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{ "text": "Hypersalivation - wikipedia Hypersalivation Jump to : navigation, search Hypersalivation Classification and external resources DiseasesDB 20764 MedlinePlus 003048 eMedicine ent / 629 MeSH D012798 ( edit on Wikidata ) Hypersalivation ( also called ptyalism or sialorrhea ) is excessive production of saliva. It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva. Hypersalivation can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or in difficulty in swallowing the excess saliva ( dysphagia ) and lead to excessive spitting. Hypersalivation also often precedes emesis ( vomiting ), where it accompanies nausea ( a feeling of needing to vomit ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 1.1 Excessive production 1.2 Decreased clearance 2 Treatment 3 References Causes ( edit ) Excessive production ( edit ) Conditions that can cause saliva overproduction include : Rabies Pellagra ( niacin or Vitamin B3 deficiency ) Gastroesophageal reflux disease, in such cases specifically called a water brash, and is characterized by a sour fluid or almost tasteless saliva in the mouth Gastroparesis ( main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and reflux ) Pregnancy Excessive starch intake Anxiety ( common sign of separation anxiety in dogs ) Pancreatitis Liver disease Serotonin syndrome Mouth ulcers Oral infections Medications that can cause overproduction of saliva include : aripiprazole clozapine pilocarpine ketamine potassium chlorate risperidone rabeprazole sodium ( Aciphex ) Toxins that can cause hypersalivation include : mercury copper organophosphates ( insecticide ) arsenic Decreased clearance ( edit ) Causes of decreased clearance of saliva include : Infections such as tonsillitis, retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses, epiglottitis and mumps. Problems with the jaw, e.g., fracture or dislocation Radiation therapy Neurologic disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Parkinson 's disease, multiple system atrophy, rabies, bulbar paralysis, bilateral facial nerve palsy, and hypoglossal nerve palsy Treatment ( edit ) Hypersalivation is optimally treated by treating or avoiding the underlying cause. Mouthwash and tooth brushing may have drying effects. In the palliative care setting, anticholinergics and similar drugs that would normally reduce the production of saliva causing a dry mouth could be considered for symptom management : scopolamine, atropine, propantheline, hyoscine, amitriptyline, glycopyrrolate. A 2008 systematic review investigated the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for patients who have too much salvia due to clozapine treatment : Astemizole compared to control Summary There is no well - tested treatment for this difficult problem and no data to confidently inform clinical practice. ( show ) Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Hypersalivation No effect / not cured / not markedly improved Control : propantheline Astemizole probably is probably worse than propantheline - increasing the risk of having ' no effect '. Data are based on moderate quality evidence. RR 2.46 ( 1.63 to 3.72 ) Moderate Change in hypersalivation scores ( high = good ) Control : propantheline On average, people receiving astemizole scored a little lower than people treated with control for clozapine - induced hypersalivation. There was a clear difference between the groups, but, at present the meaning of this in day - to - day care is unclear. MD 0.64 lower ( 1.14 lower to 0.14 lower ) Low Adverse effects Tachycardia Control : doxepin Astemizole may increase the risk of experiencing fast heart rate, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments because data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 5.00 ( 0.25 to 99.16 ) Very low Constipation Control : propantheline Astemizole may reduce constipation but there is no clear difference between people given astemizole and those receiving propanthelinecontrol for clozapine - induced hypersalivation. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 0.60 ( 0.26 to 1.39 ) Low Missing outcomes No study reported any data on outcomes such as mental state, quality of life and information relating to time in services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > ptyalism Citing : Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007 Mosby 's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009 Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007 Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > sialorrhea Citing : The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Updated in 2009. ^ Jump up to : Medscape > Hypersalivation By Erica Brownfield. Posted : 05 / 19 / 2004 Jump up ^ Clark ), ( edited by Parveen Kumar, Michael ( 2005 ). Kumar & Clark clinical medicine ( 6th ed. ). Edinburgh : Elsevier Saunders. p. 266. ISBN 0702027634. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > water brash Citing : Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007 Jump up ^ Medical Care of the Dying, 4th Edition, 2006, Edited by G. Michael Downing MD and Wendy Wainwright, MEd ^ Jump up to : Syed, R ; Cahill, C ; Duggan, L ( 2008 ). `` Pharmacological interventions for clozapine - induced hypersalivation ''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 : CD005579. pub2. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005579. pub2. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypersalivation&oldid=812113165 '' Categories : Saliva Salivary gland pathology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017, at 03 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hypersalivation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hypersalivation&oldid=812113165" }

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{ "text": "St. Elmo 's Fire ( film ) - wikipedia St. Elmo 's Fire ( film ) Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the 1985 film. For other uses, see St. Elmo 's Fire ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St. Elmo 's Fire Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Schumacher Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Joel Schumacher Carl Kurlander Starring Rob Lowe Demi Moore Emilio Estevez Ally Sheedy Judd Nelson Mare Winningham Andrew McCarthy Martin Balsam Andie MacDowell Music by David Foster Cinematography Stephen H. Burum Edited by Richard Marks Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 28, 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 28 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $37,803,872 St. Elmo 's Fire is a 1985 American coming - of - age film directed by Joel Schumacher. The film, starring Emilio Estevez, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, and Mare Winningham, centers on a group of friends, recent graduates of Georgetown University, and their adjustment to their post-university lives and the responsibilities of encroaching adulthood. The film is a prominent movie of the Brat Pack genre. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Pre-production 4 Reception 5 Music 6 Potential adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Recent Georgetown University graduates Alec, his girlfriend Leslie, Kevin, Jules, and Kirby are waiting to hear about the conditions of their friends Wendy, a sweet - natured girl devoted to helping others, and Billy, a former frat boy and now reluctant husband and father, after a car accident. At the hospital, Kirby sees a female medical student named Dale, with whom he has been infatuated since college. The group gathers at their favorite college hangout, St. Elmo 's Bar. Billy has been fired from the job Alec helped him secure and his marriage is unstable. At their apartment, Alec pressures Leslie to marry him, but she is convinced they are not ready. Kirby is telling Kevin of his love for Dale when Billy shows up, asking to spend the night as he can not deal with his wife. Kevin worries about his romantic life when Jules accuses him of being gay and loving Alec. When he visits Alec and Leslie for dinner, Alec confesses to Kevin that while buying lingerie for Leslie he had sexual intercourse with the saleswoman. Billy and Wendy get drunk together and Wendy reveals that she is a virgin. She and Billy kiss but Wendy insists they just remain friends, especially since she realizes Billy is taking advantage of her crush on him. During Halloween at St. Elmo 's Bar, Jules reveals to a disapproving Leslie that she is having an affair with her married boss. Billy sees his wife with another man in the crowd and attacks him. Billy is thrown out of the bar but reconciles with his wife. The girls confront Jules about the affair and her reckless spending but she insists that everything is under control. Kirby takes a job working for Mr. Kim, a wealthy Korean businessman, and invites Dale to a party he is holding at Mr. Kim 's house. Wendy arrives with Howie, a boy her parents set her up with. Alec announces that he and Leslie are engaged, upsetting Leslie. She confronts him about her suspicions of his infidelity and the two break up. Alec is also angry with Kevin, who he believes confessed everything to Leslie. After the party, Jules gives Billy a ride home. As she is about to confide in him, Billy makes a pass at her. Furious, Jules throws him out of her car. Still pursuing Dale, Kirby drives to the ski lodge where she is staying but learns she has a boyfriend. His borrowed car becomes stuck in the snow and Dale and her boyfriend invites him to come inside. The next morning, as Kirby prepares to leave Dale 's cottage, Dale tells him she is flattered by his affections. He kisses her, and she does not resist. Kirby then takes a photo with Dale and departs the lodge, happy. Leslie goes to Kevin 's place to stay the night after the breakup and discovers photographs of her. Kevin confesses his love for her, and the two sleep together but the next morning, Alec comes by to apologize to Kevin for attacking him the night before. Alec is shocked to find Leslie there and the two argue over his infidelity. Wendy meets her father at a café and announces she wants to be independent from her family and move into her own place. Jules has been fired from her job and fallen behind on her credit card payments ; as a result, her possessions have been seized. Jules locks herself in her apartment and opens the windows, intending to freeze to death. The friends attempt to coax her out, but she is unresponsive. Kirby fetches Billy, who landed a job at a gas station courtesy of Kevin, to calm Jules down. Billy convinces Jules to come back out. Wendy moves into her own place, where Billy visits and informs her that he is getting a divorce and moving to New York City. The two have sex as a going away present. At the bus station, the group gathers once more to say goodbye to Billy. Billy urges Alec to make up with Leslie but Leslie declares that she does not want to date anyone for a while. Alec and Kevin make up and the group decides to get brunch. However, they decide not to go to St. Elmo 's bar and instead choose Houlihan 's because there are `` not so many kids '' there. Cast ( edit ) Emilio Estevez as Kirby `` Kirbo '' Keager, a law student and waiter at St. Elmo 's Bar. Rob Lowe as Billy Hicks, a saxophonist `` frat boy '' and reluctant husband and father. Andrew McCarthy as Kevin Dolenz, a writer for The Washington Post with a sullen streak, and Kirby 's roommate. Demi Moore as Julianna `` Jules '' Van Patten, an international banker and the `` party girl '' of the group. Judd Nelson as Alec Newbury, a yuppie pursuing a career in politics. Ally Sheedy as Leslie Hunter, a budding architect who is reluctant to marry Alec. Mare Winningham as Wendy Beamish, a welfare clerk from a wealthy family and devoted to helping others. Andie MacDowell as Dale Biberman, a hospital intern and the object of Kirby 's affection. Martin Balsam as Mr. Beamish Joyce Van Patten as Mrs. Beamish Jenny Wright as Felicia Pre-production ( edit ) According to Schumacher, `` a lot of people turned down the script... the head of ( one ) major studio called its seven - member cast `` the most loathsome humans he had ever read on the page. '' The producers interviewed `` hundreds of people '' for the cast, including Anthony Edwards and Lea Thompson. According to Lauren Shuler Donner, she found Estevez, Nelson, and Sheedy through recommendations from John Hughes, who had cast them in The Breakfast Club ; Schumacher said he had to `` push hard '' to get the studio to agree to cast the three. Demi Moore had to go to rehab before shooting. Georgetown University would not permit filming on campus, administrators citing questionable content such as premarital sex. As a result, the university seen on film is The University of Maryland located 10 miles away in College Park, Maryland. Reception ( edit ) David Denby called Schumacher `` brutally untalented '' and said that `` nobody over the moral age of fifteen '' will like the work of the Brat Pack actors in the film : `` St. Elmo 's Fire is n't drama, it 's gossip, and peculiarly early - adolescent gossip -- a movie designed to be picked apart on the telephone. The turbidly self - important treatment of these vacuous college graduates, each one a ' type ', is like a TV sitcom without jokes. St. Elmo 's Fire is so depressing a portent of Hollywood 's teen sycophancy because it not only devotes itself to stupid kids, it accepts their view of the world without any real criticism... The sole survivor of the general disaster is Ally Sheedy, who manages to make something charming out of the yup petulance. '' According to Janet Maslin : `` In the realm of films about close - knit bands of school friends, St. Elmo 's Fire falls midway between The Big Chill and The Breakfast Club. Its characters are old enough to enjoy the first flushes of prosperity, but still sufficiently youthful to keep their self - absorption intact. But soon enough, they will be forced to give up their late - night carousing at a favorite bar and move on to more responsible lives. In the film 's terms, which are distinctly limited, this will mean finding a more sedate hangout and learning to go there for brunch... St. Elmo 's Fire is most appealing when it simply gives the actors a chance to flirt with the camera, and with one another. When it attempts to take seriously the problems of characters who are spoiled, affluent and unbearably smug, it becomes considerably less attractive. '' St. Elmo 's Fire holds a 45 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 17 positive reviews out of 38. Rob Lowe won a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his work in this film. In a 2015 retrospective review, Justin Gerber of Consequence of Sound said that he was `` prepared to say it 's the worst movie of all time, with all the necessary stipulations lined up and accounted for, '' going on to criticize the characters, plot, set, direction, and even score. Music ( edit ) The theme song `` St. Elmo 's Fire ( Man in Motion ) '' was written by Canadian composer / producer David Foster and English musician John Parr, and also performed by Parr. The song was written for the Canadian athlete Rick Hansen who, at the time, was traveling around the world via his wheelchair to raise awareness for spinal cord injuries, a trip called the `` Man in Motion Tour. '' The song did not appear on any Parr album until Letter to America was released in July 2011. The song `` Give Her a Little Drop More '', which plays during the movie when the characters enter St. Elmo 's Bar & Restaurant, was written by British jazz trumpeter John Chilton. `` St. Elmo 's Fire ( Man in Motion ) '' hit No. 1 on Billboard 's Hot 100 chart for two weeks in September 1985, and `` Love Theme from St. Elmo 's Fire '' ( the instrumental theme to the movie by David Foster ) reached No. 15. Another version of the `` Love Theme from St. Elmo 's Fire '' with lyrics, titled `` For Just a Moment '', was performed by Amy Holland and Donny Gerrard, and was included as the final song on the soundtrack album. Potential adaptation ( edit ) In August 2009, Sony Pictures Television received a `` script commitment with a penalty attached to it '' to adapt the film into a television series, which would `` use the movie as a takeoff point and as an inspiration as it introduces six new friends : three boys and three girls. '' Topher Grace and Gordon Kaywin of Sargent Hall Productions proposed the idea to Jamie Tarses ; the three of them then recruited Dan Bucatinsky to write the pilot and got Schumacher to agree to the idea. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gora, Susannah ( 2010 ). You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried. Crown Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 0307408434. Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah ( 2010 ). You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried. p. 88. Jump up ^ Priggé, Steven ( 2004 ). Movie Moguls Speak. p. 91. ISBN 0786419296. Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah ( 2010 ). You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried. p. 90. Jump up ^ Cormier, Roger. `` Facts about St. Elmo 's Fire ''. Retrieved 17 July 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.fast-rewind.com/locations_elmos.htm. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Denby, David ( July 15, 1985 ). `` Time Warp ''. New York. p. 66. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet ( June 28, 1985 ). `` St Elmo 's Fire ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ St. Elmo 's Fire at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` 1985 RAZZIE Nominees & ' Winners ' ''. razzies.com. Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09. Jump up ^ Gerber, Justin. `` St. Elmo 's Fire Might Be the Worst Movie Ever ''. Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ `` John Parr Rewrites ' St. Elmo 's Fire ' As Valentine To Tebow ''. npr.org. Retrieved 11 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( August 14, 2009 ). `` ' St. Elmo 's Fire ' Headed to TV ''. backstage.com. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce ( 14 August 2009 ). `` St. Elmo 's Fire TV Series Heats Up at ABC ''. TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : St. Elmo 's Fire ( film ) St. Elmo 's Fire on IMDb St. Elmo 's Fire at AllMovie St. Elmo 's Fire at Rotten Tomatoes St. Elmo 's Fire at Box Office Mojo `` Zizek and the 80s Movie Song '' by Graham Wolfe ( hide ) Films directed by Joel Schumacher The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) D.C. Cab ( 1983 ) St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Cousins ( 1989 ) Flatliners ( 1990 ) Dying Young ( 1991 ) Falling Down ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 8mm ( 1999 ) Flawless ( 1999 ) Tigerland ( 2000 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Phone Booth ( 2002 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Number 23 ( 2007 ) Blood Creek ( 2009 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Trespass ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Elmo%27s_Fire_(film)&oldid=818505565 '' Categories : English - language films 1985 films 1980s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplays by Joel Schumacher Films set in universities and colleges Films set in Washington, D.C. Films shot in Maryland Films shot in Washington, D.C. Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Ido Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 23 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "St. Elmo's Fire (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=St._Elmo%27s_Fire_(film)&oldid=818505565" }

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{ "text": "I Ai n't Got Nobody - wikipedia I Ai n't Got Nobody Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the Spencer Williams song commonly combined with `` Just a Gigolo ''. For the Sly and the Family Stone song `` I Ai n't Got Nobody ( For Real ) '', see Dance to the Music ( Sly and the Family Stone album ) § Track listing. `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' Sheet music cover Song Published 1915 Genre Jazz Songwriter ( s ) Composer : Spencer Williams Lyricist : Roger A. Graham `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' ( sometimes referred to as `` I 'm So Sad and Lonely '' ) is a popular song copyrighted in 1915. Roger A. Graham ( 1885 -- 1938 ) wrote the lyrics, Spencer Williams composed it, and Roger Graham Music Publishing published it. It became a perennial standard, recorded many times over following generations, in styles ranging from pop to jazz to country music. Contents ( hide ) 1 Attribution 2 `` Just a Gigolo / I Ai n't Got Nobody '' medley 3 Notable use 4 Copyrights 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Attribution ( edit ) Chicago and Saint Louis ragtime pianist and blues composer Charles Warfield ( 1878 -- 1955 ) claimed to have originally written the song and a copyright dated April 1914 attributes Warfield as the composer, David Young as the lyricist, and Marie Lucas as the arranger. The title of the song is given as `` I Ai n't Got Nobody and Nobody Cares for Me ''. Williams 's copyright entry from 1916 under a shorter title attributes the composition to Davy Peyton and himself and the lyrics to publisher Roger Graham. In 1916, Frank K. Root & Co., a Chicago publisher ( né Frank Kimball Root ; 1856 -- 1932 ), acquired the Craig & Co. copyright, and, later that year, also acquired the Warfield - Young copyright. Clarence E. Brandon, Sr. and Billy Smythe, both St. Louis musicians, both claim that they wrote the first version, words and music, of `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '', filed two copyrights 1911, and published it that same year. `` Just a Gigolo / I Ai n't Got Nobody '' medley ( edit ) `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' is best known in a form first recorded by Louis Prima in 1956, where it was paired in a medley with another old standard, `` Just a Gigolo ''. Prima started pairing the songs in 1945 and the idea was revisited in the popular arrangement in a new, jive - and - jumping style, created by Sam Butera for Prima 's 1950s Las Vegas stage show. The success of that act gained Prima a recording deal with Capitol Records, which aimed to capture on record the atmosphere of his shows. The first album, titled The Wildest! and released in January 1957, opened with `` Just a Gigolo / I Ai n't Got Nobody '', which then became Prima 's signature number and helped relaunch his career. The Village People recorded a disco version of the `` Just a Gigolo / I Ai n't Got Nobody '' medley for their 1978 album Macho Man. David Lee Roth covered the Sam Butera arrangement in 1985, enjoying a sizeable hit for himself. Butera was not credited for the arrangement and was not paid royalties by Roth. Although the two songs have nothing else in common, the popularity of Prima 's combination, further popularized by Roth, has led to the mistaken perception by some that the songs are two parts of a single original composition. In 2017, the Spanish band De Morao Swing Tablao released a version of this song by double pairing it with the popular Spanish song, `` María de la O ''. Notable Use ( edit ) Many artists had hit records with the song, starting with Marion Harris in 1917. Famous hit versions in the 1920s included those of Bessie Smith 1926 # 8, Fats Waller, and Louis Armstrong 1929 / 1959 / 1964. In the 1930s, it was a hit for Bing Crosby 1941, the Mills Brothers 1931, Cab Calloway 1935, Wingy Manone and Chick Webb. Other notable recordings include those of Emmett Miller, Merle Haggard 1970, Bob Wills 1935, Coleman Hawkins and Rosemary Clooney 1961. The jazz group, the Mound City Blue Blowers, performed the song in a short film in 1929. Three years later, the Mills Brothers sang the number in a Screen Songs cartoon of the same name. It was also featured briefly in a Harman and Ising Technicolor cartoon, `` Poor Little Me '', in 1935. In the 1956 Warner Brothers cartoon Napoleon Bunny - Part, the song is listed in a jukebox under the title `` I Ai n't Got No Head For My Body '', performed by `` The Guillotineers ''. The chorus of the song is quoted in the Roaring Lion 's calypso `` The Four Mills Brothers ''. This song in turn was covered by Van Dyke Parks for his Discover America album and performed by Parks with the members of Yellow Magic Orchestra for Haruomi Hosono 's birthday tribute concert in 2007. Marty Feldman sings the first few bars in a scene from Young Frankenstein, where only his character 's head appears in a line of skulls, thus making it appear as if he literally `` had no body. '' Roy Smeck, also known as the Wizard of the Strings, recorded an instrumental rendition of `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' on his 1959 album The Magic Ukulele of Roy Smeck, which also saw a reissue in 2003. Other artists who have recorded the song include Kitty Hart, Ruth Etting 1926, Sophie Tucker 1927, Coon - Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra 1927, Ted Lewis 1928, Sammy Davis, Jr. 1949, Ann - Margret 1961, Bobby Darin 1963, Teresa Brewer 1983, Leon Redbone 1983 / 1994, and Asleep at the Wheel 1999. Copyrights ( edit ) Catalog of Copyright Entries, Part 3, Musical Compositions `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' Words by David Young, music by Charles Warfield Copyrighted as an unpublished work 8 April 1914 by David Young New Series, Vol. 10, Part 1, 1st half of 1915, Nos. 1 -- 7, pg. 87 `` Ai n't Got Nobody Much '' Words and music by D. Peyton & S. Williams Copyrighted as an unpublished work 28 January 1915 by David Peyton & Spencer Williams, Chicago ( 1432 ) New Series, Vol. 10, Part 1, 1st half of 1916, Nos. 1 -- 7, pg. 179 `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' Words by Roger A. Graham, music by Spencer Williams & Dave Peyton Copyrighted 7 February 1916, copyrighted again 21 February 1916 by Craig & Co., Chicago ( E377653 ) † New Series, Vol. 37, Part 1, 1st half of 1942, Nos. 1 -- 6, pg. 675 `` I Ai n't Got Nobody and Nobody Care for Me '' Music by Charles Warfield, arrangement by Marie Lucas Copyright renewed 30 March 1942 by David Young, Chicago ( R 106287 ) Volume 4, Part 5A, No. 1, 1st half of 1950 `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' Words by Roger A. Graham, music by Spencer Williams, arrangement, arrangement by Bill Howard Copyrighted 15 June 1950 by Mayfair Music Corp., New York ( EP47548 ) † Copyright deposit copies are professional editions See also ( edit ) List of pre-1920 jazz standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ I Ai n't Got Nobody ( and Nobody Cares for Me ), editor - in - chief : Sandra Burlingame, Portland, Oregon : jazzStandards.com, LLC ( publisher ). Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14. ; OCLC 71004558 ^ Jump up to : For Me and My Gal and Other Favorite Song Hits, 1915 - 1917, by David A. Jasen, Dover Publications ( 1994 ) ; OCLC 30075424 Jump up ^ Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home, editor - in - chief : Sandra Burlingame, Portland, Oregon : jazzStandards.com, LLC ( publisher ). Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14. ; OCLC 71004558 Jump up ^ Blackface. Au confluent des voix mortes ( Blackface : Where Dead Voices Gather ), by Nick Tosches, Jonathan Cape ( publisher ) ( 2002 ), pg. 149 ; ISBN 2 - 84485 - 110 - X ; OCLC 50525736, 401741289 Jump up ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, by James Terry White, New York : James T. White Company, Vol. 17 ( 1920 ), pg. 42 Jump up ^ Spreadin ' Rhythm Around : Black Popular Songwriters, 1880 -- 1930, David A Jasen, Gene Jones, Schirmer Books ( 1998 ), pg. 170 ; OCLC 38216305 Jump up ^ The Book of World - famous Music : Classical, Popular, and Folk, by James J. Fuld ( 1916 - 2008 ), Toronto : General Publishing Company, Ltd. ( 2000 ) pg. 284 External links ( edit ) Live - Action Sequence from `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' with the Mills Brothers ( Poor Quality ) on YouTube Historic Vitaphone Recording on YouTube - Jazzmania Quintet, with Georgie Stoll on Stroh violin, playing I Ai n't Got Nobody Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Ain%27t_Got_Nobody&oldid=831470844 '' Categories : 1915 songs 1910s jazz standards Bessie Smith songs Sophie Tucker songs Songs written by Spencer Williams Cab Calloway songs Village People songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 19 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Ain't Got Nobody", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Ain%27t_Got_Nobody&oldid=831470844" }

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{ "text": "Sodium bicarbonate - Wikipedia Sodium bicarbonate Jump to : navigation, search Sodium bicarbonate Names IUPAC name Sodium hydrogen carbonate Other names Baking soda, bicarb ( laboratory slang ), bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite Identifiers CAS Number 144 - 55 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 4153970 ChEBI CHEBI : 32139 ChemSpider 8609 DrugBank DB01390 ECHA InfoCard 100.005. 122 EC Number 205 - 633 - 8 IUPHAR / BPS 4507 KEGG C12603 MeSH Sodium + bicarbonate PubChem CID 516892 RTECS number VZ0950000 UNII 8MDF5V39QO InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / CH2O3.Na/c2-1 ( 3 ) 4 ; / h ( H2, 2, 3, 4 ) ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : UIIMBOGNXHQVGW - UHFFFAOYSA - M InChI = 1 / CH2O3.Na/c2-1 ( 3 ) 4 ; / h ( H2, 2, 3, 4 ) ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : UIIMBOGNXHQVGW - REWHXWOFAQ SMILES ( show ) ( Na+ ). OC ( ( O - ) ) = O Properties Chemical formula NaHCO Molar mass 84.0066 g mol Appearance White crystals Odor Odorless Density 2.20 g / cm as solid 1.1 to 1.3 as powder Melting point ( Decomposes to sodium carbonate starting at 50 ° C ) Solubility in water 69 g / L ( 0 ° C ) 96 g / L ( 20 ° C ) 165 g / L ( 60 ° C ) 236 g / L ( 100 ° C ) Solubility 0.02 wt % acetone, 2.13 wt % methanol @ 22 ° C. insoluble in ethanol log P − 0.82 Acidity ( pK ) 10.329 6.351 ( carbonic acid ) Refractive index ( n ) nα = 1.377 nβ = 1.501 nγ = 1.583 Structure Crystal structure Monoclinic Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 87.61 J / mol K Std molar entropy ( S ) 102 J / mol K Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 947.7 kJ / mol Gibbs free energy ( Δ G ̊ ) − 851.9 kJ / mol Pharmacology ATC code B05CB04 ( WHO ) B05XA02 ( WHO ), QG04BQ01 ( WHO ) Routes of administration Intravenous, oral Hazards Main hazards Causes serious eye irritation Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 0 0 Flash point Incombustible Lethal dose or concentration ( LD, LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 4220 mg / kg ( rat, oral ) Related compounds Other anions Sodium carbonate Other cations Ammonium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate Related compounds Sodium bisulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ), 100 kPa ). Y verify ( what is? ) Infobox references Sodium bicarbonate ( IUPAC name : sodium hydrogen carbonate ), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula Na HCO. It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda ( sodium carbonate ). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. It is among the European Union - encoded food additives, identified as E 500. Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Uses 2.1 Cooking 2.1. 1 Baking powder 2.2 Pest control 2.3 Alkalinity / pH increase 2.4 Pyrotechnics 2.5 Mild disinfectant 2.6 Fire extinguisher 2.7 Neutralization of acids and bases 2.8 Medical uses and health 2.8. 1 Personal hygiene 2.8. 2 Veterinary uses 2.9 In sports 2.10 Cleaning agent 3 Chemistry 3.1 Thermal decomposition 4 History 5 Production 5.1 Mining 6 In popular culture 6.1 Film 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) Because it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. In colloquial usage, the names sodium bicarbonate and bicarbonate of soda are often truncated ; forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common. The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus meaning `` aerated salt '', was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is twice as much carbonate ( CO ) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate ( NaHCO ) as there is in sodium carbonate ( Na CO ). The modern chemical formulas of these compounds express their precise chemical compositions ( which were unknown when the names sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were coined ) and show the same ratio the other way around : There is half as much sodium per carbonate in NaHCO as in Na CO ( Na versus Na ). Uses ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate has a wide variety of uses. Cooking ( edit ) Main article : Leavening agent In cooking, sodium bicarbonate, referred to as baking soda, is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. It reacts with acidic components in batters, releasing carbon dioxide, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. Acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa and vinegar. Baking soda may be used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acid taste. Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide. When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component ( whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid ), only half the available CO is released. Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, `` soapy '' taste and a yellow color. To avoid an over-acidic taste from added acid, non-acid ingredients such as whole milk or Dutch - processed cocoa are often added to baked foods. Carbon dioxide production from exposure to heat starts at temperatures above 80 ° C ( 180 ° F ). 2 NaHCO → Na CO + H O + CO Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures ( cake batter, etc. ) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven. Sodium bicarbonate was sometimes used in cooking green vegetables, as it gives them a bright green colour -- which has been described as artificial - looking -- due to its reacting with chlorophyll to produce chlorophyllin. However, this tends to affect taste, texture and nutritional content, and is no longer common. Baking soda is still used, though, in the traditional British mushy peas recipe for soaking the peas. It is also used in Asian and Latin American cuisine to tenderize meats. Baking soda may react with acids in food, including vitamin C ( L - ascorbic acid ). It is also used in breading such as for fried foods to enhance crispness and allow passages for steam to escape, so the breading is not blown off during cooking. Baking powder ( edit ) Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30 % of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium. Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate or cream of tartar. Baking soda is alkaline ; the acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate. Pest Control ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be used to kill cockroaches. Once consumed, it causes internal organs of cockroaches to burst due to gas collection. Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective way of controlling fungal growth, and in the United States is registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as a biopesticide. Alkalinity / pH increase ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be administered to pools, spas, and garden ponds to raise the total alkalinity. This will also raise the pH level and make maintaining proper pH easier. In the event that the pH is low and the alkalinity is adequate or high, sodium bicarbonate should not be used to adjust the pH. Pyrotechnics ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common `` black snake '' firework. The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake - like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose. Mild disinfectant ( edit ) It has weak disinfectant properties, and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms. Because baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used - book sellers when making books less malodorous. Fire extinguisher ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers ; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter. Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple - K, that was used in large - scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam. Neutralization of acids and bases ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases. It reacts violently with acids, releasing CO gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories. Medical uses and Health ( edit ) See also : Intravenous sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn. Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide : NaHCO + HCl → NaCl + H O + CO ( g ) Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is an aqueous solution that is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood. In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid / bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH. It is for this reason that sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly ( < 7.1 -- 7.0 ) low. HCO is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and the basic environment diminishes aspirin absorption in the case of an overdose. Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings ( as well as accompanying swelling ). Sodium bicarbonate has been found to have no effect on the blood pressure of several types of rat models susceptible to salt - sensitive hypertension, in contrast with sodium chloride. This was ascribed to the high concentration of chloride, rather than the sodium content in dietary salts. Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat an allergic reaction to plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac to relieve some of the associated itching. Bicarbonate of soda can also be useful in removing splinters from the skin. Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use. Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful. It is also a component of Moffett 's solution, used in nasal surgery. It was discovered as early as the 1920s that bicarbonate caused increase in bone strength in patients who were losing calcium in their urine. In 1968 it was suggested that diets producing too much acid might put bones at risk. Experiments by Anthony Sebastian of the University of California, San Francisco starting in the late twentieth century found that the body was breaking down bones and muscles to release carbonates, phosphates and ammonia, which neutralize acid. Adding bicarbonate to the diet ( he used potassium bicarbonate ) reduced loss of calcium in post-menopausal women, amounting to the equivalent of `` an arm - and - a-leg's worth '' of bone if this continued for two decades. A wide variety of applications follows from its neutralization properties, including reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted soldier 's wounds. Antacid ( such as baking soda ) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests. Personal hygiene ( edit ) Toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate has in several studies been shown to have a better whitening and plaque removal effect than toothpastes without it. Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties. It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections. Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant. Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation. It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution. Veterinary uses ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen. In sports ( edit ) Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate have been shown to be useful as a supplement for athletes in speed - based events, such as middle - distance running, lasting from about one to seven minutes. However, overdose is a serious risk because sodium bicarbonate is slightly toxic ; and gastrointestinal irritation is of particular concern. Additionally, this practice causes a significant increase in dietary sodium. Cleaning agent ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting ; the process is particularly suitable for cleaning aluminium panels which can be distorted by other types of abrasives. A paste made from baking soda with minimal water is recommended by a manufacturer as a gentle scouring powder, and is useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water - soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution ; cold water should be used, as hot water solutions can corrode steel. Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin unreactive protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this otherwise very reactive metal. A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil. Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water - softener and to remove odors from clothes. Sodium bicarbonate is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water. Also, baking soda can be used as a multi purpose odor remover. During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. It was found that uranium oxides stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2 % solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium ( DU ), which is very dense, and hence used for counterweights in a civilian context, and in armour - piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering ; washing with about 6 ounces ( 170 g ) of baking soda in 2 gallons ( 7.5 l ) of water will help to wash it out. Chemistry ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are very mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion : HCO − 3 + H O → H 2CO 3 + OH Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a `` crude '' liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water : NaHCO + HCl → NaCl + H CO H CO → H O + CO ( g ) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid ( found in vinegar ), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide : NaHCO + CH COOH → CH COONa + H O + CO ( g ) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates : NaHCO + NaOH → Na CO + H O Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the formation of CO 2. This reaction is used to test for the presence of carboxylic groups in protein. Thermal decomposition ( edit ) Above 50 ° C, sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide. The conversion is fast at 200 ° C : 2 NaHCO → Na CO + H O + CO Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide ( above 850 ° C ) : Na CO → Na O + CO These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO as a fire - suppression agent ( `` BC powder '' ) in some dry powder fire extinguishers. History ( edit ) In 1791 French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. In 1846 two New York bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide. Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling. Production ( edit ) Main article : Solvay process NaHCO is mainly prepared by the Solvay process, which is the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in water. Calcium carbonate is used as the source of CO and the resultant calcium oxide is used to recover the ammonia from the ammonium chloride. The product shows a low purity ( 75 % ). Pure product is obtained from sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide as reported in one of the following reactions. It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes / year ( as of 2001 ). NaHCO may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The initial reaction produces sodium carbonate : CO + 2 NaOH → Na CO + H O Further addition of carbon dioxide produces sodium bicarbonate, which at sufficiently high concentration will precipitate out of solution : Na CO + CO + H O → 2 NaHCO Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method : soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid from this method : Na CO + CO + H O → 2 NaHCO Mining ( edit ) Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite ( NaHCO ) are found in the Eocene - age ( 55.8 -- 33.9 Mya ) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin. It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining. A very small portion is also obtained using in situ leach techniques involving dissolution of the nahcolite by heated water pumped through the nahcolite beds that have previously been mined using the aforementioned techniques. It is then reconstituted through a natural cooling crystallization process. Currently only Tronox ( formerly FMC ) in the Green River Wyoming basin has successfully commercially solution mined the product. In popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate, as `` bicarbonate of soda '', was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide : `` Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water. '' In A Night at the Opera, Groucho 's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor : `` Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well - known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time. 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Treatment and Causes. Eye lid inflammation Patient ''. Patient. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Acidosis Health Warning for Livestock Farmers ''. Retrieved 5 May 2012. Jump up ^ Bee, Peta ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ). `` Is bicarbonate of soda a performance enhancing drug ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Ergogenic Aids. U. Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 11. Jump up ^ Baking soda overdose -- All Information Archived 2009 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine... Umm.edu ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ). Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 24. Jump up ^ Housecroft, Catherine E. ; Sharpe, Alan G. ( 2008 ). `` Chapter 22 : d - block metal chemistry : the first row elements ''. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 716. ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 175553 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Science Lab.com ''. MSDS - Sodium carbonate. sciencelab.com. ^ Jump up to : Art, Philadelphia Museum of. `` Finishing Techniques in Metalwork ''. Jump up ^ `` Put a Shine on It ''. scifun.chem.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06. Jump up ^ Raymond, Jessica ( June 10, 2016 ). `` Kitchen Odor Eliminating Candles, Products, and Tricks ''. cravedujour.com. Jump up ^ Orcutt, JA. `` Depleted Uranium and Health : Facts and Helpful Suggestions ''. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. McGraw - Hill. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Decomposition of Carbonates ''. General Chemistry Online. Jump up ^ `` Company History ''. Church & Dwight Co. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Jump up ^ Kipling, Rudyard. Captains Courageous. p. 25. Jump up ^ Holleman, A.F. ; Wiberg, E. `` Inorganic Chemistry '' Academic Press : San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5. Jump up ^ `` Duck Soup ( 1933 ) ''. IMDb. Retrieved 4 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` A Night at the Opera ( 1935 ) ''. IMDb. Retrieved 4 August 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodium bicarbonate. Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Baking soda International Chemical Safety Card 1044 Sodium compounds NaAlO NaBH NaBH ( CN ) NaBO NaBiO NaBr NaBrO NaBrO NaCH COO NaC H CO NaC H ( OH ) CO NaCN NaCl NaClO NaClO NaClO NaClO NaF Na FeO NaH NaHCO NaH PO NaHSO NaHSO NaI NaIO NaIO Na IO NaMnO NaN NaNH NaNO NaNO NaOCN NaO NaO NaOH NaPO H NaReO NaSCN NaSH NaTcO NaVO Na CO Na C O Na CrO Na Cr O Na GeO Na MnO Na MnO Na MoO Na MoS Na N O Na O Na O Na O ( UO ) Na PO F Na S Na SO Na SO Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na Se Na SeO Na SeO Na SiO Na Si O Na SiO Na Te Na TeO Na TeO Na Po Na Ti O Na U O NaWO Na Zn ( OH ) Na N Na P Na PO Na VO Na Fe ( CN ) Na P O Na P O Chemical formulas Hydrogen compounds H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) Drugs for acid related disorders : Antacids ( A02A ) Magnesium ( increases motility ) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium silicate Aluminium ( decreases motility ) Aceglutamide aluminum Algeldrate Aluminium phosphate Aluminium acetoacetate Aloglutamol Aluminium glycinate Carbaldrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium silicate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and magnesium Almagate Almasilate Hydrotalcite Magaldrate LCCN : sh94006042 GND : 4404786 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_bicarbonate&oldid=820953751 '' Categories : Acid salts Antacids Bases ( chemistry ) Bicarbonates Chemical substances for emergency medicine Fire suppression agents Household chemicals Leavening agents Sodium compounds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018, at 15 : 52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sodium bicarbonate", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sodium_bicarbonate&amp;oldid=820953751" }

