( like so many viewers of the film, Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary ). The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror V '' includes a parody titled `` The Shinning ''. In addition, Sherri and Terri, the twins in Bart 's 4th grade class, are visually similar to the Grady girls. Remington Steele episode `` Etched In Steele '' includes a reference to The Shining when Steele uses one of his customary cinematic references to explain the concept of writer 's block to his colleague Laura Holt. Five episodes of the drama Gilmore Girls reference the film. One episode contains Lorelai 's line `` Well, we like our Internet slow, okay? We can turn it on, walk around, dance, make a sandwich. With DSL, there 's no dancing, no walking, and we 'd starve. It 'd be all work and no play. Have you not seen The Shining, Mom? '' Kate Bush 's 1982 album The Dreaming contains the song `` Get Out of My House '', inspired primarily by the novel. Sound clips of Ullman warning Jack about cabin fever with Jack 's reassurances appear in Swedish goth band Katatonia 's song `` Endtime '' on the album Brave Murder Day. The plot of the film is the basis for the music video for `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars. American heavy metal band Slipknot pay homage to the film in their first music video for their song `` Spit It Out '', directed by Thomas Mignone. The video consists of conceptual imagery of the bandmembers each portraying characters enacting iconic scenes from the film, with Joey Jordison as Danny Torrance ; Shawn Crahan and Chris Fehn as the Grady twins ; Corey Taylor as Jack Torrance ; Mick Thomson as Lloyd the Bartender ; Craig Jones as Dick Hallorann ; James Root as Wendy Torrance ; Paul Gray as Harry Derwent ; and Sid Wilson as the corpse in the bathtub. The video was banned from MTV for overtly graphic and violent depictions, including Corey Taylor 's smashing through a door with an axe and the scene wherein James Root viciously assaults Corey Taylor with a baseball bat. Mignone and the band eventually re-edited a less violent version, which was subsequently aired on MTV. `` Here 's Johnny! '' was parodied by British comedian Lenny Henry in a controversial advertisement for Premier Inn. Johnny Cage parodies the `` here 's Johnny '' scene as part of his fatality in Mortal Kombat X where he shoves his hands behind the opponent in which he then says the line by peeping his face through the opened torso. In the Scream Queens episode `` Pumpkin Patch '', Chanel demands that her pumpkin patch party have an exact replica of the hedge maze which plays a central part of the episode. Also in the episode, Chanel # 5 has two twin boyfriends, Rodger and Dodger. The Little Sisters in the fallen underwater utopia Rapture, introduced in the 2007 video game BioShock, were partly inspired by the Grady twins. The Angry Birds Movie contains a scene with two pigs dressed as the Grady sisters. The song `` Enjoy Your Slay '' by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills is inspired primarily by the novel as well as the film adaption. The song also features Stanley Kubrick 's grandson Sam Kubrick as guest vocalist. The tv show `` Psych '' has an episode titled `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' in which the plot and characters are based on film. See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1980s portal Horror portal List of ghost films A Nightmare on Face Time, a 2012 episode of South Park parodying the film Room 237, a 2012 documentary about interpretations of The Shining Treehouse of Horror V, a 1994 episode of The Simpsons that features a sketch parodying the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet ( May 23, 1980 ). `` Nicholson and Shelley Duvall in Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Malcolm, Derek ( October 2, 1980 ). `` From the archive, 2 October 1980 : Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining - review ''. The Guardian. Retrieved March 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING ''. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved October 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING ''. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) ''. British Film Institute. Retrieved December 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Shining ''. TCM database. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 28, 2016. Jump up ^ LoBrutto, Vincent. Stanley Kubrick : A Biography, p. 449 Jump up ^ Martin Scorsese ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ). `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time ''. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Kubrick # 3 -- The Shining ( 1980 ) The Hollywood Projects ''. Thehollywoodprojects.com. 2010 - 07 - 26. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Brent Wiese ''. Public.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ My Movie Mundo ( 2010 - 02 - 28 ). `` Jan Harlan ( producer ) -- The Shining, Eyes Wide Shut, etc ''. My Movie Mundo. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Those Two Scary Girls from The Shining ''. weht.net. Jump up ^ Bosworth, Patricia ( 255 ). Diane Arbus : a biography. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31207 - 2. Jump up ^ Olson, Danel, ed. ( 2015 ). The Shining : Studies in the Horror Film. Lakewood, CO : Centipede Press. pp. 503 -- 532. ISBN 978 - 1613470695. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ including Webster, Patrick ( 2010 ). Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut. McFarland. p. 115. ISBN 9780786459162. and Kolker, Robert ( 2011 ). A Cinema of Loneliness : Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg, Altman. Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973888 - 5. and several others. Jump up ^ Webster, p. 115 Jump up ^ LoBrutto, Vincent, `` Stanley Kubrick, A Biography, '' ( 1997 ), p. 412 ^ Jump up to : Duncan, Paul ( 2003 ), Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films, Taschen GmbH, p. 9, ISBN 978 - 3836527750 Jump up ^ Robert De Niro ( speaking about which films scared him ), B105 FM interview on September 20, 2007 Jump up ^ Stephen King, B105 FM on November 21, 2007 Jump up ^ LoBrutto, p. 420 Jump up ^ Kubrick 's The Shining - Closing Day idyllopuspress.com Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick on the burned down set of The Shining ''. FilmMaker IQ. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Kubrick at Elstree : The fire that almost axed The Shining ''. BBC Arts. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott Reveals Stanley Kubrick Gave Him Footage From ' The Shining ' for ' Blade Runner ' Ending ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12. Jump up ^ Huston, Allegra. Love Child, a Memoir of Family Lost and Found. Simon & Schuster ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3B10XziCZU?t=50s Jump up ^ LoBrutto, p. 437 Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher ( June 11, 2015 ). `` Read the alternative phrases to ' All work and no play makes Jack a ''. The Independent. Retrieved January 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Jack Nicholson in interview with Michel Ciment in Kubrick : The Definitive Edition p. 198 Jump up ^ Roberts, Chris. `` Eraserhead, The Short Films Of David Lynch ''. uncut.co.uk. Retrieved August 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Serena Ferrara, Steadicam : Techniques and Aesthetics ( Oxford : Focal Press, 2000 ), 26 -- 31. Jump up ^ LoBrutto, p. 426 Jump up ^ Brown, G. ( 1980 ) The Steadicam and The Shining. American Cinematographer. Reproduced at ( 1 ) without issue date or pages given Jump up ^ LoBrutto, p. 436 Jump up ^ `` Barham, Jeremy. `` Incorporating Monsters : Music as Context, Character and Construction in Kubrick 's The Shining. '' London : Equinox Press. ``. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84553 - 202 - 4. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ Gengaro, Christine Lee ( 2013 ). Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 190. ISBN 9780810885646. Jump up ^ LoBrutto, Vincent ( 1999 ). Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films. Da Capo Press. p. 448. ISBN 9780306809064. Jump up ^ Sbravatti, Valerio ( 2010 ). `` The Music in The Shining '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ LoBrutto, p. 447 Jump up ^ http://www.wendycarlos.com/+rls2.html Jump up ^ `` The Shining ''. Monthly Film Bulletin. 47 ( 562 ) : 221. Nov 1980. Jump up ^ `` Shine On... and Out ''. www.visual-memory.co.uk. Jump up ^ Wurm, Gerald. `` Shining ( Comparison : International Version - US Version ) - Movie-Censorship.com ''. movie-censorship.com. Jump up ^ Wigley, Samuel. `` Producing The Shining : Jan Harlan on Kubrick ''. British Film Institute. Retrieved October 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Shining on exxagon ^ Jump up to : Gerke, Greg ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ). `` On Newfound Footage from Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ''. BIG OTHER. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05. Jump up ^ Crist, Judith ( April 30, 1983 ). `` This Week 's Movies ''. TV Guide : A5 -- A6. Jump up ^ `` Opening teaser for the network television airing... - the - overlook - hotel ''. Jump up ^ Stanley Kubrick ( 1980 ). The Shining ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ). Warner Brothers. Jump up ^ Gray, Tim ( May 23, 2016 ). `` The Shining Anniversary : Stanley Kubrick & His Mysterious Classic ''. Variety. Retrieved July 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet ( May 23, 1980 ). `` Movie Review : THE SHINING ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Jump up ^ The Shining -- Excerpt from Variety. ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Review : The Shining ( 1980 ) High - Def Digest ''. Bluray.highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Sneak Previews : Titles and Airdate Guide ''. Epguides.com. 2013 - 09 - 09. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31. Jump up ^ DiMare, Philip ( 2011 ). Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 440. ISBN 9781598842975. Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ). `` Quelle horreur! ' The Shining ' was not only snubbed, it was Razzed! ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22. Jump up ^ Lindrea, Victoria ( February 25, 2007 ). `` Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown ''. BBC News Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04. Jump up ^ Larsen, Peter ( January 20, 2005 ). `` The Morning Read -- So bad, they 're almost good -- A love of movies lies behind the Razzies ''. The Orange County Register : p. 1. Jump up ^ Germain, David ( Associated Press ) ( February 26, 2005 ). `` 25 Years of Razzing Hollywood 's Stinkers ''. South Florida Sun - Sentinel ( Sun - Sentinel Company ) : p. 7D. Jump up ^ Marder, Jenny ( February 26, 2005 ). `` Razzin ' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck -- Film : Cerritos ' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards ' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming ''. Long Beach Press - Telegram : p. A1. Jump up ^ Cahill, Tim ( August 27, 1987 ). `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Stanley Kubrick in 1987 ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 15, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Jump up ^ `` Great Movies : The Shining ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ''. Documentaryfilms.net. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Scary Moments : Channel 4 Film ''. Channel4.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ Jamie Graham ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ). `` Total Film -- Shock Horror! ''. Totalfilm.com. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ Kim Newman 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Jonathan Romney 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Scorsese, Martin ( October 28, 2009 ). `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time ''. The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 15, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Shining named perfect scary movie ''. BBC News. 2004 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` King 's College News `` Mathematicians declare The Shining perfect scary movie '' ``. Kcl.ac.uk. 2004 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest American films ''. BBC. July 20, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Sight & Sound Stanley Kubrick 1928 - 99 Resident Phantoms ''. BFI. 2012 - 02 - 10. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01. ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining ''. Visual-memory.co.uk. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Writing Rapture : The WD Interview '', Writer 's Digest, May / June 2009 Jump up ^ King, Stephen ( 1981 ). Danse Macabre. Berkley Press. pp. 415 -- 417. ISBN 0425104338. ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick v. King ''. TheIntellectualDevotional.com. October 29, 2008. Jump up ^ BBC News - Stephen King ' nervous ' about reaction to Shining sequel Jump up ^ Stephen King ( interviewee ), Laurent Bouzerau ( writer, director, producer ) ( 2011 ). A Night at the Movies : The Horrors of Stephen King ( Television production ). Turner Classic Movies. Jump up ^ Miller, Laura ( October 1, 2013 ). `` What Stanley Kubrick got wrong about `` The Shining '' ``. Salon. Retrieved October 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Quoted in ''. Thewordslinger.com. 2008 - 03 - 01. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ Stephen King on the big screen by Mark Browning p. 239 Jump up ^ `` Den svenska filmens Guldålder '' ( in Swedish ) Thorellifilm Jump up ^ Original Scene from `` The Phantom Carriage '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Blakemore 's essay has gone on to be discussed in several books on Kubrick particularly Julien Rice 's Kubrick 's Hope as well as a study of Stephen King films Stephen King on the Big Screen by Mark Browning. It is also assigned in many college film courses, and discussed ubiquitously on the Internet Jump up ^ Blakemore is best known as a spearhead for global warming issues and having been ABC News ' Vatican Correspondent since 1970. Jump up ^ Capo, John ( 2004 - 09 - 27 ). `` Tailslate.net ''. Tailslate.net. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Cocks ; James Diedrick ; Glenn Perusek, eds. ( 2006 ). Depth of Field : Stanley Kubrick, Film, and the Uses of History ( 1st ed. ). Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. p. 174. ISBN 978 - 0299216146. Jump up ^ Cocks, Diedrich & Perusek 2006, p. 201. Jump up ^ Cocks, Diedrich & Perusek 2006, ch. 11. Jump up ^ Rice, Julian ( 2008 ). Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut. Scarecrow Press, pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Cocks, Diedrich & Perusek 2006, p. 59, Writing The Shining, essay by Diane Johnson. Jump up ^ `` James Howell Quotes ''. Famousquotesandauthors.com. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( June 18, 2006 ). `` The Shining ( 1980 ) ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved December 23, 2010. Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( February 18, 2009 ). `` The Shining ( 1980 ) ''. REELVIEWS.com. Retrieved December 23, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews ''. Reelviews.net. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ Hollywood 's Stephen King by Tony Magistrale Palgrave Macmillan 2003 pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Kubrick by Michel Ciment, 1983, Holt Rinehart Winston ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining Part 2 ''. Visual-memory.co.uk. 1921 - 07 - 04. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ Nelson, Thomas Allen, Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze, p. 206 - 207 Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : Kubrick speaks in regard to ' The Shining ' ''. Visual-memory.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 19, 2007. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ Todd Alcott ( November 29, 2010 ). `` Todd Alcott : What Does the Protagonist Want? ''. Todd Alcott. Retrieved December 23, 2010. Jump up ^ The 10 Most Outrageous Theories About What The Shining Really Means - Angela Watercutter 29 March 2013 Wired.com Jump up ^ Clarke, Donald ( 1 Aug 2011 ). `` Spatial Awareness in The Shining ''. Irish Times. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Jump up ^ Conditt, Jessica ( July 24, 2011 ). `` Duke Nukem finally figures out what 's wrong in The Shining 's Overlook Hotel ''. Joystiq.com. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Jump up ^ Brookes, Xan ( 18 Oct 2012 ). `` Shining a light inside Room 237 ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Jump up ^ Abbott, Kate ( 29 Oct 2012 ). `` How we made Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Jump up ^ Movie Junk Archive : Stephen King 's The Shining Jump up ^ TV Guide, April 26 -- May 2, 1997 Jump up ^ Among many other places, this is suggested in The Modern Weird Tale by S.T. Joshi, p. 72. Jump up ^ `` The Shining ''. Timberline Lodge. Retrieved 24 August 2014. Jump up ^ Jr., Thomas P. Deering,. `` Deering Thesis : Timberline Lodge Second Floor Plan ''. www.tomdeering.com. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ `` How far away is the moon? : : NASA Space Place ''. Jump up ^ Segal, David ( March 27, 2013 ). `` It 's Back. But What Does It Mean? Aide to Kubrick on ' Shining ' Scoffs at ' Room 237 ' Theories ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2016. Jump up ^ Nelson, Thomas Allen ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ). Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze. Indiana University Press. p. 325 -- 326. ISBN 0253213908. Jump up ^ See Chapter 55, That Which Was Forgotten. Jump up ^ King discusses this in an interview he gave at the time of the TV remake of The Shining in the New York Daily News `` The Shining By the Book ''. Jump up ^ Creepshows : The Illustrated Stephen King Movie Guide By Stephen Jones Published by Watson - Guptill, 2002 p. 20 Jump up ^ Magistrale, Tony. Stephen King : America 's Storyteller, p. 120. ABC - CLIO, 2010. ISBN 9780313352287. See also novel, Chapter 26, Dreamland. Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006, p. 58. Jump up ^ DVD of The Shining TV mini-series directed by Mick Garris Studio : Warner Home Video DVD Release Date : January 7, 2003 Jump up ^ p. 100 of Hollywood 's Stephen King By Tony Magistrale Published by Macmillan, 2003 Jump up ^ Nelson, Thomas Allen, Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze p. 203, 209, 214 Jump up ^ Rasmussen, Randy. Stanley Kubrick : Seven Films Analyzed p. 233. McFarland. See novel 's Chapter 17, The Doctor 's Office, and chapter 20, Talking with Mr. Ullman Jump up ^ Rasmussen, 233 - 4. See also novelChapter 16, Danny. Jump up ^ Tony 's real identity is revealed in Chapter 54. Jump up ^ Bailey, Dale. American Nightmares : The Haunted House Formula in American Popular Fiction, p. 95. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299268732. See also the novel Chapter 5, Phone Booth, and Chapter 6, Night Thoughts. Jump up ^ Magistrale, p. 202. Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006, p. 56. Jump up ^ Jack 's disdain for Ullman is the main subject of Chapter 1 of the novel, setting up Jack 's authority issues. Jump up ^ p. 74 of Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation : Three Novels, Three Films by Greg Jenkins, published by McFarland, 1997 Jump up ^ Nelson, p. 200, 206, 210 Jump up ^ Rasmussen, 233 - 4. See also novel Chapter 6, Night Thoughts. ' Jump up ^ Clarke, Frederick ( 1996 ). `` The Shining ''. Cinefastique. 28. Jump up ^ Bailey, Dale ( 1999 ). American nightmares : the haunted house formula in American popular fiction. Popular Press. p. 62. ISBN 978 - 0 - 879727 - 89 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ''. Pages.prodigy.com. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's -- The Shining -- By Harlan Kennedy ''. Americancinemapapers.homestead.com. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ Cinema of the occult : new age, satanism, Wicca, and spiritualism in film, by Carrol Lee Fry, notes similarities to both the Jackson story and Poe 's The Fall of the House of Usher ( p. 230 ). Jump up ^ The chapter is analyzed at length in Magistrale, Toney ( 1998 ). Discovering Stephen King 's The shining :. Wildside Press. pp. 39 -- following. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55742 - 133 - 3. Jump up ^ `` The Shining Adapted : An Interview with Diane Johnson ''. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29. Jump up ^ `` KevinBroome.com ''. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ `` The Shining ( 1980 ) Review ''. Hollywood Gothique. Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17. Biodrowsky is a former editor of the print magazine Cinefantastique Jump up ^ `` ' Secret Window ' achieves horror with suspense, silence ''. Western Herald. 2004 - 03 - 15. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. `` The Shining '' has cemented a spot in horror pop culture. Jump up ^ Simon Hill. `` The Shining Review ''. Celluloid Dreams. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. This film has embedded itself in popular culture... Jump up ^ Mark Blackwell ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ). `` Deep End : Christiane Kubrick ''. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. Images from his films have made an indelible impression on popular culture. Think of (... ) Jack Nicholson sticking his head through the door saying ' Here 's Johnny ' in The Shining. Jump up ^ `` Shining tops screen horrors ''. BBC News. 2003 - 10 - 27. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. The scene in The Shining has become one of cinema 's iconic images... Jump up ^ `` Stephen Chow 's `` Kungfu Hustle '' salutes to Kubrick 's `` The Shining '' ( in Chinese ) ``. 2004 - 12 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( May 10, 1996 ). `` Dorothy and Toto Had It Easier ''. New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2011. Mr. de Bont has the gleeful opportunity to stage an elaborate sequence at a drive - in theater playing `` The Shining '', and then blow Mr. Nicholson 's famously evil grin right off the screen. Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( February 10, 2010 ). `` Tim Burton took a ' Shining ' to Tweedledee and Tweedledum ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 17, 2011. Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy by Gary Westfahl states, `` While the scope of reference to fantastic fiction in The Simpsons is vast, there are two masters of the genre whose impact on The Simpson supersedes that of all others : Stanley Kubrick and Edgar Allan Poe. '' p. 1232 Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynamic ''. Entertainment Weekly. 2003 - 01 - 29. Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Etched in Steele transcription ''. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27. Jump up ^ Calvin, Ritch ( 2008 ). Gilmore girls and the politics of identity : Essays on Family and Feminism in the Television Series. McFarland. p. 184. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3727 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Gaffaweb - Kate Bush - THE GARDEN - Kate 's KBC article - Issue 12 ( Oct 1982 ) - About The Dreaming ''. Gaffa.org. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Katatonia -- Brave Murder Day ''. Hailmetal.com. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD, `` Making of The Kill music video '' -- Jared Leto and Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning. Jump up ^ Dirty Horror Spotlight : Slipknot Dirty Horror Posted January 30, 2013 Jump up ^ 10 Great Pop Culture Homages To The Shining Flavorwire - Posted Sept 30, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Premier Inn ' horror ' ad banned from children 's network ''. BBC News. 2010 - 03 - 24. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Cage family reunites in Mortal Kombat X ''. Made For Gaming. 2015 - 03 - 12. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Scream Queens tries to manufacture camp magic in `` Pumpkin Patch '' ``. www.avclub.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01. Jump up ^ @ IGLevine ( 29 November 2014 ). `` RT @ CanadianEm : @ IGLevine Did A Clockwork Orange inspire Bioshock in any way, shape or form? -- - Not really, but : www.whorange.net/. a / 6a00e5506da997883301901e0ed31c970b - pi '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Murthi, Vikram ( 19 April 2016 ). `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie : New TV Spot Features Bizarre ' Shining ' Reference We 're Sure Kids Will Understand & Enjoy ''. IndieWire. Retrieved 27 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills release ' Shining ' - inspired song featuring Sam Kubrick -- listen - News - Alternative Press ''. Alternative Press. Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills Celebrates The Shining Anniversary With Themed Track That Includes Stanley Kubrick 's Grandson! - Dread Central ''. Dread Central. 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Heeeeere 's Lassie! Psych 's James Roday Dishes on The Shining Tribute ; Plus, See Carlton Go Cray - Cray ''. E! Online. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Psych : `` Heeeeere 's Lassie! '' ``. 2012 - 03 - 08. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shining ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Shining ( film ). The Shining on IMDb The Shining at the TCM Movie Database The Shining at Box Office Mojo The Shining at Rotten Tomatoes The Shining at Metacritic Stanley Kubrick, which includes `` The Kubrick Site '' and `` The Kubrick FAQ '' Kubrick 's The Shining, a shot - by - shot analysis by Juli Kearns The Overlook Hotel, ephemera related to The Shining Staircases to Nowhere : Making Stanley Kubrick 's ' The Shining ', an oral history told by several crew members Stephen King 's The Shining Novels The Shining ( 1977 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Characters Jack Torrance Danny Torrance Adaptations The Shining ( 1980 film ) The Shining ( 1997 miniseries ) Other Room 237 Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark, No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry, Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Creepshow ( 1982 ) Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) N. ( 2010 ) Road Rage ( 2012 ) The Dark Man ( 2013 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films, episodes, and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry, Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 -- present ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House ( 1959 ) Films The Haunting ( 1963 ) The Haunting ( 1999 ) TV Rose Red ( 2002 ) Influenced Hell House ( 1971 novel ) / The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 film ) The Shining ( 1977 novel ) / The Shining ( 1980 film ) VIAF : 316751759 GND : 4475809 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shining_(film)&oldid=802403554 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980 horror films 1980s ghost films 1980s psychological films British films British horror films American films American haunted house films American psychological horror films Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Films about domestic violence Films about dysfunctional families Films about writers Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Colorado Films set in hotels Films shot in California Films shot in Colorado Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Montana Films shot in Oregon Supernatural horror films Films shot at Elstree Studios Films shot at Pinewood Studios Warner Bros. films Films based on American horror novels Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Uxoricide in fiction Filicide in fiction Telepathy in fiction Film scores by Wendy Carlos Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Articles that may contain original research from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 23 : 31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Shining (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Shining_(film)&amp;oldid=802403554" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production. The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree, including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel. In February 1979, the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire, causing a delay in the production. Exterior locations ( edit ) Timberline Lodge in Oregon served as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel. While most of the interior shots, and even some of the Overlook exterior shots, were shot on studio sets, a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan. Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes, with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road. The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel ; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze, something the Timberline Lodge does not have. Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner ( 1982 ). Shooting ( edit ) Screenplay from The Shining at LACMA exhibit. William Beutler from Washinton, DC, USA The Shining had a prolonged and" ], "id": [ "15979539889585520099" ], "short_answers": [ "Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Legally Blonde - wikipedia Legally Blonde Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the 2001 film. For other uses, see Legally Blonde ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legally Blonde Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Luketic Produced by Marc Platt Ric Kidney Screenplay by Karen McCullah Lutz Kirsten Smith Based on Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown Starring Reese Witherspoon Luke Wilson Selma Blair Matthew Davis Victor Garber Jennifer Coolidge Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Anita Brandt - Burgoyne Production companies Type A Films Marc Platt Productions Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date July 13, 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 13 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $141.8 million Legally Blonde is a 2001 American comedy film adapted from the novel of the same title by Amanda Brown. It was directed by Robert Luketic, scripted by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith, and stars Reese Witherspoon, Luke Wilson, Selma Blair, Matthew Davis, Victor Garber, and Jennifer Coolidge. The film tells the story of Elle Woods, a sorority girl who attempts to win back her ex-boyfriend by getting a law degree. The title is a pun on the term ' legally blind '. The film was released on July 13, 2001, and received positive reviews from critics. The critics ' consensus states that `` though the material is predictable and formulaic, Reese Witherspoon 's funny, nuanced performance makes this movie better than it would have been otherwise ''. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture : Musical or Comedy and ranked 29th on Bravo 's 2007 list of `` 100 Funniest Movies ''. Witherspoon received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and the 2002 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance. The box office success led to a 2003 sequel, Red, White & Blonde, and a 2009 direct - to - DVD spin - off, Legally Blondes. Additionally, Legally Blonde : The Musical premiered on January 23, 2007, in San Francisco and opened in New York City at the Palace Theatre on Broadway on April 29, 2007, starring Laura Bell Bundy. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Musical 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Fashion merchandising student Elle Woods is taken to an expensive restaurant by her boyfriend, the governor 's son, Warner Huntington III. She expects Warner to propose, but he breaks up with her instead, reasoning that she is not serious enough for his political aspirations. Her sorority sisters encourage her to pursue him. After much effort, Elle scores a 179 on the Law School Admission Test. This score, combined with her 4.0 GPA, gain her admission to Harvard, where Warner has enrolled. Upon arriving at Harvard, Elle 's SoCal personality is in complete contrast to her East Coast classmates ' personalities, who refuse to take her seriously. She soon encounters Warner, but discovers he is engaged to marry another classmate, Vivian Kensington. Elle struggles to keep up with the reading and is unprepared for a lecture, which causes strict Professor Stromwell to berate her and force her out of the class. Elle meets Emmett, who gives her advice for handling each of her professors. Vivian invites Elle to a `` costume party '' and Elle arrives in a Playboy bunny suit, but the party is not actually a costume party. Elle tells Warner that she intends to apply for Professor Callahan 's prestigious internship, but Warner tells her that she is wasting her time. Elle realizes that Warner will never take her back and finds motivation to prove herself. After several months of dramatic improvement, Elle, along with Warner and Vivian, is given a surprise internship at Callahan 's law office. Callahan is defending a prominent fitness instructor named Brooke Windham, who is one of Elle 's role models and a former member of her sorority. Accused of murdering her husband, Brooke is unwilling to produce an alibi ( she later reveals to Elle that she was having liposuction ). Enrique Salvatore, a pool cleaner and the prosecution 's main witness, says that he was having an affair with Brooke and that they were planning to run off with her husband 's money. Elle deduces that Enrique is gay, and Emmett ( revealed to be Callahan 's junior partner ) believes her and during cross examination gets Enrique into confessing his homosexuality by tricking him into admitting he has a boyfriend named Chuck ( after denying this Chuck himself stands up and says `` You Bitch! '' to Enrique in an effeminate voice ). In spite of her victory, Elle quits the firm after Callahan attempts to seduce her. When Emmett explains how Callahan 's behavior caused Elle to quit her internship, Brooke fires Callahan and replaces him with Elle as her defense. Elle cross-examines Brooke 's step - daughter Chutney, forcing her to reveal that she had killed Brooke 's husband, though she had actually planned to kill Brooke because she hated that her father married someone her age. Chutney is taken into custody and Warner unsuccessfully attempts to convince Elle to take him back. Two years later, Elle gives the graduation speech at Harvard. Vivian is now her best friend, while Warner has graduated with no honors, no girlfriend and no job offers. Emmett has started his own firm. He and Elle have been dating since the trial, and he plans to propose to her later that night. Cast ( edit ) Reese Witherspoon as Elle Woods Luke Wilson as Emmett Richmond Matthew Davis as Warner Huntington III Selma Blair as Vivian Kensington Victor Garber as Prof. Callahan Jennifer Coolidge as Paulette Bonafonté Holland Taylor as Prof. Stromwell Ali Larter as Brooke Taylor - Windham Jessica Cauffiel and Alanna Ubach as Margot and Serena, close friends of Elle. Oz Perkins as David Kidney Linda Cardellini as Chutney Windham, Brooke 's stepdaughter. Raquel Welch as Mrs. Windham - Vandermark, Chutney 's mother and Mr. Windham 's ex-wife. Production ( edit ) Although the film is set at Harvard University, it was filmed at the University of Southern California, University of California, Los Angeles, California Institute of Technology, and Rose City High School in Pasadena, California. The graduation scene was filmed at Dulwich College, in London, England, since Reese Witherspoon was in that city filming The Importance of Being Earnest. Harvard University appears in the film briefly in certain aerial shots. In the novel and original script, Warner and Elle attend Stanford Law School. Stanford, however, disapproved of the script. The producers intentionally gave Elle a different hairstyle for every scene. The opening song and main theme, `` Perfect Day '', was performed by Hoku. Reception ( edit ) Legally Blonde was released on July 13, 2001 in North America. Its opening weekend gross of $20 million made it a sleeper hit for the struggling MGM studio, and it went on to gross $96.5 million in North America and $45.2 million elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $141.7 million. The film was released in the United Kingdom on October 26, 2001, and opened on # 2, behind American Pie 2. The film was a critical success. Based on 130 reviews, collected by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 68 % of the critics gave Legally Blonde positive ratings, ranking the film as `` fresh ''. Most reviews praised Reese Witherspoon 's lead performance, although some denigrated the overall film. Metacritic reported that the film had an average score of 59, based on 31 reviews. At the 2001 Golden Globe Awards ceremony, the film was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Picture -- Musical or Comedy. The same year, Witherspoon was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress -- Musical or Comedy. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Courtroom Drama Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Legally Blonde ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack album was released in 2001 on A&M Records, including the songs : `` Watch Me Shine '' by Joanna Pacitti `` Sound of Milwaukee '' by Fatboy Slim `` Ca n't Get Me Down '' by Lo - Ball `` We Could Still Belong Together '' by Lisa Loeb `` Do n't Need You To ( Tell Me I 'm Pretty ) '' by Samantha Mumba `` One Girl Revolution '' by Superchick `` Magic '' by The Black Eyed Peas featuring Terry Dexter `` Sex Machine '' by Mýa `` That 's the Way ( I Like It ) '' by KC and the Sunshine Band `` You Sexy Thing '' by Hot Chocolate `` Get Down on It '' by Kool & the Gang `` Love Is a Beautiful Thing '' by Krystal `` A Thousand Miles '' by Vanessa Carlton `` Baby, Come on Over '' by Samantha Mumba `` Perfect Day '' by Hoku `` Ooh La La '' by Valeria Musical ( edit ) Main article : Legally Blonde ( musical ) In February 2007, a musical adaptation premiered on Broadway to mixed reviews, starring Laura Bell Bundy as Elle, Christian Borle as Emmett, Orfeh as Paulette, Nikki Snelson as Brooke, Richard H. Blake as Warner, Kate Shindle as Vivienne, and Michael Rupert as Callahan. Other cast members included Andy Karl, Leslie Kritzer, Annaleigh Ashford, DeQuina Moore, and Natalie Joy Johnson. The show, Bundy, Borle, and Orfeh were all nominated for Tony Awards. Later, the Broadway show was the focus of an MTV reality - TV series called Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods, in which the winner would take over the role of Elle on Broadway. Bailey Hanks from Anderson, South Carolina, won the competition. Legally Blonde had a successful run at the Savoy Theatre in London 's West End, starring Sheridan Smith, Susan McFadden, and Carley Stenson as Elle, and Duncan James, Richard Fleeshman, Simon Thomas, and Ben Freeman as Warner. During the three - year run, the cast also included Alex Gaumond, Denise Van Outen, and Lee Mead. See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Legally Blonde 2 : Red, White & Blonde ( 2003 ), the sequel to the film. Legally Blonde : The Musical ( 2007 ), the musical based on the film Legally Blondes ( 2009 ), the spin - off from the film Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods Legally Blonde ( franchise ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde ( 12 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. August 6, 2001. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. 2001 - 11 - 18. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ Legally Blonde, retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 Jump up ^ Jamie Allen / CNN ( 2001 ). `` CNN.com - Globes : ' Beautiful, ' ' Moulin ' golden - December 20, 2001 ''. Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` BRAVO 100 Funniest Movies ''. The Film Spectrum. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` USC Campus Filming : USC in Film ''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Search - UCLA Undergraduate Admission ''. Admissions.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Stanford Magazine - Article ''. Stanfordalumni.org. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Weekend box office 26th October 2001 - 28th October 2001 ''. www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Legally Blonde Reviews ''. Metacritic. 2001 - 07 - 13. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` 15 Years of Reese Witherspoon Fox News Magazine ''. Magazine.foxnews.