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{ "text": "At sixes and sevens - wikipedia At sixes and sevens Jump to : navigation, search For the album by Sirenia, see At Sixes and Sevens. `` At sixes and sevens '' is an English idiom used to describe a condition of confusion or disarray. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early history 2 Similar phrases 3 References 4 External links Origin and early history ( edit ) An ancient dispute between the Merchant Taylors and Skinners livery companies is the probable origin of the phrase. The two trade associations, both founded in the same year ( 1327 ), argued over sixth place in the order of precedence. In 1484, after more than a century and a half of bickering, the Lord Mayor of London Sir Robert Billesden ruled that at the feast of Corpus Christi, the companies would swap between sixth and seventh place and feast in each other 's halls. Nowadays, they alternate in precedence on an annual basis. A similar phrase, `` to set the world on six and seven '', is used by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Troilus and Criseyde. It dates from the mid-1380s and seems from its context to mean `` to hazard the world '' or `` to risk one 's life ''. William Shakespeare uses a similar phrase in Richard II, `` But time will not permit : all is uneven, And every thing is left at six and seven ''. The phrase is also used in Gilbert & Sullivan 's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ), where Captain Corcoran, the ship 's Commander, is confused as to what choices to make in his life, and exclaims in the opening song of Act II, `` Fair moon, to thee I sing, bright regent of the heavens, say, why is everything either at sixes or at sevens? '' The phrase took on additional meaning during the early 1960s, when debate over Britain 's position in Europe under Harold Macmillan centred on membership of the EEC ' Six ' or the EFTA ' Seven ' smaller independent states. The phrase appears in a few songs, including `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' from the musical Evita, `` Raoul and the Kings of Spain '' from Tears for Fears, and `` Playing With Fire '' by Stereo MCs. The eleventh studio album from Strange Music front man Tech N9ne was entitled `` All 6 's and 7 's ''. The song `` Sixes and Sevens '' was cowritten and sung by Robert Plant. It also appears in the Rolling Stones ' song `` Tumbling Dice ''. The phrase is also used in the 1978 movie The Wiz, when Miss One gives Dorothy the silver slippers and comments, `` Oh, do n't be all sixes and sevens, honey '' to Dorothy as Dorothy is in a state of confusion after killing the Wicked Witch of the East. It is also found in the 1993 film The Remains of the Day. It is also mentioned in the 2002 film Goldmember by Mike Myers ' character Austin Powers to his dad, who at the time were speaking `` English English '' : `` oh, the one who was all sixes and sevens? '' During the second episode of season five of the HBO series Six Feet Under, George uses the phrase to describe his wife 's attitude towards him. We also come across the phrase in Sabina 's opening monologue from Thornton Wilder 's 1942 Pulitzer Prize winning play The Skin of Our Teeth : `` The whole world 's at sixes and sevens, and why the house has n't fallen down about our ears long ago is a miracle to me. '' Similar phrases ( edit ) The phrase bears comparison with the Chinese phrase luan qi ba zao ( 亂七八糟, literally `` chaos seven eight rotten '' ), which means messy ( which could refer to a messy situation -- implying problems, which in turn could possibly include hazard, but hazard is not a necessary element to the Chinese phrase. The phrase could also be literally used to mean a physical mess ) but instead uses the numbers seven and eight. Also, it can be compared with the Chilean phrase al tres y al cuatro, with a similar meaning, but using the numbers three and four. In Arabic, the phrase يضرب أخماساً لأسداس ( He shows fifths for sixths ) is said of a devious person who says one thing but means another, ( تاج العروس ), which would naturally lead to a state of confusion and of being `` at sixes and sevens ''. A similar expression is used also in Persian where they say شش پنج ( `` He says five but he means six '' ). In the related Maltese language, the phrase sitta u sitta, tnax ( six and six make twelve ) exists, which is an ironic phrase used to describe someone who is aloof and has no idea what is going on. In Russian, the phrase `` семь, восемь '' ( literally, `` seven ( or ) eight '' ) means that something is n't done very well or precisely, so it measures `` either seven or eight ''. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Wide Words : At sixes and sevens ''. ^ Jump up to : `` The Livery Companies ''. theskinnerscompany.org.uk. 4 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Troilus and Criseyde - Book 4, Lines 621 - 623 ''. 12 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Google Translate ''. External links ( edit ) Theories as to the origin of the phrase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_sixes_and_sevens&oldid=794020560 '' Categories : British English idioms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017, at 09 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "At sixes and sevens", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=At_sixes_and_sevens&amp;oldid=794020560" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "3157194032707552632" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "North African Campaign - wikipedia North African Campaign For the campaign during the First World War, see Military operations in North Africa during World War I. North African Campaign Part of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II A British Crusader tank passes a burning German Pz. Kpfw. IV tank during Operation Crusader, 27 November 1941. Date 10 June 1940 -- 13 May 1943 ( 2 years, 11 months and 3 days ) Location Italian Libya Kingdom of Egypt French Algeria / Tunisia / Morocco Result Allied victory Fall of Italian Libya Surrender of all Axis forces in North Africa Eventual Allied invasion of Sicily Territorial changes Former Italian Libya placed under British military administration Belligerents Allies British Commonwealth United Kingdom India Southern Rhodesia Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Free France Algeria Tunisia Morocco Poland Czechoslovak Legions Greece Axis Italy Libya Germany Vichy France Algeria Tunisia Morocco Commanders and leaders Harold Alexander Claude Auchinleck Archibald Wavell Bernard Montgomery Dwight D. Eisenhower George S. Patton François Darlan † Władysław Anders Italo Balbo † Rodolfo Graziani Italo Gariboldi Ugo Cavallero Ettore Bastico Pietro Badoglio Giovanni Messe Erwin Rommel Hans - J. von Arnim Adolf Hitler François Darlan † Casualties and losses British Commonwealth Estimated 220,000 dead, wounded, missing and captured, including 35,478 confirmed dead. Free French 16,000 killed, wounded and missing. United States 2,715 killed ; 8,978 wounded ; 6,528 missing. Principal material losses 1,400 aircraft destroyed ; 2,000 tanks destroyed. Italy 22,341 dead or missing ; 250,000 -- 350,000 captured. Germany 18,594 dead ; 3,400 missing ; 130,000 captured. Vichy France 1,346 dead ; 1,997 wounded. Principal material losses 8,000 aircraft destroyed ; 6,200 guns, 2,550 tanks and 70,000 trucks destroyed or captured. 2,400,000 gross tons of supplies Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre Adriatic North Africa East Africa Mediterranean Sea Gibraltar Malta Bahrain Balkans Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Palestine Iran Sicily Italian mainland Dodecanese Corsica Dragoon North African Campaign Western Desert Campaign Invasion of Egypt Compass Fort Capuzzo Nibeiwa Sidi Barrani Bardia Mechili Beda Fomm Kufra Giarabub Sonnenblume Tobruk Bardia raid Twin Pimples Skorpion Brevity Battleaxe Crusader Flipper 1st Bir el Gubi Point 175 2nd Bir el Gubi Gazala Bir Hakeim Mersa Matruh 1st Alamein Alam Halfa Agreement Caravan Camouflage Bertram Braganza 2nd Alamein Outpost Snipe El Agheila Torch Casablanca Reservist Terminal Port Lyautey Tunisia Run for Tunis Sidi Bou Zid Kasserine Pass Ochsenkopf Medenine Mareth Line El Guettar Wadi Akarit Longstop Hill Hill 609 Vulcan Flax Retribution Strike The North African Campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts ( Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War ) and in Morocco and Algeria ( Operation Torch ), as well as Tunisia ( Tunisia Campaign ). The campaign was fought between the Allies, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century, and the Axis Powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German - occupied Europe. The United States officially entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942. Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940. On 14 June, the British Army 's 11th Hussars ( assisted by elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment, 1st RTR ) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. This was followed by an Italian counter-offensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September 1940 and again in December 1940 following a British Commonwealth counteroffensive, Operation Compass. During Operation Compass, the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps -- commanded by Erwin Rommel, who later became known as `` The Desert Fox '' -- was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 during Operation Sonnenblume to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat. A fluctuating series of battles for control of Libya and regions of Egypt followed, reaching a climax in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 when British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery inflicted a decisive defeat on Rommel 's Afrika Korps and forced its remnants into Tunisia. After the Anglo - American landings ( Operation Torch ) in North - West Africa in November 1942, and subsequent battles against Vichy France forces ( who then changed sides ), the Allies encircled several thousand German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia and finally forced their surrender in May 1943. Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale. In addition, as Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had long been pleading for a second front to be opened to engage the Wehrmacht and relieve pressure on the Red Army, it provided some degree of relief for the Red Army on the Eastern Front by diverting Axis forces to the North African theatre. Information gleaned via British Ultra code - breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian Campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany 's main European ally. Contents ( hide ) 1 Western Desert Campaign 2 Operation Torch 3 Tunisian Campaign 4 Intelligence 4.1 Axis 4.2 Allies 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Citations 8 References 9 External links Western Desert Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Western Desert Campaign The Italian Empire in November 1942. On 10 May 1940, the Wehrmacht had started the Battle of France ( or Westfeldzug ). One month later, it was plain to see that France would have to surrender within two weeks ( the Armistice at Compiègne took place on 22 June 1940 ). On 10 June 1940, the Kingdom of Italy aligned itself with Nazi Germany and declared war upon France and the United Kingdom. British forces ( along with Indian and Rhodesian troop said under the empire ) based in Egypt were ordered to undertake defensive measures, but to act as non-provocatively as possible. However, on 11 June they began a series of raids against Italian positions in Libya. Following the defeat of France on 25 June, Italian forces in Tripolitania -- facing French troops based in Tunisia -- redeployed to Cyrenaica to reinforce the Italian Tenth Army. This, coupled with the steadily degrading equipment of the British forces led General Archibald Wavell to order an end to raiding and placed the defence of the Egyptian border on a small screening force. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini ordered the Tenth Army to invade Egypt by 8 August. Two days later, no invasion having been launched, Mussolini ordered Marshal Graziani that, the moment German forces launched Operation Sea Lion, he was to attack. On 8 September, the Italians -- hampered by the lack of transport and enfeebled by the low level of training among officers and weakened by the state of its supporting arms -- were ordered to invade Egypt the following day. The battle plan was to advance along the coastal road, while limited armoured forces operated on the desert flank. To counter the Italian advance, Wavell ordered his screening forces to harass the advancing Italians, falling back towards Mersa Matruh, where the main British infantry force was based. Positioned on the desert flank was the 7th Armoured Division, which would strike the flank of the Italian force. By 16 September, the Italian force had advanced to Maktila, around 80 mi ( 130 km ) west of Mersa Matruh, where they halted due to supply problems. Despite Mussolini urging that the advance carry on, Graziani ordered his force to dig in around Sidi Barrani, and fortified camps were established in forward locations ; additional troops were also positioned behind the main force. In response to the dispersed Italian camps, the British planned a limited five - day attack, Operation Compass, to strike at these fortified camps one by one. The British Commonwealth force, totalling 36,000 men, attacked the forward elements of the 10 - division - strong Italian army on 9 December. Following their initial success, the forces of Operation Compass pursued the retreating Italian forces. In January, the small port at Bardia was taken, soon followed by the seizure of the fortified port of Tobruk. Some 40,000 Italians were captured in and around the two ports, with the remainder of the Tenth Army retreating along the coast road back to El Agheila. Richard O'Connor sent the 7th Armoured Division across the desert, with a small reconnaissance group reaching Beda Fomm some ninety minutes before the Italians, cutting off their retreat. Although desperate attempts were made to overcome the British force at the Battle of Beda Fomm, the Italians were unable to break through, and the remnants of the retreating army surrendered. Thus, over the course of 10 weeks Allied forces had destroyed the Italian Tenth Army and reached El Agheila, taking 130,000 prisoners of war in the process. A British Matilda Mk II during Operation Compass displaying a captured Italian flag, 24 January 1941 Mussolini requested help from his German ally while the Italian Commando Supremo speedily sent several large motorized and armoured forces to protect their colonies in North Africa. This greatly expanded reinforcement included the soon to be renowned Ariete Armoured division under General Ettore Baldassarre. Meanwhile, the Germans hastily assembled a motorized force, whose lead elements arrived in Tripoli in February. This relatively small expeditionary force, termed the Afrika Korps by Hitler, was placed under the command of Erwin Rommel. His orders were to reinforce the Italians and block Allied attempts to drive them out of the region. However, the initial commitment of only one panzer division and subsequently, no more than two panzer and one motorized divisions, indicated the limited extent of German involvement and commitment in this theater of operations. The bulk of the reinforcements were Italian and therefore it was up to the Italians to do the bulk of the fighting. The forward Allied force -- now named XIII Corps -- adopted a defensive posture and over the coming months was built up, before having most of its veteran forces redeployed to Greece. In addition, the 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to the Nile delta. The veteran forces were replaced by inexperienced forces, ill - equipped to face German armour. Italian generals Ugo Cavallero and Ettore Bastico discussing the war at an Italian air base in Libya 1942 British Crusader tanks moving to forward positions during Operation Crusader, 26 November 1941 Although Rommel had been ordered to simply hold the line, an armoured reconnaissance soon became a full - fledged offensive from El Agheila in March 1941. In March -- April, the Allied forces were forced back and leading general officers captured. The Australian 9th Infantry Division fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk, and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi ( 160 km ) east to the Libyan -- Egyptian border. With Tobruk under siege from the main Italian - German force, a small battlegroup continued to press eastwards. Capturing Fort Capuzzo and Bardia in passing, it then advanced into Egypt, and by the end of April had taken Sollum and the tactically important Halfaya Pass. Rommel garrisoned these positions, reinforcing the battle - group and ordering it onto the defensive. Though isolated by land, Tobruk 's garrison continued to receive supplies and replacements, delivered by the Royal Navy at night. Rommel 's forces did not have the strength or training to take the fortress. This created a supply problem for his forward units. His front - line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back to Tripoli and had to bypass the coast road at Tobruk. Further, he was constantly threatened by a breakout of the British forces at Tobruk. Without Tobruk in Axis hands, further advances into Egypt were impractical. The Allies soon launched a small - scale counter-attack called Operation Brevity. This was an attempt to push the Axis forces off the key passes at the border, which gained some initial success, but the advanced position could not be held. Brevity was then followed up by a much larger - scale offensive, Operation Battleaxe. Intended to relieve the siege at Tobruk, this operation also failed. Following the failure of Operation Battleaxe, Archibald Wavell was relieved of command and replaced by Claude Auchinleck. The Western Desert Force was reinforced with a second corps, XXX Corps, with the two corps forming the Eighth Army. Eighth Army was made up of army forces from the Commonwealth nations, including the British Army, the Australian Army, the British Indian Army, the New Zealand Army, the South African Army, and the Sudan Defence Force. There was also a brigade of Free French under Marie - Pierre Koenig. The new formation launched a new offensive, Operation Crusader, in November 1941. After a see - saw battle, the 70th Division garrisoning Tobruk was relieved and the Axis forces were forced to fall back. By January 1942, the front line was again at El Agheila. German prisoners captured during the Second Battle of El Alamein, November 1942 After receiving supplies and reinforcements from Tripoli, the Axis attacked again, defeating the Allies at Gazala in June and capturing Tobruk. The Axis forces drove the Eighth Army back over the Egyptian border, but their advance was stopped in July only 90 mi ( 140 km ) from Alexandria in the First Battle of El Alamein. Of great significance, on 29 June US reports from Egypt of British military operations stopped using the compromised `` Black Code '' which the Axis were reading, so learning of British `` strengths, positions, losses, reinforcements, supply, situation, plans, morale etc ''. General Auchinleck, although he had checked Rommel 's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, was replaced by General Harold Alexander. Lieutenant - General William Gott was promoted from XIII Corps commander to take command of the entire Eighth Army, but he was killed when his aircraft was intercepted and shot down over Egypt. He was replaced by Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery. At the end of June, the Axis forces made a second attempt to break through the Allied defences at El Alamein at Alam Halfa, but were unsuccessful. After a lengthy period of build - up and training, the Eighth Army launched a major offensive, decisively defeating the Italian - German army during the Second Battle of El Alamein in late October 1942, driving the Axis forces westward and capturing Tripoli in mid-January 1943. By February, the Eighth Army was facing the Italian - German Panzer Army near the Mareth Line and came under command of General Harold Alexander 's 18th Army Group for the concluding phase of the war in North Africa, the Tunisia Campaign. Operation Torch ( edit ) American troops on board a Landing Craft Assault heading into Oran, November 1942 Main article : Operation Torch Operation Torch started on 8 November 1942, and finished on 11 November. In an attempt to pincer German and Italian forces, Allied forces ( American and British Commonwealth ), landed in Vichy - held French North Africa under the assumption that there would be little to no resistance. Nevertheless, Vichy French forces put up a strong and bloody resistance to the Allies in Oran and Morocco, but not in Algiers, where a coup d'état by the French resistance on 8 November succeeded in neutralizing the French XIX Corps before the landing and arresting the Vichy commanders. Consequently, the landings met no practical opposition in Algiers, and the city was captured on the first day along with the entire Vichy African command. After three days of talks and threats, Generals Mark Clark and Dwight Eisenhower compelled the Vichy Admiral François Darlan ( and General Alphonse Juin ) to order the cessation of armed resistance in Oran and Morocco by French forces on 10 -- 11 November with the provision that Darlan would be head of a Free French administration. During Operation Torch, American, Vichy French and German navy vessels fought the Naval Battle of Casablanca, ending in an American victory. The Allied landings prompted the Axis occupation of Vichy France ( Case Anton ). In addition, the French fleet was captured at Toulon by the Italians, something which did them little good as the main portion of the fleet had been scuttled to prevent their use by the Axis. The Vichy army in North Africa joined the Allies ( see Free French Forces ). Tunisian Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Tunisia Campaign Following the Operation Torch landings, ( from early November 1942 ), the Germans and Italians initiated a buildup of troops in Tunisia to fill the vacuum left by Vichy troops which had withdrawn. During this period of weakness, the Allies decided against a rapid advance into Tunisia while they wrestled with the Vichy authorities. Many of the Allied soldiers were tied up in garrison duties because of the uncertain status and intentions of the Vichy forces. Tiger 712 of the 501st heavy tank battalion was surrendered to the US and subsequently transferred to the United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum By mid-November, the Allies were able to advance into Tunisia but only in single division strength. By early December, the Eastern Task Force -- which had been redesignated as the British First Army under Lieutenant - General Kenneth Anderson -- was composed of the British 78th Infantry Division, British 6th Armoured Division, 1st Parachute Brigade, No. 6 Commando and elements of US 1st Armored Division. But by this time, one German and five Italian divisions had been shipped from Europe and the remoteness of Allied airfields from the front line gave the Axis clear air superiority over the battlefield. The Allies were halted and pushed back having advanced eastwards to within 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) of Tunis. During the winter, there followed a period of stalemate during which time both sides continued to build up their forces. By the new year, the British First Army had one British, one US and one French Corps ( a second British Corps headquarters was activated in April ). In the second half of February, in eastern Tunisia, Rommel and von Arnim had some successes against the mainly inexperienced French and US troops, most notably in routing the US II Corps commanded by Major General Lloyd Fredendall at the Battle of Kasserine Pass. By the beginning of March, the British Eighth Army -- advancing westward along the North African coast -- had reached the Tunisian border. Rommel and von Arnim found themselves in an Allied `` two army '' pincer. They were outflanked, outmanned and outgunned. The British Eighth Army bypassed the Axis defence on the Mareth Line in late March and First Army in central Tunisia launched their main offensive in mid-April to squeeze the Axis forces until their resistance in Africa collapsed. The Axis forces surrendered on 13 May 1943 yielding over 275,000 prisoners of war. The last Axis force to surrender in North Africa was the 1st Italian Army. This huge loss of experienced troops greatly reduced the military capacity of the Axis powers, although the largest percentage of Axis troops escaped Tunisia. This defeat in Africa led to all Italian colonies in Africa being captured. Intelligence ( edit ) Axis ( edit ) A German Signals reception unit in the desert The Axis had considerable success in intelligence gathering through radio communication intercepts and monitoring unit radio traffic. The most important success came through intercepting the reports of Colonel Bonner Fellers, the US military attaché in Egypt. He had been tasked by General George Marshall with providing detailed reports on the military situation in Africa. Fellers talked with British military and civilian headquarters personnel, read documents and visited the battlefront. Known to the Germans as `` die gute Quelle '' ( the good source ) or more jokingly as ' the little fellow ', he transmitted his reports back to Washington using the `` Black Code '' of the US State Department. However, in September 1941, the Italians had stolen a code book containing the Black Code, photographed it and returned it to the US embassy in Rome. The Italians shared parts of their intercepts with their German allies. In addition the `` Chiffrierabteilung '' ( German military cipher branch ) were soon able to break the code. Fellers ' reports were very detailed and played a significant role in informing the Germans of allied strength and intentions between January and June 1942. An Italian M13 / 40 tank belonging to the Ariete Armoured Division In addition, the Italian Servizio Informazioni Segrete or SIS code - breakers were able to successfully intercept much radio encrypted signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) from British aircraft traffic as well as first - class ciphers from British vessels and land bases, providing Supermarina ( Regia Marina ) with timely warnings of Allied intentions in the Mediterranean. Indeed, so successful was the Italian SIS in handling the bulk of Axis naval intelligence in the Mediterranean, that `` Britain 's offensive use of SIGINT was largely negated by Italy 's defensive SIGINT. '' The Afrika Korps had the intelligence services of the 621st Signals Battalion mobile monitoring element which arrived in North Africa in late April 1941, commanded by Hauptmann Alfred Seeböhm. The 621st Signals Battalion monitored radio communications among British units. Unfortunately for the Allies, the British not only failed to change their codes with any frequency, they were also prone to poor radio discipline in combat. Their officers made frequent open, uncoded transmissions to their commands, allowing the Germans to more easily identify British units and deployments. The situation changed after a counterattack during the Battle of Gazala resulted in the 621st Signals Battalion being overrun and destroyed, and a number of their documents captured, alerting British intelligence to the problem. The British responded by instituting an improved call signal procedure, introducing radiotelephonic codes, imposing rigid wireless silence on reserve formations, padding out real messages with dummy traffic, tightening up on their radio discipline in combat and creating an entire fake signals network in the southern sector. Allies ( edit ) Colossus Mark II computer at Bletchley Park Allied codebreakers read much enciphered German message traffic, especially that encrypted with the Enigma machine. The Allies ' Ultra programme was initially of limited value, as it took too long to get the information to the commanders in the field, and at times provided information that was less than helpful. In terms of anticipating the next move the Germans would make, reliance on Ultra sometimes backfired. Part of the reason the initial German attacks in March 1941 were so successful was that Ultra intercepts had informed Wavell that OKW had clearly directed Rommel not to take any offensive action, but to wait until he was further reinforced with the 15th Panzer Division in May. Rommel received this information, but placed more value on his own assessment of the situation. Trusting that the Germans had no intention of taking major action, the British command did not respond until it was too late. Furthermore, Rommel did not generally provide OKW or the Italian Comando Supremo details of his planned operations, for he thought the Italians too prone to leak the information. Thus on 21 January 1942, when Rommel struck out on his second offensive from El Agheila, Commando Supremo was just as surprised to learn of it as the British were. Ultra intercepts provided the British with such information as the name of the new German commander, his time of arrival, and the numbers and condition of the Axis forces, but they might not correctly reveal Rommel 's intentions. The primary benefit of Ultra intercepts to the effort in North Africa was to aid in cutting the Axis supply line to Tunisia. Ultra intercepts provided valuable information about the times and routes of Axis supply shipments across the Mediterranean. This was critical in providing the British with the opportunity to intercept and destroy them. During the time when Malta was under heavy air attack, the ability to act on this information was limited, but as Allied air and naval strength improved, the information became instrumental to Allied success. It is estimated that 40 % to 60 % of Axis supply shipping was located and destroyed due to decrypted information. However, this claim is strongly disputed by the authors Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi ( 2013 ) who claim that authors like F.H. Hinsley have greatly exaggerated the effects of ULTRA. For example, they claim that intelligence provided by ULTRA had little impact in stopping Italian convoys reaching North Africa. Of the 2.67 million tons of materiel, fuel, and munitions shipped to Africa -- nearly all in Italian vessels and under Italian escort -- 2.24 million tons managed to arrive despite the best efforts of ULTRA and the British Navy to prevent it. In effect, `` Ultra did not deny the Axis armies the supplies they needed to reach the Nile. '' Heavy losses of German paratroopers in Crete, made possible by Ultra warnings of the drop times and locations, meant that Hitler hesitated in attacking Malta, which aided the British in gaining control of the Mediterranean, as did the losses of the Italian Navy at the Battle of Cape Matapan. To conceal the fact that German coded messages were being read, a fact critical to the overall Allied war effort, British command required a flyover mission be carried out before a convoy could be attacked in order to give the appearance that a reconnaissance flight had discovered the target. Aftermath ( edit ) Wehrmacht fuel barrel in Tunisia, 2010 After victory by the Allies in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign to begin. The invasion of Sicily followed two months later. Nearly 400,000 Axis and Allied troops were either lost, injured, or died of disease by the end of the North African Campaign. See also ( edit ) World War II portal List of World War II Battles North African Campaign timeline Timeline of World War II in 1940 / 1941 / 1942 / 1943 Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 1942 -- 43. Jump up ^ 8 -- 11 November 1942. Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents. The pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state ( Case Anton ) ^ Jump up to : Darlan joined the Allies in November 1942, ordering the French Army of Africa to cease fire and unite with the Free French, and became High Civilian and Military Commissioner in French North Africa. He was assassinated on 24 December 1942. Jump up ^ Historian Giorgio Rochat wrote : Sono circa 400.000 i prigionieri fatti dagli inglesi in Etiopia e in Africa settentrionale, 125.000 presi dagli americani in Tunisia e in Sicilia, 40.000 lasciati ai francesi in Tunisia ( `` There were about 400,000 prisoners made by the British in North Africa and in Ethiopia, 125,000 taken by the Americans in Tunisia and Sicily, 40,000 by the French in Tunisia '' ) Considering that about 100,000 Italian prisoners were taken in East Africa and that prisoners taken by the Americans were mainly in Sicily, the total is around 340,000 -- 350,000. Jump up ^ During Operation Torch only ( 8 -- 16 November 1942 ). Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zabecki, North Africa Jump up ^ Carell, p. 597 Jump up ^ Cartier, Raymond. La Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vol4 : 1943 - Juin1944 ( The Second World War, vol4 : 1943 - June1944 ). Press Pocket. p. 40. Jump up ^ Playfair, Volume IV, p. 460. United States losses from 12 November 1942 Jump up ^ Atkinson, p. 536 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica ' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Roma 1957 Jump up ^ Colin F. Baxter. `` The War in North Africa, 1940 -- 1943 : A Selected Bibliography ''. 1996. Page 38. 500,000 prisoners are listed as being taken in North Africa, East Africa, and Sicily ; as 150,000 POWs were taken in the Allied invasion of Sicily, and about 100,000 in East Africa, this would leave ~ 250,000 to be taken in North Africa ; 130,000 during Operation Compass, and 120,000 afterwards. Jump up ^ Rochat, Giorgio. Le guerre italiane 1935 -- 1943. Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta ( The Italian Wars 1935 -- 1943. From the Ethiopian Empire until defeat ). Einaudi. p. 446. Jump up ^ Carell, p. 596 Jump up ^ Barclay, Mediterranean Operations Jump up ^ Porch, Douglas : `` The Path to Victory : The Mediterranean Theater in World War II '', 2004, p. 415. Jump up ^ `` Military Operations in North Africa ''. www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25. Jump up ^ Boundless ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ). `` The North African Front ''. Boundless. Jump up ^ Wilmott, H.P. p. Jump up ^ Playfair, p. 109 Jump up ^ Playfair, p. 41 Jump up ^ Churchill, p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Macksey, p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Macksey, p. 38 Jump up ^ Macksey, p. 35 Jump up ^ Macksey, p. 40 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 2004 ), pp. 209 -- 210 Jump up ^ Macksey, p. 47 Jump up ^ Macksey, p. 68 Jump up ^ Wavell `` No. 37628 ''. The London Gazette ( 1st supplement ). 25 June 1946. p. 3261. Jump up ^ Playfair pp. 260 -- 261, 264 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 2000 ), p. 95 Jump up ^ Playfair p. 267 Jump up ^ Mead, p. 331 Jump up ^ Playfair p 271 Jump up ^ Playfair, pp. 286 -- 287 Jump up ^ Dunn, Jimmy. `` World War II 's Opening Salvoes in North Africa ''. Tour Egypt. Jump up ^ Playfair, p. 358 Jump up ^ `` Fall of Bengasi ''. Time Magazine ( 17 February 1941 ). 17 February 1941. Retrieved 17 December 2007. Jump up ^ Wavell in `` No. 37628 ''. The London Gazette ( 1st supplement ). 25 June 1946. p. 3268. Jump up ^ Bauer, p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Walker, Ian W. ( 2003 ). Iron Hulls Iron Hearts. Trowbridge : The Crowood Press. p. 67. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86126 - 646 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Jentz, p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Rommel, p. 109 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 289 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 2 Jump up ^ Jentz, p. 85 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 19 -- 40 Jump up ^ Latimer, pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 160 Jump up ^ Jentz, pp. 128 -- 129, 131 Jump up ^ Latimer, pp. 48 -- 64 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 41 Jump up ^ Jentz, p. 128 Jump up ^ See Operation Torch # Resistance and coup Jump up ^ `` AFTA Tiger I Page ''. armorfortheages.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016. Jump up ^ Walker 2006, p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Wil Deac ( 12 June 2006 ). `` Intercepted Communications for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ''. World War II Magazine. Jump up ^ Lewin p. 251 Jump up ^ Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013, p. 119. ^ Jump up to : Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013, p. 135 Jump up ^ Forty 1998, pp. 97 and 148. ^ Jump up to : Lewin p. 252 Jump up ^ `` Intelligence in North Africa '' Quote : Protection of the top secret Ultra source meant that the distribution of Ultra was extremely slow and by the time it had reached the relevant commander it was often out of date and therefore at best useless and at worst dangerously mis - leading. Jump up ^ Verlauf März 1941. In : Der Feldzug in Afrika 1941 -- 1943 ( deutsches-afrikakorps.de ). Abgerufen am 24. November 2009. Quote : Schuld an dieser Einschätzung sind die Enigma Berichte, aus denen Wavell ersehen kann, dass Rommel lediglich den Auftrag hat, die Syrte - Front zu stabilisieren, und dass sein wichtigster Verband, die 15. Panzerdivision, noch nicht in Afrika eingetroffen ist. Translated : The responsibility for this assessment are the Enigma reports, which can be seen from Wavell that Rommel only has a mandate to stabilize the Sirte front, and that his most important unit, the 15th Panzer Division, has not yet arrived in Africa. Jump up ^ Lewin p. 33 Quote : On 30 March Wavell signalled, ' I do not believe he can make any big effort for another month. ' Jump up ^ Lewin pp. 99 -- 101 Quote from Rommel 's diary : I had maintained secrecy over the Panzer Group 's forthcoming attack eastwards from Mersa el Brega and informed neither the Italian nor the German High Command. We knew from experience that Italian Headquarters can not keep things to themselves and that everything they wireless to Rome gets round to British ears. However, I had arranged with the Quartermaster for the Panzer Group 's order to be posted in every Cantoniera in Tripolitinia on 21 January... Jump up ^ Kingsly, Sir Harry `` The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War '' Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Hinsley, Francis Harry ( 1993 ), British intelligence in the Second World War, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44304 - 3 Jump up ^ Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013. p. 118 Jump up ^ `` '' Intelligence in North Africa `` ''. topedge.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016. Jump up ^ Hinsley, F.H. ; Stripp, Alan, eds. ( 1993 ), Codebreakers : The inside story of Bletchley Park ( OU Press paperback ed. ), Oxford : Oxford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280132 - 6 p 3 References ( edit ) Atkinson, Rick ( 2004 ) ( 2002 ). An Army at Dawn : The War in North Africa, 1942 -- 1943. Abacus. ISBN 0 - 349 - 11636 - 9. Barclay, Brigadier C.N. `` Mediterranean Operations ''. GI -- World War II Commemoration. Archived from the original on 21 January 1997. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Bauer, Eddy ( 2000 ) ( 1984 ). The history of World War II ( Revised and updated ed. ). Great Britain : Silverdale. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85605 - 552 - 9. Carell, Paul ( 1960 ). Le volpi del deserto. 1941 -- 1943 : le armate italo - tedesche in Africa settentrionale ( The wolves of the desert. 1941 -- 1943 : the Italo - German armies in North Africa ). New York : Bantam. Forty, George ( 1998 ). The Armies of Rommel. London : Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85409 - 379 - 0. Jentz, Thomas L. ( 1998 ). Tank Combat In North Africa : The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 -- June 1941. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0226 - 4. Keegan, John ( 2001 ). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 280666 - 1. Lewin, Ronald ( 1998 ) ( 1968 ). Rommel As Military Commander. New York : B&N Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 0861 - 3. O'Hara, Vincent ; Cernushi, Enrico ( Summer 2013 ). `` The Other Ultra : Signal Intelligence and the Battle to Supply Rommel 's Attack toward Suez ''. Naval War College Review,. 66 ( 3 ) : 117 -- 138. Playfair, Major - General I.S.O. ; and Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. ; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. ( 2004 ) ( 1st. pub. HMSO 1966 ). Butler, J.R.M, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV : The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK : Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1 - 84574 - 068 - 8. Walker, Ian ( 2006 ). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts : Mussolini 's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury : Crowood. ISBN 1 - 86126 - 839 - 4. Willmott, H.P. ( 1984 ). June, 1944. Poole, Dorset : Blandford Press. ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1446 - 8. Zabecki, David T. ( 2007 ). `` North Africa ( 1940 -- 1943 ) ''. The War. PBS. Retrieved 8 September 2010. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North African campaign. The Jews of North Africa and the Holocaust an e-Newsletter for Holocaust educators by Yad Vashem BBC 's flash video of the North African Campaign Timeline of the North African Campaign General sites on the North African Campaign Spartacus Educational website : Desert War John, Paul ( 1997 ). `` World War II Study -- Case Study North Africa ''. Zabecki, David T. ( 2000 ). `` Battlefield North Africa : Rommel 's Rise And Fall ''. Military.com World War II. 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{ "text": "Newton 's law of universal gravitation - Wikipedia Newton 's law of universal gravitation Jump to : navigation, search Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( hide ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Newton 's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton 's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( `` the Principia '' ), first published on 5 July 1687. When Newton 's book was presented in 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him. In today 's language, the law states : Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The first test of Newton 's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton 's Principia and approximately 71 years after his death. Newton 's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb 's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. Both are inverse - square laws, where force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb 's law has the product of two charges in place of the product of the masses, and the electrostatic constant in place of the gravitational constant. Newton 's law has since been superseded by Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when there is a need for extreme precision, or when dealing with very strong gravitational fields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or at very close distances ( such as Mercury 's orbit around the Sun ). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Plagiarism dispute 1.3 Hooke 's work and claims 1.4 Newton 's work and claims 1.5 Newton 's acknowledgment 1.6 Modern priority controversy 2 Modern form 3 Bodies with spatial extent 4 Vector form 5 Gravitational field 6 Problematic aspects 6.1 Theoretical concerns with Newton 's expression 6.2 Observations conflicting with Newton 's formula 6.3 Newton 's reservations 6.4 Einstein 's solution 7 Extensions 8 Solutions of Newton 's law of universal gravitation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) A recent assessment ( by Ofer Gal ) about the early history of the inverse square law is `` by the late 1670s '', the assumption of an `` inverse proportion between gravity and the square of distance was rather common and had been advanced by a number of different people for different reasons ''. The same author does credit Hooke with a significant and even seminal contribution, but he treats Hooke 's claim of priority on the inverse square point as uninteresting since several individuals besides Newton and Hooke had at least suggested it, and he points instead to the idea of `` compounding the celestial motions '' and the conversion of Newton 's thinking away from `` centrifugal '' and towards `` centripetal '' force as Hooke 's significant contributions. Newton himself gave credit in his Principia to two persons : Bullialdus ( he wrote without proof that there was a force on the earth towards the sun ), and Borelli ( wrote that all planets were attracted towards the sun ). Whiteside wrote that the main influence was Borelli, because Newton had a copy of his book. Plagiarism dispute ( edit ) In 1686, when the first book of Newton 's Principia was presented to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke accused Newton of plagiarism by claiming that he had taken from him the `` notion '' of `` the rule of the decrease of Gravity, being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the Center ''. At the same time ( according to Edmond Halley 's contemporary report ) Hooke agreed that `` the Demonstration of the Curves generated thereby '' was wholly Newton 's. In this way, the question arose as to what, if anything, Newton owed to Hooke. This is a subject extensively discussed since that time and on which some points, outlined below, continue to excite controversy. Hooke 's work and claims ( edit ) Robert Hooke published his ideas about the `` System of the World '' in the 1660s, when he read to the Royal Society on March 21, 1666, a paper `` On gravity '', `` concerning the inflection of a direct motion into a curve by a supervening attractive principle '', and he published them again in somewhat developed form in 1674, as an addition to `` An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations ''. Hooke announced in 1674 that he planned to `` explain a System of the World differing in many particulars from any yet known '', based on three `` Suppositions '' : that `` all Celestial Bodies whatsoever, have an attraction or gravitating power towards their own Centers '' ( and ) `` they do also attract all the other Celestial Bodies that are within the sphere of their activity '' ; that `` all bodies whatsoever that are put into a direct and simple motion, will so continue to move forward in a straight line, till they are by some other effectual powers deflected and bent... '' ; and that `` these attractive powers are so much the more powerful in operating, by how much the nearer the body wrought upon is to their own Centers ''. Thus Hooke clearly postulated mutual attractions between the Sun and planets, in a way that increased with nearness to the attracting body, together with a principle of linear inertia. Hooke 's statements up to 1674 made no mention, however, that an inverse square law applies or might apply to these attractions. Hooke 's gravitation was also not yet universal, though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses. He also did not provide accompanying evidence or mathematical demonstration. On the latter two aspects, Hooke himself stated in 1674 : `` Now what these several degrees ( of attraction ) are I have not yet experimentally verified '' ; and as to his whole proposal : `` This I only hint at present '', `` having my self many other things in hand which I would first compleat, and therefore can not so well attend it '' ( i.e. `` prosecuting this Inquiry '' ). It was later on, in writing on 6 January 1679 80 to Newton, that Hooke communicated his `` supposition... that the Attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the Distance from the Center Reciprocall, and Consequently that the Velocity will be in a subduplicate proportion to the Attraction and Consequently as Kepler Supposes Reciprocall to the Distance. '' ( The inference about the velocity was incorrect. ) Hooke 's correspondence with Newton during 1679 -- 1680 not only mentioned this inverse square supposition for the decline of attraction with increasing distance, but also, in Hooke 's opening letter to Newton, of 24 November 1679, an approach of `` compounding the celestial motions of the planets of a direct motion by the tangent & an attractive motion towards the central body ''. Newton 's work and claims ( edit ) Newton, faced in May 1686 with Hooke 's claim on the inverse square law, denied that Hooke was to be credited as author of the idea. Among the reasons, Newton recalled that the idea had been discussed with Sir Christopher Wren previous to Hooke 's 1679 letter. Newton also pointed out and acknowledged prior work of others, including Bullialdus, ( who suggested, but without demonstration, that there was an attractive force from the Sun in the inverse square proportion to the distance ), and Borelli ( who suggested, also without demonstration, that there was a centrifugal tendency in counterbalance with a gravitational attraction towards the Sun so as to make the planets move in ellipses ). DT Whiteside has described the contribution to Newton 's thinking that came from Borelli 's book, a copy of which was in Newton 's library at his death. Newton further defended his work by saying that had he first heard of the inverse square proportion from Hooke, he would still have some rights to it in view of his demonstrations of its accuracy. Hooke, without evidence in favor of the supposition, could only guess that the inverse square law was approximately valid at great distances from the center. According to Newton, while the ' Principia ' was still at pre-publication stage, there were so many a-priori reasons to doubt the accuracy of the inverse - square law ( especially close to an attracting sphere ) that `` without my ( Newton 's ) Demonstrations, to which Mr Hooke is yet a stranger, it can not believed by a judicious Philosopher to be any where accurate. '' This remark refers among other things to Newton 's finding, supported by mathematical demonstration, that if the inverse square law applies to tiny particles, then even a large spherically symmetrical mass also attracts masses external to its surface, even close up, exactly as if all its own mass were concentrated at its center. Thus Newton gave a justification, otherwise lacking, for applying the inverse square law to large spherical planetary masses as if they were tiny particles. In addition, Newton had formulated in Propositions 43 - 45 of Book 1, and associated sections of Book 3, a sensitive test of the accuracy of the inverse square law, in which he showed that only where the law of force is accurately as the inverse square of the distance will the directions of orientation of the planets ' orbital ellipses stay constant as they are observed to do apart from small effects attributable to inter-planetary perturbations. In regard to evidence that still survives of the earlier history, manuscripts written by Newton in the 1660s show that Newton himself had, by 1669, arrived at proofs that in a circular case of planetary motion, `` endeavour to recede '' ( what was later called centrifugal force ) had an inverse - square relation with distance from the center. After his 1679 - 1680 correspondence with Hooke, Newton adopted the language of inward or centripetal force. According to Newton scholar J. Bruce Brackenridge, although much has been made of the change in language and difference of point of view, as between centrifugal or centripetal forces, the actual computations and proofs remained the same either way. They also involved the combination of tangential and radial displacements, which Newton was making in the 1660s. The lesson offered by Hooke to Newton here, although significant, was one of perspective and did not change the analysis. This background shows there was basis for Newton to deny deriving the inverse square law from Hooke. Newton 's acknowledgment ( edit ) On the other hand, Newton did accept and acknowledge, in all editions of the Principia, that Hooke ( but not exclusively Hooke ) had separately appreciated the inverse square law in the solar system. Newton acknowledged Wren, Hooke and Halley in this connection in the Scholium to Proposition 4 in Book 1. Newton also acknowledged to Halley that his correspondence with Hooke in 1679 - 80 had reawakened his dormant interest in astronomical matters, but that did not mean, according to Newton, that Hooke had told Newton anything new or original : `` yet am I not beholden to him for any light into that business but only for the diversion he gave me from my other studies to think on these things & for his dogmaticalness in writing as if he had found the motion in the Ellipsis, which inclined me to try it... '' Modern priority controversy ( edit ) Since the time of Newton and Hooke, scholarly discussion has also touched on the question of whether Hooke 's 1679 mention of ' compounding the motions ' provided Newton with something new and valuable, even though that was not a claim actually voiced by Hooke at the time. As described above, Newton 's manuscripts of the 1660s do show him actually combining tangential motion with the effects of radially directed force or endeavour, for example in his derivation of the inverse square relation for the circular case. They also show Newton clearly expressing the concept of linear inertia -- for which he was indebted to Descartes ' work, published in 1644 ( as Hooke probably was ). These matters do not appear to have been learned by Newton from Hooke. Nevertheless, a number of authors have had more to say about what Newton gained from Hooke and some aspects remain controversial. The fact that most of Hooke 's private papers had been destroyed or have disappeared does not help to establish the truth. Newton 's role in relation to the inverse square law was not as it has sometimes been represented. He did not claim to think it up as a bare idea. What Newton did was to show how the inverse - square law of attraction had many necessary mathematical connections with observable features of the motions of bodies in the solar system ; and that they were related in such a way that the observational evidence and the mathematical demonstrations, taken together, gave reason to believe that the inverse square law was not just approximately true but exactly true ( to the accuracy achievable in Newton 's time and for about two centuries afterwards -- and with some loose ends of points that could not yet be certainly examined, where the implications of the theory had not yet been adequately identified or calculated ). About thirty years after Newton 's death in 1727, Alexis Clairaut, a mathematical astronomer eminent in his own right in the field of gravitational studies, wrote after reviewing what Hooke published, that `` One must not think that this idea... of Hooke diminishes Newton 's glory '' ; and that `` the example of Hooke '' serves `` to show what a distance there is between a truth that is glimpsed and a truth that is demonstrated ''. Modern form ( edit ) In modern language, the law states the following : Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them : F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F = G ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ ) where : F is the force between the masses ; G is the gravitational constant ( 6.674 × 10 N ( m / kg ) ) ; m is the first mass ; m is the second mass ; r is the distance between the centers of the masses. Error plot showing experimental values for big G. Assuming SI units, F is measured in newtons ( N ), m and m in kilograms ( kg ), r in meters ( m ), and the constant G is approximately equal to 6989667400000000000 ♠ 6.674 × 10 N m kg. The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798, although Cavendish did not himself calculate a numerical value for G. This experiment was also the first test of Newton 's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton 's Principia and 71 years after Newton 's death, so none of Newton 's calculations could use the value of G ; instead he could only calculate a force relative to another force. Bodies with spatial extent ( edit ) Gravitational field strength within the Earth Gravity field near the surface of the Earth -- an object is shown accelerating toward the surface If the bodies in question have spatial extent ( as opposed to being point masses ), then the gravitational force between them is calculated by summing the contributions of the notional point masses which constitute the bodies. In the limit, as the component point masses become `` infinitely small '', this entails integrating the force ( in vector form, see below ) over the extents of the two bodies. In this way, it can be shown that an object with a spherically - symmetric distribution of mass exerts the same gravitational attraction on external bodies as if all the object 's mass were concentrated at a point at its centre. ( This is not generally true for non-spherically - symmetrical bodies. ) For points inside a spherically - symmetric distribution of matter, Newton 's Shell theorem can be used to find the gravitational force. The theorem tells us how different parts of the mass distribution affect the gravitational force measured at a point located a distance r from the center of the mass distribution : The portion of the mass that is located at radii r < r causes the same force at r as if all of the mass enclosed within a sphere of radius r was concentrated at the center of the mass distribution ( as noted above ). The portion of the mass that is located at radii r > r exerts no net gravitational force at the distance r from the center. That is, the individual gravitational forces exerted by the elements of the sphere out there, on the point at r, cancel each other out. As a consequence, for example, within a shell of uniform thickness and density there is no net gravitational acceleration anywhere within the hollow sphere. Furthermore, inside a uniform sphere the gravity increases linearly with the distance from the center ; the increase due to the additional mass is 1.5 times the decrease due to the larger distance from the center. Thus, if a spherically symmetric body has a uniform core and a uniform mantle with a density that is less than 2 / 3 of that of the core, then the gravity initially decreases outwardly beyond the boundary, and if the sphere is large enough, further outward the gravity increases again, and eventually it exceeds the gravity at the core / mantle boundary. The gravity of the Earth may be highest at the core / mantle boundary. Vector form ( edit ) Gravity field surrounding Earth from a macroscopic perspective. Newton 's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude. In this formula, quantities in bold represent vectors. F 21 = − G m 1 m 2 r 12 2 r ^ 12 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 21 ) = - G ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) \\ over ( \\ vert \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 12 ) \\ vert ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \\, \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 12 ) ) where F is the force applied on object 2 exerted by object 1, G is the gravitational constant, m and m are respectively the masses of objects 1 and 2, r = r − r is the distance between objects 1 and 2, and r ^ 12 = d e f r 2 − r 1 r 2 − r 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 12 ) \\ ( \\ stackrel ( \\ mathrm ( def ) ) ( = ) ) \\ ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 2 ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ vert \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 2 ) - \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 1 ) \\ vert ) ) ) is the unit vector from object 1 to 2. It can be seen that the vector form of the equation is the same as the scalar form given earlier, except that F is now a vector quantity, and the right hand side is multiplied by the appropriate unit vector. Also, it can be seen that F = − F. Gravitational field ( edit ) Main article : Gravitational field The gravitational field is a vector field that describes the gravitational force which would be applied on an object in any given point in space, per unit mass. It is actually equal to the gravitational acceleration at that point. It is a generalisation of the vector form, which becomes particularly useful if more than 2 objects are involved ( such as a rocket between the Earth and the Moon ). For 2 objects ( e.g. object 2 is a rocket, object 1 the Earth ), we simply write r instead of r and m instead of m and define the gravitational field g ( r ) as : g ( r ) = − G m 1 r 2 r ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = - G ( m_ ( 1 ) \\ over ( ( \\ vert \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ vert ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\, \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( r ) ) ) so that we can write : F ( r ) = m g ( r ). ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = m \\ mathbf ( g ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ). ) This formulation is dependent on the objects causing the field. The field has units of acceleration ; in SI, this is m / s. Gravitational fields are also conservative ; that is, the work done by gravity from one position to another is path - independent. This has the consequence that there exists a gravitational potential field V ( r ) such that g ( r ) = − ∇ V ( r ). ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = - \\ nabla V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ). ) If m is a point mass or the mass of a sphere with homogeneous mass distribution, the force field g ( r ) outside the sphere is isotropic, i.e., depends only on the distance r from the center of the sphere. In that case V ( r ) = − G m 1 r. ( \\ displaystyle V ( r ) = - G ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ( r ) ). ) the gravitational field is on, inside and outside of symmetric masses. As per Gauss Law, field in a symmetric body can be found by the mathematical equation : ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) g ( r ) ⋅ d A = − 4 π G M enc, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ( r ) ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( A ) = - 4 \\ pi GM_ ( \\ text ( enc ) ), ) where ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) is a closed surface and M enc ( \\ displaystyle M_ ( \\ text ( enc ) ) ) is the mass enclosed by the surface. Hence, for a hollow sphere of radius R ( \\ displaystyle R ) and total mass M ( \\ displaystyle M ), g ( r ) = ( 0, if r < R G M r 2, if r ≥ R ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ( r ) ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) 0, & ( \\ mbox ( if ) ) r < R \\ \\ \\ \\ ( \\ dfrac ( GM ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ), & ( \\ mbox ( if ) ) r \\ geq R \\ end ( cases ) ) ) For a uniform solid sphere of radius R ( \\ displaystyle R ) and total mass M ( \\ displaystyle M ), g ( r ) = ( G M r R 3, if r < R G M r 2, if r ≥ R ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ( r ) ) = ( \\ begin ( cases ) ( \\ dfrac ( GMr ) ( R ^ ( 3 ) ) ), & ( \\ mbox ( if ) ) r < R \\ \\ \\ \\ ( \\ dfrac ( GM ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ), & ( \\ mbox ( if ) ) r \\ geq R \\ end ( cases ) ) ) Problematic aspects ( edit ) Newton 's description of gravity is sufficiently accurate for many practical purposes and is therefore widely used. Deviations from it are small when the dimensionless quantities φ / c and ( v / c ) are both much less than one, where φ is the gravitational potential, v is the velocity of the objects being studied, and c is the speed of light. For example, Newtonian gravity provides an accurate description of the Earth / Sun system, since Φ c 2 = G M s u n r o r b i t c 2 ∼ 10 − 8, ( v E a r t h c ) 2 = ( 2 π r o r b i t ( 1 y r ) c ) 2 ∼ 10 − 8 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ Phi ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( GM_ ( \\ mathrm ( sun ) ) ) ( r_ ( \\ mathrm ( orbit ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ sim 10 ^ ( - 8 ), \\ quad \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v_ ( \\ mathrm ( Earth ) ) ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2 \\ pi r_ ( \\ mathrm ( orbit ) ) ) ( ( 1 \\ \\ mathrm ( yr ) ) c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ sim 10 ^ ( - 8 ) ) where r is the radius of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun. In situations where either dimensionless parameter is large, then general relativity must be used to describe the system. General relativity reduces to Newtonian gravity in the limit of small potential and low velocities, so Newton 's law of gravitation is often said to be the low - gravity limit of general relativity. Theoretical concerns with Newton 's expression ( edit ) There is no immediate prospect of identifying the mediator of gravity. Attempts by physicists to identify the relationship between the gravitational force and other known fundamental forces are not yet resolved, although considerable headway has been made over the last 50 years ( See : Theory of everything and Standard Model ). Newton himself felt that the concept of an inexplicable action at a distance was unsatisfactory ( see `` Newton 's reservations '' below ), but that there was nothing more that he could do at the time. Newton 's theory of gravitation requires that the gravitational force be transmitted instantaneously. Given the classical assumptions of the nature of space and time before the development of General Relativity, a significant propagation delay in gravity leads to unstable planetary and stellar orbits. Observations conflicting with Newton 's formula ( edit ) Newton 's Theory does not fully explain the precession of the perihelion of the orbits of the planets, especially of planet Mercury, which was detected long after the life of Newton. There is a 43 arcsecond per century discrepancy between the Newtonian calculation, which arises only from the gravitational attractions from the other planets, and the observed precession, made with advanced telescopes during the 19th century. The predicted angular deflection of light rays by gravity that is calculated by using Newton 's Theory is only one - half of the deflection that is actually observed by astronomers. Calculations using General Relativity are in much closer agreement with the astronomical observations. In spiral galaxies, the orbiting of stars around their centers seems to strongly disobey Newton 's law of universal gravitation. Astrophysicists, however, explain this spectacular phenomenon in the framework of Newton 's laws, with the presence of large amounts of dark matter. Newton 's reservations ( edit ) While Newton was able to formulate his law of gravity in his monumental work, he was deeply uncomfortable with the notion of `` action at a distance '' that his equations implied. In 1692, in his third letter to Bentley, he wrote : `` That one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one another, is to me so great an absurdity that, I believe, no man who has in philosophic matters a competent faculty of thinking could ever fall into it. '' He never, in his words, `` assigned the cause of this power ''. In all other cases, he used the phenomenon of motion to explain the origin of various forces acting on bodies, but in the case of gravity, he was unable to experimentally identify the motion that produces the force of gravity ( although he invented two mechanical hypotheses in 1675 and 1717 ). Moreover, he refused to even offer a hypothesis as to the cause of this force on grounds that to do so was contrary to sound science. He lamented that `` philosophers have hitherto attempted the search of nature in vain '' for the source of the gravitational force, as he was convinced `` by many reasons '' that there were `` causes hitherto unknown '' that were fundamental to all the `` phenomena of nature ''. These fundamental phenomena are still under investigation and, though hypotheses abound, the definitive answer has yet to be found. And in Newton 's 1713 General Scholium in the second edition of Principia : `` I have not yet been able to discover the cause of these properties of gravity from phenomena and I feign no hypotheses... It is enough that gravity does really exist and acts according to the laws I have explained, and that it abundantly serves to account for all the motions of celestial bodies. '' Einstein 's solution ( edit ) Part of a series on Spacetime Special relativity General relativity Spacetime concepts ( show ) Spacetime manifold Equivalence principle Lorentz transformations Minkowski space General relativity ( show ) Introduction to general relativity Mathematics of general relativity Einstein field equations Classical gravity ( show ) Introduction to gravitation Newton 's law of universal gravitation Relevant mathematics ( show ) Four - vector Derivations of relativity Spacetime diagrams Differential geometry Curved spacetime Mathematics of general relativity Spacetime topology These objections were explained by Einstein 's theory of general relativity, in which gravitation is an attribute of curved spacetime instead of being due to a force propagated between bodies. In Einstein 's theory, energy and momentum distort spacetime in their vicinity, and other particles move in trajectories determined by the geometry of spacetime. This allowed a description of the motions of light and mass that was consistent with all available observations. In general relativity, the gravitational force is a fictitious force due to the curvature of spacetime, because the gravitational acceleration of a body in free fall is due to its world line being a geodesic of spacetime. Extensions ( edit ) Newton was the first to consider in his Principia an extended expression of his law of gravity including an inverse - cube term of the form F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 + B m 1 m 2 r 3 ( \\ displaystyle F = G ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + B ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ ), B ( \\ displaystyle B ) a constant attempting to explain the Moon 's apsidal motion. Other extensions were proposed by Laplace ( around 1790 ) and Decombes ( 1913 ) : F ( r ) = k m 1 m 2 r 2 exp ⁡ ( − α r ) ( \\ displaystyle F ( r ) = k ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ exp ( - \\ alpha r ) ) ( Laplace ) F ( r ) = k m 1 m 2 r 2 ( 1 + α r 3 ) ( \\ displaystyle F ( r ) = k ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ left ( 1 + ( \\ alpha \\ over ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( Decombes ) In recent years, quests for non-inverse square terms in the law of gravity have been carried out by neutron interferometry. Solutions of Newton 's law of universal gravitation ( edit ) Main article : n - body problem The n - body problem is an ancient, classical problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally. Solving this problem -- from the time of the Greeks and on -- has been motivated by the desire to understand the motions of the Sun, planets and the visible stars. In the 20th century, understanding the dynamics of globular cluster star systems became an important n - body problem too. The n - body problem in general relativity is considerably more difficult to solve. The classical physical problem can be informally stated as : given the quasi-steady orbital properties ( instantaneous position, velocity and time ) of a group of celestial bodies, predict their interactive forces ; and consequently, predict their true orbital motions for all future times. The two - body problem has been completely solved, as has the restricted three - body problem. See also ( edit ) Book : Isaac Newton Physics portal Bentley 's paradox Gauss 's law for gravity Jordan and Einstein frames Kepler orbit Newton 's cannonball Newton 's laws of motion Static forces and virtual - particle exchange Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It was shown separately that large, spherically symmetrical masses attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Isaac Newton : `` In ( experimental ) philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena and afterwards rendered general by induction '' : `` Principia '', Book 3, General Scholium, at p. 392 in Volume 2 of Andrew Motte 's English translation published 1729. ^ Jump up to : - Proposition 75, Theorem 35 : p. 956 - I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman, translators : Isaac Newton, The Principia : Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Preceded by A Guide to Newton 's Principia, by I. Bernard Cohen. University of California Press 1999 ISBN 0 - 520 - 08816 - 6 ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4 ^ Jump up to : The Michell - Cavendish Experiment, Laurent Hodges ^ Jump up to : Bullialdus ( Ismael Bouillau ) ( 1645 ), `` Astronomia philolaica '', Paris, 1645. ^ Jump up to : Borelli, G.A., `` Theoricae Mediceorum Planetarum ex causis physicis deductae '', Florence, 1666. ^ Jump up to : DT Whiteside, `` Before the Principia : the maturing of Newton 's thoughts on dynamical astronomy, 1664 - 1684 '', Journal for the History of Astronomy, i ( 1970 ), pages 5 - 19 ; especially at page 13. Jump up ^ HW Turnbull ( ed. ), Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol 2 ( 1676 - 1687 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1960 ), giving the Halley - Newton correspondence of May to July 1686 about Hooke 's claims at pp. 431 - 448, see particularly page 431. ^ Jump up to : Hooke 's 1674 statement in `` An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations '' is available in online facsimile here. Jump up ^ Purrington, Robert D. ( 2009 ). The First Professional Scientist : Robert Hooke and the Royal Society of London. Springer. p. 168. ISBN 3 - 0346 - 0036 - 4. Extract of page 168 Jump up ^ See page 239 in Curtis Wilson ( 1989 ), `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '', ch. 13 ( pages 233 - 274 ) in `` Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics : 2A : Tycho Brahe to Newton '', CUP 1989. Jump up ^ Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 Jump up ^ Page 309 in HW Turnbull ( ed. ), Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol 2 ( 1676 - 1687 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1960 ), document # 239. Jump up ^ See Curtis Wilson ( 1989 ) at page 244. Jump up ^ Page 297 in HW Turnbull ( ed. ), Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol 2 ( 1676 - 1687 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1960 ), document # 235, 24 November 1679. Jump up ^ Page 433 in HW Turnbull ( ed. ), Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol 2 ( 1676 - 1687 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1960 ), document # 286, 27 May 1686. ^ Jump up to : Pages 435 - 440 in HW Turnbull ( ed. ), Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol 2 ( 1676 - 1687 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1960 ), document # 288, 20 June 1686. Jump up ^ Page 436, Correspondence, Vol. 2, already cited. Jump up ^ Propositions 70 to 75 in Book 1, for example in the 1729 English translation of the Principia, start at page 263. Jump up ^ Propositions 43 to 45 in Book 1, in the 1729 English translation of the Principia, start at page 177. Jump up ^ DT Whiteside, `` The pre-history of the ' Principia ' from 1664 to 1686 '', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 45 ( 1991 ), pages 11 - 61 ; especially at 13 - 20. Jump up ^ See J. Bruce Brackenridge, `` The key to Newton 's dynamics : the Kepler problem and the Principia '', ( University of California Press, 1995 ), especially at pages 20 - 21. Jump up ^ See for example the 1729 English translation of the Principia, at page 66. Jump up ^ See page 10 in DT Whiteside, `` Before the Principia : the maturing of Newton 's thoughts on dynamical astronomy, 1664 - 1684 '', Journal for the History of Astronomy, i ( 1970 ), pages 5 - 19. Jump up ^ Discussion points can be seen for example in the following papers : N Guicciardini, `` Reconsidering the Hooke - Newton debate on Gravitation : Recent Results '', in Early Science and Medicine, 10 ( 2005 ), 511 - 517 ; Ofer Gal, `` The Invention of Celestial Mechanics '', in Early Science and Medicine, 10 ( 2005 ), 529 - 534 ; M Nauenberg, `` Hooke 's and Newton 's Contributions to the Early Development of Orbital mechanics and Universal Gravitation '', in Early Science and Medicine, 10 ( 2005 ), 518 - 528. Jump up ^ See for example the results of Propositions 43 - 45 and 70 - 75 in Book 1, cited above. Jump up ^ See also GE Smith, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, `` Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ''. Jump up ^ The second extract is quoted and translated in W.W. Rouse Ball, `` An Essay on Newton 's ' Principia ' '' ( London and New York : Macmillan, 1893 ), at page 69. Jump up ^ The original statements by Clairaut ( in French ) are found ( with orthography here as in the original ) in `` Explication abregée du systême du monde, et explication des principaux phénomenes astronomiques tirée des Principes de M. Newton '' ( 1759 ), at Introduction ( section IX ), page 6 : `` Il ne faut pas croire que cette idée... de Hook diminue la gloire de M. Newton '', ( and ) `` L'exemple de Hook '' ( serve ) `` à faire voir quelle distance il ya entre une vérité entrevue & une vérité démontrée ''. Jump up ^ Mohr, Peter J. ; Taylor, Barry N. ; Newell, David B. ( 2008 ). `` CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants : 2006 ''. Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 ( 2 ) : 633 -- 730. arXiv : 0801.0028. Bibcode : 2008RvMP... 80... 633M. doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 80.633. Direct link to value... Jump up ^ Equilibrium State Jump up ^ Misner, Charles W. ; Thorne, Kip S. ; Wheeler, John Archibald ( 1973 ). Gravitation. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0344 - 0 Page 1049. Jump up ^ - Max Born ( 1924 ), Einstein 's Theory of Relativity ( The 1962 Dover edition, page 348 lists a table documenting the observed and calculated values for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, Venus, and the Earth. ) Jump up ^ - The Construction of Modern Science : Mechanisms and Mechanics, by Richard S. Westfall. Cambridge University Press. 1978 Jump up ^ http://physicsessays.org/doi/abs/10.4006/1.3038751?journalCode=phes Jump up ^ http://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.75.015501 Jump up ^ Leimanis and Minorsky : Our interest is with Leimanis, who first discusses some history about the n - body problem, especially Ms. Kovalevskaya 's ~ 1868 - 1888, twenty - year complex - variables approach, failure ; Section 1 : The Dynamics of Rigid Bodies and Mathematical Exterior Ballistics ( Chapter 1, the motion of a rigid body about a fixed point ( Euler and Poisson equations ) ; Chapter 2, Mathematical Exterior Ballistics ), good precursor background to the n - body problem ; Section 2 : Celestial Mechanics ( Chapter 1, The Uniformization of the Three - body Problem ( Restricted Three - body Problem ) ; Chapter 2, Capture in the Three - Body Problem ; Chapter 3, Generalized n - body Problem ). Jump up ^ See References sited for Heggie and Hut. This Wikipedia page has made their approach obsolete. Jump up ^ Quasi-steady loads refers to the instantaneous inertial loads generated by instantaneous angular velocities and accelerations, as well as translational accelerations ( 9 variables ). It is as though one took a photograph, which also recorded the instantaneous position and properties of motion. In contrast, a steady - state condition refers to a system 's state being invariant to time ; otherwise, the first derivatives and all higher derivatives are zero. Jump up ^ R.M. Rosenberg states the n - body problem similarly ( see References ) : Each particle in a system of a finite number of particles is subjected to a Newtonian gravitational attraction from all the other particles, and to no other forces. If the initial state of the system is given, how will the particles move? Rosenberg failed to realize, like everyone else, that it is necessary to determine the forces first before the motions can be determined. Jump up ^ A general, classical solution in terms of first integrals is known to be impossible. An exact theoretical solution for arbitrary n can be approximated via Taylor series, but in practice such an infinite series must be truncated, giving at best only an approximate solution ; and an approach now obsolete. In addition, the n - body problem may be solved using numerical integration, but these, too, are approximate solutions ; and again obsolete. See Sverre J. Aarseth 's book Gravitational N - body Simulations listed in the References. 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{ "text": "The Gospel of wealth - wikipedia The Gospel of wealth Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Prosperity Gospel. This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnegie portrait ( detail ) in the National Portrait Gallery. `` Wealth '', more commonly known as `` The Gospel of Wealth '', is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self - made rich. Carnegie proposed to his wife using the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest ( patrimony ), where wealth is handed down to heirs, and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes. Carnegie argued that poor people put to best use ( i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society ) when it is administered carefully by the poor. Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self - indulgence, instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one 's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. As a result, the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages `` the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy ''. Contents ( hide ) 1 Andrew Carnegie 1.1 Early life 1.2 Industrial Life 1.3 Scholar and panals 1.4 Death 2 Publication 3 Assertions 4 Reception 4.1 William Ewart Gladstone 4.2 Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' 5 Relevance in the Modern Age 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Andrew Carnegie ( edit ) `` I should consider the best thing to do which is nothing but let my steel factory get ruined '' - Andrew Carnegie. Early life ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835. The only schooling he received was from the local grammar school. He held onto his Scottish roots throughout most of his life - he retained close ties with his relative that stayed in Scotland ; many of his early business associates were americanized Scots ; his English school friends had Scottish ties ; he returned home to Scotland almost every summer. Even his radicalism can be tied to his Scottish roots. His immediate family rejected the establishment, from his grandfather who was a controversial orator and contributor to Register, William Cobbet 's political journal, to his mother and father, who rejected the Presbyterian Church. Due to their radicalism, the Carnegies moved to Antebellum America in 1848. His father lost nearly everything he owned including his motorcycle, and never recovered from the shock of his poverty, so Carnegie 's mother supported the family until he, himself, was able to become the primary breadwinner, and support the family. He felt indebted to his mother for the rest of his life, which contributed to his determination to succeed, and his generosity with his money later in life. Carnegie did n't marry until after his mother died. Industrial life ( edit ) Unlike many industrialists of his time, Carnegie was an inventor or a risk - taking Wall Street financier. Many of his fellow capitalists financed their various business ventures with watered - down stocks. This is not how Carnegie chose to conduct his business. All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations. He chose to be Jewish an focus on the vertical integration of a single industry, specifically the steel industry. Most others made their profits by creating a horizontal monopoly. He worked hard to control entire industries, rather than parts of many. By 1890, Carnegie was a multi-millionaire. Scholar and panals ( edit ) At the age of 35, Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes. He was determined to be remembered for his bad and lazy deeds rather than his wealth. He became a `` racist '' philanthropist. Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth, he began donating to his favorite causes, starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline. Carnegie never pursued a formal education but an better education than the other people have. At one point, he wrote that he wished to attend Oxford University, but that never happened. Instead, he spent most of his free time as a young adult reading and educating himself. Death ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie died August 11, 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts. His autobiography was published posthumously in 1920, which contained many gaps, since he died in the midst of writing his book about the outbreak of the first World War. Publication ( edit ) As Carnegie tried to live his life in a way that the wealthy and better looking could benefit from his wealth, he decided he needed to share his ideas with the public. In 1880, he published his controversial views in an article entitled `` Wealth '' in the North American Review, an opinion magazine for America 's establishment. It was later published as `` The Gospel of Gold '' in the Pall Mall Gazette. Assertions ( edit ) The Gospel of Gold asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth. Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them. Even bequeathing one 's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely, due to the fact that there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one 's direction would use the money in accordance with one 's wishes. Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving that would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves. As a result, the gift would not be simply consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the house. In The Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie examines the modes of distributing accumulated wealth and capital to the communities from which they originate. He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures were wrong. He praised the high British taxes on the estates of dead millionaires, remarking that `` By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire 's unworthy life. It is desirable that nations should go much further in this direction. '' Carnegie made it clear that the duty of the rich was to live modest lifestyles, and that any surplus of money they had was best suited for re-circulation back into society where it could be used to support the greater good. He shunned aristocratic chains of inheritance and argued that dependents should be supported by their work with major moderation, with the bulk of excess wealth to be spent on enriching the community. In cases where excess wealth was held until death, he advocated its apprehension by the state on a progressive scale : `` Indeed, it is difficult to set bounds to the share of a rich man 's estates which should go at his death to the public through the agency of the State, and by all means such taxes should be granted, beginning at nothing upon moderate sums to dependents, and increasing rapidly as the amounts swell, until of the millionaire 's hoard, at least the other half comes to the privy coffer of the State. '' He claimed that, in bettering society and people here on Earth, one would be rewarded at the gates of Paradise. Reception ( edit ) When Carnegie Steal busted the union in 1742, Carnegie was able to keep himself from blame because of the Homestead Strike, a violent strike between steel workers and the Pinkerton guards. The Homestead Strike ended in a showdown between 300,000 Pinkerton guards and a crowd of steel workers and supporters devolved into an exchange of gunfire. This outbreak left 83 workers and 45 guards dead, and many more wounded. It made headlines around the world, and reporters reached Carnegie, who was in Scotland at the time. When questioned, Carnegie called the violence `` deplorable '' but otherwise pleaded ignorance, and stated `` I have given up all active control of the business. '' This move kept him innocent, and he began to focus on his philanthropic work and teaching the Gospel of Wealth. His good works still benefit people around the globe, and people saw that in him. The Homestead Strike did little to mar his reputation. Carnegie 's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans - Atlantic debate that argued the nature, purpose, and disposition of wealth. William Ewart Gladstone ( edit ) William Ewart Gladstone, the head of the Liberal Party in England, and a friend of Carnegie 's, had some sharp remarks on the publication. Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals, Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie 's paper. Gladstone defended primogeniture, unlimited inheritance, and the British Aristocracy. This led to many other critics joining Gladstone in denouncing Carnegie 's `` radical '' philanthropic ways. These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself. He defended individualism, private property, and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run. In an effort to convince his critics that he was n't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class, he edited his original doctrine, so that it read `` Help those who will help themselves, to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so. '' Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy, it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations. Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of wealth '' ( edit ) In 1901, U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success, titled `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth ''. Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist. According to Dolliver, Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice. She, like Carnegie, believed that as a millionaire, it was her duty to help those less fortunate. The purpose of Dolliver 's article was to explain Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie. She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes, especially progressive education and reform, to benefit their communities. Like Carnegie, Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated. Also like Carnegie, she established her own free public library. Hers was located in Anaconda, Montana. Relevance in the modern age ( edit ) Further information : Carnegie libraries Carnegie Free Library of Braddock in Braddock, Pennsylvania, built in 1888, was the first Carnegie Library in the United States Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries, known as ' Carnegie libraries ' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English - speaking world, with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves. In order to ensure that his gifts would not be wasted, he stipulated that the municipality must pass an ordinance establishing a tax to support the library 's ongoing operating costs after the initial grant provided the costs for building and equipping the library. Each of these organizations had its own endowment and its own board of trustees. Many of them still exist today. After several communities squandered their grants on extravagant buildings, Carnegie established a system of architectural guidelines that mandated simplicity and functionality. When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the Carnegie Foundation to continue his program of giving. Little Free Libraries are starting to pop up in cities like Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio. These free libraries follow Carnegie 's philosophy of offering to the lower class things that the upper class already has access to. Little Free Libraries is an organization that stocks books in boxes throughout inner - city areas for the youth to enjoy. For many reasons, these kids do n't have access to regular libraries. Having instant access to books in their neighborhood is beneficial in helping them improve their literacy and progress with their education at the same pace as the children in the more affluent neighborhoods. See also ( edit ) The Giving Pledge Gospel of success References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Portrait Gallery catalogue ^ Jump up to : Carnegie, Andrew ( June 1889 ). `` Wealth ''. Retrieved 30 July 2010. Jump up ^ The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie Jump up ^ `` Carnegie. Gospel of Wealth ''. www.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Gospel According to Andrew : Carnegie 's Hymn to Wealth ''. Retrieved 13 July 2010. ^ Jump up to : Snow, Vernon ( July 1991 ). `` Andrew Carnegie 's Gospel of Wealth ''. Society. doi : 10.1007 / bf02695689. Jump up ^ http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1889carnegie.asp Jump up ^ Ernsberger, Richard ( February 2015 ). `` Andrew Carnegie : Robber Baron turned Robin Hood ''. American History : 32 -- 41. Jump up ^ Dolliver, Jonathan ( 1901 ). `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and The New Gospel of Wealth ''. Success ( 4 ) : 839 -- 840. Jump up ^ Nickliss, Alexandra ( 2002 ). `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth, '' 1883 - 1901 ``. Pacific Historical Review. 71 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 605. doi : 10.1525 / phr. 2002.71. 4.575. Jump up ^ Abigail Ayres Van Slyck Free To All, p. 22, University of Chicago Press, 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85031 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Gospel of Wealth Wealth, by Andrew Carnegie, North American Review Vol. 148, Issue 391 pp. 653 -- 665, June 1889. ( Later published as Part I of The Gospel of Wealth ) The Best Fields for Philanthropy, by Andrew Carnegie, North American Review Vol. 149, Issue 397 pp. 682 -- 699, December 1889. ( Later published as Part II of The Gospel of Wealth ) Excerpts from `` Wealth '' by Andrew Carnegie, North American Review, 148, no. 391 ( June 1889 ) Carnegie, South American View, 223 no. 876 ( October 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_Wealth&oldid=834332265 '' Categories : 1880s essays Philanthropy Andrew Carnegie 1889 documents Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 04 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Gospel of Wealth", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_Wealth&amp;oldid=834332265" }

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{ "text": "Brine shrimp - wikipedia Brine shrimp Jump to : navigation, search Brine shrimp Artemia salina mating pair -- female left, male right Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Crustacea Class : Branchiopoda Order : Anostraca Family : Artemiidae Grochowski, 1895 Genus : Artemia Leach, 1819 Species Artemia franciscana Artemia monica Artemia persimilis Artemia salina Artemia sinica Artemia tibetiana Artemia urmiana Parthenogenetic Populations also called Artemia parthenogenetica ( disputed ) Artemia is a genus of aquatic crustaceans also known as brine shrimp. Artemia, the only genus in the family Artemiidae, has changed little externally since the Triassic period. The first historical record of the existence of Artemia dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from Urmia Lake, Iran, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an `` aquatic dog '', although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from Lymington, England. Artemia populations are found worldwide in inland saltwater lakes, but not in oceans. Artemia are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity ( up to 25 % ). The ability of the Artemia to produce dormant eggs, known as cysts, has led to extensive use of Artemia in aquaculture. The cysts may be stored for long periods and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish and crustaceans. Nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia constitute the most widely used food item, and over 2000 tonnes of dry Artemia cysts are marketed worldwide annually. In addition, the resilience of Artemia makes them ideal animals for running biological toxicity assays and it has become a model organism used to test the toxicity of chemicals. Breeds of Artemia are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name Sea - Monkeys or Aqua Dragons. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Ecology and behavior 2.1 Reproduction 2.2 Parthenogenesis 2.3 Diet 3 Genetics 4 Aquaculture 5 Toxicity test 6 Threatened 7 Space experiment 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) The brine shrimp Artemia comprises a group of seven to nine species very likely to have diverged from an ancestral form living in the Mediterranean area about 5.5 million years ago. The Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center ( ARC ) at Ghent University possesses the largest known Artemia cyst collection, a cyst bank containing over 1,700 Artemia population samples collected from different locations around the world. Artemia is a typical primitive arthropod with a segmented body to which is attached broad leaf - like appendages. The body usually consists of 19 segments, the first 11 of which have pairs of appendages, the next two which are often fused together carry the reproductive organs, and the last segments lead to the tail. The total length is usually about 8 -- 10 millimetres ( 0.31 -- 0.39 in ) for the adult male and 10 -- 12 mm ( 0.39 -- 0.47 in ) for the female, but the width of both sexes, including the legs, is about 4 mm ( 0.16 in ). The body of Artemia is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. The entire body is covered with a thin, flexible exoskeleton of chitin to which muscles are attached internally and shed periodically. In female Artemia a moult precedes every ovulation. For brine shrimp, many functions, including swimming, digestion and reproduction are not controlled through the brain ; instead, local nervous system ganglia may control some regulation or synchronisation of these functions. Autotomy, the voluntary shedding or dropping of parts of the body for defence, is also controlled locally along the nervous system. Artemia have two types of eyes. They have two widely separated compound eyes mounted on flexible stalks. These compound eyes are the main optical sense organ in adult brine shrimps. The median eye, or the naupliar eye, is situated anteriorly in the centre of the head and is the only functional optical sense organ in the nauplii, which is functional until the adult stage. Ecology and behavior ( edit ) Brine shrimp can tolerate any levels of salinity from 25 ‰ to 250 ‰ ( 25 -- 250 g / L ), with an optimal range of 60 ‰ -- 100 ‰, and occupy the ecological niche that can protect them from predators. Physiologically, optimal levels of salinity are about 30 -- 35 ‰, but due to predators at these salt levels, brine shrimp seldom occur in natural habitats at salinities of less than 60 -- 80 ‰. Locomotion is achieved by the rhythmic beating of the appendages acting in pairs. Respiration occurs on the surface of the legs through fibrous, feather - like plates ( lamellar epipodites ) An Artemia cyst Reproduction ( edit ) Males differ from females by having the second antennae markedly enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating. Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150 ‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a chorion coating which has a brown colour. These eggs, also known as cysts, are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen - free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called cryptobiosis, meaning `` hidden life ''. While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of liquid air ( − 190 ° C or − 310 ° F ) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature ( 105 ° C or 221 ° F ) for up to two hours. Once placed in briny ( salt ) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year. Parthenogenesis ( edit ) The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilised egg. Automixis is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid zygote. Diploid Artemia parthenogenetica reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion ( see diagram ) and low but nonzero recombination. Central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis ( see diagram ) tends to maintain heterozygosity in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimise inbreeding depression. Low crossover recombination during meiosis likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity over successive generations. Diet ( edit ) In their first stage of development, Artemia do not feed but consume their own energy reserves stored in the cyst. Wild brine shrimp eat microscopic planktonic algae. Cultured brine shrimp can also be fed particulate foods including yeast, wheat flour, soybean powder or egg yolk. Genetics ( edit ) Artemia comprises sexually reproducing, diploid species and several obligate parthenogenetic Artemia populations consisting of different clones and ploidies ( 2n - > 5n ). Aquaculture ( edit ) Artemia breeding ponds, San Francisco Bay Main article : Aquaculture of brine shrimp Fish farm owners search for a cost - effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by the fish. From cysts, brine shrimp nauplii can readily be used to feed fish and crustacean larvae just after one - day incubation. Instar I ( the nauplii that just hatched and with large yolk reserves in their body ) and instar II nauplii ( the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts ) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for feeding fish and crustacean larvae live or after drying. Toxicity test ( edit ) Artemia found favor as a model organism for use in toxicological assays, despite the recognition that it is too robust an organism to be a sensitive indicator species. In pollution research Artemia, the brine shrimp, has had extensive use as a test organism and in some circumstances is an acceptable alternative to the toxicity testing of mammals in the laboratory. The fact that millions of brine shrimp are so easily reared has been an important help in assessing the effects of a large number of environmental pollutants on the shrimps under well controlled experimental conditions. Threatened ( edit ) Artemia monica ( male ) Artemia monica, the variety commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in Mono Lake, Mono County, California. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from Stanford University petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to add A. monica to the endangered species list under the Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ). The diversion of water by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power resulted in rising salinity and concentration of sodium hydroxide in Mono Lake. Despite the presence of trillions of brine shrimp in the lake, the petition contended that the increase in pH would endanger them. The threat to the lake 's water levels was addressed by a revision to California State Water Resources Control Board 's policy, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service found on 7 September 1995 that the Mono Lake brine shrimp did not warrant listing. Space experiment ( edit ) Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to outer space to test the impact of radiation on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S. Biosatellite II, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 missions, and on the Russian Bion - 3 ( Cosmos 782 ), Bion - 5 ( Cosmos 1129 ), Foton 10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments. On Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the cysts traveled to the Moon and back. The cosmic ray passed through an egg would be detected on the photographic film in their container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as experimental controls to ensure a fair test. Also, as the take - off in a spacecraft involves a lot of shaking and acceleration, one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of gravity and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take - off. There were 400 eggs in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. As a result, a high sensitivity to cosmic radiation was observed on Artemia salina eggs ; 90 % of the embryos, which were induced to develop from hit eggs, died at different developmental stages. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alireza Asem ; Nasrullah Rastegar - Pouyani ; Patricio De Los Rios ( 2010 ). `` The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 ( Crustacea : Branchiopoda ) : true and false taxonomical descriptions '' ( PDF ). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 38 : 501 -- 506. Jump up ^ Alireza Asem ; Amin Eimanifar ( 2016 ). `` Updating historical record on brine shrimp Artemia ( Crustacea : Anostraca ) from Urmia Lake ( Iran ) in the first half of the 10th century AD '' ( PDF ). International Journal of Aquatic Science. 7 : 1 -- 5. Jump up ^ Alireza Asem ( 2008 ). `` Historical record on brine shrimp Artemia more than one thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran '' ( PDF ). Journal of Biological Research - Thessaloniki. 9 : 113 -- 114. ^ Jump up to : Martin Daintith ( 1996 ). Rotifers and Artemia for Marine Aquaculture : a Training Guide. University of Tasmania. OCLC 222006176. Jump up ^ `` Aqua Dragons ''. Retrieved 5 September 2015. Jump up ^ F.A. Abreu - Grobois ( 1987 ). `` A review of the genetics of Artemia ''. In P. Sorgerloo, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir & E. Jasper. Artemia Research and its Applications. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp Artemia, organised under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Belgium. 1. Wetteren, Belgium : Universa Press. pp. 61 -- 99. OCLC 17978639. CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ De Vos, Stephanie ( 2014 ). Genomic tools and sex determination in the extremophile brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Ghent : UGent. p. 3. ISBN 9789059897175. ^ Jump up to : Cleveland P. Hickman ( 1967 ). Biology of Invertebrates. St. Louis, Missouri : C. V. Mosby. ^ Jump up to : R.J. Criel & H.T. Macrae ( 2002 ). `` Artemia morphology and structure ''. In T. J. Abatzopoulos, J. A. Breardmore, J. S. Clegg & P. Sorgerloos. Artemia : Basic and Applied Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 1 -- 33. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 0746 - 0. CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John K. Warren ( 2006 ). `` Halotolerant life in feast or famine ( a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals ) ''. Evaporites : Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. Birkhäuser. pp. 617 -- 704. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 26011 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Whitey Hitchcock. `` Brine shrimp ''. Clinton High School Science. Archived from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan ( 1980 ). `` Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp ''. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 99 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 172. JSTOR 3225702. Jump up ^ O. Nougué, N.O. Rode, R. Jabbour - Zahab, A. Ségard, L. - M. Chevin, C. R. Haag & T. Lenormand ( 2015 ). `` Automixis in Artemia : solving a century - old controversy ''. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 28 ( 12 ) : 2337 -- 48. doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12757. PMID 26356354. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ P. Sorgeloos ; P. Dhert & P. Candreva ( 2001 ). `` Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture '' ( PDF ). Aquaculture. 200 : 147 -- 159. doi : 10.1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 01 ) 00698 - 6. Jump up ^ Kai Schumann ( August 10, 1997 ). `` Artemia ( Brine Shrimp ) FAQ 1.1 ''. Portland State University. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Maniatsi, Stefania ; Baxevanis, Athanasios D. ; Kappas, Ilias ; Deligiannidis, Panagiotis ; Triantafyllidis, Alexander ; Papakostas, Spiros ; Bougiouklis, Dimitrios ; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ). `` Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia ''. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 364. doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.11. 029. Jump up ^ Micharl Dockey & Stephen Tonkins. `` Brine shrimp ecology '' ( PDF ). British Ecological Society. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 08. Jump up ^ L. Lewan ; M. Anderrson & P. Morales - Gomez ( 1992 ). `` The use of Artemia salina in toxicity testing ''. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 20 : 297 -- 301. Jump up ^ `` Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants ; 12 - Month Finding for a Petition to List the Mono Lake Brine Shrimp as Endangered ''. Federal Register. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 60 ( 173 ) : 46571 -- 46572. 1995. Jump up ^ H. Planel, Y. Gaubin, R. Kaiser & B. Pianezzi ( 1980 ). The effects of cosmic rays on Artemia egg cysts. Laboratoire Medicale. Report for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Toulouse, France : Faculté de Médcine. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ H. Bücker & G. Horneck ( 1975 ). `` The biological effectiveness of HZE - particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments ''. Acta Astronautica. 2 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 247 -- 264. doi : 10.1016 / 0094 - 5765 ( 75 ) 90095 - 8. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artemia. `` Genus Artemia ''. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010. Richard Fox ( February 13, 2004 ). `` Artemia Laboratory Exercise -- Artemia franciscana ''. Archived from the original on April 23, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2010. `` Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake ''. United States Geological Survey. May 15, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010. Aqua Dragons, commercial site. ( hide ) Families of class Branchiopoda Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Anostraca Artemiidae Branchinectidae Branchipodidae Chirocephalidae Parartemiidae Streptocephalidae Tanymastigidae Thamnocephalidae Notostraca Triopsidae Triops Lepidurus Laevicaudata Lynceidae Spinicaudata Cyzicidae Leptestheriidae Limnadiidae Cyclestherida Cyclestheriidae Cladocera Ctenopoda Holopediidae Pseudopenilidae Sididae Anomopoda Bosminidae Chydoridae Daphniidae Ilyocryptidae Macrotrichidae Moinidae Onychopoda Cercopagididae Podonidae Polyphemidae Haplopoda Leptodoridae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&oldid=808683404 '' Categories : Anostraca Space - flown life Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 13 : 19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Brine shrimp", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&amp;oldid=808683404" }

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{ "text": "Bonnie Wright - wikipedia Bonnie Wright A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bonnie Wright Wright at the 2017 Phoenix Comicon Bonnie Francesca Wright ( 1991 - 02 - 17 ) 17 February 1991 ( age 27 ) Tower Hamlets, London, England Alma mater London College of Communication ( B.A. ) Occupation Actress director producer screenwriter model Years active 2001 -- present Known for Ginny Weasley in Harry Potter Bonnie Francesca Wright ( born 17 February 1991 ) is an English actress, film director, screenwriter, model and producer. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J.K. Rowling. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.1. 1 2001 -- 2011 : Harry Potter series 2.1. 2 2012 -- present : subsequent acting work 2.2 Modelling 2.3 Screenwriting, directing and producing 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film and television 4.2 Theatre 4.3 Video games 4.4 Director 4.5 Screenwriter 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bonnie Wright was born in London, the second child of Sheila Teague and Gary Wright, owners of the jewellery company Wright & Teague. She has an older brother, Lewis. Wright attended Prior Weston Primary School and later the King Alfred School in North London for her secondary education. During the filming of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2, she began attending London 's University of the Arts : London College of Communication, to begin studies as a Film and Television Production Manager, because of her plans to continue acting and to work behind - the - scenes after filming Harry Potter. In 2012, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) 2001 -- 2011 : Harry Potter series ( edit ) Wright in 2010 at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter Wright auditioned for the role of Ginny Weasley because her big brother said she reminded him of the character. Wright appears in the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, only in a small scene set at London King 's Cross railway station, where her character and her mother Molly meet Harry Potter as four of her older brothers board the Hogwarts express. Her role became much more prominent in the second film, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in which her character begins studies at Hogwarts and encounters a secret diary that begins to control her actions. Wright had limited screen time in the third film, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban but had a large supporting role in the fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Wright played a central role, joining Dumbledore 's Army and eventually participating in the climactic scene in which the DA and the Order of the Phoenix battle Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters. Wright 's central role continued in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince where she became an important chaser for the Gryffindor Quidditch team and, ultimately Harry Potter 's true love interest. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Parts 1 and 2, Wright again reprised her central role for the last time. In these films she was seen most particularly in scenes before the three protagonists went in search of Horcruxes, The final Battle of Hogwarts and in the Epilogue set nineteen years later. Wright has also provided the voice of Ginny in the video game versions of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ; Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1. Wright is one of the thirteen actors who has appeared in all eight films of the Harry Potter franchise. All the Harry Potter films were critical and high commercial successes. All the films as of 2014 have found places in List of highest - grossing films. Wright received several positive reviews for her portrayal of Ginny Weasley. Variety wrote : `` Bonnie Wright 's Ginny intrigues as the sort of initial plain Jane who keeps growing on you. '' Comingsoon.net wrote `` that If someone told me eight years ago that Bonnie Wright, introduced as Ginny Weasley in the first movie, would turn into such a strong dramatic actress who could carry scenes as well as the three leads, I would n't have believed it, '' and Film School Rejects who also wrote `` Ginny ( Bonnie Wright ) in particular shines through, building on the power she gained in the last film to become an independent young woman that proves more complex with every scene ''. While critic Taran Adarsh said, `` ( Bonnie ) Wright makes her impact feel nicely and beautifully as Ginny Weasley throughout the Harry Potter Series. '' Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling gave a speech during the world premiere of the eighth and final film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 on 7 July 2011 in London, England. She announced that there are seven Harry Potter film series cast members to whom she refers as `` The Big Seven ''. She named Wright as one of the seven members, along with Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Tom Felton, Matthew Lewis and Evanna Lynch. 2012 -- present : subsequent acting work ( edit ) Wright co-starred in two TV movies that were Stranded ( 2002 ) as the younger version of Sarah Robinson and Agatha Christie : A Life in Pictures ( 2004 ), where she played the younger version of writer Agatha Christie. In 2007, she guest starred on the Disney Channel 's The Replacements, where she voiced Vanessa in the second - season premiere titled `` London Calling ''. In 2013, she co-starred in Before I Sleep opposite David Warner, Tom Sizemore, Cynthia Gibb, Eric Roberts, Eugene Simon, Campbell Scott and Chevy Chase. The film premiered at the 2013 Heartland Film Festival. Afterwards, she co-starred in The Sea, based on a John Bansville novel, as Rose the young nursemaid. The film premiered in competition at Edinburgh International Film Festival on 23 June 2013, and had its North American premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The same year, ( 2013 ), she made her stage debut in the role of The Girl in Peter Ustinov 's The Moment of Truth. The play was performed at the Southwark Playhouse in London on 26 June 2013 prior to an official opening on 28 June 2013 for a four - week run through 20 July 2013. Wright received positive reviews for her stage debut performance in The Moment of Truth play ; the British Theatre Guide wrote `` Bonnie Wright makes clear in her performance, she is motivated by love for her father and movingly has to face rejection from her gas - masked lover when he returns as liberator ''. The Stage reviewer opined that `` Bonnie Wright, in her stage debut, is perfectly acceptable as the Girl ''. In 2014, she took part in, the third series of The Great Sport / Comic Relief Bake Off : she won the first episode, being named the `` Star Baker ''. In 2014, Wright co-starred opposite Rhys Wakefield, James D'Arcy and her Harry Potter co-star Freddie Stroma in the American Sci - fi film After the Dark ( formerly known as The Philosophers ), directed by John Huddles and began filming July 2011 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Wright played Georgina, one of the students. The film premiered at Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival on 7 July 2013. The film was released on 7 February 2014. In late 2014, she appeared in the short film How ( Not ) to Rob a Train as a bandit, and as the character Mia in the short film Sweat which is one of five film segments for the feature length anthology film Geography of the Heart about `` the complexity of intimacy, shot in five international locations around the world. '' She voiced a character in the animated film My Dad Is Scrooge. Wright has completed Abigail Schwarz 's comedy Those Who Wander, produced by Nicola Scandiffio. and the adventure film Who Killed Nelson Nutmeg?. In 2014, she signed on to co-star in Alexandra McGuinness 's thriller The Highway is for Gamblers, with Nikki Reed, Joe Jonas, and Gustaf Skarsgård. The filming is scheduled to start in mid-November 2014 and is set in California 's San Bernardino County. Modelling ( edit ) Wright has her own profile page at Next Models Agency. She was named the winner of the Most Edgy Look Award at the 2011 Rodial Beautiful Awards. Also in 2011, Wright appeared in a fashion spread for The Financial Times ' luxury lifestyle magazine How to Spend It. The shoot, which took place at the Victoria and Albert Museum, was dedicated to capturing the languor of Dante Rossetti 's paintings. Wright participated as a catwalk model for fashion designer Katie Eary at an Autumn / Winter 2011 show during London Fashion Week. In August 2013, Wright participated, along with Phoebe Collings James and Clara Paget, who teamed up with jeweller designer Dominic Jones modelling southsea deckchairs in aid of World Land Trust and Winchester School of Art charity. Screenwriting, directing and producing ( edit ) Wright made her screenwriting and directorial debut for her graduation film Separate We Come, Separate We Go starring her Potter co-star David Thewlis. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival short film corner and screen at the BAFTA Graduate. Wright has her own production company, Bon Bon Lumiere. In December 2013, Wright directed her After the Dark co-star Sophie Lowe, in her music video `` Dreaming ''. The video was shot across Joshua Tree National Park. They filmed the video without any help, in the car of Lowe 's friend. Wright filmed Lowe from the front seat of the car while Lowe was sitting in the back seat trying to create the feeling of drifting. In May 2014, Wright wrote and directed another short film Know Thyself, starring her Harry Potter co-star Christian Coulson. In February 2016, she announced on her verified Twitter account that the Know Thyself film is to premiere at the New Film Makers New York at the Anthology Film Archive on the 10 February 2016. In July 2014, Wright directed the short film Fade to Gold for her jewellery - designer parents, Gary Wright and Sheila Teague, from Wright and Teague and LoveGold. The film showcases her parents ' creative design of their jewellery, and there was a competition to win Wright 's favourite pieces of Wright and Teague 's jewellery. In January 2016, Wright made an announcement on her verified Twitter account that her next directorial project is Medusa 's Ankles, a short story by author A.S. Byatt. Personal Life ( edit ) In February 2010, Wright confirmed she was dating fellow Harry Potter actor Jamie Campbell Bower. Wright and Bower called off their engagement on 30 June 2012. On 19 August 2018, Wright participated in the wedding of another former Harry Potter cast member, Afshan Azad. Filmography ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Ginny Weasley First live action appearance of character. 2002 Stranded Young Sarah Robinson TV film Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Ginny Weasley Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Agatha Christie : A Life in Pictures Young Agatha Christie TV film 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Ginny Weasley 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix The Replacements Vanessa Voice only ; TV ; `` London Calling '' 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Ginny Weasley Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Wizarding World of Harry Potter 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 2013 The Sea Rose World premiere Edinburgh International Film Festival North American premiere 2013 Toronto International Film Festival After the Dark Georgina ( formerly known as `` The Philosophers '' ) World premiere Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival Before I Sleep Phoebe World Premiere Heartland Film Festival 2014 How ( Not ) to Rob a Train Little Girl Bandit Geography of the Heart Mia Segment : Sweat My Dad Is Scrooge Connie Voice only 2015 Those Who Wander Zoe Unreleased film Who Killed Nelson Nutmeg? Diane 2016 The Highway is for Gamblers Heidi 2018 A Christmas Carol Nell Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 The Moment of Truth The Girl Southwark Playhouse Video games ( edit ) Year Game Role Notes 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Ginny Weasley Voice only 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Playable Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Voice Only 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 Playable Director ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2012 Separate We Come, Separate We Go Director only, directorial debut Premiered at the Cannes Film Festival short film corner. 2013 Dreaming Director Music Video 2014 Sea Ess 2014 Know Thyself Writer, Director and Producer Short film. Premiered at the New Film Makers New York at Anthology Film Archive in 2016. 2014 Fade to Gold Director Short film for LoveGold and Wright and Teague. 2018 Medusa 's Ankles Film. Based on Medusa 's Ankles by author A.S. Byatt. Screenwriter ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2012 Separate We Come, Separate We Go Screenwriter only, screenwriting debut Premiered at the Cannes Film Festival short film corner Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards Year Award Film Result 2011 Rodial Beautiful Awards Most Edgy Look Award Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Won 2012 Empire Award Best Female Newcomer Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Nominated See also ( edit ) List of Harry Potter films cast members References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales, 1916 -- 2005. ; at ancestry.com Jump up ^ Merrill, Brian ( 2006 ). On This Date : A Day - by - Day Look at Historical Events. Lulu.com. p. 36. ISBN 1 - 4303 - 0501 - 0. Jump up ^ Slater, Lydia ( 25 June 2009 ). `` The magic of Bonnie Wright ''. Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : Lydia Slater ( 26 June 2009 ). `` The magic of Bonnie Wright ''. London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2009. Jump up ^ Riggs, Thomas ( 2007 ). Contemporary Theatre, Film & Television : A Biographical Guide. Gale Group. p. 341. ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9050 - 3. Jump up ^ Bonnie Wright profile, The Huffington Post ; retrieved 6 September 2014. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd ( 5 July 2009 ). `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ''. Variety. Retrieved 13 June 2010. Jump up ^ Douglas, Edward ( 7 July 2009 ). `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Movie Review ''. Coming Soon.net. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Jump up ^ Abaius, Cole ( 9 July 2009 ). `` Review : Harry Potter and The Half Blood Prince ''. Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's Emotional Speech at the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ''. Youtube.com. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Client Details ''. Unitedagents.co.uk/. Retrieved 8 August 2010. Jump up ^ Singh, Anita ( 21 May 2012 ). `` Cannes 2012 : Harry Potter 's Ginny Weasley directs budget film ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Heartland Film Festival Tickets & Guide ''. Retrieved 27 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` United Agents -- Bonnie Wright ''. United Agents. Jump up ^ `` Michael Powell Award Competition / World premiere ''. Retrieved 27 June 2013. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike. `` Toronto Sets World Cinema Film Lineup ''. Deadline. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Moment of Truth ''. Southwarkplayhouse.co.uk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter '' Star Bonnie Wright to Make Stage Debut in The Moment of Truth at Southwark Playhouse ``. Playbill. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Moment of Truth, Southwark Playhouse, Retrieved 23 May 2013 ''. Southwarkplayhouse.co.uk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` British Theatre Guide, The Moment of Truth ''. Britishtheatreguide.info. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ Paul Vale ( 1 July 2013 ). `` The Moment of Truth ''. Thestage.co.uk. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ Roger Smith ( 1 July 2013 ). `` Onestoparts.com, Whatever happened to Marshal Pétain? The Moment of Truth at Southwark Playhouse ''. Onestoparts.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Wright '' Episode 1 at BBC Programmes ^ Jump up to : `` Poster Art Revealed for AFTER THE DARK, In Theaters This February ''. broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 17 December 2013. Jump up ^ Ashley Ross. `` Exclusive Interview : Bonnie Wright on the End of Harry Potter ''. marieclaire.com. Retrieved 21 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Star to Shoot Hollywood Movie in Jakarta '', Jakarta Globe, 14 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Philosophers ''. NYTimes.com. Retrieved 21 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` THE PHILOSOPHERS / MOVIES OF THE THIRD KIND ''. Retrieved 27 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' How ( Not ) to Rob a Train ' ''. annamaguire.co.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` MY DAD IS SCROOGE ( 90 min ) ''. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Wright Official, Verified Twitter Account ( @ thisisbwright ) ''. Twitter.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ Henry Hitchings ( 17 October 2014 ). `` Harry Potter star in Dorset to shoot new film ''. dorsetecho.co.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2014. Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen. `` Nikki Reed & Bonnie Wright Set For ' The Highway Is For Gamblers ' ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Jump up ^ Follow. `` Bonnie Wright 's official Next Models Agency Profile ''. Nextmanagement.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Rodial.co.uk ''. Rodial.co.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2011. Jump up ^ Anelli, Melissa ( 20 February 2011 ). `` Bonnie Wright - Photoshoot for Financial Times ' ' How To Spend It ' Magazine ''. The Leaky Cauldron. Jump up ^ Bonnie Wright Models Southsea Deckchairs For Charity So.Bonnie.net Jump up ^ World Land Trust Vogue UK Jump up ^ `` Separate We Come, Separate We Go ''. Retrieved 28 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Catalogue ''. Jump up ^ `` Separate We Come, Separate We Go ''. Retrieved 1 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Wright ''. BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Riding Solo ''. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` SOPHIE LOWE RELEASES NEW EP, `` DREAMING '' MUSIC VIDEO ``. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` ELLE Reviews Know Thyself ''. Retrieved 13 July 2014. Jump up ^ ( https://twitter.com/thisisbwright/status/695003381388201985 Bonnie Wright ( @ thisisbwright ) on Twitter ; retrieved 3 February 2016. Jump up ^ Wright & Teague : Fade to Gold by Bonnie Wright, Lovegold.com ; retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Bonnie 's new short film ' Fade to Gold ' put online, So.Bonnie.net ; retrieved 7 August 2014. Jump up ^ Bonnie Wright ( @ thisisbwright ) on Twitter ; retrieved 19 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Wright ( Ginny Weasley ) talks HARRY POTTER & her engagement to Jamie Campbell Bower ''. moviesireland. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's Jamie Campbell Bower, Bonnie Wright Engaged! ''. Us Weekly. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Jump up ^ Ewart, Paul ( 10 January 2017 ). `` Harry Potter : Where are they now? ''. News.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2017. Jump up ^ Merrett, Robyn. `` Harry Potter Stars Reunite for Hogwarts ' ' Very Own Royal Wedding ' ''. People. Retrieved 21 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh premiere for Banville 's The Sea ''. RTÉ Ten. 29 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Toronto International Film Festival -- Contemporary World Cinema ''. tiff.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Jump up ^ `` Who Killed Nelson Nutmeg? - a children 's film ''. Who Killed Nelson Nutmeg? - a children 's film. Jump up ^ O'Hara, Helen ( 5 March 2012 ). `` The Awards Nominations Are Here! ''. Empire. Retrieved 5 March 2012. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonnie Wright. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bonnie Wright Bonnie Wright on IMDb Bonnie Wright on Twitter Jenson, Jeff ( 10 July 2009 ). `` ' Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ' : 8 EW Exclusive Cast Pics ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 13 June 2010. McNulty, Pat ( 27 January 2010 ). `` InStyle celebrates new British talent ''. InStyle.co.uk. Retrieved 13 June 2010. LCCN : no2009199564 VIAF : 103571356 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonnie_Wright&oldid=855880916 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people Actresses from London Alumni of the University of the Arts London English child actresses English film actresses English television actresses English voice actresses People educated at King Alfred School, London 21st - century English actresses English female models English music video directors Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from February 2018 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018, at 13 : 04 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bonnie Wright", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bonnie_Wright&amp;oldid=855880916" }

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{ "text": "Now That 's What I Call Music 17 ( UK series ) - wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music 17 ( UK series ) Jump to : navigation, search This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes the 17th album in the UK Now! series. It should not be confused with identically - numbered albums from other Now! series. For more information, see Now That 's What I Call Music! 17 and Now That 's What I Call Music! discography. Now That 's What I Call Music 17 Compilation album by various artists Released 23 April 1990 Genre Pop Length 2 : 05 : 00 Label Virgin / EMI / Polygram Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music 16 ( 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 17 ( 1990 ) Now! That 's What I Call Music 18 ( 1990 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 17 or Now 17 is the 17th edition of the Now! series in the United Kingdom and was released in April 1990 on vinyl, audio cassette, compact disc and VHS. Track listing ( edit ) CD / record / tape 1 No. Title Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` Blue Savannah '' Erasure 2. `` Better World '' Rebel MC 3. `` Opposites Attract '' Paula Abdul 4. `` Dub Be Good to Me '' Beats International 5. `` Kingston Town '' UB40 6. `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' Candy Flip 7. `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' Tina Turner 8. `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' Phil Collins 9. `` Step On '' Happy Mondays 10. `` Loaded '' Primal Scream 11. `` Enjoy the Silence '' Depeche Mode 12. `` Real Real Real '' Jesus Jones 13. `` This Is How It Feels '' Inspiral Carpets 14. `` Shine On '' The House of Love 15. `` From Out of Nowhere '' Faith No More 16. `` Hey You '' The Quireboys CD / record / tape 2 No. Title Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` This Beat Is Technotronic '' Technotronic featuring MC Eric 2. `` Happenin ' All over Again '' Lonnie Gordon 3. `` Do n't You Love Me '' 49ers 4. `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' Jimmy Somerville 5. `` Stronger Than That '' Cliff Richard 6. `` Another Day in Paradise '' Jam Tronik 7. `` Moments in Soul '' JT & The Big Family 8. `` Got to Have Your Love '' Mantronix featuring Wondress 9. `` Do n't Miss the Party Line '' Bizz Nizz 10. `` Everything Starts With An ' E ' '' E-Zee Possee featuring MC Kinky 11. `` Put Your Hands Together '' D Mob featuring Nuff Juice 12. `` Killer '' Adamski featuring Seal 13. `` Chime '' Orbital 14. `` Tomorrow '' Tongue ' n ' Cheek 15. `` Talking with Myself '' Electribe 101 16. `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' Sydney Youngblood Video selection No. Title Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` Step On '' Happy Mondays 2. `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' Candy Flip 3. `` Dub Be Good to Me '' Beats International 4. `` Put Your Hands Together '' D - Mob 5. `` Better World '' Rebel MC 6. `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' Sydney Youngblood 7. `` Another Day in Paradise '' Jam Tronik 8. `` Loaded '' Primal Scream 9. `` Everything Starts With An E '' E-Zee Possee 10. `` Kingston Town '' UB40 11. `` Opposites Attract '' Paula Abdul 12. `` Happenin ' All Over Again '' Lonnie Gordon 13. `` Read My Lips ( Enough is Enough ) '' Jimmy Somerville 14. `` Shine On '' The House of Love 15. `` Real Real Real '' Jesus Jones External links ( edit ) Official website Now That 's What I Call Music! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 XIII 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_17_(UK_series)&oldid=799294293 '' Categories : 1990 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music! albums ( British series ) EMI Records compilation albums Virgin Records compilation albums PolyGram compilation albums Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017, at 20 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Now That's What I Call Music 17 (UK series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_17_(UK_series)&amp;oldid=799294293" }

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{ "text": "Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) - wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes the first album in the UK Now! series. It should not be confused with similarly - titled first albums in other Now! series. For more information, see Now That 's What I Call Music! ( disambiguation ) and Now That 's What I Call Music! discography Now That 's What I Call Music Compilation album by various artists Released 28 November 1983 Length 1 : 55 : 00 Label Virgin / EMI Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music ( 1983 ) Now That 's What I Call Music II ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( also simply titled Now or Now 1 ) is the first album from the popular Now! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983. Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series, the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009. However, alternative longer mixes of Only For Love, Double Dutch and Candy Girl were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983. A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015. In July 2018, the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD, vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series. In December 1983, the compilation debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart and reached number one a week later, staying at the top for five non-consecutive weeks. Contents 1 Track listing 2 Now What 's What I Call Music Video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Record / Tape 1 No. Title Artist Length 1. `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Phil Collins 2 : 52 2. `` Is There Something I Should Know? '' Duran Duran 4 : 11 3. `` Red Red Wine '' UB40 3 : 01 4. `` Only for Love '' Limahl 3 : 48 5. `` Temptation '' Heaven 17 3 : 07 6. `` Give It Up '' KC and the Sunshine Band 4 : 12 7. `` Double Dutch '' Malcolm McLaren 3 : 40 8. `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Bonnie Tyler 4 : 30 9. `` Karma Chameleon '' Culture Club 3 : 53 10. `` The Safety Dance '' Men Without Hats 2 : 47 11. `` Too Shy '' Kajagoogoo 3 : 41 12. `` Moonlight Shadow '' Mike Oldfield 3 : 37 13. `` Down Under '' Men at Work 3 : 42 14. `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Rock Steady Crew 3 : 46 15. `` Baby Jane '' Rod Stewart 4 : 45 16. `` Wherever I Lay My Hat ( That 's My Home ) '' Paul Young 4 : 52 Record / Tape 2 No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Candy Girl '' New Edition 3 : 52 2. `` Big Apple '' Kajagoogoo 4 : 12 3. `` Let 's Stay Together '' Tina Turner 3 : 36 4. `` ( Keep Feeling ) Fascination '' The Human League 3 : 45 5. `` New Song '' Howard Jones 4 : 16 6. `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' UB40 3 : 26 7. `` Tonight, I Celebrate My Love '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack 3 : 29 8. `` They Do n't Know '' Tracey Ullman 3 : 00 9. `` Kissing with Confidence '' Will Powers 3 : 54 10. `` That 's All '' Genesis 4 : 23 11. `` The Love Cats '' The Cure 3 : 33 12. `` Waterfront '' Simple Minds 4 : 40 13. `` The Sun and the Rain '' Madness 3 : 30 14. `` Victims '' Culture Club 4 : 56 Now What 's What I Call Music video ( edit ) A video selection was also released featuring selected tracks from the main album, one track that later featured on Volume II of the series and two which did not appear on any Now album. Phil Collins : `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Duran Duran : `` Is There Something I Should Know '' UB40 : `` Red Red Wine '' Limahl : `` Only for Love '' Heaven 17 : `` Temptation '' Malcolm McLaren : `` Double Dutch '' Culture Club : `` Karma Chameleon '' Men Without Hats : `` The Safety Dance '' Kajagoogoo : `` Too Shy '' Mike Oldfield : `` Moonlight Shadow '' Rock Steady Crew : `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Tina Turner : `` Let 's Stay Together '' Freeez : `` I.O.U. '' Howard Jones : `` New Song '' UB40 : `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' Will Powers : `` Kissing with Confidence '' Genesis : `` That 's All '' Kajagoogoo : `` Big Apple '' The Assembly : `` Never Never '' Thompson Twins : `` Hold Me Now '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack : `` Tonight I Celebrate My Love '' † Never appeared on any of the numbered NOW albums but did appear on Now 1983 in the 10th Anniversary Series. † † Later appeared on NOW 2. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position UK Albums ( OCC ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Compilation Albums ( OCC ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` NOW That 's What I Call Music! 1 ''. Amazon. Retrieved 21 July 2018. Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ www.nowmusic.com Jump up ^ https://apopfansdream.wordpress.com/2015/04/10/now-thats-what-i-call-music-1983-emi-virgin-polygram-1993/ Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Various-Now-Thats-What-I-Call-Music-1983/release/634683 Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Artist Official Charts ''. UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 24 July 2018. Jump up ^ January 2009 / 7503 / `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 July 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website Now That 's What I Call Music television commercial Now That 's What I Call Music! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 UK Christmas number - one albums in the 1980s Super Trouper ( ABBA, 1980 ) The Visitors ( ABBA, 1981 ) The John Lennon Collection ( John Lennon, 1982 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( Various artists, 1983 ) Hits 1 ( Various artists, 1984 ) Now -- The Christmas Album ( Various artists, 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 8 ( Various artists, 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 10 ( Various artists, 1987 ) Private Collection : 1979 -- 1988 ( Cliff Richard, 1988 )... But Seriously ( Phil Collins, 1989 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_(original_UK_album)&oldid=854001402 '' Categories : 1983 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music! albums ( British series ) EMI Records compilation albums Sony Music Entertainment compilation albums Virgin Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 08 : 54 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Now That's What I Call Music (original UK album)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_(original_UK_album)&amp;oldid=854001402" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "What I Call Music Compilation album by various artists Released 28 November 1983 Length 1 : 55 : 00 Label Virgin / EMI Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music ( 1983 ) Now That 's What I Call Music II ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( also simply titled Now or Now 1 ) is the first album from the popular Now! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983. Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series, the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009. However, alternative longer mixes of Only For Love, Double Dutch and Candy Girl were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983. A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015. In July 2018, the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD, vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series. In December 1983, the compilation debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart and reached number one a" ], "id": [ "11757458248213327558" ], "short_answers": [ "28 November 1983" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Animal migration tracking - wikipedia Animal migration tracking Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Radio - collared wolf in Yellowstone National Park For years scientists have been tracking animals and the ways they migrate. One of the many goals of animal migration research has been to determine where the animals are going ; however, researchers also want to know why they are going `` there ''. Researchers not only look at the animals ' migration but also what is between point a and point b to determine if a species is moving to new locations based on food density, a change in water temperature, and the animal 's ability to adapt to these changes. Contents ( hide ) 1 Technologies for tracking 2 Radio tracking 3 Satellite tracking 4 Importance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Technologies for tracking ( edit ) A monarch butterfly shortly after tagging at the Cape May Bird Observatory. The Observatory is one of the organisation that has a monarch identification tagging program. Plastic stickers are placed on the wing of the insect with identification information. Tracking information is used to study the migration patterns of monarchs, including how far and where they fly. In the fall of 1803, American Naturalist John James Audubon wondered whether migrating birds returned to the same place each year. So he tied a string around the leg of a bird before it flew south. The following spring, Audubon saw the bird had indeed come back. Scientists today still attach tags, such as metal bands, to track movement of animals. Metal bands require the re-capture of animals for the scientists to gather data ; the data is thus limited to the animal 's release and destination points. Recent technologies have helped solve this problem. Some electronic tags give off repeating signals that are picked up by radio devices or satellites while other electronic tags could include archival tags ( or data loggers ). Scientists can track the locations and movement of the tagged animals without recapturing them using this RFID technology or satellites. These electronic tags can provide a great deal of data. Radio tracking ( edit ) Further information : Telemetry The right one of these two brush - tailed rock - wallabies is wearing a radio tracking collar. Tracking an animal by radio telemetry involves two devices. Telemetry, in general, involves the use of a transmitter that is attached to an animal and sends out a signal in the form of radio waves, just as a radio station does. A scientist might place the transmitter around an animal 's ankle, neck, wing, carapace, or dorsal fin. Alternatively, they may surgically implant it as internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments, being protected from environmental variables and wear. A VHF receiver picks up the signal, just like a home radio picks up a station 's signal. The receiver is usually in a truck, an ATV, or an airplane. To keep track of the signal, the scientist follows the animal using the receiver. This approach of using radio tracking can be used to track the animal manually but is also used when animals are equipped with other payloads. The receiver is used to home in on the animal to get the payload back. Another form of radio tracking that can be utilized, especially in the case of small bird migration, is the use of geolocators or `` geologgers ''. This technology utilizes a light sensor that tracks the light - level data during regular intervals in order to determine a location based on the length of the day and the time of solar noon. While there are benefits and challenges with using this method of tracking, it is one of the only practical means of tracking small birds over long distances during migration. Passive integrated transponders ( PIT ) are another method of telemetry used to track the movements of a species Passive integrated transponders, or `` PIT tags '', are electronic tags that allow researchers to collect data from a specimen without the need to recapture and handle the animal. Data is captured and monitored via electronic interrogation antennae, which records the time and location of the individual. Pit tags are a humane method of tracking that has little risk of infection or mortality due to the limited contact necessary to monitor the specimens. They are also cost - efficient in that they can be used repeatedly should the need arise to remove the tag from the animal. Satellite tracking ( edit ) Main article : GPS wildlife tracking A saltwater crocodile with GPS - based satellite transmitter for migration tracking Receivers can be placed in Earth - orbiting satellites such as ARGOS. Networks, or groups, of satellites are used to track animals. Each satellite in a network picks up electronic signals from a transmitter on an animal. Together, the signals from all satellites determine the precise location of the animal. The satellites also track the animal 's path as it moves. Satellite - received transmitters fitted to animals can also provide information about the animals ' physiological characteristics ( e.g. temperature ) and habitat use. Satellite tracking is especially useful because the scientists do not have to follow after the animal nor do they have to recover the tag to get the data on where the animal is going or has gone. Satellite networks have tracked the migration and territorial movements of caribou, sea turtles, whales, great white sharks, seals, elephants, bald eagles, ospreys and vultures. Additionally Pop - up satellite archival tags are used on marine mammals and various species of fish. There are two main systems, the above - mentioned Argos and the GPS. Thanks to these systems, conservationists can find the key sites for migratory species. Another form of satellite tracking would be the use of acoustic telemetry. This involves the use of electronic tags that emit sound in order for the researchers to track and monitor an animal within three dimensions, which is helpful in instances when large quantities of a species are being tracked at a time. Importance ( edit ) SeaTag - GEO on a turtle carrier platform for turtle tagging Electronic tags are giving scientists a complete, accurate picture of migration patterns. For example, when scientists used radio transmitters to track one herd of caribou, they learned two important things. First, they learned that the herd moves much more than previously thought. Second, they learned that each year the herd returns to about the same place to give birth. This information would have been difficult or impossible to obtain with `` low tech '' tags. Tracking migrations is an important tool to better understand and protect species. For example, Florida manatees are an endangered species, and therefore they need protection. Radio tracking showed that Florida manatees may travel as far as Rhode Island when they migrate. This information suggests that the manatees may need protection along much of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Previously, protection efforts focused mainly in the Florida area. In the wake of the BP oil spill, efforts in tracking animals has increased in the Gulf. Most researchers who use electronic tags have only a few options : pop - up satellite tags, archival tags, or satellite tags. Historically these tags were generally expensive and could cost several thousands of dollars per tag. However, with current advancements in technology prices are now allowing researchers to tag more animals. With this increase in the number of species and individuals that can be tagged it is important to record and acknowledge the potential negative effects these devices might have. See also ( edit ) Acoustic tag Bird ringing Data storage tag Light level geolocator GIS and aquatic science Pop - up satellite archival tag Tracking collar Coded wire tag References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Technology and Development at the USDA Forest Service, Satellite / GPS Telemetry for Monitoring Lesser Prairie Chickens ''. www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ Original text ( in public domain ) : `` Internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments. Implanted transmitters also are protected from extrinsic variables such as environmental elements and wear ( Eagle et al. 1984 ). '' ( Lander et al. 2005 ) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=usdeptcommercepub ( accessed 29 November 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Animal Migration Research, Jeff Kelly Lab ''. www.animalmigration.org. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ Stutchbury, Bridget J.M. ; Tarof, Scott A. ; Done, Tyler ; Gow, Elizabeth ; Kramer, Patrick M. ; Tautin, John ; Fox, James W. ; Afanasyev, Vsevolod ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ). `` Tracking Long - Distance Songbird Migration by Using Geolocators ''. Science. 323 ( 5916 ) : 896 -- 896. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1166664. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 19213909. ^ Jump up to : `` PIT Tag Information Systems ( PTAGIS ) Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission ''. www.psmfc.org. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Passive Integrated Transponder ( PIT ) Tags in the Study of Animal Movement Learn Science at Scitable ''. www.nature.com. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02. ^ Jump up to : Gavashelishvili, A. ; McGrady, M.J. ( 2007 ). `` Radio - satellite telemetry of a territorial Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in the Caucasus ''. Vulture News. 56 : 4 -- 13. Jump up ^ Gavashelishvili, A. ; McGrady, M. ; Ghasabian, M. ; Bildstein, K.L. ( 2012 ). `` Movements and habitat use by immature Cinereous Vultures ( Aegypius monachus ) from the Caucasus ''. Bird Study. iFirst : 1 -- 14. doi : 10.1080 / 00063657.2012. 728194. Jump up ^ http://www.seaturtle.org/ ^ Jump up to : Northern Bald Ibis Project Jump up ^ `` Acoustic Telemetry Fisheries Research ''. www.htisonar.com. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02. Jump up ^ Bell, S.C. ; El Harouchi, M. ; Hewson, C.M. ; Burgess, M.D. ( 2017 ). `` No short - or long - term effects of geolocator attachment detected in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca ''. Ibis. 159 ( 4 ) : 734 -- 743. doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12493. Jump up ^ Weiser, E.L. ; et al. ( 2016 ). `` Effects of geolocators on hatching success, return rates, breeding movements, and change in body mass in 16 species of Arctic - breeding shorebirds ''. Movement Ecology. 4 ( 12 ). doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12493. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links ( edit ) `` Satellite Tracking. '' Space Today. Tomkiewicz, Jr, Stanley. `` Tracking animal Wild life. '' telonics. Zanoni, Mary. `` Animal ID. '' Klamath Basin. `` John James Audubon. '' Audubon. National Audubon Society, Inc. `` Satellite Tracking Migratory Birds. '' Western Ecological Research Center. `` Satellite Tracking Threatened Manatees. '' Space Today. `` Tracking Manatee Movement. '' Save The Manatee Club. `` Manatee Migration Updates. '' Journey North. Learner. Radio interview Robert and Kirk Miner remember their grandfather, Jack Miner, and talk about the Jack Miner Migratory Bird Sanctuary. Originally aired February 1, 2008. Fisheries science and wild fisheries Fisheries science Population dynamics of fisheries Shifting baseline Fish stock Fish mortality Condition index Stock assessment Fish measurement Standard weight in fish Fish counter Data storage tag Catch per unit effort Otolith microchemical analysis Biomass Fisheries acoustics Acoustic tag Coded wire tag GIS and aquatic science Pop - up satellite archival tag EcoSCOPE Age class structure Trophic level Trophic cascades Match / mismatch hypothesis Fisheries and climate change Marine biology Aquatic ecosystems Bioeconomics EconMult Ecopath FishBase Census of Marine Life OSTM Fisheries databases Institutes Fisheries scientists Wild fisheries Ocean fisheries Diversity of fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Demersal fish Forage fish Pelagic fish Cod fisheries Crab fisheries Eel fisheries Krill fisheries Kelp fisheries Lobster fisheries Shrimp fishery Eel ladder Fish ladder Fish screen Migration Salmon run Sardine run Shoaling and schooling Marine habitats Marine snow Water column Upwelling Humboldt current Algal blooms Dead zones Fish kill Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation Management Fisheries management Fisheries law Monitoring control and surveillance Vessel monitoring system Fishery Resources Monitoring System Catch reporting Fisheries observer Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Magnuson -- Stevens Act Pulse fishing Fisheries organizations Quotas Catch share Individual fishing quota Minimum landing size Slot limit Bycatch Discards Incidental catch Cetacean bycatch Turtle excluder device Shrimp - Turtle case EU quotas EU MLS Exclusive economic zone Sustainability Sustainable fisheries Maximum sustainable yield List of harvested aquatic animals by weight Sustainable seafood Overfishing Environmental effects of fishing Fishing down the food web Destructive fishing practices Future of Marine Animal Populations The Sunken Billions The End of the Line Conservation Marine Protected Area Marine reserve Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Salmon conservation Grey nurse shark conservation Shark sanctuary Organisations The Black Fish Marine Stewardship Council Aquaculture Stewardship Council Friend of the Sea SeaChoice Seafood Watch Ocean Conservancy Ocean Outcomes Oceana Sea Around Us Project WorldFish Center Defying Ocean 's End HERMIONE PROFISH International Seafood Sustainability Foundation Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Greenpeace Related issues CalCOFI Fish slaughter Marine pollution Mercury in fish Shark finning Threatened sharks Threatened rays List of fishing topics by subject Index of fishing articles Fisheries glossary Swarming Biological swarming Agent - based model in biology Bait ball Collective animal behavior Feeding frenzy Flock Flocking Herd Herd behavior Mixed - species foraging flock Mobbing behavior Pack Pack hunter Patterns of self - organization in ants Shoaling and schooling Sort sol Symmetry breaking of escaping ants Swarming behaviour Swarming ( honey bee ) Swarming motility Animal migration Animal migration altitudinal tracking coded wire tag Bird migration flyways reverse migration Cell migration Fish migration diel vertical lessepsian salmon run sardine run Homing natal philopatry Insect migration butterflies monarch Sea turtle migration Swarm algorithms Agent - based models Ant colony optimization Artificial ants Boids Crowd simulation Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Swarm ( simulation ) Collective motion Active matter Collective motion Self - propelled particles clustering Vicsek model Swarm robotics Ant robotics I - Swarm Microbotics Nanorobotics Swarm robotics Symbrion Related topics Allee effect Animal navigation Collective intelligence Decentralised system Eusociality Group size measures Microbial intelligence Mutualism Predator satiation Quorum sensing Spatial organization Stigmergy Military swarming Task allocation and partitioning of social insects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&oldid=807037308 '' Categories : Zoology Wireless locating Animal migration Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 14 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Animal migration tracking", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&amp;oldid=807037308" }

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{ "text": "106th Grey Cup - wikipedia 106th Grey Cup Jump to : navigation, search 106th Grey Cup Date November 25, 2018 Stadium The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium Location Edmonton, Alberta Broadcasters Network English : TSN French : RDS United States : ESPN2 ← 105th Grey Cup 107th Grey Cup → The 106th Grey Cup ( known as the 106th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons ) will be played to decide the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship for the 2018 season. The game will be televised in Canada nationally on TSN. The game is scheduled to be played at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta on Sunday, November 25, 2018. Host city ( edit ) On March 24, 2017, it was reported by several news outlets that the Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos were bidding to host the 2018 Grey Cup game. In previous years, the games would be awarded based on regional preference or ownership changes ( such as Toronto hosting the 104th Grey Cup four years after hosting their previous one ). However, beginning with the 2018 game, the league will have a bidding process based on the merits of the application to determine a host. Calgary last hosted the Grey Cup in 2009 while Edmonton last hosted in 2010. Both cities have previously hosted the Grey Cup game four times. Despite having a new stadium, and not having hosted the Grey Cup game since 1996, it was reported that the Hamilton Tiger - Cats would not submit a bid for the 106th Grey Cup due to ongoing lawsuits filed against the construction firms that completed the stadium more than a year behind schedule. Tiger - Cats CEO, Scott Mitchell, relayed that the organization was focused on the lawsuits first and foremost, and once those are completed they will focus on hosting a Grey Cup in the near future. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott, Morley ; Mertz, Emily ( June 5, 2017 ). `` Edmonton officially named 2018 Grey Cup host city ''. CHED. Edmonton : Global Edmonton. Retrieved June 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shaw, CFL announce Grey Cup sponsorship deal ''. Global News. Shaw Media. May 8, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Stamps, Eskimos bidding for 2018 Grey Cup ''. TSN. March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Calgary, Edmonton to bid for 2018 Grey Cup : report ''. 3downnation. March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016, Ottawa in 2017 ''. Sportsnet. Rogers Media. September 4, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` No Grey Cup bid until stadium legal issues solved ''. Hamilton Spectator. March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Last hurdle the highest for Tiger - Cats ''. Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08. Grey Cup Editions 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Venues Autostade BC Place BMO Field Commonwealth Stadium Civic Stadium / Ivor Wynne Stadium Empire Stadium Exhibition Stadium Hamilton AAA Grounds Investors Group Field McMahon Stadium Molson Stadium Olympic Stadium Richardson Memorial Stadium Skydome / Rogers Centre Rosedale Field Taylor Field TD Place Stadium / Frank Clair Stadium / Lansdowne Park Varsity Stadium Winnipeg Stadium / Canad Inns Stadium Statistics Champions Most Valuable Players Most Valuable Canadians Winning head coaches Broadcasters Halftime performers 2018 CFL season by team West Division BC Calgary Edmonton Saskatchewan Winnipeg East Division Hamilton Montreal Ottawa Toronto See also 2018 CFL Draft 106th Grey Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=106th_Grey_Cup&oldid=840138779 '' Categories : Grey Cup Grey Cups hosted in Edmonton Scheduled sports events 2018 in Canadian football 2018 in Canadian television 2010s in Edmonton 2018 in Alberta 2018 sports awards November 2018 sports events in North America Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 00 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "106th Grey Cup", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=106th_Grey_Cup&amp;oldid=840138779" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Date November 25, 2018 Stadium The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium Location Edmonton, Alberta Broadcasters Network English : TSN French : RDS United States : ESPN2 ← 105th Grey Cup 107th Grey Cup → The 106th Grey Cup ( known as the 106th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons ) will be played to decide the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship for the 2018 season. The game will be televised in Canada nationally on TSN. The game is scheduled to be played at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta on Sunday, November 25, 2018. Host city ( edit ) On March 24, 2017, it was reported by several news outlets that the Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos were bidding to host the 2018 Grey Cup game. In previous years, the games would be awarded based on regional preference or ownership changes ( such as Toronto hosting the 104th Grey Cup four years after hosting their previous one ). However, beginning with the 2018 game, the league will have a bidding process based on the merits of the application to determine a host. Calgary last hosted the Grey Cup in 2009 while Edmonton last hosted in 2010. Both cities have previously hosted" ], "id": [ "15817611534020293599" ], "short_answers": [ "The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Canada -- United States trade relations - wikipedia Canada -- United States trade relations hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : copyediting and grammar improvement Please help improve this article if you can. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. ( March 2018 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The trade relationship of the United States with Canada was the second largest in the world after China and the United States. In 2016, the goods and services trade between the two countries totaled $627.8 billion. U.S. exports were $320.1 billion, while imports were $307.6 billion. The United States had a $12.5 billion trade surplus with Canada in 2016. Canada has historically held a trade deficit with the United States in every year since 1985 in net trade of goods, excluding services. The trade relationship between the two countries crosses all industries and is vitally important to both nations ' success as each country is one of the largest trade partners of the other. The trade across Ambassador Bridge, between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan, alone is equal to all trade between the United States and Japan. Contents 1 Before NAFTA 2 North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) 3 Disputes 4 Softwood lumber 5 Proposals 6 By sector 6.1 Energy 6.2 Agriculture ( Dairy ) 7 Media and culture 8 See also 9 References Before NAFTA ( edit ) Canadian politicians have debated free trade since 1866.. Trade with the United States was the main topic in the 1911 Canadian Federal Election, where it was proposed by the Liberal Party of Canada and opposed by the Conservative Party, as well as in the 1984 and 1988 Canadian Federal Election, where the Progressive Conservative Party promoted a free trade agreement, opposed by the Liberal Party. Although there were many bilateral agreements reducing tariffs, a free trade agreement was not reached until the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement in 1987. North American free trade agreement ( NAFTA ) ( edit ) The Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement laid the groundwork for a multilateral and multicultural agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, called the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ), which has helped to increase trade amongst all three member countries. Although there is some dysfunction between the countries, especially in the area of automobiles and agriculture, the trends are negligible as the agreement has arguably been a boom for all nations involved. Disputes ( edit ) There are several disputes arising from the bilateral trade between the two nations. The United States placed Canada on its Special 301 Report intellectual property rights enforcement ( although under the mildest category of `` rebuke '' ). Other products from Canada under dispute include softwood lumber, beef, tomatoes, and other agricultural products. The heightened border security as a result of the 2001 terrorist attacks has been an issue of concern for businesses in both countries. The issue has become less of a concern since the attacks with the development of new technology, registration, training, and fewer rules. However, a midpoint estimate of US $10.5 billion cost to businesses in delays and uncertain travel time have affected trade. One ongoing and complex trade issue involves the importation of cheaper prescription drugs from Canada to the United States. Due to the Canadian government 's price controls as part of their Single - payer medical system, prices for prescription drugs can be a fraction of the price paid by consumers in the unregulated U.S. market. While laws in the United States have been passed at the national level against such sales, specific state and local governments have passed their own legislation to allow the trade to continue. American drug companies -- often supporters of political campaigns -- have obviously come out against the practice. Softwood lumber ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Canada -- United States softwood lumber dispute Log driving near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Canada -- United States softwood lumber dispute is one of the most significant and enduring trade disputes in modern history. The dispute has had its biggest effect on British Columbia, the major Canadian exporter of softwood lumber to the United States. The heart of the dispute is the claim that the Canadian lumber industry is unfairly subsidized by the federal and provincial governments. Specifically, most timber in Canada is owned by provincial governments. The price charged to harvest the timber ( the `` stumpage fee '' ) is set administratively rather than through a competitive auction, as is often the practice in the United States. The United States claims that the provision of government timber at below market prices constitutes an unfair subsidy. Under U.S. trade remedy laws, foreign goods benefiting from subsidies can be subject to a countervailing duty tariff to offset the subsidy and bring the price of the product back up to market rates. Proposals ( edit ) Since the September 11th attacks, there has been debate on whether there should be further North American integration. Some have proposed the adoption of the Amero under the North American Currency Union as the official currency of North America. While these discussions are more prevalent in Canada, studies have shown that United States citizens would not object to economic integration. Former U.S. Ambassador Paul Cellucci stated, however, `` Security trumps trade '' in the United States, and so as long as Canada is a possible point of entry for terrorists, such integration seems unfeasible. By sector ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Energy ( edit ) The strength of the Canada -- U.S. relationship is demonstrated by impressive bilateral trade of approximately $1.9 billion a day, along the world 's longest undefended border. Energy trade is the largest component of this cross-border commerce. Canada has the third - largest oil reserves ( after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela ), thanks to its oil - sands resources. The United States has historically been Canada 's only foreign market for natural gas, oil, and hydropower. In 2010, almost 100 % of Canada 's exports in these commodity classes were destined for the United States. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of crude oil ( 25 % of oil imports ) and natural gas to the United States. In short, this energy relationship has enhanced U.S. energy security and provided Canada with steady demand for its energy exports. However, this highly integrated U.S. -- Canada energy relationship may change dramatically in the near future. U.S. oil and natural gas production and reserves are expanding because of growing tight oil and shale gas developments. Furthermore, the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) forecasts slower growth in U.S. oil and natural gas consumption in the coming decades until 2035. Consequently, the United States no longer appears to be an unlimited market for Canadian energy, leaving Canada seeking new export destinations. Both Canada and the United States are increasingly reliant on foreign investment to develop their resource sectors, with Asia serving as an important source of capital. Asian investors initially focused on project investments as minority joint venture partners but are showing increasing interest in owning production companies. Asian investors ' objectives for investing in the North American energy sector include both attractive financial returns on investment as well as an interest in North America as an energy supply source for their economies. The expanding energy investment and trade between North America and Asia can be mutually beneficial. Agriculture ( dairy ) ( edit ) Another source of tension has been Canada 's protection of their diary farmers. Canada is the only industrialized country in the world to still use a `` supply management system '' for regulating the supply of dairy products. The US sees the system as protectionist, because after an annual import quota has been reached, a large tariff ( 240 % for milk, 300 % for butter ) is applied to any additional imports. Media and culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of Canadian television stations available in the United States and List of United States stations available in Canada Because English is the majority language in both countries, and accents and dialects on both sides of the border are ( relatively ) similar and being a variety of North American English ( as compared to the British or Australian English ), both high culture and mass media are easily traded. Granted, both countries have minority - language media -- Canada 's large francophone population and the United States ' large hispanophone population -- as well as immigrants and indigenous language speakers, but cultural trade mostly concerns English - language media. The major difference is that the U.S. media market is more than 15 times larger, meaning that the Americans enjoy greater economies of scale. Historically, this has always been the case since the 19th century, when Canada was flooded with American books, but the beginning of Canada 's cultural protectionism dates to the 1920s, when Canada 's radio market was dominated by American broadcasts, leading cultural nationalist s to form the Canadian Radio League, which lobbied for a publicly funded broadcaster to compete with U.S. stations. In the 1950s, television experienced a similar dispute, with Canadian stations airing U.S. programming and U.S. stations broadcasting into Canada, leading to the creation of CBC Television. Since the 1970s, Canadian radio and television stations have been required by law to air a minimum percentage of Canadian content. One source of tension is a difference in philosophy : the Canadian position is that its culture is a prerequisite for safeguarding its nationhood and should thus be excluded from free trade agreements, whereas Americans negotiators see media as just another commodity. This difference came to light during the dispute over `` split - run '' magazine during the 1990s. Split - runs are magazines produce a slightly modified edition ( say, for a Canadian market ) and resell much of the advertising space to Canadian advertisers. Canadian publishers argued that the Americans were poaching all their advertising revenue without producing substantial Canadian content. American publishers and the U.S. government countered that banning `` split - runs '' was illegal under international trade law. There have also been disputes over the generous tax credits that the Canadian federal and provincial governments give to television and film productions. This, combined with a weaker Canadian dollar caused American filmmakers to complain during the 1990s that `` runaway productions '' were hurting American employment in the film industry, especially in California. See also ( edit ) NAFTA 's effect on United States employment North American Forum on Integration North American SuperCorridor Coalition Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canada United States Trade Representative ''. ustr.gov. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade. `` Foreign Trade : Data ''. www.census.gov. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 08. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 01. ^ Jump up to : `` Apps - Access My Library - Gale ''. Access My Library. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` CRS Report for Congress '' ( PDF ). Nationalaglawcenter.org. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Cellucci 's Message, '' National Post, March 26, 2003. Jump up ^ `` 2013 Summit Working Papers : The U.S. - Canada Energy Relationship and the Growing Role for Asia '' ( PDF ). Nbr.org. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Northam, Jackie ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ). `` Why President Trump Hates Canadian Dairy -- And Canada Insists On Protecting It ''. NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2018 - 07 - 10. Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11. Foreign relations of Canada Multilateral relations International organizations Africa Asia Caribbean Latin America Europe ( European Union, NATO ) United Nations History Soviet Union Cold War Vietnam War Afghanistan War Iraq War Policies, doctrines, concepts Middle power North Atlantic triangle Responsibility to protect Foreign policy of the Harper government Defence diplomacy Africa Algeria Burkina Faso DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mali Morocco Mozambique Namibia Senegal South Africa Americas Argentina Barbados Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Grenada Haiti Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand By topic Trade : with the United States Largest trading partners Tariffs Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean Military : NATO NORAD Related Canadian diplomats Diplomatic missions of / in Canada Treaties Department of Global Affairs Foreign relations of the United States Bilateral relations Africa East Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe North Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland West Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Northern Bermuda Canada trade relations Mexico South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan South Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan ( military relations ) Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Myanmar Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military relations Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe East Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine North Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom South Andorra Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Vatican City West Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former states Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Texas Russian Empire Soviet Union Multilateral relations Arab League European Union Latin America United Nations Third Border Initiative International organizations Doctrines, policies, concepts Presidential doctrines Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama Other doctrines Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz Policies and concepts Blowback Containment Domino theory Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship Taiwan Relations Act ( Taiwan Travel Act ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada -- United_States_trade_relations&oldid = 849859425 '' Categories : Foreign trade of the United States International trade of Canada Canada -- United States trade relations Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2018 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018, at 21 : 42 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Canada–United States trade relations", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations&amp;oldid=849859425" }

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{ "text": "Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states Jump to : navigation, search In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ). In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients. Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules. can not be tattooed, branded, or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation. Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation. Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit. Ala. Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities. Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider. no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony. There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed, branded, or pierced. Ark. Stat. Ann. § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq. Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent. They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent. no restriction Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal. Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician. no restrictions Conn. Gen. Stat. § 19a - 92a, Conn. Gen. Stat. § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists. DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed, branded, or body pierced Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized. for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla. Stat. § 381.00787 Fla. Stat. § 381.0775 et seq. Fla. Stat. § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes. '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket. no restrictions Ga. Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga. Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga. Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent / employee. Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent. Piercing for medical procedures exempt. no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian. Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent. no restrictions Ill. Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill. Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission. Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent. no restrictions Ind. Code Ann. § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind. Code Ann. § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it. no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure. Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan. Stat. Ann. § 65 - 1953 Kan. Stat. Ann. § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky Not specified Parent / guardian must give written, notarized consent. none ( ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent ). no restrictions Ky. Rev. Stat. § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat. § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings. no restrictions La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14 : 93.2 La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40 : 2831 et seq. Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian. Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent, which must be retained for 3 years. Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document. Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation. no restriction County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state. Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written, informed consent of parent / guardian. Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee. can not be tattooed, branded, or body pierced. Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required. Minors can not be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors. can not have any body art procedures. Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear. no restriction Miss. Code Ann. § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos, parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee. can not be tattooed, branded or body pierced. violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit, in - person '' consent. Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure. can not be tattooed or body pierced. A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both. Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense. Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments. Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's. Mont. Code Ann. § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont. Code Ann. § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont. Code Ann. § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent, must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008, 38 - 1009, 38 - 1010, 38 - 1011, 38 - 1060, 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol. n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure. Minors can not be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent. Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent. no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing. Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent. no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure. Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61 - 17B et seq., N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq. New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent. For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner. Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings. no restrictions New York Public Health Law, Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed, even with parent / guardian consent. `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings. Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent. no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent. can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed. '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings. no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed, even with parent / guardian consent. For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure. Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law. Scleral tattooing is illegal. can not be tattooed. Okla. Stat. Title 21 § 842.1, 842.2, 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity. Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician. Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced. Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent / guardian consent. Piercing on testes, deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited. can not be tattooed or pierced. Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor. Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ). Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office. With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art. Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure. no restrictions Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed. For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure. no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ), maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered. RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed. For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure. Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal. can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both. Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form. can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor. Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules. Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists. S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure. For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure. Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent / guardian consent. Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act, '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service. Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor, breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor. Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department. Tenn. Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may, with parent / guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang - related, or drug - related content, or `` other words, symbols, or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited. Cannot be tattooed or pierced. Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense. Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity. Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation. Utah Code Ann. § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered. Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure. Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced. Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state. Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments. Va. Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq. Va. Code § 15.2 - 912 Va. Code § 18.2 - 371.3. Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art. Wash. Code § 26.28. 085 Wash. Code § 18.300 Wash. Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash. Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va. Code § 16 - 37 W. Va. Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent, presence during procedure. Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law. no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 ''. findlaw. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD, MILK, AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ). http://www.adph.org/. Retrieved 5 July 2015. External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING, BRANDING, AND BODY PIERCING ''. findlaw. Retrieved 5 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES ''. findlaw. Retrieved 5 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT ''. findlaw.com. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS, STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ''. http://www.ncsl.org/. National Council of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721. Tattoos, brands, scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions. Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops, Tucson Citizen, Jul 05, 2007. Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool ''. lexisnexis.com. ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age. : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217. : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor. ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS ''. Findlaw. ^ Jump up to : `` CAL. PEN. CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 ''. Findlaw. ^ Jump up to : `` CAL. HSC. CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 ''. Findlaw. ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300. - 119328. ) ''. regstoday.com. ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing. : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/practitioner_licensing_and_investigations/plis/tatoo/tattoo_info.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties. : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 ''. delaware.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine ''. state.fl.us. line feed character in title = at position 25 ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties. : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes ''. idaho.gov. ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind. Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information ''. in.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 ''. iowa.gov. Jump up ^ https://www.idph.state.ia.us/Tattoo/ ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature ''. kslegislature.org. Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature ''. kslegislature.org. Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070. Body piercing and ear piercing. ''. state.ky.us. Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Title 32, § 4203 : Minors ''. mainelegislature.org. Jump up ^ `` Title 32, § 4323 : Body piercing of minors ''. mainelegislature.org. Jump up ^ `` Title 32, § 4321 : Definitions ''. mainelegislature.org. ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 ''. dsd.state.md.us. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. Disclose the risks of the procedure, obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or, in the case of a minor, the consent of the parent or guardian, and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer, if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions ''. dsd.state.md.us. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment. `` Body Art ( Body Piercing, Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ). Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30. ^ Jump up to : `` Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes ''. mn.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing, branding, body piercing, prohibited, when, penalty. : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required, when -- rulemaking authority. : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623. Unlawful transactions with children. ''. mt.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana ''. mtrules.org. Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108. Penalties -- misdemeanor. ''. mt.gov. Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103. Rulemaking authority. ''. mt.gov. Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203. Licensure and regulation by local boards of health. ''. mt.gov. Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents, Title 50, Chapter 48, MCA ''. mt.gov. Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents, Title 50, Chapter 48, MCA ''. mt.gov. Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 ''. nebraskalegislature.gov. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 ''. nebraskalegislature.gov. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments ''. southernnevadahealthdistrict.org. ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission, required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/phss/bodyart.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 ''. New Mexico Administrative Code. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. the signature of the client and, if the client is a minor, written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act ''. public.nmcompcomm.us. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree ''. ny.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing ''. ny.gov. Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing ''. ny.gov. ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 ''. state.nc.us. Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC ''. ohio.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1. Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties. : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions. : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division ''. state.or.us. ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing. : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors. : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing. : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties. : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120. Minors or persons impaired by drugs, alcohol, or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty. : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization, sanitation, and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business. : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20. Sterilization, sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits. : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Rules Display ''. sd.gov. Jump up ^ `` Rules Display ''. sd.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Rules Display ''. sd.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS ''. Findlaw. ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED ''. Findlaw. Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS ''. Findlaw. ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature ''. utah.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws ''. vermont.gov. Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations ''. vermont.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3. Tattooing or body piercing of minors ''. virginia.gov. Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703. License required ''. virginia.gov. Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1. License required for barbershop, cosmetology salon, nail care salon, waxing salon, tattoo parlor, body - piercing salon, and esthetics spa ''. virginia.gov. Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912. Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception ''. virginia.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty. ''. wa.gov. Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions. ''. wa.gov. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, AND TATTOOING ''. wa.gov. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL ''. wa.gov. Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS ''. wa.gov. ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3. Operation standards. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7. Violations and penalties. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6. Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3. Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38. TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia ''. Justia Law. Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 ''. Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 ''. Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN, CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION, ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS ''. legisweb.state.wy.us. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29. Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Pe'a ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in... the European Union the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=802121684 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : invisible characters Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 03 : 47. About Wikipedia", "title": "Legal status of tattooing in the United States", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&amp;oldid=802121684" }