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Legally Blonde Legally Blonde on IMDb Legally Blonde at AllMovie Legally Blonde at Rotten Tomatoes Legally Blonde at Box Office Mojo Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown Films Legally Blonde Legally Blonde 2 : Red, White & Blonde Legally Blondes Musical Legally Blonde ( musical ) Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods Characters Elle Woods Films directed by Robert Luketic Titsiana Booberini ( 1997 ) Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! ( 2004 ) Monster - in - Law ( 2005 ) 21 ( 2008 ) The Ugly Truth ( 2009 ) Killers ( 2010 ) Paranoia ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legally_Blonde&oldid=800895426 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s comedy films American comedy films American films American legal films Directorial debut films Feminist films Films about fraternities and sororities Films based on American novels Films directed by Robert Luketic Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films set in California Films set in Boston Films set in Massachusetts Films set in universities and colleges Media franchises Harvard Law School Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Blond hair Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 10 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Legally Blonde", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Legally_Blonde&amp;oldid=800895426" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "7306995233830439902" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Gaston ( Beauty and the Beast ) - wikipedia Gaston ( Beauty and the Beast ) This article is about the character. For the song, see Gaston ( song ). Gaston Beauty and the Beast character Gaston in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton Portrayed by Wolf Bauer ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Luke Evans ( 2017 ) Voiced by Richard White Gaston is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ). Voiced by American actor and singer Richard White, Gaston is an arrogant man whose unrequited feelings for the intellectual Belle drive him to murder his adversary, the Beast, once he realizes she cares for him instead. Gaston serves as a foil personality to the Beast, who was once as vain as Gaston prior to his transformation. An original character who is not present in the Beauty and the Beast fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont upon which the film is based, Gaston was inspired by Avenant, a character filmmaker Jean Cocteau created specifically for his 1946 film adaptation of the story. Created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who based the character on some of the ex-boyfriends she dated in her past, Gaston was developed specifically for Disney 's adaptation of Beauty and the Beast because the studio felt that the film could benefit from a strong villain, who is lacking in the original fairy tale. As the character evolved from a nonthreatening aristocrat into an arrogant man relentlessly seeking Belle 's hand in marriage, Gaston ultimately replaced a female relative of Belle 's who the filmmakers had originally created to serve as the film 's villain. Both Disney and supervising animator Andreas Deja initially struggled with the concept of animating a handsome villain, which had never been attempted by the studio before. Deja ultimately based Gaston 's appearance on those of handsome soap opera actors in order to create a grotesque version of the Prince Charming stock character, while some of White 's own operatic mannerisms were incorporated into the character. Gaston both physically and emotionally embodies hypermasculinity. In direct contrast to his adversary the Beast, Gaston is depicted as handsome with an unattractive personality. Gaston has been generally positively received by film critics, although some of them dismissed the character as an inferior, less memorable villain than some of the studio 's previous efforts. Considered to be one of Disney 's most famous villains, Gaston is frequently ranked within the top - tens of Disney villain rankings released by several media publications. Contents 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice and animation 2 Characteristics and themes 2.1 Inner beauty and superficiality 2.2 Masculinity and misogyny 3 Appearances 3.1 Films 3.2 Broadway musical 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Reception and legacy 5 References Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) Gaston is one of several elements unique to Disney 's animated adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale, written by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont. Under Richard and Jill Purdum 's direction, Gaston originally resembled a `` foppish aristocrat '' as opposed to the strong, arrogant hunter he would ultimately be revised into ; The Huffington Post described early drafts of Gaston as `` a weaselly, sort of wimpy character ''. In fact, Gaston was originally intended to resemble more of an annoying than antagonistic character, while the main villainous role belonged to Belle 's aunt Marguerite instead, who plotted to force Belle into marrying Gaston. This version of Gaston was abandoned along with much of the original film treatment 's elements, including Marguerite, at the behest of Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg. An original character not present in the fairy tale, Gaston was based on Avenant, a character French filmmaker Jean Cocteau created for his 1946 live - action adaptation of the fairy tale. After Katzenberg insisted that development on the film be completely overhauled, the studio ultimately decided to incorporate elements from filmmaker Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale into their own version of Beauty and the Beast. Gaston, a character who does not exist in the original fairy tale, was among several elements borrowed from the live - action version of the story, based on a character Cocteau himself had created specifically for his film : Avenant, portrayed by French actor Jean Marais who also plays the Beast in a duo role. Similar to Cocteau 's addition of Avenant, Gaston was created for the animated adaptation because Disney felt that the story could potentially benefit from a legitimate villain, which the original text lacks, in addition to instilling Beauty and the Beast with a more prominent element of danger. With Marguerite completely eliminated, Gaston replaced her and ultimately became a more formidable villain. Musicals in Film : A Guide to the Genre author Thomas S. Hischak observed that Gaston himself had been developed as `` a new kind of Disney villain '' because he is introduced as a harmless, comic individual who gradually changes and evolves into a much more sinister character as the film progresses. With its handsome villain and liberated heroine, both of whom had been developed into fully realized, multi-dimensional characters, finally established, Beauty and the Beast 's storyline began to solidify. However, some filmmakers continued to contest whether or not Gaston was actually a strong enough villain. In addition to eliminating Belle 's sisters, screenwriter and creator Linda Woolverton introduced Gaston as a `` blockheaded suitor '' for the heroine, basing the character on boyfriends she had dated in the past. Several darker elements originally conceived for the film were ultimately written out of the final version, among them the idea of Gaston himself first visiting the insane asylum in which he plans on imprisoning Belle 's father Maurice. After Woolverton re-wrote Belle into a more liberated Disney heroine, the animators struggled to realize the screenwriter 's vision and briefly depicted the character shoving Gaston into a closet after he proposes to her, an idea Woolverton strongly contested and fought to have written out of the film in favor of Belle rejecting her suitor 's proposal in a less `` bitchy '' way. During Gaston and the Beast 's climatic battle, the character was originally intended to yell `` Time to die! '' to his opponent, but the writers ultimately replaced this line with `` Belle is mine! '' in order to return some of the scene 's focus to the heroine of the story, over whom the two men are fighting. Additionally, Gaston 's death was originally intended to have resulted from him being eaten alive by wolves after surviving his fall from the Beast 's castle, suffering only a broken leg ; this idea was ultimately discarded and eventually resurrected for Scar 's death in The Lion King ( 1994 ). The writers also briefly deliberated having Gaston kill himself once he realizes that Belle will never love him, but this idea was also quickly discarded. Small skulls were drawn in Gaston 's eyes as he descends from the Beast 's castle to confirm that he does, in fact, die from his fall. Voice and Animation ( edit ) Disney hosted an open casting call for the character, which several actors attended. Among the actors who auditioned for the role was Rupert Everett, who Disney decided not to cast because the filmmakers felt that he did not sound arrogant enough to voice such a proud character ; Everett would ultimately go on to voice Prince Charming, a similar character who appears in the Shrek film series, using the critique of not sounding arrogant enough to play Gaston to secure the role. American actor and opera singer Richard White was selected to voice Gaston. His initial audition was first recorded on audio cassette, a copy of which was then forwarded to Disney. White 's feature film debut, the actor recalled that lyricist and executive producer Howard Ashman guided him through discovering how he would approach voicing Gaston without telling him exactly how to do it, describing having the opportunity to voice a character like Gaston as `` freeing... cathartic, in a way ''. Although White did not feel like it was necessary for him to physically `` become '' his character in order to voice him, in retrospect, he admits that he acted much more like Gaston during recording sessions. Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune compared White 's `` brash '' vocal performance to that of actor Howard Keel. Gaston was the first villain that supervising animator Andreas Deja animated for Disney. Deja originally struggled to realize executive Jeffrey Katzenberg 's vision of a handsome villain. Andreas Deja served as Gaston 's supervising animator. The first villainous character to whom Deja had been assigned by Disney, the animator immediately recognized that Gaston was unique in terms of Disney villains because he was not designed to frighten both the film 's hero and audience, as previous Disney villains had been. In the case of Gaston, Deja stated that viewers are unable to immediately decipher whether or not the character is actually an antagonist based on his physical appearance alone. White agreed that Gaston is `` full of himself, of course, but he 's not recognizably villainous '' until his opinions and expectations of Belle are further explored. Deja initially struggled with the idea of designing a `` supremely handsome '' villain, a specific instruction administered to him by Katzenberg, but he eventually grew to understand the concept upon studying the film 's underlying themes of not judging a book by its cover and `` deceptive appearances ''. Deja explained, `` I understood him from a story point of view, but visually was hard '', and at times argued with Katzenberg over whether or not the character was handsome enough. Some Disney executives also shared Deja 's initial hesitation over the character 's appearance. Deja ultimately overcame his deliberations about the character 's appearance by modeling Gaston based on handsome soap opera actors, a creative decision Katzenberg approved of, explaining to the animator `` the story we 're trying to tell here is do n't judge a book by its cover, so Gaston has to have the opposite qualities of the Beast... no one said it was going to be easy! ' ''. White 's casting ultimately influenced Gaston 's design ; the animators adjusted the character 's appearance after hearing White 's operatic singing voice for the first time, making Gaston similarly operatic in his movements, gestures and mannerisms. According to White, Gaston 's early designs initially looked `` much more Brutish '' before the animators ultimately decided to go in a `` more beautiful '' direction, basing the character `` on a grotesque version '' of the Prince Charming character. Describing the design process as highly collaborative between actor and animator, White would record his lines while the animators drew his character, alternating back and forth for several months. This process allowed the animators to incorporate White 's acting performance into Gaston. Because White continued to perform on Broadway while working on Beauty and the Beast, Disney would accommodate his stage career by hiring a studio to work wherever he was located. White recalled, `` The experience is kind of like an actor 's sandbox. You 're in a room by yourself and are invited to be as creative as you can be. Anything you could imagine... they could draw! '' In his book Tradigital Animate CC : 12 Principles of Animation in Adobe Animate, author Stephen Brooks observed that Deja 's challenge `` was to let ( audiences ) know that Gaston is not as courageous as everyone says he is... but also keep him a real and credible threat '' since he is a villain nonetheless. Both Gaston 's personality and physical appearance evolved dramatically during production over the course of two and a half years. Deja incorporated physical attributes of several of Disney 's `` classic '' villains into Gaston 's design, specifically the wide chest and square jawline of Captain Hook from Peter Pan ( 1953 ). One particular challenge of animating a realistic - looking character like Gaston was the difficulty of having him express certain emotions that would not result in him looking too `` cartoony '', but at the same time trying to instill the character 's performance with `` life ''. Gaston 's expressions were exaggerated to the point of which they exceeded normalcy, essentially `` overacting. '' Deja recalled that he was constantly `` walking a fine line by drawing and animating Gaston in subtle ways, yet he also had to be able to articulate emotions like arrogance, anger and evil. '' To make Gaston a multi-dimensional character, Deja worked to incorporate various `` expressions - the sarcasm, the broadness and the expressiveness - that the handsome leading man seldom gets to show ''. According to Den of Geek 's Simon Brew, Gaston is `` animated really carefully, as it would have been easy to slip, and allow us to see the less jovial, more sinister side of his character earlier. '' Deja maintains `` a real discipline here in holding Gaston back, to let the audience hook into him, before allowing his gradual slide. '' Deja also exaggerated Gaston 's proportions to help audiences believe that the character could actually physically face the beast head - on. In terms of research, Deja sought inspiration from male Los Angeles residents who constantly adore themselves, observing them as they fix their hair and admire themselves in mirrors, explaining, `` It was fun to observe them and bring some of that attitude to Gaston. '' Creating the character 's chest hair, which he exposes during his performance of `` Gaston '', was a fiercely debated subject among animators. Deja described early renditions of the character 's chest hair as `` peculiar '' in design because of the way in which it was combed, `` from the inside out. '' The final version was decided via a contest, in which the animators vied to determine who could best design Gaston 's chest hair. Colors were used to indicate characters ' emotions and affiliations in the film ; while Gaston is dressed in red to represent evil, Belle and the Beast wear blue to depict goodness. Following Gaston 's success, Deja would develop a reputation of animating Disney villains, continuing with Jafar from Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Scar from The Lion King ( 1994 ). Characteristics and themes ( edit ) Inner Beauty and superficiality ( edit ) Gaston is depicted as a very narcissistic, self - centered and superficial individual, motivated by extreme jealousy. Identified as the film 's villain by the Orlando Sentinel 's Joy Boyar, Gaston is not ugly in appearance, nor does he realize that he himself is a villain until approximately midway through the film and during `` The Mob Song '', a musical number he uses to convince his loyal followers to storm the Beast 's castle and kill him, although traces of his villainy are first hinted after he proposes to Belle. Simon Brew of Den of Geek attributes Gaston 's increasing villainy to `` his raging jealousy and insecurity '' that ultimately `` transforms him into the story 's antagonist '' after he finally succumbs to `` circumstance ( s ) of his life ''. The character 's villainy peaks after he attempts to have Maurice incarcerated, although his transformation remains far from complete. Further distinguishing Gaston from the villains in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) and Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ), respectively, the character does not undergo a hideous physical transformation before he dies. Mania. com 's Rob Vaux observed that Gaston is `` small - minded '' in comparison to other Disney villains because his ideas tend to resemble those of school bullies, particularly one whose ego has been inflated `` by the people around him '', as opposed to `` grand schemes '' ; the character has no known desire to conquer the world, lacking ambitions beyond simply marrying the woman he is attracted to. The character is also void of both magical powers and political influence. The Huffington Post 's Lauren Duca agreed that Gaston is `` more aggressively intolerable than horrifying. '' Beloved by nearly every character in the film, most of whom revere him as the town 's most eligible bachelor, Decent Films film critic Steven D. Greydanus agreed that Gaston initially resembles `` merely the ultimate dumb jock ''. Gaston 's bodybuilder physique serves as a deliberate exaggeration upon `` the stereotyped image of male beauty '' ; The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold compared the character 's appearance to actors Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger, while the Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel described him as a `` Robert Goulet clone on steroids. '' Tradigital Animate CC : 12 Principles of Animation in Adobe Animate author Stephen Brooks likened Gaston 's exaggerated facial expressions to the way in which people `` give away their lies as they try to overcompensate. '' According to From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture author Elizabeth Bell, Gaston `` functions... to contrast to the Beast '', whose personality ultimately helps make the Beast a more appealing hero despite the latter character 's own flaws. While the Beast maintains `` a heart of gold '' despite being hideous in appearance, Gaston boasts a handsome exterior but remains `` rotting on the inside '' ; the Beast risks becoming like Gaston on the inside if he fails to change his ways. Gaston represents `` the difference between outward beauty and beauty of the soul '', one of the film 's central themes. The fact that Gaston 's cruel nature is not mirrored by his handsome exterior `` further emphasiz ( es ) the film 's message about inner beauty. '' A visual reference to the Beast 's `` half - man, half - animal '' appearance, Gaston 's body is temporarily attached to a pig 's head when he falls into a large mud puddle upon having his marriage proposal rejected by Belle. Ultimately, although Gaston mortally wounds the Beast, he is still unable to kill the human who continues to thrive within him. In the end, Gaston becomes the monster the Beast was originally depicted as, and his failure `` to transform into a New Man '' ultimately results in his own death. At the same time, Gaston 's cowardice is demonstrated by his decision to stab the Beast in the back immediately after the reformed creature offers him a choice to walk away unharmed. From very early during the film, audiences are led to expect that Gaston 's obsession with Belle will eventually drive him to battle the Beast, Belle 's love interest and protector. Despite their obvious differences, Gaston and the Beast boast several similarities, namely their shared interest in Belle -- Gaston 's climatic fight with the Beast is driven by the fact that both characters are in love with the same person, albeit differently -- exaggerated musculature, and respective goals motivated by their own insecurities. Additionally, both characters use Belle 's loyalty to her father to manipulate her. The scene in which Gaston sits in his large chair in the village tavern is a reference to him and the Beast 's similarities. Decorated with fur and horns, Gaston 's chair resembles the Beast when viewed from behind. In his book The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook, author Jerry Griswold observed that `` given the dramatic contrast between Gaston and the Beast... the title of the film may actually refer to them alone. '' In her book Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works, author Phyllis Frus observed that the villain 's subtle, entirely non-physical transformation into a more demonic version of himself forces the character to suffer a `` loss of humanity '', in the end justifying his ultimate death. By the end of the film, Gaston has essentially traded places with the Beast, the latter of whom was originally depicted as the story 's antagonist. Frus elaborated, `` few viewers predict that '' Gaston `` will finish the film snarling like an animal... before falling to his death '', concluding that the character `` does not need to magically turn into a beast at the end because, as a male, he is already ' beastly '. '' Masculinity and misogyny ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast parodies the idea of excessive masculinity, a trait shared by both Gaston and the Beast. Obsessed with his own virility, Gaston shares several opinions associated with `` the hyper - masculine male '', boasting many `` traditionally heroic '' qualities and beliefs. Representing `` everything that can go wrong in the heterosexual male '' according to The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold, Gaston is essentially a caricature of hypermasculinity ; he proudly hunts, drinks, fights, spits, bullies and lies in addition to being shallow and ignorant, exuding what are considered to be some of the worst masculine traits. Gaston intimidates and threatens anyone opposed to his ideas, and actively attends male social gatherings via which he can exercise his `` alpha male '' status. Extremely egotistical, Gaston appears to pride himself as the greatest at any task he attempts. Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote, `` at the foundation of ( Gaston ) 's personality is something that is merely hinted at in conventional star personas : an overweening vanity. He 's in love with the face in the mirror, and the pathology of male vanity is a very ' 90s idea. '' Gaston is Disney 's most chauvinistic villain to - date, although this trait is approached with humor, making him at times a comic relief character early on, unlike Disney 's previous villains. According to Yahoo! Movies ' Will Perkins, Gaston believes that `` he 's God 's gift to women and the world. '' Referred to as a personification of misogyny, Gaston is accustomed to acquiring anything he desires, and believes he deserves to marry Belle only because she is considered to be the most beautiful girl in his hometown, and thus `` the best. '' According to Practicing Passion : Youth and the Quest for a Passionate Church author Kenda Creasy Dean, the character `` only understands love as self - fulfillment, which allows him to perpetrate domination, viciousness and violence '' in pursuit of it. Greg Garrett, author of The Gospel According to Hollywood, determined that Gaston serves as `` a reminder that what the world loves is not worth emulating ''. Determined to win Belle as a trophy wife, Gaston never attains her ; the character 's ego is sorely bruised when his vision of a provincial life is threatened by Belle 's rejection, only augmenting his determination to marry her at whatever cost, and bringing his insecurities to the forefront for the first time. Gaston fails to understand Belle 's passion for reading. Gaston effectively uses his charm, good looks and a fabricated image of the Beast to rally the entire village against his opponent, demonstrating his ability to convince others that he is a gentleman despite never actually having shown concern for anyone other than himself ; only Belle remains unfazed by Gaston 's facade and uncovers his true nature, further highlighting the heroine 's strength and independence. Opposed to the idea of women reading, Gaston believes that he 'll be able to `` cure '' Belle of her thirst for intellect after marrying her, although at the same time these same passions appear to heighten his interest in her. The film makes sure that Gaston 's opinions about women are viewed as little more than `` boorish '' ; Woolverton wanted Gaston to teach young boys `` how not to treat women ''. As a strong leader, Gaston is able to convince a large following to do as he commands and trigger conformity and bigotry in others, although he remains incapable of implementing such ideas on his own. Richard Corliss of Time observed that the character 's `` bigotry, for wanting to marry Belle because she 's the prettiest girl in town... corrodes into malevolence when he consigns Belle 's eccentric father to an asylum and leads the ignorant villagers on a torches - and - pitchforks crusade, '' which has been compared to scenes from the horror film Frankenstein ( 1931 ). Brett Seegmiller of Medium compared Gaston 's leadership skills to those of German politician Adolf Hitler because he combines `` a call to action with the command to follow him... after he 's whetted our appetites for some action. '' Additionally, author Jerry Griswold wrote in his book The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook that Gaston 's hypermasculinity potentially `` amounts to a resistance to his own homosexuality '' ( after all, he is in love with himself ), comparing him to Lester Burnham 's homophobic neighbor in the film American Beauty ( 1999 ). Toying with gender expectations, Gaston 's masculinity is depicted as ridiculous, while Belle becomes drawn to the Beast 's `` gentle vulnerability ''. The Beast gifting Belle a library further emphasizes the differences between the two male characters because Gaston frowns upon reading, accusing the activity of giving women ideas and allowing them to think for themselves as opposed to solely bearing children. Ultimately, Gaston and the Beast embody bad and good masculinity, respectively ; the characters are used `` to play the New Age sensitive man off against the macho man, '' according to Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature author John Stephens. Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Gaston debuted in Beauty and the Beast as an arrogant hunter who is determined to marry Belle, whom he considers to be the village 's most beautiful woman. However, she refuses his proposal when he throws a wedding party without her prior knowledge. Belle is the only one in town who actually dislikes Gaston for the person he is inside. Thoroughly humiliated, he sulks, but when her father Maurice shows up saying that she has been captured by a hideous Beast, he comes up with the idea of having him thrown into an insane asylum, unless Belle agrees to marry him. His plan fails when Belle proves the Beast does exist, and she says that he is her friend, and that he is a better person than Gaston. He becomes jealous, snaps, and decides to gather a band of villagers to kill the Beast, playing off their fears that the Beast might wreak havoc on their village. In the ensuing fight, he shoots the Beast with an arrow and beats him down, taunting him about his appearance, and still refusing to believe that Belle will not marry him. The Beast has no heart to fight until he sees that Belle came back for him, at which point he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him ; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with Empire magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be a former soldier in the French army. He also implied that this version of Gaston is darker than the original. In the film, Gaston plays out the same role as in the animated movie, though with a few differences. Bored with his peaceful life after returning from the war, Gaston pursues Belle, determined to marry her, as she is the most beautiful girl in the village and the only one good enough for him. He also finds her independence to be a thrilling challenge, and shows obvious disgust with the bimbettes who constantly fawn over him purely because of his appearance. He accosts her at her home, subtly offering his hand in marriage for when Maurice dies, but she turns him down. Gaston sulks in the tavern until LeFou cheers him up with a song. Maurice appears, claiming that Belle has been imprisoned by the Beast. Intrigued, Gaston offers to help Maurice free her as means of gaining both Maurice and Belle 's favor. Gaston comes to doubt Maurice 's claims and reveals the only reason for helping him was so he could give Gaston Belle 's hand in marriage. When Maurice refuses to allow Gaston to marry Belle, Gaston ties him to a tree, leaving him to the wolves. He hopes by doing this, it would coerce Belle into marrying him, as he tells Lefou that after Maurice dies there will be no one to take care of Belle except for him. Maurice later accuses Gaston of his crime, but Gaston fools the people into thinking Maurice is mad and arranges for him to be locked up in the asylum. He privately offers to put a stop to it if he lets him marry Belle, but Maurice still refuses. When Belle turns up and proves the Beast 's existence with the mirror, Gaston 's jealousy drives him to rally the people to storm the castle and kill the Beast, but not before he orders Tom, Dick, and Stanley to lock Belle alongside her father to prevent her from warning the Beast. He confronts the Beast alone and shoots him in the back. Belle appears and the Beast fights back, holding Gaston over a chasm, but Gaston begs for mercy and is spared. Instead of leaving, Gaston stands on a nearby stone bridge and shoots the Beast again, this time fatally. In response to the Beast 's life fading, the castle begins to crumble and the bridge where Gaston is standing breaks into pieces, sending Gaston falling to his death. Unlike in the animated movie, Gaston 's death is shown onscreen. Broadway musical ( edit ) Gaston appears in Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, which premiered at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on April 18, 1994. The role was originated by actor Burke Moses, who received a nomination for a Drama Desk Award and won a Theatre World Award. Besides the songs `` Belle '', `` Gaston '', and `` Kill the Beast '' ( which were from the Disney movie ), Gaston performs `` Me '' ( in which he self - centeredly proposes to Belle ), `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ( which was expanded to have Gaston and Lefou sing about his wicked plan, with Gaston also admitting he `` wo n't feel the least bit remorseful '' so long as it works ), and `` Maison de Lunes '' ( in which he recruits the asylum owner to have Maurice committed ). In the Melbourne stage production of the film, he was played by Hugh Jackman. Notable actors who have played the role on Broadway include Burke Moses, Marc Kudisch, Christopher Sieber, and Donny Osmond. Miscellaneous ( edit ) Gaston is also featured in the Marvel Comics serial for Beauty and the Beast, taking place during Belle 's stay at the castle. He generally served as comic relief and effectively the `` protagonist '' of the village B - stories, where he is trying to come up with some scheme to get Belle to marry him, only for the triplets to interfere and sabotage his plans in order to get him to focus on them over Belle. He also appears in an expanded role in Serena Valentino 's 2014 book The Beast Within : A Tale Of Beauty 's Prince, which takes place prior to the start of the original film. In the novel, Gaston and the Beast are portrayed as childhood friends, with the curse erasing Gaston 's memory of the prince. He has a brief cameo in the fourth Kingdom Keepers book, where he alongside Prince John and Horned King were present with the Overtakers at Tom Sawyer Island. He also had a section dedicated to himself in the tongue - in - cheek book Villain Files alongside the other Disney Villains, with it implying that his meeting Belle was during archery practice. He also was in Descendants : Isle of the Lost, the tie - in novel to Descendants, where he haves three sons, two whom he evidently named after himself due to his egomania. They also shared his egomania to some extent, but were comparatively kinder than their father. Gaston has appeared in the television series Disney 's House of Mouse, and was voiced again by White. The character also makes sporadic appearances in Sing Me a Story with Belle, mostly acting as a comedic foil, always stating `` No one ( insert action ) like Gaston! '' while walking by, rudely interrupting people 's conversations and this phrase is frequently used as rip - offs by other characters. A live - action version of Gaston appears in two episodes of the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time, in which he is first portrayed by Sage Brocklebank and later by Wes Brown. The first was in the first season, where he was Belle 's fiancé and attempted to save Belle from Rumplestiltskin, but got transfigured into a rose. The second time was in the fifth season, where he befriended Belle. He was depicted in a more lighter manner compared to the original movie, where it is implied that his love for Belle was genuine. He is included in the 1993 video game adaptations Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest and Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast. Although he acted as the main antagonist for both games, he also acted as an ally character in the former, using his strength to help in a task early in the game. In the Disney Princess video game, he acts as the main antagonist of Belle 's chapter. Like in the film, he attempts to rabblerouse the villagers into attacking the castle. This time, however, he simply tries to convince the villagers the castle was evil and of dark magic, and thus needed to be destroyed, and to that end tried to abduct Mrs. Potts, Chip, Cogsworth, and Lumiere to act as proof. However, Belle outsmarted him. He also had a mention in Kinect Disneyland Adventures, and also appeared briefly as a disguise for the villain Misrabel in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion. Gaston also appears as a non-playable character in the Kingdom Hearts video game Kingdom Hearts χ as an antagonist who controls an army of Heartless. Reception and Legacy ( edit ) Gaston has received generally favorable reviews from film critics. Simon Brew of Den of Geek was very receptive towards the character : `` thanks to a mix of humour, believable character development, compelling motivation and the excellent voicing work of Richard White ( proving you do n't need a big movie star on voice duties ), he 's an utterly compelling antagonist, and an extremely interesting one. '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman hailed Gaston as `` a wonderful character '', while The Daily Beast lauded the character as `` a triumphantly funny villain ''. The New York Times ' Janet Maslin described Gaston 's `` fatuousness '' as `` well conveyed '' while praising White 's performance, writing that the actor `` do ( es ) wonders in bringing... Gaston to life. '' Writing for IndieWire, Drew Taylor felt the fact that Gaston is `` a strapping cad '' as opposed to a witch or hideous creature contributes to making the film `` a wholly unique experience ''. Reviewing the film 25 years after its original theatrical release, Creative Loafing 's Matt Brunson admitted that he `` never grow ( s ) tired of watching the boorish Gaston ''. The Seattle Times ' John Hartl called White `` hilarious '' as Gaston. However, critical opinions of Gaston have been rather lackluster in comparison to those of other, more acclaimed Disney villains ; reviewers generally prefer Scar, Maleficent and Jafar. While dubbing Gaston 's characterization `` one of the movie 's cleverest touches '', at the same time Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun felt that the character lacks the charisma of some of Disney 's earlier female villains, namely the Evil Queen and Cruella de Vil from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1964 ), respectively. Times ' Richard Corliss called Gaston `` a way - too - handsome galoot '' and `` Dudley Do - Right gone wrong. '' Hal Hinson of The Washington Post felt that Gaston was `` overbearing '' because `` everything about him is comically exaggerated and satirized to the point that you feel as if the cleft in his chin might swallow you whole. '' In her book From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture, author Elizabeth Bell reviewed Gaston as a `` Chauvinist Pig, the kind that would turn the women of any primetime talkshow audience into beasts themselves. '' Similarly, The Media and the Models of Masculinity author Mark Moss accused the character of uttering `` the most anachronistic nonsense heard on the screen for quite some time. '' JoBlo.com reviewed Gaston as an `` inferior villain '', writing, `` While White 's performance is terrific, the character itself is ultimately basic and bland. '' Jaime N. Christley of Slant Magazine dismissed the character as juvenile and little more than the film `` reducing every aspect of its source material to the level a kindergartner would understand ''. Film critic Roger Ebert described Gaston as too `` insufferable '' as he `` degenerates... from a chauvinist pig to a sadistic monster '', but at the same time cited White among the film 's `` gifted cast ''. Gaston is considered to be one of Disney 's `` classic '' villains, as well as one of the studio 's most famous. Prior to Gaston 's debut, virtually every Disney villain before him had been unattractive in appearance ; Den of Geek writer Simon Brew holds Gaston accountable for changing the reputation of future Disney villains. The character 's villainy tends to resonate with audiences more than those of other Disney villains because fans can often identify someone similar to him in real life. Medium contributor Brett Seegmiller strongly believes that `` Gaston is one of the best villains in the Disney canon '' because audiences both respect and fear him, as well as the best leader in his opinion. MTV crowned Gaston `` Disney 's smarmiest villain '', while Thomas S. Hischak, author of Musicals in Film : A Guide to the Genre, dubbed him `` one of Disney 's most fiendish human villains ''. Crowning the character the `` Most Terrifying Disney Villain of All '', Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis praised Gaston 's depiction of a misogynistic villain : `` because Gaston is the walking embodiment of patriarchy at its most comically aggressive, anyone... from a 3 - year - old to a 23 - year - old can look at him and be like, ' THAT. That 's the enemy. ', '' with Gaston being easier to relate to than other Disney villains due to him lacking `` magic power or political influence '' and being `` just your everyday alpha - male trying to mansplain to you when you 're just trying to live your life ''. Gaston frequently appears within the top - tens of Disney villain rankings organized by various media publications ; however, he is usually placed closer towards the middle of these countdowns and seldom ranks number one. E! ranked the character the sixth best Disney villain. TVOvermind also ranked Gaston sixth despite his lack of magical powers `` because of his overwhelming douchebaggery '' whose `` general intolerance makes for a terrific villain. '' On The Huffington Post 's `` Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains '', Gaston was featured at number eight, while About.com placed the character ninth on a similar list. Yahoo! Movies included Gaston at number 11 on their ranking of `` the 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best '', awarding him `` points for not only being a huge jerk, but for also trying to blackmail Belle into marrying him... and for leading a mob to kill Beast. '' According to the Orlando Sentinel, Gaston is the 12th greatest Disney villain. Meanwhile, on Babble 's list of `` The Top 15 Disney Villains Ranked from Bad to Worst '', which ranked the characters based on scariness, Gaston was placed 10th. CNN agreed that Gaston is one of `` Disney 's scariest villains '', writing, `` the only thing worse than a cocky, demanding guy who ca n't take a hint is a cocky, demanding guy who organizes a mob to kill your boyfriend '', concluding, `` He may not have looked scary, but he was obviously the movie 's real beast. '' Featured among Collider 's `` 9 Most Wicked Animated Villains '', contributor Matt Goldberg hailed Gaston as `` a delightful caricature of an idiotic jock. '' Facetiously, Beamly considers Gaston to be among `` 8 Disney villains who are better than the heroes '' for catching their attention despite being an `` awful and sexist '' character. Moviefone was less receptive towards the character, ranking him 25th out of 30 on their list of the `` Top Disney Villains of All Time ''. Oh My Disney ranked Gaston 's line `` The most beautiful girl in town, that makes her the best! And do n't I deserve the best? '' the ninth most sinister quote uttered by a Disney villain. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Frus, Phyllis ; Williams, Christy ( 2010 ). Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works. United States : McFarland. p. 179. ISBN 9780786455782 -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : Taylor, Drew ( January 3, 2016 ). `` The Beauty and the Beast That Almost Was ''. Oh My Disney. Disney. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Hill, Jim ( June 7, 2004 ). `` Looking back on `` Beauty & the Beast '' -- Part I ``. Jim Hill Media. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Cronin, Brian ( May 2, 2016 ). `` Was Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Re-Tooled Because Belle Was n't Enough of a Feminist? ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Omanski, Stephanie ( December 17, 2014 ). `` MIRROR, MIRROR : 11 EVIL FACTS YOU NEVER KNEW ABOUT DISNEY VILLAINS ''. M. 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Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Koster, Rich ( November 22, 1997 ). `` EMuck -- Richard White ( Broadway Actor and Voice of `` Gaston '' ) Invited Talk Transcript ``. EntertainMUCK. Retrieved January 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Susman, Gary ( November 11, 2016 ). `` 17 Things You Never Knew About Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ''. Moviefone. Aol Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Matsuda, Donnie ( September 26, 2012 ). `` An Interview with Richard White of the Jekyll & Hyde National Tour ''. The San Diego Drama King. Retrieved January 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Murphy, Dan ( November 24, 2015 ). `` From Beauty and the Beast to King 's Quest : An Interview with Voice Actor, Richard White ''. God is a Geek. GodisaGeek.com. Retrieved January 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Kehr, Dave ( November 22, 1991 ). `` Tame ` Beast ` -- Disney Film Falls Short Of The Classics ''. Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved January 2, 2007. ^ Jump up to : `` Bringing the ' 90s to Life : An Interview with Animator Andreas Deja ''. Oh My Disney. Disney. Retrieved January 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Desowitz, Bill ( May 10, 2016 ). `` What We Learned About ' Beauty and the Beast ' At Its 25th Academy Reunion ''. IndieWire. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Radloff, Jessica ( May 10, 2016 ). `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast 25th Anniversary : The Story Behind Belle 's Ball Gown and More Secrets You Never Knew ''. Glamour. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt ( September 20, 2016 ). `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray Review : Disney 's Classic Still Has the Magic ''. Collider.com. Complex Media Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Brooks, Stephen ( 2016 ). Tradigital Animate CC : 12 Principles of Animation in Adobe Animate. United States : CRC Press. p. 524. 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Retrieved January 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Garis, Mary Grace ( January 5, 2015 ). `` Why Gaston Remains the Most Terrifying Disney Villain of All ''. Bustle. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Duca, Lauren ( January 28, 2014 ). `` A Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains ''. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Garrett, Greg ( 2007 ). `` Grace and Redemption ''. The Gospel According to Hollywood. United States : Westminster John Knox Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780664230524 -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : Moss, Mark ( 2012 ). `` History Revisited ''. The Media and the Models of Masculinity. United States : Lexington Books. p. 92. ISBN 9780739166277 -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : Bell, Elizabeth ; Haas, Lynda ; Sells, Laura ( 1995 ). `` The Curse of Masculinity ''. From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture. United States : Indiana University Press. p. 170. 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Retrieved February 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Webb, Katherine ( July 9, 2016 ). `` 20 Best Disney Villains Of All Time, Ranked ''. Screen Rant. Retrieved January 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Russell, Candice ( November 22, 1991 ). `` Timeless Tale Taps Deep Emotions ''. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast 3D Movie Review ''. The Diva Review. The Diva Review.com. January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Foutch, Haleigh ( April 24, 2016 ). `` Disney 's 9 Most Wicked Animated Villains ''. Collider.com. Complex Media Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hoose, Bob. `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ''. Plugged In. Retrieved February 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Flick, Timothy. `` Beauty and the Beast 3D ''. Christian Answers. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Seegmiller, Brett ( November 14, 2016 ). `` Does the Mob Song from Beauty and the Beast prove that Gaston is the best Disney villain? ''. Medium. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Gaston never gets much love as a Disney villain. The Top 10 lists of the greats Disney villains always have Gaston somewhere in the middle, but never as the number one baddie. Everyone always seems to go for Scar, Maleficent, or Jafar, but those villains never scared me in the way that Gaston did. ^ Jump up to : Corliss, Richard ( January 12, 2012 ). `` Beauty and the Beast in 3 - D : Still an Enchantment ''. Time. Time Inc. Retrieved January 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States, 1991 ) ''. ReelViews. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Swilder, Ann ( 2001 ). `` Chapter 8 : Codes, Contexts and Institutions ''. Talk of Love : How Culture Matters. United States : University of Chicago Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780226786902 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Zipes, Jack ( 2015 ). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. England : OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191004162 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Stephens, John ( 2013 ). `` Masculinity as Social Semiotic ''. Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature. United Kingdom : Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781135363918 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Lyrics : `` Mob Song '' from Beauty and the Beast Jump up ^ Evans ' Gaston in New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Photo Jump up ^ `` Broadway Premiere ''. Broadway Musical Home. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Culwell - Block, Logan ( February 4, 2017 ). `` Where Are the Stars of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Now? ''. Playbill. Philip S. Birsh. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Us Magazine Celebrity Bios : Hugh Jackman Jump up ^ `` The Beast Within : A Tale Of Beauty 's Prince ''. Amazon.com. July 22, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gaston ''. Kingdom Hearts Insider. KHInsider. Retrieved December 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen ( November 15, 1991 ). `` Beauty and the Beast ''. Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 24, 2017. 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Retrieved January 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Hinson, Hal ( November 22, 1991 ). `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' ''. The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Bolton, H. Phillip ( 2000 ). Women Writers Dramatized : A Calendar of Performances from Narrative Works Published in English to 1900. United States : A&C Black. p. 193. ISBN 9780720121179 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` Review : Beauty and the Beast 3D ''. JoBlo.com. January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Christley, Jaime N ( January 11, 2012 ). `` Beauty and the Beast 3D ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved January 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger ( November 22, 1991 ). `` Beauty and the Beast ''. Roger Ebert. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Romano, Nick. `` 11 Classic Disney Villains, Ranked By How Well They 'd Survive In Jail ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved February 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Boone, John ; Mullins, Jenna ( May 15, 2014 ). `` All of the Disney Villains, Ranked ''. E!. E! Entertainment Television, LLC. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pictures : Best Disney villains ''. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Burdette, Kacy ; Respers, Lisa ( October 16, 2013 ). `` Disney 's scariest villains ''. CNN. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Hall, Sophie ( July 9, 2015 ). `` 8 Disney villains who are better than the heroes ''. Beamly. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Black, Jonny ( May 27, 2014 ). `` Top Disney Villains of All Time ''. Moviefone. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` THE DEFINITIVE RANKING OF THE MOST SINISTER DISNEY VILLAIN QUOTES ''. Oh My Disney. Retrieved February 21, 2017. Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaston_(Beauty_and_the_Beast)&oldid=854513225 '' Categories : Animated human characters Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) characters Disney animated villains Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional hunters Kingdom Hearts characters Male characters in film Narcissism in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 22 : 28 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gaston_(Beauty_and_the_Beast)&amp;oldid=854513225" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "This article is about the character. For the song, see Gaston ( song ). Gaston Beauty and the Beast character Gaston in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton Portrayed by Wolf Bauer ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Luke Evans ( 2017 ) Voiced by Richard White Gaston is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ). Voiced by American actor and singer Richard White, Gaston is an arrogant man whose unrequited feelings for the intellectual Belle drive him to murder his adversary, the Beast, once he realizes she cares for him instead. Gaston serves as a foil personality to the Beast, who was once as vain as Gaston prior to his transformation. An original character who is not present in the Beauty and the Beast fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont upon which the film is based, Gaston was inspired by Avenant, a character filmmaker Jean Cocteau created specifically for his 1946 film adaptation of the story. Created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who based the character on some of the ex-boyfriends she dated in her past," ], "id": [ "10197027646079372155" ], "short_answers": [ "American actor and singer Richard White" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes Jump to : navigation, search States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes are in effect as of February 20th, 2013. `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in `` Stop and ID '' states. In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, and to conduct a search for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed. The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ), which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures. The Hiibel Court also held that, because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him, the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however, the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating. The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name. The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required, though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness. Contents ( hide ) 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable Suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States, interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ), detention ( often called a Terry stop, after Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ), or arrest. `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions. Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request. Consensual ( edit ) At any time, police may approach a person and ask questions. The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however, the police also may suspect involvement in a crime, but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest, and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning. The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time. Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however, a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking, `` Am I free to go? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave. Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Many state laws explicitly grant this authority. In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous. Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop, but in general, the detainee is not required to answer. However, many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police, and in some cases, provide additional information. Before Hiibel, it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question. In Hiibel, the Court held, in a 5 -- 4 decision, that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution. The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name. Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself, but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest. In some states, providing a false name is an offense. As of February 2011, the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name, however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name. Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. However, to make an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime. Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest. But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. After making an arrest, police may search a person, his or her belongings, and his or her immediate surroundings. Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him, they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning. However, Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking. It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information, and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release. Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala. Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat. Tit. 13, § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28, § 1595 Arkansas Ark. Code Ann. ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del. Code Ann., Tit. 11, § § 1902, 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla. Stat. § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga. Code Ann. § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 725, § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan. Stat. Ann. § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 215.1 ( A ) ; La. Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo. Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 594 : 2, § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann. § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 24, § 1983 Wisconsin Wis. Stat. § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers. Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention. While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID, there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to, hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state ( Henes v. Morrissey ). Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24, however, state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '', citing Hiibel as authority. Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. `` The former without the latter is no crime... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer, and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself. This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings. By its very terms sec. 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped. '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest. '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty. Neither is Illinois, since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez, 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473, which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, not the Criminal Code of 1961, and governs the conduct of police officers. The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself. By contrast, in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177, 181 ( 2004 ), a Nevada statute ( Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself. '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional. As of February 2011, there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop, but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws, provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and 24 states have done so. The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves, and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not. The issue may not be that simple, however, for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state. Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of `` resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer ''. State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws. Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona, Indiana, Louisiana, and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information. Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana, police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio, identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin ), police `` may demand '' identifying information. Of note, though, in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ), statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. Further, a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime. '' Identifying information varies, but typically includes Name, address, and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination, the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ), or written identification if available ( Colorado ). Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination. Ohio requires only name, address, or date of birth. Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking, curfew violation, etc... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of. Indiana requires either name, address, and date of birth, or driver 's license, if on the person 's possession, and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation. Arizona law, apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel, requires a person 's `` true full name ''. Nevada law, which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '', apparently requires only that the person state his or her name. Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information, however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name. ) In four states ( Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island ), failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling. Seven states ( Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself. As of February 2011, the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court. Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties, a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law, such as one to the effect of `` resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer ''. For example, the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply, but the Justice Court of Union Township, Nevada, determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law. A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ). Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. For example, California `` stop and identify '' law, Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel, but a California appellate court, in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ), 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity. Using this construction, the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ). Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond. Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply. Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example, New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise, a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force. However, the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People, No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer, even when actual physical interference was not employed. Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act, but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order... necessary to effect the... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law. It is not universally agreed that, absent a `` stop and identify law '', there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself. For example, as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel, California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson. But in People v. Long, decided four years after Kolender, a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest. Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer. Others disagree, and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves. Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn ( Wis. 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision, People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed. Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state, police do not always follow the law, and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest, so use your judgment. If you fear that your name may be incriminating, you can claim the right to remain silent, and if you are arrested, this may help you later. Giving a false name could be a crime. In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should :... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license. If you do n't, you may be arrested, even though the arrest may be illegal. Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any. Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted. For example, in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times. This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information, id number, social security number, fiscal information, place of birth, etc. Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime. A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained. See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article, most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ). In general, peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so. Peace officers normally include police officers, sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies, marshals, constables, and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states. Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction, the Court noted, In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him... As best we can tell, petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business. -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still, a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense. In that case, the court can then consider whether the privilege applies, and, if the Fifth Amendment has been violated, what remedy must follow. We need not resolve those questions here. -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Justice Kennedy stated, Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise. The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification. In contrast, the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name. -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued, As we understand it, the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document. Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice, we assume, that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs. -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., Chief Justice Young said, The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background, but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists. -- 118 Nev. 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio, Chief Justice Warren stated, And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion. -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ), Justice White stated, The person approached, however, need not answer any question put to him ; indeed, he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way. -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated, Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry, for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed. -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states, You can say, `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly. Or, if you do not feel comfortable doing that, you can ask if you are free to go. If the answer is yes, you can consider just walking away. Do not run from the officer. If the officer says you are not under arrest, but you are not free to go, then you are being detained. Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual, a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter, but may simply ignore police. In Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ), Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained, stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business. '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio, Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer, answers may not be compelled, and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest. '' This opinion, in turn, was cited in many later cases, including Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ). Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods, ( 209 F. 3d 1179, 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop. However, in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873, 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest. ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ), at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements. '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ), 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds, but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ). Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested, but does make it a crime to provide a false name. Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads, in relevant part, ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841, states, in relevant part, The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him, of the cause of the arrest, and the authority to make it... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ), the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton, 873 F. 2d 180, 181, n. 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ), the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services. ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial, incriminating, and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ), at 34 -- 38. Hiibel held that, in the circumstances of the case, a person 's name is not incriminating, and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code, Title 8, § 38.02 ( a ), reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information. Giving false information is a related, and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ), noted above ), and applies to detainees as well as arrestees. Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961, the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies, but not minor offenses, if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961, 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure ''. Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ), Case No. 97 - 00552, the Court, in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02, Florida Statutes, `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '', stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions. We, nevertheless, conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested, he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers. Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held, `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop. '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws. For some reason, the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided. The Texas law only applies to arrested persons. Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. See Hiibel. Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel, Justice Kennedy stated, `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law ''. -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel, Justice Kennedy stated, `` In other States, a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty. '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information ''. State of Ohio Codes. Jump up ^ Assembly, Indiana General. `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly, 2016 Session ''. Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification, which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification, 11 different times ; however, it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself. Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists, delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered, so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ). Also, do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e. Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ), read, in relevant part, Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor :... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do, if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification. Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson, Justice O'Connor, writing for the Court, noted that Section 647 ( e ), as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts, contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification. As such, the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute. -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love, 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ), rev 'd on other grounds, People v. Love, No. 90806 ( 2002 ), Justice O'Brien stated, The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14, which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions. '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ). However, while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name, it does not provide that the officer may compel a response. Further, the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions. But the detainee is not obliged to respond. '' ( Emphasis added. ) Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 438, 82 L. Ed. 2d 317, 334, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 3150 ( 1984 ). Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ), the Hiibel Court stated, `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ), so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer. Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ), the Court stated, In Hiibel, the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop, and to require compliance with such demand. 542 U.S. at 188, 124 S. Ct. 2451. Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification. ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods, 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ), Judge Brorby stated, Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305. Moreover, an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section... Thus, Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation. By refusing to present identification, Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order, necessary to effect the detention. Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law, NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05, reads, in relevant part, A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs, impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function, or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function, by means of intimidation, physical force or interference, or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen, 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914, 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ), Judge Hertz stated, An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration, to be charged in an information, must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act. Plainly, ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime, nor does that act supply any such element. Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest, no crime has been charged here. -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk. Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law, Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ), reads, in relevant part, A person commits obstructing a peace officer... when by using or threatening to use violence, force, physical interference, or an obstacle, such person knowingly obstructs, impairs, or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer, acting under color of his or her official authority. Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law, Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305, reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer. A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge, that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention. Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77, Justice Agliano wrote, The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us. Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime, we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification. In addition, defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and, in addition, he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ), 112 Cal. App. 3d 764, Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest. The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations. Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer. Penal Code section 647, subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business, and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification. Section 647, subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ), in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist. ( Id, at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9, 91 S. Ct. 1535 ). ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case. -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647, subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ). Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided, the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ), resisting, delaying, or obstructing an officer. The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View. Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ), resisting, delaying, or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states, California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself, and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself. ( Revision 176, 9 / 15 / 2014, p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710, 718 ), cert. den. 449 U.S. 846, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives, clubs, or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer. '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry. Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote, It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it. The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others, but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it. The situation before us is significantly different. Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996, Justice Low stated, Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification. Further, nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn, and continued, We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification. Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification. The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782, Justice Yegan, noting State v. Flynn ( Wis. 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ), stated, We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case. We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification. In fact, it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio, supra, which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined. Here, the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous. The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification. A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio, and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` '... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon. It by no means authorizes a search for contraband, evidentiary material, or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest. Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment, and probable cause is essential. ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio, supra, 392 U.S. at p. 16, fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed. 2d at p. 903, fn. 12. ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held. ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156, 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ). ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ), the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law. ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450. ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights! What to Do if Questioned by Police, FBI, Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ). National Lawyers Guild, S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. August 2004. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police ''. ACLU of Northern California. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ www.view.pt ), VIEW. ( info@view.pt -. `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade. Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação, pode estar descansado? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos ''. External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org, a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization. California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=815799145 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017, at 06 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Stop and identify statutes", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&amp;oldid=815799145" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes Jump to : navigation, search States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes are in effect as of February 20th, 2013. `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in `` Stop and ID '' states. In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify. The Fourth Amendment to" ], "id": [ "9476098459346918922" ], "short_answers": [ "reasonably suspect of having committed a crime" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Cleveland Heights, Ohio - wikipedia Cleveland Heights, Ohio Jump to : navigation, search Cleveland Heights, Ohio City Coventry Village in Cleveland Heights. Nickname ( s ) : City Of Trees, Home Of The Arts, Neighborhood City, Sharing City Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio. Location of Ohio in the United States Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 35 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 48 '' W  /  41.50972 ° N 81.56333 ° W  / 41.50972 ; - 81.56333 Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 35 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 48 '' W  /  41.50972 ° N 81.56333 ° W  / 41.50972 ; - 81.56333 Country United States State Ohio County Cuyahoga Founded 1903 ( Village ) Established August. 9, 1921 ( City ) Government Type Council -- manager Mayor Cheryl L. Stephens Vice Mayor Jason Stein City manager Tanisha Briley Area Total 8.13 sq mi ( 21.06 km ) Land 8.11 sq mi ( 21.00 km ) Water. 02 sq mi ( 0.05 km ) Elevation 935 ft ( 285 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 46,238 Estimate ( 2014 ) 45,181 Density 5,700 / sq mi ( 2,200 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 44121, 44112, 44118, 44106 Area code ( s ) 216 FIPS code 39 - 16014 GNIS feature ID 1048605 Website Official website Cleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and an inner - ring suburb of Cleveland. The city 's population was 46,238 at the 2010 census. As of the 2010 census, Cleveland Heights was ranked the 8th largest city by population in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area and ranked 20th in Ohio. It was founded as a village in 1903 and a city in 1921. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Environment 4 Demographics 5 Politics and government 6 Education 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Surrounding communities History ( edit ) The area that is now Cleveland Heights was settled later than most of Cuyahoga County. The first road through what is today the city, Mayfield Road, was not built until 1828. Some of the land was divided into farms, but It also had quarries in the 19th century. One of the early quarries was established by Duncan McFarland who mined bluestone. This led to the settlement that grew up around the quarry for the workers to live in to be referred to as Bluestone. There is still a road of this name in that area. In 1873 John D. Rockefeller acquired about 700 acres in what is now the cities of East Cleveland and Cleveland, with the mansion itself in East Cleveland ) ). Eventually some of the land, straddling both suburbs, was turned into residential developments and, in 1938, the family donated land which is now Forest Hill Park. There had been quarries within what is today Forest Hill Park previous to Rockefeller donating it to the city. Rockefeller was not the only affluent Clevelander to come to what is now Cleveland Heights. The Euclid Heights development was created by Patrick Calhoun starting in 1892. It was centered around the Euclid Golf Course and began at the Cleveland city line, covering the area between Mayfield and Cedar roads as far east as Coventry Road. There was a streetcar line from this location running to the center of Cleveland 's business district. In 1898 Marcus M. Brown began the development of Mayfield Heights along the south side of Mayfield Road and east of the current Coventry Road - taking advantage of the Mayfield Road streetcar. Brown had purchased this land from Emil Preyer and his sister Mary Preyer Hellwig. Emil was oprtator of a cedar mill. By the end of 1899 the streetcar reached out along Mayfield Road to the old village of Fairmount. In 1903 the village of Cleveland Heights was incorporated. In 1910 Cleveland Heights had a population about 5,000 people. It had a population of 15,396 in 1920 and was incorporated as a city on 9 August 1921. By 1960 it had a population of 61,813. Geography ( edit ) View of the Heights Rockefeller Building, from Mayfield and Lee Roads Cleveland Heights is located at 41 ° 30 ′ 35 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 48 '' W  /  41.50972 ° N 81.56333 ° W  / 41.50972 ; - 81.56333 ( 41.509652, - 81.563301 ). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.13 square miles ( 21.06 km ), of which 8.11 square miles ( 21.00 km ) is land and 0.02 square miles ( 0.05 km ) is water. Cleveland Heights is mostly within the Dugway Brook Watershed. Environment ( edit ) In 1987, the city of Cleveland Heights was declared a nuclear free zone. Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop. % ± 1910 2,955 -- 1920 15,236 415.6 % 1930 50,945 234.4 % 1940 54,992 7.9 % 1950 59,141 7.5 % 1960 61,813 4.5 % 1970 60,767 − 1.7 % 1980 56,438 − 7.1 % 54,052 − 4.2 % 2000 49,958 − 7.6 % 46,238 − 7.4 % Est. 2016 44,633 − 3.5 % Sources : As of the census of 2010, there were 46,238 people, 19,957 households, and 10,834 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,686.9 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,195.7 / km ). There were 22,465 housing units at an average density of 2,770.0 per square mile ( 1,069.5 / km ). The racial makeup of the city was 49.8 % White, 42.5 % African American, 0.2 % Native American, 4.1 % Asian, 0.6 % from other races, and 2.8 % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0 % of the population. There were 19,957 households of which 26.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6 % were married couples living together, 15.2 % had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4 % had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.7 % were non-families. 36.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 35.8 years. 22.3 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 10.6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 27.9 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.9 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 13.5 % were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.6 % male and 53.4 % female. The median income for a household in the city was $53,024. The per capita income for the city was $31,663. About 19.3 % of individuals were below the poverty line. Politics and government ( edit ) Cleveland Heights is governed by a city charter adopted in 1921 and amended in 1972, 1982, and 1986. The charter specifies a council - manager form of government, with seven members of council elected to four - year terms. Three councilmen are elected one year before a presidential election, and three one year after a presidential election. All are elected using plurality at - large non-partisan voting. The mayor is elected by council from among its members and has additional duties including parliamentary and ceremonial responsibilities. Cleveland Heights is reliably Democratic. Five of the six current members of Council are Democrats ( with one vacancy ). In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain 84.2 % - 15.0 % while winning the state, while in the 2004 presidential election, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush 80.8 % - 18.8 % in the city but was unable to win the state. In 2012, every precinct in the city was carried by Barack Obama. All of Cleveland Heights is in the 11th congressional district, a seat currently held by Marcia Fudge, elected in a special election following the death of Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones. In 2003, voters supported a referendum to establish a domestic partnership registry ; Cleveland Heights was the first Ohio city to establish one. The current city council is composed of Kahlil Seren, Vice Mayor Jason S. Stein, Mary Dunbar, Mayor Cheryl L. Stephens, Carol Roe, Michael Ungar and Melissa Yasinow. Education ( edit ) Public education in the city of Cleveland Heights is provided by two school districts. Most of the city is served by the Cleveland Heights - University Heights City School District, while a small portion located on the northwest side of the city lies within the East Cleveland City School District. Several private schools are located within the city, including Beaumont School, Lutheran High School East, Horizon Montessori, Ruffing Montessori, Hebrew Academy of Cleveland, Saint Ann School, and Mosdos Ohr Hatorah. Notable people ( edit ) Gina Abercrombie - Winstanley, diplomat Albert Ayler, jazz musician Hector Boiardi, A.K.A. Chef Boy - Ar - Dee ; started his business in the early 1930s while living in Cleveland Heights. Timothy Broglio, Archbishop for the Military Services, USA. Eric Coble, playwright Eric Fingerhut, former congressman ; president / CEO of Hillel : The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life Margaret Hamilton, actress Herman Goldner, mayor of St. Petersburg, Florida, 1961 -- 67 and 1971 -- 73 ; reared in Cleveland Heights Joel Grey, Tony and Oscar winning actor Dave Hill, Comedian, radio host, and musician Diana Hyland, actress Darrell Issa, congressman ( CA - 49 ) Barry Cofield, NFL player Bill Kennedy, actor, television personality Ron Klein, former congressman from Florida, attorney Michael Krasny, English professor and talk show host Steve LaTourette, former congressman ; president / CEO of Republican Main Street Partnership Clea Lewis, actress and singer Dean Martin, singer, actor Harvey Pekar, author, graphic novelist, jazz critic Michael Ruhlman, author, cook, entrepreneur Viktor Schreckengost, industrial designer, artist Justine Siegal, baseball coach Dr. Benjamin Spock, pediatrician, anti-Vietnam War activist Ivan Stang, film maker, publisher, broadcaster Debra Winger, actress Sean Young, actress Travis Kelce, NFL player, Kansas City Chiefs See also ( edit ) Cleveland, Ohio portal Forest Hill, Ohio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City Council ''. Retrieved 18 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` City Manager 's Office ''. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 ''. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names ''. United States Geological Survey. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008. Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 ''. Retrieved 4 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder ''. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2008. Jump up ^ History of Cleveland Heights Jump up ^ Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer, 1952 Edition with 1962 Supplement. Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010, 2000, and 1990 ''. United States Census Bureau. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. Jump up ^ http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2013/04/signs_announcing_cleveland_hei.html Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates ''. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Number of Inhabitants : Ohio '' ( PDF ). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ohio : Population and Housing Unit Counts '' ( PDF ). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets : Subcounty Population Estimates : April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012 ''. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Heights ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau ''. www.census.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04. Jump up ^ http://www.clevelandheights.com/index.aspx?page=339 Jump up ^ http://www.clevelandheights.com/citygovt_council.asp Jump up ^ http://www.chhistory.org/FeatureStories.php?Story=HouseholdNames Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Meacham, `` Mayor packed ideas, pipe tobacco in rich public life, '' September 15, 2010 ``. Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleveland Heights, Ohio. Official website Cleveland Heights - University Heights City School District Cleveland Heights - University Heights Public Library Cleveland State University Library Cedar Fairmount District Coventry Village Surrounding communities ( edit ) Places adjacent to Cleveland Heights, Ohio East Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Heights South Euclid Shaker Heights University Heights Municipalities and communities of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States County seat : Cleveland Cities Bay Village Beachwood Bedford Bedford Heights Berea Brecksville Broadview Heights Brook Park Brooklyn Cleveland Cleveland Heights East Cleveland Euclid Fairview Park Garfield Heights Highland Heights Independence Lakewood Lyndhurst Maple Heights Mayfield Heights Middleburg Heights North Olmsted North Royalton Olmsted Falls Parma Parma Heights Pepper Pike Richmond Heights Rocky River Seven Hills Shaker Heights Solon South Euclid Strongsville University Heights Warrensville Heights Westlake Villages Bentleyville Bratenahl Brooklyn Heights Chagrin Falls Cuyahoga Heights Gates Mills Glenwillow Highland Hills Hunting Valley ‡ Linndale Mayfield Moreland Hills Newburgh Heights North Randall Oakwood Orange Valley View Walton Hills Woodmere Townships Chagrin Falls Olmsted Paper townships Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Ohio Columbus ( capital ) Topics History Geography People Government Administrative divisions Law Elections Delegations Colleges and universities Motto Tourist attractions Portal Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Black Swamp The Bluegrass Extreme Northwest Ohio Glacial till plains Lake Erie Lake Erie Islands Mahoning Valley Miami Valley Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Vacationland Western Reserve Metro areas Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Findlay - Tiffin Huntington - Ashland Lima Mansfield Steubenville Toledo Youngstown - Warren Largest cities Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cuyahoga Falls Dayton Elyria Euclid Hamilton Kettering Lakewood Lorain Mansfield Mentor Middletown Newark Parma Springfield Toledo Youngstown Counties Adams Allen Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot VIAF : 159451711 ISNI : 0000 0004 0384 5877 GND : 5053803 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio&oldid=820458397 '' Categories : Cleveland Heights, Ohio Cities in Ohio Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cleveland metropolitan area Jewish communities in the United States Nuclear - free zones Populated places established in 1828 Russian - American culture in Ohio Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018, at 21 : 27. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cleveland Heights, Ohio", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio&amp;oldid=820458397" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13885562146892061914" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Trans - Saharan trade - wikipedia Trans - Saharan trade Trans - Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara ( north and south ) to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast, Europe, to the Levant. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, herding of sheep and goats, large settlements and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara ( Ahaggar ) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings ( dated 3500 to 2500 BC ), in places which are currently very dry, portray vegetation and animal presence rather different from modern expectations. As a desert, Sahara is now a hostile expanse that separates the Mediterranean economy from the economy of the Niger basin. As Fernand Braudel points out that crossing such a zone ( especially without mechanized transport ) is worthwhile only when exceptional circumstances cause the expected gain to outweigh the cost and danger. Trade, beginning around 300 CE, was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size per caravan was 1,000 camels ; some caravans were as large as 12,000. The caravans would be guided by highly paid Berbers who knew the desert and could ensure safe passage from their fellow desert nomads. The survival of a caravan was precarious and would rely on careful coordination. Runners would be sent ahead to oases so that water could be shipped out to the caravan when it was still several days away, as the caravans could not easily carry enough with them to make the full journey. In the middle of the 14th century Ibn Battuta crossed the desert from Sijilmasa via the salt mines at Taghaza to the oasis of Oualata. A guide was sent ahead and water was brought on a journey of four days from Oualata to meet the caravan. Culture and religion were also exchanged on the Trans - Saharan Trade Route. These colonies eventually adopted the language and region of the country and became absorbed into the Muslim population. These colonies that were being discussed in E.W. Bovill 's book were Christian captives who were brought to Africa as slaves and eventually they converted to Islam and became part of the Muslim population. Like some other people in Africa, there were some benefits of becoming part of the Muslim population. During the Muslim control of some of the Western African nations during this time there was a non-Muslim tax and many people converted so they would not have to pay that tax and also for the Christian slaves, it is against the Islamic religion to have slaves so it was one way to gain their freedom. Contents 1 Early trans - Saharan trade 2 Introduction of the camel 3 Trans - Saharan trade in the Middle Ages 4 Decline of trans - Saharan trade 5 The future of trans - Saharan trade 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 8 Further reading Early trans - Saharan trade ( edit ) A building in Oualata, southeast Mauritania The Bilma oasis in northeast Niger, with the Kaouar escarpment in the background Ancient trade spanned the northeastern corner of the Sahara in the Naqadan era. Predynastic Egyptians in the Naqada I period traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the Western Desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east. Many trading routes went from oasis to oasis to resupply on both food and water. These oases were very important. They also imported obsidian from Ethiopia to shape blades and other objects. The overland route through the Wadi Hammamat from the Nile to the Red Sea was known as early as predynastic times ; drawings depicting Egyptian reed boats have been found along the path dating to 4000 BC. Ancient cities dating to the First Dynasty of Egypt arose along both its Nile and Red Sea junctions, testifying to the route 's ancient popularity. It became a major route from Thebes to the Red Sea port of Elim, where travelers then moved on to either Asia, Arabia or the Horn of Africa. Records exist documenting knowledge of the route among Senusret I, Seti, Ramesses IV and also, later, the Roman Empire, especially for mining. The Darb el - Arbain trade route, passing through Kharga in the south and Asyut in the north, was used from as early as the Old Kingdom for the transport and trade of gold, ivory, spices, wheat, animals and plants. Later, Ancient Romans would protect the route by lining it with varied forts and small outposts, some guarding large settlements complete with cultivation. Described by Herodotus as a road `` traversed... in forty days '', it became by his time an important land route facilitating trade between Nubia and Egypt, and subsequently became known as the Forty Days Road. From Kobbei, 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of al - Fashir, the route passed through the desert to Bir Natrum, another oasis and salt mine, to Wadi Howar before proceeding to Egypt. The Darb el - Arbain trade route was the easternmost of the central routes. The westernmost of the three central routes was the Ghadames Road, which ran from the Niger River at Gao north to Ghat and Ghadames before terminating at Tripoli. Next was the easiest of the three routes : the Garamantean Road, named after the former rulers of the land it passed through and also called the Bilma Trail. The Garamantean Road passed south of the desert near Murzuk before turning north to pass between the Alhaggar and Tibesti Mountains before reaching the oasis at Kawar. From Kawar, caravans would pass over the great sand dunes of Bilma, where rock salt was mined in great quantities for trade, before reaching the savanna north of Lake Chad. This was the shortest of the routes, and the primary exchanges were slaves and ivory from the south for salt. The western routes were the Walata Road, from the Sénégal River, and the Taghaza Trail, from the Mali River, which had their northern termini at the great trading center of Sijilmasa, situated in Morocco just north of the desert. The growth of the city of Aoudaghost, founded in the 5th century BCE, was stimulated by its position at the southern end of a trans Saharan trade route. To the east, three ancient routes connected the south to the Mediterranean. The herdsmen of the Fezzan of Libya, known as the Garamantes, controlled these routes as early as 1500 BC. From their capital of Germa in the Wadi Ajal, the Garamantean Empire raided north to the sea and south into the Sahel. By the 4th century BC, the independent city - states of Phoenecia had expanded their control to the territory and routes once held by the Garamantes. Shillington states that existing contact with the Mediterranean received added incentive with the growth of the port city of Carthage. Founded c. 800 BCE, Carthage became one terminus for West African gold, ivory, and slaves. West Africa received salt, cloth, beads, and metal goods. Shillington proceeds to identify this trade route as the source for West African iron smelting. Trade continued into Roman times. Although there are Classical references to direct travel from the Mediterranean to West Africa ( Daniels, p. 22f ), most of this trade was conducted through middlemen, inhabiting the area and aware of passages through the drying lands. The Legio III Augusta subsequently secured these routes on behalf of Rome by the 1st century AD, safeguarding the southern border of the empire for two and half centuries. Introduction of the camel ( edit ) Modern - day camel caravan near the Ahaggar Mountains in the central Sahara, 2006 Herodotus had spoken of the Garamantes hunting the Ethiopian Troglodytes with their chariots ; this account was associated with depictions of horses drawing chariots in contemporary cave art in southern Morocco and the Fezzan, giving origin to a theory that the Garamantes, or some other Saran people, had created chariot routes to provide Rome and Carthage with gold and ivory. However, it has been argued that no horse skeletons have been found dating from this early period in the region, and chariots would have been unlikely vehicles for trading purposes due to their small capacity. The earliest evidence for domesticated camels in the region dates from the 3rd century. Used by the Berber people, they enabled more regular contact across the entire width of the Sahara, but regular trade routes did not develop until the beginnings of the Islamic conversion of West Africa in the 7th and 8th centuries. Two main trade routes developed. The first ran through the western desert from modern Morocco to the Niger Bend, the second from modern Tunisia to the Lake Chad area. These stretches were relatively short and had the essential network of occasional oases that established the routing as inexorably as pins in a map. Further east of the Fezzan with its trade route through the valley of Kaouar to Lake Chad, Libya was impassable due to its lack of oases and fierce sandstorms. A route from the Niger Bend to Egypt was abandoned in the 10th century due to its dangers. Trans - Saharan trade in the middle ages ( edit ) See also : Trans - Saharan slave trade The rise of the Ghana Empire, now called Mali, Senegal, and southern Mauritania, paralleled the increase in trans - Saharan trade. Mediterranean economies were short of gold but could supply salt, taken by places like the African salt mine of Taghaza, whereas West African countries like Wangara had plenty of gold but needed salt. The trans - Saharan slave trade was also important because large numbers of Africans were sent north, generally to serve as domestic servants or slave concubines. The West African states imported highly trained slave soldiers. It has been estimated that from the 10th to the 19th century some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year. Perhaps as many as nine million slaves were exported along the trans - Saharan caravan route. Several trade routes became established, perhaps the most important terminating in Sijilmasa ( Morocco ) and Ifriqiya to the north. There, and in other North African cities, Berber traders had increased contact with Islam, encouraging conversions, and by the 8th century, Muslims were traveling to Ghana. Many in Ghana converted to Islam, and it is likely that the Empire 's trade was privileged as a result. Around 1050, Ghana lost Aoudaghost to the Almoravids, but new goldmines around Bure reduced trade through the city, instead benefiting the Malinke of the south, who later founded the Mali Empire. Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of Niger highlighted Unlike Ghana, Mali was a Muslim kingdom since his foundation, and under it, the gold -- salt trade continued. Other, less important trade goods were slaves, kola nuts from the south and slave beads and cowry shells from the north ( for use as currency ). It was under Mali that the great cities of the Niger bend -- including Gao and Djenné -- prospered, with Timbuktu in particular becoming known across Europe for its great wealth. Important trading centers in southern West Africa developed at the transitional zone between the forest and the savanna ; examples include Begho and Bono Manso ( in present - day Ghana ) and Bondoukou ( in present - day Côte d'Ivoire ). Western trade routes continued to be important, with Ouadane, Oualata and Chinguetti being the major trade centres in what is now Mauritania, while the Tuareg towns of Assodé and later Agadez grew around a more easterly route in what is now Niger. The eastern trans - Saharan route led to the development of the long lived Kanem - Bornu empire as well as the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, centred on the Lake Chad area. This trade route was somewhat less efficient and only rose to great prominence when there was turmoil in the west such as during the Almohad conquests. Decline of trans - Saharan trade ( edit ) The Portuguese journeys around the West African coast opened up new avenues for trade between Europe and West Africa. By the early 16th century, European trading bases, the `` Factories '' established on the coast since 1445, and trade with the wealthier Europeans became of prime importance to West Africa. North Africa had declined in both political and economic importance, while the Saharan crossing remained long and treacherous. However, the major blow to trans - Saharan trade was the Battle of Tondibi of 1591 -- 92. Morocco sent troops across the Sahara and attacked Timbuktu, Gao and some other important trading centres, destroying buildings and property and exiling prominent citizens. This disruption to trade led to a dramatic decline in the importance of these cities and the resulting animosity reduced trade considerably. Although much reduced, trans - Saharan trade continued. But trade routes to the West African coast became increasingly easy, particularly after the French invasion of the Sahel in the 1890s and subsequent construction of railways to the interior. A railway line from Dakar to Algiers via the Niger bend was planned but never constructed. With the independence of nations in the region in the 1960s, the north -- south routes were severed by national boundaries. National governments were hostile to Tuareg nationalism and so made few efforts to maintain or support trans - Saharan trade, and the Tuareg Rebellion of the 1990s and Algerian Civil War further disrupted routes, with many roads closed. Azalai salt caravan from Agadez to Bilma, 1985 Traditional caravan routes are largely void of camels, but the shorter Azalai routes from Agadez to Bilma and Timbuktu to Taoudenni are still regularly -- if lightly -- used. Some members of the Tuareg still use the traditional trade routes, often traveling 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) and six months out of every year by camel across the Sahara trading in salt carried from the desert interior to communities on the desert edges. The future of trans - Saharan trade ( edit ) The African Union and African Development Bank support the Trans - Sahara Highway from Algiers to Lagos via Tamanrasset which aims to stimulate trans - Saharan trade. The route is paved except for a 200 km section in northern Niger, but border restrictions still hamper traffic. Only a few trucks carry trans - Saharan trade, particularly fuel and salt. Three other highways across the Sahara are proposed : for further details see Trans - African Highways. Building the highways is difficult because of sandstorms See also ( edit ) Trans - Sahara Highway Neolithic Subpluvial References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shillington, Kevin ( 1989, 1995 ). History of Africa, Second Edition. St. Martin 's Press, New York. p. 32. Jump up ^ Braudel, Fernand ( 1984 ). The Perspective of the World. ( Vol III of Civilization and Capitalism ). ( Published in French in 1979 ). Jump up ^ David Rouge, Saharan salt caravans ply ancient route, Reuters, 21 February 2007 Jump up ^ An African Pilgrim - King and a World - Traveler : Mansa Musa and Ibn Battuta Jump up ^ Gibb, H.A.R. ; Beckingham, C.F. trans. and eds. ( 1994 ). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325 -- 1354 ( Volume 4 ). London : Hakluyt Society. pp. 948 -- 49. ISBN 978 - 0 - 904180 - 37 - 4. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bovill, E.W. ( 1968 ). Golden Trade of the Moors. Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Shaw, Ian ( 2002 ). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, England : Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0. Jump up ^ Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw ( 2000 ). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. `` Stone '', in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5 -- 77, pp. 46 -- 47. Also note : Barbara G. Aston ( 1994 ). `` Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels '', Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23 -- 26. ( See on - line posts : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ). ) ^ Jump up to : Please refer to Wadi Hammamat # Trade route. Jump up ^ Please refer to Wadi Hammamat # Carvings. Jump up ^ Please refer to Wadi Hammamat # Quarries and Wadi Hammamat # Common era. Jump up ^ Jobbins, Jenny. `` The 40 days ' nightmare '', in Al - Ahram, 13 -- 19 November 2003, Issue No. 664. Published in Cairo, Egypt. Jump up ^ Please refer to Kharga Oasis. Jump up ^ Smith, Dr. Stuart Tyson. Nubia : History, University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Anthropology, < http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html >. Retrieved January 21, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur : The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers : Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1 - 55876 - 405 - 4, pp. 6 -- 7. Jump up ^ Shillington ( 1995 ). p. 46. Jump up ^ Daniels, Charles ( 1970 ). The Garamantes of Southern Libya. Oleander, North Harrow, Middlesex. p. 22. ^ Jump up to : Masonen, P : `` Trans - Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World. Archived 2013 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. '' Jump up ^ Lewicki, T. ( 1994 ). `` The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South ''. In UNESCO General History of Africa : Volume 3. University of California Press, ISBN 92 - 3 - 601709 - 6. Jump up ^ Ibn Battuta 's Trip : Part Twelve -- Journey to West Africa ( 1351 -- 1353 ) Archived 2010 - 06 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Fage, J.D. A History of Africa. Routledge, 4th edition, 2001. pg. 256 Jump up ^ The impact of the slave trade on Africa Jump up ^ National Geographic Channel ( 2001 ). Africa, Episode 2, `` Desert Odyssey '' ( TV / Video ). This episode follows a Tuareg tribe across the Sahara for six months by camel. Further reading ( edit ) Albert Adu Boahen, Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788 -- 1861. Oxford 1964 Edward William Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors ( Princeton : Markus Wiener, 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55876 - 091 - 1 Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1971 ( 1962 ) Kevin Shillington ( eds ), `` Tuareg : Takedda and trans - Saharan trade '' from the Encyclopaedia of African History, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004, ISBN 1 - 57958 - 245 - 1 B.H. Warmington, Carthage, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1964 ( 1960 ) M'hammad Sabour and Knut S. Vikør ( eds ), Ethnic Encounter and Culture Change, Bergen, 1997, ( 3 ) Google Cache Last Retrieved Jan. 2005. Ross, Eric ( 2011 ). `` A historical geography of the trans - Saharan trade '' ( PDF ). In Krätli, Graziano ; Lydon, Ghislaine. The Trans - Saharan Book Trade : Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa. Leiden : Brill. pp. 1 -- 34. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 18742 - 9. The Trans - Saharan Gold Trade 7th -- 14th Century from the Museum of Modern Art Lagha Chegrouche \\ E, `` Géopolitique transsaharienne de l'énergie '', in Revue Géopolitique N ° 108, 2010 Lagha Chegrouche, `` Géopolitique transsaharienne de l'énergie, le jeu et l'enjeu? in Revue de l'énergie, Etude, 2010 Part of a series on trade routes Amber Road Dvaravati -- Kamboja route Grand Trunk Road Hærvejen Hanseatic League Incense Route King 's Highway Maritime republics Maritime Silk Road Old Salt Route Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Trans - Saharan trade Triangular trade Via Maris Volga trade route Varangians to the Greeks Way of the Patriarchs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_trade&oldid=853695711 '' Categories : History of the Sahara History of Africa Economy of Africa Sahara Trade routes Tuareg Medieval economics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bamanankan Български Català Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 12 : 07 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Trans-Saharan trade", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_trade&amp;oldid=853695711" }

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{ "text": "Peon - wikipedia Peon Jump to : navigation, search This article is about a type of unfree labor. For relatively menial jobs so labelled, see Peon ( slang ). This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peons in Chile or Peru being disciplined at the behest of their employer, Henry Meiggs, in 1862 Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human Trafficking Virgin Islands Central, East, and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe British Isles Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servant Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day In English peon ( / ˈpiːɒn / ), from the Spanish peón ( peˈon ) ) usually refers to a person subject to peonage : any form of unfree labour or wage labor in which a laborer ( peon ) has little control over employment conditions. In this sense, peon and peonage are, strictly speaking, used accurately only of the colonial period in Latin America and other countries colonized by Spain. However, the word peon has a variety of related, less formal uses. Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Usage ( edit ) In English, peon and peonage have meanings related to their Spanish etymology, as well as a variety of other usages. In addition to the meaning of forced labourer, a peon may also be a person with little authority, often assigned unskilled tasks ; an underling or any person subjected to capricious or unreasonable oversight. In this sense, peon can be used in either a derogatory or self - effacing context. However, the term has a historical basis and usage related to much more severe conditions of forced labour. American English : in a historical and legal sense, peon generally referred to someone working in an unfree labor system ( known as peonage ). The word often implied debt bondage or indentured servitude. See also : Black Codes ( United States ) There are other usages in contemporary cultures : English language varieties spoken in South Asian countries : a peon is an office boy, an attendant, or an orderly, a person kept around for odd jobs ( and, historically, a policeman or foot soldier ). ( In an unrelated South Asian sense, `` peon '' may also be an alternative spelling for the poon tree ( genus Calophyllum ) or its wood, especially when used in boat - building. ) Shanghai : among native Chinese working in firms where English is spoken, the word has been phonetically reinterpreted as `` pee - on '' ( referencing the purported figurative origin of the term ), and refers to a worker with little authority, who suffers indignities from superiors. Financial trading slang : a peon is a market participant who trades in small quantities or a small account. History ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies The origin of peonage goes back to the Spanish conquest of Mexico when conquistadors forced natives to work for Spanish planters and mine operators. Peonage was prevalent in Latin America especially in the countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador and Peru. It remains an important part of social life, as among the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon. After the American Civil War of 1861 -- 1865, peonage developed in the Southern United States. Poor white farmers and formerly enslaved African Americans known as freedmen who could not afford their own land would farm another person 's land, exchanging labor for a share of the crops. This was called sharecropping and initially the benefits were mutual. The land owner would pay for the seeds and tools in exchange for a percentage of the money earned from the crop and a portion of the crop. As time passed, many landowners began to abuse this system. The landowner would force the tenant farmer or sharecropper to buy seeds and tools from the land owner 's store, which often had inflated prices. As sharecroppers were often illiterate, they had to depend on the books and accounting by the landowner and his staff. Other tactics included debiting expenses against the sharecropper 's profits after the crop was harvested and `` miscalculating '' the net profit from the harvest, thereby keeping the sharecropper in perpetual debt to the landowner. Since the tenant farmers could not offset the costs, they were forced into involuntary labor due to the debts they owed the land owner. After the U.S. Civil War, the South passed `` Black Codes '', laws that tried to control freed black slaves. Vagrancy laws were included in these Black Codes. Homeless or even unemployed African Americans who were between jobs, most of whom were former slaves were arrested and fined as vagrants. Usually lacking the resources to pay the fine, the `` vagrant '' was sent to county labor or hired out to a private employer. The authorities also tried to restrict the movement of freedmen between rural areas and cities, to between towns. Under such laws, local officials arbitrarily arrested tens of thousands of freedmen and charged them with fines and court costs of their cases. White merchants, farmers, and business owners could pay their debts and the prisoner had to work off the debt. Prisoners were leased as laborers to owners and operators of coal mines, lumber camps, brickyards, railroads, quarries and farm plantations, with the revenues for their labor going to the states. Government officials leased imprisoned blacks and whites to small town entrepreneurs, provincial farmers, and dozens of corporations looking for cheap labor. Their labor was repeatedly bought and sold for decades after the official abolition of American slavery. Southern states and private businesses boomed with this unpaid labour. It is estimated that up to 40 % of blacks in the South were trapped in peonage in the beginning of the 20th century. Overseers and owners often used severe deprivation, beatings, whippings, and other abuse as `` discipline '' against the workers. Cartoon of Indictment of US Planters and negro peonage After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited involuntary servitude such as peonage for all but convicted criminals. Congress also passed various laws to protect the constitutional rights of Southern blacks, making those who violated such rights by conspiracy, by trespass, or in disguise, guilty of an offence punishable by ten years in prison and civil disability. Unlawful use of state law to subvert rights under the Federal Constitution was made punishable by fine or a year 's imprisonment. Until the involuntary servitude was abolished by president Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 ( exact date unknown ), sharecroppers in Southern states were forced to continue working to pay off old debts or to pay taxes. Southern states allowed this in order to preserve sharecropping. In October 1910 Florida sugar cane plantation planter Edgar Watson was shot and killed by his own neigbours ; according to legend he would use peonage Native Americans and Negros and then would `` pay '' his workers by killing them. His story was fictionalized by writer Peter Matthiessen in his Lost River Trilogy later remade into Shadow Country The following reported Court cases involving Peonage : 1903 South Dakota a 17 - year - old girl was reported to have been sold into peonage at the age of two by her own father 1904 Alabama ten persons Indicted for holding black and white persons in peonage 1906 John W. Pace of Alabama - the `` father '' of Peonage ; pardoned by his friend President Theodore Roosevelt. 1906 Five officials of Jackson Lumber Company sentenced in Pensacola Florida to seven years in prison. 1916 Edward McCree of Georgia Legislature ; owner of 37,000 acres of land ; indicted on 13 charges. pleaded guilty to first charge and paid a $1,000.00 fine. 1916 two men found guilty in Lexington County South Carolina of trying to force a white man into peonage ; each fined $500.00 and sentenced to a year and day in jail 1921 Hawaiian Sugar Plantation owners try to Legalize peonage of Chinese workers. Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Department of Justice Circular No. 3591 Re : Involuntary Servitude, Slavery, and Peonage. 1921, Georgia farmer John S. Williams and his black overseer Clyde Manning were convicted in the deaths of 11 blacks working as peons in Williams ' farm. Williams was the only white farmer convicted for killing black peons between April 1, 1877 and August 6, 1966. 1922 Convicted in 1921 for hopping a freight train without a ticket in Florida, Martin Tabert of North Dakota becomes part of State Convict leasing ; he died Feb 1, 1922 as a result of whipping for being unable to work due to illness. Reports of his death lead to outlawing of convict leasing in Florida in 1923. 1925 Columbia, South Carolina a youth who had been missing since 1923 escaped from peonage at a work camp. Because of the Spanish tradition, peonage was still widespread in New Mexico Territory after the American Civil War. Because New Mexico laws supported peonage, the US Congress passed the Peonage Act of 1867 on March 2, 1867 as follows : `` Sec 1990. The holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage is abolished and forever prohibited in the territory of New Mexico, or in any other territory or state of the United States ; and all acts, laws,... made to establish, maintain, or enforce, directly or indirectly, the voluntary or involuntary service or labour of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise, are declared null and void. '' The current version of this statute is codified at Chapter 21 - I of 42 U.S.C. § 1994 and makes no specific mention of New Mexico. See also ( edit ) Day labor Debt bondage Feudalism Peasant Proletariat Serfdom Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1 ( 1906 ) Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 ( 1911 ) Boy Slaves ( 1939 film ) Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Howe, William Wirt ( April 1904 ). `` The Peonage Cases ''. Columbia Law Review. 4 ( 4 ) : 656 -- 58. JSTOR 1109963. ( Registration required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Bartholomew, Dean ( 2009 ). Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3378 - 5. Jump up ^ Blackmon, Douglas ( 2008 ). Slavery By Another Name : The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II. Doubleday. p. 152. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50625 - 0. Jump up ^ Blackmon ( 2008 ), Slavery by Another Name Jump up ^ St. John, Marie ( 1981 ). `` The Woods Were Tossing With Jewels ''. American Heritage Magazine. 32 ( 2 ). Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The times dispatch. ( Richmond, Va. ) 1903 -- 1914, August 23, 1903, EDITORIAL SECTION, Image 4 ''. 1903 - 08 - 23. ISSN 1941 - 0700. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The Ocala banner. ( Ocala, Marion County, Fla. ) 1883 - 194?, January 22, 1904, Image 12 ''. 1904 - 01 - 22. p. 12. ISSN 1943 - 8877. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ The Nation. J.H. Richards. 1906 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ `` The Pensacola journal. ( Pensacola, Fla. ) 1898 -- 1985, November 24, 1906, Image 1 ''. 1906 - 11 - 24. p. 1. ISSN 1941 - 109X. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Honolulu star - bulletin. ( Honolulu ( Oahu, Hawaii ) 1912 -- current, August 19, 1916, 3 : 30 Edition, Image 14 ''. 1916 - 08 - 19. p. 14. ISSN 2326 - 1137. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The Manning times. ( Manning, Clarendon County, S.C. ) 1884 -- current, December 13, 1916, Image 2 ''. 1916 - 12 - 13. ISSN 2330 - 8826. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The labor world. ( Duluth, Minn. ) 1896 - current, September 03, 1921, Labor Day Edition 1921, Image 27 ''. 1921 - 09 - 03. ISSN 0023 - 6667. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` John S. Williams and Clyde Manning Trials : 1921 -- Peonage Outlawed, But Flourishes For 50 Years, Murdering The `` evidence '' Of Peonage, Southern Peonage Draws National Attention ``. Law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ `` The Piedmont Chronicles : John Williams Saga ( Peonage Murders ) ''. www.thepiedmontchronicles.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ Freeman, Gregory A. ( 1999 ). Lay This Body Down : The 1921 Murders of Eleven Plantation Slaves, Chicago : Chicago Review Press. Jump up ^ `` Martin Tabert ( - 1922 ) ''. Find A Grave. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1921, page 1 -- A History of Corrections in Florida ''. Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` The Afro American - Google News Archive Search ''. news.google.com. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ Supreme Court Reporter, West Publishing Co, Bailey v. Alabama ( 1910 ), p. 151. Further reading ( edit ) Daniel, Pete ( 1990 ). The Shadow of Slavery : Peonage in the South, 1901 -- 1969 ( 5th ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 519742 - 9. Reynolds, Aaron, `` Inside the Jackson Tract : The Battle Over Peonage Labor Camps in Southern Alabama, 1906, '' Southern Spaces, 21 January 2013. Whayne, Jeannie M., ed. Shadows over Sunnyside : An Arkansas Plantation in Transition, 1830 -- 1945, Fayetteville : University of Arkansas Press, 1993. Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo : The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta, Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 2003. External links ( edit ) Look up peon or peón in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Conversation With Erminio Orellana Mini Documentary by Jorge Uzon 42 USC § 1994 -- Peonage Abolished FBI.gov `` Peonage ''. The New Student 's Reference Work. 1914. Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peon&oldid=801457503 '' Categories : Orcs Debt bondage Legal terminology Labor rights Slavery by type Slavery of Native Americans Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2012 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 19 : 56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Peon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Peon&amp;oldid=801457503" }