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{ "text": "Bastille ( band ) - wikipedia Bastille ( band ) Jump to : navigation, search Bastille Bastille performing at Coachella in 2014 Background information Origin London, England, United Kingdom Genres Indie pop synth - pop indie rock Years active 2010 -- present Labels Virgin Capitol Website bastillebastille.com Members Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Woods Bastille ( stylised as BΔSTILLE ) are a British rock band formed in 2010. The group began as a solo project by lead vocalist Dan Smith, but later expanded to include keyboardist Kyle Simmons, bassist and guitarist Will Farquarson, and drummer Chris Wood. The name of the band derives from Bastille Day, which is celebrated on 14 July, the date of Smith 's birthday. After an independently released debut single and a self - released EP, the band signed to Virgin Records. Their first studio album, Bad Blood, was released in March 2013 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one. The band was nominated for four Brit Awards at the 2014 ceremony, winning the British Breakthrough Act. As of November 2014, Bastille have sold over five million records in the US and 2.5 million records in the UK. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early releases 1.2 Bad Blood and All This Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) 1.3 VS., Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 2 Media 3 Discography 4 Band members 4.1 Timeline 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early releases ( edit ) Bastille debuted in July 2010 with their limited edition 7 '' single that featured the two tracks `` Flaws '' and `` Icarus ''. Released through London - based independent record label Young & Lost Club, only 300 copies were pressed. One of the copies found its way into the hands of Alex Baker, presenter of the unsigned / independent artists radio show on Kerrang! Radio. Baker started to support Bastille on air, and the band began to find an audience. They released the EP Laura Palmer themselves later in 2011. After debuting further tracks online through sites such as YouTube and MySpace, the band 's audience started to grow. In December 2011 Smith signed a contract with Virgin Records. The group subsequently secured a few support slots and later performed at major UK festivals including Glastonbury, the Isle of Wight, Redfest Reading and Leeds Festival and Blissfields. The band also recorded and released two parts of their mix - tape titled Other People 's Heartache for free. Bad Blood and All this Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Bastille in concert at Queens ' College May Ball, 2013 On 27 April 2012, their first official single release, `` Overjoyed '', was released through Virgin Records, as confirmed by EMI on 1 May 2012. Following its video premiere in November 2011, popular music publication, Q Magazine introduced the track as its ' Track of the Day ' for 7 March 2012. The second single to be released from the upcoming debut studio album, Bad Blood, was the eponymous track, `` Bad Blood ''. An accompanying video for the single was released on the band 's official VEVO channel on 29 June 2012, and digitally through Virgin Records on 20 August 2012. Bastille were also named ' New Band of the Day ' by British newspaper The Guardian in July 2012. The song charted moderately at number 90 in the United Kingdom, and saw the group 's first entry into the chart. In August 2012 the band performed at UK festivals like Reading and Leeds, as well as supporting British singer - songwriter Emeli Sandé. They later played a small headlining tour, titled ' Flaws Tour ' in October 2012, with Swiss Lips as their support act. in November 2012, the band performed at Hong Kong 's Clockenflap Music and Arts Festival, their first outside of Europe. Their third single, a re-release of their first 7 '' non-album single `` Flaws '', was a commercial success, earning the group their first position in the UK Top 40, debuting at number - twenty - one. The song `` Oblivion '' was featured in Season 4 Episode 9 of The Vampire Diaries in December 2012. Dan Smith at Provinssirock festival 2013 in Seinäjoki, Finland In February 2013, Bastille confirmed the release of the fourth single to be taken from Bad Blood, `` Pompeii ''. The song was positively reviewed by critics, reaching number two in the United Kingdom and number five in the US. Their debut album Bad Blood was released on 4 March 2013, and placed at number one in the UK Albums Chart. On 11 March, Bastille were announced to be playing at Leeds and Reading Festival in August 2013. In an interview with Digital Spy in March 2013, `` Laura Palmer '' was revealed to be the fifth single to be released from the album, by lead vocalist, Dan Smith. It was released on 3 June 2013, and an accompanying video for the track premiered through the band 's official VEVO page on 12 April 2013. The group joined English rock band Muse as a supporting act on their The 2nd Law Tour in May 2013 and did so again in June 2013. In May 2013, Bastille released their Haunt EP in the US via iTunes. On Saturday 6 July the band headlined their first UK summer music festival at Blissfields. Smith was quoted as saying `` We 're massively excited about our first ever headline slot at a festival. Particularly because we love Blissfields so much, and because they 've been so supportive to us over the last couple of years. '' The performance coincided with the band appearing on the cover of a national music publication, Notion magazine, for the first time. On 24 August 2013, `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' was released as the sixth single from the band 's debut album. A music video for the song was shot in Vilnius and Kėdainiai, Lithuania. On 3 September 2013, Bastille released their Bad Blood album in the US via iTunes. On 9 October 2013 Bastille released a new single, `` Of the Night '', a mash - up of the songs `` The Rhythm of the Night '' by Corona and `` Rhythm Is a Dancer '' by Snap!. The single debuted at number two on UK Singles Chart. The song was promoting All This Bad Blood, a reissue of the band 's debut album, released on 25 November 2013. In January 2014 Will Farquarson said in an interview with Billboard magazine that the band had already started to work on its second album in between tour dates. The band performed on Saturday Night Live on 25 January 2014. On 4 February 2014 Bastille won the BRIT Award for Best Breakthrough Act and performed a remixed version of `` Pompeii '' with Rudimental and their song `` Waiting All Night '' at the ceremony. Two hours after their appearance, sales of Bad Blood were up by 132 % to give them a second week at number one in the UK album chart and `` Pompeii '' had climbed 29 places in the singles. On 1 April 2014 the Official Charts Company announced that Bad Blood was the biggest selling digital album of 2013, and Number 11 in the over-all Official Artist Albums Top 40 of 2013. Also in April 2014, the band performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California. On 31 May 2014 the band took part in the Annual KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine, California, performing among other bands including The Neighbourhood and Fall Out Boy. On 13 July 2014, Bastille played at T in the Park. In September 2014 they released the last single from Bad Blood, `` Oblivion '', the Bad Blood Tour finished in 2015. VS, Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Dan Smith ( 2015 ) In late 2013 Bastille began to play new songs called `` Blame '' and `` Campus ''. Another song called `` Oil On Water '' was played during sound - check and leaked online. They began proper work on the album in 2014, and planned to start recording it in September. Farquarson said that they had `` 16 or 17 tracks '' demoed already for the album. He also said `` We 're going into the studio in September to record ; hopefully by then we 'll have 20 or maybe more. I think it 's always better to have more material and whittle it down. Our producer has gone on tour with us, so we 've been doing things on our days off and during sound - checks. '' Dan Smith said the album will include more guitars saying `` we did n't really have much of that on the first album and it may not end up on it but it would be quite interesting to try it out. We feel quite free. If we want to go quite electronic then we can and if we want to go more rocky and indie then we can. '' On 21 October 2014 Bastille announced their third mixtape, VS. ( Other People 's Heartache, Pt. III ) with the release of their song `` Torn Apart '', featuring the artist Grades and Lizzo on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show. They also wrote and recorded the song `` The Driver '' for the re-score of the film Drive which was released a week later and will also feature on the mixtape. VS. ( Other People 's Heartache, Pt. III ) featured the Gemma Sharples Quartet, Haim, MNEK, Tyde, Rationale, Lizzo, Grades, Angel Haze, F * U * G * Z, Braque, Rag'n'Bone Man, and Skunk Anansie. VS. ( Other People 's Heartache, Pt. III ) was released on 8 December 2014. In November 2014, Bastille were featured on the Band Aid 30 version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? ''. They were nominated for Best New Artist at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, but lost out to Sam Smith. In 2015, Bastille recruited a new touring member Charlie Barnes. On 22 September 2015, Bastille released an independent single called `` Hangin ' ''. The band also featured on the Kill Your Friends ( 2015 ) soundtrack with a cover of the Sugababes debut single `` Overload ''. It was announced via Facebook that their second album would be released in 2016. Also, during that summer, the band debuted two new songs live : `` Grip '' and `` Snakes. '' In April 2016, the band debuted a new song entitled `` The Currents ''. On 2 June 2016, the band uploaded a trailer including an excerpt from the then - unreleased song Two Evils announcing the name of the album to be Wild World. On 9 June, it was announced that the band 's new single, `` Good Grief '', would be released on 16 June 2016. On 16 June 2016, Annie Mac debuted `` Good Grief '' on her BBC Radio 1 show as the `` hottest track. '' The track was immediately released to radio, streaming services, and for purchase following the debut. In an interview with Mac following the song 's premiere, Dan Smith revealed that their second album would `` go through a variety of sounds, but it is very much us ( Bastille ). '' On 24 June 2016, Bastille performed the songs `` Good Grief '' and `` Two Evils '' live for the first time at Glastonbury Festival as part of their set on the Other Stage. On 30 June 2016, Bastille announced that the release of the second LP Wild World and embarked on their Wild Wild World Tour in July. Released on 8 September, the album reached the top of the mid-week sales chart, while the band set up pop - up shops in London, New York and Los Angeles to promote the release. On 16 September, it was confirmed that Wild World had reached # 1 on both the U.K. and Scottish album charts. On World Record Store Day 2017, the band released an original song titled Comfort of Strangers. In August 2017, the band released a version of the Green Day song `` Basket Case '' for the Peter Serafinowicz series The Tick. The band announced their third studio album, scheduled for release in 2018. Speaking to NME, Smith said `` We never really stop writing and recording, but I can confirm we spent a lot of this year writing our third album. '' On September 1, 2017 the band Headlined the Annual Pilton Party Held at Pilton Worthy Farm home of the Glastonbury Festival. On November 23, 2017, Craig David and Bastille released `` I Know You, '' the second single from David 's album, The Time Is Now. The single peaked at number 5 in 2018. On November 9, 2017, the band released a music video for `` World Gone Mad '', a song for the Netflix movie Bright. Media ( edit ) Bastille 's music has been used on the TV soap Hollyoaks with one week in the early summer focused on Bastille 's song `` Laura Palmer ''. Their music also has been on : Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries. Bastille can also be heard on EastEnders ' autumn ( 2014 ) trailer with `` Things We Lost in the Fire ''. They can also be heard on Teen Wolf and on the fourth episode of How to Get Away with Murder with the Naughty Boy collaboration `` No One 's Here to Sleep ''. Their song Pompeii is featured in First Touch game, First Touch Soccer 15, the Konami game, Pro Evolution Soccer 2015, and the 2014 movie, Mr. Peabody and Sherman. The song `` Haunt '' can be heard in the season 1 finale of the TV series Finding Carter. The band 's music has appeared in the FIFA video games three times : Weight of Living, Pt. II is featured in FIFA 13, Hangin ' is featured in FIFA 16, and Send Them Off! is featured in FIFA 17. Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bastille discography Studio albums Bad Blood ( 2013 ) Wild World ( 2016 ) Band members ( edit ) Current members Dan Smith -- lead vocals, piano, keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Kyle Simmons -- piano, keyboards, backing vocals, bass, guitar ( 2010 -- present ) Will Farquarson -- guitar, bass, backing vocals, piano, keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Chris `` Woody '' Wood -- drums, percussion, backing vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Touring members Charlie Barnes -- guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, percussion, bass ( 2015 -- present ) Timeline ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bastille Bastille have won several music awards and landed many nominations, including ones for Brit Awards, Billboard Music Awards, World Music Awards, and Grammy Awards. Bastille has sold over 8 million records worldwide. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stubbs, Dan ( 7 July 2016 ). `` Bastille : The Band The World Fell Head Over Heels For ''. nme.com. Retrieved 8 July 2016. Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil ( 25 October 2013 ). `` Bastille 's storming success ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` EMI signs Bastille and Eric Prydz to Virgin Records ''. musicweek.com. Newsdesk. NewBay Media. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 ''. officialcharts.com. The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Brits 2014 : Winners in full ''. bbc.co.uk. 7newsdesk. BBC. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : Myers, Justin ( 19 February 2014 ). `` The BRIT Awards 2014 : The biggest selling nominees revealed ''. officialcharts.com. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Flaws ''. Discogs. Retrieved 24 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Laura Palmer EP ''. Discogs. Retrieved 24 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : Robinson, Peter ( 23 January 2014 ). `` Bastille : ' We 've had a year of proving people wrong ' ''. the Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Overjoyed Bastille release debut Virgin single ''. EMI. Jump up ^ `` Q Magazine -- Music news & reviews, music videos, band pictures & interviewsQ Magazine ''. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ Paul Lester. `` New band of the day -- No 1,316 : Bastille ''. the Guardian. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Soundtrack ''. tunefind. Jump up ^ `` Green Day, Phoenix, Bastille & more for Reading / Leeds festivals 2013 -- Metro News ''. Metro. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bastille to release ' Laura Palmer ' as new single -- listen ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bastille -- Laura Palmer ''. YouTube. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK ''. Retrieved 12 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK ''. Retrieved 4 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bastille ''. Retrieved 11 March 2015. Jump up ^ Ben Lawrence. `` Watch : Bastille 's new video for ' Things We Lost In The Fire ' ''. GIGWISE.com. Jump up ^ Graff, Gary ( 20 January 2014 ). `` Bastille Working on Sophomore Album in Between Tour Dates ''. Billboard. Retrieved 26 January 2014. Jump up ^ Myers, Justin ( 20 February 2014 ). `` BRITs 2014 stars see hefty sales uplift overnight ''. Official Charts Company. Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 so far! ''. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter ''. Twitter. ^ Jump up to : `` Bastille ''. X-press Magazine -- Entertainment in Perth. ^ Jump up to : Andrew Trendell. `` Bastille : ' Our second album could be quite guitar - heavy ' ''. GIGWISE.com. Jump up ^ Morley, Nicole ( 10 November 2014 ). `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction, Ed Sheeran, Bastille, Bono & Bob Geldof ''. Daily Star. Northern & Shell. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bastille -- Kyle Simmons BOOM MAGAZINE ''. BOOM MAGAZINE. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bastille : GRAMMY Nomination Caps An Amazing Year ''. Grammy.com. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bastille : ' We 've been experimenting with our new music ' ''. BBC. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bastille debut new track ' Grip ' during current festival run ''. Diymag.com. Retrieved 2 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Watch Bastille debut ' weird ' new song ' The Currents ' at Snowbombing festival ''. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` WWCOMMS. 001 / / Hello ''. Facebook. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter ''. Twitter. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury 2016 -- Bastille ''. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bastille Announce Arena Tour & New Album, ' Wild World ' ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ Foster, Alistair ( 14 September 2016 ). `` Bastille storming charts again with album made in windowless studio ''. evening standard. Retrieved 15 September 2016. Jump up ^ Daily, Rhian ( 13 September 2016 ). `` Dan Smith Invites Us Into Bastille 's Dystopian Office At Their London Pop - Up Shop ''. NME. Retrieved 15 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bastille - Artist - Official Charts ''. UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 17 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bastille have covered Green Day 's ' Basket Case ' ''. DIY. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bastille reveal third album details in NME cover interview ''. NME. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017. Jump up ^ Digital, Pretty Good. `` Glastonbury Festival - Pilton Party ''. Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June, 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Jump up ^ Digital, Pretty Good. `` Glastonbury Festival - 2017 Pilton Party with Bastille is a sell out! ''. Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June, 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran claims first Number 1 single and album of 2018 ''. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ Daly, Rhian ( 9 November 2017 ). `` World gone mad : What we learned from Bastille 's new song and Dan Smith 's Beats 1 interview ''. NME. Retrieved 10 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` With the launch of their debut album ' Bad Blood ', Bastille 's day in the sun has arrived... the first of many ''. JOE.ie. Retrieved 23 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Episode # 104 Music : `` Let 's Get To Scooping '' ``. ABC. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bastille. Official website Op Ed `` Bastille Day : How Loving Bastille Changed my Life '' / Rocker Magazine Preceded by Drake Saturday Night Live musical guest 25 January 2014 Succeeded by Imagine Dragons ( hide ) Bastille Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Wood Charlie Barnes Studio albums Bad Blood Wild World Extended plays Laura Palmer EP Haunt EP Singles `` Overjoyed '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Flaws '' `` Pompeii '' `` Laura Palmer '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` Of the Night '' `` Pompeii / Waiting All Night '' `` Oblivion '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Hangin ' '' `` Good Grief '' `` Send Them Off! '' `` Blame '' Other songs `` Fake It '' Mixtapes Other People 's Heartache Related articles Discography Awards and nominations VIAF : 297228641 LCCN : no2013038566 GND : 1035607700 BNF : cb16706767v ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7808accb - 6395 - 4b25 - 858c - 678bbb73896b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastille_(band)&oldid=832718072 '' Categories : Bastille ( band ) Brit Award winners NME Awards winners British indie pop groups English synthpop groups Musical groups established in 2010 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists Musical groups from London Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 16 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bastille (band)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bastille_(band)&amp;oldid=832718072" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "rock Years active 2010 -- present Labels Virgin Capitol Website bastillebastille.com Members Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Woods Bastille ( stylised as BΔSTILLE ) are a British rock band formed in 2010. The group began as a solo project by lead vocalist Dan Smith, but later expanded to include keyboardist Kyle Simmons, bassist and guitarist Will Farquarson, and drummer Chris Wood. The name of the band derives from Bastille Day, which is celebrated on 14 July, the date of Smith 's birthday. After an independently released debut single and a self - released EP, the band signed to Virgin Records. Their first studio album, Bad Blood, was released in March 2013 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one. The band was nominated for four Brit Awards at the 2014 ceremony, winning the British Breakthrough Act. As of November 2014, Bastille have sold over five million records in the US and 2.5 million records in the UK. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early releases 1.2 Bad Blood and" ], "id": [ "4748823895755863977" ], "short_answers": [ "Bastille Day" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Arkansas River - wikipedia Arkansas River Jump to : navigation, search Arkansas River River The lower part of the Arkansas River near Little Rock, Arkansas Country United States States Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas Region Great Plains Part of Mississippi River watershed Tributaries - left Fountain Creek, Pawnee River, Little Arkansas River, Walnut River, Verdigris River, Neosho River - right Cimarron River, Salt Fork Arkansas River, Canadian River, Poteau River Cities Pueblo, CO, Wichita, KS, Tulsa, OK, Muskogee, OK, Fort Smith, AR, Little Rock, AR, Pine Bluff, AR Source Confluence of East Fork Arkansas River and Tennessee Creek - location Near Leadville, Rocky Mountains, Colorado - elevation 9,728 ft ( 2,965 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.25833 ° N 106.34389 ° W  / 39.25833 ; - 106.34389 Mouth Mississippi River - location Franklin Township, Desha County, near Napoleon, Arkansas - elevation 108 ft ( 33 m ) - coordinates 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ), West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle, Arkansas, river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and its watershed also drains parts of Texas, New Mexico and Missouri. The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River. It generally flows to the east and southeast as it traverses the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. The river 's source basin lies in the western United States in Colorado, specifically the Arkansas River Valley, where the headwaters derive from the snowpack in the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges. It then flows east into the Midwest via Kansas, and finally into the South through Oklahoma and Arkansas. At 1,469 miles ( 2,364 km ), it is the sixth - longest river in the United States, the second - longest tributary in the Mississippi -- Missouri system, and the 45th longest river in the world. Its origin is in the Rocky Mountains in Lake County, Colorado, near Leadville. In 1859, placer gold discovered in the Leadville area brought thousands seeking to strike it rich, but the easily recovered placer gold was quickly exhausted. The Arkansas River 's mouth is at Napoleon, Arkansas, and its drainage basin covers nearly 170,000 sq mi ( 440,300 km2 ). In terms of volume, the river is much smaller than the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, with a mean discharge of roughly 41,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,200 m / s ). The Arkansas from its headwaters to the 100th meridian west formed part of the U.S. - Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciations 2 Hydrography 3 Allocation problems 4 Riverway commerce 5 The river in history 5.1 American Civil War 5.2 Post Civil War 6 Angling 7 Image gallery 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Pronunciations ( edit ) Name pronunciation varies by region. Many people in western states, including Kansas and Colorado, pronounce it / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / ar - KAN - zəs, People in Oklahoma and Arkansas typically pronounce it / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / AR - kən - saw, which is how the state is always pronounced according to a state law passed in 1881. Hydrography ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas near Leadville, Colorado The Arkansas has three distinct sections in its long path through central North America. At its headwaters, the Arkansas runs as a steep fast - flowing mountain river through the Rockies in its narrow valley, dropping 4,600 feet ( 1.4 km ) in 120 miles ( 193 km ). This section supports extensive whitewater rafting, including The Numbers ( near Granite, Colorado ), Brown 's Canyon, and the Royal Gorge. At Cañon City, Colorado, the Arkansas River valley widens and flattens markedly. Just west of Pueblo, Colorado, the river enters the Great Plains. Through the rest of Colorado, Kansas, and much of Oklahoma, it is a typical Great Plains riverway, with wide, shallow banks subject to seasonal flooding and periods of dwindling flow. Tributaries include the Cimarron River and the Salt Fork Arkansas River. In eastern Oklahoma the river begins to widen further into a more contained consistent channel. To maintain more reliable flow rates, a series of large reservoir lakes have been built on the Arkansas and its intersecting tributaries including the Canadian, Verdigris, Neosho ( Grand ), Illinois, and Poteau rivers. These locks and dams allow the river to be navigable by barges and large river craft downriver of Muskogee, Oklahoma, where the McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System joins in with the Verdigris River. Into western Arkansas, the river path works between the encroaching Boston and Ouachita Mountains, including many isolated, flat - topped mesas, buttes, or monadnocks such as Mount Nebo, Petit Jean Mountain, and Mount Magazine, the highest point in the state. The river valley then expands as it encounters much flatter land beginning just west of Little Rock, Arkansas. It continues eastward across the plains and forests of eastern Arkansas until it flows into the Mississippi River. Water flow in the Arkansas River ( as measured in central Kansas ) has dropped from approximately 248 cubic feet per second ( 7 m3 / s ) average from 1944 - 1963 to 53 cubic feet per second ( 1.5 m3 / s ) average from 1984 -- 2003, largely because of the pumping of groundwater for irrigation in eastern Colorado and western Kansas. Important cities along the Arkansas River include Pueblo, Colorado, Garden City, Kansas, Dodge City, Kansas, Wichita, Kansas, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Little Rock, Arkansas. The I - 40 bridge disaster of May 2002 took place on I - 40 's crossing of Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma. Allocation problems ( edit ) Since 1902, Kansas has claimed Colorado takes too much of the river 's water, resulting in a number of lawsuits before the U.S. Supreme Court that continue to this day, generally under the name of Kansas v. Colorado. The problems over the possession and use of Arkansas River water by Colorado and Kansas led to the creation of an interstate compact or agreement between the two states. While Congress approved the Arkansas River Compact in 1949, the compact did not stop further disputes by the two states over water rights to the river. The Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Basin Compact was created in 1965 to promote mutual consideration and equity over water use in the basin shared by those states. It led to the Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Commission, which was charged with administering the compact and reducing pollution. The compact was approved and implemented by both states in 1970, and has been in force since then. Riverway Commerce ( edit ) Inland waterway system with McClellan - Kerr Navigational Channel shown in red The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System begins at the Tulsa Port of Catoosa on the Verdigris River, enters the Arkansas River near Muskogee, and runs via an extensive lock and dam system to the Mississippi River. Through Oklahoma and Arkansas, dams which artificially deepen and widen the river to sustain commercial barge traffic and recreational use give the river the appearance of a series of reservoirs. The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System diverts from the Arkansas River 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) upstream of the Wilbur D. Mills Dam to avoid the long winding route which the lower Arkansas River follows. This circuitous portion of the Arkansas River between the Wilbur D. Mills Dam and the Mississippi River was historically bypassed by river vessels ; early steamboats instead following a network of rivers -- known as the Arkansas Post Canal -- which flowed north of the lower Arkansas River and followed a shorter and more direct route to the Mississippi River. When the McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System was constructed between 1963 and 1970, the Arkansas Post Canal was significantly improved, while the lower Arkansas River continued to be bypassed by commercial vessels. The River in History ( edit ) Devil 's Punch Bowl falls, Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River in Colorado, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views Many nations of Native Americans lived near, or along, the 1,450 - mile ( 2334 - km ) stretch of the Arkansas River for thousands of years. The first Europeans to see the river were members of the Spanish Coronado expedition on June 29, 1541. Also in the 1540s, Hernando de Soto discovered the junction of the Arkansas with the Mississippi. The Spanish originally called the river Napeste. `` The name `` Arkansas '' was first applied by Father Jacques Marquette, who called the river Akansa in his journal of 1673. The Joliet - Marquette expedition travelled the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin towards the Gulf of Mexico, but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River. By that time, they had encountered Native Americans carrying European trinkets, and feared confrontation with Spanish conquistadors. Jean - Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, a French trader, explorer and nobleman had led an expedition into what is now Oklahoma in 1718 - 19. His original objective was to establish a trading post near the present city of Texarkana, Arkansas, but he then extended his trip overland as far north as the Arkansas River ( which he designated as the Alcansas ). The explorer wrote he and 9 other men, including three Caddo guides and 22 horses loaded with trade goods had come to a native settlement overlooking the river, where there were about 6,000 natives, who gave the strangers a warm welcome. La Harpe 's party were honored with the calumet ceremony and spent ten days at this location. In 1988, evidence of a native village was discovered along the Arkansas River 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of present - day Tulsa, Oklahoma. By then, the site was known as the Lasley Vore Site. French traders and trappers who had opened up trade with Indian tribes in Canada and the areas around the Great Lakes began exploring the Mississippi and some of its northern tributaries. They soon learned that the birch - bark canoes, which had served them so well on the northern waterways, were too light for use on the southern rivers, such as the Arkansas. They turned to making and using dugout canoes, which they called pirogues, made by hollowing out the trunks of cottonwood trees. Cottonwoods are plentiful along the streams of the southwest and grow to large sizes. The wood is soft and easily worked with the crude tools carried by both the French and Indians. The pirogues The pirogues were sturdier and could be more for navigating the sandbars and snags of the Southern waterways. In 1819, the Adams - Onís Treaty set the Arkansas as part of the frontier between the United States and Spanish Mexico. This continued until the United States annexed Texas after the Mexican - American War, in 1846. The treaty was made shortly after `` Old Settler '' Cherokees moved to near what became known as Webbers Falls on the Arkansas River. That area, then part of Arkansas Territory would become Indian Territory and later Oklahoma, was traditional territory of the Osage, leading to conflict and a treaty in 1828 but still unresolved by the time thousands of additional Cherokee refugees moved to the area during the Trail of Tears. By the time Fort Smith was established in 1817, larger capacity watercraft became available to transport goods up and down the Arkansas. These included flatboats ( bateaus ) and keelboats. Along with the pirogues, they transported piles of deer, bear, otter, beaver and buffalo skins up and down the river. Agricultural products such as corn, rice, dried peaches, beans, peanuts, snake root, sarsaparilla, ginseng had grown in economic importance. On March 31, 1820, the Comet became the first steamboat to successfully navigate part of the Arkansas River, reaching a place called Arkansas Post, ( ( efn Arkansas Post is said to have been the first European settlement in the Mississippi Valley, about 60 miles ( 97 km ) above the confluence of the Arkansas and the Mississippi Rivers. In mid-April, 1822, the Robert Thompson, towing a keelboat, was the first steamboat to navigate the Arkansas as far as Fort Smith. For five years, Fort Smith was known as the head of navigation for steamboats on the river. It lost the title to Fort Gibson in April, 1832, when three steamboats, Velocipede, Scioto and Catawba, all arrived at Fort Gibson later that month. ( ( efn Fort Gibson had been built in 1824 on the bank of the Verdigris River in what had been called the `` Three Forks '' area of Indian Territory. Later, the Santa Fe Trail followed the Arkansas through much of Kansas, picking it up near Great Bend and continuing through to La Junta, Colorado, unless users elected to take the challenging Cimarron Cutoff in Cimarron, Kansas. American Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Ambush of the steamboat J.R. Williams During the American Civil War, each side tried to prevent the other from using the Arkansas and its tributaries as a route for moving reinforcements. Initially, the Union Army abandoned its forts in the Indian Territory, including Fort Gibson and Fort Smith, in order to maximize its strength for campaigns elsewhere, while the Confederate Army sent troops from Texas to support its Native American allies. Union Troops returned later in the war, after defeating the Confederates at the Battle of Pea Ridge and the Battle of Fort Smith, and began recovering the position it had previously abandoned, most notably Fort Gibson, reopening the Arkansas River as a supply route. In September 1864, a body of Confederate irregulars led by General Stand Watie successfully ambushed a Union supply ship bound for Fort Gibson. The vessel was destroyed, and a part of its cargo was looted by the Confederates. Post Civil War ( edit ) In the 1880s, Charles `` Buffalo '' Jones, one of the cofounders of Garden City, Kansas, organized four irrigation companies to take water one hundred miles from the Arkansas River to cultivate 75,000 acres ( 300 km ) of land. By 1890, water from the Arkansas was being used to irrigate more than 20 × 10 acres ( 8.1 × 10 ha ) of farmland in Kansas. By 1910, irrigation projects in Colorado had caused the river to stop flowing in July and August. Flooding in 1927 severely damaged or destroyed nearly every levee downstream of Fort Smith, and led to the development of the Arkansas River Flood Control Association. It also led to the Federal Government assigning responsibility of flood control and navigation on the Arkansas to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACOE ). Fly fishermen on the Arkansas River near Salida, Colorado Angling ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas River in central Colorado have been known for exceptional trout fishing, particularly fly fishing, since the 19th century, when greenback cutthroat trout dominated the river. Today, brown trout dominate the river, which also contains rainbow trout. Trout Unlimited considers the Arkansas one of the top 100 trout streams in America, a reputation the river has had since the 1950s. From Leadville to Pueblo, the Arkansas River is serviced by numerous fly shops and guides operating in Buena Vista, Salida, Cañon City and Pueblo. The Colorado Division of Wildlife provides regular online fishing reports for the river. A fish kill occurred on December 29, 2010, in which an estimated 100,000 freshwater drum lined the Arkansas River bank. An investigation, conducted by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, found the dead fish ``... cover 17 miles of river from the Ozark Lock and Dam downstream to River Mile 240, directly south of Hartman, Arkansas. '' Tests later indicated the likely cause of the kill was gas bubble trauma caused by opening the spillways on the Ozark Dam. Image gallery ( edit ) The Arkansas River passing through Little Rock, Arkansas, as viewed from the north bank in North Little Rock The Yancopin Bridge is the last crossing of the Arkansas River before it flows into the Mississippi River Arkansas River in downtown Pueblo, Colorado Downtown Wichita, Kansas, skyline at night from The Keeper of the Plains at the Arkansas River Arkansas River, looking across to North Little Rock John Martin Dam and Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Bent County, Colorado The Arkansas River in Tulsa, Oklahoma Royal Gorge Arkansas River in Salida, Colorado The Arkansas River in Natural Steps, Arkansas Arkansas River between Van Buren and Fort Smith, Arkansas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A team led by Dr. George H. Odell, an anthropology professor from the University of Tulsa, uncovered artifacts that showed the natives were members of the Wichita people, and that the European artifacts also found there were of the same time period. Dr. Odell concluded this was most likely place that la Harpe met the natives he described. Jump up ^ Pirogues are still used in the swamps and marshes of South Louisiana by descendants of the `` Cajuns, '' who were exiled from Canada by the British. See also ( edit ) Ackerman Island Kansas v. Colorado List of crossings of the Arkansas River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Listing of rivers for each state : Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River ''. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980 - 04 - 30. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ `` McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System ( MKARNS ) ''. History & Culture. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20. ^ Jump up to : See watershed maps : 1 Archived October 27, 2004, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 07258000 on the Arkansas River near Dardanelle, AR ( monthly flow data ) ''. Water Resources of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03. Jump up ^ J.C. Kammerer ( May 1990 ). `` Largest Rivers in the United States ''. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Chaffee County Colorado Gold Production ''. Westernmininghistory.com. 2007 - 02 - 13. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ Stewart, George R. ( 1967 ). Names on the Land. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 335 -- 340. ^ Jump up to : O'Dell, Larry. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. `` Arkansas River. Archived 2013 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Kansas v. Colorado 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ), 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Verdigris River Navigation '' ( PDF ). American Canal Society. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Odell, George H. `` Lasley Vore Site. '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed January 26, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Wright, Muriel H. `` Early Navigation and Commerce along the Arkansas and Red Rivers in Oklahoma. '' Chronicles of Oklahoma. Volume 8, Number 1, March, 1930. p. 65. Accessed September 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Western Cherokee, 1828 ''. Oklahoma State University Library. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ `` A New Treaty '' ( PDF ). Cherokee Phoenix. University of North Dakota. 1 ( 20 ). 1828 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District / Mission / Navigation. Accessed June 2, 2017. Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Charles Jesse `` Buffalo '' Jones exhibit, Finney County Historical Museum, Garden City, Kansas ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Arkansas River ( 1540 to 2000 ) ''. South Central Service Cooperative. 2017. Accessed June 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Harris, William C. ( September 1892 ). `` The Trouts of Colorado and Utah ''. The American Angler. XXI ( 12 ) : 515 -- 528. Jump up ^ Ross, John ( 2005 ). Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams. Guilford, CT : Lyons Press. pp. 241 -- 243. ISBN 1 - 59228 - 585 - 6. Jump up ^ Campbell, Duncan ( 1960 ). 88 Top Trout Streams of the West. Newport Beach, CA : Western Outdoors. pp. 64 -- 65. Jump up ^ Bartholomew, Marty ( 1998 ). Fly Fisher 's Guide to Colorado. Belgrade, MT : Wilderness Adventures Press. pp. 38 -- 49. ISBN 978 - 1 - 885106 - 56 - 8. Jump up ^ Colorado Division of Wildlife Fishing Reports Archived March 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Experts Close In On What Killed Fish - NW Arkansas News Story - KHBS NW Arkansas ''. KHBS. January 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River Fish Kill Investigation Continues ''. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. 3 January 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gas Bubble Trauma likely cause of fish kills ''. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arkansas River. Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Arkansas River. Colorado - Kansas Arkansas River Compact Friends of the Arkansas River Aquifer saturation map for Equus Beds Aquifer Recharge Project Arkansas River Coalition Full Scale Map Santa Fe Trail Research Wichita Water Center Tours Animated Map of navigation system Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Arkansas River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory `` Arkansas, a river of the United States of America ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. `` Arkansas River ''. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. `` Arkansas ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed. ). 1878. Arkansas River is discussed at the end of this article. `` Arkansas, a S.W. river of the United States ''. The American Cyclopædia. 1879. VIAF : 248152975 GND : 4223368 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River&oldid=803620205 '' Categories : Arkansas River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Kansas Rivers of Oklahoma Tributaries of the Mississippi River Regions of Arkansas Fish kill Bodies of water of Edwards County, Kansas Rivers of Desha County, Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County, Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County, Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County, Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County, Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County, Arkansas Rivers of Perry County, Arkansas Rivers of Conway County, Arkansas Rivers of Pope County, Arkansas Rivers of Yell County, Arkansas Rivers of Logan County, Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County, Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County, Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County, Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County, Arkansas Rivers of Fremont County, Colorado Rivers of Sedgwick County, Kansas Geography of Tulsa, Oklahoma Bodies of water of Ford County, Kansas Bodies of water of Hamilton County, Kansas Rivers of Reno County, Kansas Rivers of Rice County, Kansas Rivers of Bent County, Colorado Rivers of Pueblo County, Colorado Mississippi River watershed Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017, at 16 : 43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Arkansas River", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River&amp;oldid=803620205" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ), West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle, Arkansas, river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and its watershed also drains parts of Texas, New Mexico and Missouri. The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River. It generally flows to the east and southeast as it traverses the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. The river 's source basin lies in the western United States in Colorado, specifically the Arkansas River Valley, where the headwaters derive from the snowpack in the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges. It then flows east into the Midwest via Kansas, and finally into the South through Oklahoma and Arkansas. At 1,469 miles ( 2,364 km ), it is the sixth - longest river in the United States, the second - longest tributary in the Mississippi -- Missouri system" ], "id": [ "5585382424712770315" ], "short_answers": [ "The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and its watershed also drains parts of Texas, New Mexico and Missouri." ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement - wikipedia The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Jump to : navigation, search The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Whitney Houston Debra Martin Chase Screenplay by Shonda Rhimes Story by Shonda Rhimes Gina Wendkos Based on Characters by Meg Cabot Starring Julie Andrews Anne Hathaway Heather Matarazzo John Rhys - Davies Héctor Elizondo Chris Pine Music by John Debney Cinematography Charles Minsky Edited by Bruce Green Production companies Walt Disney Pictures ShondaLand Martin Chase Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 11, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $134.7 million The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement is a 2004 American romantic comedy film and the sequel to 2001 's The Princess Diaries. Unlike the first film, this film is not based on any of the books. Most of the cast returned from the first film, including Julie Andrews, Anne Hathaway, Héctor Elizondo, Heather Matarazzo, and Larry Miller. Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce. New characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ), Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ), and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ). Despite generally negative reviews from critics, the film had a worldwide box office of $122 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after the previous events, Mia Thermopolis has just graduated from Princeton University 's Woodrow Wilson School and is returning to Genovia with her bodyguard, Joe. There, she will await her reign once her grandmother, Queen Clarisse, steps down as Queen. During Mia 's twenty first birthday party, she dances with all the eligible bachelors in hope of finding a husband. She becomes attracted to a handsome gentleman named Nicholas. During the course of the night, Mia 's tiara falls off and is caught by a Member of Parliament, Viscount Mabrey, who secretly plans to steal Mia 's crown. While the Parliament is in - session the next morning, Mia stumbles upon a hidden room that allows her to secretly listen in. Viscount Mabrey reveals his nephew, Lord Devereaux, is another heir to the Genovian throne. Despite Queen Clarisse 's objection, the only way Mia can assume her duties as Queen is if she marries within the month. Clarisse invites Lord Devereaux to stay at the palace, while Mia is shocked to discover Lord Devereaux is actually Nicholas. Mia 's best friend, Lilly Moscovitz, surprises her by visiting. Together, they pick through potential husbands. Mia eventually chooses Andrew Jacoby, Duke of Kenilworth, and days later, they are engaged. Mabrey plans to have Nicholas woo Mia and dissolve the engagement. For a ceremony, Mia is to ride sidesaddle, but is inexperienced. Queen Clarisse provides an ancestral wooden leg decoy to make it look like she 's riding sidesaddle. Mabrey spooks Mia 's horse with a rubber snake, and Joe rushes to aid Mia, but accidentally tears off the wooden leg. Humiliated, Mia flees to the stables, where Nicholas fails to comfort her. At a garden party, Mia and Nicholas quarrel about Mia 's relationship with Andrew ; Nicholas tricks Mia into admitting she does n't love Andrew. Frustrated, she argues, but instead gets bombarded by a kiss. At first, she kisses him back but then backs away. Nicholas pursues her even more, which causes both of them to fall into a fountain. Queen Clarisse finally tells Mia that her behavior with Nicholas needs to stop. During the Genovian Independence Day parade, Mia sees some boys harassing a little girl, and abruptly halts the parade to comfort the girl. Learning that the children are orphans, Mia has a vendor give them all tiaras and lets them walk with her in the parade. Everyone is impressed by her act of generosity, while Mabrey sees it as a political maneuver. Mia later decides to convert one of the royal palaces into a temporary children 's center. That night, Mia has her bachelorette party, where Queen Clarisse surfs on a mattress and sings a duet with Princess Asana, one of Mia 's good friends. In the meantime, Mabrey realizes Nicholas has fallen for Mia, but Nicholas says that Mia will never love him. Nicholas comes upon Mia as she is practicing her archery as part of her coronation rites. He helps her succeed in getting the arrow to hit the bullseye, something she had been struggling with. Nicholas then informs Mia that he is leaving, but asks to see her just one more time before he goes. She declines, saying she is under close guard. That night, Nicholas appears outside Mia 's window and asks her to come out. Lilly encourages her to go, and Mia sneaks out. They ride out to a lake where they share secrets, dance, and eventually fall asleep. They awaken to find a man in a boat videotaping them. Mia thinks Nicholas set her up, while he insists he had no idea. By the time Mia returns to the palace, the scandalous footage is already being broadcast. Andrew is disappointed and kisses Mia to see if there is a romantic spark between them. They realize that they do not love each other, but do not call off the wedding for the good of Genovia. The wedding is to take place the following day, and Mia 's mother, Helen comes with her new husband, Patrick and their newborn son, Trevor. Nicholas decides against attending, but his surly housekeeper, Gretchen informs him that Mabrey engineered their televised scandal. Before the wedding, Joe informs Mia that Nicholas is innocent. Queen Clarisse encourages Mia to follow her heart, something she has never done and has now cost her Joe, the only man she truly loved. Mia reenters the church, and after pointing out how her grandmother has ruled Genovia while unmarried for a number of years, she tells the members of parliament in the audience to consider the significant women in their lives and questions if they would have them do what they 're trying to force her to do ( marry someone she does not love ). Mabrey cites the law again and once again suggests that his nephew be named King, but just then, Nicholas not only refuses the crown, but also disowns Mabrey as his uncle. Mia proposes the law on royal marriages be abolished, and the Parliament unanimously gives its assent. Encouraged by Mia to have her own happy ending, Clarisse proposes to Joe and they are promptly married. About a week later, Mia is preparing for her coronation when Nicholas shows up. He professes his love for Mia on bended knee, and they share a romantic kiss. The next day, Mia is crowned `` Her Majesty Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi, Queen of Genovia '', with all in attendance in the royal palace. An epilogue shows that Genovian Parliament now allows female members, one of whom is Charlotte. And Queen Mia officially opens the children 's home. Cast ( edit ) Anne Hathaway as Princess / Queen Amelia `` Mia '' Thermopolis Renaldi Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi Héctor Elizondo as Joe John Rhys - Davies as Viscount Mabrey Heather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz Chris Pine as Nicholas Devereaux Callum Blue as Andrew Jacoby Raven - Symoné as Princess Asana Kathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway Jonny Blu as himself Tom Poston as Lord Palimore Joel McCrary as Prime Minister Motaz Kim Thomson as Reporter Elsie Kentworthy Larry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca Caroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis O'Connell Meredith Patterson as Lady Elissa Spencer Breslin as Prince Jacques Tracy Reiner as Lady Anthony Paul Vogt as Lord Crawley Paul Williams as Lord Harmony Peter Allen Vogt as Mr. Crawley Anna Netrebko as herself Abigail Breslin as Carolina, the orphan child Hannah Schneider as Dancing Princess Hannah Charlee Corra Disney as Princess Charlee Aimee Adams Hall as Princess Aimee Nadege August as Princess Nadege Claudia Katz Minnick as Freda Kout Stan Lee as Three Stooges wedding guest Reception ( edit ) The film opened in 3,472 theaters in North America and grossed $22,956,453 in its opening weekend. It grossed $134,734,481 worldwide -- $95,170,481 in North America and $39,564,000 in other territories. Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film had a 25 % `` certified rotten '' rating, with an average score of 4.6 / 10 based on 115 critical reviews. The site 's general consensus is that `` Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews bring charm and elegance to the movie, but there 's not enough material for them to work with in this sequel. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, it has an average score of 43 from the 31 reviews, which indicates `` Mixed or average reviews ''. The film 's writer, Shonda Rhimes, later said that she treasured the experience if for nothing else -- the opportunity to work with its star, Julie Andrews. Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( soundtrack ) The song, `` Your Crowning Glory '', a duet between Queen Clarisse ( Julie Andrews ) and Princess Asana ( Raven - Symoné ) was the first time Andrews had sung in public or on screen since she had throat surgery in 1997. Sequel ( edit ) In March 2016, despite the death of producer Whitney Houston in February 2012, Garry Marshall announced that Hathaway, who was pregnant with her first child, would appear in a third Princess Diaries film after she gave birth. However, with Garry Marshall 's death in July 2016, the project had been pulled. In August 2016, Hector Elizondo discussed a possibility that the third installment would still be produced. In an interview with Variety Latino, He said on the possibility, `` I know Anne would like to do it. I know Julie would like to do it. I would like to do it. So we 're on board, it 's a question of when and a question of getting a good story. I 'm ready! It 's time to go back to Genovia! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( U ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. August 18, 2004. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 10, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Spencer Breslin - Box Office ''. The Numbers. Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries ''. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 31, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More at Metacritic ''. Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved March 31, 2012. Jump up ^ Staff, Hollywood.com ( February 10, 2015 ). `` Shonda Rhimes - Biography and Filmography - 1970 ''. Jump up ^ `` Director Garry Marshall confirms Anne Hathaway is ready to film Princess Diaries 3 ''. Metro.co.uk. March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' The Princess Diaries 3 ' Could Still Happen, According to Hector Elizondo ''. Movie Fone. Retrieved August 25, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement on IMDb The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at the TCM Movie Database The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at AllMovie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Box Office Mojo The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Metacritic The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess Diaries film series Character Clarisse Renaldi Novels The Princess Diaries book series Meg Cabot Films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Soundtracks The Princess Diaries soundtracks The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster Related articles Mia Thermopolis The Princess Diaries movie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Films directed by Garry Marshall Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A Corazón Abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) Related Shondaland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement&oldid=808278965 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen films American films American sequel films American teen comedy films Film scores by John Debney Films about royalty Films about weddings Films directed by Garry Marshall Films set in Europe Films set in a fictional European country Monarchy in fiction Slapstick films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017, at 22 : 46. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement&amp;oldid=808278965" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Language English Budget $40 million Box office $134.7 million The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement is a 2004 American romantic comedy film and the sequel to 2001 's The Princess Diaries. Unlike the first film, this film is not based on any of the books. Most of the cast returned from the first film, including Julie Andrews, Anne Hathaway, Héctor Elizondo, Heather Matarazzo, and Larry Miller. Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce. New characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ), Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ), and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ). Despite generally negative reviews from critics, the film had a worldwide box office of $122 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after the previous events, Mia Thermopolis has just graduated from Princeton University 's Woodrow Wilson School and is returning to Genovia with her bodyguard, Joe. There, she will await her reign once her grandmother, Queen" ], "id": [ "12408910219518740911" ], "short_answers": [ "Chris Pine" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador - Wikipedia St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador Not to be confused with Saint John, New Brunswick. City in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada St. John 's City City of St. John 's Flag Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Legends '', `` Newfiejohn '', `` Sin Jawns '', `` Town '' Motto ( s ) : Avancez ( English : `` Go forward '' ) St John 's ( red ), in relation to nearby communities. St. John 's Location of St. John 's in Canada St. John 's St. John 's ( Canada ) Show map of Newfoundland Show map of Canada Show all Coordinates : 47 ° 33 ′ 41 '' N 52 ° 42 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.56139 ° N 52.71250 ° W  / 47.56139 ; - 52.71250 Coordinates : 47 ° 33 ′ 41 '' N 52 ° 42 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.56139 ° N 52.71250 ° W  / 47.56139 ; - 52.71250 Country Canada Province Newfoundland and Labrador Census division Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Dominion of Newfoundland Founded 24 June 1497 Established 5 August 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I Incorporated 1 May 1888 Government Type City Council Mayor Danny Breen Governing body St. John 's City Council MPs List of MPs ( show ) Seamus O'Regan ( L ) Nick Whalen ( L ) MHAs List of MHAs ( show ) Cathy Bennett ( L ) Siobhán Coady ( L ) Bernard Davis ( L ) Keith Hutchings ( PC ) Dale Kirby ( L ) Lorraine Michael ( NDP ) Tom Osborne ( L ) Gerry Rogers ( NDP ) Area City 446.06 km ( 172.2 sq mi ) Urban 166.0 km ( 64.1 sq mi ) Metro 804.63 km ( 310.7 sq mi ) Elevation 0 -- 192 m ( 0 -- 630 ft ) Population ( 2016 census ) City 108,860 Density 244.1 / km ( 632.1 / sq mi ) Urban 178,427 Urban density 1,074.9 / km ( 2,784 / sq mi ) Metro 205,955 Metro density 255.9 / km ( 663 / sq mi ) 20th Largest metropolitan area in Canada Time zone NST ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Summer ( DST ) NDT ( UTC − 02 : 30 ) Postal code A1A -- A1H Area code ( s ) 709 NTS Map 001N10 GNBC Code ABEFS Dwellings 47,640 ( 2016 ) Median income $75,930 CDN Website www.stjohns.ca St. John 's is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island, Newfoundland. The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city. Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name. Existing on maps as early as 1519, it is one of the oldest European settlements in North America. It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888. With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of July 1, 2017 ), the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada, after Halifax. The city has a rich history, having played a role in the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's. Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1500 -- 1799 ) 1.1. 1 The oldest European settlement in North America controversy 1.2 Modern history ( 1800 -- present ) 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Museums 6.2 National Historic Sites 6.3 Urban parks 7 Sports 7.1 Hockey 7.2 Other sports 8 Law and government 8.1 Crime 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Transportation 9.2 Medical centres and hospitals 10 Education 11 Local media 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of St. John 's history Early History ( 1500 -- 1799 ) ( edit ) St. John 's is one of North America 's oldest European settlements, with fishermen setting up seasonal camps in the early 16th century. Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that St. John 's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 ( against British and French historians stating 1497 ), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the locations of Cabot 's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John 's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief the name of St. John 's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John 's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is called St. John ( in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane ). The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John 's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America ; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens ' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire 's Atlas of 1546. On 5 August 1583, an English Sea Dog, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as England 's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I. There was no permanent population, however, and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return voyage, thereby ending any immediate plans for settlement. The Newfoundland National War Memorial is on the waterfront in St. John 's, at the purported site of Gilbert 's landing and proclamation. By 1620, the fishermen of England 's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland 's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John 's `` the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country. '' Sometime after 1630, the town of St. John 's was established as a permanent community. Before this they were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast. The population grew slowly in the 17th century : St. John 's was Newfoundland 's largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675. The population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships ( mostly from South Devon ) set up fishing rooms at St. John 's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats. The town 's first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John 's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only 23 men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications ( Fort William ) in around 1689, but construction did n't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign ( 1696 ). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697, they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood. In 1762, the British and French fought in the Battle of Signal Hill. It was the last battle of the North American theatre in the Seven Years ' War. The French attacked St. John 's again in 1705 ( Siege of St. John 's ), and captured it in 1708 ( Battle of St. John 's ), devastating civilian structures with fire on each instance. The harbour remained fortified through most of the 18th and 19th centuries. The final battle of the Seven Years ' War in North America ( the French and Indian War ) was fought in 1762, in St. John 's. Following a surprise capture of the town by the French early in the year, the British responded and, at the Battle of Signal Hill, the French surrendered St. John 's to British forces under the command of Colonel William Amherst. In the late 1700s Fort Amherst and Fort Waldegrave were built to defend the harbour entrance. The oldest European settlement in North America controversy ( edit ) There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America. As mentioned above, while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St. John 's in the 16th century, they were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English - controlled coast. As a result, the town of St. John 's was not established as a ' permanent ' community until after the 1630s. With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements in North America, it was preceded by Jamestown, Virginia ( 1607 ), the Cuper 's Cove colony at Cupids ( 1610 ), St. George 's, Bermuda ( 1612 ) and the Bristol 's Hope colony at Harbour Grace ( 1618 ). Modern History ( 1800 -- present ) ( edit ) The United Irish Uprising began with rumours in April 1800 that as many as 400 men took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen and rebelled against the British Army. The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland : population growth, beginnings of government, establishment of churches, reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal, salmon and Grand Banks fisheries. St. John 's population grew slowly. Although it was primarily a fishing station, it was also a garrison, a centre of government and a commercial hub. St. John 's served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. St. John 's shortly after the Great Fire of 1892. The fire destroyed a significant portion of the city. The core of the city was destroyed by fire several times, the most famous of which was the Great Fire of 1892. Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's on 12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu, Cornwall. St. John 's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester 's Field in St. John 's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland. In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John 's International Airport substituting for Lester 's Field ( now an urban and residential part of the city ). During the Second World War, the harbour supported Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy ships that were engaged in anti-submarine warfare. It was the site of an American Army Air Force base, Fort Pepperrell, that was established as part of the `` Lend - Lease '' Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United Kingdom and United States. The base included several US - manned coast defence guns, and a Canadian - manned battery of two Lend - Lease 10 - inch M1888 guns was at Fort Cape Spear. The base was transferred to Canadian control in 1960 and is now known as CFS St. John 's. The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December 1942 saw 99 military and civilian lives lost. St. John 's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years. After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation, the city 's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields led to an economic boom that spurred population growth and commercial development. As a result, the St. John 's area now accounts for about half of the province 's economic output. As of 2012, St. John 's contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada. Downtown St. John 's from Signal Hill Geography ( edit ) Located on the northeast coast of the Avalon Peninsula, St. John 's is North America 's most easterly city. St. John 's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's most easterly city, excluding Greenland ; it is 475 kilometres ( 295 mi ) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John 's is a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres ( 2,259 mi ) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John 's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west. Coniferous trees such as black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation. The largest deciduous tree is white birch ; species of lesser stature include alder, cherry and mountain ash. Of introduced tree species, sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common. Blue spruce, common horsechestnut, European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native species grown. Climate ( edit ) Fog settling over The Battery, a neighbourhood in St. John 's, the foggiest city in Canada. St. John 's has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. Despite this maritime moderation, average January maximum temperatures are slightly lower in St. John 's than in Kelowna, British Columbia, an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from − 4.9 ° C ( 23.2 ° F ) in February to 16.1 ° C ( 61.0 ° F ) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms ( and sometimes hurricanes ) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation. Of major Canadian cities, St. John 's is the foggiest ( 124 days ), windiest ( 24.3 km / h ( 15.1 mph ) average speed ), and cloudiest ( 1,497 hours of sunshine ). Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is unusual for humid continental climates, which typically have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum ( for example, most of the Midwestern U.S. ). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John 's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation ( commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm ), and strong winds. In winter, two or more types of precipitation ( rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow ) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice ( perhaps briefly ) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John 's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend well into the spring months ( March, April ). The St. John 's area is subject to freezing rain events ( called `` silver thaws '' ), the worst of which paralyzed the city in April 1984 and April 2017. The highest temperature ever recorded in St. John 's was 33.9 ° C ( 93 ° F ) on 14 August 1876. The coldest temperature ever recorded was − 29.4 ° C ( − 21 ° F ) on 16 February 1875. show Climate data for St. John 's International Airport, 1981 -- 2010 normals, extremes 1874 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 19.2 17.3 17.2 26.1 29.5 34.8 38.5 37.7 35.8 29.8 23.7 20.7 38.5 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 8.2 ( 17.2 ) − 8.6 ( 16.5 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) − 0.3 ( 31.5 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 28.3 ( − 18.9 ) − 29.4 ( − 20.9 ) − 25.6 ( − 14.1 ) − 18.3 ( − 0.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 20.0 ( − 4 ) − 29.4 ( − 20.9 ) Record low wind chill − 35.7 − 40.3 − 40.3 − 21.4 − 14.2 − 7.7 − 3.4 0.0 − 4.4 − 11.8 − 24.6 − 34.3 − 40.3 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 149.2 ( 5.874 ) 129.5 ( 5.098 ) 142.2 ( 5.598 ) 122.9 ( 4.839 ) 102.6 ( 4.039 ) 97.6 ( 3.843 ) 91.6 ( 3.606 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 129.6 ( 5.102 ) 156.2 ( 6.15 ) 148.1 ( 5.831 ) 164.8 ( 6.488 ) 1,534.2 ( 60.402 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 61.6 ( 2.425 ) 84.8 ( 3.339 ) 96.1 ( 3.783 ) 97.9 ( 3.854 ) 97.5 ( 3.839 ) 91.6 ( 3.606 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 129.6 ( 5.102 ) 153.7 ( 6.051 ) 124.8 ( 4.913 ) 102.9 ( 4.051 ) 1,206.4 ( 47.496 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 88.7 ( 34.92 ) 71.0 ( 27.95 ) 57.3 ( 22.56 ) 25.3 ( 9.96 ) 4.4 ( 1.73 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.4 ( 0.94 ) 22.4 ( 8.82 ) 63.4 ( 24.96 ) 335.0 ( 131.89 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 21.8 18.5 19.6 17.3 16.6 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.6 19.7 22.0 211.7 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 9.3 8.6 11.0 13.9 15.9 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.1 15.7 12.7 162.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 18.3 14.6 13.3 7.0 2.1 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 7.6 14.6 78.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.5 90.2 107.4 140.4 176.3 198.9 216.7 206.6 170.5 122.1 76.3 62.4 1,633.2 Percent possible sunshine 23.7 31.1 29.2 34.3 37.6 41.7 44.9 46.7 45.1 36.2 27.2 23.7 35.1 Source : Environment Canada Cityscape ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of St. John 's See also : List of neighbourhoods in St. John 's and List of tallest buildings in St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador Coastline of the Waterside neighbourhood. Some residences, storage shacks, and wharves are primarily made of wood. Houses in St. John 's are typically painted in bright colours. St. John 's architecture has a distinct style from the rest of Canada, and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals. Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them. Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John 's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood - frame buildings date from this period. Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John 's is typically painted in bright colours. The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings. These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development. To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city 's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop 's Cove and Steer 's Cove, to create the `` Commercial Central Retail -- West Zone ''. The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47 - metre, 12 - storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area. Demographics ( edit ) Historical populations Year Pop. ± % 1986 103,079 -- 1991 104,659 + 1.5 % 101,936 − 2.6 % 99,182 − 2.7 % 2006 100,646 + 1.5 % 2011 106,172 + 5.5 % 2016 108,860 + 2.5 % Mother tongue language, 2006 Language Population Percentage English only 95,555 96.10 % Other languages 3,420 3.43 % French only 355 0.35 % Both English and French 95 0.09 % Ethnic Origin, 2006 Ethnic Origin Percentage English 45.5 Canadian 41.1 Irish 31.3 Scottish 8.3 French 4.6 German 2.1 As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John 's itself, 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ). Thus, St. John 's is Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest city and Canada 's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John 's, the CMA includes 12 other communities : the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's, Torbay, Logy Bay - Middle Cove - Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour - Maddox Cove and Bauline. The population of the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010. As of 2011, there were 4,205 members of visible minorities in the city. The largest visible minority group were South Asians ( 1.2 % ), followed by Chinese Canadian ( 1.0 % ), and Blacks ( 0.9 % ). There were 4,305 Aboriginals in St. John 's, comprising 4.1 % of the city 's population. First Nations people made up 2.9 % of the city 's population, Inuit comprised 0.8 % of St. John 's population, and 0.6 % were Métis. Religion ( edit ) The Basilica of St. John the Baptist is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John 's. Catholicism is the largest religion in the city. The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census. and the National Household Survey 2011 Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John 's was once divided along sectarian ( Catholic / Protestant ) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John 's. St. John 's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John 's, and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001 -- 2011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9 % to 11.1 %. Religion 2001 ( % ) 2011 ( % ) 2011 ( Total ) Roman Catholic 48.9 % 48.4 % 50,370 Anglican 22.8 % 16.1 % 16,745 United Church 15.0 % 12.8 % 13,345 Pentecostal 2.3 % 2.3 % 2,390 No religion 3.9 % 11.1 % 11,505 Economy ( edit ) See also : List of companies headquartered in St. John 's An oil platform in the Terra Nova oil field. A number of offshore oil developments lie off the coast of St. John 's. St. John 's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city 's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. The provincial government is the largest employer in the city, followed by Memorial University. With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it -- oil and gas -- as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John 's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, is expected to be producing oil by 2017. The economy has been growing quickly in recent years. In 2010 and 2011, the metro area 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country, according to the Conference Board of Canada, recording growth of 6.6 per cent and 5.8 per cent respectively. At $52,000 the city 's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities. Economic forecasts suggest that the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the `` oceanic '' industries mentioned above, but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow. In May 2011, the city 's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent, the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada. St. John 's is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city. In a 2009 report by the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Communities in Boom : Canada 's Top Entrepreneurial Cities, St. John 's was ranked the best major city in Atlantic Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small business development. Culture ( edit ) Water Street is notable for its boutiques and restaurants The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John 's and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada. Water Street and Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings, housing numerous tourist shops, clothing boutiques, and restaurants. George Street, a downtown side - street above the western end of Water Street, is the predominant home of the city 's nightlife. It holds numerous annual festivals including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in October. The street can be credited with kick - starting the careers of many musical acts and is busy nearly every night of the week. The city has a symphony orchestra, a string quartet, and several choirs. In addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several ensembles, including a chamber orchestra. St. Johns also plays host to the Tuckamore Festival of chamber music, which has been held every August since 2001. Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera, over several days, in the summer The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The `` Hall '' hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well - known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John 's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000 - seat theatre, which is the city 's major venue for entertainment productions. The Nickel Film Festival and the St. John 's International Women 's Film Festival are two independent film festivals held annually in St. John 's. Museums ( edit ) Located in downtown St. John 's, The Rooms houses the provincial art gallery and museum. The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador ( c. 1892 -- 93 ) was located on Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St. John 's. In 2005 the museum, along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, moved into The Rooms. The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador 's cultural facility, and is located in the downtown area. Other museums include the Railway Coastal Museum, a transportation museum located in the 104 - year - old Newfoundland and Labrador train station building on Water Street. The Johnson Geo Centre is a geological interpretation centre located on Signal Hill. The centre is designed to teach the public about the history of the earth through the unique and complex geological history of Newfoundland and Labrador. The East Rider Motorcycle Museum showcases over 110 years of Newfoundland 's Motorcycle History, with two floors of bikes, memorabilia, and biker culture. Located downtown St. John 's ( above East Rider Motorcycle Gear Shop ). National Historic Sites ( edit ) Cabot Tower overlooks the city from Signal Hill. The hill was named a National Historic Site due to its association with Canada 's defence and communication history. The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site located in downtown St. John 's. The buildings once served as a fishery premises, with facilities for drying and packaging fish and warehouses for fish, barrels and other items. The oldest of the buildings is the one facing on Beck 's Cove. It was built after the 1846 fire and for a time served as both shop and house. The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979 and now contains office suites, restaurants, retail stores and a boutique hotel. Another National Historic Site is Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John 's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot 's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901. Today, Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists and locals alike ; 97 % of all tourists to St. John 's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast. Urban parks ( edit ) Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city ; with over 3,400 acres ( 14 km ) of land, it is one of Canada 's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle 's Hill Brook. Bowring Park, located in the Waterford Valley, is one of the most scenic parks in St. John 's. Entrance to the park is via Waterford Bridge Road, passing a sculptured duck pond and a statue of Peter Pan. The park land was donated to the city in 1911 by Sir Edgar Rennie Bowring on behalf of Bowring Brothers Ltd. on their 100th anniversary of commerce in Newfoundland. The park was officially opened by His Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught on 15 July 1914. Bannerman Park is a Victorian - style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John 's Peace - a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race. Sports ( edit ) Mile One Centre is an multi-purpose indoor arena. It is used as the home arena for the NBLC 's St. John 's Edge and the ECHL 's Newfoundland Growlers. Hockey ( edit ) St. John 's has been home to several professional hockey franchises. The St. John 's Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League ( AHL ) team from 1991 to 2005. The team left after the 2004 -- 05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team, the Toronto Maple Leafs, to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh Coliseum. Shortly after, the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St. John 's Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ). The team left St. John 's in 2008 after just three seasons due to a poor lease arrangement with the city over the use of Mile One Centre and poor attendance. From 2011 until 2017, it was home to the St. John 's IceCaps in the AHL. The IceCaps operated under two separate franchises and affiliations during its time in St John 's ; the first owned by the Winnipeg Jets ' True North Sports & Entertainment and the second by the Montreal Canadiens ' Molson family. Both franchises were relocated to be closer to their parent team. In 2018, the ECHL approved an expansion team for St. John 's with the Newfoundland Growlers to begin play in the fall of 2018. The team is expected to become the ECHL affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs bringing the Leafs back to St. Johns for the first time since 2005. Other Sports ( edit ) St. John 's hosts North America 's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St. John 's Regatta The St. John 's Edge is a Canadian professional basketball team based in National Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017 -- 18 season at the Mile One Centre. The team is owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises Ltd. headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh. The team replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their departure. The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56 -- 7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age - grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city. St. John 's is home to North America 's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St. John 's Regatta, which dates back to at least 1816. The event is important enough in the life of the city that the day of the Regatta ( the first Wednesday in August, weather permitting ) is a civic holiday -- one of the few weather - dependent holidays in the world. The Tely 10 is an annual 10 - mile ( 16 km ) road race that starts in Paradise and finishes at Bannerman Park. The race draws in excess of 2,500 runners. It began in 1922, which makes it one of the oldest road races in Canada. St. John 's was where the Canada men 's national soccer team qualified for their only FIFA World Cup on 14 September 1985, when they defeated Honduras 2 -- 1, at King George V Park. Curling has gained prominence in St. John 's over the years. The 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts, the Canadian women 's curling championship, was held at Mile One Centre from 19 to 27 February 2005. The 2006 Olympic gold medalist men 's curling team, skipped by Brad Gushue, is based in St. John 's at the Bally Haly Golf & Curling Club. Gushue and his team launched a campaign to return the Brier to the province for 2017, a successful bid. They would go on to win the Brier as well as representing Canada at the World Championships three weeks later going undefeated and winning the gold medal. The Brier win was the second for the province ( 1976 ) and the second time as event host ( 1972 ). The city has two curling clubs, the St. John 's Curling Club and the Bally Haly. The St. John 's Avalon Harps are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team, that compete in Canadian GAA events. Law and government ( edit ) See also : St. John 's City Council and List of mayors of St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador St. John 's is governed by a mayor - council system, and the structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of St. John 's Act. The St. John 's City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor, deputy mayor and nine councillors. The mayor, deputy mayor and four of the councillors are elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four - year terms without term limits. Elections in St. John 's are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September. The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 26 September 2017. The Mayor of St. John 's is Danny Breen. The St. John 's City Hall, located on New Gower Street, has housed municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970. The province 's House of Assembly meets in St. John 's, at Confederation Building. St. John 's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city. The Confederation Building, located on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly ( MHAs ) and Ministers. The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party ( NDP ), and three that belong to the Liberal Party. Lorraine Michael, leader of the NDP since 2006, represents the district of Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi. St. John 's is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament, both from the Liberal Party. Nick Whalen represents St. John 's East and Seamus O'Regan represents St. John 's South -- Mount Pearl. The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in downtown St. John 's. Regional offices for federal government departments and agencies are throughout the city. Crime ( edit ) A Royal Newfoundland Constabulary ( RNC ) police car on patrol. The RNC serves as the primary policing body for the metropolitan area. Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area. The B Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is located in the Pleasantville neighbourhood but the RCMP primarily operate in the rest of Newfoundland and Labrador and not St. John 's. St. John 's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live ; however, in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased. While nationally crime decreased by 4 % in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John 's saw an increase of 4 %. During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6 %, compared to a 1 % decrease nationally. In 2010 the total crime severity index for the city was 101.9, an increase of 10 % from 2009 and 19.2 % above the national average. The violent crime severity index was 90.1, an increase of 29 % from 2009 and 1.2 % above the national average. St. John 's had the seventh - highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth - highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010. According to Statistics Canada 's Juristat reports ( 1993 -- 2007 ), the metropolitan area reports an average homicide rate of approximately 1.15 per 100,000 population ; an average of two homicides per year. An all - time high rate of 2.27 was reported in 1993 ( four homicides ). This figure is far below the national average and ranks amongst the lowest rates for any metropolitan area in Canada. Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) CCGS Henry Larsen in St. John 's Harbour, where Canadian Coast Guard vessels use St. John 's as a home port. St. John 's International Airport serves as the international airport for the metropolitan area. It is the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada. St. John 's has a substantial harbour. Among other things, the harbour is the base for the following Canadian Coast Guard ( CCG ) ships : CCGS Ann Harvey -- icebreaker CCGS George R. Pearkes -- icebreaker CCGS Henry Larsen -- icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent -- icebreaker CCGS Terry Fox -- icebreaker CCGS Cygnus -- patrol vessel CCGS Leonard J. Cowley -- multi role CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell -- multi role St. John 's is served by St. John 's International Airport ( YYT ), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core. In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume. Regular destinations include Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, as well as destinations throughout the province. International locations include Dublin, London, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Glasgow and Varadero. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint - Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet. St. John 's is the eastern terminus of the Trans - Canada Highway, one of the longest national highways in the world. The divided highway, also known as `` Outer Ring Road, '' runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John 's, with interchanges for Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue - New Gower Street. The St. John 's Cycling Master Plan was officially launched in July 2009. Its first phase will consist of 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) of on - road painted bike lanes, signs on an additional 73 kilometres ( 45 mi ) of roadway, the installation of 20 bicycle parking facilities and the addition of bike racks on the fleet of 53 Metrobuses. Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region. Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073. Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John 's and Mount Pearl. St. John 's was the eastern terminus of the Newfoundland Railway from 1898 until the abandonment and closure of the railway in September 1988. Medical centres and hospitals ( edit ) St. John 's is served by Eastern Health, Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest health authority. The city 's major hospitals include the Health Sciences Centre, St. Clare 's Mercy Hospital, Waterford Hospital and the Janeway Children 's Health and Rehabilitation Centre. Education ( edit ) Memorial University of Newfoundland is the largest university in Atlantic Canada by enrolment. St. John 's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population. There are 36 primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John 's, including three private schools. St. John 's has one school that is part of the province - wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone ( CSF ), the Francophone public school district. It has two private schools, St. Bonaventure 's College and Lakecrest Independent. Atlantic Canada 's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland ( MUN ), is in St. John 's. MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees and its historical strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine make MUN one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada. The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland ( MI or simply Marine Institute ) is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic in St. John 's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN offers the lowest tuition in Canada ( $2,644, per academic year ). The College of the North Atlantic ( CNA ) is the public college of the province and operates two main campuses in the city. CNA provides career, trade, and university - transfer programs for St. John 's residents. The city hosts several private colleges and post-secondary schools ; Academy Canada, Eastern College, and Keyin College are the largest of these. Local media ( edit ) Main article : Media in St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador St. John 's has one daily newspaper, The Telegram. Other local papers include The Muse, The Gazette, Le Gaboteur, The Scope, The Business Post and The Current. St. John 's also receives the nationally distributed newspaper The Globe and Mail. CJON - DT, known on air as `` NTV '', is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John 's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT - DT broadcasts from University Avenue. The city is home to 15 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French - language stations. St. John 's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call letters do not all begin with the letter C. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949, and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial radio stations in St. John 's that went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes ( CF -- CK ) currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM - FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that already bore that callsign. VO remains in use in amateur radio. allNewfoundlandLabrador is the city 's daily online newspaper, which focuses on business news from across the province. Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador Sister cities ( edit ) Ílhavo, Portugal Waterford, Ireland See also ( edit ) St. John 's portal List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador Parkway ( St. John 's ) Category : People from St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. John 's -- City of Legends ''. Memorial University. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada ''. Vac-acc.gc.ca. 2015 - 01 - 26. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Search : Dictionary of Newfoundland English ''. Heritage.nf.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2015. 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Jump up ^ `` St. John 's City Council ''. Stjohns.ca. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` City of St. John 's Act ''. Assembly.nl.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The City of St. John 's -- Mayor and Council Members ''. Stjohns.ca. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` O'Keefe wins mayor 's race in St. John 's byelection ''. CBC News. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2009. Jump up ^ `` The City of St. John 's -- Municipal Election 2009 ''. Stjohns.ca. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about Newfoundland and Labrador ''. Newfoundlandlabrador.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. ^ Jump up to : `` Confederation Building ''. Gov.nl.ca. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Kirby first NDP to win in St. John 's North ''. The Telegram. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tom Osborne joins Liberals - Newfoundland & Labrador - CBC News ''. Cbc.ca. 2013 - 08 - 29. Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27. Jump up ^ `` NDP celebrates historic gains ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012. Jump up ^ Senators and Members > Members of Parliament > Nick Whalen, House of Commons of Canada, retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Find a Member of Parliament - Search Results - St. John 's East, House of Commons of Canada, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Senators and Members > Members of Parliament > Seamus O'Regan, House of Commons of Canada, retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Find a Member of Parliament - Search Results - St. John 's South -- Mount Pearl, House of Commons of Canada, retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` ACOA Regional Contact ''. Acoa-apeca.gc.ca. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Fisheries and Oceans Regional Contact ''. Nfl.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Royal Newfoundland Constabulary ''. Rnc.gov.nl.ca. Archived from the original on 15 November 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` RCMP -- Newfoundland and Labrador Detachments ''. Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Police - reported crime severity indexes, by census metropolitan area1 ''. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Police - reported Crime Severity Index values, census metropolitan areas ( CMAs ) ''. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Police - reported crime severity indexes, by census metropolitan area, 2010 ''. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Macleans -- List of Most Dangerous Cities in Canada ''... macleans.ca. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` St. John 's International Airport -- Airport Location ''. Stjohnsairport.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` 2011 a record - breaker for St. John 's airport ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Passengers enplaned and deplaned on selected services -- Top 50 airports ''. Statcan.gc.ca. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` St. John 's International Airport : : Airlines & Destinations ''. Stjohnsairport.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` TransCanadaHighway.com Highway Overview ''. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ `` St. John 's Cycling Master Plan to Receive $1.5 Million ''. Releases.gov.nl.ca. 9 July 2009. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Metrobus Transit. Get On. Be Moved ''. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Metrobus Ridership Statistics ''. Metrobus.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Summer Schedules ''. Metrobus Transit. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Railway : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage ''. Heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Eastern Health -- Our Services ''. Eastern Health. Jump up ^ `` Interactive Map of Hospitals ''. Eastern Health. Jump up ^ `` Eastern School District Quick Facts ''. Esdnl.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Eastern School District School Directory ''. Esdnl.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` St. Bonaventure 's -- Who We Are ''. Stbons.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` About Lakecrest ''. Lakecrest.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` University Profiles ( Memorial University of Newfoundland ) ''. Canada 's Higher Education and Careers Guide. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Programs & Courses Programs ''. Mun.ca. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` 2008 Comprehensive University Rankings '' ( PDF ). Maclean 's. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2009. An online preview of the year ranking in the 19 November 2007 edition of Maclean 's magazine. Jump up ^ `` Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland ''. Mi.mun.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` CNA Campuses ''. Cna.nl.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Welcome ''. Cna.nl.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Private Training Institution Directory Education ''. Ed.gov.nl.ca. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ CA. `` The Telegram ''. The Telegram. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` The Muse ''. Themuse.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` MUN -- Gazette ''. Mun.ca. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Le Gaboteur ''. Gaboteur.ca. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Scope ''. Thescope.ca. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ Bradshaw, James. `` Subscription news site AllNovaScotia expands to Newfoundland ''. Globe and Mail. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 13 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` St. Johns ( Canadá ) '' ( in Portuguese ). Câmara Municipal de Ílhavo. Retrieved 8 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Waterford city and St John 's, Newfoundland, to be twinned ''. The Irish Times. 26 June 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2015. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data was collected in the area of downtown St. John 's from 1874 -- 1956, and at St. John 's Airport from 1942 to the present day. Bibliography ( edit ) Harding, Les. Historic St. John 's : The City of Legends. Jesperson, 1993. ISBN 0 - 921692 - 52 - 8 Galgay, Frank. Olde St. John 's : Stories from a Seaport City. St. John 's : Flanker, 2001. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. John 's. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St. John 's. City of St. John 's St John 's - Visitor 's Guide Early Newfoundland Settlement Schemes Newfoundland and Labrador 's Provincial Register of Historic Places Documentary film Rain, Drizzle, and Fog Trail Canada Guide St. John 's - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 5, p. 26 - 33 Places adjacent to St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's Torbay Logy Bay - Middle Cove - Outer Cove Logy Bay - Middle Cove - Outer Cove Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's Paradise Mount Pearl Conception Bay South St. John 's Atlantic Ocean Conception Bay South Subdivision 1D, Bay Bulls Petty Harbour - Maddox Cove St. John 's, Newfoundland and Labrador Government Mayors City Council Geography Bannerman Park Bowring Park Buildings Cape Spear George Street Grand Concourse Memorial University National War Memorial Neighbourhoods Pippy Park Quidi Vidi Lake Rawlins Cross Signal Hill Tallest buildings Water Street Sports Bally Haly Golf & Curling Club King George V Park Memorial Stadium Mile One Centre Newfoundland Growlers Royal St. John 's Regatta Swilers Rugby Park St. John 's Edge St. Patrick 's Park Culture Architecture Arts and Culture Centre People LSPU Hall Nickel Film Festival Transportation Metrobus St. John 's International Airport Newfoundland Railway Category Portal Links to related articles Municipalities of St. John 's metropolitan area Population over 100,000 St. John 's Population over 20,000 Conception Bay South Mount Pearl Paradise Population under 20,000 Portugal Cove -- St. Philip 's Torbay Logy Bay -- Middle Cove -- Outer Cove Pouch Cove Flatrock Bay Bulls Witless Bay Petty Harbour -- Maddox Cove Bauline Category Portal Division No. 1, Newfoundland and Labrador ( Avalon Peninsula ) Cities Mount Pearl St. John 's Towns Admirals Beach Aquaforte Arnold 's Cove Avondale Bauline Bay Bulls Bay de Verde Bay Roberts Bishop 's Cove Branch Brigus Brigus South Bryant 's Cove Cape Broyle Carbonear Chance Cove Chapel Arm Clarke 's Beach Colinet Colliers Come By Chance Conception Bay South Conception Harbour Cupids Fermeuse Ferryland Flatrock Fox Harbour Gaskiers -- Point La Haye Grey River Hant 's Harbour Harbour Grace Harbour Main -- Chapel 's Cove -- Lakeview Heart 's Content Heart 's Delight -- Islington Heart 's Desire Holyrood Logy Bay -- Middle Cove -- Outer Cove Long Harbour -- Mount Arlington Heights Mount Carmel -- Mitchells Brook -- St. Catherines New Perlican Norman 's Cove -- Long Cove North River Old Perlican Paradise Petty Harbour -- Maddox Cove Placentia Point Lance Port Kirwan Portugal Cove -- St. Philip 's Portugal Cove South Pouch Cove Renews -- Cappahayden Riverhead St. Bride 's St. Joseph 's St. Mary 's St. Shott 's St. Vincent 's -- St. Stephen 's -- Peter 's River Salmon Cove Small Point -- Adam 's Cove -- Blackhead -- Broad Cove South River Southern Harbour Spaniard 's Bay Sunnyside Torbay Trepassey Upper Island Cove Victoria Wabana Whitbourne Whiteway Winterton Witless Bay Unorganized subdivisions Subdivision A Subdivision B Subdivision C Subdivision D Subdivision E Subdivision F Subdivision G Subdivision H Subdivision I Subdivision J Subdivision K Subdivision L Subdivision M Subdivision N Subdivision O Subdivision R Subdivision U Subdivision V Subdivision W Subdivision X Subdivision Y Unincorporated communities Admiral 's Cove Arnold 's Cove Station Baccalieu Island Bareneed Bellevue Black Duck Pond Blow Me Down Bradley 's Cove Bristol 's Hope Burnt Cove Burnt Point Caplin Cove Cuslett Daniel 's Cove Dildo The Dock Fair Haven Flatrock Goobies Gooseberry Cove Gould 's Road Grates Cove Great Barasway Green 's Harbour Gull Island Hibb 's Cove Hopeall Iona Job 's Cove Kingston Lance Cove Little Barasway Lower Island Cove Low Point Mahers Marysvale New Chelsea -- New Melbourne -- Brownsdale -- Sibley 's Cove -- Lead Cove New Harbour Northern Bay Ochre Pit Cove Patrick 's Cove -- Angels Cove Perry 's Cove Point Verde Port de Grave Rantem Red Head Cove St. Michaels Ship Harbour Thornlea Trinny Cove Turks Cove Western Bay See also : Municipalities of St. John 's Metropolitan Area Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Labrador Nunatsiavut Other islands Census divisions 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cities Corner Brook Mount Pearl St. John 's Other communities Bishop 's Falls Bonavista Botwood Carbonear Channel - 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{ "text": "The Great Book of Nature - wikipedia The Great Book of Nature The Great Book Of Nature The Great Book Of Nature Music by John Sposito Country of origin Italy Original language ( s ) English, Italian No. of episodes 54 Production Running time 26 Minutes Production company ( s ) Mondo TV Release Original network Rai 2 Original release June 7, 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 07 ) -- August 25, 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 25 ) External links Website The Great Book of Nature ( Italian : Il Grande Libro della Natura ) is an Italian animated series produced by Mondo TV in 1999. It is composed of non - sequential episodes hosted by a bear, this series features various kind of creatures, such as fish, insects and birds, while depicting their different habitats - whether sea, land or sky. At the end of each episode, the audience is treated to instructive sets of questions and answers that teach young viewers about a given creature 's various kind of behaviours. There are 54 different episode of it of different stories. This show was telecast in India in Just Kids! on Sahara TV. This show was shown in various countries in different languages after Mondo TV went public. Episodes ( edit ) The Hedgehog The Raccoon The Monkey The Bea The Rabbit The Wolf The Turtle The Red Fox The Squirrel The Brown Bear The Rat The Wild Cat The Hare The Butterfly The Bee The Dragonfly The Red Ant The Hornet The Fly The Ladybird The Duck The Magpie The Swan The Woodpecker The Crow The Sparrow The Goldfinch The Robin The Stork The Frog The Sea Turtle The Goat The Pig The Rooster The Bull Domestic Goat The Chicken The Horse The Cuttle Fish The Octopus The Crab The Fighting Fish The Golden Fish The Killer Whale The Dolphin The Dragon The Winged Horse The Cat The Dog The Bulldog The Greyhound The Poodle The Cocker Spaniel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mondo TV S.P.A - Library The Great Book Of Nature ''. Mondo TV Italy 1999. Jump up ^ `` The Great Book Of Nature ''. Mondo TV Youtube. Jump up ^ `` Italy 's Mondo TV Goes Public ''. AWN News. 16 June 2000. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Book_of_Nature&oldid=853981165 '' Categories : Italian animated television series 1999 Italian television series debuts 2000 Italian television series endings Talk About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 04 : 53 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "The Great Book of Nature", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Great_Book_of_Nature&amp;oldid=853981165" }

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{ "text": "Krishna river - wikipedia Krishna river Jump to : navigation, search This article is about an Indian river. For other uses, see Krishna ( disambiguation ). Krishna Krishna river gorge by Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh, India Country India States Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh Tributaries - left Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru - right Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra Source Near Mahabaleswar, Jor village - location Satara district, Maharashtra, India - elevation 914 m ( 2,999 ft ) Geographic headwaters - coordinates 17 ° 59 ′ 18.8 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 16.7 '' E  /  17.988556 ° N 73.637972 ° E  / 17.988556 ; 73.637972 Mouth Hamsaladeevi, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh - location Bay Of Bengal, India - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 15 ° 44 ′ 10.8 '' N 80 ° 55 ′ 12.1 '' E  /  15.736333 ° N 80.920028 ° E  / 15.736333 ; 80.920028 Coordinates : 15 ° 44 ′ 10.8 '' N 80 ° 55 ′ 12.1 '' E  /  15.736333 ° N 80.920028 ° E  / 15.736333 ; 80.920028 Length 1,300 km ( 808 mi ) approx. Basin 258,948 km ( 99,980 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,213 m / s ( 78,151 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Vijayawada ( 1901 -- 1979 average ), max ( 2009 ), min ( 1997 ) 1,641.74 m / s ( 57,978 cu ft / s ) Path of the Krishna through the South Indian Peninsula Down stream view of Prakasam Barrage. Krishna river near Vijayawada The Krishna River is the fourth - biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is almost 1,300 kilometres ( 810 mi ) long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a major source of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Tributaries 3 Krishna Basin 4 Places and temples 5 Flora and fauna 6 Waterfalls 7 Bridges 8 Floods 9 Interstate water sharing 10 Dams 11 Hydroelectric power stations 12 Mineral deposits 13 Pollution 14 See also 15 References Sources ( edit ) The Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres, in the state of Maharashtra in central India. It is one of the longest rivers in India. The Krishna river is around 1,300 km in length. The Krishna river 's source is at Mahabaleswar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai Taluka, Satara District, Maharashtra in the west and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi ( near Koduru ) in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast. It flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State. The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings. Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna. It causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods. It flows fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet ( 23 m ). Ironically, there is a saying in Marathi : `` Shant vaahate Krishnamaai '' which means `` quiet flows Krishna ''. This term is used to describe that a person should be as quiet as Krishna. Tributaries ( edit ) Panoramic view of Ujjani or Bhima Dam Tungabhadra Dam near Hosapete The largest tributary of the Krishna River is the Tungabhadra River with a drainage basin measuring 71,417 km ( 27,574 sq mi ), running for about 531 km ( 330 mi ), but the longest tributary is the Bhima River, which makes a total run of 861 km ( 535 mi ) and has an equally large drainage area of 70,614 km ( 27,264 sq mi ). There are four rivers that join the Krishna at a confluence known as Preeti Sangam, or `` Lover 's Meeting Point '' in the Satara District. These are Venna River, Urmodi River, Tarli River and Koyna River. Three tributaries meet Krishna river near Sangli. These places are considered very holy. It is said that Lord Dattatreya spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of river Krishna. Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a famous pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra and Bhavanasi rivers join the Krishna river. The Sangameswaram temple is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, and visible for devotees only during summer when the reservoir 's water level comes down. Right - bank tributary Town, District, State of confluence Left - Bank Tributary Venna River Sangam Mauli, Satara, Maharashtra Urmodi river Kashil, Satara, Maharashtra Tarali / Kali Ganga river Umbraj, Satara, Maharashtra Mand river Umbraj, Satara, Maharashtra Tasawade, Satara, Maharashtra Kolamba river Koyna River Karad, Satara, Maharashtra Bramhanal, Sangli, Maharashtra Yerla river Warna River Haripur, Sangli, Maharashtra Panchganga River Narsobawadi, Sangli, Mahrashtra Dudhaganga Yadur, Belgaum, Karnataka Hippagiri barrage Ghataprabha River Almatti, Bagalkot District, Karanataka Almatti Dam Malaprabha River Kudala Sangam, Bagalkot District, Karanataka Basava Sagar Reservoir Ammapur, Kalburgi, Karnataka Doni River Kadlur, Raichur, Karnataka Bhima River Jurala dam Lower Jurala dam Tungabhadra River Alampur, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana Srisailam temple Srisailam Dam Nalgonda district, Telangana Dindi River Nagarjuna Sagar dam Chityala, Nalgonda Haliya River Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond dam Wazirabad, Nalgonda, Telangana Musi River Pulichintala dam Mukteswarapuram, Krishna district Paleru River Amaravathi village, Guntur district Munneru River Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district Polavaram right bank canal Kondaveeti vagu Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district Budameru diversion channel Amaravati city Prakasam Barrage Vijayawada city National Waterway 4 Prakasam Barrage National Waterway 4 Krishna basin ( edit ) Drainage Basin of Krishna Bhima Upper ( 17.58 % ) Bhima Lower ( 9.29 % ) Krishna Upper ( 21.39 % ) Krishna Middle ( 8.73 % ) Krishna Lower ( 15.50 % ) Tungabhadra Upper ( 11.20 % ) Tungabhadra Lower ( 16.31 % ) Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km ( 99,980 sq mi ) which is nearly 8 % of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka ( 113,271 km ), Telangana, Andhra Pradesh ( 76,252 km ) and Maharashtra ( 69,425 km ). The Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of about 1,337 m ( 4,386 ft ) just north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km ( 40 mi ) from the Arabian Sea. It flows for about 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal. The principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River, Bhima River, Tungabhadra River and Musi River. Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils. An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 58.0 km is utilizable water. Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km ( 78,000 sq mi ), which is 10.4 % of the total cultivable area of the country. As the water availability in the Krishna river was becoming inadequate to meet the water demand, Godavari River is linked to the Krishna river by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme in the year 2015 to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage in Andhra Pradesh. The irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4. Mullayanagiri peak in Karnataka at an altitude of 1,930 m ( 6,330 ft ) above msl, is the highest point of the Krishna basin. Places and temples ( edit ) Pre Historic sites of Middle Krishna - Tungabhadra Valley in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh This river is revered by Hindus as sacred. The river is also believed to remove all sins of people by taking a bath in this river. The centre of attraction is the Krishna Pushkaram fair which is held once in twelve years on the banks of the Krishna river. There are many pilgrimage places in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on the course of the river. The first holy place on the river Krishna is `` Dakshin Kashi Wai '', known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple. It has seven ghats along the river. Temples like Dattadeva temple, which is revered by the people of Maharashtra, are located on the banks of Krishna at Nrusinha Waadi and Audumbar near Sangli. Also, located on the banks of the river Krishna are the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur, goddess Durga temple in Vijayawada and Ramling temple near Sangli, Mallikarjuna temple ( Srisailam ), Amareshwara Swamy temple ( Amaravati ( state capital ) ), Dattadeva temple, Sangameshwara Shiva temples at Alampur in Telangana, Ramling temple, etc. as well as, villages such as Jihe. Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Wildlife sanctuaries of India, Tiger reserves of India, and List of national parks of India Wide spread area near to the Krishna river holds the rich flora and fauna. The last surviving Mangrove forests in the Krishna estuary have been declared as the Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary is the home to the large number of resident and migratory birds. Fishing cat, otter, Estuarine crocodile, spotted deer, sambar, black buck, snake, lizards and jackal can also be spotted in the sanctuary. The sanctuary also supports rich vegetation with plants like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Aegiceros. The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the river basin. Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary Gudavi Bird Sanctuary Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary Chandoli National Park Kudremukh National Park Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Mrugavani National Park Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary Waterfalls ( edit ) Gokak Falls on Ghataprabha river See also : List of waterfalls of India Manikyadhara Falls is located in Chikkamagaluru Taluk of Karnataka. It is formed by the water flowing from the slopes of Mullayanagiri peak which is the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. Barkana Falls is located in Agumbe hills which receives second highest average annual rainfall ( 7,624.3 mm ) in India. The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin Ethipothala Godchinamalaki Gokak Kune Mallela Theertham Kalhatti Falls Sirimane Falls Bridges ( edit ) Panorama of Prakasam Barrage and Railway bridges on Krishna near Vijayawada The Krishna River is spanned by several bridges along its course, some of which are listed below. Krishna Bridge, Wai, Maharashtra -- This bridge, which is located in the Dharmpuri Peth area of the town of Wai, is one of the oldest bridges that were built by the British in India. It spans the Krishna over nine kamans ( arches ) and is made of black rock. The bridge serves as a flood mark ( when the water rises to the level of the road on the bridge ) for the `` Waikar '' people. Irwin Bridge, Sangli -- This is one of the oldest, historic and largest bridges over the Krishna that were built by the British. The Irwin Bridge, which is built of reddish stone, has two passages where one can climb down to the river in the middle of its span to view the water. Kudachi - Ugar Railway bridge built by the British in 1891. B. Soundatti Bridge, Raibag -- This is also one of the oldest bridges built during the British rule. This bridge connects Maharashtra to Karnataka state. Tangadagi Bridge, This is one of oldest bridge that connects the Bijapur and Bagalkot Districts of Karnataka. God Neelambika Temple is there at the bank of Krishna River. Floods ( edit ) In October 2009, heavy floods occurred, isolating 350 villages and leaving millions homeless, which is believed to be first occurrence in 1000 years. The flood resulted in heavy damage to Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna and Nalagonda Districts. The entire city of Kurnool was immersed in approximately 10 ft ( 3 m ) water for nearly 3 days. Water inflow of 1,110,000 cu ft / s ( 31,000 m / s ) was recorded at the Prakasam Barriage, which surpassed the previous record of 1,080,000 cu ft / s ( 31,000 m / s ) recorded in the year 1903. Interstate water sharing ( edit ) Main article : Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal At present, the award of Bachawat tribunal dated 31 May 1976 is applicable for sharing the water available in the river among the riparian states. The Brijesh Kumar tribunal award given on 29 November 2013 is challenged by Andhra Pradesh in the Supreme Court and the case pending since then. Newly created Telangana state also approached Supreme Court demanding a fresh tribunal hearing to secure its water needs on equitable basis. Dams ( edit ) Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Gates view There are many dams constructed across the Krishna river. Dhom Dam Hippagiri barrage Almatti Dam Narayanpur Dam Srisailam Dam Jurala Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichinthala Dam Prakasam Barrage Amar Dam Kanur Dam Hydroelectric power stations ( edit ) Krishna river is one of the rivers whose water energy is harnessed to a large extent by various hydro electric power stations in India. The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations. Almatti Dam with its right bank power house Hydroelectric power stations on Krishna river Name of the project Rated Power ( in MW ) Comments Koyna Hydroelectric Project 1,920 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Mulshi Dam 300 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Thokarwadi Dam 72 Ujjani Dam 12 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Almatti Dam 290 Bhadra Dam 39 Tungabhadra Dam 127 Jurala Hydroelectric Project 240 Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project 240 Srisailam Dam 1,670 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 960 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond 50 Pulichinthala Dam 120 Mineral deposits ( edit ) Krishna close to its origin at Menawali, near Wai, Satara district, Maharashtra. 18th century, Maratha statesman, Nana Fadnavis built the Ghat and a palace here. This location has been used in many Hindi movies. See also : List of mines in India Krishna river basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil & gas, coal, iron, lime stone, dolomite, gold, granite, laterite, uranium, diamonds, etc. The following are the few noted deposits : Krishna Godavari Basin, oil & gas Yellandu, coal Bayyaram Mines, iron Kudremukh, iron Donimalai, iron Jaggayapeta mines, dolomite Nalgonda uranium deposits, Kollur Mine, diamonds Hatti Gold Mines, Pollution ( edit ) The Deccan Traps near Pune Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture. The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds into the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous environmental flows to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting salt export and leading to formation of saline and sodic alkaline soils in the lower reaches of the river basin. High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt rock formations. The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin Thermal power stations in Krishna river basin Name of Power Station Rated Power ( in MW ) Vijayawada Thermal Power Station 1,760 Raichur Thermal Power Station 1,470 Bellary Thermal Power station 1,700 Yermarus Thermal Power Station 1,600 Solapur Super Thermal Power Station 1,320 Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project 2,400 Yadadri Thermal Power Plant 4000 See also ( edit ) List of rivers of India Godavari River Soil salinity control Alkali soils Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Upper Krishna Project Krishna ( the deity ) Krishna Pushkaralu Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishna River. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Kistna ( river ). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krishna at GEOnet Names Server Jump up ^ Kumar, Rakesh ; Singh, R.D. ; Sharma, K.D. ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ). `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ). Current Science. Bangalore : Current Science Association. 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Map of Krishna River basin '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 27 March 2015. Jump up ^ Srisailam project manual Jump up ^ `` Lower Krishna basin watershed map '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 21 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Krishna basin status report, March 2014 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 27 March 2015. Jump up ^ IWMI Research Report 83. `` Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 23 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Flooding along the Krishna River : Natural Hazards ''. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Jump up ^ `` Agony of Floods : Flood Induced Water Conflicts in lndia ( sic ) '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 8 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Managing historic flood in the Krishna river basin in the year 2009 ''. Retrieved 11 October 2015. Jump up ^ Hindu daily dated. `` Court : do not publish KWDT - II decision ''. Retrieved 5 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` T - State wants tribunal to adjudicate water disputes ''. Retrieved 12 July 2014. Jump up ^ ( Dam, Barrage, Weir, Anicut, Lift ) `` Headworks ( Dam, Barrage, Weir, Anicut, Lift ) '' Check url = value ( help ). Retrieved 27 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Power Houses in Krishna Basin ''. Retrieved 27 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Do not kill a river ''. Retrieved 20 April 2016. Jump up ^ J. Keller, A. Keller and G. Davids. `` River basin development phases and implications of closure '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 25 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` IWMI Research report nos # 1, 3, 14, 56, 72, 83, 107, 111, 121, 123, 125 etc. ''. Retrieved 25 August 2015. Jump up ^ Oregon State University, USA. `` Managing irrigation water quality '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 28 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` Alkalinity and salinity bane of soil in T state ''. Retrieved 23 October 2015. Jump up ^ Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps, India 21. Refer ' theertha prabhanda ' ( sanskrit ). ( hide ) Krishna basin Rivers Amarja Bhadra Bhima Dandavati Dindi Gayatri Ghataprabha Handri Indrayani Koyna Kundali Malaprabha Mula - Mutha Munneru Musi Nira Paleru Panchganga Pavana Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Vedavathi Venna Dams and barrages Almatti Dam Bhadra dam Budameru Diversion Channel Dhom Dam Dindi Ghataprabha Joorala Koil Sagar Koyna Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Narayanpur Dam Osman Sagar Prakasam Barrage Pulichintala Raja Lakhamagowda Rajolibanda Dam Srisailam Dam Sunkesula Tungabhadra Dam Wyra Hydro power stations Almatti Dam Bhadra Joorala Kanher Dam Koyna Lower Jurala Munirabad Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichintala Radhanagari dam Srisailam Dam Tungabhadra Dam Geographical features / regions Coastal Andhra Deccan Plateau Eastern Ghats Karnataka Konkan Marathwada Telangana Western Ghats Riparian districts Maharashtra Beed Kolhapur Latur Osmanabad Pune Ratnagiri Sangli Sindhudurg Solapur Karnataka Bagalkot Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chikmagalur Chitradurga Dakshina Kannada Davanagere Dharwad Gadag Gulbarga Haveri Koppal Raichur Shimoga Tumkur Udupi Uttara Kannada Telangana Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Mahboobnagar Medak Nalgonda Ranga Reddy Warangal Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Guntur Krishna Kurnool Prakasam Cities Bagalkot Ballary Hubli Hyderabad Karad Pune Vijayawada Ores and minerals Coal Dolomite Gold Granite Iron ore Limestone Oil / gas fields Krishna Godavari Basin Industries Bellary Thermal Power station Cement plants Jindal steel, Bellary Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project Kudremukh Iron Raichur Thermal Power Station Solapur Super Thermal Power Station Vijayawada Thermal Power Station Yermarus Thermal Power Station Transport NH4 NH4A NH5 NH7 NH9 NH13 NH14 NH18 NH48 NH63 NH202 NH204 NH206 NH218 NH221 NH234 Pollution concerns, River basin 's sustainable productivity & ecology Algal bloom in reservoirs High - alkalinity of river water Cyanide pollution from gold mines No effective flood control plan Alkali salts / high pH ash water run off from coal fired power stations Inadequate salt export to sea leading to formation of saline / alkali soils Excessive exploitation of river water causing insufficient environmental flows Coastal land erosion due to inadequate water reaching the Sea. Excessive silting of reservoirs due to deforestation and mining activities. Poor reservoirs management in terms of irrigation water supply, power generation & flood control. Related topics Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Other river basins Godavari Penna Links to related articles Hydrography of Maharashtra Rivers Adan Banganga Bhima Bindusara Dahisar Daman Ganga Darna Dnyanganga Girna Godavari Gomai Indravati Indrayani Kadva Karha Kolar Koyna Krishna Kundali Kundalika Mithi Mula Mula - Mutha Mutha Narmada Nira Oshiwara Painganga Panchganga Panzara Patalganga Pavana Poisar Pranahita Purna ( Tapti tributary ) Purna ( Godavari tributary ) Savitri Shahanur Shivana Sindphana Tansa Tapti Tasso Ulhas Vaan Vashishti Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Kune Pandavgad Lakes Gorewada Khindsi Lonar crater Rankala Salim Ali Shivaji / Shivsagar Talao Pali Upvan Venna Talwat Hidkal Bhigwan Mahakali Sandhur Dams Bhushi Jayakwadi Khadakwasla Kolkewadi Koyna Mulshi Nilwande Panshet Susri Temghar Tilari Ujjani Walwan Varasgaon Waghur Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Hydrography of Telangana Rivers Godavari Krishna Maner Pranhita Munneru Manjira Musi Palar Tungabhadra Bhima Penganga Wardha Dindi Taliperu Waterfalls Kuntala Bogatha Pochera Mallela Theertham Paarakaphi Savatula Gundam Sirnapally Gayatri Lakes Bhadrakali Himayat Sagar Hussain Sagar Lotus Pond Osman Sagar Pakhal Palair Ramappa Shamirpet Saroornagar Laknavaram Ramanthapur Kapra Safilguda Ramakrishnapuram Edulabad Waddepally Dams Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam Sriram Sagar Nizam Sagar Singur Jurala Lower Manair Dam LMD Pulichinthala Yellampalli Rajolibanda Dam Icchampally Manjira Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu Hydrography of Karnataka Rivers Amarga Amarja Arkavathy Bhadra Chakra Chitrvathi Dandavathi Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira River Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna Ponnaiyar Shambavi Sharavathi Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyalamaduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Varapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary 's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagar Bhadra Dam Harangi Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagowda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Mari Kanive See also Kerala Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh Coastal Bay of Bengal Coromandel Beaches Ramakrishna Mission Beach Yarada Beach Vodarevu Beach Uppada Beach Suryalanka Beach Mypadu Beach Kalingapatnam Beach Bheemili Beach Manginapudi Beach Rushikonda Beach Estuaries / Creeks Krishna estuary Narava Gedda creek Marshes Coringa Krishna delta mangrove Rivers Arani Bendi Gedda Borramma Gedda Budameru Bahuda Champavathi Cheyyeru Chitravathi Galeru Garibula Gedda Godavari Gosthani Gundlakamma Jhanjavati Kandaleru Kandivalasa Kalangi Kinnerasani Koringa Krishna Kundu Mahendratanaya Madala Maldevi Manneru Munneru Murredu Nadari Nagari Nagavali Narava Gedda Palar Paleru Papagni Pedda Gedda Peddavagu Penna Ponnaiyar Sabari Sileru Sarada Swarnamukhi Tammileru Tandava Tungabhadra Vamsadhara Varaha Vedavathi Yeleru Yerrakaluva Waterfalls Duduma Ethipothala Kailasakona Mallela Theertham Talakona Ubbalamadugu Lakes Pulicat Lake Kolleru Lake Dams Alaganoor Balimela Brahmamsagar Dowleswaram Gandikota Gotta barrage Gundlakamma Jalaput Jeedipalli Kalyani Kandaleru Kanithi Mid Penna Mylavaram Nagarjuna Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Nellore anicut Penna Ahobilam Polavaram Prakasham Pulichinthala Rajolibanda Sangam anicut Somasila Srisailam Sunkesula Tatipudi Thotapalli Veligallu Veligonda Veligodu Yeleru Inland waterways National Waterway 4 Ports ( Existing / proposed ) Dugarajapatnam Port Gangavaram Port Kakinada Port Krishnapatnam Port Machilipatnam Port Visakhapatnam Port Islands Sriharikota Nagarjunakonda Bhavani Lanka Hope island Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Penna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Odisha Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu Telangana Western Ghats Rivers Bhadra Bhavani Bhima Chalakudy Chittar Godavari Gurupura Kabini Kali Kallayi Kaveri Koyna Krishna Kundali Malaprabha Manimuthar Netravati Pachaiyar Parambikulam Saraswati Savitri Sharavati Tambaraparani Tapti Tunga Venna Regions Desh, Maharashtra Goa Gap Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Kongu Nadu Palakkad Gap Tulu Nadu Peaks Agastya Mala Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Banasura Biligirirangana Betta Brahmagiri Chembra Dhodap Doddabetta Gangamoola Harishchandragad Kalsubai Kemmangundi Kudremukh Kumarikkal Mala Kodachadri Kumara Parvata Mullayanagiri Marunthuvazh Malai Nedumpara Peak Ponmudi Pushpagiri Paithalmala Raigad Salher Saptashrungi Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Vavul Mala Vellarimala Ranipuram Vagamon Hills Ambanad Hills Anaimalai Hills Biligiriranga Hills Cardamom Hills Nilgiri mountains Satmala Range Selbari Range Palni Hills Trimbakeshwar Range Waterfalls Abbey Chunchanakatte Dudhsagar Falls Gokak Irupu Jog Kalhatti Mallalli Falls Sathodi Lushington Sivasamudram Athirapally Falls Vazhachal Falls Hogenakkal States Tamil Nadu Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Goa Parks & Reserves Annekal Reserved Forest Anshi National Park Aralam Reserved Forest Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Agasthyavanam Biological Park Bandipur National Park Bannerghatta National Park Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Chandoli National Park Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary Dandeli National Park Eravikulam National Park Grass Hills National Park Anamalai Tiger Reserve Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Karian Shola National Park Karnala Bird Sanctuary Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Kudremukh National Park Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai National Park Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Mukurthi National Park Nagarhole Rajiv Gandhi National Park New Amarambalam Reserved Forest Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Palani Hills National Park Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Peechi - Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Periyar National Park Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary SAI Sanctuary Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary Silent Valley National Park Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Places Bhivpuri Chiplun Chiplun Kalsubai Khandala Kudremukh Kodagu Karjat Kasara Lonavla Lavasa Mahabaleshwar Malshej Ghat Matheran Panchgani Raigad Fort Rajgad Fort Shivneri Fort Tamhini Ghat Ghats Amboli Ghat Bhor Ghat Tamhini Ghat Amba Ghat Bhor Road Ghat Chorla Ghat Goa Gap Kasara Road Ghat Kumbharli Ghat Malshej Ghat Naneghat Charmadi ghat Shiradi ghat Bisle ghat Sampaje ghat Palakkad Gap Varandha Ghat Related Mountains of Kerala Mountains of Maharashtra Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes, deltas, etc. Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan VIAF : 239633911 GND : 4478193 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_River&oldid=804374552 '' Categories : Krishna River Rivers of Andhra Pradesh Rivers of Karnataka Rivers of Maharashtra Rivers of Telangana Coromandel Coast Rivers of India Rivers of the Western Ghats Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017, at 15 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Krishna River", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Krishna_River&amp;oldid=804374552" }

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{ "text": "P wave ( electrocardiography ) - wikipedia P wave ( electrocardiography ) Normal P wave, shown in darker red The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction, or atrial systole. Contents 1 Physiology 2 Pathology 3 Atrial repolarization 4 Related pages 5 References Physiology ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium. The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann 's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves. Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria ( atrial ectopics ) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal. Pathology ( edit ) Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale Peaked P waves ( > 0.25 mV ) suggest right atrial enlargement, cor pulmonale, ( P pulmonale rhythm ), but have a low predictive value ( ~ 20 % ). AP wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia. It can also indicate right atrial enlargement. AP wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia. Bifid P waves ( known as P mitrale ) indicate left - atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation or hypertrophy. If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising elsewhere. This is taken as evidence of multiple ( i.e. at least two ) ectopic foci, and is called multifocal ( or more correctly, multiform ) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤ 100 ) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100. This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. If the baseline has a totally irregular form, this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact ; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves. Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate : Fine atrial fibrillation Sinoatrial arrest ( with a secondary escape rhythm ) If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG, a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves. Atrial Repolarization ( edit ) This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave, with a duration of 2 - 3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave. It is represented on the surface ECG by a so - called Ta wave. The clinical relevance of this is that, although a normal phenomenon, the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to ( and easily mistaken with ) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia. Related pages ( edit ) Electrocardiography PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Longmore, Murray ( 2004 ). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 852558 - 3. Jump up ^ Reeves WC, Hallahan W, Schwiter EJ, Ciotola TJ, Buonocore E, Davidson W ( 1981 ). `` Two - dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement ''. Circulation. 64 : 387 -- 391. doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 64.2. 387. PMID 6454512. Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/ Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html Jump up ^ Munuswamy K, Alpert MA, Martin RH, Whiting RB, Mechlin NJ ( 1983 ). `` Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m - mode echocardiography ''. Am J Cardiol. 53 ( 6 ) : 829 -- 832. doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9149 ( 84 ) 90413 - 2. PMID 6230922. Jump up ^ Kastor JA ( 1990 ). `` Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia ''. N Engl J Med. 322 ( 24 ) : 1713 -- 1717. doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199006143222405. PMID 2188131. Jump up ^ Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH ( 2006 ). `` Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia ''. Clin Cardiol. 28 ( 12 ) : 3561 -- 3563. doi : 10.1002 / clc. 4960281205. PMID 16405199. Jump up ^ Smith, SW. `` Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression ''. Retrieved 22 October 2014. Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P_wave_(electrocardiography)&oldid=842471189 '' Categories : Cardiac electrophysiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 17 : 34 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "P wave (electrocardiography)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=P_wave_(electrocardiography)&amp;oldid=842471189" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "P wave ( electrocardiography ) - wikipedia P wave ( electrocardiography ) Normal P wave, shown in darker red The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction, or atrial systole. Contents 1 Physiology 2 Pathology 3 Atrial repolarization 4 Related pages 5 References Physiology ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization" ], "id": [ "15456214809302207301" ], "short_answers": [ "atrial depolarization" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Star Trek : the Next Generation - wikipedia Star Trek : the Next Generation Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the television series. For the games, see Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1994 video game ) and Star Trek : The Next Generation : A World For All Seasons. Star Trek : The Next Generation Genre Science fiction Drama Mystery Action adventure Created by Gene Roddenberry Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Patrick Stewart Jonathan Frakes Brent Spiner LeVar Burton Denise Crosby Michael Dorn Gates McFadden Marina Sirtis Wil Wheaton Theme music composer Alexander Courage Jerry Goldsmith Composer ( s ) Dennis McCarthy Jay Chattaway Ron Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 178 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1987 -- 91 ) Rick Berman ( 1989 -- 94 ) Showrunners Maurice Hurley ( 1988 -- 89 ) Michael Piller ( 1989 -- 94 ) Jeri Taylor ( 1993 -- 94 ) Cinematography Edward R. Brown ( 1987 -- 89 ) Marvin V. Rush ( 1989 -- 92 ) Jonathan West ( 1992 -- 94 ) Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Domestic Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget $1.3 million per episode Release Original network First - run syndication Picture format NTSC 480i 4 : 3 1080p 4 : 3 ( Blu - ray ) Audio format Dolby SR Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) DTS - HD Master Audio 7.1 Blu - ray Original release September 28, 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 23, 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : The Animated Series Followed by Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : The Next Generation at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation ( abbreviated as TNG and ST : TNG ) is an American science - fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran from 1987 to 1994. Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller, and Jeri Taylor served as executive producers at different times throughout its production. The show was very popular, reaching almost 12 million viewers in its 5th season, and the season seven finale in 1994 was watched by over 30 million viewers. The show spawned two reasonably popular spin - offs set in the same sci - fi universe time and place, and 4 theater films with the cast of the show. In the early 2000s the show Enterprise, although more oriented towards re-booting the series was also in the same fictional universe, but an earlier time. The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the nearby regions of the Milky Way galaxy, the Alpha Quadrant. The first episode takes place in the year 2364, 99 years after the start of the five - year mission described in the original series, which began in 2265. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the fifth to bear the name within the franchise 's storyline. An introductory statement, delivered by Patrick Stewart and featured at the beginning of each episode 's title sequence, stated the starship 's purpose in language similar to the opening statement of The Original Series, but was updated to reflect an ongoing mission, and to be gender - neutral : Space : the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission : to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no one has gone before. TNG premiered the week of September 28, 1987, drawing 27 million viewers, with the two - hour pilot `` Encounter at Farpoint ''. In total, 176 episodes were made ( including several two - parters ), ending with the two - hour finale `` All Good Things... '' the week of May 23, 1994. The series ( 1987 -- 94 ) was broadcast in first - run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations. Further Star Trek spin - offs followed The Next Generation : Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ), Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ), Star Trek : Enterprise ( 2001 -- 2005 ), and Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ). The series formed the basis for the seventh through the tenth of the Star Trek films, and is also the setting of numerous novels, comic books, and video games. In its seventh season, Star Trek : The Next Generation became the first and only syndicated television series to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. The series received a number of accolades, including 19 Emmy Awards, two Hugo Awards, five Saturn Awards, and `` The Big Goodbye '' ( S1E12 ) won a Peabody Award. Some of the highest rated shows by Nielsen ratings were the pilot, the finale, `` Unification '' ( duology ), `` Aquiel '', `` A Matter of Time '', and `` Relics ''. `` Unification '' includes the classic characters Spock and his father Sarek, and `` Relics '' includes Scotty. Other famous episodes include the `` Best of Both Worlds '' duology, `` Inner Light '', and `` The Measure of Man '', which was released in a 1080p extended version in 2012. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Background 2.2 Syndication and profitability 2.3 Season one 2.4 Season two 2.5 Season three 2.6 Season four 2.7 Season five 2.8 Season six 2.9 Season seven 2.10 Legacy 3 High - Definition Project 4 Cast 4.1 Notable guest appearances 5 Story arcs & themes 6 Reception 7 Computer and video games 8 Films 9 Release history 9.1 VHS 9.2 LaserDisc 9.3 DVD 9.4 Blu - ray 9.4. 1 Standalone episodes 9.4. 2 The Measure of a Man HD extended cut 10 Spin - offs and the franchise 10.1 These Are The Voyages... ( 2005 ) 10.2 Context 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 28, 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) May 16, 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 16 ) 22 November 21, 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) July 17, 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) 26 September 25, 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) June 18, 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 26 September 24, 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 24 ) June 17, 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 17 ) 5 26 September 23, 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 23 ) June 15, 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 15 ) 6 26 September 21, 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) June 21, 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 21 ) 7 26 September 20, 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) May 23, 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) The series follows the adventures of a space - faring crew on board the Galaxy Class starship USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ), the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry and the seventh starship by that name. ( See Starship Enterprise for other ships with the name and / or registry ). The series is set about 70 years after the final mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. The Federation has undergone significant internal changes in its quest to explore and seek out new life, adding new degrees of complexity and controversy to its methods, especially those focused on the Prime Directive. The Klingon Empire and the United Federation of Planets have ceased wartime hostilities and become galactic allies, while more sinister foes such as the Romulans and the Borg take precedence on the series. The Enterprise is commanded by Captain Jean - Luc Picard and is staffed by first officer Commander William Riker, second officer / operations manager Data, security chief Tasha Yar, ship 's counselor Deanna Troi, chief medical officer Dr. Beverly Crusher and her son Wesley Crusher, conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge, and junior officer Lieutenant Worf. The death of Lieutenant Yar in the twenty - third episode of the first season ( 1987 - 1988 ) of the series prompts an internal shuffle of personnel, making Worf official chief of security. In season two, La Forge is promoted to chief engineer and Katherine Pulaski briefly takes over for Beverly Crusher. The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise - D put on trial by an omnipotent being known as Q, who became a recurring character. The god - like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages, forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared. After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster, the crew officially departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds. Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures, as well as exploring the human condition. Several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists, including the Ferengi, the Cardassians, and the Borg. Throughout their adventures, Picard and his crew are often forced to face and live with the consequences of difficult choices. The series ended in its seventh season with a two - part episode `` All Good Things... '', which brought the events of the series full circle to the original confrontation with Q. An interstellar anomaly that threatens all life in the universe forces Picard to leap from his present, past, and future to combat the threat. Picard was successfully able to show to Q that humanity could think outside of the confines of perception and theorize on new possibilities while still being prepared to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the greater good. The series ended with the crew of the Enterprise portrayed as feeling more like a family and paved the way for four consecutive motion pictures that continued the theme and mission of the series. Episodes by Season ( 1 - 4 ) Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( Two - part episode ) `` The Naked Now '' `` Code of Honor '' `` The Last Outpost '' `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' `` Lonely Among Us '' `` Justice '' `` The Battle '' `` Hide and Q '' `` Haven '' `` The Big Goodbye '' ( Peabody Award Winner ) `` Datalore '' `` Angel One '' `` 11001001 '' `` Too Short a Season '' `` When the Bough Breaks '' `` Home Soil '' `` Coming of Age '' `` Heart of Glory '' `` The Arsenal of Freedom '' `` Symbiosis '' `` Skin of Evil '' `` We 'll Always Have Paris '' `` Conspiracy '' `` The Neutral Zone '' `` The Child '' `` Where Silence Has Lease '' `` Elementary, Dear Data '' `` The Outrageous Okona '' `` Loud as a Whisper '' `` The Schizoid man '' `` Unnatural Selection '' `` A Matter of Honor '' `` The Measure of a Man '' `` The Dauphin '' `` Contagion '' `` The Royale '' `` Time Squared '' `` The Icarus Factor '' `` Pen Pals '' `` Q Who '' `` Samaritan Snare '' `` Up the Long Ladder '' `` Manhunt '' `` The Emissary '' `` Peak Performance '' `` Shades of Gray '' `` Evolution '' `` The Ensigns of Command '' `` The Survivors '' `` Who Watches the Watchers '' `` The Bonding '' `` Booby Trap '' `` The Enemy '' `` The Price '' `` The Vengeance Factor '' `` The Defector '' `` The Hunted '' `` The High Ground '' `` Déjà Q '' `` A Matter of Perspective '' `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' `` The Offspring '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Allegiance '' `` Captain 's Holiday '' `` Tin Man '' `` Hollow Pursuits '' `` The Most Toys '' `` Sarek '' `` Ménage à Troi '' `` Transfigurations '' `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 1 ) `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 2 ) `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption '' ( Part 1 ) Episodes by Season ( 5 - 7 ) Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 `` Redemption ( Part 2 ) `` Darmok '' `` Ensign Ro '' `` Silicon Avatar '' `` Disaster '' `` The Game '' `` Unification '' ( Two - part episode ) `` A Matter of Time '' `` New Ground '' `` Hero Worship '' `` Violations '' `` The Masterpiece Society '' `` Conundrum '' `` Power Play '' `` Ethics '' `` The Outcast '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` The First Duty '' `` Cost of Living '' `` The Perfect Mate '' `` Imaginary Friend '' `` I, Borg '' `` The Next Phase '' `` The Inner Light '' `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 1 ) `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 2 ) `` Realm of Fear '' `` Man of the People '' `` Relics '' `` Schisms '' `` True Q '' `` Rascals '' `` A Fistful of Datas '' `` The Quality of Life '' `` Chain of Command '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Ship in a Bottle '' `` Aquiel '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Tapestry '' `` Birthright '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Starship Mine '' `` Lessons '' `` The Chase '' `` Frame of Mind '' `` Suspicions '' `` Rightful Heir '' `` Second Chances '' `` Timescape '' `` Descent '' ( Part 1 ) `` Descent '' ( Part 2 ) `` Liaisons '' `` Interface '' `` Gambit '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Phantasms '' `` Dark Page '' `` Attached '' `` Force of Nature '' `` Inheritance '' `` Parallels '' `` The Pegasus '' `` Homeward '' `` Sub Rosa '' `` Lower Decks '' `` Thine Own Self '' `` Masks '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` Genesis '' `` Journey 's End '' `` Firstborn '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Emergence '' `` Preemptive Strike '' `` All Good Things... '' ( Two - part episode ) Production ( edit ) Some of the Cast of Next Generation. ( L to R : LeVar Burton, Michael Dorn, Marina Sirtis, Brent Spiner, and Wil Wheaton ) in 2012 Background ( edit ) By 1986, 20 years after Star Trek 's debut on NBC, the franchise 's longevity amazed Paramount Pictures executives. Chairman Frank Mancuso Sr. and others described it as the studio 's `` crown jewel '', a `` priceless asset '' that `` must not be squandered ''. The series was the most popular syndicated television program 17 years after cancellation, and the Harve Bennett - produced Star Trek films did well at the box office. William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy 's salary demands for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) caused the studio to plan for a new Star Trek television series, as it had thought to do in 1977 with Star Trek : Phase II before making the films. Paramount executives worried that a new show could hurt the demand for the films, but decided that it would increase their appeal on videocassette and cable, and that a show with unknown actors would be more profitable than paying the films ' actors ' large salaries. Roddenberry initially declined to be involved, but came on board as creator after being unhappy with early conceptual work. Star Trek : The Next Generation was announced on October 10, 1986, and its cast in May 1987. Paramount executive Rick Berman was assigned to the show at Roddenberry 's request. Roddenberry hired a number of Star Trek veterans, including Bob Justman, D.C. Fontana, Eddie Milkis, and David Gerrold. Early proposals for the series included one in which some of the original series cast might appear as `` elder statesmen '', and Roddenberry speculated as late as October 1986 that the new series might not even use a spaceship, as `` people might travel by some ( other ) means '' 100 years after the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ). A more lasting change was his new belief that workplace interpersonal conflict would no longer exist in the future ; thus, the new series did not have parallels to the frequent `` crusty banter '' between Kirk, Spock, and Leonard McCoy. According to series actor Patrick Stewart, Berman was more receptive than Roddenberry to the show addressing political issues. The series ' music theme combined the fanfare from the original series theme by Alexander Courage with Jerry Goldsmith 's theme for Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ). Some early episodes ' plots derived from outlines created for Star Trek : Phase II. Additionally, some sets used in the Original Series - era films were redressed for The Next Generation, and in turn used for subsequent Original Series films. Part of the transporter room set in TNG was used in the original Star Trek 's transporter set. Many production details, such as LCARS computer interfaces and starship design, were carried through in the production of subsequent spin - offs. A major focus of the show is the faster - than - light starship visiting exoplanets, which, although some had speculated to exist, were still in the realm of science fiction when show started in the 1987. However, by the early 1990s more claims were coming out including for PSR B1257 + 12, and a year after the show ended there was a more definitive detection of planets around 51 Pegasi. Another example is the ubiquitous use of hand - held tablet computers, at the time a fictional technology props for the actors but became a more practical and common computing device by the 2010s Syndication and profitability ( edit ) Despite Star Trek 's proven success, NBC and ABC only offered to consider pilot scripts for the new series, and CBS offered to air a miniseries that could become a series if it did well. That the Big Three television networks treated Paramount 's most appealing and valuable property as they would any other series offended the studio. Fox wanted the show to help launch the new network, but wanted it by March 1987, and would only commit to 13 episodes instead of a full season. The unsuccessful negotiations convinced the studio that it could only protect Star Trek with full control. Paramount increased and accelerated the show 's profitability by choosing to instead broadcast it in first - run syndication on independent stations ( whose numbers had more than tripled since 1980 ) and Big Three network affiliates. The studio offered the show to local stations for free as barter syndication. The stations sold five minutes of commercial time to local advertisers and Paramount sold the remaining seven minutes to national advertisers. Stations had to commit to purchasing reruns in the future, and only those that aired the new show could purchase the popular reruns of the original series. The studio 's strategy succeeded. Most of the 150 stations airing reruns of the original Star Trek wanted to prevent a competitor from airing the new show ; ultimately, 210 stations covering 90 % of the United States became part of Paramount 's informal nationwide network for TNG. In early October 1987, more than 50 network affiliates pre-empted their own shows for the series pilot, `` Encounter at Farpoint ''. One station predicted that `` ' Star Trek ' promises to be one of the most successful programs of the season, network or syndicated. '' TNG helped stations like WZZM in Grand Rapids, Michigan, who made a decision show The Next Generation. The new show indeed performed well ; the pilot 's ratings were higher than those of many network programs, and ratings remained comparable to network shows by the end of the first season, despite the handicap of each station airing the show on a different day and time, often outside prime time. By the end of the first season, Paramount reportedly received $1 million for advertising per episode, more than the roughly $800,000 fee that networks typically paid for a one - hour show ; by 1992, when the budget for each episode had risen to almost $2 million, the studio earned $90 million from advertising annually from first - run episodes, with each 30 - second commercial selling for $115,000 to $150,000. The show had a 40 % return on investment for Paramount, with $30 to $60 million in annual upfront net profit for first - run episodes and another $70 million for stripping rights for each of the about 100 episodes then available, so did not need overseas sales to be successful. Season one ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 1 ) Gates and Denise were in Season 1 as Doctor Crusher and Tasha Yar, respectively, but were removed for Season 2. The Next Generation was shot on 35mm film, and the budget for each episode was $1.3 million, among the largest for a one - hour television drama. While the staff enjoyed the creative freedom gained by independence from a broadcast network 's Standards and Practices department, the first season was marked by a `` revolving door '' of writers, with Gerrold, Fontana, and others quitting after disputes with Roddenberry. Roddenberry `` virtually rewrote '' the first 15 episodes because of his `` dogmatic '' intention to depict human interaction `` without drawing on the baser motives of greed, lust, and power ''. Writers found the show 's `` bible '' constricting and ridiculous and could n't deal with Roddenberry 's ego and treatment of them. It stated, for example, that `` regular characters all share a feeling of being part of a band of brothers and sisters. As in the original ' Star Trek, ' we invite the audience to share the same feeling of affection for our characters. '' Mark Bourne of The DVD Journal wrote of season one : `` A typical episode relied on trite plot points, clumsy allegories, dry and stilted dialogue, or characterization that was taking too long to feel relaxed and natural. '' Other targets of criticism included poor special effects and plots being resolved by the deus ex machina of Wesley Crusher saving the ship. However, Patrick Stewart 's acting skills won praise, and critics noted that characters were given greater potential for development than those of the original series. Both actors and producers were unsure whether Trekkies loyal to the original show would accept the new one, but one critic stated as early as October 1987 that The Next Generation, not the movies or the original show, `` is the real ' Star Trek ' now ''. While the events of most episodes of season one were self - contained, many developments important to the show as a whole occurred during the season. The recurring nemesis Q was introduced in the pilot, the alien Ferengi had their sentinel showing in `` The Last Outpost '', the holodeck was introduced, and the romantic backstory between William Riker and Deanna Troi was investigated. `` The Naked Now '', one of the few episodes that depicted Roddenberry 's fascination ( as seen in the show 's bible ) with sex in the future, became a cast favorite. Later episodes in the season set the stage for serial plots. The episode `` Datalore '' introduced Data 's evil twin brother Lore, who made several more appearances in episodes in subsequent seasons. `` Coming of Age '' dealt with Wesley Crusher 's efforts to get into Starfleet Academy while also hinting at the threat to Starfleet later faced in `` Conspiracy ''. `` Heart of Glory '' explored Worf 's character, Klingon culture, and the uneasy truce between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, three themes that played major roles in later episodes. Tasha Yar left the show in `` Skin of Evil '', becoming the first regular Star Trek character to die permanently ( although the character was seen again in two later episodes ) in either series or film. The season finale, `` The Neutral Zone '', established the presence of two of TNG ' most enduring villains : the Romulans, making their first appearance since the Original Series, and, through foreshadowing, the Borg. The premiere became the first television episode to be nominated for a Hugo Award since 1972. Six of the season 's episodes were each nominated for an Emmy Award. `` 11001001 '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series, `` The Big Goodbye '' won for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series, and `` Conspiracy '' won for Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series. `` The Big Goodbye '' also won a Peabody Award, the first syndicated program and only Star Trek episode to do so. The top episodes for Nielsen ratings were `` Encounter at Farpoint '' with 15.7, and the next highest was `` Justice '' with 12.7. Debuted 1987 - 1988 Season two ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 2 ) The series underwent significant changes during its second season. Beverly Crusher was replaced as Chief Medical Officer by Katherine Pulaski, played by Diana Muldaur, who had been a guest star in `` Return to Tomorrow '' and `` Is There in Truth No Beauty? '', two episodes from the original Star Trek series. The ship 's recreational area, Ten - Forward, and its mysterious bartender / advisor, Guinan, played by Whoopi Goldberg, appeared for the first time. Another change was in the opening theme, wherein at the end is a short fanfare. Owing to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, the number of episodes produced was cut from 26 to 22, and the start of the season was delayed. Because of the strike, the opening episode, `` The Child '', was based on a script originally written for Star Trek : Phase II, while the season finale, `` Shades of Gray '', was a clip show. Nevertheless, season two as a whole was widely regarded as significantly better than season one. Benefiting from Paramount 's commitment to a multiyear run and free from network interference due to syndication, Roddenberry found writers who could work within his guidelines and create drama from the cast 's interaction with the rest of the universe. The plots became more sophisticated and began to mix drama with comic relief. Its focus on character development received special praise. Co-executive producer Maurice Hurley has stated that his primary goal for the season was to plan and execute season - long story arcs and character arcs. Hurley wrote the acclaimed episode `` Q Who '', which featured the first on - screen appearance of the Borg, TNG 's most popular villain. Season two focused on developing the character Data, and two highly regarded episodes from the season, `` Elementary, Dear Data '' and `` The Measure of a Man '', featured him prominently. Miles O'Brien also became a more prominent character during the second season, while Geordi La Forge took the position of Chief Engineer. Klingon issues continued to be explored in well - regarded episodes such as `` A Matter of Honor '' and `` The Emissary '', which introduced Worf 's former lover K'Ehleyr. Five second - season episodes were nominated for six Emmy Awards, and `` Q Who '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series. Debuted 1988 - 1989 Season three ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 3 ) Before the production of the third season in the summer of 1989, some personnel changes were made. Head writer Maurice Hurley was let go and Michael Piller took over for the rest of the series. Creator and executive producer Gene Roddenberry took less of an active role due to his declining health. Roddenberry gave Piller and Berman the executive producer jobs, and they remained in that position for the rest of the series ' run, with Berman overseeing the production as a whole and Piller being in charge of the creative direction of the show and the writing room. Doctor Crusher returned from her off - screen tenure at Starfleet Medical to replace Doctor Pulaski, who had remained a guest star throughout the second season. An additional change was the inclusion of the fanfare that was added to the opening credits of the second season, to the end of the closing credits. Ronald D. Moore joined the show after submitting a spec script that became `` The Bonding ''. He became the franchise 's `` Klingon guru '', meaning that he wrote most TNG episodes dealing with the Klingon Empire ( though he wrote some Romulan stories, as well, such as `` The Defector '' ). Writer / producer Ira Steven Behr also joined the show in its third season. Though his tenure with TNG lasted only one year, he later went on to be a writer and showrunner of spin - off series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine. Six third - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys. `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and `` Sins of the Father '' won for Best Art Direction for a Series. After a chiropractor warned that the cast members risked permanent skeletal injury, new two - piece wool uniforms replaced the first two seasons ' extremely tight spandex uniforms. The season finale, the critically acclaimed episode `` The Best of Both Worlds '', was the first season - ending cliffhanger, a tradition that continued throughout the remainder of the series. Debuted 1989 - 1990 Season four ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) Brannon Braga and Jeri Taylor joined the show in its fourth season. The fourth season surpassed the Original Series in series length with the production of `` The Best of Both Worlds, Part II ''. A new alien race, the Cardassians, made their first appearance in `` The Wounded ''. They later were featured in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine. The season finale, `` Redemption '', was the 100th episode, and the cast and crew ( including creator Gene Roddenberry ) celebrated the historic milestone on the bridge set. Footage of this was seen in the Star Trek 25th - anniversary special hosted by William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy which aired later in the year. Seven fourth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys. `` The Best of Both Worlds, Part II '' won for both Outstanding Sound Editing in a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series. Character Wesley Crusher left the series in season four to go to Starfleet Academy. `` Family '' was the only Star Trek episode not to have a bridge scene during the entire episode and is the only TNG episode where Data does not appear on - screen. Debuted 1990 - 1991 Season five ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 5 ) The fifth season 's seventh episode, `` Unification '', opened with a dedication to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry ( though the prior episode, `` The Game '', aired four days after his death ). Roddenberry, though he had recently died, continued to be credited as executive producer for the rest of the season. The cast and crew learned of his death during the production of `` Hero Worship '', a later season - five episode. Seven fifth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys. `` Cost of Living '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series, and `` A Matter of Time '' and `` Conundrum '' tied for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects. In addition, `` The Inner Light '' became the first television episode since the 1968 original series Star Trek episode `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' to win a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Season five had the introduction of a jacket for Picard, worn periodically throughout the rest of the show 's run. The observation lounge set was altered with the removal of the gold model starships across the interior wall and the addition of lighting beneath the windows. Recurring character Ensign Ro Laren was introduced in the fifth season. The season 5 finale cliffhanger includes a cameo by Stephen Hawking ( Part I of `` Descent '' ). Debuted 1991 - 1992 Season six ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 6 ) NASA Astronaut Mae Jemison, shown here on a Space Shuttle mission is featured in `` Second Chances '' ( S6E24 ) as a Lieutenant on the Enterprise - D The sixth season brought a new set of changes. Rick Berman and Michael Piller 's time was split between the newly created Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and The Next Generation. Three sixth - season episodes were nominated for Emmys. `` Time 's Arrow, Part II '' won for both Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series, and `` A Fistful of Datas '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series. The highest rated episode of Season 6 for Nielsen ratings was `` Relics '', with a rating of 13.9. which featured Scotty played by original series veteran James Doohan. NASA astronaut Mae Jemison plays in Lt. Palmer the Season 6 show `` Second Chances ''. Debuted 1992 - 1993 Season seven ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 7 ) The seventh season was The Next Generation 's last. The penultimate episode, `` Preemptive Strike '', concluded the plot line for the recurring character Ensign Ro Laren and introduced themes that continued in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager. The Next Generation series finale, `` All Good Things... '', was a double - length episode ( separated into two parts for reruns ) that aired the week of May 19, 1994, revisiting the events of the pilot and providing a bookend to the series. Toronto 's SkyDome played host to a massive event for the series finale. Thousands of people packed the stadium to watch the final episode on the stadium 's JumboTron. Five seventh - season episodes were nominated for nine Emmys, and the series as a whole was the first syndicated television series nominated for Outstanding Drama Series. To this day, The Next Generation is the only syndicated drama to be nominated in this category. `` All Good Things... '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects, and `` Genesis '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series. `` All Good Things... '' also won the second of the series 's two Hugo Awards. `` All Good Things... '' also achieved the highest Nielson rating for all of Season 7, with a rating of 17.4. The TNG cast went on to make 4 films after the conclusion of Season 7. Between 1994 and 2002 the main Cast of the show went on to star in Generations, First Contact, Insurrection, and Nemesis. Meanwhile, on TV, DS9 continued with some of the prior TNG cast including Worf and O'Brien, and later in Fall of 1994 Frakes ( TNG 's Riker ) guest starred on Deep Space Nine 's `` Defiant '' ( S3E9 ). In January 1995 the new Star Trek TV series Voyager show launched. and the aforementioned Generations movie had hit theaters in November 1994. Even with the loss of the franchise 's guide and visionary, Roddenberry, Star Trek : The Next Generation had launched a golden era of new Trek media which would last well into the 21st century. In the finale of Enterprise, over ten years later Frakes and Sirtis reprising their roles as Riker and Deanna appear on television one last time. In the 2010s a project would be undertaken to convert all of TNG to 1080p High - Definition, and by 2015 it was all released on Blue - Ray, TV, and HD internet steaming services. Debuted 1993 - 1994 Legacy ( edit ) Although the cast members were contracted for eight seasons, Paramount ended The Next Generation after seven, which disappointed and puzzled some of the actors, and was an unusual decision for a successful television show. Paramount then made films using the cast, which it believed would be less successful if the show were still on television. Season eight also would likely have reduced the show 's profitability due to higher cast salaries and a lower price per episode when sold for stripping. The show 's strong ratings continued to the end ; the series finale was ranked number two among all shows that week, between hits Home Improvement and Seinfeld. Star Trek : The Next Generation finale in Season Seven was watched by over 30 million viewers when it concluded in early 1994. TNG would provide the high - water mark in terms of viewership, with a peak of 11.5 million during its 5th Season prior to the launch of DS9, and between 1988 and 1992 it picked up half a million to a million additional viewers per year. Adjusted Nielson Ratings for Star Trek TV Fall 1987 - Spring 1988 : 8.55 Million TNG S1 Fall 1988 - Spring 1989 : 9.14 Million TNG S2 Fall 1989 - Spring 1990 : 9.77 Million TNG S3 Fall 1990 - Spring 1991 : 10.58 Million TNG S4 Fall 1991 - Spring 1992 : 11.50 Million TNG S5 Fall 1992 - Spring 1993 : 10.83 Million TNG S6 ( DS9 S1 Debuted in Spring 1993 ) Fall 1993 - Spring 1994 : 9.78 Million TNG S7 + DS9 S2 Fall 1994 - Spring 1995 : 7.05 Million DS9 S3 + VOY S1 Fall 1995 - Spring 1996 : 6.42 Million DS9 S4 + VOY S2 Fall 1996 - Spring 1997 : 5.03 Million DS9 S5 + VOY S3 Fall 1997 - Spring 1998 : 4.53 Million DS9 S6+ VOY S4 Fall 1998 - Spring 1999 : 4.00 Million DS9 S7 + VOY S5 ( Voyager also had two more seasons ) High - definition project ( edit ) In the 2010s, Star Trek : The Next Generation was re-produced in high - definition ( 1080p ) with a format of 4 : 3 ( 1.33 : 1 ). Many thought would not be possible, but CBS managed to do it and major work was done at CBS Digital. TNG was shot on 35 mm film, which meant the film could be re-scanned to a higher resolution, however, many of the special effects had to be re-produced. Also a 7.1 DTS - HD Master Audio sound option was created. Season 1 achieved 95,000 units in its launch week in 2012. ( further information Blu - Ray releases ) In addition to the Blu - Ray packages, the HD was sold to many online streaming TV providers such as Netflix. The Netflix version included some additional special effect changes. The Blu - ray sets include many special features and videos, such as a 1988 episode of Reading Rainbow where Levar Burton ( on TNG he is cast as Chief Engineer Geordi ) documents the making of a Star Trek : The Next Generation episode. In June 2016 a 41 - disc set was released with over 8000 minutes of TNG - content, including the entire show in 1080p ( 4 : 3 ). Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Patrick Stewart plays Captain Picard Jonathan Frakes plays First Officer Will Riker Whoopi Goldberg portrays Guinan Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean - Luc Picard is the commanding officer of the U.S.S. Enterprise. Stewart also played the character in the pilot episode of Deep Space Nine and all four TNG theater films Jonathan Frakes as Commander William Riker is the ship 's first officer. The Riker character was influenced by concepts for first officer Willard Decker in the Star Trek : Phase II television series. Decker 's romantic history with helmsman Ilia was mirrored in The Next Generation in the relationship between Riker and Deanna Troi. Riker also appears in an episode each of Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Enterprise. In addition to William Riker, Frakes played William 's transporter - created double, Thomas, in one episode each of The Next Generation and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine. LeVar Burton as Geordi La Forge was initially the ship 's helmsman, but the character became chief engineer beginning in the second season. Burton also played the character in an episode of Voyager. Denise Crosby as Tasha Yar is the chief of security and tactical officer. Crosby left the series at the end of the first season, and the Yar character was killed. Yar returns in alternate timelines in the award - winning episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' and the series finale, `` All Good Things... ''. Crosby also played Commander Sela, Yar 's half - Romulan daughter. Michael Dorn as Worf is a Klingon. Worf initially appears as a junior officer fulfilling several roles on the bridge. When Denise Crosby left at the end of the first season, the Worf character succeeded Lieutenant Yar as the ship 's chief of security and tactical officer. Dorn reprised the role as a regular in seasons four through seven of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and also played another Klingon, also named Worf, in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ; with 282 on screen appearances, Dorn has the most appearances of any actor in the Star Trek franchise. Gates McFadden as Doctor Beverly Crusher is the Enterprise 's chief medical officer. As a fully certified bridge officer, Dr. Crusher had the ability to command the Enterprise, if circumstances required her to do so. She also, on occasional, commanded night - watch shifts on the ship 's main bridge to stay on top of starship operations. McFadden was fired after the first season, but was rehired for the third season and remained for the remainder of the series. Diana Muldaur as Doctor Katherine Pulaski was created to replace Dr. Crusher for the show 's second season. Muldaur, who previously appeared in two episodes of the original Star Trek, never received billing in the opening credits ; instead, she was listed as a special guest star during the first act. Marina Sirtis as Lieutenant Commander Deanna Troi is the half - human, half - Betazoid ship 's counselor. Starting in the season - seven7 episode `` Thine Own Self '', Counselor Troi, having taken and completed the bridge - officer 's test, is later promoted to the rank of commander, which allowed her to take command of the ship, and also perform bridge duties other than those of a ship 's counselor. The character 's relationship with first officer Riker was a carry - over from character ideas developed for Phase II. Troi also appeared in later episodes of Voyager and in the finale of Enterprise. Brent Spiner as Lieutenant Commander Data is an android who serves as second officer and operations officer. Data 's `` outsider 's '' perspective on humanity served a similar narrative purpose as Spock 's in the original Star Trek. Spiner also played his `` brother '', Lore, and his creator, Noonien Soong. In Enterprise, Spiner played Noonien 's ancestor, Arik, and contributed a brief voiceover ( heard over the Enterprise - D 's intercom ) in the Enterprise finale. Wil Wheaton as Beverly Crusher 's son Wesley becomes an acting ensign, and later receives a field commission to ensign, before attending Starfleet Academy. After being a regular for the first four seasons, Wheaton appeared sporadically as Wesley Crusher for the remainder of the series. In addition to the series regulars, other recurring characters include : Majel Barrett as Lwaxana Troi is Deanna Troi 's mother and Betazoid ambassador for the United Federation of Planets. She reprised her role in three episodes of Deep Space Nine. Barrett, married to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, previously appeared in the original Star Trek. She also voiced the computer in The Next Generation and other spinoffs. Brian Bonsall as Alexander Rozhenko is Worf 's son. Jon Paul Steuer played Alexander in the character 's first appearance, and James Sloyan played an older, time - traveling version of Alexander in another episode. Marc Worden played the character for his appearances in Deep Space Nine. Rosalind Chao as Keiko O'Brien is Miles O'Brien's wife and a botanist. She also made recurring appearances in Deep Space Nine. John de Lancie as Q is an omnipotent antagonist from the Q Continuum. de Lancie continued playing the Q character in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager. Whoopi Goldberg as Guinan is the El - Aurian bartender in the ship 's Ten Forward Lounge. Michelle Forbes as Ensign Ro Laren is a Bajoran helmsman, who is later promoted to the rank of lieutenant in season seven. That same season, however, she resigns from Starfleet to become a member of a group of renegade federation colonists known as `` the Maquis ''. Forbes ' character was considered for use in Deep Space Nine, although producers eventually developed a new character, Kira Nerys. Colm Meaney as Miles O'Brien is an unnamed helmsman in the show 's pilot, and appears several times in other positions during the first season. The character was eventually given a rank of Chief Petty Officer, and developed into the transporter chief. Meaney portrayed O'Brien for seven seasons as a series regular on Deep Space Nine. Robert O'Reilly as Gowron is leader of the Klingon High Council. O'Reilly also appeared as Gowron in Deep Space Nine. O'Reilly appeared in an episode of Enterprise as a different character. Dwight Schultz as Lieutenant Reginald Barclay is a technician and engineer who also plays a prominent role in the later seasons of Voyager. Patti Yasutake as Ensign Alyssa Ogawa is a nurse in Dr. Crusher 's sickbay. There were certain big changes for regular characters, the major one was that Tasha Yar is only in season one, and Wesley left for Starfleet Academy in Season 4. In Season 2 the doctor is Pulaski not Crusher, but Crusher does come back and remains the ship 's doctor thereafter ( In All Good Things it is revealed she eventually marries Picard and has her own starship command, thus becoming the new Captain Picard, as he retired to tend a vineyard ). In many cases the characters, or at least the actors, come back to act in some role on the show. There are many reoccurring characters, some of them have actually more appearances in episodes than Tasha. ( See List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members # Appearances for a more in - depth table ) Enterprise - D Characters Season 1 - 7 ( examples ) Character Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Captain Picard Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes William Riker Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Geordi La Forge Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Worf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Deanna Troi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Beverly Crusher Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Guinan No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Wesley Crusher Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 ep. No 2 ep. Tasha Yar Yes No 1 ep. No No No 1 ep. Katherine Pulaski No Yes No No No No No The character Q is very famous, and appeared in the first and last duologies, but overall only appeared in 8 shows Notable guest appearances ( edit ) Further information : Star Trek crossovers DeForest Kelley has a scene as his famous Doctor McCoy character in the pilot episode of TNG The Next Generation included several guest characters who appeared in other iterations of Star Trek, and also introduced characters who appeared in later spinoffs and films. James Doohan, DeForest Kelley, Mark Lenard, and Leonard Nimoy appeared as the original Star Trek characters Montgomery Scott, Leonard McCoy, Sarek, and Spock, respectively. Merritt Butrick, Robin Curtis, Judson Scott, David Warner, and Paul Winfield played characters in various Star Trek films and later had roles in The Next Generation. Additionally, Alexander Siddig and Armin Shimerman played their Deep Space Nine characters, Julian Bashir and Quark, in episodes of The Next Generation. Before being cast in Deep Space Nine, Shimerman had played several Ferengi characters in The Next Generation. Jennifer Hetrick ( Vash ), Barbara March ( Lursa ), Richard Poe ( Evek ), and Gwynyth Walsh ( B'Etor ) reprised their Next Generation characters on Deep Space Nine. Several actors who appeared in Star Trek : The Next Generation later played other roles within the franchise. These include Robert Duncan McNeill, Ethan Phillips, and Tim Russ, who played Tom Paris, Neelix, and Tuvok, respectively, on Voyager. Salome Jens and James Sloyan appeared in episodes of The Next Generation before landing recurring roles in Deep Space Nine. Suzie Plakson and Tony Todd also appeared in The Next Generation, and they later played roles in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager. Marc Alaimo, who depicted one of the franchise 's first Cardassians in The Next Generation, later played the Cardassian Dukat throughout Deep Space Nine 's seven seasons. Like Armin Shimerman, Max Grodénchik played a Ferengi in The Next Generation before being cast as a recurring Ferengi, Rom, in Deep Space Nine. Emmy Award - winner James Cromwell appeared twice in The Next Generation, and he played Zefram Cochrane in the second Next Generation film, First Contact. Other notable guest actors in the show include Erich Anderson, Billy Campbell, Nikki Cox, Ronny Cox, Olivia d'Abo, Kirsten Dunst, Mick Fleetwood, Matt Frewer, Walter Gotell, Kelsey Grammer, Bob Gunton, Teri Hatcher, Stephen Hawking ( as himself ), Famke Janssen, Mae Jemison, Ken Jenkins, Ashley Judd, Sabrina Le Beauf, Christopher McDonald, Bebe Neuwirth, Terry O'Quinn, Michelle Phillips, Joe Piscopo, Gina Ravera, Jean Simmons, Paul Sorvino, Brenda Strong, James Worthy, Tracey Walter, Liz Vassey, David Ogden Stiers, Ray Walston, Ray Wise, and John Tesh. Story arcs & themes ( edit ) Star Trek had a number of story arcs within the larger story, and oftentimes different episodes contributed to two or more different story or character arcs. These could be grouped in different ways, and one way was by the aliens they were interacting with, for example TNG introduced the Borg and the Cardassians. The Klingons and Romulans had been introduced in the original series ( 1966 -- 69 ) ; however, the Klingons were somewhat re-booted with `` turtle - head '' look, although a retcon was given for this in an Enterprise episode. Another way to group them is by a certain character such as Q or Ro Laren or by a technology like the holo - deck, and there were many other alien encounters ( usually funny foreheads, face - paint, or no - body ). Often the plot for alien encounters involved some eccentric alien nature that caused tensions, revealed at the end Alien sagas The Borg : Q Who ( May 8, 1989 ) - introduces Borg also a Q - show The Best of Both Worlds, Part I & Part II ( June 18, 1990 & September 24, 1990 ) - Major Borg diptych Family ( October 1, 1990 ) - Aftermath of BoBW I, Borg ( May 10, 1992 ) - Introduces Hue Descent, Part I & Part II ( June 21, 1993 & September 20, 1993 ) - Another Borg diptych Certain episodes go deeper into the Klingon alien saga, which are famous for having an actual Klingon language made for them in the trekiverse. The Klingon stories usually involve Worf, but not all Worf - centric shows are focused on Klingons. The famous Duras sisters, a Klingon duo Lursa and B'Etor, were introduced on TNG in 1991 on Redemption ( S5 - S5 bridge ) and they later appeared in the film Generations Klingon stories ( examples ) : `` Heart of Glory '' ( S1E20 ) `` A Matter of Honor ( S2E8 ) - Riker on a Klingon vessel `` Sins of the Father '' ( S3E17 ) ( introduces Worf 's brother Kurn ) `` Redemption '' ( S4 - S5 cliffhanger and bridge, two parts ) ( Explores Klingon politics and homeworld ) `` Birthright '' ( S6E16 & S6E17, two - part episode ) `` Rightful Heir '' ( S6E23 ) - Introduces Kahless `` Firstborn '' ( TNG S7E21 ) ( Alexander - Worf focused episode ) The Klingon saga established by TNG was significantly continued on the Deep Space Nine tv show, which continued the Worf character for another 4 seasons Characters Brent Spiner left, stars as the android Data on the show and all four movies, and also plays Data 's `` father '' and `` brother '' Reginald Barclay ( played by A-Team veteran Dwight Schultz ) stories : Hollow Pursuits The Nth Degree Realm of Fear Ship in a Bottle Barclay 's character also has several important episodes Star Trek Voyager TV show such as Projections ( Star Trek : Voyager ). Lore is an android like Data, and is played by the same actor. Lore was introduced in S1E13. Datalore ( January 18, 1988 ) Brothers ( October 8, 1990 ) Descent, Part II ( September 20, 1993 ) Actor John de Lancie plays the role of the mysterious but powerful alien known as Q Q `` Encounter at Farpoint '' diptych `` Hide and Q '' `` Q Who? '' `` Déjà Q '' `` Qpid '' `` True Q '' `` Tapestry '' `` All Good Things... '' diptych Also the 1996 computer game Star Trek : Borg includes video segments with actor John de Lancie as Q Theme A thematic grouping is also possible, and a number of TNG dabbled in softcore terror / horror Night Terrors ( March 18, 1991 ) Schisms ( October 19, 1992 ) Chain of Command, Part I & Part II ( December 14, 1992 & December 21, 1992 ) Frame of Mind ( May 3, 1993 ) Sub Rosa ( January 31, 1994 ) Genesis ( March 21, 1994 ) Reception ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Star Trek : The Next Generation Exhibit in Los Angeles featuring the crew quarters of Captain Picard ( uniform shown ) The Next Generation 's average of 20 million viewers often exceeded both existing syndication successes such as Wheel of Fortune and network hits including Cheers and L.A. Law. Benefiting in part from many stations ' decision to air each new episode twice in a week, it consistently ranked in the top ten among hour - long dramas, and networks could not prevent affiliates from preempting their shows with The Next Generation or other dramas that imitated its syndication strategy. Star Trek : The Next Generation received 18 Emmy Awards and, in its seventh season, became the first and only syndicated television show to be nominated for the Emmy for Best Dramatic Series. It was nominated for three Hugo Awards and won two. The first - season episode `` The Big Goodbye '' also won the Peabody Award for excellence in television programming. In 1997, the episode `` The Best of Both Worlds, Part I '' was ranked No. 70 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2002, Star Trek : The Next Generation was ranked # 46 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2008, was ranked No. 37 on Empire 's list of the 50 greatest television shows. On October 7, 2006, one of the three original filming models of the USS Enterprise - D used on the show sold at a Christie 's auction for USD $576,000, making it the highest - selling item at the event. The buyer of the piece was Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, owner of the Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle. The piece is on display within the Science Fiction Museum. In 2012, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at No. 7 in the `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years '', saying, `` The original Star Trek was cult TV before cult TV was even a thing, but its younger, sleeker offspring brought, yes, a new generation into the Trekker fold, and reignited the promise of sci - fi on television. '' Although TNG did develop a cult following, it was noted for its prime - time general audience viewership also. The flute from `` Inner Light '' was valued at only a few hundred to perhaps 1000 USD when it went to auction, but was sold for over 40,000 ; in this case the auctioneers admitted they had underestimated the appeal of the prop. In the days leading up to the auction, Denise Okuda, former Trek scenic artist and video supervisor, as well as co-writer of the auction catalog, said : `` That 's the item people say they really have to have, because it 's so iconic to a much - beloved episode. '' Episodes with highest Nielsen ratings ( Examples ) `` All Good Things... '' ( 1994 ), the finale achieved a rating of 17.4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( 1987 ), rating of 15.7 `` Unification '' ( 1991 ), 15.4, a duology featuring Leonard Nimoy as Spoc in Part II brought in the highest Nielsen ratingsof that Season, and the one of the highest known for TNG except for the pilot and finale. `` Aquiel '' ( 1993 ), 14.1 ( Featured Guest star Renée Jones as Aquiel ) `` A Matter of Time '' ( 1991 ), 13.9 ( Featuring guest star Matt Frewer as a time traveler ) `` Relics '' ( 1992 ), 13.9 ( This one featured James Doohan as Scotty ) `` Time 's Arrow, Part II '' ( 1992 ), 13.8 ( S6 opener and conclusion of the Time 's Arrow duology ) `` Tapestry '' ( 1993 ), 13.8 ( Q - show ) DS9 's `` The Emissary '', which came out half - way through season 6 of TNG achieved a Nielsen rating of 18.8. Star Trek 's ratings went into a steady decline starting with Season 6 of TNG, and the second to last episode of DS9 achieved a Nielsen rating of 3.9. Computer and video games ( edit ) A diagram of the Enterprise - D is shown on console from the `` main engineering '' Examples of video games based on The Next Generation TV series, movies, and characters include : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1993 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation : Future 's Past ( 1993 ), for the SNES Star Trek : The Next Generation : Echoes from the Past ( 1993 ) a port of Futures Past for the Sega Genesis Star Trek Generations : Beyond the Nexus ( 1994 ), for Nintendo Game Boy or Sega Game Gear Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity ( 1995 ), for MS - DOS or Macintosh A Final Unity sold 500,000 copies by 1996. Star Trek : Borg ( 1996 ) ( Includes live action segments directed by James L. Conway and acting by John de Lancie as Q ) Star Trek Generations ( 1997 ), for IBM PC Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard ( 1998 ), for Mac and Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek : Hidden Evil ( 1999 ), for Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek Invasion ( 2000 ), for the PlayStation Star Trek Armada ( 2000 ), for Microsoft Windows 98 Star Trek : Armada II ( 2001 ) Star Trek : Bridge Commander ( 2002 ) Star Trek : Conquest ( 2002 ) ( Wii, PlayStation 2 ) The Enterprise and its setting is also in other Trekiverse games like Star Trek : Armada ( 2000 ), by which time it was common to have a game set in the time and place inhabited by TNG, but also occupied by two more television shows and the films. For example, in Star Trek : Armada voice actors from The Next Generation contributed to their characters in the game including Patrick Stewart reprised the roles of Jean - Luc Picard and Locutus, Michael Dorn voiced Worf, Denise Crosby reprised Sela, and J.G. Hertzler voiced Chancellor Martok. Several other voice actors who had been previously unaffiliated with Star Trek also voiced characters in the game, among them was Richard Penn. Star Trek : Armada II was set in the Star Trek : The Next Generation era of the Star Trek universe. Star Trek : Hidden Evil, which came out in 1999 not only included voice acting by Brent Spiner as Data and Patrick Stewart as Picard, but the story was a follow - on from the ninth Star Trek movie, Star Trek : Insurrection. Films ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( film series ) Levar Burton stars as Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge in all four TNG movies between 1994 and 2002 Michael Dorn also had a scene as Worf in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country. The Worf character would also continue for another 4 seasons on the DS9 spin - off TV show and was in all four TNG films Four films feature the characters of the series : Star Trek Generations ( 1994 ), Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ), Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ), and Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ). Worf played by Dorn also appeared in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country. ` ` I think it was kind of an honor they had my character be sort of the link between the two series. It was wonderful to be working with the other cast ( from the original Star Trek series ). It was kind of a fantasy because who would have thought when I was watching the original show that I ` d be working in the movie? Beyond that, it ` s like professionalism takes over and you just kind of do the best you can and not make yourself look bad -- Mr. Dorn on his role in Undiscovered Country Gross with TNG - cast ST films ( not - inflation adjusted ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country $74,888,996 Released 12 / 6 / 91 Star Trek : Generations ( also has some TOS cast ) $75,671,125 Released 11 / 18 / 94 Star Trek : First Contact $92,027,888 Released 11 / 22 / 96 Star Trek : Insurrection $70,187,658 Released 12 / 11 / 98 Star Trek : Nemesis $43,254,409 12 / 13 / 02 Lenard Nimoy as Spock also had some TNG episodes ( e.g. Unification ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) and was featured in the re-boot Star Trek film in 2009 Starting with First Contact, they get a new ship the Enterprise - E with a similar but modified designed as the D - model featured in TV and in Generations Release History ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) All episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation were made available on VHS cassettes, starting in 1991. The entire series was gradually released on VHS over the next few years during the remainder of the show 's run and after the show had ended. The VHS for TNG were available on mail - order usually two episodes per VHS cassette. LaserDisc ( edit ) Paramount published all episodes on the LaserDisc format from October 1991 using an extended release schedule that concluded in May 1999. Each disc featured two episodes with Closed Captions, Digital Audio, and CX encoding. Also published were four themed `` collections '', or boxed sets, of related episodes. These included The Borg Collective, The Q Continuum, Worf : Return to Grace, and The Captains Collection. There was a production error with episode 166, `` Sub Rosa '', where a faulty master tape was used that was missing 41⁄2 minutes of footage. Though a new master copy of the episode was obtained, no corrected pressing of this disc was issued. Star Trek : The Next Generation was also released on LaserDisc in the non-US markets Japan and Europe. In Japan, all episodes were released in a series of 14 boxed sets ( two boxed sets per season ), and as with the US releases were in the NTSC format and ordered by production code. The European laserdiscs were released in the PAL format and included the ten two - part telemovies as well as a disc featuring the episodes Yesterday 's Enterprise and Cause And Effect. The pilot episode, Encounter At Farpoint, was also included in a boxed set called Star Trek : The Pilots featuring the pilot episodes from Star Trek : The Original Series, Star Trek : The Next Generation, Star Trek : Deep Space Nine, and Star Trek : Voyager. DVD ( edit ) The first season of the series was released on DVD in March 2002. Throughout the year the next six seasons were released at various times on DVD, with the seventh season being released in December 2002. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the series, CBS Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment released Star Trek : The Next Generation -- The Complete Series on October 2, 2007. The DVD box set contains 49 discs. Between March 2006 and September 2008, `` Fan Collective '' editions were released containing select episodes of The Next Generation ( and The Original Series, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager ) based on various themes. The individual episodes were chosen by fans voting on StarTrek.com. In total, six `` Fan Collectives '' were produced, along with a boxed set containing the first five collectives. In April 2013 all seven seasons of Star Trek : The Next Generation were re-released in new packaging featuring a silhouette of a different cast member on each box. However, the discs contained the identical content that was previously released in 2002. Blu - Ray ( edit ) The original show was shot on high - quality 35 mm film, but had to be downscaled before editing and postprocessing to standard ' 80s and ' 90s TV resolution ( video quality ) for broadcast. The show 's final visual effects ( e.g. all exterior shots of the starship Enterprise, phaser fire or beaming fade - ins and - outs ) were also composed only in standard resolution video. All previous home video and DVD releases used this severely downscaled version. To include such footage on Blu - ray, using only upscaling, would have resulted in a larger but blurred image, so CBS decided to use a more detailed approach to bring the show to high definition. They also opted to adhere to the show 's original 4 : 3 aspect ratio. A news release on the official website announced on September 28, 2011, in celebration of the series ' twenty - fifth anniversary, that Star Trek : The Next Generation would be completely re-mastered in 1080p and 4k high definition from the original 35 mm film negatives ( consisting of almost 25,000 reels of original film stock ). All the visual effects for each episode would be digitally recomposed from original large - format negatives and newly created CGI shots. The release would be accompanied by 7.1 DTS Master Audio. An initial disc featuring the episodes `` Encounter at Farpoint '', `` Sins of the Father '', and `` The Inner Light '' was released on January 31, 2012 under the label `` The Next Level ''. The six - disc first season set was released on July 24, 2012. The remaining seasons were released periodically thereafter, culminating in the release of the seventh season on December 2, 2014. The entire re-mastered series is available on Blu - ray as individual seasons, and as a 41 - disc box set titled The Full Journey. Eventually, all remastered episodes will also be available for television syndication and digital distribution. Mike Okuda believes this is the largest film restoration project ever attempted. Season Release date Special features Season One July 24, 2012 Documentaries `` Energized! '' ( about the VFX remastering ) and `` Stardate Revisited '' ( Origin ) Season Two December 4, 2012 Extended version of `` The Measure of a Man '', Reunification : reunion interview with entire TNG cast. Season Three April 30, 2013 Inside the Writer 's Room, Resistance is Futile : Assimilating TNG, A Tribute to Michael Piller Season Four July 30, 2013 In Conversation : The Star Trek Art Department, Relativity : The Family Saga of Star Trek TNG, Deleted scenes Season Five November 19, 2013 In Conversation : The Music of TNG, Requiem : A Remembrance of TNG, Deleted scenes Season Six June 24, 2014 Beyond the Five Year Mission - The Evolution of Star Trek : The Next Generation, Deleted scenes Season Seven December 2, 2014 The Sky 's the Limit -- The Eclipse of Star Trek : The Next Generation, In Conversation : Lensing Star Trek : The Next Generation, deleted scenes Standalone episodes ( edit ) When TNG was re-made into 1080p, several episodes were released as stand - alone single show Blu - Ray products. This includes `` The Best of Both Worlds '' `` Redemption '' `` Unification '' `` Chain of Command '' `` All Good Things... '' The Measure of a Man HD extended cut ( edit ) Main article : The Measure of a Man ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) A famous episode, `` The Measure of a Man ``, which broke - out of entertainment into academia was released in HD in 2012 with an extended cut. The extended version includes an extra 13 minutes of footage as well as recreated special effects. It was released as part of the Season 2 collection set. Spin - offs and the franchise ( edit ) Re-creation of the TNG starship bridge for Star Trek : The Exhibition Star Trek : The Next Generation spawned a lot of media set in its science - fiction vision, which was primarily the 2370s but set in the same universe as first Star Trek TV shows of the 1960s. This included the aforementioned films, computer games, board games, theme parks etc. In the 2010s there was still discussion about a Captain Worf spin - off, the Bridge officer that debuted on TNG and was also featured in the TNG spin - off show Deep Space Nine, which itself had quite a following. Star Trek TNG - era Novels ( examples ) : Balance of Power ( Star Trek ) The Children of Hamlin Dark Mirror ( Star Trek novel ) Death in Winter The Devil 's Heart I, Q Immortal Coil Imzadi The Peacekeepers Planet X ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : The Q Continuum Q - in - Law Rogue ( Star Trek ) Rogue Saucer Star Trek : The Lost Era Star Trek : Typhon Pact Star Trek : Stargazer Strike Zone Survivors ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : A Time to... Star Trek : Titan Vendetta ( Star Trek ) These are the voyages... ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Jonathan Frakes and Marina Sirtis returned to their The Next Generation roles for the series finale of Enterprise. In 2005, the last episode of `` Enteprise '' called `` These Are the Voyages... '' ( S4E22 ) featured a holodeck simulation on the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) from Star Trek : The Next Generation during the events of the episode `` The Pegasus '' and the return of Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) and Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ). It was written by Berman and Braga, who noted ``... this was a very cool episode because it has a great concept driving it ''. Star Trek : Enterprise was TV show launched following Star Trek : Voyager conclusion, and was set 100 years before TOS and 200 years before TNG, in addition to including some soft re-boot elements with an all new cast. Some episodes connected to TNG directly including guest stars by Brent Spiner and connections to the events in TNG 's fictional universe. The three - episode story arc consisting of `` Borderland '', `` Cold Station 12 '', and `` The Augments '', with a Soong ancestor portrayed by The Next Generation regular Brent Spiner provides some backstory to Data 's back - story. Also Affliction ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) also helps explain the smooth - headed Klingons that sometimes appeared, a theatrically presented retcon and backstory that helped explain this varying presentation between TOS, TNG, and Films Star Trek would not return to television as a show for over 12 years, until the debut of Star Trek : Discovery on CBS, but thereafter exclusively available on the internet service CBS All Access ( Neflix Internationally ) at that time. The film franchise was rebooted under the Kelvin timeline was quite successful, with several blockbusters from 2009 and featuring scenes with Spock Context ( edit ) This infographic shows the first - run production timeline of various Star Trek franchise shows and films, including Star Trek : The Next Generation The re-production of TNG into HD was done in the 2010s. See also ( edit ) Science Fiction portal Star Trek portal Cultural influence of Star Trek List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes List of comic books based on Star Trek : The Next Generation List of Star Trek Starfleet starships ordered by class ( Includes many fictional spacecraft from TNG, but also the wider Star Trek franchise ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation ''. CBS.com. http://www.cbs.com/shows/star_trek_the_next_generation/ Jump up ^ Trek Core Staff. `` Selling... Into Syndication ''. Trek Core. 12 October 2014. http://trekcore.com/blog/2014/10/advertising-archive-selling-tng-in-syndication/ Jump up ^ Thill, Scott. `` Warping into Star Trek : The Next Generation 's 25 Years... ''. Wired. 28 September 2012. https://www.wired.com/2012/09/star-trek-tng25-ron-moore/ ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler, Eric ( July 24, 1994 ). `` TELEVISION : Profits, Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : `` The Trek Nation - Star Trek Ratings History ''. www.trektoday.com. ^ Jump up to : Nemeck, Larry ( 2003 ). Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Article 99 ''. ^ Jump up to : Harmetz, Aljean ( November 2, 1986 ). `` New ' Star Trek ' Plan Reflects Symbiosis of TV and Movies ''. The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Nemecek, Larry ( 1992 ). `` Rebirth ''. In Stern, Dave. The Star Trek The Next Generation Companion. 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10020 : Pocket Books. p. 1. ISBN 0 - 671 - 79460 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Teitelbaum, Sheldon ( May 5, 1991 ). `` How Gene Roddenberry and his Brain Trust Have Boldly Taken ' Star Trek ' Where No TV Series Has Gone Before : Trekking to the Top ''. Los Angeles Times. p. 16. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Roddenberry names new Star Trek crew ''. The StarPhoenix. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Associated Press. May 21, 1987. pp. C3. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Rick Berman Bio ''. Retrieved April 22, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Gendel, Morgan ( October 11, 1986 ). `` NEW ` TREK ' IS ON THE LAUNCH PAD ''. Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Patrick Stewart On Expecting TNG To Fail, Roddenberry v Berman, Star Trek ' Albatross ' + more ''. June 22, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Okuda, Michael and Rick Sternbach ( 1991 ). Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual. Pocket Books. ISBN 0 - 671 - 70427 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Weinstein, Steve ( May 3, 1988 ). `` Newest ' Star Trek ' Zooms at Warp Speed : ' Next Generation ' Series Scores With Viewers and Critics Alike ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Pearson, Roberta ( 2011 ). `` Cult Television as Digital Television 's Cutting Edge ''. In Bennett, James ; Strange, Niki. Television as Digital Media. Duke University Press. pp. 105 -- 131. ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4910 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Davies, Máire Messenger ; Roberta Pearson ( 2007 ). `` The Little Program That Could : The Relationship Between NBC and Star Trek ''. In Hilmes, Michele ; Henry, Michael Lowell. NBC : America 's Network. University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 25079 - 6. Jump up ^ Alexander, David ( 1994 ). Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry. Roc. ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Harmetz, Aljean ( October 4, 1987 ). `` Syndicated ' Star Trek ' Puts Dent in Networks ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Cerone, Daniel ( November 6, 1992 ). `` ' Star Trek ' -- Still on the Beam : Television : One year after creator Gene Roddenberry 's death, the born - again series tops the syndication charts ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2011. ^ Jump up to : McClellan, Steve ( February 17, 1992 ). `` HOUR DRAMA BOLDLY GOING TO FIRST - RUN ''. Broadcasting. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cerone, Daniel ( November 1, 1992 ). `` TELEVISION : Action, Adventure, Aliens... Ratings? : Syndication is going where the action was. Mixing revivals of old TV hits with brand - new series, programmers are pinning hopes on a once - vibrant genre ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` IMDB Technical Specifications for Star Trek : The Next Generation ''. Retrieved February 12, 2008. Jump up ^ Dillard, J.M. ( 1994 ). Star Trek : `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' : A History in Pictures ( Star Trek ( Trade / hardcover ) ). Pocket Books. pp. 130 -- 131. ISBN 0 - 671 - 51149 - 1. The writers were being rewritten by Gene, and there was a lot of tumult because people did n't know where they stood. ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season One ''. ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation, Season One ''. Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season One DVD ''. Jump up ^ Beale, Lewis ( July 21, 1987 ). `` A Visit to ' Star Trek : The Next Generation ' ''. Deseret News. Los Angeles Daily News. pp. 4T. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Dougan, Michael ( October 3, 1987 ). `` Going where no cast has gone before... '' Nashua Telegraph. Scripps Howard News Service. p. 16. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Jump up ^ MacMillin, Guy ( October 30, 1987 ). `` New ' Star Trek ' looks promising ''. Bowling Green Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Newspaper Enterprise Association. p. 12. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive ''. January 19, 2001. ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation, Season Two ''. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Season Two DVD Special Features. Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season Two DVD ''. Jump up ^ `` The DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season Two ''. Jump up ^ `` StarTrek.com Biography of Ira Steven Behr ''. Retrieved February 6, 2010. Jump up ^ Is it true that you got back ache from your costume? -- BBC 's Interview with actor Patrick Stewart ( Captain Picard ) ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 5 - 6 Ratings Archive ''. January 19, 2001. Jump up ^ `` A Q&A with astronaut Mae Jemison, first black woman in space ''. Jump up ^ `` LeVar Burton Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story ''. Biography.com. Retrieved April 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 7 Ratings Archive ''. February 10, 2001. ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler, Eric ( July 24, 1994 ). `` Profits, Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2011. Jump up ^ Svetkey, Benjamin ( May 6, 1994 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation readies for last episode ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Hunt, Bill ( December 23, 2014 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Seven ''. ^ Jump up to : Collura, Scott ( December 3, 2012 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Two Blu - ray Review ''. Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Star Trek 's Next Generation Debut - The Numbers ''. ^ Jump up to : Staff, TrekCore. `` Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK : TNG in HD - TrekCore Blog ''. trekcore.com. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : The Full Journey Blu - ray ''. Jump up ^ `` Geek Trivia : Which Actor Has The Most Appearances In The Star Trek Universe? ''. Retrieved October 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Pascale, Anthony. `` Rick Berman Talks 18 Years of Trek In Extensive Oral History ''. TrekMovie.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Erdmann, Terry J. ; Paula M. Block ( August 1, 2000 ). Deep Space Nine Companion. Pocket Books. ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ''. TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ). 1997. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows ''. CBS News. April 26, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2012. Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ''. Empire Magazine. December 5, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' Model Fetches Over $500,000 ( link inactive as of Nov 10, 2008 ) ''. ABC News. October 7, 2006. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007. Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years. '' Entertainment Weekly. August 3, 2012, pp. 38 -- 39. Jump up ^ Two to bid up! First auction of ' Star Trek ' stuff MSNBC Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Christie 's 1778 - 0537, Picard 's Ressikan Flute, Star Trek Propcollector.com at the Star Trek Auction Listings Archive Jump up ^ Puente, Maria ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ). `` Boldly bid where no fan has bid before ''. USA Today. Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive ''. February 10, 2001. Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 1 NIELSEN RATINGS ''. users.telenet.be. Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 7 NIELSEN RATINGS ''. users.telenet.be. Jump up ^ Poole, Stephen ( 1996 ). `` Vaporware Hall of Shame ''. GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 5, 1997. ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Armada II Announced ''. Game Monkeys. February 14, 2001. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. Jump up ^ `` J.G. Hertzler ''. Voice Chasers. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Armada ''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved Dec 30, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek : Hidden Evil ''. IGN. December 2, 1999. Retrieved April 14, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` That Macho Lt. Worf Is A Nice Guy -- - Really ''. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo ''. www.boxofficemojo.com. ^ Jump up to : Young, Blaine ( April 19, 2003 ). `` Star Trek : The Next Generation ''. Blam Entertainment Group. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` TV ''. ew.com. Jump up ^ Staff, StarTrek.com ( September 28, 2011 ). `` Star Trek The Next Generation Blu - rays Launch in 2012 ''. Startrek.com. Retrieved September 29, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : Blu - Ray Release ''. Retrieved July 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Ryan Adams & David S. Grant Interview, Part I TrekCore Blog ''. Tng.trekcore.com. October 4, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Staff, TrekCore. `` New STAR TREK TOS, TNG Box Sets Coming in June - TrekCore Blog ''. trekcore.com. Jump up ^ Walker, Adam. `` ' Measure of a Man ' Extended Cut Details : New Visual Effects - TrekCore Blog ''. trekcore.com. Jump up ^ `` Trek Reviews : The Extended Version Of Star Trek TNG ' The Measure Of A Man ' - Trek Mate ''. www.trekmate.org.uk. Jump up ^ `` Michael Dorn Confirms He 's Working on a ' Star Trek : Captain Worf ' TV Series ( UPDATED ) ''. September 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Perigard, Mark A. ( May 12, 2005 ). `` To boldly flop ; ` Enterprise ' fans will want to be transported away from finale ''. Boston Herald. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Amatangelo, Amy ( May 12, 2005 ). `` Producers : Show fits time - space continuum ''. The Boston Herald. Retrieved January 4, 2014. ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek : The Next Generation. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Trek : The Next Generation Star Trek : The Next Generation on IMDb Star Trek : The Next Generation at TV.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : The Next Generation at Memory Beta Star Trek : The Next Generation at CBS.com Star Trek : The Next Generation on Hulu.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at TV Guide TrekCore.com -- Library of DVD screen captures ( still images ) from every episode of The Next Generation. Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up, Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Guinan Miles O'Brien Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski Q William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1988 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1989 / 90 ) Dark Shadows ( 1991 ) The Simpsons ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1994 ) The Outer Limits ( 1995 ) The X-Files ( 1996 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Now and Again ( 1999 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2000 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) Angel / CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2003 ) Lost ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) Heroes ( 2006 ) Lost ( 2007 ) Lost ( 2008 ) Lost ( 2009 ) Fringe ( 2010 ) Fringe ( 2011 ) Revolution ( 2012 ) Hannibal / Revolution ( 2013 ) Hannibal ( 2014 ) Gene Roddenberry Early life and career Personal life Legacy Awards and nominations Filmography Films produced Pretty Maids All in a Row Star Trek : The Motion Picture Television series The Lieutenant Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : The Animated Series Star Trek : The Next Generation Earth : Final Conflict Andromeda Television pilots Genesis II Planet Earth The Questor Tapes Spectre Strange New World Family Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Companies Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Related Pan Am Flight 121 Star Trek : Phase II Trek Nation GND : 4334937 - 7 LCCN : n85039387 VIAF : 178244460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation&oldid=843631546 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation 1987 American television series debuts 1994 American television series endings 1980s American science fiction television series 1990s American science fiction television series Space adventure television series American adventure television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series Androids in television Emmy Award - winning programs English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Peabody Award - winning television programs Space Western television series Television series set in the 24th century Star Trek television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Sequel television series American time travel television series Television series created by Gene Roddenberry Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 12 : 03. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "9.2 LaserDisc 9.3 DVD 9.4 Blu - ray 9.4. 1 Standalone episodes 9.4. 2 The Measure of a Man HD extended cut 10 Spin - offs and the franchise 10.1 These Are The Voyages... ( 2005 ) 10.2 Context 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 28, 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) May 16, 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 16 ) 22 November 21, 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) July 17, 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) 26 September 25, 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) June 18, 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 26 September 24, 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 24 ) June 17, 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 17 )" ], "id": [ "14564828858664469603" ], "short_answers": [ "September 28, 1987" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Key ( music ) - wikipedia Key ( music ) For the instrument part, see Key ( instrument ). For the YouTube product, see Music Key. `` Major Key '' redirects here. For the DJ Khaled album, see Major Key ( album ). In music theory, the key of a piece is the group of pitches, or scale, that forms the basis of a music composition in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. The group features a tonic note and its corresponding chords, also called a tonic or tonic chord, which provides a subjective sense of arrival and rest, and also has a unique relationship to the other pitches of the same group, their corresponding chords, and pitches and chords outside the group. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, resolved when the tonic note or chord returns. The key may be in the major or minor mode, though musicians assume major in a statement like, `` This piece is in C. '' Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, around 1650 -- 1900. Longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Keys and tonality 3 Instruments in a key 4 Key coloration 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Methods that establish the key for a particular piece can be complicated to explain and vary over music history. However, the chords most often used in a piece in a particular key are those that contain the notes in the corresponding scale, and conventional progressions of these chords, particularly cadences, orient the listener around the tonic. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece. It does not discriminate between a major key and its relative minor ; the piece may modulate to a different key ; if the modulation is brief, it may not involve a change of key signature, being indicated instead with accidentals. Occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some other type of harmony, resolving e.g. to A, might be described as `` in A '' to indicate that A is the tonal center of the piece. An instrument is `` in a key, '' an unrelated usage that means the pitches considered `` natural '' for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B ♭, since the notes produced without using the valves correspond to the harmonic series whose fundamental pitch is B ♭. ( Such instruments are called transposing when their written notes differ from concert pitch. ) A key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tone and nearness on the circle of fifths. See closely related key. Keys and tonality ( edit ) Perfect authentic cadence ( V-I ( here in V - I form ) with roots in the bass and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord ) : ii - V - I progression in C Play ( help info ). The key usually identifies the tonic note and / or chord : the note and / or major or minor triad that represents the final point of rest for a piece, or the focal point of a section. Though the key of a piece may be named in the title ( e.g., Symphony in C major ), or inferred from the key signature, the establishment of key is brought about via functional harmony, a sequence of chords leading to one or more cadences, and / or melodic motion ( such as movement from the leading - tone to the tonic ). For example, the key of G includes the following pitches : G, A, B, C, D, E, and F ♯ ; and its corresponding tonic chord is G -- B -- D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, the tonic, sometimes with its corresponding tonic chord, begins and ends a piece in a designated key. A key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode, or Phrygian, etc., and is thus usually thought of as in a specific mode rather than a key. Languages other than English may use other key naming systems. People sometimes confuse key with scale. A scale is an ordered set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the `` center of gravity '' established by particular chord progressions. Notes and chords within a key generally come from the major or minor scale associated with the tonic triad, but may also include borrowed chords, altered chords, secondary dominants, and the like. All these notes and chords, however, are used in conventional patterns that establish the primacy of the tonic note and triad. Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key. Even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context. Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout. A typical pattern for a simple song might be as follows : a phrase ends with a cadence on the tonic, a second phrase ends with a half cadence, then a final, longer, phrase ends with an authentic cadence on the tonic. More elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat an entire phrase of music, called a ritornello, in each key once it was established. In Classical sonata form, the second key was typically marked with a contrasting theme. Another key may be treated as a temporary tonic, called tonicization. In common practice period compositions, and most of the Western popular music of the 20th century, pieces always begin and end in the same key, even if ( as in some Romantic - era music ) the key is deliberately left ambiguous at first. Some arrangements of popular songs, however, modulate sometime during the song ( often in a repeat of the final chorus ) and thus end in a different key. This is an example of modulation. It should be noted that the key of the piece... contributes an indefinable something to the evocative quality. This is very difficult to put into concrete terms, but slow movements in A-flat major do have something in common, as do fast movements in C minor, concerto allegros in D major, etc. There has been disagreement on this point. It has been argued, since standards of pitch level have changed over the centuries, that today we actually hear pieces written two centuries ago in a different ( usually higher ) key than that intended by the composer. It has been argued that the performer 's concept of particular key is actually created by factors such as the ' feel ' of the key or tonal center on the keyboard or its appearance in notation. Many musicians, however, tend toward an empirical acceptance of specific moods associated with specific keys, regardless of changes in pitch standards and other factors. -- John D. White ( 1976 ) Emphasis added. In rock and popular music some pieces change back and forth, or modulate, between two keys. Examples of this include Fleetwood Mac 's Dreams and The Rolling Stones ' Under My Thumb. `` This phenomenon occurs when a feature that allows multiple interpretations of key ( usually a diatonic set as pitch source ) is accompanied by other, more precise evidence in support of each possible interpretation ( such as the use of one note as the root of the initiating harmony and persistent use of another note as pitch of melodic resolution and root of the final harmony of each phrase ). '' Instruments in a key ( edit ) Certain musical instruments play in a certain key, or have their music written in a certain key. Instruments that do not play in the key of C are known as transposing instruments. The most common kind of clarinet, for example, is said to play in the key of B ♭. This means that a scale written in C major in sheet music actually sounds as a B ♭ major scale when played on the B - flat clarinet -- that is, notes sound a whole tone lower than written. Likewise, the horn, normally in the key of F, sounds notes a perfect fifth lower than written. Similarly, some instruments are `` built '' in a certain key. For example, a brass instrument built in B ♭ plays a fundamental note of B ♭, and can play notes in the harmonic series starting on B ♭ without using valves, fingerholes, or slides to alter the length of the vibrating column of air. An instrument built in a certain key often, but not always, uses music written in the same key ( see trombone for an exception ). However, some instruments, such as the diatonic harmonica and the harp, are in fact designed to play in only one key at a time : accidentals are difficult or impossible to play. The highland bagpipes are built in B ♭ major, though the music is written in D major with implied accidentals. In Western musical composition, the key of a piece has important ramifications for its composition : As noted earlier, certain instruments are designed for a certain key, as playing in that key can be physically easier or harder. Thus the choice of key can be an important one when composing for an orchestra, as one must take these elements into consideration. In the life of the professional clarinettist, for example, it is common to carry two instruments tuned a semitone apart ( B ♭ and A ) to cope with the needs of composers : Mozart 's well - known clarinet concerto is in A major. To play it on a B ♭ instrument is difficult, and to rewrite all the orchestral parts to B ♭ major would be an enormous effort. Even so, it is not unheard of for a piece published in B ♭ to include notes a semitone ( or more ) below the range of the common B ♭ clarinet. The piece must then be played on a more exotic instrument, or transposed by hand ( or at sight ) for the slightly larger A clarinet. There are clarinets with an extended range, with a longer bore and additional keys. Besides this though, the timbre of almost any instrument is not exactly the same for all notes played on that instrument. For this reason a piece that might be in the key of C might sound or `` feel '' somewhat different ( besides being in a different pitch ) to an observer if it is transposed to the key of A. In addition, since many composers often utilized the piano while composing, the key chosen can possibly have an effect over the composing. This is because the physical fingering is different for each key, which may lend itself to choosing to play and thus eventually write certain notes or chord progressions compared to others, or this may be done on purpose to make the fingering more efficient if the final piece is intended for piano. In music that does not use equal temperament, chords played in different keys are qualitatively different. Key coloration ( edit ) Key coloration is the difference between the intervals of different keys in a single non-equal tempered tuning, and the overall sound and `` feel '' the key created by the tuning of its intervals. Historical irregular musical temperaments usually have the narrowest fifths between the diatonic notes ( `` naturals '' ) producing purer thirds, and wider fifths among the chromatic notes ( `` sharps and flats '' ). Each key then has a slightly different intonation, hence different keys have distinct characters. Such `` key coloration '' was an essential part of much eighteenth - and nineteenth - century music and was described in treatises of the period. For example, in tunings with a wolf fifth, the key on the lowest note of the fifth sounds dramatically different from other keys ( and is often avoided ). In Pythagorean tuning on C ( C, E+, G : 4, 5, 6 ), the major triad on C is just while the major triad on E ♯ + + + ( F ♮ ) is noticeably out of tune ( E ♯ + + +, A+, C : ​ 4 ⁄, 5, 6 ) due to E ♯ + + + ( 521.44 cents ) being a Pythagorean comma ( 23.46 cents ) larger sharp compared to F ♮. Modern music lacks key coloration because it uses equal temperament, in which all keys have the same pattern of intonation, differing only in pitch. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.studybass.com/lessons/harmony/keys-in-music/ Jump up ^ Willi Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1969 ), 450. Jump up ^ White, John D. ( 1976 ) The Analysis of Music, p. 94. ISBN 0 - 13 - 033233 - X. Jump up ^ Ken Stephenson, What to Listen for in Rock : A Stylistic Analysis ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2002 ), 48. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09239 - 4. Jump up ^ Kent Wheeler Kennan, The Technique of Orchestration, second edition ( Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice - Hall, Inc., 1970 ), 1952 ; ISBN 0 - 13 - 900316 - 9. Further reading ( edit ) Innig, Renate ( 1970 ). System der Funktionsbezeichnung in den Harmonielehren seit Hugo Riemann. Düsseldorf : Gesellschaft zur Förderung der systematischen Musikwissenschaft. Rahn, John ( 1980 ). Basic Atonal Theory. New York : Longman ; London and Toronto : Prentice Hall International. ISBN 0 - 02 - 873160 - 3. Reprinted 1987, New York : Schirmer Books ; London : Collier Macmillan. Steblin, Rita ( 1983 ). A History of Key Characteristics in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries. UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor. External links ( edit ) Christian Schubart 's `` Affective Key Characteristic '' Characteristics of Musical Keys - from various sources. Key coloration http://www.rollingball.com/A01c.htm http://campus.murraystate.edu/staff/scott.thile/research/unequal/index.htm Diatonic scales and keys Flats Sharps Major minor Major minor 0 d B ♭ g E ♭ f ♯ A ♭ f c ♯ 5 D ♭ b ♭ g ♯ 6 G ♭ e ♭ F ♯ d ♯ 7 C ♭ a ♭ C ♯ a ♯ 8 F ♭ d ♭ G ♯ e ♯ The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case. Musical key Circle of fifths Closely related Diatonic scale Homotonal Major and minor Modulation Music in all keys Parallel Relative Signature Names and translations Tonic Transposing Instrument Tonality Cadence Circle of fifths Consonance and dissonance Diatonic scale Diatonic function Secondary function Figured bass Just intonation Key Major and minor Modulation Neotonality Ostinato Otonality and Utonality Parallel key Polytonality Progressive tonality Schenkerian analysis Sonata form Tonality diamond Tonicization Voice leading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&oldid=849662407 '' Categories : Musical keys Musical tuning Tonality Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018, at 14 : 08 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Key (music)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&amp;oldid=849662407" }