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{ "text": "Duke ( surname ) - wikipedia Duke ( surname ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Duke ( disambiguation ). Duke Family name Meaning `` leader '' ; possibly derived from `` follower of Maedoc '' Region of origin England, Ireland Related names Dukes Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Duke is a surname meaning ' the leader ' or ' son of Marmaduke '. It is the 856th most common surname in the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Dukes 2.1 Earliest usage 3 Family motto 4 History 5 Some noteworthy people of the Duke name 6 Some noteworthy people of the Dukes name 7 See also 8 References Etymology ( edit ) The first is that the surname Duke and its variant, Dukes, are both derived from the various Middle English words duc, duk, and douc, which all came from the Old French word `` duc. '' This ultimately stemmed from the Latin dux, meaning `` leader, '' and is a derivative of ducere, `` to lead. '' The surname was evidently acquired by someone who was looked upon as a leader, not denoting one of noble birth since many captains or military leaders were titled landholders who would have taken their last names from their estates. The surname Dukes translates literally as `` Duke 's son. '' Alternatively, it has been suggested by scholars that the surname is simply a shortened form of Marmaduke, which is from the Irish Maelmaedoc, meaning ' servant of Maedoc. ' St Maedoc was a Christian missionary in 7th Century Wales and Ireland. As a Plantation surname, it can be found primarily in east Ulster and has been Gaelicised as Diúc. References date back to the late Twelfth century, with Herbert le Duc, a member of the Knights Templar, using the Gallicized version of the name. From 1190 -- 1191, Roger le Duc was Sheriff of London, and three generations of his family succeeded him in this office. The Pipe rolls for Berkshire refer to Adam Duke in the year 1198, and in 1214 one Henry Dukes is recorded in the Curia Regis rolls for Warwickshire. Dukes ( edit ) Dukes Family name Meaning derived from Son or Descendant of Duke, meaning Leader Region of origin England Related names Duke, Dukeson Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Dukes is a patronymic form of the surname Duke that originated in medieval England, of Anglo - Norman origin. The meaning is derived from son or descendant of Duke, which was originally recorded le Duc, a term used to mean `` leader '' before it became associated with a specific rank of the nobility. It is an uncommon name ; the 2000 United States Census showed it to be the 1,577 th most popular surname, while the United Kingdom Census of that same year showed it to be the 1,749 th most popular. Earliest usage ( edit ) The earliest recorded uses of the surname include : Ralph or Radulphus Dux in 1199, Buckinghamshire, Arnold de Dukes in 1200, Cambridgeshire, Henry or Henricus Dukes in 1214, Warwickshire. Family motto ( edit ) The Duke family uses the motto Gradatim vincimus which translates as `` We conquer by degrees. '' The Dukes family motto is Constanter, meaning `` With constancy. '' History ( edit ) Records indicate nameholders came to England during and in the decades following the Norman Conquest, but its usage became more common in the reign of Richard I and especially in the time of King John. In Queen Elizabeth 's long reign the surname often appeared among the rolls of her ennobled subjects who were prominently mentioned in the annals of her time. Duke families were also found very early in Ireland. According to O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees, Vol. II, some were residing in County Westmeath in the Fifteenth century. The will of one William Duke, of Kyllenagh, Kildare, recorded 1551, is found in the records at Dublin. After this early date the family name appears with more or less variation in form, and with increasing frequency upon the pages of the Irish Public Records. Hanna, in his Scotch - Irish Families of Ulster, estimates that there were in 1890 within the province of Ulster 268 persons bearing the name Duke. Thus the Dukes were one of the ancient families of England and of Ireland. They are among the earliest recorded by Burke in his pedigrees of the nobility and of the landed gentry. The first mention made of them by this authority was the aforementioned Roger le Duc, sheriff of London. The names of Duke and Dukes have been well - established in the Americas, with one of the earliest arrivals to New England being one Captain Edward Duke in 1634. Humphrey Dukes sailed to Barbados with his wife and servants in 1630. Some noteworthy people of the Duke name ( edit ) Annie Duke ( born 1965 ), American poker player Basil W. Duke, Confederate general Benjamin Newton Duke, ( 1855 - 1929 ) American tobacco philanthropist Bill Duke ( born 1943 ), African - American actor and director Charles Moss Duke, Jr. ( born 1935 ), American astronaut David Duke ( born 1950 ), American politician and white - nationalist activist David Duke, ( born 1978 ), Scottish footballer Donald Duke, former governor of Nigeria Doris Duke ( 1912 -- 1993 ), American philanthropist Doris Duke, African - American soul singer Edmund Duke ( 1563 -- 1590 ), English Catholic martyr Geoff Duke, English champion road racer George Duke ( 1946 -- 2013 ), African - American musician George Duke ( footballer ) ( 1920 -- 1988 ), English footballer Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale, Judge and Chief Secretary for Ireland 1916 - 18 James A. Duke ( born 1929 ), American botanist James Buchanan Duke ( 1856 -- 1925 ), American entrepreneur and philanthropist James `` Red '' Duke ( 1928 -- 2015 ), American surgeon Jas H. Duke ( 1939 -- 1992 ), Australian writer Jessamyn Duke ( born 1986 ), American mixed martial artist John Woods Duke ( 1899 -- 1984 ), American composer and pianist Ken Duke ( born 1969 ), American golfer Lynne Duke ( 1956 -- 2013 ), American journalist and writer Matt Duke, English footballer Mike Duke, American business executive Norm Duke, American bowler Patty Duke ( 1946 - 2016 ), American actor P.J. Duke, ( 1925 -- 1950 ) former Cavan Gaelic Footballer Raoul Duke, alter - ego to Hunter S. Thompson, used as both a character and a pen name Robert Duke, songwriter pseudonym of Joe Meek Robin Duke, Canadian actress and comedian Steve Duke, American saxophonist Vernon Duke, Russian composer and songwriter Washington Duke ( 1820 -- 1905 ), American entrepreneur Wesley Duke, former American football player William Duke, Scottish lieutenant governor of Bengal Zach Duke, American baseball player Fictional characters Bo and Luke Duke, the good ol ' boys of Hazzard County Daisy Duke Edmund Duke ( StarCraft ) Fred J. Dukes, Marvel Comics supervillain Jesse Duke Tommy Dukes, an intellectual character in D.H. Lawrence 's 1928 novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover Oliver Dukes, the primary antagonist in Maurice Walsh 's 1950 novel Trouble in the Glen and 1954 film adaptation Some noteworthy people of the Dukes name ( edit ) Athletes Chad Dukes ( American football ), former NFL and Arena Football player Derrick Dukes, African - American wrestler Elijah Dukes, African - American baseball player Gordon Dukes ( 1888 -- 1966 ), American track and field athlete Harry Dukes ( 1912 -- 1988 ), English footballer Jamie Dukes, former professional football player and NFL Network analyst Mike Dukes ( 1936 -- 2008 ), American football player Tom Dukes, former American baseball player Walter Dukes ( 1930 -- 2001 ), African - American basketball player Artists and performers Ben Dukes, American independent Country music singer David Dukes ( 1945 -- 2000 ), American stage and TV actor Joanna Dukes, English actress Kevin Dukes, American guitarist Rob Dukes, lead singer for American metal band Exodus Carol Muske - Dukes, American author and poet Daragh Dukes, musician and producer of Irish rock band Headgear Literature Leopold Dukes ( 1810 -- 1891 ), Hungarian historian of Jewish literature Ashley Dukes ( 1885 -- 1959 ), English playwright Medicine Cuthbert Dukes ( 1890 -- 1977 ), English pathologist Politicians Alan Dukes ( born 1945 ), Irish politician Bill J. Dukes, American politician Other people Sir Paul Dukes ( 1889 -- 1967 ), English journalist and MI6 officer Chad Dukes ( radio personality ), co-host of the Big O and Dukes Show Ramsey Dukes, pseudonym of occultist Lionel Snell See also ( edit ) Duke ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Duke Surname Meaning and Distribution ''. forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Duke Name Meaning & Duke Family History at Ancestry.com ''. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Duke Family Crest and History ''. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Surname Database : Duke Last Name Origin ''. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Dukes Surname Meaning and Distribution ''. forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : http://www.martinstown.co.uk/WEBSITE/DUKE/frames.htm Jump up ^ namenum.com Jump up ^ http://www.martinstown.co.uk/WEBSITE/DUKE/history3.htm Jump up ^ sourced from the Curia Regis Rolls of Warwickshire Jump up ^ http://www.heraldryclipart.com/d.html This page lists people with the surname Duke. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_(surname)&oldid=799400835 '' Categories : Surnames Surnames of English origin English - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Pages using infobox family name with unknown parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017, at 14 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Duke (surname)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Duke_(surname)&amp;oldid=799400835" }

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{ "text": "Scandal ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Scandal ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation, search Scandal ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Kerry Washington Scott Foley Darby Stanchfield Katie Lowes Guillermo Diaz Jeff Perry Joshua Malina Bellamy Young Joe Morton George Newbern Cornelius Smith Jr. Tony Goldwyn Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Scandal episodes The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Scandal was ordered on February 10, 2017 by ABC. It was later announced that the seventh season will be the final season for Scandal. The season began airing on October 5, 2017, and will consist of 18 episodes, adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes. Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons. The season will be produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season focuses on the new direction of Olivia Pope 's crisis management firm, which is now headlined by Quinn Perkins, as well as staff at the White House in Washington, D.C. Season seven will have twelve series regulars, all returning from the previous season, out of which six are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season. The season will continue to air in the Thursday 9 : 00 pm timeslot, the same as the previous seasons. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Final season 4.1. 2 How to Get Away with Murder crossover 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The season will focus on Olivia Pope and her new position as Chief of Staff of President Mellie Grant and the Command of B613. It also depicts Quinn Perkins as the boss of her crisis management firm Quinn Perkins & Associates, and its team, as well as staff at the White House in Washington, D.C., in their efforts to deal with and contain political scandals. Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Scandal characters Regular ( edit ) Kerry Washington as Chief of Staff Olivia Pope Scott Foley as NSA Director Jacob `` Jake '' Ballard Darby Stanchfield as Abigail `` Abby '' Whelan Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins Guillermo Diaz as Diego `` Huck '' Muñoz Jeff Perry as Vice President Cyrus Beene Joshua Malina as Attorney - General David Rosen Bellamy Young as President Melody Margaret `` Mellie '' Grant Joe Morton as Elijah `` Eli '' / `` Rowan '' Pope George Newbern as Charlie Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker Tony Goldwyn as President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Thomas Grant III Recurring ( edit ) Jay Hernandez as Curtis Pryce Shaun Toub as Ambassador Marashi Guest ( edit ) Bess Armstrong as Senator Diane Greenwald Faran Tahir as President Rashad Dean Norris as Fenton Glackland Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Scandal episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season. `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 The episode begins with a montage depicting Luna 's death and Cyrus 's rise to the vice-presidency. Jake still has a cabinet position, and is still with Olivia. Olivia works with Cyrus and Mellie to get passed a bill that offers free college education to American citizens while QPA staff battle to find their first client. Olivia 's and Jake 's uncommitted relationship turns flamboyant when power rises to Olivia 's head and she begins to treat him as an employee. Cyrus thinks about becoming the next president, but his ideas fade after Mellie declares how grateful she is for all he has done. Olivia is interviewed by Curtis Pryce and the two end up in an affair. Mellie deals with a situation where a U.S. CIA agent is being held by terrorists in Bashran. Grant ca n't convice Ambassador Marachi, and Olivia threatens him in exchange of the citizen 's return to American soil. 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 The White House prepares a dinner to welcome the President of Bashran, during which Mellie talks to him to try to reach an agreement on the possession of nuclear weapons in his country through a treaty. Olivia asks Jake to investigate President Rashad and he finds out that Rashad sent his niece to study at a university in the United States, which sounds completely different from what he advocates in his country, which is filled with people who are anti-American. Olivia threatens him with the information, but the President claims to have expected something like that, saying that his ambassador had warned him that Olivia was `` the devil. '' Cyrus takes the millionaire Fenton Glackland on a tour of the White House ; Glackland mockingly reveals he will use his money to become President, and Cyrus screams with him, defending the White House. QPA staff get an invitation to the dinner, where they try to socialize with high - profile people and hopefully gather possible scandals. Huck discovers that one of the military men at dinner is actually a killer. This man takes President Rashad to a White House room to assassinate him, but is stopped by agents, quickly advised by Olivia, Huck, and Abby. After, Rashad reveals to Mellie that radicals of his country may be responsible. They talk about the threats they receive as presidents, and Mellie eventually convinces him to accept the treaty. Curtis Pryce also attends the dinner, and he follows Olivia until she asks him to go to her loft. Arriving there, they run into Fitz, who is expecting Olivia. 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 Marcus asks Fitz how he would like to have Olivia featured in his Presidential library. Fitz can not believe his Presidency is being reduced to him just being a man who loved a woman. After spending time with Fitz, Marcus finds him entitled and intolerable. Marcus states Fitz 's accomplishments are actually Olivia 's. He is close to quitting when Mellie assures him he is just going through the stages of Fitz and the best part is yet to come. Meanwhile, Fitz gets a startling visit from Rowan who needs help trying to handle Olivia. 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 Fitz is at Olivia 's door, and he asks her to help him with a project to find missing girls. She tells him to ask Quinn. Mellie and Rashad are talking about how to solve nuclear problems when Olivia interrupts their meeting. Cyrus debates what to do with the painting from Fenton Glackland. QPA and Fitz look to find the poster girl for missing girls. Rowan tells Fitz that a missing girls case is n't enough to get Olivia back to the good side. Cyrus goes to Glackland 's house to return the painting, and they play with virtual reality. Marcus goes to the White House to see Mellie but Olivia wo n't let him. Olivia goes to QPA and tells them that the way to get attention. On the way out Olivia runs into Fitz who suggests they get a drink sometime. At the summit, the prime minister of Dacal is n't willing to work with Mellie or Rashad. Olivia tells Mellie that she noticed her flirting with Rashad. QPA and Fitz have one of the missing girls ' mother start making public statements. Mellie and Rashad have a drink together in the oval and have a romantic connection. Cyrus complains to Mellie that he deserves better than Glackland. Olivia visits Rowan and he tells her that she ca n't have both B613 and Fitz. Bashran is taken in coup, making Rashad not the president. Jake tells Olivia that she needs to choose whether or not she is Command. Mellie wants to send in troops to Bashran to help Rashad, but Olivia is against it. Olivia goes home and Fitz shows up. He tells her that he was a terrible president when he was n't with her, and that they are better together. Jake gives Olivia information on what Rowan has been up to. 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 Olivia and Mellie pushes their power like never before, while Cyrus works on a congressional approval to declare war in Bashran as the QPA keeps a close watch on President Rashad 's niece. 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 Olivia tells Mellie of Rashad 's death, and she immediately wants to send troops into Bashran. Olivia and Jake worked together to kill Rashad and Yasmin. Glackland and Cyrus have brunch while Glackland pressures Cyrus for information on what 's going on in the White House. Quinn gets ready for her wedding and then meets with Olivia and accuses her of being behind Rashad 's death. Mellie shows up at Andrews Air Force Base to say goodbye to Rashad. Huck fusses over Quinn and Charlie 's wedding as he is both best man and maid of honor. The ambassador meets with Mellie to try to negotiate peace, but she warns him that the rebels should run. Meanwhile, Quinn is missing and Olivia is worried that Quinn is going to tell that Olivia is behind Rashad 's death. Charlie insists that Quinn did n't get cold feet so QPA starts looking for her. Curtis visits QPA looking for Quinn because she called him about Rashad 's death. Olivia and Jake work to throw off QPA 's search for Quinn by planning to blame it on Glackland. Mellie asks Jake if he could do her a favor, but he says no so she calls Marcus for advice. Charlie, convinced that Glackland has Quinn, captures and tortures him, but Huck stops him before he can cut off Glackland 's arm. Mellie calls the new regime in Bashran and tells them that America will work with them for peace, under Mellie 's terms. Quinn is still missing, David and Abby reunite. Jake and Olivia look at footage of Quinn arriving to her wedding, meaning that she did n't bail to build a case against Olivia, but that she was kidnapped. 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 At dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn, and wants to exchange Quinn 's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones. Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz 's foundation on mass incarceration. During a dispute with his daughter, Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard, leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead. 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 Rowan has a body in a car which he burns. He calls the police to report a fire. QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn 's death. Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire, along with a burned piece of her wedding dress. Mellie comes to QPA to offer her condolences. Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases. Huck reads through the coroner 's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn. Fitz comes to Olivia 's apartment to offer his condolences, but Olivia pushes him off, telling him that they are n't friends. Fenton Glackland breaks up with Cyrus because he knows that Charlie was Cyrus ' hitman. Huck goes to Fitz to ask for help in fixing Olivia. Huck then goes to an AA meeting. Abby and David talk at the crematory. Drunk and trying to write Quinn 's eulogy, Olivia goes to Quinn 's office and tries on the white hat. Meanwhile, Rowan is enjoying putting his bones back together. The gladiators say goodbye to Quinn as each of them says something about Quinn and then fires one of her bullets into the ground. Abby, Huck, Charlie, and Marcus get drunk and tell stories about Quinn. Emotional and still drunk, Olivia goes to Fitz 's apartment and they have sex. David and Abby rid Charlie 's apartment of baby stuff where they find a hidden flashdrive. Charlie arrives at Rowan 's door to ask to be reinstated as a B613 agent when he hears a baby crying. He runs up to the second floor of Rowan 's house to find a baby girl, he then starts choking Rowan. 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 This episode is a flashback to the events that occurred from Quinn 's point of view from her abduction to the end of episode 8 where Charlie discovers the baby girl in Rowan 's home. Rowan goes to a store to buy a suitcase and makes a friend in one of the employees, Marvin. He kidnaps Quinn from the QPA elevator and puts her in his basement. He goes to dinner with Olivia and says he will trade Quinn for his dinosaur bones, but she declines. Rowan heads to the store and buys a crib, again making conversation with Marvin. They meet in a pub where they have dinner, and Marvin offers Rowan his employee discount. Meanwhile, down in the basement Quinn hallucinates that her colleagues are talking to her. Rowan uses Marvin 's employee discount to buy a gun, making it registered in Marvin 's name. Olivia arrives at Rowan 's home and he barters Quinn for his bones again ; overhearing the dispute, Quinn also hears Olivia choose her power over saving Quinn. 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 A distraught Olivia spends the night with Fitz and leads to her agreeing to go with him to Vermont. Once there, she discovers her closest friends are there as well. Olivia is confronted on her role in Quinn and Rashad 's deaths. She locks herself in a bedroom as her friends each provide evidence and reasoning why she should step down from her role, offering her an out if she agrees to give up B613. Olivia provides a single - paged statement of resignation from her Chief of Staff role in the White House and alludes to Jake being placed in control of shutting down B613. The crew fly back to Washington and watch the evening 's televised press brief for Olivia 's formal resignation statement. 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 Olivia confronts Mellie on her decision to name Jake as her new Chief of Staff ; Mellie tells Olivia that she must step down and resign, or be publicly terminated. QPA gains a new client, a government employee being accused of treason with Russian entities. The crew discovers he is in an affair with Jake 's wife upon Olivia leaking the news to the media. With rumors of the resignation in the media, Quinn encourages Rowan to see this as their time to step in and get revenge. However, Rowan disagrees and refuses to harm his own child. Cyrus gives Mellie and Jake a way to frame Olivia and spin her media story, but backstabs them when he provides Olivia with the documents proving the President 's media coverup. Cyrus offers Olivia to use the papers to bring down the Mellie presidency when she is scheduled to announce her resignation, but instead brings this information to light with Mellie as she is preparing for the first Presidential Mammogram. Quinn bargains with Rowan for her freedom in exchange for not going after Olivia. Olivia returns home and hears Robin 's cries ; Quinn shows herself and holds Olivia at gunpoint. Olivia warns Quinn of snipers and continuing to not believe the threat, Olivia is shot in the arm attempting to protect Quinn. Olivia gives her speech at a press conference, initially planning to use the files from Cyrus but instead giving her resignation. Charlie, Quinn, and Robin greet Huck and Abby at QPA. 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBA TBD This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on How to Get Away with Murder season 4 episode 13. 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' TBA TBA March 8, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA TBD 120 14 `` The List '' TBA TBA March 15, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) TBA TBD 121 15 TBA Darby Stanchfield TBA March 29, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) TBA TBD 122 16 TBA Joe Morton TBA April 5, 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) TBA TBD Tom Verica will direct the eighteenth and final episode of the season. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Scandal was renewed for a seventh season on February 10, 2017, alongside with the rest of ShondaLand - shows. The series continued to air at Thursdays in the timeslot 9 p.m. E.T. like the previous seasons. It will premiere in the fall of 2017, not airing in January like the previous season. ABC announced on June 26, 2017, that the seventh season will consist of 18 episodes. Long - time director Tom Verica shared on Twitter that he will only direct the series finale this season as well as the fact that Kerry Washington is set to direct her first episode. Actress Darby Stanchfield is also set to direct her first episode. Sharat Raju revealed on Twitter that he is set to direct an episode in October. Final season ( edit ) Speculations about the seventh season being the final season had started as the sixth season began airing. ABC entertainment president Channing Dungey commented in January 2017 that it had not been much discussion about the show 's future after the seventh season, but she would happily keep the show on as long as Rhimes `` feels that she has creative runway to write the show. '' Andy Swift from TVLine said that the show needed to end after the seventh season as he felt `` this once - great drama is simply spinning its wheels, serving us the same old flavors with only slightly different toppings. '' Before the sixth season finale, multiple sources reported that Scandal would be ending next season. ABC confirmed on May 16, 2017, that the seventh season would be the final season for the show. Shonda Rhimes released a statement about the ending of the show calling the seventh season `` Olivia 's Swan Song '' as she said : `` Deciding how to end a show is easy. Deciding when to finish is quite simple when the end date is years away. But actually going through with it? Actually standing up to say : ' This is it? ' Not so much. So, next year we are going all out. Leaving nothing on the table. Creating this world in celebration. We are going to handle the end the way we like to handle the important things in our Scandal family : all together, white hats on, gladiators running full speed over a cliff. '' How to get Away with Murder crossover ( edit ) On January 3, 2018, Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a `` familiar '' setting, that being a courthouse used for the set of How to Get Away with Murder. Fans began to speculate a possible crossover episode being in the works, which was only heightened when Davis tweeted out a photo in response, that being her on the set of Mellie Grant 's ( Bellamy Young ) Oval Office. Later that day, the crossover was officially confirmed through a tweet by Scandal creator Shonda Rhimes. How to Get Away with Murder creator Peter Nowalk later went on to share in an interview with Deadline : `` At the beginning of the season, my writers and I were planning out Viola 's entire arc and something in her story organically came up that was very appropriate for Scandal. When I went to Shonda, she heard it. I said, we do n't have to do it, Viola 's arc does n't need this, but it 's possible that their stories could cross really organically. She actually pulled up a clip of something from Scandal and their side of the story coalesced perfectly. So it was one of those serendipitous things where we both realized it was good for both characters, and it almost felt like we had been planning it since last season. '' Casting ( edit ) In May 2017, actor George Newbern, who has had recurring appearances since the show 's beginning as Charlie, was promoted to the regular cast. In August, Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified, recurring roles. Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Watch Me '' October 5, 2017 1.4 / 5 5.52 1.1 3.09 2.5 8.61 `` Pressing the Flesh '' October 12, 2017 1.2 / 4 5.00 1.1 TBD 2.3 TBD `` Day 101 '' October 19, 2017 1.1 / 4 4.70 1.0 2.55 2.1 7.25 `` Lost Girls '' October 26, 2017 1.1 / 4 4.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' November 2, 2017 1.1 / 4 4.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' November 9, 2017 1.1 / 4 5.00 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Something Borrowed '' November 16, 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Robin '' January 18, 2018 1.2 / 5 5.17 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Good People '' January 25, 2018 1.3 / 5 5.19 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The People vs. Olivia Pope '' February 1, 2018 1.4 / 5 5.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Army of One '' February 8, 2018 1.1 / 4 4.64 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.72 / 10, based on 11 reviews. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holloway, Daniel ( May 15, 2017 ). `` ABC 2017 Upfront Summary ''. Variety. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn Talks the End of Scandal ''. E! News. May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb ( July 24, 2017 ). `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return, Scandal 's Swan Song and More ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. `` Scandal Farewell Update : Final Season Episode Count Revealed ''. TV Line. Retrieved August 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( May 15, 2017 ). `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 6, 2017 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 13, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 20, 2017 ). `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up, final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Kirkland, Justin ( October 27, 2017 ). `` Scandal recap : ' Lost Girls ' ''. ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 27, 2017 ). `` NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 3, 2017 ). `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up, ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Kirkland, Justin ( 9 November 2017 ). `` Scandal recap : ' Vampires and Bloodsuckers ' ''. ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 10, 2017 ). `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 17, 2017 ). `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up, ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 22, 2018 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up, ' The Four, ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( January 26, 2018 ). `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up, ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 2, 2018 ). `` ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' The Four ' adjust up, ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 9, 2018 ). `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2018. Jump up ^ `` When Olivia met Annalise : A first look at the Scandal and HTGAWM crossover event ''. Entertainment Weekly. January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ( # 712 ) `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' ``. The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - scandal on abc ''. The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Jann Turner ( @ JannTurner ) ( February 7, 2018 ). `` Oops I mean # Scandal715! '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved February 12, 2018 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Joe Morton ( @ JOEtheMORTON ) ( February 11, 2018 ). `` # Gladiators, I want to apologize for not live - tweeting on the last two episodes. I have n't abandoned you, I 've been directing... Episode 716. # ScandalSeason7 '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved February 12, 2018 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Tom Verica ( @ tomverica ) ( July 21, 2017 ). `` I will be directing the final episode of the series. Shonda and I discussed that definitively. # Scandal # AskTom '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved July 25, 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( May 16, 2017 ). `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday, black - ish Shifts to Tuesday, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Verica, Tom ( July 19, 2017 ). `` I will be directing the series finale come Feb. # scandal. And I 'll still b stoppin by and # peepingtom ing. How about an # askTom to clear up? ''. twitter.com. Retrieved July 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Verica, Tom ( July 20, 2017 ). `` She is... and @ tonygoldwyn and I are plotting ''. twitter.com. Retrieved July 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( August 4, 2017 ). `` ' Scandal ' Star Darby Stanchfield to Direct Final Season Episode ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Raju, Sharat ( July 20, 2017 ). `` But then who will come taunt me and slow down production on set while I 'm directing in October? ''. twitter.com. Retrieved July 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel ( January 26, 2017 ). `` ABC Chief Channing Dungey Talks ' Scandal ' End Plan, TGIT 's Future ''. Variety. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Swift, Andy ( April 28, 2017 ). `` Scandal Needs to End With Season 7 ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Swift, Andy ( May 10, 2017 ). `` Scandal to End With Season 7 ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Scandal Officially Ending, Season 7 Is Olivia 's Swan Song : ' We Are Leaving Nothing on the Table, ' Says Shonda ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Washington, Kerry ( January 3, 2018 ). `` Hey Ms @ violadavis ❤ ️ check it out. This spot look familiar?! Where are you? ''. Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Davis, Viola ( January 3, 2018 ). `` Hey @ KerryWashington, guess where I am?! ''. Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda ( January 3, 2018 ). `` People. It 's happening. @ petenowalk, you ready for this? # TGITCrossover # HowtoGetAwaywithScandal ''. Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 3, 2018 ). `` ' Scandal ' / ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Crossover : Get Details On Big Shondaland Event From ' HTGAWM ' Creator -- Q&A ''. Deadline. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ; Ausiello, Michael ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season ''. TVLine. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Swift, Andy ( August 1, 2017 ). `` Scandal Adds Homeland, Nashville Actors in Season 7 Mystery Roles ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( October 18, 2017 ). `` ' The Orville, ' ' Once Upon a Time, ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( October 25, 2017 ). `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 2, 2017 ). `` ' Chicago PD, ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season 7 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 9, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly, You in Danger, Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle, Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers, Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy, Red, Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby, It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_7)&oldid=828267163 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Scandal ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 15 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Scandal (season 7)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_7)&amp;oldid=828267163" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 At dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn, and wants to exchange Quinn 's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones. Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz 's foundation on mass incarceration. During a dispute with his daughter, Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard, leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead. 