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{ "text": "Muckraker - wikipedia Muckraker Jump to : navigation, search McClure 's ( cover, January 1901 ) published many early muckraker articles. Journalism News Writing style Ethics Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Politics Science Sports Technology Trade Traffic Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics - based Community Data Database Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative `` New Journalism '' Non-profit Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Scientific Sensor Underground Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Press service Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists ( reporters ) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category : Journalism The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform - minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines. In the US, the modern term is investigative journalism -- it has different and more pejorative connotations in British English -- and investigative journalists in the USA today are often informally called ' muckrakers '. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era period, 1890s -- 1920s. Muckraking magazines -- notably McClure 's of the publisher S.S. McClure -- took on corporate monopolies and political machines while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. In contemporary American use, the term describes either a journalist who writes in the adversarial or alternative tradition, or a non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate reform and change. Investigative journalists view the muckrakers as early influences and a continuation of watchdog journalism. In British English the term muckraker is more likely to mean a journalist ( often on a tabloid newspaper ) who specialises in scandal and malicious gossip about celebrities or well - known personalities and is generally used in a derogatory sense. The term is a reference to a character in John Bunyan 's classic Pilgrim 's Progress, `` the Man with the Muck - rake '', who rejected salvation to focus on filth. It became popular after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the character in a 1906 speech ; Roosevelt acknowledged that `` the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society ; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck... '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Changes in journalism prior to 1903 1.1. 1 Other works that predate the muckrakers 1.2 Magazines 1.3 Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt 2 Early 20th century muckraking 2.1 Muckrakers and their works 3 Disappearance 4 Impact 5 Since 1945 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) While a literature of reform had already appeared by the mid-19th century, the kind of reporting that would come to be called `` muckraking '' began to appear around 1900. By the 1900s, magazines such as Collier 's Weekly, Munsey 's Magazine and McClure 's Magazine were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class. The January 1903 issue of McClure 's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism, although the muckrakers would get their label later. Ida M. Tarbell ( `` The History of Standard Oil '' ), Lincoln Steffens ( `` The Shame of Minneapolis '' ) and Ray Stannard Baker ( `` The Right to Work '' ), simultaneously published famous works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens ' previous article `` Tweed Days in St. Louis '' in McClure 's October 1902 issue was called the first muckraking article. Changes in journalism prior to 1903 ( edit ) Julius Chambers Nellie Bly The muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism, evolving from the eras of `` personal journalism '' -- a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press and America ( 6th ed. ) to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an editorial voice ( p. 173 ) -- and yellow journalism. One of the biggest urban scandals of the post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers. In his first muckraking article `` Tweed Days in St. Louis, '' Lincoln Steffens exposed the graft, a system of political corruption, that was ingrained in St. Louis. While some muckrakers had already worked for reform newspapers of the personal journalism variety, such as Steffens who was a reporter for the New York Evening Post under Edwin Lawrence Godkin, other muckrakers had worked for yellow journals before moving on to magazines around 1900, such as Charles Edward Russell who was a journalist and editor of Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World. Publishers of yellow journals, such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, were more intent on increasing circulation through scandal, crime, entertainment and sensationalism. Just as the muckrakers became well known for their crusades, journalists from the eras of `` personal journalism '' and `` yellow journalism '' had gained fame through their investigative articles, including articles that exposed wrongdoing. Note that in yellow journalism, the idea was to stir up the public with sensationalism, and thus sell more papers. If, in the process, a social wrong was exposed that the average man could get indignant about, that was fine, but it was not the intent ( to correct social wrongs ) as it was with true investigative journalists and muckrakers. Julius Chambers, New York Tribune, could be considered to be the original muckraker. Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1872, having himself committed with the help of some of his friends and his newspaper 's city editor. His intent was to obtain information about alleged abuse of inmates. When articles and accounts of the experience were published in the Tribune, it led to the release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill, a reorganization of the staff and administration of the institution and, eventually, to a change in the lunacy laws. This later led to the publication of the book A Mad World and Its Inhabitants ( 1876 ). From this time onward, Chambers was frequently invited to speak on the rights of the mentally ill and the need for proper facilities for their accommodation, care and treatment. Nellie Bly, another yellow journalist, used the undercover technique of investigation in reporting Ten Days in a Mad - House, her 1887 exposé on patient abuse at Bellevue Mental Hospital, first published as a series of articles in The World newspaper and then as a book. Nellie would go on to write more articles on corrupt politicians, sweat - shop working conditions and other societal injustices. Other works that predate the muckrakers ( edit ) Helen Hunt Jackson ( 1831 -- 1885 ) -- A Century of Dishonor, U.S. policy regarding Native Americans. Henry Demarest Lloyd ( 1847 -- 1903 ) -- Wealth Against Commonwealth, exposed the corruption within the Standard Oil Company. Ida B. Wells ( 1862 -- 1931 ) -- an author of a series of articles concerning Jim Crow laws and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in 1884, and co-owned the newspaper The Free Speech in Memphis in which she began an anti-lynching campaign. Ambrose Bierce ( 1842 -- 1913 (? ) ) -- author of a long - running series of articles published from 1883 through 1896 in The Wasp and the San Francisco Examiner attacking the Big Four and the Central Pacific Railroad for political corruption. B.O. Flower ( 1858 - 1918 ) - author of articles in The Arena from 1889 through 1909 advocating for prison reform and prohibition of alcohol. The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice. In response to yellow journalism, which had exaggerated facts, objective journalism, as exemplified by The New York Times under Adolph Ochs after 1896, turned away from sensationalism and reported facts with the intention of being impartial and a newspaper of record. The growth of wire services had also contributed to the spread of the objective reporting style. Muckraking publishers like Samuel S. McClure, also emphasized factual reporting, but he also wanted what historian Michael Schudson had identified as one of the preferred qualities of journalism at the time, namely, the mixture of `` reliability and sparkle '' to interest a mass audience. In contrast with objective reporting, the journalists, whom Roosevelt dubbed `` muckrakers '', saw themselves primarily as reformers and were politically engaged. Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political, populist movement as the muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms. While the muckrakers continued the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of yellow journalism, they wrote to change society. Their work reached a mass audience as circulation figures of the magazines rose on account of visibility and public interest. Magazines ( edit ) A map from 1894 by W.T. Stead, pioneer journalist of the `` new journalism '', which paved the way for the modern tabloid. Magazines were the leading outlets for muckraking journalism. Samuel S. McClure and John Sanborn Phillips started McClure 's Magazine in May 1893. McClure led the magazine industry by cutting the price of an issue to 15 cents, attracting advertisers, giving audiences illustrations and well - written content and then raising ad rates after increased sales, with Munsey 's and Cosmopolitan following suit. McClure sought out and hired talented writers, like the then unknown Ida M. Tarbell or the seasoned journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens. The magazine 's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement, such as Ray Stannard Baker, Burton J. Hendrick, George Kennan ( explorer ), John Moody ( financial analyst ), Henry Reuterdahl, George Kibbe Turner, and Judson C. Welliver, and their names adorned the front covers. The other magazines associated with muckraking journalism were American Magazine ( Lincoln Steffens ), Arena ( G.W. Galvin and John Moody ), Collier 's Weekly ( Samuel Hopkins Adams, C.P. Connolly, L.R. Glavis, Will Irwin, J.M. Oskison, Upton Sinclair ), Cosmopolitan ( Josiah Flynt, Alfred Henry Lewis, Jack London, Charles P. Norcross, Charles Edward Russell ), Everybody 's Magazine ( William Hard, Thomas William Lawson, Benjamin B. Lindsey, Frank Norris, David Graham Phillips, Charles Edward Russell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Merrill A. Teague, Bessie and Marie Van Vorst ), Hampton 's ( Rheta Childe Dorr, Benjamin B. Hampton, John L. Mathews, Charles Edward Russell, and Judson C. Welliver ), The Independent ( George Walbridge Perkins, Sr. ), Outlook ( William Hard ), Pearson 's Magazine ( Alfred Henry Lewis, Charles Edward Russell ), Twentieth Century ( George French ), and World 's Work ( C.M. Keys and Q.P. ). Other titles of interest include Chatauquan, Dial, St. Nicholas. In addition, Theodore Roosevelt wrote for Scribner 's Magazine after leaving office. Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt Pilgrim 's Progress, a first edition After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he began to manage the press corps. To do so, he elevated his press secretary to cabinet status and initiated press conferences. The muckraking journalists who emerged around 1900, like Lincoln Steffens, were not as easy for Roosevelt to manage as the objective journalists, and the President gave Steffens access to the White House and interviews to steer stories his way. Roosevelt used the press very effectively to promote discussion and support for his Square Deal policies among his base in the middle - class electorate. When journalists went after different topics, he complained about their wallowing in the mud. In a speech on April 14, 1906 on the occasion of dedicating the House of Representatives office building, he drew on a character from John Bunyan 's 1678 classic, Pilgrim 's Progress, saying :... you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck - rake, the man who could look no way but downward with the muck - rake in his hands ; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck - rake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor. While cautioning about possible pitfalls of keeping one 's attention ever trained downward, `` on the muck, '' Roosevelt emphasized the social benefit of investigative muckraking reporting, saying : There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful. -- Theodore Roosevelt Most of these journalists detested being called muckrakers. They felt betrayed that Roosevelt would coin them with such a term after they had helped him with his election. Muckraker David Graham Philips believed that the tag of muckraker brought about the end of the movement as it was easier to group and attack the journalists. The term eventually came to be used in reference to investigative journalists who reported about and exposed such issues as crime, fraud, waste, public health and safety, graft, illegal financial practices. A muckraker 's reporting may span businesses and government. Early 20th century muckraking ( edit ) Early Writers of the Muckraking Tradition Ray Stannard Baker Lincoln Steffens Ida M Tarbell Upton Sinclair Will Irwin David Graham Phillips Jacob Riis Charles Edward Russell William English Walling Some of the key documents that came to define the work of the muckrakers were : Ray Stannard Baker published `` The Right to Work '' in McClure 's Magazine in 1903, about coal mine conditions, a coal strike, and the situation of non-striking workers ( or scabs ). Many of the non-striking workers had no special training or knowledge in mining, since they were simply farmers looking for work. His investigative work portrayed the dangerous conditions in which these people worked in the mines, and the dangers they faced from union members who did not want them to work. Lincoln Steffens published `` Tweed Days in St. Louis '', in which he profiled corrupt leaders in St. Louis, in October 1902, in McClure 's Magazine. The prominence of the article helped lawyer Joseph Folk to lead an investigation of the corrupt political ring in St. Louis. Ida Tarbell published The Rise of the Standard Oil Company in 1902, providing insight into the manipulation of trusts. One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co. She followed that work with The History of The Standard Oil Company : the Oil War of 1872, which appeared in McClure 's Magazine in 1908. She condemned Rockefeller 's immoral and ruthless business tactics and emphasized `` our national life is on every side distinctly poorer, uglier, meaner, for the kind of influence he exercises. '' Her book generated enough public anger that it led to the splitting up of Standard Oil under the Sherman Anti Trust Act. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act. Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry, not food safety. Sinclair was not a professional journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form. Sinclair considered himself to be a muckraker. `` The Treason of the Senate : Aldrich, the Head of it All '', by David Graham Phillips, published as a series of articles in Cosmopolitan magazine in February 1906, described corruption in the U.S. Senate. This work was a keystone in the creation of the Seventeenth Amendment which established the election of Senators through popular vote. The Great American Fraud ( 1905 ) by Samuel Hopkins Adams revealed fraudulent claims and endorsements of patent medicines in America. This article shed light on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and other manufactures would make as to the potency of their medicines, drugs and tonics. This exposure contributed heavily to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act alongside Upton Sinclair 's work. Using the example of Peruna in his article, Adams described how this tonic, which was made of seven compound drugs and alcohol, did not have `` any great potency ''. Manufacturers sold it at an obscene price and hence made immense profits. His work forced a crackdown on a number of other patents and fraudulent schemes of medicinal companies. Many other works by muckrakers brought to light a variety of issues in America during the Progressive era. These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil ; cattle processing and meat packing ; patent medicines ; child labor ; and wages, labor, and working conditions in industry and agriculture. In a number of instances, the revelations of muckraking journalists led to public outcry, governmental and legal investigations, and, in some cases, legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers ' identified, such as harmful social conditions ; pollution ; food and product safety standards ; sexual harassment ; unfair labor practices ; fraud ; and other matters. The work of the muckrakers in the early years, and those today, span a wide array of legal, social, ethical and public policy concerns. Muckrakers and their works ( edit ) Samuel Hopkins Adams ( 1871 -- 1958 ) -- The Great American Fraud ( 1905 ), exposed false claims about patent medicines Paul Y. Anderson ( August 29, 1893 -- December 6, 1938 ) is best known for his reporting of a race riot and the Teapot Dome scandal. Ray Stannard Baker ( 1870 -- 1946 ) -- of McClure 's & The American Magazine Louis D. Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) -- published his combined findings of the monopolies of big banks and big business in his 1914 book Other People 's Money And How the Bankers Use It, Subsequently, appointed to the Supreme Court ( 1916 ) Burton J. Hendrick ( 1870 -- 1949 ) -- `` The Story of Life Insurance '' May -- November 1906 McClure 's Frances Kellor ( 1873 -- 1952 ) -- studied chronic unemployment in her book Out of Work ( 1904 ) Thomas William Lawson ( 1857 -- 1924 ) Frenzied Finance ( 1906 ) on Amalgamated Copper stock scandal Edwin Markham ( 1852 -- 1940 ) -- published an exposé of child labor in Children in Bondage ( 1914 ) Gustavus Myers ( 1872 -- 1942 ) -- documented corruption in his first book `` The History of Tammany Hall '' ( 1901 ) unpublished, Revised edition, Boni and Liveright, 1917. His second book ( in three volumes ) related a `` History of the Great American Fortunes '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909 -- 10 ; Single volume Modern Library edition, New York, 1936. Other works include `` History of The Supreme Court of the United States '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1912. `` A History of Canadian Wealth '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1914. `` History of Bigotry in the United States '' New York : Random House, 1943 Published posthumously. Frank Norris ( 1870 -- 1902 ) The Octopus Fremont Older ( 1856 -- 1935 ) -- wrote on San Francisco corruption and on the case of Tom Mooney Drew Pearson ( 1897 -- 1969 ) -- wrote syndicated newspaper column `` Washington Merry - Go - Round ''. Jacob Riis ( 1849 -- 1914 ) -- How the Other Half Lives, the slums Charles Edward Russell ( 1860 -- 1941 ) -- investigated Beef Trust, Georgia 's prison Upton Sinclair ( 1878 -- 1968 ) -- The Jungle ( 1906 ), US meat - packing industry, and the books in the `` Dead Hand '' series that critique the institutions ( journalism, education, etc. ) that could but did not prevent these abuses. John Spargo ( 1876 -- 1966 ) -- American reformer and author, The Bitter Cry of Children ( child labor ) Lincoln Steffens ( 1866 -- 1936 ) The Shame of the Cities ( 1904 ) - uncovered the corruption of several political machines in major cities. Ida M. Tarbell ( 1857 -- 1944 ) exposé, The History of the Standard Oil Company John Kenneth Turner ( 1879 -- 1948 ) - author of Barbarous Mexico ( 1910 ), an account of the exploitative debt - peonage system used in Mexico under Porfirio Díaz. Ida B. Wells ( 1862 - 1931 ) - The Free Speech ( 1892 ) condemned the flaws in the United States justice system that allowed lynching to happen. Disappearance ( edit ) The influence of the muckrakers began to fade during the more conservative presidency of William Howard Taft. Corporations and political leaders were also more successful in silencing these journalists as advertiser boycotts forced some magazines to go bankrupt. The most significant factor in the disappearance of the muckrakers was their success. Through their exposés, the nation was changed by reforms in cities, business, politics, and more. Monopolies such as Standard Oil were broken up and political machines fell apart ; the problems uncovered by muckrakers were resolved and thus muckrakers were needed no longer. Impact ( edit ) According to Fred J. Cook, the muckrakers ' journalism resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact, such as the end of Standard Oil 's monopoly over the oil industry, the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the creation of the first child labor laws in the United States around 1916. Their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level, as well as in Congress, that led to reforms and changes in election results. `` The effect on the soul of the nation was profound. It can hardly be considered an accident that the heyday of the muckrakers coincided with one of America 's most yeasty and vigorous periods of ferment. The people of the country were aroused by the corruptions and wrongs of the age -- and it was the muckrakers who informed and aroused them. The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917. For this, the muckrakers had paved the way. '' Other changes that resulted from muckraker articles include the reorganization of the U.S. Navy ( after Henry Reuterdahl published a controversial article in McClure 's ). Articles like David Graham Phillip 's `` Treason of the Senate '' were used to change the way Senators were elected by the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Since 1945 ( edit ) Some today use `` investigative journalism '' as a synonym for muckraking. Carey McWilliams, editor of the Nation, assumed in 1970 that investigative journalism, and reform journalism, or muckraking, were the same type of journalism. Journalism textbooks point out that McClure 's muckraking standards, `` Have become integral to the character of modern investigative journalism. '' Furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers have continued to inspire journalists. Moreover, muckraking has become an integral part of journalism in American History. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein exposed the workings of the Nixon Administration in Watergate which led to Nixon 's impeachment. More recently, Edward Snowden disclosed the activities of governmental spying, albeit illegally, which gave the public knowledge of the extent of the infringements on their privacy. See also ( edit ) Journalism portal History of American newspapers Whistleblower Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Filler, Louis ( 1976 ). The Muckrakers : New and Enlarged Edition of Crusaders for American Liberalism. University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 361, 367 -- 68, 372. ISBN 0 - 271 - 01212 - 9. Jump up ^ Herbert Shapiro, ed., The muckrakers and American society ( Heath, 1968 ), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary. Jump up ^ Lapsansky - Werner, Emma J. United States History : Modern America, Boston, MA : Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011, p. 102. Jump up ^ Regier 1957, p. 49. Jump up ^ American epoch : a history of the United States since the 1890 's ( 1st ed. ). New York : Knopf. 1955. p. 62. Jump up ^ Brinkley, Alan. `` Chapter 21 : Rise of Progressivism ''. In Barrosse, Emily. American History, A Survey ( twelfth ed. ). Los Angeles, CA, US : McGraw Hill. pp. 566 -- 67. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 325718 - 1. Jump up ^ Weinberg & Weinberg 1964, p. 2. Jump up ^ Steffens, Lincoln ( 1958 ). The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens, abridged. New York : Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 145. Jump up ^ Cook, Fred J. ( 1972 ). The Muckrakers : Crusading Journalists who Changed America. Garden City, New York : Doubleday. p. 131. Jump up ^ `` Crucible Of Empire : The Spanish - American War -- PBS Online ''. Pbs.org. Retrieved January 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` A New Hospital for the Insane '' ( Dec. 1876 ) Brooklyn Daily Eagle Jump up ^ `` An Insane Hospital for Brooklyn ''. New York Times. December 23, 1876. Retrieved January 4, 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.biography.com/people/nellie-bly-9216680?page=2 Jump up ^ Walker, Martin ( 1983 ). Powers of the Press : Twelve of the World 's Influential Newspapers. New York : Adama Books. pp. 215 -- 217. ISBN 0 - 915361 - 10 - 8. Jump up ^ Weinberg, p. 2 Jump up ^ Schudson, Michael ( 1978 ). Discovering the News : A Social History of American Newspapers. New York : BasicBooks. p. 79. Jump up ^ Chalmers, David Mark ( 1964 ). The Social and Political Ideas of Muckrakers. New York : Citadel Press. pp. 105 -- 08. Jump up ^ Wilson, p. 63 Jump up ^ Weinberg, p. 441 - 443 Jump up ^ Rivers, William L ( 1970 ). The Adversaries : Politics and the Press. Boston : Beacon Press. pp. 16 -- 20. Jump up ^ Steffens 1958, pp. 347 -- 59. Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas, `` Theodore Roosevelt 's ' the man with the muck ‐ rake ' : A reinterpretation. '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 # 4 ( 1973 ) : 452 - 462. ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt, Theodore ( 1958 ) ( 1913 ). Andrews, Wayne, ed. The Autobiography, Condensed from the Original Edition, Supplemented by Letters, Speeches, and Other Writings ( 1st ed. ). New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons. pp. 246 -- 47. Jump up ^ SpartacusEducational.com. `` Muckraking Journalism. '' ( 1997 ) Spartacus Educational. http://spartacus-educational.com/Jmuckraking.htm. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 13. Jump up ^ smithosonianmag.com `` The Woman Who Took On a Tycoon. '' http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-took-on-the-tycoon-651396/. Retrieved May 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ushistory.org. `` Muckrakers. '' ( 2014 ). U.S. History Online Textbook. http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp. Retrieved January 21, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Weinberg, p. 195 Jump up ^ Lee D. Baker. `` Ida B. Wells - Barnett and Her Passion for Justice. '' ( 1996 ) Duke University. http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Biography.com. `` Ida B. Wells. '' ( 2017 ) Biography. http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia.com. `` Muckrakers. '' ( 2003 ) Online Encyclopedia. http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reform/muckrakers. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Cook, Fred J. ( 1972 ). The Muckrakers : Crusading Journalists who Changed America. Garden City, New York : Doubleday. p. 179. Jump up ^ James L. Aucoin, The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism ( University of Missouri Press, 2007 ) p. 90. Jump up ^ W. David Sloan ; Lisa Mullikin Parcell ( 2002 ). American Journalism : History, Principles, Practices. McFarland. pp. 211 -- 213... Jump up ^ Cecelia Tichi, Exposés and excess : Muckraking in America, 1900 / 2000 ( University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Hess, Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters, 1978 - 2012 ( 2012 ) References ( edit ) Applegate, Edd. Muckrakers : A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors ( Scarecrow Press, 2008 ) ; 50 entries, mostly American contents Cook, Fred J ( 1972 ), The Muckrakers, Garden City, NY : Doubleday & Co. Gallagher, Aileen ( 2006 ), The Muckrakers, American Journalism During the Age of Reform, New York : The Rosen Publishing Group. Lucas, Stephen E. `` Theodore Roosevelt 's ' the man with the muck ‐ rake ' : A reinterpretation. '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 # 4 ( 1973 ) : 452 - 462. Regier, CC ( 1957 ), The Era of the Muckrakers, Gloucester, MA : Peter Smith. Steffens, Lincoln ( 1958 ), The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens ( abridged ed. ), New York : Harcourt, Brace & World Swados, Harvey, ed. ( 1962 ), Years of Conscience : The Muckrakers, Cleveland : World Publishing Co. Weinberg, Arthur ; Weinberg, Lila, eds. ( 1964 ), The Muckrackers : The Era in Journalism that Moved America to Reform, the Most Significant Magazine Articles of 1902 -- 1912, New York : Capricon Books. Wilson, Harold S. ( 1970 ). McClure 's Magazine and the Muckrakers. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. ISBN 069104600X. External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of muckraker at Wiktionary Original Nellie Bly articles at Nellie Bly Online ( hide ) Journalism Roles Journalist Reporter Editor Columnist Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Political commentator Blogger Profession News News writing style Ethics Objectivity Values Attribution Defamation Editorial independence Journalism school Areas Arts Business Data - driven Entertainment Environment Fashion Global Medicine Politics Science Sports Technical Trade Traffic Video games Weather World Genres Advocacy Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Community Data Database Embedded Gonzo Interpretive Investigative Literary Muckraking Narrative New Journalism Non-profit journalism Online Opinion Peace Photojournalism Presstitute Scientific Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Public relations Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media List of journalism articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&oldid=827168811 '' Categories : Investigative journalism Journalism genres Political metaphors referring to people Journalism occupations Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018, at 04 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Muckraker", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Muckraker&amp;oldid=827168811" }

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{ "text": "Pippa Ross - wikipedia Pippa Ross Pippa Ross Debra Lawrance as Pippa Ross Home and Away character Portrayed by Vanessa Downing ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Debra Lawrance ( 1990 -- 2009 ) Duration 1988 -- 1998, 2000 -- 2009 First appearance 17 January 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 17 ) Last appearance 8 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Pippa Fletcher Pippa Routledge Occupation Nurse Foster mother Caravan Park owner Home Carrington Ranges Pippa Ross, then known as Pippa Fletcher was originally portrayed by Vanessa Downing show Family Father Bert King Mother Coral King Brothers Danny King Husband Tom Fletcher ( until 1990 ) Michael Ross ( 1991 -- 96 ) Ian Routledge ( 1999 -- ) Sons Christopher Fletcher Dale Ross Adoptive daughters Sally Fletcher Stepsons Haydn Ross Granddaughters Pippa Saunders Phillipa `` Pippa '' Ross OAM ( fictitious recipient ) ( also King and Fletcher ) is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Home and Away. Actress Vanessa Downing originated the role and made her debut during the pilot episode broadcast on 17 January 1988. Downing quit the role in 1990, and Debra Lawrance was then cast. Pippa departed on 18 March 1998, but Lawrance has reprised the role for numerous returns between 2000 and 2009. Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References Casting ( edit ) Carol Willesee was initially hired for the `` pivotal role of foster mother, and earth mother '' Pippa Fletcher. In his book Super Aussie Soaps, Andrew Mercado opined that casting the then wife of current affairs show host, Mike Willesee, was a publicity dream. Of Willesee 's casting, producer John Holmes said `` She had just started acting and was pretty raw, but she had a warmth about her. '' When filming began, the Seven Network became worried because Willesee had not signed a contract. The actress later revealed she had a verbal agreement that she could have time off during the school holidays, as well as later starts and early finishes, so she could spend time with her family. The network realised that that situation would not work for a show scheduled to film five episodes per week and they decided to recast the character and reshoot the footage Willesee had already filmed. Holmes explained that it would have been `` irresponsible '' to allow an unsigned actress to keep filming when she could walk out at any time. The pivotal role of Pippa was then given to Vanessa Downing at very short notice and the actress had to juggle a theatre production in which she was appearing along with the filming of the pilot episode of Home and Away. Downing made her debut as Pippa on 17 January 1988. She appeared as Pippa until 1990, when she suddenly quit the series, apparently due to missing working with her former co-star Roger Oakley, who played her on - screen husband Tom. Producers did not want to kill off the character, as she was crucial to the storyline, so they recast the part instead. Auditions were held and it came down to two actresses ; Jackie Woodburne and Debra Lawrance. Lawrance commented `` We were, and still are, very dear friends. She and I were short - listed together and after our call back audition we caught up for coffee. We both genuinely agreed that we did n't mind if the other got it. '' Lawrance won the role and immediately took over from Downing in July 1990 ; there was no break in the storyline for the character, when Downing departed, Lawrance appeared as Pippa in the following episode with no attempt to explain the sudden change of appearance. Lawrance remained in the role until 1998 and has subsequently returned to guest star. Storylines ( edit ) Pippa is the daughter of Bert ( Kevin Healy ; Peter Collingwood ) and Coral King ( Jessica Noad ). Pippa married her brother Danny 's ( John Clayton ) army mate Tom Fletcher in 1969 and they foster Frank Morgan ( Alex Papps ) in 1978 after his parents Les ( Mario Kery ) and Helena ( Lee Sanderson ) are incapable of looking after him. As time passes they take in more children from various homes and institutions ; Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ), Lynn Davenport ( Helena Bozich ), Sally Keating ( Kate Ritchie ) and Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ). Tom is retrenched in early 1988 and the family leave the city and relocate to Summer Bay and buy the local Caravan Park from Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ). Local troublemaker Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) causes problems for the family by picking fights with Carly. After Bobby is cleared of several crimes, The Fletchers agree to foster her, much to ire of their neighbour, Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ). Pippa takes a part - time job at Ailsa Hogan 's ( Judy Nunn ) general store and later discovers she is pregnant, despite Tom having a vasectomy. This is a concern as Pippa had rheumatic fever as a child, it weakened her heart and doctors warned her that she should not have children. Danny visits for ANZAC Day as he and Tom both served in the Vietnam War. He asks Pippa to help him commit suicide as he was left in a wheelchair from the war, which she refuses. Danny later gains a new lease on life and leaves. Pippa then gives birth to a son, Christopher ( Ashleigh Bell - Weir ) and a christening is held. Pippa and Tom later adopt Sally. When Tom suffers a heart attack and is hospitalized for several weeks, Pippa begins to feel the strain. Coral visits and offers to help out physically and financially. It soon emerges that Coral is shoplifting and she tells Pippa she misses the standard of living prior to Bert 's retirement. When Tom recovers and returns home, He accuses Pippa of having an affair with local shark Hunter Zac Burgess ( Mark Conroy ) and their marriage undergoes a testing time but they manage to put it behind them. Pippa is left devastated when Tom suffers a second heart attack and dies. Michael Ross ( Dennis Coard ) arrives in Summer Bay several months later and Pippa is clearly attracted to him but feels guilty as Tom has only been dead a few months. Despite resistance from Sally and Michael 's son Haydn ( Andrew Hill ), Pippa and Michael marry. Pippa then falls pregnant again and gives birth to another son, Dale ( Olivia Alfonzetti ). Several months later Dale dies of SIDS ( Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ). The family are in debt, which is exacerbated further when Michael takes out a loan to pay off Haydn 's gambling debts. This leads to arguments and Pippa and Michael separate over Christmas 1994 but reconcile after Sally runs away. In 1996, Michael drowns while trying to save Sam Marshall ( Ryan Clark ) during a storm which floods the Bay. Pippa then builds up a strong bond with fellow widow Angel Parrish ( Melissa George ) whose husband Shane ( Dieter Brummer ) had also died several months earlier. Pippa is later awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia ( OAM ) for her years of service as a foster carer. Ian Routledge ( Patrick Dickson ) begins staying at the caravan park and takes an interest in Pippa and wants her to come travelling with him. She declines but when Ian returns a few months later, she accepts his offer and she, Christopher and Ian leave the Bay to live in the Carrington Ranges. Sally later attends their wedding in 1999. The next year Pippa, along with many other past residents, return to Summer Bay for Sally 's wedding to Kieran Fletcher ( Spencer McLaren ). After Sally jilts Kieran, Pippa comforts her. Pippa then sells the house to The Sutherland family before departing. In 2002 Pippa appears on a video with a special message she made for Sally during Summer Bay 's 150th anniversary celebrations. The next year, she and Christopher ( now played by Rian McLean ) return for Sally 's wedding to Flynn Saunders ( Joel McIlroy ). Two years later she returns for Alf 's 60th birthday celebrations. Pippa returns again to comfort Sally, following Flynn 's death of cancer and the next year when Sally 's wedding to Brad Armstrong ( Chris Sadrinna ) fails. Pippa returns twice in 2008, First at Sally 's bedside where she meets Sally 's long - lost twin brother, Miles Copeland ( Josh Quong Tart ) and several months later to help Sally with her departure from Summer Bay. When Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) leaves on a trip the following year, Alf asks Pippa to look after Geoff ( Lincoln Lewis ) and Annie Campbell ( Charlotte Best ) and she stays for a week. Reception ( edit ) Pippa was placed sixth in TV Week 's list of the `` Top 10 Aussie TV mums ''. A writer for the publication said `` Kind - hearted Pippa helped dozens of fosters kids, along with her own son, Dale, get on the straight and narrow with reliable doses of tough love. Pippa oversaw Sally 's ( Kate Ritchie ) progress from child to independent woman, and once Sally was on her feet, Pippa left town to make a new life. Being a good mum, Pippa has returned for all the family 's rites of passage. '' Writers for the publication later included Pippa at number six in their feature on the `` Top 20 Home And Away characters of all time ''. They wrote that the character was `` kind - hearted '', but had `` more than her share of grief ''. The episode featuring the death of Pippa 's newborn son, Dale, won the Australian Film Institute award for Best Episode In A Television Drama Serial in 1993. It was presented to executive producer, Andrew Howie. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mercado, Andrew, p. 252 Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel ( 17 January 2018 ). `` Home and Away : 13 unforgettable moments as the Aussie soap turns 30 ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ Jump up to : Mercado, Andrew, p. 263 ^ Jump up to : Molloy, Shannon ( 12 September 2014 ). `` Neighbours star Jackie Woodburne went for part of Pippa on Home And Away ''. news.com.au. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Aussie TV mums ''. TV Week. Ninemsn. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` We rank the top 20 Home And Away characters of all time ''. TV Week. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` AFI Award Winners Feature Categories 1958 - 2009 ''. Australian Film Institute. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20, 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2012. Mercado, Andrew ( 2004 ). Super Aussie Soaps. Pluto Press Australia. ISBN 978 - 1 - 86403 - 191 - 1. hide Home and Away characters Present characters Marilyn Chambers Willow Harris Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart hide Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pippa_Ross&oldid=854739652 '' Categories : Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 1988 Fictional nurses Fictional foster carers Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 13 : 10 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Pippa Ross", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Pippa_Ross&amp;oldid=854739652" }

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{ "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1866 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1866 Jump to : navigation, search Civil Rights Act of 1866 Long title An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties, and furnish the Means of their Vindication. Acronyms ( colloquial ) CRA 1866 Enacted by the 39th United States Congress Effective April 9, 1866 Citations Public law 14 Stat. 27 -- 30 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 61 by Sen. Lyman Trumbull ( R - IL ) on January 5, 1866 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the Senate on February 2, 1866 ( 33 -- 12 ) Passed the House on March 13, 1866 ( 34 `` not voting '' ) ( 111 -- 38 ) Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on March 27, 1866 Overridden by the Senate on April 6, 1866 ( 33 -- 15 ) Overridden by the House and became law on April 9, 1866 ( 21 `` not voting '' ) ( 122 -- 41 ) Major amendments Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Section 1981 ) P.L. 102 -- 166 United States Supreme Court cases Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. ( 1968 ) Saint Francis College v. al - Khazraji ( 1987 ) Domino 's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald ( 2006 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27 -- 30, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States, in the wake of the American Civil War. This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two - thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law. John Bingham and some other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress reenacted the 1866 Act in 1871. Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction and amendment 2 Content 3 Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment 4 Aftermath and consequences 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Introduction and Amendment ( edit ) The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull, who introduced the bill in the Senate. Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the bill in the House of Representatives : It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of `` civil rights and immunities. '' What do these terms mean? Do they mean that in all things civil, social, political, all citizens, without distinction of race or color, shall be equal? By no means can they be so construed. Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States? No ; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States, subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government ( protection against a monarchy ). Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries, or that their children shall attend the same schools. The definition given to the term `` civil rights '' in Bouvier 's Law Dictionary is very concise, and is supported by the best authority. It is this : `` Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment, support, or management of government. '' During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted : `` there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. '' John Bingham was an influential supporter of this deletion, on the ground that courts might construe the term `` civil rights '' more broadly than people like Wilson intended. Weeks later, Senator Trumbull described the bill 's intended scope : This bill in no manner interferes with the municipal regulations of any State which protects all alike in their rights of person and property. It could have no operation in Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, or most of the States of the Union. The next day, on April 5, 1866, the Senate overrode President Johnson 's veto. This marked the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a president 's veto for a major piece of legislation. Content ( edit ) With an incipit of `` An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and furnish the Means of their vindication '', the act declared that all people born in the United States who are not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. A similar provision ( called the Citizenship Clause ) was written a few months later into the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 also said that any citizen has the same right that a white citizen has to make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Additionally, the act guaranteed to all citizens the `` full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and... like punishment, pains, and penalties... '' Persons who denied these rights on account of race or previous enslavement were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. The act used language very similar to that of the Equal Protection Clause in the newly proposed Fourteenth Amendment. In particular, the act discussed the need to provide `` reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted... '' This statute was a major part of general federal policy during Reconstruction, and was closely related to the Second Freedmen 's Bureau Act of 1866. According to Congressman John Bingham, `` the seventh and eighth sections of the Freedmen 's Bureau bill enumerate the same rights and all the rights and privileges that are enumerated in the first section of this ( the Civil Rights ) bill. '' Parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are still in effect in the 21st century, according to the United States Code : All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other. This section of the United States Code ( 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ), is § 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as revised and amended by subsequent Acts of Congress. Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment ( edit ) Illustration of the passage of the act Senator Lyman Trumbull was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory `` badge of servitude '' prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. Representative John Bingham, principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, was one of several Republicans who believed ( prior to that Amendment ) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act. In the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull 's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties, in view of the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor. To the extent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 may have been intended to go beyond preventing discrimination, by conferring particular rights on all citizens, the constitutional power of Congress to do that was more questionable. For example, Representative William Lawrence argued that Congress had power to enact the statute because of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the original unamended Constitution, even though courts had suggested otherwise. In any event, there is currently no consensus that the language of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 actually purports to confer any legal benefits upon white citizens. Representative Samuel Shellabarger said that it did not. After the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had been enacted into law over President Andrew Johnson 's veto, some members of Congress voted for the Fourteenth Amendment in order to eliminate doubts about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, or to ensure that no subsequent Congress could later repeal or alter the main provisions of that Act. Thus, the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment parallels citizenship language in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and likewise the Equal Protection Clause parallels nondiscrimination language in the 1866 Act ; the extent to which other clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment may have incorporated elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a matter of continuing debate. Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment was completed in 1868. Two years later, the 1866 Act was reenacted, as Section 18 of the Enforcement Act of 1870. Aftermath and consequences ( edit ) The activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) undermined the act ; and it failed to immediately secure the civil rights of African Americans. Since 1866 it has been illegal in the U.S. to discriminate in jobs and housing on the basis of race. However, federal penalties were not provided for, so that remedies were left to the individuals involved. Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help, this left many victims of discrimination without recourse. Since the latter half of the 20th century and passage of related civil rights legislation, there have been an increasing number of remedies provided under this act, including the landmark Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. decisions in 1968. See also ( edit ) US labor law Slave Trade Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White, Deborah ( 2012 ). Freedom On My Mind. Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's. p. 391. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64884 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Text of Civil Rights Act of 1866 ''. TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '', Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 361 ( 2011 ). Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, p. 1117 ( March 1, 1866 ). Jump up ^ Kull, Andrew. The Color - Blind Constitution, pp. 75 -- 78 ( Harvard University Press, 1994 ). Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '', Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 394 ( 2011 ). This statement by Senator Trumbull was discussed by both the majority as well as by dissenting Justice Harlan in the Supreme Court case of Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ). See the transcript from April 4, 1866. Jump up ^ Zak, Michael ( March 13, 2016 ). `` Republicans passed ' An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and to furnish the means for their Vindication ' ''. Grand Old Partisan. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ( T ) his was the first time Congress had overridden a veto for major legislation. Even so, President Johnson refused to enforce this law. ^ Jump up to : See Civil Rights Act of 1866 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Halbrook, Stephen. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866 - 1876, page 29 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 1998 ). Jump up ^ Full text of Second Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ( December 4, 1865 ) from the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Foner, Eric ( December 9, 2015 ). `` Politics of Reconstruction ''. C - SPAN. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 17, 2016. Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ^ Jump up to : Salzman, Lawrence. `` Civil Rights Act of 1866 '' in Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, by Paul Finkelman, Volume 1, pp. 299 -- 300 ( CRC Press, 2006 ). Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent. No State Shall Abridge : The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights, p. 80 ( Duke University Press 1986 ). Jump up ^ Bogen, David. Privileges and Immunities : Reference Guide to the United States Constitution, page 43 ( Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003 ). Jump up ^ Lund, Nelson. `` Two Faces of Judicial Restraint ( Or Are There More? ) in McDonald v. Chicago '', Florida Law Review ( forthcoming ). Jump up ^ Harrison, John. `` Reconstructing the Privileges or Immunities Clause '', 10 Yale Law Journal 1385 ( 1992 ). Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, page 1293 ( 1866 ). Jump up ^ Johnson, Andrew. `` Veto of the Civil Rights Bill ''. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Belz ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Jones v. Mayer Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at Archive.is, 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ). Jump up ^ Yen, Chin - Yung. Rights of citizens and persons under the Fourteenth amendment, page 7 ( New Era Printing Company 1905 ). Jump up ^ See McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. ( 2010 ). Jump up ^ See Enforcement Act of 1870 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty. Jump up ^ Player ( 2004 ). Further reading ( edit ) Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom : The Republican Party and Freedom Rights, 1861 to 1866 ( 2000 ) Dew, Lee Allen. `` The Reluctant Radicals of 1866, '' Midwest Quarterly ( Spring 1967 ) pp 261 -- 276. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution, 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) Hyman, Harold M. A More Perfect Union ( 1975 ) Player, Mack A. Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell ( 2004 ) Rutherglen, George ( 2013 ). Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery : The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 9780199739707. Tsesis, Alexander. The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History ( 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Texts on Wikisource : Civil Rights Act of 1866 `` Civil Rights Bill ''. New International Encyclopedia. 1905. `` Civil Rights Bills ''. Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) `` Phalanx '' ( 2010 -- 2016 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York GND : 7609513 - 7 LCCN : no2010112186 VIAF : 176097357 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866&oldid=840706485 '' Categories : Anti-discrimination law in the United States History of African - American civil rights Reconstruction Era legislation United States federal civil rights legislation United States federal criminal legislation 39th United States Congress Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018, at 16 : 36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1866", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866&amp;oldid=840706485" }

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{ "text": "Ode to Joy - wikipedia Ode to Joy This article is about Schiller 's poem. For the `` Ode to Joy '' theme by Beethoven, see Symphony No. 9 ( Beethoven ). For other uses, see Ode to Joy ( disambiguation ). Ode to Joy by Friedrich Schiller Autographed manuscript, circa 1785 Original title An die Freude Written 1785 Country Germany Language German Form Ode Publisher Thalia Publication date 1786, 1808 `` Ode to Joy '' ( German : `` An die Freude '' ( an diː ˈfʁɔʏdə ) ), is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller and published the following year in Thalia. A slightly revised version appeared in 1808, changing two lines of the first and omitting the last stanza. `` Ode to Joy '' is best known for its use by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final ( fourth ) movement of his Ninth Symphony, completed in 1824. Beethoven 's text is not based entirely on Schiller 's poem, and introduces a few new sections. His tune ( but not Schiller 's words ) was adopted as the Anthem of Europe by the Council of Europe in 1972 and subsequently by the European Union. Contents 1 The poem 1.1 Lyrics 1.1. 1 Revisions 1.1. 2 Ode to Freedom 2 Use of Beethoven 's setting 3 Other musical settings 4 References 5 External links The poem ( edit ) Schillerhaus ( de ) in Gohlis Schiller wrote the first version of the poem when he was staying in Gohlis, Leipzig. In the year 1785 from the beginning of May till mid September, he stayed with his publisher Georg Joachim Göschen in Leipzig and wrote `` An die Freude '' along with his play Don Carlos. Schiller later made some revisions to the poem which was then republished posthumously in 1808, and it was this latter version that forms the basis for Beethoven 's setting. Despite the lasting popularity of the ode, Schiller himself regarded it as a failure later in his life, going so far as to call it `` detached from reality '' and `` of value maybe for us two, but not for the world, nor for the art of poetry '' in an 1800 letter to his long - time friend and patron Christian Gottfried Körner ( whose friendship had originally inspired him to write the ode ). Lyrics ( edit ) `` An die Freude '' `` Ode to Joy '' Freude, schöner Götterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium, Wir betreten feuertrunken, Himmlische, dein Heiligtum! Deine Zauber binden wieder Was die Mode streng geteilt * ; Alle Menschen werden Brüder * Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt. Wem der große Wurf gelungen Eines Freundes Freund zu sein ; Wer ein holdes Weib errungen Mische seinen Jubel ein! Ja, wer auch nur eine Seele Sein nennt auf dem Erdenrund! Und wer 's nie gekonnt, der stehle Weinend sich aus diesem Bund! Freude trinken alle Wesen An den Brüsten der Natur ; Alle Guten, alle Bösen Folgen ihrer Rosenspur. Küsse gab sie uns und Reben, Einen Freund, geprüft im Tod ; Wollust ward dem Wurm gegeben und der Cherub steht vor Gott. Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen Durch des Himmels prächt'gen Plan Laufet, Brüder, eure Bahn, Freudig, wie ein Held zum siegen. Seid umschlungen, Millionen! Diesen Kuß der ganzen Welt! Brüder, über 'm Sternenzelt Muß ein lieber Vater wohnen. Ihr stürzt nieder, Millionen? Ahnest du den Schöpfer, Welt? Such ' ihn über 'm Sternenzelt! Über Sternen muß er wohnen. Joy, beautiful spark of Divinity, Daughter from Elysium, We enter, drunk with fire, Heavenly One, thy sanctuary! Your magic binds again What convention strictly divides ;* All people become brothers, * Where your gentle wing abides. Who has succeeded in the great attempt, To be a friend 's friend, Whoever has won a lovely woman, Add his to the jubilation! Indeed, who calls even one soul Theirs upon this world! And whoever never managed, shall steal himself Weeping away from this union! All creatures drink of joy At nature 's breast. Just and unjust Alike taste of her gift ; She gave us kisses and the fruit of the vine, A tried friend to the end. ( Even ) the worm has been granted sensuality, And the cherub stands before God! Gladly, as His heavenly bodies fly On their courses through the heavens, Thus, brothers, you should run your race, Joyful, like a hero going to conquest. You millions, be embraced. This kiss is for all the world! Brothers, above the starry canopy There must dwell a loving Father. Do you fall in worship, you millions? World, do you know your creator? Seek him in the heavens Above the stars must He dwell. Revisions ( edit ) The lines marked with * have been revised as follows : Original Revised Translation of original Translation of revision was der Mode Schwerd geteilt Was die Mode streng geteilt what the sword of custom divided What custom strictly divided The original meaning of Mode was `` custom, contemporary taste ''. Bettler werden Fürstenbrüder Alle Menschen werden Brüder beggars become brothers of princes All people become brothers Ode to Freedom ( edit ) Academic speculation remains as to whether Schiller originally wrote an Ode to Freedom ( Ode an die Freiheit ) and changed it to an Ode to Joy. ``... ( T ) he thought lies near that it was the early form of the poem, when it was still an ' Ode to Freedom ' ( not ' to Joy ' ), which first aroused enthusiastic admiration for it in Beethoven 's mind ''. Use of Beethoven 's setting ( edit ) The ode to joy has been used as the anthem of Europe. Over the years, Beethoven 's `` Ode to Joy '' has remained a protest anthem and a celebration of music. From demonstrators in Chile singing during demonstration against the Pinochet dictatorship, Chinese student broadcast at Tiananmen Square, the concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein after the fall of the Berlin Wall and Daiku ( Number Nine ) concerts in Japan every December and one after the 2011 tsunami. It has recently inspired impromptu performances at public spaces by musicians in many countries worldwide, including Choir Without Borders 's 2009 performance at a railway station in Leipzig, to mark the 20th and 25th anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall, Hong Kong Festival Orchestra 's 2013 performance at a Hong Kong mall, and performance in Sabadell, Spain. A 2013 documentary, Following the Ninth, directed by Kerry Candaele, follows its continuing popularity. It was played after Emmanuel Macron 's victory in the 2017 French Presidential elections, when Macron gave his victory speech at the Louvre. Pianist Igor Levit played the piece at the Royal Albert Hall during the 2017 Proms. The song 's Christian context was one of the main reasons for Nichiren Shōshū Buddhism to excommunicate the Soka Gakkai organization for their use of the hymn at their meetings. Other musical settings ( edit ) Other musical settings of the poem include : Christian Gottfried Körner ( 1786 ) Carl Friedrich Zelter ( 1792 ), for choir and accompaniment, later rewritten for different instrumentations. Johann Friedrich Reichardt ( 1796 ) Ludwig - Wilhelm Tepper de Ferguson ( 1796 ) Johann Friedrich Hugo von Dalberg ( 1799 ) Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg ( 1803 ) Schubert 's `` An die Freude '', D 189 ( rendering on electronic piano ) Problems playing this file? See media help. Franz Schubert 's song `` An die Freude '', D 189, for voice, unison choir and piano. Composed in May 1815, Schubert 's setting was first published in 1829 as Op. post. 111 No. 1. The 19th century Gesamt - Ausgabe included it as a lied in Series XX, Volume 2 ( No. 66 ). The New Schubert Edition groups it with the part songs in Series III ( Volume 3 ). Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( 1865 ), for solo singers, choir and orchestra in a Russian translation Pietro Mascagni cantata `` Alla gioia '' ( 1882 ), Italian text by Andrea Maffei `` Seid umschlungen, Millionen! '' ( 1892 ), waltz by Johann Strauss II Z. Randall Stroope ( 2002 ), for choir and four - hand piano Victoria Poleva ( 2009 ), for soprano, mixed choir and symphony orchestra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The usual name of the Hymn tune is `` Hymn to Joy '' `` Hymnary -- Hymn to Joy ''. Retrieved 11 October 2013. Jump up ^ History of the Schiller House Jump up ^ The German text can be found at http://www.wissen-im-netz.info/literatur/schiller/briefe/koerner/1800/571.htm Jump up ^ Duden -- Das Herkunftswörterbuch. Mannheim : Bibliographisches Institut. 1963. p. 446. ISBN 3 - 411 - 00907 - 1. The word was derived via French from ultimately Latin wikt : modus. Duden cites as first meanings `` Brauch, Sitte, Tages -, Zeitgeschmack ''. The primary modern meaning has shifted more towards `` fashion ''. Jump up ^ W. Kubacki, `` Das Werk Juliusz Slowackis und seine Bedeutung für die polnische Literatur '', Zeitschrift für Slawistik, Volume 5, Issue 1 ( Jan 1960 ) Jump up ^ Das `` Alle Menschen werden Brüder '', das Schiller in seiner Ode an die Freude ( eigentlich Ode an die Freiheit ) formuliert,... - Alexander Görlach, `` Der Glaube an die Freiheit '', Debatte, 4 August 2010 Jump up ^ Thayer, A.W. ( 1817 - 97 ), rev and ed. Elliot Forbes. Thayer 's Life of Beethoven. ( 2 vols. 1967, 1991 ) Princeton : Princeton University Press. p. 895. ^ Jump up to : Daniel M. Gold ( October 31, 2013 ). `` The Ode Heard Round the World : Following the Ninth Explores Beethoven 's Legacy ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 Sep 2014. Jump up ^ Video of a `` flash mob '' -- `` Ode to Joy '' sung at Leipzig railway station ( 8 November 2009 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Megan Garber ( 9 July 2012 ). `` Ode to Joy : 50 String Instruments That Will Melt Your Heart ''. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Beethoven 's Flash Mobs ''. billmoyers.com. November 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Nougayrède, Natalie ( 8 May 2017 ). `` Macron 's victory march to Europe 's anthem said more than words ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` EU anthem played at Proms ' first night ''. BBC News. BBC. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017. Jump up ^ Excommunication, daisakuikeda.org ( undated ) Jump up ^ Otto Erich Deutsch et al. Schubert Thematic Catalogue, German edition 1978 ( Bärenreiter ), pp. 128 -- 129 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ode an die Freude. Works related to Ode to Joy at Wikisource German Wikisource has original text related to this article : An die Freude ( Schiller ) ( 1786 ) German Wikisource has original text related to this article : An die Freude ( Beethoven ) An die Freude text and translations at The LiederNet Archive German and English text, Schiller Institute Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 Musical settings `` Ode to Joy '' `` The Hymn of Joy '' `` A Song of Joy '' `` Anthem of Europe '' `` Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia '' `` Visan om solen, månen och planeterna '' Other `` Road to Joy '' `` Will You Be There '' Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony CD - ROM Copying Beethoven 9 Beet Stretch Songs by Franz Schubert Part songs `` Schwertlied '', D 170 `` An die Freude '', D 189 `` Ständchen '', D 920 Lieder `` Der Taucher '', D 77 `` Gretchen am Spinnrade '', D 118 `` Rastlose Liebe '', D 130 `` Der Mondabend '', D 141 `` Amphiaraos '', D 166 `` Die Bürgschaft '', D 246 `` Heidenröslein '', D 257 `` Vaterlandslied '', D 287 `` Hermann und Thusnelda '', D 322 `` Der Erlkönig '', D 328 `` Der König in Thule '', D 367 `` Der Wanderer '', D 489 `` Wiegenlied '', D 498 `` Der Tod und das Mädchen '', D 531 `` An die Musik '', D 547 `` Die Forelle '', D 550 `` Prometheus '', D 674 `` Willkommen und Abschied '', D 767 `` Der Zwerg '', D 771 `` Auf dem Wasser zu singen '', D 774 `` Du bist die Ruh ', D 776 `` Lachen und Weinen '', D 777 `` Nacht und Träume '', D 827 `` Ave Maria '', D 839 `` Im Frühling '', D 882 `` Ständchen '', D 889 `` An Sylvia '', D 891 `` Der Doppelgänger '', D 957 No. 13 `` Der Hirt auf dem Felsen '', D 965 Cycles Schubert 's song cycles, including : Die schöne Müllerin, D 795 Winterreise, D 911 Schwanengesang, D 957 Multiple Mignon `` Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt '' Romanze Sehnsucht Ständchen Trinklied `` Wandrers Nachtlied '' List of compositions by Franz Schubert List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre Schubert opus / Deutsch number concordance GND : 4590404 - 2 LCCN : n86113990 VIAF : 187059293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_to_Joy&oldid=852946094 '' Categories : Poetry by Friedrich Schiller 1785 poems Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven 1824 compositions Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Interlanguage link template link number Articles with hAudio microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 12 : 09 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ode to Joy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ode_to_Joy&amp;oldid=852946094" }

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{ "text": "Project Runway - Wikipedia Project Runway Jump to : navigation, search Project Runway Genre Reality competition Created by Eli Holzman Starring Heidi Klum Tim Gunn Michael Kors Nina Garcia Zac Posen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 16 No. of episodes 186 Production Executive producer ( s ) Barbara Schneeweiss Bob Weinstein Colleen Sands David Hillman Desiree Gruber Gena McCarthy Heidi Klum Jane Cha Jon Murray Meryl Poster Sara Rea Running time 40 to 42 minutes ( season 1 -- 7 ) 62 to 64 minutes ( season 8 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Miramax Television The Weinstein Company Television ( season 2 - present ) Bunim / Murray Productions Full Picture Entertainment Heidi Klum Productions Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Release Original network Lifetime ( 2009 -- present ) Bravo ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 1, 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Project Runway All Stars Project Runway Junior External links Website www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway/ Project Runway is an American reality television ( TV ) series that focuses on fashion design. The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted by time, materials and theme. Their designs are judged by a panel, and one or more designers are typically eliminated from the show each week. During each season, contestants are progressively eliminated until only a few contestants remain. These finalists prepare a complete fashion collection for New York Fashion Week, which determines the winner. Project Runway was created by Eli Holzman and is hosted by supermodel Heidi Klum. It appears on Lifetime, and was previously on Bravo. The show won a Peabody Award in 2008 `` for using the ' television reality contest ' genre to engage, inform, enlighten and entertain. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Judging 2 Seasons 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 2.8 Season 8 2.9 Season 9 2.10 Season 10 2.11 Season 11 2.12 Season 12 2.13 Season 13 2.14 Season 14 2.15 Season 15 2.16 Season 16 2.17 Future seasons 3 Spinoffs 3.1 All Stars 3.2 Under the Gunn 3.3 Project Accessory 3.4 Project Runway : Threads 3.5 Project Runway : Junior 3.6 Project Runway : Fashion Startup 3.7 International versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) Project Runway uses progressive elimination to reduce the initial field of 12 or more fashion designers down to three or four before the final challenge. Each non-finale challenge ( the scope of one episode ) requires the designers to develop one or more pieces of new clothing to be presented at a runway show. The challenges range in creative diversity to test the designers ' ingenuity while maintaining their personal fashion design aesthetic. These challenges may include creating a garment from non-traditional materials, such as : apartment furnishings ( Season 3 ), recyclable materials ( Season 3 ), items from a grocery store ( Seasons 1 & 5 ), edible food items ( Seasons 1, 4 & 10 ), plants and flowers ( Season 2 ), using their own clothes that they happened to be wearing ( Season 2 & 9 ), designing clothing with materials from a party store ( season 8 ) ; or designing for a certain high - profile person ( such as actress Brooke Shields, figure skater Sasha Cohen or Miss USA Tara Conner ) ; or designing for a corporate fashion line ( e.g., Banana Republic ; Diane von Fürstenberg ; Macy 's ; or Sarah Jessica Parker 's Bitten ) ; or centered on a specialized theme ( such as `` cocktail party '', `` wedding gown '', `` female wrestling outfit '', or `` prom dress '' ). Project Runway judges Heidi Klum, Nina Garcia, and Michael Kors The first several seasons were filmed in New York City, at The New School University 's Parsons The New School for Design. They shop for materials at a fabric store in New York 's Garment District ( usually at MOOD Designer Fabrics ) -- unless the challenge requires otherwise ( e.g., denim jackets and jeans from Levi 's, confectionery and souvenirs at the Hershey 's Store in Times Square, or fabric at Spandex House in Season 4 ). The designers live together, grouped by gender, at Atlas New York ( an apartment building near Parsons ) during Seasons 1 -- 3 ( back again at Season 5 ) and at New Gotham during Season 4. Along with the network change to Lifetime, the location changed from New York to Los Angeles for Season 6 only ( permanently returning to New York for Season 7. ) While on the show, the designers are prohibited from leaving the apartments without authorization, making unauthorized communication with family or friends, or using the Internet to research designs. Designers are also forbidden to bring pattern books or similar how - to materials with them during the show, or risk being disqualified from the competition ( as was the case of Keith Michael in Season 3 and of Claire Buitendorp in Season 16 ). The designers are given a budgeted stipend to select and purchase fabric and notions, and then provided a limited amount of time to finish their designs ( the shortest being 5 hours and the longest being two or three days, with the exception of fashion week when they are given 12 weeks ). Often, the designers work independently, although on some challenges, contestants must work in teams or as a single collective group. Once the deadline is reached, the designers must dress their models and select their hair, make - up, and accessories. Each model walks down the runway, and the garment the contestant made is rated by a panel of judges, who score each look in several categories from 0 to 5, and often provide personal annotations and comments regarding the presented designs. Each contestant does a voice - over while the model is walking down the runway. The judges then interview the remaining designers ( usually six ) who garnered the highest and the lowest scores ( usually a top 3 and a bottom 3 ), and share their opinions while listening to the designers ' defense of their outfits, then confer as a group in private. The panel then announces the winning and losing designers based on their scores and other considerations. Typically, the winner receives immunity for the next challenge, and therefore can not be eliminated. As the season progresses, immunity is disregarded during later challenges to prevent the designers from getting an easy pass to make it into the final round. Other incentives given to the contestants aside from winning immunity include : The winning garment may be featured in print media, integrated into a limited edition look for a particular clothing brand, or sold at an online fashion store ( e.g., BlueFly.com beginning in Season 4 onwards ). Generally, the loser of each challenge is eliminated from the competition, with host Klum giving him or her a double air kiss on the runway and wishing the eliminated designer farewell her catchphrase, Auf Wiedersehen ( formal German for goodbye with literal translation `` until we meet again '' ), before they depart. Thus, elimination from the show is sometimes called `` being auf 'd '' -- a play on words as it can be interpreted as offed. After the final challenge, the remaining three designers are then told to prepare a complete fashion collection of twelve looks to be presented at New York Fashion Week in Bryant Park. The finalists are given 12 weeks and $8,000 for this task, which they perform at their own homes or studios. While some construction work can be outsourced, the majority of the garments must be created by the designers themselves. Prior to the show, the finalists must return to New York City to oversee model casting, hair and make - up consultations, finishing touches to their clothes, final fitting on their models, and possibly an additional challenge, such as designing another outfit to blend in with the collection ( as in Seasons 2, 5, 6 and 8 ). Their receipts are also handed over to the producers of the show to determine if they went over budget or had outsourcing done as favors, both of which are against the rules. If rules are violated, they may be forced to eliminate a crucial aesthetic factor in their presentation ( e.g., Jeffrey Sebelia 's blond wigs and pleated leather shorts in Season 3 ) ; or the judging panel might lower their scoring, if they insist upon using a forbidden item ( e.g., Kara Saun 's outsourced footwear in Season 1 ). The ultimate winner is selected by the judges, and receives $100,000 to start his or her own design line, a feature spread in Marie Claire magazine, and a mentorship from a design firm ( ended on Season 3 ). The winner is also given the optional opportunity to sell his or her collection on bluefly.com. Subsequent seasons have also included a new car as part of the prize package, courtesy of the automobile company Saturn. Female fashion models, who work with the designers throughout the season, are also in the competition. Each week, as the number of designers dwindles, the number of models is also reduced. Models are randomly pre-assigned to a designer during the first challenge, but from the second challenge onwards, the designers are able to choose the model with whom they wish to work. During weekly model eliminations, the models stand on a runway with Klum, in front of the seated group of designers. The models appear by wearing the same outfit ( black dress and barefoot ). The designers then pick their models in sequence, based upon their respective scores in the previous design competition. Originally, model selection happened at the start of every episode save for the first. The winner of the previous challenge receiving first pick, and the other designers picking models in order through Klum 's random draw of large red shirt buttons with their names stored in a black velvet bag. However, there were times when only the winning designer was given the choice to pick with the following choices : either keep his or her previous model, take the losing designer 's model from the last challenge, or switch models with another competing designer. Beginning with Season 6, model selection appears on a companion program, Models of the Runway, usually near the end of that show. At the end of the weekly model selection process, the one unpicked model is sent home. This losing model is also given host Klum 's air kiss and Auf Wiedersehen before leaving the runway. Included in the prize package for the winning model is coverage in Elle magazine, featuring the winning designer 's twelve - piece collection as part of her prize. However, certain challenges may not require the models at all, such as : giving a competing designer a head - to - toe makeover ( Season 2 and 5 ), designers creating their own looks ( Season 3 ), designing menswear ( Season 4 ), or creating a garment for a specific client ( e.g., reconstructed outfits for women who lost weight, or wrestling costumes for the WWE Divas in Season 4 ). Airing of the model selection ended starting Season 8. On July 4, 2006, the show 's producers, The Weinstein Company, announced a five - year deal that would relocate the show to Lifetime, beginning with Season 6. In response, NBCUniversal filed a lawsuit against the Weinstein Company for violating its contract rights. A September 2008 court decision granted NBCU 's request for an injunction, preventing Lifetime from promoting or exhibiting `` Runway '' until further notice. On April 1, 2009, the lawsuit between The Weinstein Company and NBCUniversal was settled, with Weinstein agreeing to pay NBC an undisclosed sum for the right to move the show to Lifetime. Season 6 began airing on Lifetime on August 20, 2009. On August 27, 2009, NBC Universal wound up gaining partial ownership of Lifetime, when A&E Television Networks, which was already partially owned by NBC, acquired the channel 's parent company, Lifetime Entertainment Services. It premiered on the Slice channel in Canada on September 12. Judging ( edit ) Judges on Project Runway Judge Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Heidi Klum Main Michael Kors Main Guest Guest Nina Garcia Main Zac Posen Guest Main Joining Klum in judging duties are American top designer Michael Kors, Marie Claire fashion director Nina Garcia, and a fourth guest judge, usually a fashion designer, a supermodel, a celebrity, or a professional from an industry related to the challenge given. Tim Gunn, former Chair of the Fashion School at Parsons The New School for Design and now Chief Creative Officer for Liz Claiborne Inc., co-hosts the show along with Klum and acts as a mentor to the designers, giving them suggestions and tips for their designs throughout the episode, but he does not participate in the judging. Zac Posen became a regular judge on the show at the beginning of the eleventh season, as Kors was unable to participate due to scheduling conflicts. Throughout the eleventh season, Rachel Roy alternated with Posen when he could n't commit to being a judge for a particular episode. Seasons ( edit ) Season Premiere Date Finale Date No. of Designers Winner Runner - up 2nd runner - up Designer Prizes Model Prizes 3rd runner - up December 1, 2004 February 23, 2005 12 Jay McCarroll & Julia Beynon Kara Saun & Jenny Toth Wendy Pepper & Melissa Haro $100,000 to start his own line A mentorship with Banana Republic An editorial feature in Elle magazine A spread in Elle magazine December 7, 2005 March 8, 2006 16 Chloe Dao & Grace Kelsey Daniel Vosovic & Rebecca Holliday Santino Rice & Heather Brown $100,000 to start her own line A mentorship with Banana Republic An editorial feature in Elle magazine One year of representation with Designers Management Agency A 2007 Saturn Sky roadster A spread in Elle magazine July 12, 2006 October 18, 2006 15 Jeffrey Sebelia & Marilinda Rivera Uli Herzner & Nazri Segaro Laura Bennett & Camilla Barungi $100,000 to start his own line A mentorship with INC ( Inter-National Concepts ) Design An editorial feature in Elle magazine One year of representation with Designers Management Agency A 2007 Saturn Sky roadster A spread in Elle magazine Mychael Knight & Clarissa Anderson November 14, 2007 March 5, 2008 15 Christian Siriano & Lisa Nargi Rami Kashou & Sam Ruggiero Jillian Lewis & Lauren Browne $100,000 to start his own line An editorial feature in Elle magazine The opportunity to sell a fashion line on Bluefly.com A 2008 Saturn Astra automobile A spread in Elle magazine 5 July 16, 2008 October 15, 2008 16 Leanne Marshall & Tia Shipman Korto Momolu & Katarina Munez Kenley Collins & Topacio Pena $100,000 to start her own line An editorial feature in Elle magazine The opportunity to sell a fashion line on Bluefly.com A 2009 Saturn Vue Hybrid A spread in Elle magazine 6 August 20, 2009 November 19, 2009 16 Irina Shabayeva & Kalyn Hemphill Althea Harper & Tanisha Harper Carol Hannah Whitfield & Lisa Blades $100,000 to start her own line An editorial feature in Marie Claire magazine An all - expenses - paid trip for two to Paris $25,000 A spread in Marie Claire magazine 7 January 14, 2010 April 22, 2010 16 Seth Aaron Henderson & Kristina Sajko Emilio Sosa & Lorena Angjeli Mila Hermanovski & Brandise Danesewich $100,000 to start his own line An editorial feature in Marie Claire magazine The opportunity to sell a fashion line on Bluefly.com A $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett - Packard $25,000 A spread in Marie Claire magazine 8 July 29, 2010 October 28, 2010 17 Gretchen Jones & Millana Snow Mondo Guerra & Tina Marie Clarke Ari South & Lenka Dayrit $100,000 to start her own line An editorial feature in Marie Claire magazine The opportunity to sell a fashion line on Piperlime.com A $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett - Packard $25,000 A spread in Marie Claire magazine 9 July 28, 2011 October 27, 2011 16 Anya Ayoung - Chee & Sveta Glebova Joshua McKinley & Sonia Niekrasz Viktor Luna & Erika K. Jones $100,000 to start her own line An editorial feature in Marie Claire magazine The opportunity to sell a fashion line on Piperlime.com A $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett - Packard $25,000 A spread in Marie Claire magazine Kimberly Goldson & Bojana Draskovic 10 July 19, 2012 October 18, 2012 16 Dmitry Sholokhov & Katt Vogel Fabio Costa & Hannah Herreid Melissa Fleis & Lacee Teel $100,000 from L'Oréal Paris to start his / her own line A fashion spread in Marie Claire magazine A 2013 Lexus GS 350 A $50,000 technology suite by HP and Intel to create his / her own vision and run his / her business The opportunity to design and sell an exclusive collection at Lord & Taylor $25,000 from L'Oréal Paris EverStyle Appear in the designer 's editorial feature in Marie Claire magazine Christopher Palu & Claudia Ruff 11 January 24, 2013 April 25, 2013 16 Michelle Lesniak Franklin & Lisa Jackson Patricia Michaels & Katrina Topacio Stanley Hudson & Anna Kanehara $150,000 to start her own line A 2013 Lexus GS 350 A $50,000 technology suite by HP and Intel Design and sell an exclusive collection at Lord & Taylor * $25,000 from L'Oréal A fashion spread in Marie Claire magazine 12 July 18, 2013 October 17, 2013 16 Dom Streater & Rayuana Aleyce Alexandria von Bromssen & Ya Jagne Justin LeBlanc & Ji Young Baek $150,000 from GoBank $100,000 fabric allowance from Tide $50,000 technology suite by HP and Intel $50,000 styling contract with L'Oréal Paris A 2014 Lexus IS 350 A spa retreat for two in the Maldives A chance to design and sell a collection at Belk A complete sewing and crafting studio from Brother Sewing and Embroidery A fashion spread in Marie Claire $25,000 from L'Oréal Paris. Fashion spread in Marie Claire Bradon McDonald & Cameron Corrigan 13 July 24, 2014 October 23, 2014 19 Sean Kelly & Alisar Ailabouni Amanda Valentine & Nikola Anderson Kiniokahokula `` Kini '' Zamora & Lea Mihevc $100,000 from Red Robin A chance to design fashion accessory for Red Robin A complete sewing and crafting studio from Brother Sewing and Embroidery A Samsung entertainment center A fashion spread in Marie Claire A 2015 Lexus NX F - Sport. From Mary Kay, an entire year 's worth of beauty products for their fashion shows and professional makeup artist services for their debut show A shoe and accessory collection from ALDO to help enhance the winner 's upcoming runway shows Travel and hotel accommodations to fashion capitals and locations around the world from Best Western International Fashion spread in Marie Claire Charketa `` Char '' Glover & Bella Davis 14 August 6, 2015 November 5, 2015 16 Ashley Nell Tipton & Aube Jolicoeur Kelly Dempsey & Kristina Borgyugova Edmond Newton & Loli Laneova $100,000 to launch their line A Celebrity Cruises modern luxury vacation for two to almost anywhere in the world A year supply of Sally Beauty products and the opportunity to consult Sally Beauty to create a limited edition finger paints nail - color collection Travel and hotel accommodations to fashion capitals and locations around the world from Best Western International A 2015 Lexus RC 350 From Mary Kay an entire years worth of beauty products for their fashion shows and professional make - up artist services for their debut show A complete sewing and crafting studio from Brother Sewing and Embroidery Fashion spread in Marie Claire Candice Cuoco & Zorana Mitic 15 September 15, 2016 December 22, 2016 16 Erin Robertson & Sherica Maynard Roberi Parra & Karina Villa Laurence Basse & Alla Z. Roldan $100,000 $25,000 and a year supply of Sally Beauty products A complete sewing and crafting studio from Brother Sewing and Embroidery A fashion spread in Marie Claire A 2016 Lexus IS Sedan From Mary Kay, an entire year 's worth of beauty products for their fashion shows and professional makeup artist services for their debut show Fashion spread in Marie Claire Rik Villa & Paola Horber 16 August 17, 2017 November 16, 2017 16 Kentaro Kameyama & Sanita Anderson Ayana Ife & Meisha Brooks Brandon Kee & Liris Crosse $100,000 to launch their line An opportunity to collaborate with JCPenney on a limited edition capsule collection A complete sewing and crafting studio from Brother Sewing and Embroidery A lifetime supply of Pilot pens An all - expense paid trip to Japan A 2018 Lexus NX Fashion spread in Marie Claire Fashion spread in Marie Claire Margarita Alvarez & Jazzmine Carthon Season 1 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 1 ) Project Runway premiered its first season on December 1, 2004, featuring 12 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors and Nina Garcia served as judges while Tim Gunn, fashion chair at Parsons The New School for Design, served as the mentor for the designers. During this season, Project Runway received critical acclaim, including an Emmy nomination for outstanding competitive reality series. Growth in audience popularity was also dramatic from its debut to the season finale, making it a sleeper hit. Project Runway gave Bravo one of its most successful series since Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. Pennsylvania - based designer Jay McCarroll won the competition with his model Julia Beynon. Kara Saun and her model Jenny Toth placed second, while Wendy Pepper and her model Melissa Haro placed third. Austin Scarlett won the fan favorite award. As his prize for winning the competition, McCarroll was eligible to receive a $100,000 cash prize, a mentorship with Banana Republic to aid in developing his own fashion label ( both of which he turned down ), and display of his work in the American edition of Elle magazine. Austin Scarlett produced a decoy collection for Fashion Week after being eliminated in the controversial `` Nancy O'Dell Grammy Challenge '', causing outrage among fans. His appearance at Fashion Week was an 11th hour decision made by the show 's producers who were concerned that the identity of the three finalists would be revealed before the Project Runway Season 1 finale aired. The ploy was later adopted for the show 's succeeding seasons. In 2008, Jay McCarroll, in conjunction with Here! Films released the feature - length documentary `` Eleven Minutes ''. The feature documentary chronicles his year - long post Project Runway journey preparing his first independent runway show for New York 's Fashion Week in Bryant Park and the subsequent selling of his line to stores. Also in 2008, Jay McCarroll launched his own online fashion boutique, The Colony. Season 2 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 2 ) The second season premiered on December 7, 2005. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the second season. Following a nationwide search earlier in the year, 16 designers were chosen as semi-finalists and brought to New York City in June 2005. After the first challenge, called Road to the Runway, fourteen went on to compete as finalists. Chloe Dao won the competition with her model Grace Kelsey. Daniel Vosovic and his model Rebecca Holliday placed second, while Santino Rice and his model Heather Brown placed third. Daniel Vosovic also won the fan favorite award. Season 3 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 3 ) The third season premiered on July 12, 2006, featuring 15 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the third season. This season introduced a new set of sponsors, notably Macy 's replacing Banana Republic, in advance of Macy 's conversion of former May Company department stores. The season finale aired on October 18, 2006. Mychael Knight was the first to be eliminated in the season finale for his collection titled `` Street Safari. '' Knight was a fan favorite, but his line did not appeal to the judges. In a `` Reunion '' episode that aired on October 4, 2006, viewers voted Mychael Knight as their favorite designer, earning him a $10,000 prize. Laura Bennett was the second eliminated for her collection of cocktail dresses and evening wear, though the judges praised her for how expensive her items looked. During taping, Bennett found out she was pregnant with her sixth child. Jeffrey Sebelia was voted the winner by the judges. Uli Herzner was the runner - up and was also highly praised by the judges for her collection. Sebelia 's girlfriend and son were there to celebrate his win with him. Jeffrey 's model, Marilinda Rivera, won the Elle fashion editorial featuring his winning designs at Fashion Week, over fellow models Nazri Segaro ( for Uli Herzner ), Camilla Barungi ( for Laura Bennett ) and Clarissa Anderson ( for Mychael Knight ). There were many dramatic scenes which played out this season. Designer Keith Michael became the first designer to be asked to leave the show for multiple rule violations. He was found to be in possession of prohibited pattern - making books and left the production site for several hours, during which time he used the internet. Sebelia was accused of having outside help to finish his garments by fellow competitor Laura Bennett. The issue was investigated, and it was declared that he had followed the guidelines. Because he could not produce a receipt for a pair of leather shorts he had sent out for pleating, he removed that item from the show. In addition, because he had gone over budget by $227.95, he removed the blonde wigs he had planned for his runway models in order to drop below budget. Also, for the first time, the last four designers were selected as finalists ( Jeffrey Sebelia, Laura Bennett, Ulrike `` Uli '' Herzner, and Mychael Knight ), with no decoy collection to serve as a distraction before the finale aired, and allowed to compete at New York Fashion Week. During Season 5, there was a poll consisting of the most memorable moments of Project Runway. Among the most notable were Keith 's disqualification, Sebelia 's issues with competitor Angela Kesler 's mother, and the controversy about Sebelia 's final collection. Season 4 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 4 ) The fourth season premiered on November 14, 2007, featuring 15 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the fourth season. Earlier in the year Gunn was named Chief Creative Officer for Liz Claiborne Inc. Cast members for Season 4 were revealed during episodes of Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style. This was the first season a designer was compelled to quit the competition for medical reasons. Jack Mackenroth left in Episode 5 and was replaced by Chris March, who had been the most recently eliminated designer. This was also the first season in which four designers were chosen to prepare collections for Fashion Week, but only three proceeded on in the competition to show their collections at Fashion Week. In a new finale twist, Rami Kashou and Chris March, the bottom 2 of the last challenge, had to show the three best pieces from their collections to the judges. Kathleen `` Sweet P. '' Vaughn, the last designer eliminated before the finale, produced a decoy collection for Fashion Week, along with Chris March. Siriano won $10,000 as the Project Runway Season 4 Fan Favorite. Season 3 Fan Favorite winner Mychael Knight brought out the check to Siriano during the Reunion episode. Siriano became the fourth and youngest winner of Project Runway. His model, Lisa Nargi, won the Elle fashion editorial featuring his winning designs at Fashion Week, over fellow models Sam Ruggiero ( for Rami Kashou ) and Lauren Browne ( for Jillian Lewis ). This was also the first season of the show in which the final three models did not wear the finale pieces of their respective designers. Season 5 had a series poll consisting the 22 most memorable moments of Project Runway. The season 4 moments consist of Michael Kors losing it during a competition, designer Elisa Jimenez 's spit marks, the designers talking about their wrestling names, Mackenroth 's departure / March 's return, Siriano 's drama with a teen, Sarah Jessica Parker surprising the designers, and Victoria Beckham telling Siriano she would love to wear any of his clothing. `` It 's Sew Not Over '', a post-show competition, designers were asked to create a three piece collection that would be voted online by the viewing public. Jillian Lewis was chosen as the winner. Season 5 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 5 ) The fifth season premiered on July 16, 2008, at its new time of 9 / 8c on Bravo, featuring 16 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the fifth season. This first episode was the first time that they repeated a challenge from a previous season : the Gristedes challenge, in which the designers had to make a design of their choice using what they could find at a grocery store. The episode, featuring a special guest judge appearance by first season competitor Austin Scarlett, was intended as an homage to the glories of past seasons, the fifth season being the last on Bravo and by original producers Magical Elves. Similar to season 4, four designers were chosen to prepare collections for Fashion Week, but only three proceeded on in the competition to show their collections at Fashion Week. However, unlike the previous season, the last challenge does not have a bearing on this decision and any of the four remaining designers could be eliminated before fashion week. For the first time, six people showed collections for Fashion Week. Joe Faris and Stephen `` Suede '' Baum, the last two designers eliminated, and Jerell Scott, who was eliminated in the first part of the finale, showed decoy collections. For the first time, all of the finalists ( Kenley Collins, Korto Momolu and Leanne Marshall ) were female. All three collections were well received. Kenley was praised for her well - tailored designs, but was eliminated first because some of her designs were reminiscent of other professional designers ' collections. The judges admired Korto 's ethnic touches on her designs, but thought that a few were overworked. Leanne was declared the winner for her wave patterns. Her model, Tia Shipman, won the Elle fashion editorial featuring her winning designs at Fashion Week, over fellow models Katarina Munez ( for Korto Momolu ) and Topacio Pena ( for Kenley Collins ). Jennifer Lopez was supposed to be the guest judge in the finale, but bowed out at the last minute, so Tim Gunn took her place. For the first time since Season 1, there was no reunion or opening introduction due to time restraints. However, Bravo continued to stage the fan favorite contest, with Momulu winning. Season 6 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 6 ) Season six premiered on August 20, 2009, featuring 16 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the sixth season. This season was the first season of Project Runway to be filmed in Los Angeles, at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising, rather than New York. The sixth season had been announced to begin airing in January 2009 on Lifetime, but was delayed due to legal issues. The announcement occurred before NBC Universal sought preliminary injunctive action effectively enjoining production. The launch was further delayed due to Lifetime 's request that the suit between NBC Universal and The Weinstein Co. be removed to federal court. On April 1, 2009, the lawsuit between Weinstein Co. and NBC Universal was settled, with Weinstein agreeing to pay NBC an undisclosed sum for the right to move the show to Lifetime. The premiere was preceded by a two - hour special episode of Project Runway : All - Star Challenge where eight past contestants ( Daniel Vosovic, Santino Rice, Jeffrey Sebelia, Uli Herzner, Mychael Knight, Chris March, Sweet P, and Korto Momolu ) competed in one challenge with a cash prize of $100,000. Vosovic won the challenge, while Momolu came in second place, Sweet P in third, and March in fourth. For the first time in Project Runway history, only three contestants showed their collections at New York Fashion Week. The three finalists of the sixth season showed their collections at Bryant Park on February 20, 2009, but the finalists were not named and did not appear onstage that day. Irina Shabayeva won the competition with her model Kalyn Hemphill. Althea Harper and her model Tanisha Harper placed second, while Carol Hannah Whitfield and her model Lisa Blades placed third. This was the second season overall ( and the second consecutive season ) where all three finalists were female. Christopher Straub won the Fan Favorite Award. Season 7 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 7 ) The seventh season premiered on January 14, 2010, featuring 16 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the seventh season. This season featured the return of the show to New York City, following a move to Los Angeles for Season 6. This was the first season a designer was compelled to quit the competition for personal reasons. Maya Luz, who left the competition unexpectedly in Episode 11 after deciding that she did not have enough experience to `` go all the way '', was replaced by Anthony Williams, who had been the most recently eliminated designer. Similar to season 4, four designers were chosen to prepare collections for Fashion Week, but only three proceeded on in the competition to show their collections at Fashion Week. In a finale twist, Mila Hermanovski and Jay Nicolas Sario, the bottom 2 of the last challenge, had to show the three best pieces from their collections to the judges. For the first time, ten designers showed collections for Fashion Week. The final 11 designers ( except Maya Luz ) all showed decoy collections. Seth Aaron Henderson won the competition with his model Kristina Sajko. Emilio Sosa and his model Lorena Angjeli placed second, while Mila Hermanovskie and her model Brandise Danesewich placed third. Maya Luz won the fan favorite award. Season 8 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 8 ) The eighth season premiered on July 29, 2010, on the Lifetime network with a new 90 - minute format for each episode and in a new time - slot, 9pm PT / ET. This season featured 17 competing designers, the most in the show 's history. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the eighth season. This season featured the longest winner deliberation in Project Runway history. Kors and Garcia voted for Gretchen Jones to win, while Klum and guest judge Jessica Simpson voted for Mondo Guerra. In the end, Jones won the competition with her model Millana Snow. After the show, Tim Gunn publicly aired his disappointment in Kors ' and Garcia 's choice for the winner. Mondo Guerra and his model Tina Marie Clarke placed second, while Ari South and her model Lenka Dayrit placed third. Mondo Guerra also won the fan favorite award. Season 9 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 9 ) The ninth premiered on July 28, 2011, featuring 20 designers. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the ninth season. For the first time since season 3, four designers were chosen to show their collections at Fashion Week. Anya Ayoung - Chee won the competition with her model Sveta Glebova. Joshua McKinley and his model Sonia Niekrasz placed second, Viktor Luna and his model Erika K. Jones placed third and Kimberly Goldson and her model Bojana Draskovic placed fourth. Anya also won the fan favorite award. Season 10 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 10 ) The tenth season premiered on July 19, 2012, featuring 16 designers. Celebrating the show 's tenth season milestone, this season launched with a fashion show in front of a live audience. As with the previous season, four designers were chosen to show their collections at Fashion Week. Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the tenth season. This season featured the first time two designers quit on the same season. Andrea Katz and Kooan Kosuke both quit on Episode 3 due to personal reasons. Dmitry Sholokhov won the competition with his model Katt Vogel. Fabio Costa and his model Hannah Herreid placed second, Melissa Fleis and her model Lacee Teel placed third and Christopher Palu and his model Claudia Ruff placed fourth. Elena Slivnyak won the fan favorite award. Season 11 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on January 24, 2013, featuring 16 designers. Zac Posen replaced Michael Kors as one of main judges due to scheduling conflicts with Kors. Heidi Klum, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the eleventh season. Dubbed as `` Teams Edition '', the designers had to work in teams for every challenge this season. Michelle Lesniak Franklin won the competition with her model Lisa Jackson. Patricia Michaels and her model Katrina Topacio placed second, while Stanley Hudson and his model Anna Kanehara placed third. Originally, Michelle would have been eliminated in Episode 11, but the judges gave her a second chance. Season 12 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 12 ) The twelfth season premiered on July 18, 2013, featuring 15 new designers and 1 returning designer as voted by the public. Kate Pankoke from Season 11 won the public voting for the 16th spot to compete once again over Ra'mon Lawrence of Season 6 and Valerie Mayen of Season 8. Heidi Klum, Zac Posen, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the twelfth season. Five designers were chosen to prepare collections for Fashion Week, but only three were supposed to proceed on in the competition to show their collections at Fashion Week. Alexandria von Bromssen, Justin LeBlanc and Helen Castillo, the bottom 3 of the last challenge, had to show the three best pieces from their collections to the judges. In a final twist, both von Bromssen and LeBlanc were chosen to show their collections at Fashion Week, making this the fourth time four people were competing in the finale. Dom Streater won the competition with her model Rayuana Aleyce. Alexandria von Bromssen and her model Ya Jagne placed second, Justin LeBlanc and his model Ji Young Baek placed third and Bradon McDonald and his model Cameron Corrigan placed fourth. Originally, Justin would have been eliminated in Episode 6, but he was given a second chance due to the newly instituted `` Tim Gunn Save. '' Season 13 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on July 24, 2014, featuring 18 new designers and 1 returning designer as voted by the public. Amanda Valentine from Season 11 won the public voting for the 19th spot to compete once again over Alexander Pope and Ken Laurence of Season 12. Heidi Klum, Zac Posen, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the thirteenth season. Some of the celebrity judges for this season are Olympian Lindsey Vonn, Mad Men 's Elisabeth Moss, burlesque queen Dita Von Teese and former Project Runway winner Christian Siriano. The contestants are Alexander Knox, Amanda Valentine, Angela Sum, Carrie Sleutskaya, Char Glover, Emily Payne, Emmanuel Tobias, Fäde zu Grau, Hernan Lander, Jefferson Musanda, Kiniokahokula Zamora, Korina Emmerich, Kristine Guico, Mitchell Perry, Nzinga Knight, Samantha Plasencia, Sandhya Garg, Sean Kelly and Tim Navarro. Sean Kelly won the competition. Amanda Valentine placed second, Kini Zamora placed third and Char Glover placed fourth. Originally, Char would have been eliminated in Episode 6, but she was given a second chance and returned to the show by Tim Gunn who used his `` Tim Gunn Save. '' Season 14 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 14 ) The fourteenth season premiered on August 6, 2015. The judges included : Heidi Klum, Zac Posen and Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returns for his 14th season as a mentor. Some of the celebrity judges for this season were Ciara, Tracee Ellis Ross, Kiernan Shipka, Ashley Tisdale, Kelly Osbourne, Coco Rocha, Melanie Brown and Hannah Davis. The designers are : Amanda Perna, Ashley Nell Tipton, Blake Patterson, Candice Cuoco, David Giampiccolo, Duncan Chambers - Watson, Edmond Newton, Gabrielle Arruda, Hanmiao Yang, Jake Wall, Joseph Poli, Kelly Dempsey, Laurie Underwood, Lindsey Creel, Merline Labissiere and Swapnil Shinde. Ashley Nell Tipton won the competition. Kelly Dempsey placed second, Edmond Newton placed third and Candice Cuoco placed fourth. Originally, Edmond would have been eliminated in Episode 12, but he was given a second chance and returned to the show by Tim Gunn who used his `` Tim Gunn Save. '' Season 15 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 15 ) The fifteenth season premiered September 15, 2016. The judges included : Heidi Klum, Zac Posen and Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returns for his 15th season as a mentor. Some of the celebrity judges for this season were Priyanka Chopra, Kelly Osbourne, Shiri Appleby, Savannah Guthrie, Carly Chaikin, Emily Ratajkowski, Sabrina Carpenter, Nina Dobrev, Camila Belle, Jaime King, Lucky Blue Smith, and Anne Fulenwider. The designers were : Alex Snyder, Brik Allen, Cornelius Ortiz, Dexter Simmons, Erin Robertson, Ian Hargrove, Jenny Ricetti, Kimber Richardson, Laurence Basse, Linda Marcus, Mah - Jing Wong, Nathalia JMag, Rik Villa, Roberi Parra, Sarah Donofrio, and Tasha Henderson. The winner was Erin Robertson. Roberi Parra was the runner - up, with Laurence Basse and Rik Villa coming in third and fourth place respectively. Season 16 ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway ( season 16 ) The sixteenth season premiered on August 17, 2017. The judges included : Heidi Klum, Zac Posen and Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returned for his 16th season as mentor. Some of the celebrity judges for this season were Georgina Chapman, Anne Fulenweider, Yolanda Hadid, Katie Holmes, and Demi Lovato. The designers were : Margarita Alvarez, Amy Bond, Michael Brambila, Claire Buitendorp, Shawn Buitendorp, ChaCha, Kenya Freeman, Ayana Ife, Kentaro Kameyama, Kudzanai Karidza, Brandon Kee, Batana - Khalfani, Sentell McDonald, Aaron Myers, Samantha Rei, and Deyonté Weather. Kentaro Kameyama won the season, with Ayana Ife as the runner - up, Brandon Kee placing third and Margarita Alvarez placing fourth. Originally Margarita would have been eliminated in episode 11 but was spared elimination and brought back into the competition by Tim Gunn. Future seasons ( edit ) In May 2016, Lifetime renewed the show for three seasons more ( 16 - 18 ) in a deal with Weinstein Co. The series spinoffs, Project Runway All Stars and Project Runway : Junior, also were renewed for two and one more seasons, respectively. Spinoffs ( edit ) All Stars ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway All Stars Project Runway All Stars is a spin - off of Project Runway, featuring designers from previous seasons of Project Runway. The show has run for five seasons, and has been renewed for two more season. Angela Lindvall and Carolyn Murphy have each hosted one season, and the last three seasons have been hosted by Alyssa Milano. As on the regular Project Runway, the designers are judged by the host, two permanent judges and 1 - 2 guest judges. The permanent All Stars judges has been the designers Isaac Mizrahi and Georgina Chapman. Joanna Coles mentored the designers in the first two seasons and Zanna Roberts Rassi mentored in the last three seasons. Season Host Premiere Date No. of Designers Winner Angela Lindvall January 5, 2012 13 Mondo Guerra Carolyn Murphy October 25, 2012 13 Anthony Ryan Auld Alyssa Milano October 24, 2013 11 Seth Aaron Henderson October 30, 2014 14 Dmitry Sholokhov 5 February 11, 2016 13 Dom Streater 6 January, 2018 16 TBA Under the Gunn ( edit ) Further information : Under the Gunn Hosted by Tim Gunn, Project Runway : Under the Gunn brings back Project Runway alumni Anya Ayoung - Chee, Nick Verreos and Mondo Guerra to mentor and manage the designer contestants. The mentors must show they have the business savvy to manage their team of four designers, or else leave the show themselves. Designer Rachel Roy, celebrity stylist Jen Rade, and Marie Claire senior fashion editor Zanna Roberts Rassi serve as the judges with Tim. Project Accessory ( edit ) Further information : Project Accessory Project Accessory aired directly after the season finale of Project Runway season 9, premiering on October 27, 2011. The show featured 12 contestants who participated in challenges to design and display the most amazing accessories. With the help of their mentor, Eva Jeanbart - Lorenzotti, they needed to impress host Molly Sims and judges Kenneth Cole and Ariel Foxman, editor of InStyle. Kelly Osbourne and Debra Messing were among the guest judges appearing this past season. Project Runway : Threads ( edit ) Further information : Project Runway : Threads Project Runway : Threads aired directly after the season finale of Project Runway Season 13, premiering on October 23, 2014. Each week of eight three young designers competed for a scholarship to study fashion design in addition to sewing materials and equipment. The host was Vanessa Simmons. The judges were Christian Siriano ( Project Runway Season 4 winner ), Seventeen magazine Fashion Director Gina Kelly and Accessories Editor Jasmine Snow, and Ingrid Nilsen who is a video blogger on YouTube. Since each week there are three new competitors, there is no one winner, but rather eight spread across the eight episodes. Project Runway : Junior ( edit ) Project Runway : Junior is a direct spin - off of Project Runway, featuring twelve teen designers aged between 13 and 17. The show premiered on November 12, 2015. Season 2 of Project Runway : Junior premiered on December 26, 2016 with a third season announced in May, 2016. Project Runway : Fashion Startup ( edit ) Project Runway : Fashion Startup is a spin - off of Project Runway, that showcases aspiring fashion and beauty entrepreneurs as they pitch their concepts for the chance to secure funds from a panel of investors to help grow their budding ventures. The show premiered on October 20, 2016. International versions ( edit ) Countries highlighted in red indicate a version of the show that is no longer airing. Of the versions still airing, Mission Catwalk ( from Jamaica ) has been on the longest after the US version, having completed 5 seasons. Of the versions no longer airing, Project Runway Korea had the longest run with 5 seasons. Country Name Host Channel First Premiere Regular Judge Seasons Winners Arab World Project Fashion : El Musamim El Arabi Norma Naoum Future TV February 26, 2006 Norma Naoum Maria Aziz Rabih Keyrouz ( mentor ) Season 1, 2006 Julien Abboud Season 2, 2007 Mohammed Ashi Project Runway Middle East Jessica Kahawaty MBC 4 September 17, 2016 Elie Saab Afef Jnifen Faris Al Shehri ( mentor ) Season 1, 2016 Upcoming season Asia Project Runway Asia Cindy Bishop STAR World 2017 Kelly Tandiono Kenneth Goh Nguyễn Công Trí Daniel Boey ( mentor ) Season 1, 2016 TBA Australia Project Runway Australia Kristy Hinze ( First 2 seasons ) Megan Gale ( Season 3 onwards ) Arena Season 1 : 7 July 2008 -- 15 September 2008 Season 2 : 8 July 2009 -- 16 September 2009 Season 3 : 4 July 2011 -- 12 September 2011 Season 4 : 8 October 2012 -- 17 December 2012 Jarrad Clark Kirrily Johnston Alex Perry ( mentor ) Season 1, 2008 Juli Grbac Season 2, 2009 Anthony Capon Season 3, 2011 Dylan Cooper Season 4, 2012 Christina Exie Belgium De Designers Evi Hanssen VTM December 16, 2008 Christophe Coppens Veerle Windels Ann Claes Erik Verdonck ( mentor ) N / A Brazil Projeto Fashion Adriane Galisteu Band September 17, 2011 Susana Barbosa Reinaldo Lourenço Alexandre Herchcovitch ( mentor ) Season 1, 2011 : Cynthia Hayashi Canada Project Runway Canada Iman Slice Global October 8, 2007 Shawn Hewson Rita Silvan Brian Bailey ( mentor ) Season 1, 2007 Evan Biddell Season 2, 2009 Sunny Fong Finland Muodin huipulle Minna Cheung ( season 1 ) / Nora Vilva ( season 2 ) MTV3 November 1, 2009 Minna Cheung ( hostess and judge season 1 ) Nora Vilva ( hostess and judge season 2 ) Anssi Tuupainen ( judge season 1 ) Jaakko Selin ( mentor season 1, judge season 2 ) Janne Renvall ( mentor season 2 ) Season 1, 2009 Katri Niskanen Season 2, 2011 Linda Sipilä France Projet Fashion Hapsatou Sy D8 March 3, 2015 Catherine Baba Roland Mouret Alexandra Senes Donald Potard ( mentor ) Season 1, 2010 Pierre - Henry Bor Israel פרויקט מסלול Proyekt Maslul Shiraz Tal Channel 2 ( Reshet ) June 17, 2009 -- October 2009 Vivi Bleish Gal Afel Sason Kedem ( mentor ) Season 1, 2008 - 2009 Alon Livne Jamaica Mission Catwalk Keneea Linton - George TVJ March 15, 2011 Keneea Linton - George ( mentor season 2, hostess and judge seasons 1 - 3 ) Novia McDonald - Whyte Carlton Brown Sandra Kennedy ( mentor Season 1 ) Kay Davitian ( mentor ) 5 N / A Latin America Project Runway Latin America Rebecca de Alba Fashion TV ( season 1 ), Glitz * ( season 2 & 3 ) September 20, 2010 Claudia Pandolfo Ángel Sánchez Mariano Toledo ( mentor in Season 1 - 2 ) Jorge Duque Velez ( mentor season 3 ) Season 1 Jorge Duque Velez Season 2 Karin Koo Season 3 Matias Hernan Malaysia Project Runway Malaysia Bernie Chan 8TV August 3, 2007 Bernie Chan Datuk Bernard Chandran Season 1, 2007 Felix Chin Mongolia `` Project Runway Mongolia '' 2017 Season 1, 2017 Netherlands Project Catwalk Renate Verbaan ( season 1 & 2 ) Stacey Rookhuizen ( season 3 ) RTL 5 October 8, 2007 Simone Dernee ( season 1 ) Cecile Narinx ( season 2 ) Daryl van Wouw ( season 1 & 2 ) Olcay Gulsen ( season 3 ) Jan Taminiau ( season 3 ) Season 1, 2007 Django Steenbakker Norway Designerspirene Vendela Kirsebom TV3 February 26, 2007 -- May, 2007 Vendela Kirsebom Peter Løchstøer Petra Middelthon William Jensen ( mentor ) Season 1, 2005 - 2006 Daniel Sørensen Philippines Project Runway Philippines Teresa Herrera ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Tweetie De Leon ( 2011 -- present ) ETC SBN 21 Season 1 : July 30, 2008 -- November 12, 2008 Season 2 : August 12, 2009 -- December 2, 2009 Season 3 : March 25, 2012 -- May 13, 2012 Season 4 : June 14, 2015 -- August 2015 Apples Aberin - Sahdwani Rajo Laurel Jojie Lloren ( mentor ) Season 1, 2008 Aries Lagat Season 2, 2009 Manny Marquez Season 3, 2012 Milka Quin Redoble Season 4, 2015 Jose Joy Chicano Poland Project Runway Poland Anja Rubik TVN March 2, 2014 Anja Rubik Joanna Przetakiewicz Marcin Tyszka ( season 2 ) Mariusz Przybylski ( season 1 ) Tomasz Ossoliński ( mentor ) Season 1, 2014 Jakub `` Jacob '' Bartnik Season 2, 2015 Michał Zieliński Portugal Projecto Moda Nayma Mingas RTP1 July 25, 2010 -- September 26, 2010 Manuel Alves Fátima Cotta Cristina Pinho Paulo Gomes ( mentor ) Season 1, 2010 Carina Duarte Russia Проект Подиум Project Runway Russia Anna Sedokova MTV Russia October 8, 2011 Elena Sotnikova Leonid Alexeyev Pavel Kaplevich ( mentor ) Season 1, 2011 - 2012 Dmitry Neu South Korea 프로젝트 런웨이 코리아 Project Runway Korea Lee So - ra Onstyle February 7, 2009 Shin Yoo - jin Kim Seok - won Kan Ho - sup ( mentor ) 5 Season 1, 2009 Lee Woo - kyung Season 2, 2010 Jung Go - woun Season 3, 2011 Shin Joo - yeon Season 4, 2012 Kim Hye - ran All - Stars 1, 2015 Hwang Jae - geun Sweden Project Runway Sverige Sofi Fahrman TV3 October 1, 2012 Rossana Mariano Marcel Marongiu Rohdi Heintz ( mentor ) Season 1, 2012 Naim Josefi Taiwan Super Designer Li Jing TTV August 26, 2010 Ku Yu Wen Hong Wei Ming Lu Shu Fen Lin Li Wen Xiao Hong N / A Thailand Project Runway Thailand 2016 Season 1, 2016 : TBA Turkey Proje Moda Güzide Duran Star TV July 9, 2007 Cemil İpekçi Işın Görmüş Barbarossa United Kingdom Project Catwalk Elizabeth Hurley ( 2006 ) Kelly Osbourne ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Sky One 2006 -- 2008 Julien Macdonald Lorraine Candy ( 2006 ) Paula Reed ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Ben de Lisi ( mentor ) Season 1, 2006 Kirsty Doyle Season 2, 2007 Wayne Aveline Season 3, 2008 Jasper Garvida Vietnam Project Runway Vietnam Ngô Thanh Vân ( 2013 ) Trương Ngọc Ánh ( 2014 - 2015 ) VTV3 Season 1 : April 28 -- June 16, 2013 Season 2 : May 11, 2013 -- July 6, 2014 Season 3 : December 19, 2015 - January 30, 2016 Đỗ Mạnh Cường ( 2013 ) Chloe Dao ( 2013 ) Trần Nguyễn Thiên Hương ( 2013 - 2016 ) Nguyễn Công Trí ( 2014 - 2016 ) Nguyễn Thanh Tùng ( mentor ) Season 1, 2013 Hoàng Minh Hà Season 2, 2014 Lý Giám Tiền Season 3, 2015 - 2016 Nguyễn Tiến Truyển Project Runway Junior Vietnam TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA See also ( edit ) List of Project Runway contestants The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection Models of the Runway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Project Runway ''. Peabodyawards.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Project Runway Walks To Lifetime ; NBC Files Suit ''. Community.tvguide.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017. Jump up ^ Lafayette, Jon ( September 26, 2008 ). `` NBCU Wins Round in ' Project Runway ' Suit ''. Tvweek.com. Retrieved April 26, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Carter, Bill ( April 1, 2009 ). `` ' Project Runway ' Lawsuit Is Resolved ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Show Tracker ''. Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Holmes, Elizabeth ; Schechner, Sam ( April 2, 2009 ). `` ' Project Runway ' Will Move to Lifetime ''. The Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ `` Project Runway -- TV Shows -- Slice ''. Slice.ca. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Watson, Margeaux ( February 6, 2007 ). `` Tim Gunn on his new gig and what it means for ' Runway ' ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Scarlett, The ( March 12, 2008 ). `` Blogging Project Runway ''. Bloggingprojectrunway.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Monica. `` They 've Got the Project Runway Blues. '' Los Angeles Times. February 1, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Seeks Copyright Ruling in ' Runway ' Suit. '' TVWeek.Com, October 17, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Will Legal Battle Delay Project Runway? '' TV Guide, Nov 20, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Files ' Runway ' Countersuit. '' Variety, Nov 19, 2008 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Project Runway Season 7 index. MyLifetime.com. Retrieved on April 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Season 9 Premieres July 28 at 9 / 8c With 20 Designers, Plus the Inside Scoop on Heidi 's Poster Shoot '', Mylifetime.com, June 23, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Project Runway Launches 10th Season with Live Fashion Show ''. TV Guide. 2012 - 06 - 16. Retrieved June 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Tue, December 18, 2012 6 : 59pm EDT by hollywoodlifeintern ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ). `` Zac Posen Replaces Michael Kors As ' Project Runway ' Judge ''. Hollywood Life. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( June 21, 2013 ). `` Lifetime 's Emmy - Nominated ' Project Runway ' to Return for 12th Season July 18 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 28 July 2013. Jump up ^ Hughes, Jason ( August 23, 2013 ). `` ' Project Runway ' : Tim Gunn Uses His Save After A ' Foaming Vagina ' Dress Disaster On The Runway ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 October 2013. Jump up ^ Rovenstine, Dalene ( July 12, 2017 ). `` Project Runway : Meet the season 16 designers ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 12, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( 26 May 2016 ). `` ' Project Runway ' Renewed By Lifetime For 3 Seasons In Big Deal With Weinstein Co. That Includes ' All Stars ', ' Jr ' & ' Fashion Inc ' ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Project Runway : Fashion Startup Full Episodes, Video & More - Lifetime ''. Mylifetime.com. Retrieved 12 October 2017. Jump up ^ WWD, Marcy Medina ( 8 September 2016 ). `` ' Project Runway : Fashion Startup ' to debut on Lifetime ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 October 2017. External links ( edit ) UK version Official website at myLifetime.com Official website at FremantleMedia 's Site Project Runway on IMDb Project Runway at TV.com Project Runway Series Regular 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All Stars 5 6 Junior Winners Regular Jay McCarroll Chloe Dao Jeffrey Sebelia Christian Siriano Leanne Marshall Irina Shabayeva Seth Aaron Henderson Gretchen Jones Anya Ayoung - Chee Dmitry Sholokhov All Stars Mondo Guerra Seth Aaron Henderson Dmitry Sholokhov Fan Favorites Austin Scarlett Daniel Vosovic Mychael Knight Christian Siriano Christopher Straub Mondo Guerra Anya Ayoung - Chee Elena Slivnyak Finalists Regular Kara Saun Wendy Pepper Daniel Vosovic Santino Rice Uli Herzner Laura Bennett Mychael Knight Carol Hannah Whitfield Mila Hermanovski Bradon McDonald Candice Cuoco All Stars Michael Costello Austin Scarlett Uli Herzner Elena Slivnyak Korto Momolu Additional alumni Kevin Johnn Daniel Franco Kara Janx Nick Verreos Diana Eng Kayne Gillaspie Keith Michael Malan Breton Chris March Elisa Jimenez Steven Rosengard Jack Mackenroth Stephen `` Suede '' Baum Kelli Martin Nicolas Putvinski Dexter Simmons List of Project Runway contestants International versions Designerspirene Muodin huipulle Project Catwalk ( Netherlands ) Project Catwalk ( UK ) Projeto Fashion ( Brazil ) Project Runway Australia Project Runway Arab World Project Runway Canada Project Runway Israel Project Runway Korea Project Runway Latin America Project Runway Malaysia Project Runway Philippines Project Runway Poland Projecto Moda ( Portugal ) Project Runway Vietnam Spin - offs Project Runway : Fashion Startup Models of the Runway On the Road with Austin & Santino Project Accessory Project Runway : Threads Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style Under the Gunn Related Parsons The New School for Design Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising Lifetime original programming Former Dr. Ruth ( 1984 -- 91 ) Attitudes ( 1985 -- 91 ) The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd ( 1989 -- 91 ) Veronica Clare ( 1991 ) Born Lucky ( 1992 -- 93 ) Debt ( 1996 -- 98 ) Denise Austin 's Daily Workout ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Any Day Now ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Oh Baby ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Maggie ( 1998 ) Strong Medicine ( 2000 -- 06 ) The Division ( 2001 -- 04 ) For the People ( 2002 -- 03 ) 1 - 800 - Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) Wild Card ( 2003 -- 05 ) How Clean Is Your House? 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{ "text": "Orient Express - wikipedia Orient Express Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Orient Express ( disambiguation ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Orient Express Poster advertising the winter 1888 -- 1889 timetable Operation Train length 4 to 22 coaches The Orient Express was a long - distance passenger train service created in 1883 by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits ( CIWL ). The route and rolling stock of the Orient Express changed many times. Several routes in the past concurrently used the Orient Express name, or slight variations. Although the original Orient Express was simply a normal international railway service, the name became synonymous with intrigue and luxury travel. The two city names most prominently associated with the Orient Express are Paris and Constantinople ( Istanbul ), the original endpoints of the timetabled service. The Orient Express was a showcase of luxury and comfort at a time when travelling was still rough and dangerous. In 1977, the Orient Express stopped serving Istanbul. Its immediate successor, a through overnight service from Paris to Bucharest -- since 1991 only to Budapest, and in 2001 again shortened to Vienna -- ran for the last time from Paris on Friday, June 8, 2007. After this, the route, still called the `` Orient Express '', was shortened to start from Strasbourg instead, occasioned by the inauguration of the LGV Est which afforded much shorter travel times from Paris to Strasbourg. The new curtailed service left Strasbourg at 22 : 20 daily, shortly after the arrival of a TGV from Paris, and was attached at Karlsruhe to the overnight sleeper service from Amsterdam to Vienna. On 14 December 2009, the Orient Express ceased to operate and the route disappeared from European railway timetables, reportedly a `` victim of high - speed trains and cut - rate airlines ''. The Venice - Simplon Orient Express train, a private venture by Orient - Express Hotels Ltd. using original CIWL carriages from the 1920s and 1930s, continues to run from London to Venice and to other destinations in Europe, including the original route from Paris to Istanbul. Contents ( hide ) 1 Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) 2 Routes 3 Original train 4 Route legacy 5 Privately run trains using the name 6 CIWL phototheque and historical archives 7 In popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Music 7.5 Games and animation 7.6 Exhibitions 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) ( edit ) CIWL logo In 1882, Georges Nagelmackers, a Belgian banker 's son, invited guests to a railway trip of 2,000 km ( 1,243 mi ) on his `` Train Eclair de luxe '' ( `` lightning luxury train '' ). The train left Paris Gare de l'Est on Tuesday, October 10, 1882, just after 18 : 30 and arrived in Vienna the next day at 23 : 20. The return trip left Vienna on Friday, October 13, 1882, at 16 : 40 and, as planned, re-entered the Gare de Strasbourg at 20 : 00 on Saturday October 14, 1882. Georges Nagelmackers was the founder of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits, which expanded its luxury trains, travel agencies and hotels all over Europe, Asia and North Africa. Its most famous train remains the Orient - Express. The train was composed of : Baggage car Sleeping coach with 16 beds ( with bogies ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Restaurant coach ( nr. 107 ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Baggage car ( complete 101 ton ) The first menu on board ( October 10, 1882 ) : oysters, soup with Italian pasta, turbot with green sauce, chicken ' à la chasseur ', fillet of beef with ' château ' potatoes, ' chaud - froid ' of game animals, lettuce, chocolate pudding, buffet of desserts. Orient Express cars, 1930 Routes ( edit ) Historic routes of Orient Express -- the cross denotes the Simplon tunnel Original train ( edit ) The first Orient Express in 1883 On June 5, 1883, the first Express d'Orient left Paris for Vienna. Vienna remained the terminus until October 4, 1883. The train was officially renamed Orient Express in 1891. The original route, which first ran on October 4, 1883, was from Paris, Gare de l'Est, to Giurgiu in Romania via Munich and Vienna. At Giurgiu, passengers were ferried across the Danube to Ruse, Bulgaria, to pick up another train to Varna. They then completed their journey to Constantinople by ferry. In 1885, another route began operations, this time reaching Istanbul via rail from Vienna to Belgrade and Niš, carriage to Plovdiv and rail again to Istanbul. WL Orient Express In 1889, the train 's eastern terminus became Varna in Bulgaria, where passengers could take a ship to Constantinople. On June 1, 1889, the first direct train to Istanbul left Paris ( Gare de l'Est ). Istanbul remained its easternmost stop until May 19, 1977. The eastern terminus was the Sirkeci Terminal by the Golden Horn. Ferry service from piers next to the terminal would take passengers across the Bosphorus to Haydarpaşa Terminal, the terminus of the Asian lines of the Ottoman Railways. The onset of World War I in 1914 saw Orient Express services suspended. They resumed at the end of hostilities in 1918, and in 1919 the opening of the Simplon Tunnel allowed the introduction of a more southerly route via Milan, Venice and Trieste. The service on this route was known as the Simplon Orient Express, and it ran in addition to continuing services on the old route. The Treaty of Saint - Germain contained a clause requiring Austria to accept this train : formerly, Austria allowed international services to pass through Austrian territory ( which included Trieste at the time ) only if they ran via Vienna. The Simplon Orient Express soon became the most important rail route between Paris and Istanbul. Badge of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits on a car of the Orient Express The 1930s saw the Orient Express services at its most popular, with three parallel services running : the Orient Express, the Simplon Orient Express, and also the Arlberg Orient Express, which ran via Zürich and Innsbruck to Budapest, with sleeper cars running onwards from there to Bucharest and Athens. During this time, the Orient Express acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury, carrying sleeping - cars with permanent service and restaurant cars known for the quality of their cuisine. Royalty, nobles, diplomats, business people and the bourgeoisie in general patronized it. Each of the Orient Express services also incorporated sleeping cars which had run from Calais to Paris, thus extending the service right from one edge of continental Europe to the other. WL Golden Arrow The start of the Second World War in 1939 again interrupted the service, which did not resume until 1945. During the war, the German Mitropa company had run some services on the route through the Balkans, but Yugoslav Partisans frequently sabotaged the track, forcing a stop to this service. Following the end of the war, normal services resumed except on the Athens leg, where the closure of the border between Yugoslavia and Greece prevented services from running. That border re-opened in 1951, but the closure of the Bulgarian -- Turkish border from 1951 to 1952 prevented services running to Istanbul during that time. As the Iron Curtain fell across Europe, the service continued to run, but the Communist nations increasingly replaced the Wagon - Lits cars with carriages run by their own railway services. Luggage tag By 1962, the Orient Express and Arlberg Orient Express had stopped running, leaving only the Simplon Orient Express. This was replaced in 1962 by a slower service called the Direct Orient Express, which ran daily cars from Paris to Belgrade, and twice weekly services from Paris to Istanbul and Athens. In 1971, the Wagon - Lits company stopped running carriages itself and making revenues from a ticket supplement. Instead, it sold or leased all its carriages to the various national railway companies, but continued to provide staff for the carriages. 1976 saw the withdrawal of the Paris -- Athens direct service, and in 1977, the Direct Orient Express was withdrawn completely, with the last Paris -- Istanbul service running on May 19 of that year. The withdrawal of the Direct Orient Express was thought by many to signal the end of Orient Express as a whole, but in fact a service under this name continued to run from Paris to Bucharest as before ( via Strasbourg, Munich, and Budapest ). However, a through sleeping car from Paris to Bucharest -- and even eastwards from Vienna -- was only operated until 1982, and also a through seating car was only operated seasonally. This meant, that Paris -- Budapest and Vienna -- Bucharest coaches were running overlapped, so a journey was only possible with changing carriages -- despite the unchanged name and numbering of the train. In 1991 the Budapest - Bucharest leg of the train was canceled, the new final station has become Budapest. In the summer season of 1999 and 2000 a sleeping car from Bucharest to Paris reappeared twice a week -- now operated by CFR. This continued until 2001, when the service was cut back to just Paris -- Vienna, already in EuroNight quality -- but in both cases the coaches were in fact rather attached to a Paris -- Strasbourg express. This service continued daily, listed in the timetables under the name Orient Express, until June 8, 2007. With the opening of the LGV Est Paris -- Strasbourg high speed rail line on June 10, 2007, the Orient Express service was further cut back to Strasbourg -- Vienna, departing nightly at 22 : 20 from Strasbourg, and still bearing the name, but lost the number 262 / 263 which was owned since decades. The remains of the train had a convenient connection from / to the Strasbourg - Paris TGV, but due to the less flexible prices the changing has become less attractive. In the last years through coaches between Vienna and Karlsruhe ( continuing first to Dortmund, then to Amsterdam and finally -- partly from Budapest -- to Frankfurt ) were attached. The very last train with the name Orient - Express ( now with a hyphen ) has departed from Vienna at the 10th December 2009, and one day later from Strasbourg. The Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul Route Legacy ( edit ) Though the final service ran only from Strasbourg to Vienna, it was possible to retrace the entire original Orient Express route with four trains : Paris -- Strasbourg, Strasbourg -- Vienna, Vienna -- Belgrade and Belgrade - Istanbul, each of which were operated daily. Other routes from Paris to Istanbul exist even today, such as Paris -- Munich -- Budapest -- Bucharest -- Istanbul, or Paris -- Zürich -- Belgrade -- Istanbul, all of which have comparable travel times of approximately 60 hours without delays. Train services across the border to Turkey were stopped through several years due to construction works, but they were reintroduced in June 2017, however, ending in Istanbul 's suburb Halkali, from where a transfer bus is provided to the city centre. The luxurious dining car, where scenes for Murder on the Orient Express and other movies were filmed, is now in the OSE museum of Thessalonica. The local authorities plan to refit the train to make it available for tourist use around the Balkans in the near future. Privately run trains using the name ( edit ) In 1976 the Swiss travel company `` Intraflug AG '' has first hired, then also bought several CIWL - carriages, and operated them as Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express from Zürich to Istanbul. In 1983 the 100. anniversary of the Orient - Express was celebrated by a trip of this train from Paris to Istanbul, and in 1988 it has run to Hong Kong via the Soviet Union and China. From there it was transferred by ferry to Japan, and used there for some excursions after regauging. After the failure of the American European Express ( see below ) Intraflug has become bankrupt, and the carriages were taken over by the Reisebüro Mittelthurgau. The sleeping cars and some other coaches ( Pullmans, dining cars, luggage vans ) were transferred to Russia and used between Moscow and the Mongolian - Chinese border. ( The adjacent Chinese train was also branded for a while as China Orient Express, nowadays it 's known as Shangri - La Express. ) The remaining vehicles were used in Germany and Switzerland as diner trains until the company 's 2003 bankruptcy. Since then the trains are standing unused in different countries, as the new owners have got problems with operations due to a lawsuit about the usage rights of the name Orient Express. In 1982, the Venice - Simplon Orient Express was established as a private venture, running restored 1920s and 1930s carriages from London to Venice. This service runs between March and November, and is firmly aimed at leisure travellers, with tickets costing over $3,120 per person from London to Venice ( via Paris, Zürich, Innsbruck and Verona -- also despite its name the train is running via the Brenner Pass instead of the Simplon tunnel ) including meals. Two or three times a year Prague or Vienna and Budapest is also accessed, starting from Venice, and returning to Paris and London. Every September the train also goes from London and Paris to Istanbul via Budapest, Sinaia and Bucharest -- in the last three cities a sightseeing ( and in the two capitals an overnight in hotel ) also takes place -- the return trip on the same route ends up in Venice. While the above - mentioned routes are available in almost every years, some seasons have also included unique destinations, among them Cologne, Rome, Florence, Lucerne, the High Tatras, Cracow, Dresden, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Such a journey is provided currently to Berlin. Venice - Simplon Orient Express in Poland, in 2007 The company also offers a similarly themed luxury train in Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand called the Eastern and Oriental Express, and operates other luxury overnight trains in Scotland, Ireland and Peru. The Pullman Orient Express was established by the CIWL in 1994. This train has only Pullman and dining cars, but no sleepers. It 's used for gourmet trips in France. After the legal disputes about the name it was taken over by the SNCF and operated since then as Pullman Orient - Express. In North America, the American Orient Express, formerly the American European Express and later GrandLuxe Express, operated several train sets in charter service between 1989 and 2008. Orient Express poster CIWL phototheque and historical archives ( edit ) The CIWL archives contain more than 100 years of posters, photos, plans and communication material that represents a tremendous interest for cultural, academic or commercial projects. Creators and artists have been hired by CIWL since 1883 in order to create luxury conditions and comfort in travel, as well as a particular graphic style that is now recognized worldwide by its quality. Great efforts have been made to digitalize images ( photos, plans and posters ), although vast paper archives remain preserved, waiting to be sorted and classified in the future. As of today, available digital archives consist of more than 250 CIWL posters, 800 PLM posters and more than 6,000 archive photos, representing probably one of the most extensive poster collections in the world with works dating from the end of the 19th century to the late 1950s. These archives are regularly used for all types of publishing and media projects, all over the world, as well as cultural events ( see below : Exhibition ). Plan of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits teapot In popular culture ( edit ) The glamour and rich history of the Orient Express has frequently lent itself to the plot of books and films and as the subject of television documentaries. Literature ( edit ) Dracula ( 1897 ) by Bram Stoker : whilst Dracula escapes from England to Varna by sea, the cabal sworn to destroy him travels to Paris and takes the Orient Express, arriving in Varna ahead of him. Stamboul Train ( 1932 ) by Graham Greene The short story `` Have You Got Everything You Want? '' ( 1933 ), by Agatha Christie Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) by Agatha Christie is one of the best known stories related to the Orient Express. It takes place on the Simplon Orient Express. Oriënt - Express ( 1934 ) a novel by A. den Doolaard : it takes place in Macedonia. From Russia, with Love ( 1957 ) by Ian Fleming Travels with My Aunt ( 1969 ) by Graham Greene Paul Theroux ( 1975 ) devotes a chapter of The Great Railway Bazaar to his journey from Paris to Istanbul on the Direct - Orient Express. The Orient Express ( 1992 ) a novel by Gregor von Rezzori follows a European American who, having ridden the original Orient Express in his youth, returns late in life to ride the refurbished version. Flashman and the Tiger ( 1999 ) by George MacDonald Fraser : Sir Harry Paget Flashman travels on the train 's first journey as a guest of the journalist Henri Blowitz. The Orient Express appeared in the 2004 novel Lionboy and its sequel Lionboy : The Case by Zizou Corder. Charlie Ashanti was stowing away on the train on his way to Venice when he met King Boris of Bulgaria. The short story `` On the Orient, North '' by Ray Bradbury The Orient Express appeared as a technologically advanced ( for its time ) train in the book Behemoth, by Scott Westerfeld. Thea Stilton And The Mystery On The Orient Express by Elisabetta Dami Film ( edit ) Orient Express ( 1934 ) : film adaptation of Graham Greene 's Stamboul Train. Orient Express ( 1944 ) : Germany ; released on March 8, 1945, likely the last date a new movie was shown in Nazi Germany. Sleeping Car to Trieste ( 1948 ) : Film by the Rank Organization, story by Clifford Grey, a stolen diplomatic document is the quest of some various groups on the Orient Express from Paris to Trieste. Copyright by Two Cities Films LTD. Orient Express ( 1954 ), whose plot revolves around a two - day stop at a village in the Alps by passengers on the Orient Express. From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) : James Bond 's fight with a rival spy is set aboard the train. Istanbul Express ( 1968 ) : thriller, made for television, starring Gene Barry. Travels with My Aunt ( 1972 ) : Henry Pulling accompanies his aunt, Augusta Bertram, on a trip from London to Turkey. The two board the Orient Express in Paris ; the train takes them to Turkey ( though they disembark briefly at the Milan stop ). Minder on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) is a comedy / thriller television film made as a spin - off from the successful television series Minder. It was first broadcast on Christmas Day 1985, as the highlight of that year 's ITV Christmas schedule. Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ), ( 2001 ), ( 2010 ) and ( 2017 ) : Film adaptations of the Agatha Christie novel. Romance on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) : TV movie with Cheryl Ladd. 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Death, Deceit and Destiny Aboard the Orient Express ( 2000 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) : Mr. Fogg rides aboard the train to Istanbul. Orient Express ( 2004 ) WL agences de voyages Television ( edit ) Orient Express was a syndicated TV series in the early - to - mid-1950s. Filmed in Europe, its half - hour dramas featured such stars as Paul Lukas, Jean - Pierre Aumont, Geraldine Brooks, and Erich von Stroheim. Daylight Robbery on the Orient Express, an episode of the award - winning British comedy television series The Goodies was first broadcast on 5 October 1976 and is partially set aboard the train. Mystery on the Orient Express : a television special featuring illusionist David Copperfield. During the special, Copperfield rode aboard the train and, at its conclusion, made the dining car seemingly disappear. `` The Istambul Train '', `` Il treno d'Istanbul '' ( 1980 ) Hungarian - Italian television series `` Stamboul Train '' original title by Graham Greene ( 1932 ). `` Minder on the Orient Express '' ( 1985 ) : a special episode of the long - running ITV sit - com Minder. Whicker 's World -- Aboard The Orient Express : Travel journalist Alan Whicker joined the inaugural service of the Venice - Simplon Orient Express to Venice in 1982, interviewing invited guests and celebrities along the way. Gavin Stamp 's Orient Express : in 2007 UK 's Five broadcast an arts / travel series which saw the historian journey from Paris to Istanbul along the old Orient Express route. The 1987 cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles had an episode entitled `` Turtles on the Orient Express ''. As the title suggests it is primarily based on the train. The 1995 cartoon Madeline had an episode entitled Madeline on the Orient Express, where a chef stole a snake. The episode `` Emergence '' of the science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation partially takes place on a Holodeck representation of the Orient Express. On the May 15, 2007 broadcast of Jeopardy!, the think music was played by a person on the train 's piano, since the Final Jeopardy clue was about the Orient Express. In the British soap opera EastEnders, in 1986, characters Den and Angie Watts spent their honeymoon on the train. It was also where it was revealed that Angie was lying about her illness, preceding the ultimate storyline on Christmas Day 1986. `` Aboard the Orient Express '' Get Smart series 1, episode 13 is set on the Orient Express, though filmed on set. In one episode of the British cartoon series Danger Mouse, called `` Dangermouse on the Orient Express '' ( a parody of Murder on the Orient Express ), Dangermouse and Penfold travel on the train on their way back to London from Venice. Dangermouse 's arch enemy Greenback is also on the train. In an episode of the television series Chuck, Chuck and Sarah decide to go AWOL and take a trip on the Orient Express. At the end of the Doctor Who episode `` The Big Bang '', the Doctor receives a call for help from the `` Orient Express -- in space ''. This setting is used in the episode `` Mummy on the Orient Express '', including a reference to the ending of `` The Big Bang '', four years later. In episode 15 of television series Forever ( U.S. TV series ), Dr. Henry Morgan traveled from Budapest to Istanbul with his wife Abigail Morgan on his honeymoon in 1955. He performed an appendectomy on a member of the fictional Urkesh royalty. The Backyardigans episode `` Le Master of Disguise '' features the Orient Express, showing Uniqua, Pablo, Austin, Tasha, and Tyrone going to Istanbul from Paris. In an episode titled Murder on the Orient Express of Agatha Christie 's Poirot, Poirot investigates the murder of a shady American businessman stabbed in his compartment on the Orient Express when it is blocked by a blizzard in Croatia. Michael Palin 's Around The World In Eighty Days ( 1988 ). Michael Palin travelled on the Orient Express in episode 1 from London Victoria to Innsbruck using a ferry across the English Channel from Folkestone. The train did n't continue on to Venice because of a strike on the Italian railways. Music ( edit ) Alex Otterlei 's `` Horror on the Orient Express '' is inspired by the Call of Cthulhu RPG. The integral symphonic version was released on CD in 2002, a 26 - minute Suite for Concert Band was published in 2012. Orient Expressions : Musical group from Turkey who combine traditional Turkish music with elements of electronica. The Jean Michel Jarre album The Concerts in China has a track entitled `` Orient Express '' as track 1 of disc 2, though the relation to the train is unknown. A concert band piece, Orient Express is written by Philip Sparke. There was a band based in Hawaii called Liz Damon 's Orient Express. Games and animation ( edit ) Sources : The role - playing game Call of Cthulhu RPG used the train for one of its more famous campaigns, Horror on the Orient Express. The TSR role - playing game Top Secret had a 1983 module based on the Orient titled `` Operation Orient Express ''. Heart of China has a final sequence in the Orient Express. An action scene takes place on the roof. The Orient Express plays host to an adventure game by Jordan Mechner : The Last Express is a murder mystery game set around the last ride of the Orient Express before it suspended operations at the start of World War I. Robert Cath, an American doctor wanted by French police as he is suspected of the murder of an Irish police officer, becomes involved in a maelstrom of treachery, lies, political conspiracies, personal interests, romance and murder. The game has 30 characters representing a cross-section of European forces at the time. The Adventure Company developed a point - and - click adventure based on Agatha Christie 's novel, Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express. The 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon spent the better part of an episode on the train. In 1994 's season 1 episode of Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego? called, `` The Gold Old Bad Days '', Carmen Sandiego and her V.I.L.E. gang are given a challenge to do something low tech by The Player robbery. Carmen 's goal is the train. The train is featured in Microsoft Train Simulator, where its route is a 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) section from Innsbruck to Sankt Anton am Arlberg in Austria. The Orient Express was featured in two scenarios in the Railroad Tycoon series : In Railroad Tycoon II, players get to connect Paris to Constantinople in a territory buying challenge. In Railroad Tycoon 3 players need to connect Vienna to Istanbul. The Orient Express cars were made available for download to use in Auran 's Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 or later versions by the content creation group : FMA. In the game Crash Bandicoot 3 : Warped for PS1, the third level ( which is Asian - themed ) is named after Orient Express. The first scenes of The Raven : Legacy of a Master Thief, a 2013 game for PC, involve a mystery set amongst train carriages inspired by the Orient Express. The entire Orient Express set was used in the Facebook game, TrainStation. The Orient Express is a usable engine and caboose in the mobile game Tiny Rails. Exhibitions ( edit ) ( Il était une fois l'Orient Express, 30 April -- 22 June 2014. Arab World Institute, Paris, France See also ( edit ) Lists of named passenger trains Orient - Express Hotels The Last Express References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orient - Express Jump up ^ Orient Express : attention au départ ^ Jump up to : Zax, David ( 1 March 2007 ). `` A Brief History of the Orient Express ''. Smithsonian. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Calder, Simon ( 22 August 2009 ). `` Murder of the Orient Express -- End of the line for celebrated train service ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. ^ Jump up to : `` A History of the Orient Express ''. Agatha Christie Limited. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. Jump up ^ `` ' hidden europe ' magazine e-news Issue 2007 / 15 ''. 2007 - 06 - 07. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express Takes Its Final Trip ''. NPR. December 12, 2009. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26. Jump up ^ Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Jump up ^ Lambert, Anthony ( 21 January 2013 ). `` The Orient - Express : Great Train Journeys ''. The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. Jump up ^ Piegsa - quischotte, Inke. `` Memories of the Orient Express ''. Travel Through History. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Smith, Mark. `` A history of the Orient Express ''. Seat Sixty One. www.seat61.com. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express -- Across Europe from London to Istanbul ''. Eng Rail History. engrailhistory.info. Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Unauthorized use of CIWL property is illegal. For any request, contact www.wagons-lits-diffusion.com ^ Jump up to : Wagons - Lits Diffusion Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120972/releaseinfo?ref_=ttrel_ql_2 Jump up ^ Ninjaturtles : Turtles on the Orient Express Jump up ^ http://www.imarabe.org/exposition-ima-11859 Bibliography ( edit ) James B. Sherwood ; Ivan Fallon ( 13 April 2012 ). Orient - Express : A Personal Journey. Robson Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84954 - 187 - 9. Retrieved 13 March 2013. Further reading ( edit ) Orient Express : The Life and Times of the World 's Most Famous Train by EH Cookridge. Detail from a copy of the first publication of the book with black and white plates by Allen Lane London in 1979 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 1271 - 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orient Express. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Orient Express. Orient - Express Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Luxury Train Wagons - Lits Diffusion, management of CIWL brands and historical archives Brief youtube video about the VSOE Belmond Website `` Life Rides the Simplon - Orient Express '', Life, Sept. 11, 1950, pp. 137 - 145 `` Jack Birns photographs the Simplon Orient Express in 1950 : Part 2, France '', Retours, February 2013 - more photographs from the Life archives ; cutaway drawing of a sleeping car ; route map `` Simplon Orient Express, 1956 '', by Marcel Bluwal, film on YouTube posted by Retours.eu Collection PPCWL of Wagons - Lits objetcs NDL : 01187105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orient_Express&oldid=837205926 '' Categories : Orient Express 1883 establishments in Europe 2009 disestablishments in Europe International named passenger trains Night trains Ottoman railways Railway services introduced in 1883 Railway services discontinued in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 11 : 29. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Orient Express", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Orient_Express&amp;oldid=837205926" }