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 Rowan has a body in a car which he burns. He calls the police to report a fire. QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn 's death. Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire, along with a burned piece of her wedding dress. Mellie comes to QPA to offer her condolences. Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases. Huck reads through the coroner 's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn. Fitz comes to Olivia 's apartment to offer his condolences, but Olivia pushes him off, telling" ], "id": [ "311583462534198388" ], "short_answers": [ "January 18, 2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Traditional education - wikipedia Traditional education Traditional education, also known as back - to - basics, conventional education or customary education, refers to long - established customs that society traditionally used in schools. Some forms of education reform promote the adoption of progressive education practices, a more holistic approach which focuses on individual students ' needs and self - control. In the eyes of reformers, traditional teacher - centered methods focused on rote learning and memorization must be abandoned in favor of student - centered and task - based approaches to learning. However, many parents and conservative citizens are concerned with the maintenance of objective educational standards based on testing, which favors a more traditional approach. Depending on the context, the opposite of traditional education may be progressive education, modern education ( the education approaches based on developmental psychology ), or alternative education. Contents 1 Definition 2 Instruction centre 3 Marking 4 Subject areas 5 See also 6 Notes Definition ( edit ) The definition of traditional education varies greatly with geography and by historical period. The chief business of traditional education is to transmit to a next generation those skills, facts, and standards of moral and social conduct that adults consider to be necessary for the next generation 's material and social success. As beneficiaries of this scheme, which educational progressivist John Dewey described as being `` imposed from above and from outside '', the students are expected to docilely and obediently receive and believe these fixed answers. Teachers are the instruments by which this knowledge is communicated and these standards of behavior are enforced. Historically, the primary educational technique of traditional education was simple oral recitation : In a typical approach, students sat quietly at their places and listened to one student after another recite his or her lesson, until each had been called upon. The teacher 's primary activity was assigning and listening to these recitations ; students studied and memorized the assignments at home. A test or oral examination might be given at the end of a unit, and the process, which was called `` assignment - study - recitation - test '', was repeated. In addition to its overemphasis on verbal answers, reliance on rote memorization ( memorization with no effort at understanding the meaning ), and disconnected, unrelated assignments, it was also an extremely inefficient use of students ' and teachers ' time. This traditional approach also insisted that all students be taught the same materials at the same point ; students that did not learn quickly enough failed, rather than being allowed to succeed at their natural speeds. This approach, which had been imported from Europe, dominated American education until the end of the 19th century, when the education reform movement imported progressive education techniques from Europe. Traditional education is associated with much stronger elements of coercion than seems acceptable now in most cultures. It has sometimes included : the use of corporal punishment to maintain classroom discipline or punish errors ; inculcating the dominant religion and language ; separating students according to gender, race, and social class, as well as teaching different subjects to girls and boys. In terms of curriculum there was and still is a high level of attention paid to time - honoured academic knowledge. In the present it varies enormously from culture to culture, but still tends to be characterised by a much higher level of coercion than alternative education. Traditional schooling in Britain and its possessions and former colonies tends to follow the English Public School style of strictly enforced uniforms and a militaristic style of discipline. This can be contrasted with South African, US and Australian schools, which can have a much higher tolerance for spontaneous student - to - teacher communication. Instruction centre ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Topic Traditional approach Alternate approaches Person Teacher - centred instruction : Educational essentialism Educational perennialism Student - centred instruction : Educational progressivism Main Objective High test scores, grades, graduation Learning, retention, accumulation of valuable knowledge & skills Classroom Students matched by age, and possibly also by ability. All students in a classroom are taught the same material. Students dynamically grouped by interest or ability for each project or subject, with the possibility of different groups each hour of the day. Multi-age classrooms or open classrooms. Teaching methods Traditional education emphasizes : Direct instruction and lectures Seatwork Students learn through listening and observation Progressive education emphasizes : Hands - on activities Student - led discovery Group activities Materials Instruction based on textbooks, lectures, and individual written assignments Project - based instruction using any available resource including Internet, library and outside experts Subjects Individual, independent subjects. Little connection between topics Integrated, interdisciplinary subjects or theme - based units, such as reading a story about cooking a meal and calculating the cost of the food. Content Memorization of facts, objective information ; Correct knowledge is paramount Understanding the facts, Application of facts, Analysis, Evaluation, Innovation ; Critical thinking is paramount Social aspects Little or no attention to social development. Focus on independent learning. Socializing largely discouraged except for extracurricular activities and teamwork - based projects. Significant attention to social development, including teamwork, interpersonal relationships, and self - awareness. Multiple tracks A single, unified curriculum for all students, regardless of ability or interest. Diverse class offerings without tracking, so that students receive a custom - tailored education. With School to work, academically weak students must take some advanced classes, while the college bound may have to spend half - days job shadowing at local businesses. Students choose ( or are steered towards ) different kinds of classes according to their perceived abilities or career plans. Decisions made early in education may preclude changes later, as a student on a vo - tech track may not have completed necessary prerequisite classes to switch to a university - preparation program. Equity Presentation and testing methods favor students who have prior exposure to the material or exposure in multiple contexts. Requirements to study or memorize outside school inadvertently tests homes not students. Students from homes where tested subjects are used in common conversation, or homes where students are routinely given individual help to gain context beyond memorization, score on tests at significantly higher levels. Context learning integrates personal knowledge within the school environment. Individualized expectations simplifies individual supports and keeps focus student based. Community study settings include multiple cultures and expose all students to diversity. Student and teacher relationship Students often address teachers formally by their last names. The teacher is considered a respected role model in the community. Students should obey the teacher. Proper behavior for the university or professional work community is emphasized. In alternative schools, students may be allowed to call teachers by their first names. Students and teachers may work together as collaborators. Marking ( edit ) Topic Traditional approach Alternate approaches Communicating with parents A few numbers, letters, or words are used to summarize overall achievement in each class. Marks may be assigned according to objective individual performance ( usually the number of correct answers ) or compared to other students ( best students get the best grades, worst students get poor grades ). A passing grade may or may not signify mastery : a failing student may know the material but not complete homework assignments, and a passing student may turn in all homework but still not understand the material. Many possible forms of communicating achievements : Teachers may be required to write personalized narrative evaluations about student achievement and abilities. Under standards - based education, a government agency may require all students to pass a test ; students who fail to perform adequately on the test may not be promoted. Expectations Students will graduate with different grades. Some students will fail due to poor performance based on a lack of understanding or incomplete assignments. All students need to achieve a basic level of education, even if this means spending extra years in school. Grade inflation / deflation Achievement based on performance compared to a reasonably stable, probably informal standard which is highly similar to what previous students experienced. The value of any given mark is often hard to standardize in alternative grading schemes. Comparison of students in different classes may be difficult or impossible. Subject areas ( edit ) Topic Traditional approach Alternate approaches Mathematics Traditional mathematics : Emphasis is on memorization of basic facts such as the multiplication table and mastering step - by - step arithmetic algorithms by studying examples and much practice. One correct answer is sought, using one `` standard '' method. Mathematics after elementary grades is tracked with different students covering different levels of material. Mathematics is taught as its own discipline without emphasis on social, political or global issues. There may be some emphasis on practical applications in science and technology. Curriculum de-emphasizes procedural knowledge drills in favor of technology ( calculators, computers ) and an emphasis on conceptual understanding. Lessons may include more exploratory material supportive of conceptual understanding, rather than direct presentation of facts and methods. Emphasis may be on practical applications and greater issues such as the environment, gender and racial diversity, and social justice. Mathematics lessons may include writing, drawing, games, and instruction with manipulatives rather than filling out worksheets. Lessons may include exploration of concepts allowing students to invent their own procedures before teaching standard algorithms. Grading may be based on demonstration of conceptual understanding rather than entirely on whether the final answer is correct. In some countries ( e.g. the United States ), there may be expectations of high achievement and mastering algebra for all students rather than tracking some students into business math and others into mathematics for math and science careers. Science Fact - based science : Science class is an opportunity to transmit concrete knowledge and specific vocabulary from the teacher ( or textbook ) to the students. Students focus on memorizing what they are told. `` Experiments '' follow cookbook - style procedures to produce the expected results. With Inquiry - based Science a student might be asked to devise an experiment to demonstrate that the earth orbits the sun. The emphasis changes from memorizing information that was learned through a scientific method to actually using the scientific method of discovery. Language learning Phonics : The focus is on explicit training in sound to letter correspondence rules and the mechanics of decoding individual words. Students initially focus on phonics subskills and reading simplified decodable texts. When they have mastered a sufficient number of rules, they are allowed to read freely and extensively. ( In many languages, such as French, Spanish and Greek, phonics is taught in the context of reading simple open syllables. ) With whole language the child is exposed to rich, relevant language that can heighten motivation to read. Learning to read is assumed to be as natural as learning to speak, so students are not formally taught sound to letter correspondences, but assumed to infer them on their own. ( Note that this issue is limited to languages such as English and French with complex phonetics and spelling rules. Instruction in countries with languages such as Spanish and Greek, which have relatively simple phonetic spelling, still depends mainly on phonics. ) See also ( edit ) Classical education movement, which emphasizes Western Civilization List of abandoned education methods Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beck, Robert H. ( 2009 ). The Three R 's Plus : What Today 's Schools are Trying to Do and Why. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 3 -- 6. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 6017 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Dewey, John ( 1938 ). Experience and education. Kappa Delta Pi. pp. 1 -- 5. ISBN 978 - 0 - 912099 - 35 - 4. ^ Jump up to : `` A Paradigm Shift ''. Montessori-namta.org. Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 18. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ `` CanTeach - Traditional Education ''. Canteach.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ E.g., see Investigations series Standards - based education reform Individuals Benjamin Bloom Jerome Bruner Rheta DeVries Caleb Gattegno Constance Kamii Maria Montessori Jean Piaget William Spady Marc Tucker Lev Vygotsky Theories Active learning Block scheduling Cognitive load Constructivism Developmentally appropriate practice Discovery learning Holistic education Holistic grading Inclusion Inquiry - based learning Inventive spelling Open - space school Outcome - based education Problem - based learning Small schools movement Values Achievement gap Excellence and equity Learning standards Adequate Yearly Progress Certificate of Initial Mastery Goals 2000 National Reading Panel National Science Education Standards National Skill Standards Board No Child Left Behind Act Principles and Standards for School Mathematics Standards - based assessment Authentic assessment Criterion - referenced test Norm - referenced test High school graduation examination Standardized tests List of standardized tests in the United States Standardized testing and public policy Standardized curriculum Decodable text Direct instruction Grades Guided reading Lecture Phonics Rote learning Standard algorithms Tracking ( education ) Traditional education Traditional mathematics Whole language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_education&oldid=849222138 '' Categories : Education reform Curricula Philosophy of education Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018, at 12 : 10 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Traditional education", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Traditional_education&amp;oldid=849222138" }

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{ "text": "List of the L Word soundtracks - wikipedia List of the L Word soundtracks Showtime drama The L Word has released five soundtrack compilation albums. The music composer of the show is EZgirl. Contents 1 Season 1 Soundtrack 1.1 Critical reception 1.2 Track listing 2 The L Word Season 2 CD 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Track listing 3 Season 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Track listing 4 L Tunes : Music from and inspired by The L Word 4.1 Track listing 5 The L Word : Final Season 5.1 Track listing 6 References Season 1 soundtrack ( edit ) Season 1 Soundtrack Soundtrack album by The L Word Released Producer Ilene Chaiken, Natasha Duprey, Rosie Lopez The L Word chronology Season 1 Soundtrack ( 2004 ) The L Word Season 2 CD ( 2005 ) Season 1 Soundtrack is a compilation of soundtracks from the Showtime show The L Word. It features songs that were used as soundtracks from its first season. It was released in 2004, the same year as the show 's premiere. Critical reception ( edit ) On AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote, `` The soundtrack to Showtime 's lesbian answer to Sex and the City is much like the show itself -- classy, upscale, sophisticated, well - intentioned, and in good taste, but overly earnest and is lacking a sense of humor... As such, it 's not bad as background music, but it 's not compelling listening on its own terms, even if it captures the sound and feel of the show quite well. '' Track listing ( edit ) The Murmurs - `` Genius ''. Damien Rice - `` Cannonball ''. Not known Ella Fitzgerald - `` Let 's Do It, Let 's Fall in Love '' Fantcha - `` Sol Ja Camba '' Joan Armatrading - `` The Weakness In Me '' Connie Francis - `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' Shelley Campbell - `` Drivin ' You '' The Be Good Tanyas - `` In Spite of the Damage '' Rufus Wainwright - `` Hallelujah '' Kinnie Starr - `` Sun again '' Jason Collett - `` Blue Sky '' Marianne Faithfull - `` The Pleasure Song '' Joseph Arthur - `` In The Sun '' Frances Faye - `` Frances and Her Friends '' Leonard Cohen - `` I 'm Your Man '' Luz Cazal - de noche The L Word season 2 CD ( edit ) The L Word Season 2 CD Soundtrack album by The L Word Released 2005 Producer Ilene Chaiken, EZgirl, Natasha Duprey, Rosie Lopez The L Word chronology Season 1 Soundtrack ( 2004 ) The L Word Season 2 CD ( 2005 ) Season 3 Soundtrack ' ( 2006 ) The L Word Season 2 CD is the second soundtrack album from the show The L Word. It features the songs that appeared in its second season plus the theme song of the show 's opening credits and a duet of the actress and singer Pam Grier ( who stars in the show as Kit Porter ) and the theme song authors Betty. Critical reception ( edit ) On AllMusic, Heather Phares said, `` Spanning club - friendly dance - pop, confessional singer / songwriters and classic pop, the soundtrack to The L Word : The Second Season showcases the series ' eclectic taste in music... A hipper and more contemporary collection than the first season 's soundtrack, ( it ) works well both in and out of the show 's context. '' Track listing ( edit ) Dusty Springfield - `` Just a Little Lovin ' '' The Organ - `` Brother '' Ladytron - `` Playgirl '' Martina Topley - Bird - `` Llya '' Heart - `` No Other Love '' Grandadbob - `` Mmmmnn '' Shawn Colvin - `` Sunny Came Home '' Le Tigre - `` On the Verge '' Iron & Wine - `` Naked As We Came '' Dirtmitts - `` Get On ( DJ Lester Remix ) '' Betty - `` It Girl '' Shirley Bassey and awayTEAM - `` Where Do I Begin '' Jane Siberry - `` Love is Everything ( Harmony Version ) '' Pam Grier & Betty - `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' ( Bonus Track ) Betty - `` The L Word Theme '' ( Bonus Track ) The Jealous Girlfriends - `` Lay Around '' Season 3 soundtrack ( edit ) Season 3 Soundtrack Soundtrack album by The L Word Released 2006 Producer Ilene Chaiken, EZgirl, Natasha Duprey, Rosie Lopez The L Word chronology The L Word Season 2 CD ( 2005 ) Season 3 Soundtrack ( 2006 ) L Tunes : Music from and inspired by The L Word ( 2007 ) Season 3 Soundtrack is the double disc compilation album of the soundtrack of The L Word 's third season. Two discs with the songs that appeared as soundtrack on the third season and 5 songs which the original artists played themselves live on the show. Critical reception ( edit ) On Edge Media Network, Melissa Bourgeois wrote, `` The L Word Season 3 Soundtrack ranges from sultry jazz and lounge, to high energy dance and rock. Like in the show, girrrls dominate on this soundtrack, leaving D'Angelo to be the lone male rep, swimming in a sea of estrogen... Overall, go for it. Both well - known and lesser - known artists are represented, most likely giving you the opportunity to tread new waters. '' Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 Télépopmusik - `` Do n't Look Back '' Tegan and Sara - `` Love Type Thing '' ( Live On Show EXCLUSIVE ) Tracy Bonham - `` Naked '' ( Live On Show ) Jahna - `` Flower Duet From Lakme '' ( Live On Show ) D'Angelo - `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' Nona Hendryx, Pam Grier, Betty - `` Transformation '' ( Live On Show ) Cory Lee - `` The Naughty Song ( Extended ) '' Catlow - `` Kiss The World '' Sleater - Kinney - `` Jumpers '' ( Live On Show ) Magneta Lane - `` The Constant Lover '' The Gossip - `` Standing In The Way Of Control ( Le Tigre Remix ) '' Betty - `` Jesus '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) Shivaree - `` I Will Go Quietly '' Disc 2 Lorraine Lawson - `` The Rules Of The Game '' Maria Muldaur - `` It Ai n't The Meat, It 's The Motion '' Frazey Ford - `` In My Time Of Dying '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) Maggie Moore & Yvette Narlock - `` Lady Loves Me '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) Eldorado - `` Jaded Julie '' TraLaLa - `` All Fired Up '' Tracy Bonham - `` Whether You Fall '' Esthero - `` I Drive Alone '' Tegan and Sara - `` So Jealous '' Amy Cook - `` Million Holes In Heaven '' Neko Case & Her Boyfriends - `` Porchlight '' L Tunes : music from and inspired by the L Word ( edit ) L Tunes : Music from and inspired by The L Word Compilation album by The L Word Released 2007 Producer Ilene Chaiken, EZgirl The L Word chronology Season 3 Soundtrack ' ( 2006 ) L Tunes : Music from and inspired by The L Word ( 2007 ) TBA ( 2008 ) L Tunes : Music from and inspired by The L Word is a compilation album of songs inspired in the Showtime show The L Word and some of its soundtracks. Track listing ( edit ) Kirsten Price - `` Magic Tree '' Goldfrapp - `` Ride A White Horse '' Fiona Apple - `` Sleep To Dream '' Prototypes - `` Je Ne Te Connais Pas '' Johnny Boy - `` 15 Minutes '' Pink - `` Long Way To Happy '' Kelis - `` Living Proof '' Da Brat feat. Cherish - `` In Luv Wit Chu '' PJ Harvey - `` Down By The Water '' Nina Simone - `` Do I Move You ( Version II ) '' Tori Amos - `` A Sorta Fairytale '' The Cliks - `` Complicated '' Peaches - `` Boys Wanna Be Her '' Betty - `` Barnyard '' Slipknot - `` Blister Exists '' ( not in the Soundtrack ) The L Word : Final season ( edit ) The L Word : Final Season Compilation album by Various Artists Released 2009 Recorded 2008 and 2009 Genre Pop Label Avatar Records Producer Ilene Chaiken, Larry Robinson The L Word : Final Season is a compilation album of songs that were used in the last season of the Showtime show The L Word. It was released by Avatar Records in 2009 worldwide exclusively through iTunes. Track listing ( edit ) Reni Lane - `` Place For Us '' Nettie Rose - `` Camera Whore '' Costanza - `` I 've Been Waiting For You '' Carla Thomas - `` I 've Just Been Feeling Bad '' Jaymes Bullett - `` Sugar High '' The Charmless Heart - `` The City Sleeps '' Tilly and the Wall - `` Beat Control '' Client - `` Your Love is Like Petrol '' Justine Elektra - `` Killalady '' Sharleen Spiteri - `` Do n't Keep Me Waiting '' Gabriella Cilmi - `` Awkward Game '' Holly Palmer - `` Fool # 1 '' Jill Barber - `` Never Quit Loving You '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. The L Word : Original TV Soundtrack at AllMusic. Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. L Word : Season 2 : Original Soundtrack at AllMusic. Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Bourgeois, Melissa ( January 24, 2006 ). The L Word : Season 3 Soundtrack, Edge Media Network. Retrieved October 29, 2015. The L Word Characters Alice Pieszecki Bette Porter Jenny Schecter Shane McCutcheon Tina Kennard Seasons 5 6 Related The Real L Word Soundtracks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_L_Word_soundtracks&oldid=865496349 '' Categories : Television soundtracks Discographies of American artists Film and television discographies Compilation album series 2004 compilation albums 2005 compilation albums 2006 compilation albums 2007 compilation albums 2004 soundtracks 2005 soundtracks 2006 soundtracks 2007 soundtracks 2009 soundtracks The L Word Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018, at 08 : 58 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of The L Word soundtracks", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_The_L_Word_soundtracks&amp;oldid=865496349" }

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{ "text": "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver - wikipedia Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Jump to : navigation, search Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Genre Comedy News satire Talk show Created by John Oliver Presented by John Oliver Narrated by David Kaye Opening theme `` Go '' by Valley Lodge Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Oliver Tim Carvell James Taylor Jon Thoday Liz Stanton Location ( s ) CBS Broadcast Center New York, New York Running time 30 -- 40 minutes Production company ( s ) Avalon Television Partially Important Productions Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround 2.0 Original release April 27, 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Daily Show External links Website Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( often abridged as Last Week Tonight ) is an American late - night talk and news satire television program hosted by comedian John Oliver. The half - hour - long show premiered on Sunday, April 27, 2014, on HBO. Last Week Tonight shares some similarities with Comedy Central 's The Daily Show ( where Oliver was previously featured as a correspondent and fill - in host ), as it takes a satirical look at news, politics and current events, but on a weekly basis. Oliver has stated that he has `` full creative freedom, including free rein to criticize corporations. '' His initial contract with HBO was for two years with an option for extension. The fifth season premiered on February 18, 2018. In September 2017, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons of 30 episodes each, keeping the show on the air through 2020. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Format 3 Episodes 4 YouTube channel 5 Social media 6 Reception 6.1 Awards and nominations 7 Reaction and influence 7.1 Tobacco 7.2 Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption 7.3 Donald Trump 7.4 Debt buyers 7.5 Coal mining and Bob Murray 8 International broadcast 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Oliver described his preparations for the show to an interviewer for The Wire : ``... I basically have to watch everything. The only thing I kind of watch for pleasure is Fareed Zakaria 's show on Sundays... That and 60 Minutes I watch for pleasure, or maybe Frontline... I have a TV on in my office all the time and I 'll generally flick around on that from CNN, Fox, MSNBC, Bloomberg, CNBC, Al Jazeera... I 'm watching with a certain thing in mind and that is how to see a story told badly. '' He said to another interviewer that he is concerned about dealing with old news : `` If something happens on a Monday, realistically all the meat is going to be picked off that bone by the time it gets to us -- there 's probably barely a point in doing it... I think we 'll be attracted to some extent by stories that are off the grid... Our show may end up skewing more international in terms of stories. '' Tim Carvell, executive producer of Last Week Tonight, explained in an interview how the cast and crew deal with a half hour of Oliver speaking without any commercial breaks. `` Structural considerations are leading to changes in the content in the show that will inherently make it different from The Daily Show... We realized early on, you do n't necessarily want to hear anybody talk to you for a half an hour straight -- even John, who is very charming -- so we are constructing these little, produced comedy elements that will serve the function of commercial breaks throughout the show, which will let us get out of the studio, get us away from John 's voice and break the show up a bit. '' Carvell also revealed that HBO gave them freedom in choosing guests for the show, advising them not to feel obligated to feature celebrities. When asked by an interviewer about `` correspondents '' such as those featured on The Daily Show, Oliver replied, `` we 're not going to be a parody news show, so no people pretending to be journalists. '' Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The format consists of Oliver sitting at a desk in front of a backdrop of a skyline containing buildings from around the world, including the Dome of the Rock, the Washington Monument, Burj Khalifa, the Empire State Building, and Egyptian Pyramids as he reports news of the week, or a political issue. The backdrop also includes the castle Dragonstone from Game of Thrones. The show is taped in front of a studio audience, and HBO offers a limited number of free tickets to attend each week 's Last Week Tonight taping. The show 's theme starts off every episode containing images relating to it or the world at large with satirical captions written in dog Latin. Each episode covers a small handful of shorter segments, and then one main segment. While the short segments almost always relate to recent news, the episode 's main segment usually covers in length and detail a political issue, even if that issue did not have news media attention during the preceding week. Oliver injects humor into his presentation, including satirical analogies, and allusions to popular culture and celebrities. The show includes a panel in the upper - left corner that frequently displays a photo or graphic for that accompanies subject at hand, which aids in the humor. A full - screen graphic will show and play a video clip ( such as a news show or documentary 's excerpt ) when Oliver is citing it. He often coins a hashtag for use in social media related to his segment, some of which go viral. The typical structure of the show is to open with a recap of a few of the week 's news stories, segue into a video compilation, and then move on to Oliver 's main segment. Some of the episodes will follow up the main segment with another video compilation or news story. Oliver 's speech is broken up with video compilations of recent news clips, or recurring segments, into which Oliver segues with the slogan, `` And now, this. '' Oliver has also ended some segments with mock trailers for fictional TV shows or commercials that satirize the subject of his speech. Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 April 27, 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) November 9, 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 35 February 8, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) November 22, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 30 February 14, 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) November 13, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 30 February 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) November 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 5 30 February 18, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) TBA YouTube channel ( edit ) Last Week Tonight has a YouTube channel where videos are usually added on a weekly basis. Most of the videos are of the main segment from each episode. Extended clips are also available on the show 's YouTube channel, as are `` Web Exclusives '' that are produced solely for the channel, such as a July 2016 video in which he responded to negative comments left on the channel itself. The show 's production has also created content specifically for fan use. For the March 19, 2017 episode, which reported on Bolivia 's growing coalition of workers clad in zebra suits to educate civilians about traffic laws, the show 's production recorded 23 minutes of a person in a zebra costume dancing and gesticulating before a green screen so that viewers could edit it into other videos for humorous effect. A similar video called `` Real Animals, Fake Paws '' for use in reenacting U.S. Supreme Court cases was released after the October 19, 2014, episode where dogs were used instead of justices to make listening to oral court cases more amusing to the general public and to increase interest in the subject. By April 2015, the channel had attained over a million subscribers. That number had risen to 3.6 million by July 2016, and over 5 million by May 2017, with more than 1 billion views. Social media ( edit ) Last Week Tonight has a Facebook page with over 2.5 million likes, a Twitter account with over 2.3 million followers, and an Instagram account with more than 237,000 followers as of June 2017. Oliver often makes use of joke hashtags to facilitate the viral spread of his videos on Twitter and Facebook, as with the hashtag # NotMyChristian, which he used in 2014 to complain about the casting of actor Jamie Dornan in the feature film adaptation of Fifty Shades of Grey. The hashtag became a recurring punchline on the show, mentioned in both serious stories and casual segues. Reception ( edit ) John Oliver, host of Last Week Tonight Oliver 's debut show garnered 1.11 million viewers. The number of viewers online, through websites such as YouTube showing extended clips of different segments, have steadily climbed into multiple millions. The show 's YouTube channel also features Web Exclusives which are occasionally posted when the main show is taking a week off. Across the TV airings, DVR, on - demand and HBO Go, Last Week Tonight averaged 4.1 million weekly viewers in its first season. Last Week Tonight has received widespread critical acclaim. Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post named Oliver 's program as 2014 's best television show, writing `` the year 's most surprising contribution to television is a show that bucked conventional formats, left us buzzing and paved the way for a burgeoning dynasty. Last Week Tonight with John Oliver is 2014 's crowning achievement. '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compared Oliver 's program with The Daily Show several times in his review of Oliver 's debut : `` Another scathing, stick - it - to - ' em critique of American mass media and politics shellacked in satire and delivered by a funny if almost off - puttingly incredulous man with a British accent... Exactly like The Daily Show, the goal is to make elected and appointed officials, as well as just about any corporate enterprise, look foolish and inept while slyly culling together television news clips that make the media look equally inept at covering such evident truths. '' James Poniewozik of Time similarly compared Last Week with The Daily Show, but also wrote that the `` full half - hour gives Oliver the room to do more, '' and praised Oliver 's `` sharper tone and his globalist, English - outsider perspective, '' as well as his `` genuine passion over his subjects. '' Poniewozik wrote that Oliver 's debut was `` a funny, confident start. '' The Entertainment Weekly review began by ringing the same changes : `` The fear with Last Week Tonight is that it 's The Daily Show except once a week -- a staggered timeline that would rob the basic news - punning format of its intrinsic topical punch... The first episode of his HBO series did n't stray far from the ( Jon ) Stewart mothership, stylistically... '' However, the reviewer, Darren Franich, liked that Oliver has `` a half - hour of television that is simultaneously tighter and more ambitious, that the extra production time leads to sharper gags but also the ability to present more context '' and thought that the debut had `` plenty of funny throwaway lines. '' Franich appreciated Oliver 's coverage of the 2014 Indian election, which the American press was largely ignoring, and, like Poniewozik, praised Oliver 's `` passion. '' Franich concluded that Last Week Tonight `` suggested the sharpest possible version of its inspiration '' and that it `` should feel like an experiment '' but `` felt almost fully formed. '' David Haglund of Slate was ambivalent, writing that the show is `` obviously a work in progress '' and that one segment `` felt like misplaced overkill, '' but also that it is `` good use of a weekly show, and it was funny to boot. '' Gawker 's Jordan Sargent claimed Last Week Tonight was `` the new Daily Show, '' while simultaneously criticizing the Daily Show for abandoning those `` who have moved on from caring about Fox ( News ) and Republicans. '' A number of commentators from mainstream media outlets, including The New York Times, The Huffington Post, Time, and Associated Press, have described Oliver 's style of reporting as journalism or even investigative journalism. Oliver himself disagrees, stating that `` it 's not journalism, it 's comedy -- it 's comedy first, and it 's comedy second. '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Result Ref. 2015 Writers Guild of America Awards 2014 Comedy / Variety ( Including Talk ) -- Series Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2014 Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Talk Television Nominated Dorian Awards TV Current Affairs Show of the Year Nominated Peabody Award Won 26th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Talk Show Episode Won 2015 Webby Awards Best Writing ( Social ) Won 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Talk Show Nominated 31st Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in News and Information Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Variety Talk Series Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Nominated Outstanding Interactive Program Won Outstanding Picture Editing For Variety Programming Nominated 2016 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Talk Show Won Dorian Awards TV Current Affairs Show of the Year Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2015 Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Talk Television Won 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Talk Show Episode Nominated 2016 Webby Awards Best Writing ( Social ) Won 32nd Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in News and Information Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Variety Talk Series Won Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Won Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing For Variety Programming Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Series Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Talk Show Nominated 2017 Dorian Awards TV Current Affairs Show of the Year Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Talk Television Won Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Comedy / Variety ( Including Talk ) -- Series Won 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Host Nominated 2017 Webby Awards Best Writing ( Film & Video ) Nominated 33rd Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in News and Information Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Variety Talk Series Won Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Won Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Nominated Outstanding Interactive Program Won Outstanding Picture Editing For Variety Programming ( for ' F * ck 2016 ' segment ) Won Outstanding Picture Editing For Variety Programming ( for ' Stoplight ' segment ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Series Nominated 2018 Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Talk Television Won Dorian Awards TV Current Affairs Show of the Year Nominated 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Variety / Talk / News / Sports -- Regularly Scheduled Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Comedy / Variety ( Including Talk ) -- Series Won 29th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Talk Show Episode Pending Reaction and influence ( edit ) A June 2014 segment about net neutrality in the United States was thought to spur over 45,000 comments on the Federal Communications Commission 's electronic filing page about a net neutrality proposal that, if implemented, would have priority `` lanes '' for certain internet traffic. The FCC also received an extra 300,000 comments in an email inbox designated specifically for the proposal. It was thought that Oliver 's segment had a major role in the FCC 's ultimate reversal of stance on that proposal, with the FCC instead implementing net - neutrality rules that prohibited priority `` lanes ''. A sequel in 2017 inspired over 150,000 comments on a subsequent proposal to scrap the new net neutrality rules. A segment on the then Prime Minister of Australia Tony Abbott received widespread attention in Australia across the mainstream media and was trending on social media. According to a document obtained by Vice, the military government of Thailand listed Oliver as `` undermining the royal institution '' for calling Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn a `` buffoon '' and an `` idiot. '' The show also made international headlines following Oliver 's interview with Edward Snowden, which included a graphic, in - depth conversation about the amount of power the United States government has at its disposal in terms of intelligence, both domestic and foreign. Oliver also confronted Snowden about the lack of knowledge of the American people about his work and why they may be hesitant to analyze it for themselves rather than accept preconceived notions of him being a whistleblower. Notably, he tried to help Snowden in creating public awareness for the fundamentality of the surveillance problem in putting forward the question `` Can they see my dick? '' In a segment about public defenders and how some offices are extremely underfunded, the New Orleans Public Defense office 's crowdfunding efforts to improve their conditions were featured. In the days following the episode 's broadcast, thousands of dollars were donated to the office by the show 's fans, helping them raise their goal four days after the show aired. For a segment in the October 18, 2015, broadcast, Oliver put on a comically grand demonstration with Canadian actor Mike Myers to urge Canadian voters to vote against Stephen Harper in the next day 's Canadian federal election. As part of this gesture, Oliver displayed $5000 in cash in anticipation of being charged for the crime of being a foreigner attempting to induce Canadian citizens to change their vote as per section 331 of the Canada Elections Act. However, the agency responsible for overseeing federal elections in Canada, Elections Canada, explained the next day that prosecution of Oliver will not be necessary since inducement in the act is defined as offering something material to voters. Per Elections Canada, Oliver has not tried to influence Canadian electorate, since the money shown was only for the anticipated fine, but merely expressed his opinion as a bystander, which is lawful. The promotion for Season 3 highlighted four derogatory quotes either the show or Oliver himself received : `` Comedian fool '' ( former FIFA vice-president Jack Warner, responding to a segment on the 2015 FIFA corruption case ), `` Makes people dumb '' ( an article The Wall Street Journal wrote about the show ), `` Very boring '' ( Donald Trump 's assessment of the show ), and `` More unpleasant than a diuretic '' ( what President of Ecuador Rafael Correa said `` gringo talk shows '' were like, after being featured in a segment ). Tobacco ( edit ) Main article : Tobacco ( Last Week Tonight ) `` Tobacco '' is a segment about the tobacco industry, which aired on February 15, 2015, as part of the second episode of the second season. During the eighteen - minute segment, Oliver discusses tobacco industry trends and practices. He also introduces Jeff the Diseased Lung, a mascot he created for the American global cigarette and tobacco company Philip Morris International, the makers of Marlboro brand of cigarettes. The anthropomorphic diseased lung, who smokes and coughs, has been compared to Joe Camel and the Marlboro Man. Oliver and his team promoted the cartoon character by sending shirts with Jeff 's image to Togo and displaying billboards in Uruguay, and by encouraging use of the hashtag # JeffWeCan, which trended on Twitter following the broadcast. Philip Morris International issued a response to the segment, which received some criticism. It read in part : On February 15, 2015, the ' Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ' show dedicated a significant portion of its program to our company... ' Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ' is a parody show, known for getting a laugh through exaggeration and presenting partial views in the name of humor. The segment includes many mischaracterizations of our company, including our approach to marketing and regulation, which have been embellished in the spirit of comedic license... While we recognize the tobacco industry is an easy target for comedians, we take seriously the responsibility that comes with selling a product that is an adult choice and is harmful to health... We support and comply with thousands of regulations worldwide -- including advertising restrictions, penalties for selling tobacco products to minors, and substantial health warnings on packaging. We 're investing billions into developing and scientifically assessing a portfolio of products that have the potential to be less harmful and that are satisfying so smokers will switch to them. And, like any other company with a responsibility to its business partners, shareholders and employees, we ask only that laws protecting investments, including trademarks, be equally applied to us. The segment received widespread media coverage, with several outlets praising Oliver 's ability to launch successful marketing campaigns and change perceptions about smoking through the creation of the mascot. The mascot later made an appearance at a protest organized by the `` Campaign for Tobacco - Free Kids '' in New York City in May 2015. Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption ( edit ) Main article : Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption In August 2015, after delivering his `` Televangelists '' segment, Oliver hired lawyers to set up a church called Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption as a legal entity. He did this partly as a way to demonstrate how `` disturbingly easy '' it is, in terms of paperwork, to set up a tax - exempt religious organization as viewed by the Internal Revenue Service. As Oliver explained, the requirements needed to be defined as a `` church '' are quite broad. Since regulatory guidelines require an established location for a church, Oliver chose his studio location in New York City as its official location, although he registered the nonprofit organization in the state of Texas. Oliver 's `` megachurch '' had a toll - free phone number which allowed callers to donate to the church, and said that any money collected would be redistributed to the charitable relief organization Doctors Without Borders. Oliver announced the formation of his church on the episode of the show that aired on August 16, 2015. Matt Wilstein, writing for Mediaite, saw Oliver 's stunt as being along the same lines as comedian Stephen Colbert 's setting up of a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization -- Colbert Super PAC -- as a way to `` test the absurd limits of the Supreme Court 's Citizens United decision '' ; Oliver 's megachurch, in contrast, is a way to test whether the IRS might view his `` megachurch '' as a tax - exempt organization. Steve Thorngate, writing in The Christian Century, suggested that the question of the religious exemption from taxation was more difficult and nuanced than Oliver portrayed, and not a simple matter of government regulation, describing Oliver 's pivot to IRS policy as `` unhelpful. '' However, Thorngate agreed that Oliver 's exposure and criticism of `` manipulative sleazeballs '' who `` fleece the faithful '' is `` spot - on. '' Leonardo Blair, writing for Christian Post, described Oliver 's segment as a `` brutal takedown '' of televangelists and churches which preach `` the prosperity gospel, '' a message that dupes people into thinking that cash donations will solve medical or financial problems, while in fact the donations go to the personal aggrandizement of televangelists who buy expensive jets or large mansions. A week later, on the following episode, Oliver devoted a short segment to the donations the church had received, which included money from around the world. Oliver said he had received `` thousands of envelopes with thousands of dollars '' from donors. Displayed were several US Post Office containers full of mail. Oliver told viewers that the more money they sent in, the more `` blessings '' would be returned to them, adding that `` that is still something I 'm -- amazingly -- legally allowed to say. '' Oliver announced that the Church would be shutting down during his show on September 13, 2015. All previous monetary donations have been forwarded to Doctors Without Borders. Donald Trump ( edit ) Main articles : Donald Trump ( Last Week Tonight ) and Last Week Tonight segments about Donald Trump `` Donald Trump '' is a segment discussing American businessman Donald Trump. It aired on February 28, 2016, as part of the third episode of the third season. During the 22 - minute segment, Oliver discusses Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and his long career in business. He also reveals that the Trump family name was changed at one point from the ancestral name ' Drumpf '. Although the changing of names was once a common practice among many non-English immigrants to the United States, the segment popularized the term `` Donald Drumpf '' and started a campaign urging viewers to `` Make Donald Drumpf Again, '' a play on Trump 's own campaign slogan, `` Make America Great Again. '' Throughout the 2016 presidential election and following Trump 's inauguration, Oliver made additional segments regarding Trump. Debt buyers ( edit ) `` Debt Buyers '' is a segment discussing the business and questionable practice of debt buyers. It aired on June 5, 2016, as part of the fourteenth episode of the third season. Oliver announced he had purchased nearly $15 million in medical debt that belonged to 9,000 debtors. He did this through a company he had created, called `` Central Asset Recovery Professionals Inc. '' ( CARP ), which he described as being `` for the bottom - feeding fish. '' Oliver stated that it was `` pretty clear by now ( that ) debt buying is a grimy business, and badly needs more oversight '' and went to point out that starting such a business was `` disturbingly easy. '' It cost him $50 to register the business in Mississippi, while it cost less than $60,000 to purchase almost $15 million in bad debt. Oliver forgave the debt in its entirety, and claimed that it was the largest single giveaway in the American television history ; presumably eclipsing that of General Motors on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2004 where it gifted cars to Winfrey 's studio audience, worth an estimated $8 million in total. Writing for Slate, Jordan Weissmann disputed the $15 million figure : `` ( Oliver ) says CARP paid around $60,000 (... ) for its paper, which was ' out - of - statute ' -- meaning the debts were so old that creditors technically could n't even sue over them anymore. That suggests the seller thought the debts were worth no more than, well, $60,000. '' Activist group The Debt Collective accused Oliver of copying their debt erasing tactics and presenting them as his own. The episode was highlighted in the academic journal Religions. The show partnered with RIP Medical Debt, Inc. to abolish the debt. Coal mining and Bob Murray ( edit ) On June 18, 2017, Last Week Tonight 's main segment was about coal mining and Bob Murray. In his segment, Oliver talked about how the safety condition inside the coal mines specifically the 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine collapse, which killed six miners, in which Oliver criticized Murray for claiming the collapse was caused by an earthquake, despite all evidence demonstrating otherwise. The show ended with a costumed squirrel named `` Mr. Nutterbutter '' presenting Murray with a voided check for `` 3 acorns and 18 cents '' in response to Murray 's company presenting its employees with low sums of money as bonuses, and how the employees retaliate by voiding the checks, and in reference to a claim that stated that Murray supposedly got the idea to start his company from a talking squirrel. On June 22, Bob Murray presented a lawsuit against Oliver, HBO, and Time Warner for defamation. HBO believes Last Week Tonight has done nothing wrong, with a First Amendment lawyer describing the lawsuit as `` frivolous. '' In February 2018, a West Virginia judge dismissed the lawsuit filed by Murray. International broadcast ( edit ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episode clips can be seen internationally on YouTube. It is broadcast on premium channel HBO Canada that is simulcast with HBO in the U.S. ; around the same time it is shown on the international HBO channels. It airs in Australia on The Comedy Channel hours after the U.S. airing and airs in New Zealand on SoHo. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it is broadcast on Mondays on the satellite - only channel Sky Atlantic. In Belgium, it is broadcast on Thursdays by the Telenet cable - only channel PRIME Series. It airs in South Africa on M - Net. In Portugal it airs on RTP3. 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The Wrap. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen ( April 16, 2015 ). `` Peabody Awards Go To ' Last Week Tonight, ' ' Jane the Virgin, ' ' The Americans ' And Other Shows ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` List of award recipients : 26th Annual GLAAD Media Awards ''. GLAAD. May 9, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Sean ( April 27, 2015 ). `` Netflix, Funny Or Die, Collegehumor, Fallon among 2015 Webby Awards Winners ''. The Comic 's Comic. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Li, Shirley ( May 6, 2015 ). `` The Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2015 : And the nominees are... '' Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra ( August 9, 2015 ). `` ' Empire ' Wins Program of the Year at TCA Awards ''. Variety. Retrieved August 9, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ''. Television Academy. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Winners List ''. Variety. January 17, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher ( January 18, 2016 ). `` ' Carol ' Sweeps Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Awards ''. Variety. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Results - Producers Guild Awards 2016 ''. Producers Guild of America. January 23, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Transparent, Carol Among This Year 's GLAAD Media Awards Nominees ''. Vulture. January 27, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Webby Award Winners Announced ''. The Webby Awards. April 26, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura ( June 22, 2016 ). `` ' Mr. Robot, ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : See the Complete Winners List! ''. People. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( January 12, 2017 ). `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 28, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( January 28, 2017 ). `` ' La La Land ' Wins Producers Guild 's Top Movie Award ( Complete List ) ''. Variety. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ( February 19, 2017 ). `` WGA Awards : ' Moonlight ' & ' Arrival ' Win Top Film Prizes ; FX 's ' Atlanta ' & ' The Americans ' Lead TV -- Complete Winners List ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Knapp, JD ( May 7, 2017 ). `` 2017 MTV Movie and TV Awards : Complete Winners List ''. Variety. Retrieved May 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards 2017 : Film & Video - Best Writing : Last Week Tonight ''. The Webby Awards. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ( August 5, 2017 ). `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale, Atlanta, Big Little Lies, Carrie Coon Among Big Winners ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Swertlow, Meg ( January 20, 2018 ). `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 Winners : The Complete List ''. E! News. Retrieved January 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( January 10, 2018 ). `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( January 10, 2018 ). `` ' Game of Thrones, ' ' Handmaid 's Tale, ' ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Grab Directors Guild Award Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved January 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Nyren, Erin ( February 11, 2018 ). `` WGA Awards : Updated Winners List ''. Variety. Retrieved February 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Chuba, Kirsten ( January 19, 2018 ). `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees : Full List ''. Variety. Retrieved January 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` John Oliver Helps Rally 45,000 Net Neutrality Comments To FCC ''. NPR.org. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12. Jump up ^ Bruinius, Harry ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ). `` Net neutrality 's stunning reversal of fortune : Is it John Oliver 's doing? ''. Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882 - 7729. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ Sommer, Jeff ( March 12, 2015 ). `` What the Net Neutrality Rules Say ''. New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Snider, Mike ; Weise, Elizabeth ( May 9, 2017 ). `` John Oliver may have helped spur 150,000 comments to FCC on Net neutrality ''. USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Tony Abbott lambasted on US TV show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ''. News Corp Australia. June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Ma Evelyn Castino Quilas ( June 3, 2014 ). `` Tony Abbott Mocked in U.S. News Program, Aussies Cringe on Twitter ''. International Business Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Nick Toscano ( June 2, 2014 ). `` Tony Abbott roasted by John Oliver on HBO show Last Week Tonight ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's Military Government Thinks John Oliver Is a Threat to Its Monarchy ''. Vice. July 25, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Thai junta unamused by comedian John Oliver 's royal jibes ''. The Guardian. July 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian ( April 6, 2015 ). `` John Oliver lands Edward Snowden interview from Russia ''. CNNMoney. Jump up ^ `` John Oliver presses Edward Snowden on whether he read all leaked NSA material ''. The Guardian. April 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Orleans Public Defenders crowd - funding ''. causevox.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Edwards, Peter ( October 19, 2015 ). `` Why John Oliver wo n't go to jail for flouting Canadian election law ''. Toronto Star. Retrieved November 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Chris Tognotti ( January 20, 2016 ). `` When Does ' Last Week Tonight ' Season 3 Premiere? John Oliver 's Hit Show Is About To Jazz Up Your Winter ''. Bustle. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan ( February 16, 2015 ). `` John Oliver targets cigarettes on ' Last Week Tonight ' ; Philip Morris reacts ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` John Oliver 's ' Jeff The Diseased Lung ' Hits Times Square For Anti-Smoking Awareness Flash Mob ''. Medical Daily. 2015 - 05 - 06. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Youth advocates head to New York City to # StopMarlboro - Kick Butts Day ''. www.kickbuttsday.org. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03. ^ Jump up to : Wilstein, Matt ( August 17, 2015 ). `` John Oliver One - Ups Colbert Super PAC by Creating His Own Tax - Exempt Church ''. Mediaite. Retrieved August 26, 2015... This is real, '' John Oliver repeatedly told his Last Week Tonight audience last night after announcing the creation of his new megachurch, Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption... Jump up ^ Pellot, Brian ( August 18, 2015 ). `` ' Megareverend ' John Oliver trolls televangelists with new tax - exempt church ''. Religion News Service. Retrieved August 26, 2015... Oliver registered his church as a nonprofit corporation in Texas, named his New York studio as its `` established place of worship, ''... Jump up ^ Scott, Nate ( August 17, 2015 ). `` John Oliver takes on televangelism on ' Last Week Tonight ' ''. USA Today. Retrieved August 26, 2015... You can donate to the church, too. ( Though eventually, all the donations will be moved to Doctors Without Borders. )... Jump up ^ Bracken, Claire ( August 17, 2015 ). `` John Oliver launches his very own anti-Evangelist church ''. Pedestrian News. Retrieved August 26, 2015... John Oliver ran a segment on `` church 's who exploit people 's faith for monetary gain '' and explored the ease at which these can be created in America... Jump up ^ Locker, Melissa ( August 17, 2015 ). `` John Oliver Becomes a Televangelist and Finally Starts His Own Church ''. Time. Retrieved August 26, 2015... The satirical aim of Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption will be to collect copious, tax - exempt donations... Jump up ^ Thorngate, Steve ( August 17, 2015 ). `` Why is John Oliver 's televangelism segment about the IRS? ''. The Christian Century. Retrieved August 26, 2015... Oliver 's scornful outrage : televangelists who fleece the faithful... The question of religious tax exemption generally is more complicated... Jump up ^ Leonardo, Blair ( August 17, 2015 ). `` Comedian John Oliver Lampoons Televangelists on ' Last Week Tonight ' Show ; Opens Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption Church ''. The Christian Post. Retrieved August 26, 2015... From Creflo Dollar to Kenneth Copeland, late night comedian John Oliver delivered a brutal takedown... Jump up ^ `` John Oliver Televangelist Church Received `` Thousands of Dollars, '' Seeds and Beef Jerky ``. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 25, 2015... We have received thousands of envelopes with thousands of dollars... Jump up ^ `` Closed. Praise Be Unto You ''. September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Lawler, Kelly ( June 6, 2016 ). `` John Oliver buys and forgives $15 million of debt ''. Retrieved June 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Phippen, J. Weston ( June 6, 2016 ). `` John Oliver 's $15 Million Debt Giveaway ''. Retrieved June 6, 2016. Jump up ^ Weissmann, Jordan ( June 6, 2016 ). `` Sorry, but John Oliver Did Not Really Just Give Away $15 Million ''. Slate. ISSN 1091 - 2339. Retrieved June 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Occupy? The John Oliver Show Erases Debt Resistance ''. Debt Collective. Retrieved June 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Krantz, David ( August 8, 2016 ). `` Shmita Revolution : The Reclamation and Reinvention of the Sabbatical Year ''. Religions. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of Debt Forgiveness on HBO 's Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ''. RIP Medical Debt, Inc. Retrieved November 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` John Oliver Is In Legal Trouble For His Rant About A Coal CEO ''. Newsy. Retrieved June 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Oliver, John ( host ) ( June 18, 2017 ). `` Coal : Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( HBO ) ''. Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. HBO. Retrieved June 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Oppenheim, Maya ( February 24, 2018 ). `` Coal tycoon 's defamation lawsuit against John Oliver dismissed by judge ''. The Independent. Retrieved February 26, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Last Week Tonight ''. TV Tonight. April 11, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Last Week Tonight with John Oliver coming to SoHo ''. Dan News. January 28, 2015. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Last Week Tonight With John Oliver ''. Sky. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Last Week Tonight With John Oliver S2 ''. Telenet / PRIME. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Ferreira, Thinus ( April 30, 2014 ). `` M - Net adds exciting new late night talk show to its schedule ''. channel24.co.za. Retrieved September 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Ferreira, David ( September 29, 2015 ). `` Conheça a programação da nova RTP3 ( com vídeo ) '' ( in Portuguese ). A Televisão. Retrieved September 29, 2015. 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{ "text": "Compromise of 1877 - wikipedia Compromise of 1877 A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as a character Mephistopheles ( the Devil ) while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the `` Solid South '' depicted as a woman. The caption quotes Goethe : `` Unto that Power he doth belong Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong. '' The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left, and the `` Redeemer '' Democrats took control. They already dominated other state governments in the South. What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient. Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting. By 1905 most black men were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state. Contents ( hide ) 1 Terms of compromise 2 Results 3 Interpretations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Terms of compromise ( edit ) The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president, but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands. The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise : The removal of all U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states. At the time, U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region. The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes ' cabinet. ( David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General. ) The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South ( this had been part of the `` Scott Plan, '' proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise ). Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War. The right to deal with blacks without northern interference. In exchange, Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election. Results ( edit ) After the Compromise, a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated. There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington, but President Grant was ready for that. He tightened military security, and nobody marched on Washington. Hayes was peacefully inaugurated. Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect. Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of `` home rule, '' which would involve federal troop removal, before the election. It was not unusual, nor unexpected, for a president, especially one so narrowly elected, to select a cabinet member favored by the other party. Points 3 and 4 were never enacted ; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them. Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes 's announced plans, talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many. This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877. Interpretations ( edit ) C. Vann Woodward ( 1951 ) argued for an economic interpretation, saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen, particularly with the railroads. They met secretly at Wormley 's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements : bridges, canals and railroads wanted by the South. But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements. An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott 's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme, and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans. Some historians, such as Allan Peskin, argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion, as Tilden did not command sufficient support. Peskin admits that Woodward 's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it. As not all terms of the agreement were met, Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877. He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South. For instance, Samuel J. Randall ( D - Pennsylvania ) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster. He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad. Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes ' presidency. In any case, Reconstruction ended. The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the `` Redeemer '' governments that displaced the Republican governments. After 1877, support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the `` Solid South. '' Until the end of the 19th century, black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office, although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats, except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists. The majority of white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party. This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats. Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but, after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century, passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks ( as well as many poor whites ) in states such as Alabama and others. As there was no change in congressional apportionment, southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states ' total populations. In The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization ( 2012 ), Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability. Instead he shows many Americans feared `` Mexicanization '' of politics, whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election, as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South. Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved. Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side, in formal legal terms, the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts, but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse. The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress. It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission 's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized. This Democratic group threatened a filibuster ( opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well ) that would prevent the agreed - upon vote from taking place. Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster. The very threat of a filibuster -- a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote -- indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission 's recommendations. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict, `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction. '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jones, Stephen A. ; Freedman, Eric ( 2011 ). Presidents and Black America. CQ Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781608710089. In an eleventh - hour compromise between party leaders - considered the `` Great Betrayal '' by many blacks and southern Republicans... Jump up ^ Woodward, C. Vann ( 1966 ). Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Boston : Little, Brown and Company. pp. 169 -- 171. Jump up ^ Donald Richard Deskins ; Hanes Walton ; Sherman C. Puckett ( 2010 ). Presidential Elections, 1789 - 2008 : County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data. U of Michigan Press. p. 211. Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ). Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford UP. pp. 200 -- 2 `. Jump up ^ Downs, 2012 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ). Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford UP. pp. 200 -- 2 `. ^ Jump up to : Allan Peskin, `` Was There a Compromise of 1877? '', The Journal of American History Vol. 60, No. 1 ( Jun., 1973 ), pp. 63 - 75, via JSTOR Jump up ^ Vincent P. DeSantis, `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction, '' in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds., Region, Race, and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C. Van Woodward ( New York, 1982 ), 417 - 50 Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict, `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction. '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524. Further reading ( edit ) Benedict, Michael Les. `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction. '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524. in JSTOR Clendenen, Clarence C. ( October 1969 ). `` President Hayes ' `` Withdrawal '' of the Troops : An Enduring Myth ``. The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 70 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 250. DeSantis, Vincent P. `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction '' in Region, Race and Reconstruction edited by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson. ( Oxford University Press, 1982 ) pp. 417 -- 50. Downs, Gregory P. ( 2012 ). `` The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization ''. The American Historical Review. 117 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 409. doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 117.2. 387. Frantz, Edward O. The Door of Hope : Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877 -- 1933 ( University Press of Florida. 2011 ) Peskin, Allan ( 1973 ). `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 ''. The Journal of American History. 60 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75. doi : 10.2307 / 2936329. ISSN 1936 - 0967. JSTOR 2936329 -- via JSTOR. ( Registration required ( help ) ). Polakoff, Keith Ian. The Politics of Inertia : The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1973 ) Riddleberger, Patrick W. ( 1960 ). `` The Radicals ' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction ''. The Journal of Negro History. 45 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 102. doi : 10.2307 / 2716572. JSTOR 2716572 -- via JSTOR. Simpson, Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876 - 1877, '' Hayes Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 11 # 2 pp 5 -- 22. Woodward, C. Vann ( 1951 ). Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. External links ( edit ) Samueltilden.com : History of Samuel J. Tilden website Rbhayes.org : R.B. Hayes Presidential Library Southernspaces.org : `` Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C. '' -- by Richard White in Southern Spaces ( 16 April 2009 ). Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1877&oldid=848589258 '' Categories : United States presidential election, 1876 Reconstruction Era Political history of the United States African - American history History of the Southern United States 1877 in the United States Rutherford B. Hayes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018, at 22 : 46 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Compromise of 1877", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1877&amp;oldid=848589258" }

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{ "text": "WWE Greatest Royal Rumble - Wikipedia WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation, search Greatest Royal Rumble Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers Theme song ( s ) `` When Legends Rise '' by Godsmack Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Saudi General Sports Authority Date April 27, 2018 Attendance 60,000 Venue King Abdullah International Stadium City Jeddah, Saudi Arabia WWE Network event chronology WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash ( 2018 ) Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. The event was held on April 27, 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time. It aired live in the United States at noon EDT, with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT. At the event, all men 's main roster championships were defended, in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match. The card featured ten matches. In the main event, Braun Strowman won the titular Greatest Royal Rumble match to become the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion. In the penultimate match, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship in a steel cage match against Roman Reigns. On the undercard, the WWE Championship match between AJ Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura resulted in a double countout, The Undertaker defeated Rusev in a casket match, and John Cena defeated Triple H in the opening match. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event 3 Controversy 4 Results 4.1 Tag Team Eliminator bracket 4.2 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 5 WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 5.1 History 5.2 Championship belt design 5.3 Reigns 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Since 1988, the Royal Rumble has been an annual event held by WWE and is typically shown on pay - per - view. The event is highlighted by the Royal Rumble match, a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals. The Greatest Royal Rumble included the largest version of the match to date, having a total of 50 participants. On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium, part of the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event is a part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program. On March 19, 2018, WWE scheduled seven championship matches for the event : the WWE Championship, Universal Championship, United States Championship, Intercontinental Championship, SmackDown Tag Team Championship, Raw Tag Team Championship and Cruiserweight Championship were to be defended at the event. As revealed on March 22, 2018, the event was streamed live on the WWE Network. It also aired on traditional pay - per - view in the United States and internationally. The event was also the first WWE pay - per - view to feature Arabic commentary. In the weeks leading up to the event, the WWE held tryouts in Saudi Arabia. From these tryouts, eight were selected to receive training by WWE, which would include an opportunity to earn a spot at the Greatest Royal Rumble event itself. Storylines ( edit ) The card comprised ten matches that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands. Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live, and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live. On April 9, Brock Lesnar, who had renewed his WWE contract, was scheduled to defend the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match as a rematch from WrestleMania 34. On Raw following WrestleMania, Reigns expressed frustration about not being told about his future matches and opponents, singling out the steel cage match with Lesnar. Reigns alleged that there was a conspiracy against him. Samoa Joe, who had been out with an injury since January, came out and warned Reigns that Lesnar would beat him again. On March 26, WWE scheduled a ladder match between then - champion The Miz, Seth Rollins, Finn Bálor, and Samoa Joe for the Intercontinental Championship. At WrestleMania 34, The Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Rollins, thus making Rollins the defending champion. Both Miz and Joe were traded to SmackDown while Rollins and Bálor remained on Raw. On March 26, Cesaro and Sheamus were scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz ( Jeff and Matt Hardy ). At WrestleMania 34, however, Cesaro and Sheamus lost the titles to Braun Strowman and 10 - year - old Nicholas. The following night on Raw, Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas being a fourth grader. Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back, but Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead scheduled them to face the winner of the four - team Tag Team Eliminator tournament for the vacant titles at the Greatest Royal Rumble. `` Woken '' Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt won the tournament by defeating Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) and The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ). Cesaro and Sheamus were then traded to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake - up. At WrestleMania 34, The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) and The New Day 's Big E and Kofi Kingston in a triple threat tag team match to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. On the following SmackDown, The Usos defeated The New Day to earn a title match at Greatest Royal Rumble. A match between John Cena and Triple H was scheduled on March 26. The Undertaker, was originally scheduled to face Rusev in a casket match, the first match of its kind in three years. Due to reasons not entirely clear, Rusev was temporarily replaced by Chris Jericho -- this was explained with Rusev 's wife Lana complaining about her husband competing in a casket match -- but eventually reinserted back into the match. Jericho was restored to his original participation in the Greatest Royal Rumble match. At WrestleMania 34, Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton, Bobby Roode, and Rusev in a fatal - four way match to win the United States Championship. Mahal was then traded to Raw and lost the championship to Jeff Hardy and Mahal invoked his rematch clause for the Greatest Royal Rumble. Hardy was then traded to SmackDown the following night. At WrestleMania 34, AJ Styles successfully defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. After the match, showed his respect to Styles but then attacked him with a low blow and a Kinshasa, turning heel. On April 17, after repeated attacks on Styles by Nakamura, a rematch between the two was scheduled for the Greatest Royal Rumble. On the WrestleMania 34 pre-show, Cedric Alexander defeated Mustafa Ali in the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament final to win the vacant title. Two nights later on 205 Live, Buddy Murphy attacked the new champion during his celebration. Murphy was then scheduled to face Alexander for the title at the Greatest Royal Rumble, but he failed his mandatory weigh - in when he weighed 207 pounds, 2 pounds over the 205 pound weight limit. He was then removed from the match and banned from competing on 205 Live until he met the weight requirement. The following week, Kalisto earned a Cruiserweight Championship match at the Greatest Royal Rumble by winning a gauntlet match. Event ( edit ) Preliminary matches ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole Corey Graves Byron Saxton Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez Arabic commentators Faisal Almughaisib Sultan Alharbi Jude Aldajani Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers John Cone Dan Engler Darrick Moore Chad Patton Ryan Tran Interviewer Mike Rome Pre-show panel Byron Saxton Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Booker T The actual pay - per - view opened with John Cena facing Triple H. During the match, after trading finishers, and reversing each other 's finishers, Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Triple H, a springboard into the corner turnbuckle, followed and another Attitude Adjustment to pick up the victory. Following the match Cena thanked the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their hospitality, and expressed excitement over the event. In the following match, Cedric Alexander defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Kalisto. The match ended when Alexander countered a Salida Del Sol attempt into a Lumbar Check to retain the title. Next, the vacant Raw Tag Team Championship was contested between the team of Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy and the former champions, Cesaro and Sheamus. In the end, Hardy distracted Sheamus, allowing Wyatt to perform a Sister Abigail on him. Hardy and Wyatt then performed a wheelbarrow Twist of Fate on Sheamus to win the title. Jeff Hardy then defended the United States Championship against Jinder Mahal. In the end, Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb on Mahal to retain the title. After that, The Bludgeons Brothers defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos. Harper and Rowan retained their titles after performing a Double Crucifix Powerbomb on Jimmy Uso. Next, Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Finn Balor, Samoa Joe and The Miz in a Ladder match. Near the end of the match, Finn Balor climbed the ladder to unhook the championship, only for Rollins to leap from the top rope onto the ladder and managed to retrieve the title belt before Balor, thus retaining his championship. Later, AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. During the match, Nakamura resorted to various illegal tactics, such as a Low Blow, increasingly frustrating Styles. In the end, both Nakamura and Styles brawled outside of the ring only for the match to end in a double countout. Post-match Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm over the top rope on Nakamura. After that, The Undertaker fought Rusev ( who was accompanied by Aiden English ) in a Casket match. At the end of the match, Undertaker performed a Chokeslam on Rusev and rolled him into the casket. Before he could close the lid, English attacked the Undertaker, who retailiated with another Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver before putting English into the casket alongside Rusev and closing it for the victory. In the penultimate match, Brock Lesnar ( accompanied by Paul Heyman ) defended the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match. Lesnar delivered multiple German Suplexes during the match, and both men kicked out of each other 's finishing moves. At one point in the match, Reigns tried to escape the cage through the door only for Heyman to slam the door on Reigns. The match ended after Reigns put Lesnar through the cage wall with a Spear, sending it onto the floor. Despite Reigns touching the floor with both feet first, the referee awarded the win to Lesnar, thereby retaining the Universal Championship. Main event ( edit ) Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler began the 50 - man Royal Rumble match as the first two entrants. Bryan survived until the final 3, beating out Rey Mysterio for the longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble match of all time at an hour and sixteen minutes. At the end of the match, Big Cass eliminated Bryan only for Cass to then attempt a Big Boot on Braun Strowman, who ducked and knocked Cass over the top rope to win the match. Strowman also achieved the most eliminations of a single Royal Rumble match at 13, beating out a record previously held by Roman Reigns with 12. Post-match, Strowman received a trophy and the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship. Controversy ( edit ) See also : Women in WWE WWE had been criticized for holding the event without female wrestlers, who were unable to perform at the event due to the limited rights women have in Saudi Arabia. Triple H, WWE 's Executive Vice President of Talent, Live Events and Creative, responded to the criticism : `` I understand that people are questioning it, but you have to understand that every culture is different and just because you do n't agree with a certain aspect of it, it does n't mean it 's not a relevant culture... You ca n't dictate to a country or a religion about how they handle things but, having said that, WWE is at the forefront of a women 's evolution in the world and what you ca n't do is effect change anywhere by staying away from it... While women are not competing in the event, we have had discussions about that and hope that, in the next few years they will be ''. Women were in attendance for the event, though only if accompanied by a male guardian. This was a major change from previous events, which were only open to men. Associated Press noted that this is due to `` a series of social changes '' by the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman. During the event, WWE aired a promotional video, which included WWE female wrestlers. The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for `` indecent material '' that aired at the event. In addition to the women, wrestler Sami Zayn did not participate in the event as Zayn is of Syrian descent, and Saudi Arabia has strained relations with Syria. Another subject of criticism was the situation of LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia, as in Saudi Arabia homosexual intercourse is illegal and can be punished by death. Results ( edit ) No. Results Stipulations Times John Cena defeated Triple H Singles match 15 : 45 Cedric Alexander ( c ) defeated Kalisto Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship 10 : 15 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy defeated Cesaro and Sheamus Tag team match for the vacant WWE Raw Tag Team Championship 8 : 50 Jeff Hardy ( c ) defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match for the WWE United States Championship 6 : 10 5 The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 5 : 05 6 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Finn Bálor, Samoa Joe, and The Miz Ladder match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 15 : 05 7 AJ Styles ( c ) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura ended in a double countout Singles match for the WWE Championship 14 : 25 8 The Undertaker defeated Rusev ( with Aiden English ) Casket match 9 : 40 9 Brock Lesnar ( c ) ( with Paul Heyman ) defeated Roman Reigns by escaping the cage Steel cage match for the WWE Universal Championship 9 : 15 10 Braun Strowman won by last eliminating Big Cass 50 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 1 : 17 : 20 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match Tag Team Eliminator bracket ( edit ) First Round Raw ( 4 / 9 ) Finals Raw ( 4 / 16 ) Championship Match Greatest Royal Rumble ( 4 / 27 ) The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) Pin Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows 3 : 35 Cesaro and Sheamus 8 : 50 The Revival 5 : 25 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) 5 : 07 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) Daniel Bryan SmackDown 48 Big Cass 1 : 16 : 05 Dolph Ziggler Raw 12 Kurt Angle 0 : 21 : 44 Sin Cara SmackDown Dolph Ziggler 0 : 01 : 18 0 Curtis Axel Raw Mark Henry 0 : 02 : 00 0 5 Mark Henry Free agent 5 Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler 0 : 03 : 27 6 Mike Kanellis Raw Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 03 0 7 Hiroki Sumi Free agent Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 46 0 8 Viktor Raw 6 Daniel Bryan 0 : 00 : 51 0 9 Kofi Kingston SmackDown 14 Elias 0 : 16 : 34 10 Tony Nese Raw 9 Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods 0 : 07 : 13 11 Dash Wilder Raw 7 Daniel Bryan and Hornswoggle 0 : 01 : 26 0 12 Hornswoggle Free agent 8 Tony Nese 0 : 01 : 00 13 Primo Colón SmackDown 11 Kurt Angle 0 : 05 : 10 0 14 Xavier Woods SmackDown 15 Elias 0 : 09 : 56 15 Bo Dallas Raw 10 Kurt Angle 0 : 01 : 34 0 16 Kurt Angle Raw 16 Elias 0 : 07 : 59 17 Scott Dawson Raw 19 Bobby Roode 0 : 11 : 44 0 18 Goldust Raw 18 Bobby Roode 0 : 10 : 04 0 19 Konnor Raw 13 Elias 0 : 02 : 25 0 20 Elias Raw 41 Bobby Lashley 0 : 34 : 04 5 21 Luke Gallows SmackDown 20 Rey Mysterio 0 : 09 : 16 0 22 Rhyno Raw 25 Roderick Strong 0 : 16 : 22 0 23 Drew Gulak Raw 17 Tucker Knight 0 : 01 : 47 0 24 Tucker Knight NXT 23 Big E 0 : 10 : 08 25 Bobby Roode Raw 29 Baron Corbin 0 : 17 : 44 26 Fandango Raw 21 Mojo Rawley 0 : 03 : 42 0 27 Chad Gable Raw 24 Apollo Crews 0 : 08 : 17 0 28 Rey Mysterio Free agent 37 Baron Corbin 0 : 20 : 25 29 Mojo Rawley Raw 27 Randy Orton 0 : 08 : 52 30 Tyler Breeze Raw 22 Mojo Rawley 0 : 00 : 16 0 31 Big E SmackDown 33 Braun Strowman 0 : 13 : 59 32 Karl Anderson SmackDown 26 Randy Orton 0 : 04 : 25 0 33 Apollo Crews Raw 28 Randy Orton 0 : 03 : 26 34 Roderick Strong NXT 30 Baron Corbin 0 : 06 : 00 35 Randy Orton SmackDown 39 Elias 0 : 10 : 58 36 Heath Slater Raw 34 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 38 0 37 Babatunde NXT 31 Braun Strowman 0 : 05 : 53 0 38 Baron Corbin Raw 38 Randy Orton 0 : 07 : 08 39 Titus O'Neil Raw 35 Braun Strowman 0 : 04 : 42 0 40 Dan Matha NXT 32 Braun Strowman 0 : 02 : 01 0 41 Braun Strowman Raw 50! -- Winner 0 : 22 : 14! 0 : 22 : 14 13 42 Tye Dillinger SmackDown 36 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 29 0 43 Curt Hawkins Raw 40 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 20 0 44 Bobby Lashley Raw 45 Braun Strowman 0 : 14 : 38 45 The Great Khali Free agent 42 Braun Strowman and Bobby Lashley 0 : 00 : 31 0 46 Kevin Owens Raw 47 Braun Strowman 0 : 10 : 43 0 47 Shane McMahon SmackDown 44 Braun Strowman 0 : 08 : 07 0 48 Shelton Benjamin SmackDown 43 Chris Jericho 0 : 04 : 23 0 49 Big Cass SmackDown 49 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 23 50 Chris Jericho SmackDown 46 Braun Strowman 0 : 03 : 18 By eliminating 13 men, Braun Strowman broke the record of 12, set by Roman Reigns at the 2014 Royal Rumble. Daniel Bryan broke the longevity record for lasting 1 : 16 : 05, previous record held by Rey Mysterio ( lasting 1 : 02 : 12 ) at the 2006 Royal Rumble. WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ( edit ) WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt with default side plates Details Promotion WWE Date established April 27, 2018 Current champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Date won April 27, 2018 Other name ( s ) Belt Kingdom Championship ( show ) Statistics First champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Longest reign Braun Strowman ( 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + days ) Heaviest champion Braun Strowman ( 385 lbs ) The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship, also known as the Belt Kingdom Championship ( Arabic : حزام بطولة المملكة ), is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by American professional wrestling promotion WWE and sanctioned by the Saudi General Sports Authority. The current and inaugural champion is Braun Strowman, who was awarded the championship for winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match at the namesake event. History ( edit ) On March 5, 2018, WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble, a live event to be held on April 27, 2018, at King Abdullah International Stadium, part of the King Abdullah Sports City, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The event was part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program. The Greatest Royal Rumble Championship was unveiled by WWE on April 27, 2018 during the Greatest Royal Rumble event. The championship was announced on the official website of the Saudi General Sports Authority as the Belt Kingdom Championship. Braun Strowman, the 41st entrant of the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match, became the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion by lastly eliminating Big Cass. Championship belt design ( edit ) As with some other championship belts unveiled in 2016, the base design is similar to the WWE Championship, with notable differences. Instead of a large cut out of the WWE logo, the center plate is modeled with Arabic pattern with the WWE logo in the center. Like the WWE Championship belt and other belts introduced in 2016 and 2017, the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt features two side plates, both separated by gold divider bars, with removable round sections that can be replaced with the current champion 's logo ; the default plates feature the official logo of Saudi General Sports Authority which is identical to the national emblem of Saudi Arabia. The plates are on a green leather strap resembling the color of the national flag of Saudi Arabia. Reigns ( edit ) As of May 28, 2018, there has been one reign, which is the inaugural and current champion, Braun Strowman. No. Champion Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref. Strowman, Braun Braun Strowman April 27, 2018 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Greatest Royal Rumble Became the inaugural champion by winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Let 's rumble like never before. `` When Legends Rise '' by @ godsmack is an # OfficialThemeSong for the Greatest Royal Rumble event. # WWEGRR ``. WWE on Twitter. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Jump up ^ `` First - ever WWE Greatest Royal Rumble wows 60,000 in Jeddah ''. Arab News. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Jump up to : WWE.com staff ( March 5, 2018 ). `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. WWE. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office ''. Sky Sports. March 22, 2018. 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Jump up ^ `` 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match statistics : Entrant order, eliminations, times and more ''. WWE. Retrieved April 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ''. WWE. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08. Jump up ^ `` WWE Reveals Greatest Royal Rumble Championship Belt ( Photo ) ''. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` LOOK : WWE awards awesome special championship title for Greatest Royal Rumble ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` The King Abdullah Sports City Stadium hosted the Greatest Royal Rumble ''. gsa.gov.sa. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble results, recap, grades : Lesnar - Reigns controversy, Strowman stands tall ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Greatest Royal Rumble results : Lesnar retains Universal title, Strowman wins Rumble ''. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` WWE 's Greatest Royal Rumble had it all, including controversy ''. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Superstars ''. Jump up ^ Tim Fiorvanti ( April 28, 2018 ). `` Lesnar retains Universal championship, Strowman wins Greatest Royal Rumble ''. ESPN. Retrieved May 1, 2018. 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{ "text": "I 'm Free ( the Rolling Stones song ) - wikipedia I 'm Free ( the Rolling Stones song ) Jump to : navigation, search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I 'm Free '' Single by The Rolling Stones from the album Out of Our Heads ( UK ) A-side `` Get off of My Cloud '' ( USA ) Released 24 September 1965 Recorded 6 September 1965 Studio RCA, Hollywood, California Genre Rock Length 2 : 24 Label London ( 45 - LON 9792 ) Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Andrew Loog Oldham `` I 'm Free '' is a song by the Rolling Stones written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, first released as the final track on the UK Out of Our Heads album on 24 September 1965. It was also released at the same time as a single in the US and later included on the American December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) album. The Rolling Stones recorded a re-worked acoustic version for their 1995 album Stripped, and performed a live version in the 2008 film Shine a Light, which was included on the accompanying live album. The original vinyl bootleg Live'r Than You 'll Ever Be included a live version recorded in Oakland, California, in November 1969. The song uses a line from The Beatles ' 1964 song `` Eight Days a Week '' : `` Hold me, love me, hold me, love me. '' Cover versions ( edit ) `` I 'm Free '' Single by The Soup Dragons featuring Junior Reed from the album Lovegod Released Format CD single Genre Alternative rock, house, electronica Length 3 : 58 Label Big Life Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards The Soup Dragons featuring Junior Reed singles chronology `` Mother Universe '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'm Free '' ( 1990 ) `` Electric Blues '' ( 1991 ) `` Mother Universe '' ( 1990 ) `` Ready to Go '' ( 1990 ) `` Electric Blues '' ( 1991 ) The song has been covered by several artists, including Chris Farlowe on his album The Art of Chris Farlowe ( 1966 ) ; Wilmer and the Dukes, who made it a regional hit in upper New York state in 1969 ; Mondo Rock covered the song on their 1987 Aliens ( EP ). Scottish alternative rock / dance band The Soup Dragons featuring Junior Reid, whose version reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1990. The Soup Dragons version featured in the film The World 's End. In 2007 a remixed version of the original recording was used in a television commercial for the Chase Freedom credit card and in 2008 it was used in a UK commercial for a Renault SUV. Personnel ( edit ) Mick Jagger - lead vocals, backing vocals Keith Richards - Lead guitar, backing vocals Brian Jones - Rhythm guitar, organ Bill Wyman - bass guitar Charlie Watts - drums James W. Alexander - tambourine External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Collaborators Gene Barge Ollie E. Brown Blondie Chaplin Lisa Fischer Bernard Fowler Nicky Hopkins Darryl Jones Bobby Keys Chuck Leavell Ian McLagan Billy Preston Jim Price Ernie Watts Associated places Olympic Studios Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Category Portal The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France, Germany ) Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Free_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)&oldid=792228711 '' Categories : The Rolling Stones songs London Records singles 1965 songs Songs written by Jagger / Richards 1990 singles Song recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2007 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français עברית ქართული Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017, at 08 : 31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I'm Free (The Rolling Stones song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I%27m_Free_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)&amp;oldid=792228711" }

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{ "text": "Resignation from the British House of Commons - wikipedia Resignation from the British House of Commons Members of Parliament ( MPs ) sitting in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom are technically not permitted to resign their seats. To circumvent this prohibition, MPs who wish to give up their seat can ask to be appointed to an `` office of profit under the Crown '', disqualifying them from sitting as an MP. While offices of profit are no longer disqualifying in general, various specified offices that no longer have any duties associated with them still cause disqualification from and vacation of the seat. Two offices are specified as disqualifying for this purpose : the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds and of the Manor of Northstead. Contents 1 Principal offices 2 History 2.1 First usage 2.2 Refusal 2.3 Sinn Féin resignations 3 Present law 4 Notice and orders 5 Former offices 6 See also 7 References Principal offices ( edit ) Members of Parliament ( MPs ) wishing to give up their seats before a general election are commonly appointed to an office which causes the MP to be disqualified from membership. A number of offices have been used for this purpose historically, all of them `` offices of profit under the Crown '', but only two are currently used. These are : Crown Steward and Bailiff of the three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead The offices are only nominally paid. Generally they are vacant until they are again used to effect the resignation of an MP. The Chiltern Hundreds is usually used alternately with the Manor of Northstead, which makes it possible for two members to resign at the same time. When more than two MPs resign at a time, as for example happened when 15 Ulster Unionist MPs resigned in protest at the Anglo - Irish Agreement on 17 December 1985, the resignations are in theory not simultaneous but instead spread throughout the day, each member holding one of the offices for a short time. The former office - holder may subsequently be re-elected to Parliament. History ( edit ) In 1624 a resolution was passed that Members of Parliament were given a trust to represent their constituencies and therefore were not at liberty to resign them. In those days, Parliament was a far weaker institution. Members had to travel to Westminster over a primitive road system, a real problem for those who represented more distant constituencies. While at Westminster ( and while in transit to and from ) an MP could not effectively tend to personal business back home, yet for their services MPs received only nominal pay. Therefore, service in Parliament was sometimes considered a resented duty rather than a position of power and honour. However, by a provision in the Act of Settlement 1701, repealed in 1705 and re-enacted in modified form by the Succession to the Crown Act 1707 ( also called the Place Act ), an MP who accepted an office of profit under the Crown was obliged to leave his post, it being feared that his independence would be compromised if he were in the King 's pay. The prohibition was on a sitting MP accepting an office of profit under the Crown, but it did not disqualify someone already holding such an office from being elected to the House of Commons. As a result, this meant a ministerial by - election when any MP became a government minister, including the Prime Minister. The law was partly changed in 1919, and finally in 1926, so that MPs were no longer disqualified by being appointed to government office. In consequence of the provision of 1624, the legal fiction was invented that the MP who wished to give up his seat applied to the King for a sinecure post of the Stewardship of an estate which had come into the ownership of the Crown. Such offices were obsolescent and involved negligible duties and scant profit, but were in the King 's gift nonetheless. After the `` office of profit '' disqualification was removed, the two stewardships were instead specified by statute as offices whose appointment disqualified the holder ( among many others ). First usage ( edit ) The procedure was invented by John Pitt, who wanted to vacate his seat for Wareham in order to stand for Dorchester but could not be a candidate while he was still an MP. Pitt wrote to Prime Minister Henry Pelham in May 1750 reporting that he had been invited to stand in Dorchester, and asking for `` a new mark of his Majesty 's favour ( to ) enable me to do him these further services ''. Pelham wrote to William Pitt ( the elder ) indicating that he would intervene with King George II to help. On 17 January 1751 Pitt was appointed to the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, and was then elected unopposed for Dorchester. The Manor of Northstead was first used as a pretext for resignation on 6 April 1842, by Patrick Chalmers, Member for the Montrose District of Burghs. Refusal ( edit ) The Chancellor can in theory deny an application, although the last time this happened was to Viscount Chelsea in 1842. When Charles Bradlaugh took the Chiltern Hundreds in 1884 in order to seek a vote of confidence from his constituents, Lord Randolph Churchill and the Conservative - supporting press were highly critical of the Gladstone government for allowing Bradlaugh a new opportunity to demonstrate his popularity with the electors of Northampton. Sinn Féin resignations ( edit ) Main articles : Belfast West by - election, 2011 and Mid-Ulster by - election, 2013 On 20 January 2011, Sinn Féin MP Gerry Adams submitted a letter of resignation to the Speaker, but did not apply for a Crown office, which would be politically unacceptable for a Sinn Féin politician. On 26 January, a Treasury spokesperson said `` Consistent with long - standing precedent, the Chancellor has taken ( the letter ) as a request to be appointed the Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead and granted the office. '' Although David Cameron said during Prime Minister 's Questions that Adams had `` accepted an office for profit under the Crown '', Adams denied this, and hence continued simply to reject the title, albeit not its effect of removal from office. Another Sinn Féin MP, Martin McGuinness, resigned and was formally appointed as Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead on 2 January 2013, leading to the 2013 Mid-Ulster by - election. McGuinness also said that he rejected the title. Present law ( edit ) The law relating to resignation is now codified and consolidated in section 4 of the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 : For the purposes of the provisions of this Act relating to the vacation of the seat of a member of the House of Commons who becomes disqualified by this Act for membership of that House, the office of steward or bailiff of Her Majesty 's three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham, or of the Manor of Northstead, shall be treated as included among the offices described in Part III of Schedule 1 to this Act. The mentioned schedule lists offices that are disqualified from the Commons. Section 6 of that Act describes the consequences of disqualification ( for sitting MPs, that their seat shall be vacated ). Notice and orders ( edit ) An MP applies for the office to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who usually then signs a warrant appointing the MP to the Crown office. The appointee holds the office until such time as another MP is appointed, or they apply to be released. Sometimes this can be a matter of minutes, as on an occasion when three or more MPs apply on the same day. Once released, they are again free to seek election to the House of Commons. When an MP is appointed to the post, the Treasury releases a public notice : `` The Chancellor of the Exchequer has this day appointed ( named individual ) to be Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. '' After the Speaker has been notified, the appointment and resulting disqualification is noted in the Vote and Proceedings, the Commons ' daily journal of proceedings : Notification, laid upon the Table by the Speaker, That Mr Chancellor of the Exchequer had today appointed ( named individual ), Member for ( named constituency ), to the office of Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. Thereafter, the former MP 's party ( or the Government if they were independent or their party has no other MPs ) moves for a writ of election to be issued calling for a by - election. The resulting order is in the following form : Ordered, That Mr. Speaker do issue his Warrant for the Clerk of the Crown to make out a new writ for the electing of a Member to serve in this present parliament for the ( County Constituency ) of ( named area ) in the room of the ( Right Honourable ) ( named individual ), who since election for the said ( County Constituency ) has accepted the Office of Steward or Bailiff of Her Majesty 's Three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham in the County of Buckingham. The precise wording of the above announcements may vary somewhat, and relevant changes are naturally made when the post in question is that of Northstead rather than the Chiltern Hundreds. Former offices ( edit ) Other offices formerly used for the same purpose are : Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of East Hendred, Berkshire. This stewardship was first used for parliamentary purposes in November 1763 by Edward Southwell, and was in more or less constant use until 1840, after which it disappeared. This manor comprised copyholds, the usual courts were held, and the stewardship was an actual and active office. The manor was sold by public auction in 1823, but in some manner the Crown retained the right of appointing a steward for seventeen years afterwards. Steward of the Manor of Hempholme, Yorkshire. This manor appears to have been of the same nature as that of Northstead. It was in lease until 1835. It was first used for parliamentary purposes in 1845 and was in constant use until 1865. It was sold in 1866. Escheator of Munster. Escheators were officers commissioned to secure the rights of the Crown over property which had legally escheated ( forfeited ) to it from those who had held land from the crown and had recently died ( or been legally attainted ). In Ireland mention is made of escheators as early as 1256. In 1605 the escheatorship of Ireland was split into four, one for each province, but the duties soon became practically nominal. The escheatorship of Munster was first used for parliamentary purposes in the Irish Parliament from 1793 to 1800, and in the united Parliament ( 24 times for Irish seats and once for a Scottish seat ) from 1801 to 1820. After 1820 it was discontinued and finally abolished in 1838. Steward of the Manor of Old Shoreham, Sussex. This manor belonged to the Duchy of Cornwall. It was first used for parliamentary purposes in 1756, and then, occasionally, until 1799, in which year it was sold by the Duchy to the Duke of Norfolk. Steward of the Manor of Poynings, Sussex. This manor reverted to the Crown on the death of Lord Montague about 1804, but was leased until about 1835. It was only twice used for parliamentary purposes, in 1841 and 1843. Escheator of Ulster. This appointment was used in the united Parliament three times, for Irish seats only ; the last time in 1819. February 1801 : William Talbot ( Kilkenny City ) March 1804 : John Claudius Beresford ( Dublin City ) February 1819 : Richard Nevill ( Wexford Borough ) Steward of the Honour of Otford, Kent. Used once in 1742 for Lord Middlesex ( East Grinstead ). Chief Steward and Keeper of the Courts of the Honour of Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Northampton ( part of the Duchy of Cornwall ). Used once in 1752 for Henry Lascelles ( Northallerton ). Steward of the Manor of Kennington, Surrey. Used once in 1757 for Thomas Duckett ( Calne ). Steward of the Manor of Shippon, Berkshire. Used once in 1765 for Thomas Watson ( Berwick - upon - Tweed ). See also ( edit ) List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds List of Stewards of the Manor of East Hendred List of Stewards of the Manor of Hempholme List of Stewards of the Manor of Northstead List of Stewards of the Manor of Old Shoreham List of Stewards of the Manor of Poynings List of Escheators of Connaught and list of Escheators of Leinster ( used for resignation from the Irish House of Commons ) Resignation from the House of Lords References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Chiltern Hundreds ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 163 -- 164. ^ Jump up to : Text of the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk ^ Jump up to : `` The Chiltern Hundreds '' ( pdf ). Factsheet P11 Procedure Series. House of Commons Information Office. August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011. Jump up ^ Department of Information Services ( 6 March 2012 ). `` Appointments to the Chiltern Hundreds and Manor of Northstead Stewardships since 1850 '' ( pdf ). House of Commons Library Parliamentary Information Lists. Retrieved 21 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Pitt, John '' in History of Parliament 1715 -- 1754, vol II p. 350 - 1, citing Newcastle ( Clumber ) mss. Jump up ^ `` Pitt, John '' in History of Parliament 1715 -- 1754, vol II p. 350 - 1, citing Chatham Corresp. i. 53 -- 54. Jump up ^ See the Annual Register 1842 ( Google Books ) Jump up ^ Walter L. Arnstein, `` The Bradlaugh Case '', Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 279. ^ Jump up to : `` Adams ' becomes baron ' ''. The Irish Times. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Morning Press Briefing from 27 January 2011 ''. 10 Downing Street. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012. Jump up ^ Hennessy, Mark ; Keegan, Dan ( 27 January 2011 ). `` Adams not resigned to being appointed officer of the crown ''. The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2011. Jump up ^ Manor of Northstead Treasury Jump up ^ Kelly, Fiach ( 3 January 2013 ). `` Martin McGuinness becomes Crown aristocrat with ' Steward ' title ''. Belfast Telegraph. Jump up ^ `` Press notice : Three Hundreds of Chiltern ''. 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Vote and Proceedings for 13 January 2010 ''. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Debates 19 Jun 2008, c. 1061 ''. Hansard. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Jump up ^ House of Commons Votes and Proceedings Monday 22 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : Ian Crofton, John Ayto ( 2005 ). Brewer 's Britain and Ireland. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. via Credo Reference. ISBN 0 - 304 - 35385 - X. Retrieved 13 September 2012. -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons&oldid=838505962 '' Categories : Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Commons of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use British English from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 13 : 08 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Resignation from the British House of Commons", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons&amp;oldid=838505962" }

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{ "text": "Brian song - Wikipedia Brian song Further information : Brian 's Song for the 1971 made for TV movie `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' Single by Monty Python from the album Monty Python 's Life of Brian Released 16 November 1979 Genre Comedy soundtrack Label Warner Brothers Songwriter ( s ) Michael Palin Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Producer ( s ) Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Monty Python singles chronology `` Python On Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' ( 1979 ) `` I Like Chinese '' ( 1980 ) `` Python On Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' ( 1979 ) `` I Like Chinese '' ( 1980 ) `` Brian Song '' is the title song from the 1979 film Monty Python 's Life of Brian. It was released as a single in the UK on 16 November 1979 as a Double A side with `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life ''. The song, which charts the growth of the Brian character to manhood, was composed by Andre Jacquemin and Dave Howman with lyrics by Michael Palin. It was performed by sixteen - year - old Sonia Jones with a string and brass accompaniment in the style of a John Barry film theme ( the entire brass section was performed via extensive multitracking by John Du Prez ). It is included on the Monty Python 's Life of Brian album and on the CD Monty Python Sings. Martin Chilton, the Culture Editor for The Telegraph website, listed it as one of the five best Monty Python songs in 2013. In 2009, Jones re-recorded the song for the opening credits of the six - part documentary series Monty Python : Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ), with altered lyrics referring to `` Python '' rather than `` Brian ''. Five different versions were used for the first five episodes, with Jones sounding increasingly fed up with performing the song. On the sixth and final episode she was replaced by Iron Maiden vocalist Bruce Dickinson. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Monty Python Reunion - Five Best Monty Python Songs at The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 June 2014 Jump up ^ Sonia Jones.com. Retrieved 20 July 2013 Jump up ^ Monty Python Sings - Monty Python : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry, I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh Broaden Your Mind How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman This 1970s single -- related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Song&oldid=843044532 '' Categories : Monty Python songs Songs written for films Songs about fictional male characters Songs written by Michael Palin 1979 singles 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 13 : 53 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Brian Song", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brian_Song&amp;oldid=843044532" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "`` Python On Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' ( 1979 ) `` I Like Chinese '' ( 1980 ) `` Brian Song '' is the title song from the 1979 film Monty Python 's Life of Brian. It was released as a single in the UK on 16 November 1979 as a Double A side with `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life ''. The song, which charts the growth of the Brian character to manhood, was composed by Andre Jacquemin and Dave Howman with lyrics by Michael Palin. It was performed by sixteen - year - old Sonia Jones with a string and brass accompaniment in the style of a John Barry film theme ( the entire brass section was performed via extensive multitracking by John Du Prez ). It is included on the Monty Python 's Life of Brian album and on the CD Monty Python Sings. Martin Chilton, the Culture Editor for The Telegraph website, listed it as one of the five best Monty Python songs in 2013. In 2009, Jones re-recorded the song for the opening credits of the six - part documentary series Monty Python : Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ), with altered lyrics referring to `` Python '' rather than `` Brian ''. Five different versions were used for the" ], "id": [ "9583300207511697761" ], "short_answers": [ "Sonia Jones" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Best of Lita Ford - Wikipedia The Best of Lita Ford Jump to : navigation, search The Best of Lita Ford Greatest hits album by Lita Ford Released July 28, 1992 Recorded 1984 - 1991 Genre Glam metal Length 47 : 36 Label Spitfire Lita Ford chronology Dangerous Curves ( 1991 ) Dangerous Curves 1991 The Best of Lita Ford ( 1992 ) Black ( 1995 ) Black 1995 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Best of Lita Ford is a compilation album from Lita Ford. Released on July 28, 1992, it includes the hit singles `` Kiss Me Deadly '' and the duet with Ozzy Osbourne, `` Close My Eyes Forever '', as well as several other minor hits from Ford 's solo career. Track listing ( edit ) `` What Do Ya Know About Love? '' ( Randy Cantor, Michael Caruso, Cal Curtis ) -- 3 : 54 `` Kiss Me Deadly '' ( Mick Smiley ) -- 3 : 59 `` Shot of Poison '' ( Lita Ford, Myron Grombacher, Jim Vallance ) -- 3 : 32 `` Hungry '' ( Michael Dan Ehmig, Ford ) -- 4 : 53 `` Gotta Let Go '' ( Ford, Geoffrey Leib ) -- 3 : 55 `` Close My Eyes Forever '' ( Ford, Ozzy Osbourne ) -- 4 : 42 `` Larger Than Life '' ( Ehmig, Ford, Grombacher ) -- 3 : 56 `` Only Women Bleed '' ( Alice Cooper, Dick Wagner ) -- 5 : 54 `` Playin ' with Fire '' ( Ehmig, Ford, Vallance ) -- 4 : 06 `` Back to the Cave '' ( Mike Chapman, David Ezrin, Ford ) -- 4 : 01 `` Lisa '' ( Ehmig, Ford ) -- 4 : 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weber, Barry. `` Lita Ford - The Best of Lita Ford review ''. Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17. Lita Ford Patrick Kennison Marty O'Brien Bobby Rock Mitch Perry Scot Coogan Studio albums Out for Blood ( 1983 ) Dancin ' on the Edge ( 1984 ) Lita ( 1988 ) Stiletto ( 1990 ) Dangerous Curves ( 1991 ) Black ( 1995 ) Wicked Wonderland ( 2009 ) Living Like a Runaway ( 2012 ) Live albums Greatest Hits Live! ( 2000 ) The Bitch Is Back... Live ( 2013 ) Compilation albums The Best of Lita Ford ( 1992 ) Singles `` Kiss Me Deadly '' `` Close My Eyes Forever '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Book : Lita Ford This 1980s hard rock album - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_of_Lita_Ford&oldid=618525672 '' Categories : Lita Ford albums 1992 greatest hits albums Spitfire Records compilation albums 1980s hard rock album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Emiliàn e rumagnòl Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2014, at 10 : 06. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Best of Lita Ford", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Best_of_Lita_Ford&amp;oldid=618525672" }

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