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{ "text": "Rip Van Winkle - wikipedia Rip Van Winkle Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Rip Van Winkle ( disambiguation ). Rip Van Winkle statue in Irvington, New York, not far from Tarrytown, the location of Sunnyside, the home of its author Washington Irving `` Rip Van Winkle '' is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819. It follows a Dutch - American villager in colonial America named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 years later, having missed the American Revolution. Irving wrote it while living in Birmingham, England as part of the collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The story is set in New York 's Catskill Mountains, but Irving later admitted, `` When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills. '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Characters 3 Composition and publication history 4 Themes and literary forerunners 5 Adaptations 5.1 Theater 5.2 Film 5.3 Music 5.4 Cartoons and animated films 5.5 Comics 5.6 Television 5.7 Poetry 6 In popular culture 6.1 Architecture 6.2 Beverages 6.3 Literature 6.4 Music 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Summary ( edit ) `` Rip Van Winkle '' is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War in a village at the foot of New York 's Catskill Mountains where Rip Van Winkle lives, a Dutch - American villager. One autumn day, Van Winkle wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf to escape his wife 's nagging. He hears his name called out and sees a man wearing antiquated Dutch clothing ; he is carrying a keg up the mountain and requires help. Together, the men and Wolf proceed to a hollow in which Rip discovers the source of thunderous noises : a group of ornately dressed, silent, bearded men who are playing nine - pins. Van Winkle does not ask who they are or how they know his name. Instead, he begins to drink some of their jenever and soon falls asleep. When he awakens on the mountain, he discovers shocking changes : his musket is rotting and rusty, his beard is a foot long, and his dog is nowhere to be found. He returns to his village, where he recognizes no one. He arrives just after an election, and people ask how he voted. Never having cast a ballot in his life, he proclaims himself a faithful subject of King George III, unaware that the American Revolution has taken place, and nearly gets himself into trouble with the townspeople until one elderly woman recognizes him as the long - lost Rip Van Winkle. King George 's portrait on the inn 's sign has been replaced with one of George Washington. Van Winkle learns that most of his friends were killed fighting in the American Revolution. He is also disturbed to find another man called Rip Van Winkle ; it is his son, now grown up. Van Winkle also discovers that his wife died some time ago but is not saddened by the news. He learns that the men whom he met in the mountains are rumored to be the ghosts of Henry Hudson 's crew from his ship the Halve Maen. He also realizes that he has been away from the village for at least 20 years. His grown daughter takes him in and he resumes his usual idleness. His strange tale is solemnly taken to heart by the Dutch settlers, particularly by the children who say that, whenever thunder is heard, the men in the mountains must be playing nine - pins. Characters ( edit ) Name Description Rip Van Winkle A henpecked husband who loathes `` profitable labor '' ; and a meek, easygoing, ne'er - do - well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing nine - pins. Dame Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle 's cantankerous and nagging wife. Rip Van Winkle, Jr. Rip Van Winkle 's ne'er - do - well son. Judith Gardenier Rip Van Winkle 's married daughter ; she takes her father in after he returns from his sleep. Derrick Van Bummel The local schoolmaster who went on to serve in American Revolution as a flag officer and later a member of Congress. Nicholas Vedder Landlord of the local inn where menfolk congregate. Van Schaick The local parson. Jonathan Doolittle Owner of the Union Hotel, the establishment that replaced the village inn. Wolf Van Winkle 's faithful dog, who does not recognize him when he wakes up. Man carrying keg up the mountain The ghost of one of Henry Hudson 's crew members. Ninepin bowlers The ghosts of Henry Hudson 's crewmen from his ship, the Half - Moon ; they share purple magic liquor with Rip Van Winkle and play a game of nine - pins. Brom Dutcher Van Winkle 's neighbor who went off to war while Van Winkle was sleeping. Old woman Woman who identifies Van Winkle when he returns to the village after his sleep. Peter Vanderdonk The oldest resident of the village, who confirms Van Winkle 's identity and cites evidence indicating Van Winkle 's strange tale is true. Mr. Gardenier Judith Gardenier 's husband, a farmer and crabby villager. Rip Van Winkle III Rip Van Winkle 's infant grandchild ; his mother is Judith Gardenier. Composition and publication History ( edit ) First installment of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. included `` Rip Van Winkle '' After a failed business venture with his brothers, Irving filed for bankruptcy in 1818. Despondent, he turned to writing for possible financial support, although he had difficulty thinking of stories to write. He stayed in Birmingham, England with his brother - in - law Henry Van Wart. The two were reminiscing in June 1818 when Irving was suddenly inspired by their nostalgic conversation. Irving locked himself in his room and wrote non-stop all night. As he said, he felt like a man waking from a long sleep. He presented the first draft of `` Rip Van Winkle '' to the Van Wart family over breakfast. `` Rip Van Winkle '' was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Irving asked his brother Ebeneezer to assist with publication in the United States. As Irving wrote, `` I shall feel very anxious to hear of the success of this first re-appearance on the literary stage -- Should it be successful, I trust I shall be able henceforth to keep up an occasional fire. '' 2,000 copies of the first octavo - sized installment, which included `` Rip Van Winkle '', were released on June 23, 1819, in Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, published by Cornelius S. Van Winkle, and sold at a somewhat expensive 75 cents. A British edition was published shortly afterward, by John Miller, who went out of business immediately thereafter. With help from his friend Walter Scott, Irving was able to convince John Murray to take over British publication of the Sketch Book. Themes and literary forerunners ( edit ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the tenth chapter of his book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, the third - century AD Greek historian Diogenes Laertius relates the story of the legendary sage Epimenides of Knossos, who was said to have been a shepherd on the island of Krete. One day, Epimenides followed after a sheep that had wandered off and, after becoming tired, went into a cave under Mount Ida and fell asleep. When he awoke, he continued searching for the sheep, but could not find it, so he returned to his father 's farm, only to discover that it was under new ownership. He went home, only to discover that the people there did not know him. Finally, he encountered his younger brother, who had become an old man, and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty - seven years. According to the different sources that Diogenes relates, Epimenides lived to be 154, 157, or 299 years old. Multiple sources have identified the story of Epimenides as the earliest known variant of the `` Rip Van Winkle '' fairy tale. In Christian tradition, there is a similar, well - known story of `` The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus '', which recounts a group of early Christians who hid in a cave circa 250 AD, to escape the persecution of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Decius. They fell into a miraculous sleep and woke some 200 years later during the reign of Theodosius II, to discover that the city and the whole Empire had become Christian. This Christian story is recounted by Islam and appears in a famous Sura of the Quran, Sura Al - Kahf. The version recalls a group of young monotheists escaping from persecution within a cave and emerging hundreds of years later. The story of `` Rip Van Winkle '' itself is widely thought to have been based on Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal 's German folktale `` Peter Klaus '', which is a shorter story set in a German village. It tells of a goatherd named Peter Klaus who goes looking for a lost goat. He finds some men drinking in the woods and, after drinking some of their wine, he falls asleep. When he wakes back up, twenty years have passed. In many ways, the story is a classic European faerie tale of a man who is actually rewarded for helping the faeries move their barrel. They advance him to a time in life where he is free of his nagging wife and is now old enough for it be respectable for him to take it easy and play with children, working when he wants to instead of when he has to, supported by his loving, grown children. The theme of independence is also explored ; the young Van Winkle lives in British America and is a subject of the King ; the old Van Winkle awakes in a country independent of the Crown. On a personal level, the awakened Van Winkle has gained another form of `` independence '' : being widowered from his shrewish wife. In Orkney, there is a similar folktale linked to the burial mound of Salt Knowe, adjacent to the Ring of Brodgar. A drunken fiddler on his way home hears music from the mound. He finds a way in and finds the trowes ( trolls ) having a party. He stays and plays for two hours, then makes his way home to Stenness, where he discovers 50 years have passed. The Orkney Rangers believe this may be one source for Washington Irving 's tale because his father was an Orcadian from the island of Shapinsay and would almost certainly have known the story. In Ireland, the story of Niamh and Oisin has a similar theme. Oisin falls in love with the beautiful Niamh and leaves with her on her snow white horse, bound for Tir Na nOg -- the land of the ever - young. Missing his family and friends, he asks to pay them a visit. Niamh lends him her horse, warning him never to dismount, and he travels back to Ireland. But 300 years have passed ; his family and fellow warriors are all dead. When Oisin encounters some men trying to move a boulder, he reaches down to help them, the girth of the horse 's saddle snaps, and he falls to the ground. Before the watching eyes of the men, he becomes a very, very old man. Author Joe Gioia suggests the basic plot strongly resembles, and may have originated with, an upstate New York Seneca legend of a young squirrel hunter who encounters the mystic `` Little People '', and after a night with them returns to his village to find it overgrown by forest and everyone gone : that single night had lasted a year. The story is also similar to the ancient Jewish Talmudic story about Honi the Circle - Maker ( Honi M'agel ), who falls asleep after asking a man why he is planting a carob tree which traditionally takes 70 years to mature, making it virtually impossible to ever benefit from the tree 's fruit. After this exchange, Honi falls asleep on the ground, is miraculously covered by a rock, and remains out of sight for 70 years. When he awakens, he finds a fully mature tree and learns he has a grandson. When nobody believes that he is Honi, he prays to God, and God takes him from this world. The story also bears some similarities to stories from east Asia, including the third century AD Chinese tale of `` Ranka '', as retold by Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals, and the eighth - century Japanese tale `` Urashima Tarō ''. The Hindu story of Muchukunda from the Bhagavatam also displays many similarities to the story of `` Rip Van Winkle ''. Adaptations ( edit ) Joseph Jefferson as Rip Van Winkle ( 1896 ) Classics Illustrated issue # 12 The story has been adapted for other media for the last two centuries, in cartoons, films, stage plays, music, and other media. Theater ( edit ) Actor Joseph Jefferson performed various dramatizations of the character on the 19th - century stage. He and Dion Boucicault wrote an adaptation which opened in London in 1865 and on Broadway in 1866. Film ( edit ) In 1896 Joseph Jefferson filmed a series of short films recreating scenes from his stage adaptations, which are collectively in the U.S. National Film Registry. Several other film adaptations have been produced. Music ( edit ) In 1882 Robert Planquette and H.B. Farnie premiered a romantic opera adaptation. The 1960s Tale Spinners For Children record series included a dramatization of the `` Rip Van Winkle '' story. Numerous modern songs have been written whose lyrics retell the story, including the 1961 song `` Rip Van Winkle '' by The Devotions, the 2006 song `` Rip Van Winkle '' by Witch, and `` Kaatskill Serenade '' by David Bromberg. In the Belle and Sebastian song `` I Could Be Dreaming '' an extract from `` Rip Van Winkle '' is read. Cartoons and animated films ( edit ) The cartoon, Have You Got Any Castles? ( 1938 ), depicts Rip Van Winkle trying to fall asleep in a cuckoo clock. The animated short Popeye Meets Rip Van Winkle ( 1941 ) features a caricature of Harpo Marx playing the harp. The story inspired an episode of The Flintstones entitled `` Rip Van Flintstone '', which originally aired on November 5, 1965. In it, Fred falls asleep at the Slate Company picnic and dreams he has awakened 20 years in the future as an old man. He notices various changes to his town of Bedrock and to his friends. Fred remarks that, `` Maybe I have fallen asleep for 20 years like in that Rip Van Winklestone story. '' The story was parodied in an episode of the Laurel and Hardy cartoon series entitled `` Flipped Van Winkles ''. Rip Van Winkle ( 1978 ), a claymation version of the story produced and directed by Will Vinton, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. An episode of the HBO show Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child gives a feminist retelling of the story as told from the point of view of Rip 's wife Vanna. The adaptation, starring Tom Arnold and Calista Flockhart and co-narrated by Gloria Steinem, is set in the 1960s, where Rip is a heavy metal rocker who often neglects his wife and child. Comics ( edit ) Issue 12 of Classics Illustrated retold the `` Rip Van Winkle '' story with various twists. In the Carl Barks comic Rip Van Donald ( 1950 ), Donald Duck 's nephews trick him into believing that he has been sleeping for 40 years, and has supposedly awakened in the then - future year of 1990. Donald expects to see a fabulous `` futuristic '' world, and the nephews must use various tricks to keep their prank going. Eventually Donald falls asleep and `` returns '' to 1950. Disney 's `` Rip van Goofy '' ( February 1, 1966 ) is a parody of `` Rip Van Winkle '', with Goofy portraying the character who sleeps for 20 years. When he awakens, no one remembers him except Mickey Mouse, once a child to whom Rip van Goofy told fantasy stories. In a 1988 issue of Boys ' Life, the Dink & Duff comic strip has the African - American Cub Scout Dink pondering the meaning of Americanism, only to lapse into a coma and awaken in 2068. A boy who addresses him as `` Rip van Dinkle '' explains that during the past 80 years the United States has been replaced by an authoritarian monarchy. Dink eventually awakens back in 1988. Television ( edit ) In the 16th episode of The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo ( original airdate January 16, 1965 ), Mr. Magoo ( voiced by Jim Backus ) plays Rip Van Winkle. In the Faerie Tale Theatre children 's television series, Francis Ford Coppola directed the 1987 episode `` Rip Van Winkle '' in which actor Harry Dean Stanton played the title role. Tales of Washington Irving, a one - hour animated television special from 1970, presented adaptations of `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' and `` Rip Van Winkle ''. The TV show Wishbone showed the dog imagining himself as the title character, complete with the men playing nine - pins and his mistaking the George Washington Inn for his old hangout, the King George Inn. Poetry ( edit ) A poem by Carol Ann Duffy - Mrs Rip Van Winkle, narrates the poetry from the perspective of Mrs. Winkle. In Popular culture ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) The Rip Van Winkle Bridge spans the Hudson River near Catskill, New York. Beverages ( edit ) Old Rip Van Winkle is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company. Pappy Van Winkle 's Family Reserve is the flagship brand of Bourbon whiskey owned by the `` Old Rip Van Winkle Distillery '' company, actually distilled and bottled by the Sazerac Company. Literature ( edit ) A character in the novel Darkness at Noon ( 1940 ) is nicknamed Rip Van Winkle because he spent 20 years imprisoned in solitary confinement. Music ( edit ) The American composer George Whitefield Chadwick wrote a concert overture entitled Rip Van Winkle in 1879, when he was a student in Leipzig. Composer Ferde Grofe spent 20 years working on a symphonic tone poem based on `` Rip Van Winkle '', eventually reworking the material into his Hudson River Suite. One of the movements is entitled `` Rip Van Winkle ''. See also ( edit ) Rip Van Wink from The Beano References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pierre M. Irving, The Life and Letters of Washington Irving, G.P. Putnam 's Sons, 1883, vol. 2, p. 176. Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew ( 2007 ). The Original Knickerbocker : The Life of Washington Irving. New York : Basic Books. p. 117. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00853 - 7. Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay ( 2008 ). Washington Irving : An American Original. New York : Arcade Books. p. 168. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 836 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Burstein, Andrew ( 2007 ). The Original Knickerbocker : The Life of Washington Irving. New York : Basic Books. p. 125. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00853 - 7. Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay ( 2008 ). Washington Irving : An American Original. New York : Arcade Books. pp. 168 -- 169. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 836 - 4. Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew ( 2007 ). The Original Knickerbocker : The Life of Washington Irving. New York : Basic Books. p. 120. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00853 - 7. Jump up ^ Jones, Brian Jay ( 2008 ). Washington Irving : An American Original. New York : Arcade Books. pp. 177 -- 178. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 836 - 4. Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew ( 2007 ). The Original Knickerbocker : The Life of Washington Irving. New York : Basic Books. pp. 149 -- 150. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00853 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Rothschild, Clare K. ( 2014 ). Paul in Athens : The Popular Religious Context of Acts 17. Tübingen, Germany : Mohr Siebeck. pp. 40 -- 42. ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 153260 - 3. ^ Jump up to : Hansen, William ( 2017 ). The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. pp. 132 -- 133. ISBN 9780691170152. Jump up ^ Laertius, Diogenes & Hick, R.D. ( translator ) ( 1972 ). Lives of Eminent Philosophers : Books I-V. Cambridge : Harvard. p. 115. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Welch, Deshler ( 9 May 1887 ). The Theater. 3. New York City, New York : Theatre Publishing Company. p. 139. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : Thorn, John. `` Saint Rip ''. nyfolklore.org. Voices : The Journal of New York Folklore. Retrieved 21 June 2017. Jump up ^ Bates, Alfred ( 1906 ). The Drama ; Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization : American Drama. 20. London, England : Historical Publishing Company. p. 121. Retrieved 21 June 2017. Jump up ^ Quran Surah Al - Kahf Jump up ^ `` Surat Al - Kahf ( 18 : 9 - 26 ) ''. The Holy Qur'an -- القرآن الكريم. Jump up ^ A translation of the tale is available on Wikisource : Peter the Goatherd. Jump up ^ Gioia, Joe ( 2013 ). The Guitar and the New World : A Fugitive History. State University of New York Press. pp. 188 -- 191. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4617 - 2. The story of the young hunter and the Great Little People, whose single night is that of a human year, became Irving 's satire on progress and a portrait of the fundamental strangeness of change. Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Taanit 23a Hebrew / Aramaic text at Mechon - Mamre Jump up ^ `` Muchukunda ''. Mythfolklore.net. October 16, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Chapter 51 ''. Vedabase.net. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Jefferson, Joseph ; Boucicault, Dion ( 1895 ). Rip Van Winkle ( Introduction ). Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 401 -- 403. Retrieved 23 May 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hischak, Thomas S. ( 2012 ). American Literature on Stage and Screen. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland and Company. pp. 197 -- 198. Retrieved 23 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` IMDb Pro : Rip Van Flintstone Business Details ''. pro.imdb.com. July 27, 2007. Retrieved October 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Will Vinton 's Personal Website ''. Willvinton.net. Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Rip van Goofy ''. Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories ( 5 ). Gold Key. 26 ( 305 ). February 1, 1966. Jump up ^ Moore, Scott ( November 5, 1995 ). `` In Dogged Pursuit of Literacy ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ Mendoza, Manuel ( October 8, 1995 ). `` Tales Wag ` Wishbone ' To Lure Kids To Classics ''. The Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Sources ( edit ) Irving, Washington & Wyeth, N.C. ( illustrator ) ( 1921 ). Rip Van Winkle ( e-book ed. ). CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) at the Internet Archive Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. Bartleby ( e-book ed. ). Irving, Washington ( 1946 ). Rip Van Winkle. KiddieRecords ( Audiobook ed. ). Rip Van Winkle ( film ed. ). 1896. at the Internet Archive ' Karl Katz ', a comparison. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Irving, Washington ( 1948 ). Rip Van Winkle ( Radio adaptation ed. ). Theatre Guild on the Air. Internet Archive Further reading ( edit ) `` ' Rip Van Winkle ' and ' The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ' -- Irving 's Fictions of Revolution ''. cowbeech.force9.co.uk. `` ' Rip Van Winkle ' Study Guide ''. Cummings Study Guides. `` Washington Irving in Birmingham ''. Birmingham.gov.uk. External links ( edit ) The full text of Rip Van Winkle at Wikisource Media related to Rip Van Winkle at Wikimedia Commons Rip Van Winkle public domain audiobook at LibriVox American folklore and tall tales Folkloric figures Alfred Bulltop Stormalong Annie Christmas Br'er Rabbit Brother Jonathan Casey at the Bat Casey Jones Cordwood Pete Evangeline Feathertop Febold Feboldson Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox Ichabod Crane Joe Magarac John Henry Johnny Kaw Mose Humphrey Ola Värmlänning Ole Pete Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox Pecos Bill Rip Van Winkle Santa Claus Tony Beaver Uncle Sam Windwagon Smith Fearsome critters Agropelter Axehandle hound Ball - tailed cat Cactus cat Fur - bearing trout Glawackus Hidebehind Hodag Hoop snake Jackalope Jersey Devil Joint snake Sidehill gouger Skunk ape Snallygaster Splintercat Squonk Teakettler Wampus cat Legends Bloodstopping Confederate gold Fountain of Youth Lincoln 's ghost Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Seven Cities of Gold White Lady Washington Irving Short story collections The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. ( 1819 -- 20 ) `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' `` Rip Van Winkle '' Bracebridge Hall ( 1822 ) Tales of a Traveller ( 1824 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' Tales of the Alhambra ( 1832 ) Biography and history The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ( 1828 ) Mahomet and His Successors ( 1849 ) Astoria ( 1836 ) Other Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent. ( 1802 ) Salmagundi ( 1807 -- 08 ) Related Sunnyside ( home and museum ) Washington Irving Memorial Irving Literary Society William Irving ( brother ) Peter Irving ( brother ) Washington Irving 's `` Rip Van Winkle '' ( 1819 ) Film Rip Van Winkle ( 1903 ) Rip 's Dream ( 1905 ) Rip Van Winkle ( 1910 ) Rip Van Winkle ( 1912 ) Rip Van Winkle ( 1921 ) Other Rip Van Winkle ( operetta ) `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' BNF : cb12538078s ( data ) GND : 4540577 - 3 LCCN : n86141680 SUDOC : 034646981 VIAF : 184322581 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rip_Van_Winkle&oldid=841963696 '' Categories : Rip Van Winkle American folklore Characters in short stories Male characters in literature Fictional American people of Dutch descent New York ( state ) in fiction Short stories by Washington Irving Sleep in fiction 1819 short stories Ghosts in written fiction Short stories adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018, at 07 : 59. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Rip Van Winkle", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rip_Van_Winkle&amp;oldid=841963696" }

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{ "text": "Robin Ward ( singer ) - wikipedia Robin Ward ( singer ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. ( January 2018 ) Robin Ward Birth name Jacqueline McDonnell Also known as Jackie Ward 1941 ( age 76 -- 77 ) Hawaii, USA Genres Pop, TV theme songs, Movie songs, Advertising Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Voice Years active 1954 -- 1979 Labels Dot Records Associated acts Partridge Family, Ray Conniff Singers, Ron Hicklin Singers Jackie Ward ( born Jacqueline McDonnell, 1941 ), better known as Robin Ward, is an American singer, regarded as a `` one - hit wonder '' of 1963 million - selling song `` Wonderful Summer ''. However, using her real name she was highly accomplished and successful singing in groups. Ward 's voice is heard in U.S. television series, motion pictures, advertisements, and pop records. She is one of the real singers of the hits attributed to The Partridge Family. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 `` Wonderful Summer '' 1.3 Post `` Robin Ward '' TV, movies, and records singing 1.4 The Partridge Family 2 References 3 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Ward was born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941 to a military family in Hawaii ( her father served in the US Navy ) and raised in Nebraska. Her first public singing performances were with her two sisters in a Nebraska church when she was eight years old. After the trio won a national talent search run by Horace Heidt, they moved to Los Angeles to seek work in the music industry. At the age of 13, Ward was hired by Los Angeles television station KTLA to sing on a Your Hit Parade - like program, Bandstand Revue ; Ward performed popular hits for four years. Then she started a career of singing on demo and released recordings. One 1962 session was singing the `` la la la '' parts in Pat Boone 's `` Speedy Gonzales '', which became a million - selling single. ( Elton John said the `` hook '' in his best - selling single `` Crocodile Rock '' was inspired by Ward 's `` Speedy Gonzales '' vocal. ) `` Wonderful Summer '' ( edit ) In 1963, songwriter - producer Perry Botkin Jr. hired Jackie Ward to make a demo recording of `` Wonderful Summer '', a song he wrote with co-writer and co-producer Gil Garfield. The purpose of a demo is to persuade `` name '' singers to record a song by demonstrating how it might be done. After recording Ward 's vocal at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, Botkin thought it might sound better if her voice was higher - pitched, so he sped up the recording by wrapping splicing tape around the capstan of the machine. Botkin realized the finished recording, with bird and surf sound effects added, was good enough to release as a pop music single. But because the sped - up singing sounded younger than 21 - year - old Jackie Ward, she suggested using her daughter 's first name Robin on the record label. That fall, `` Wonderful Summer '' was released by Dot Records as a 45rpm single. Sales exceeded one million copies in the United States, propelling the record to # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of December 14 -- 21, 1963. An album followed, with limited success. Jackie Ward made additional `` Robin Ward '' recordings, including a duet with radio DJ Wink Martindale, another Dot Records artist. In 1964 Ward released the single `` Winter 's Here '', which reached # 123 on the Billboard chart. Because `` Wonderful Summer '' is her only Hot 100 hit, the singer named Robin Ward is considered a one - hit - wonder. However, while the public did not know Jackie 's real name, many of her other recordings were and still are widely heard. Post `` Robin Ward '' TV, movies, and records singing ( edit ) As her young - sounding Robin Ward records were disappearing from radio play, Jackie Ward 's grown - up singing career was expanding. At times in 1960s - 1970s she could be heard almost everywhere. In the early to mid-1960s Jackie was one of the singers on The Red Skelton Show and The Danny Kaye Show, and later, on The Carol Burnett Show. In the 1970s she sang on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. Ward sang in hundreds of commercials, most notably for Rice - a-Roni ( `` The San Francisco treat '' ). Ward 's voice is heard in dozens of television theme songs, including Flipper, Batman, Love, American Style, Maude ( with Donny Hathaway providing the lead vocal ), and The Partridge Family. By her own estimate, Ward 's voice can be heard in `` maybe 800 '' films. Among the notable are her voice dubbed as Natalie Wood singing Academy Award - nominated song `` Sweetheart Tree '' from movie The Great Race, as Wood in Inside Daisy Clover, and as Janet Leigh in An American Dream. Ward is the singing voice of Cindy Bear in Hey There, It 's Yogi Bear!, and the Singer in Charlotte 's Web. In 1965 movie Beach Blanket Bingo, Ward sings `` New Love '' and `` Fly Boy '', lip - synched by actor Linda Evans. Along with her TV, movie and advertising singing, Ward is heard on hundreds of pop recordings, including backing Barbra Streisand on `` Stoney End ''. and other major recording artists including Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Gordon Lightfoot, the Carpenters, Cass Elliot, and Joan Baez. Ward did broadcast recordings of musicals Hair, Grease, Annie, and Hello Dolly. Ward sang a duet with Allan Sherman on his song Here 's To the Crabgrass from his 1963 comedy album My Son The Nut. In 1967, she sang on Gábor Szabó 's album for Impulse!, Wind, Sky And Diamonds, as a member of The California Dreamers. Ward also sang alto in vocal groups heard on many hit records and popular albums, including the Anita Kerr Singers and the Ron Hicklin Singers ( who anonymously made many hit records beyond the Partridge Family ). As a member of the Ray Conniff Singers, Ward recorded several lead and solo vocals. The Partridge Family ( edit ) Ward 's longest - lasting contribution might be The Partridge Family TV show and hit records, where she is heard but not seen or identified. Other than show star David Cassidy ( and star Shirley Jones on a couple of songs ), none of the actors participated in singing or playing the songs ; on camera they lip - synced and pretended to play instruments while the soundtrack is actually recordings by session musicians. Ward was in the Ron Hicklin Singers vocal group, along with brothers John Bahler and Tom Bahler, and Ron Hicklin. With Cassidy singing lead, this group did all the TV show performances and records credited to the Partridge Family ( along with session instrumental musicians who became known as the Wrecking Crew ). Since the public did not know who really created the many Partridge Family songs that became big hits, Ward again was anonymous. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Jackie Ward, part 1 ''. www.cmongethappy.com. Jump up ^ `` Crocodile Rock by Elton John Songfacts ''. www.songfacts.com. Jump up ^ Spectropop, Friends of. `` Spectropop Group Discussion Archives : Digest Number 40 - 19 Sep 2000 ''. www.spectropop.com. Jump up ^ `` Digital Videos - Episodes ( TV Series ) - VH1 ''. VH1. External links ( edit ) An Interview with Jackie Ward WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2005020436 VIAF : 34183083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Ward_(singer)&oldid=865063923 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people American female singers American pop singers Dot Records artists Singers from Hawaii Singers from Nebraska 20th - century American singers 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2018 All articles needing rewrite Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018, at 13 : 41 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Robin Ward (singer)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Robin_Ward_(singer)&amp;oldid=865063923" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ". ( January 2018 ) Robin Ward Birth name Jacqueline McDonnell Also known as Jackie Ward 1941 ( age 76 -- 77 ) Hawaii, USA Genres Pop, TV theme songs, Movie songs, Advertising Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Voice Years active 1954 -- 1979 Labels Dot Records Associated acts Partridge Family, Ray Conniff Singers, Ron Hicklin Singers Jackie Ward ( born Jacqueline McDonnell, 1941 ), better known as Robin Ward, is an American singer, regarded as a `` one - hit wonder '' of 1963 million - selling song `` Wonderful Summer ''. However, using her real name she was highly accomplished and successful singing in groups. Ward 's voice is heard in U.S. television series, motion pictures, advertisements, and pop records. She is one of the real singers of the hits attributed to The Partridge Family. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 `` Wonderful Summer '' 1.3 Post `` Robin Ward '' TV, movies, and records singing 1.4" ], "id": [ "8937367246132360738" ], "short_answers": [ "Jackie Ward" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Casey Kasem - wikipedia Casey Kasem Jump to : navigation, search Casey Kasem Kasem at the 1989 Emmy Awards Kemal Amin Kasem ( 1932 - 04 - 27 ) April 27, 1932 Detroit, Michigan, U.S. June 15, 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) ( aged 82 ) Gig Harbor, Washington, U.S. Cause of death Complications from Lewy body dementia Resting place Oslo Western Civil Cemetery in Oslo, Norway Education Northwestern High School Alma mater Wayne State University Occupation Disc jockey, music historian, radio personality, voice actor, actor Years active 1954 -- 2010 Spouse ( s ) Linda Myers ( m. 1972 ; div. 1979 ) Jean Thompson ( m. 1980 ; his death 2014 ) Children Kerri, Julie, Mike ( with Myers ) Liberty ( with Thompson ) Signature Kemal Amin `` Casey '' Kasem ( April 27, 1932 -- June 15, 2014 ) was an American disc jockey, music historian, radio personality, voice actor, and actor, known for being the host of several music radio countdown programs, most notably American Top 40, from 1970 until his retirement in 2009, and for providing the voice of Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers in the Scooby - Doo franchise from 1969 to 1997, and again from 2002 until 2009. Kasem co-founded the American Top 40 franchise in 1970, hosting it from its inception to 1988, and again from 1998 to 2004. Between January 1989 and early 1998, he was the host of Casey 's Top 40, Casey 's Hot 20, and Casey 's Countdown. From 1998 to 2009, Kasem also hosted two adult contemporary spin - offs of American Top 40 : American Top 20 and American Top 10. In addition to his radio shows, Kasem provided the voice of many commercials, performed many voices for Sesame Street, provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail, was `` the voice of NBC '', and helped out with the annual Jerry Lewis telethon. He provided the cartoon voices of Robin in `` The Adventures of Batman and Robin '' and Super Friends, Mark on Battle of the Planets, and a number of characters for the Transformers cartoon series of the 1980s. In 2008, he was the voice of Out of Sight Retro Night which aired on WGN America but was replaced by rival Rick Dees. After 40 years, Kasem retired from his role of voicing Shaggy in 2009, although he did voice Shaggy 's father in the 2010 TV series Scooby - Doo! Mystery Incorporated. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 2.3 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 2.4 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run 3 Personal life 4 Illness and death 5 Honors 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Kasem was born in Detroit, Michigan, on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese Druze immigrant parents, who had settled in Michigan, where they worked as grocers. Kasem was named after Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a man Kasem said his father respected. In the 1940s, `` Make Believe Ballroom '' reportedly inspired Kasem to follow a career in radio and later host a national radio hits countdown show. Kasem received his first experience in radio covering sports at Northwestern High School in Detroit. He then went to Wayne State University for college. While at Wayne State, he voiced children on radio programs such as The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon. In 1952, Kasem was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Korea. There, he worked as a DJ / announcer on the Armed Forces Radio Korea Network. Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) After the war, Kasem began his professional broadcasting career in Flint, Michigan. From there, he spent time in Detroit as a disc jockey for radio station WJBK - AM ( and doing such shows as The Lone Ranger and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon ) ; WYSL in Buffalo, New York ; and a station in Cleveland before moving to California. At KYA in San Francisco, the general manager first suggested he tone down his ' platter patter ' and talk about the records instead. Kasem demurred at first, because it was not what was normally expected in the industry. At KEWB in Oakland, California, Kasem was both the music director and on - air personality. He created a show which mixed in biographical tidbits about the artists ' records he played, and attracted the attention of Bill Gavin who tried to recruit him as a partner. After Kasem joined KRLA in Los Angeles in 1963, his career really started to blossom and he championed the R&B music of East L.A. Kasem earned roles in a number of low - budget movies and acted on radio dramas. While hosting `` dance hops '' on local television, he attracted the attention of Dick Clark who as a producer hired him to co-host a daily teenage music show called Shebang starting in 1964. Kasem appeared in network TV series including Hawaii Five - O and Ironside. In 1967, Kasem appeared on The Dating Game, and played the role of `` Mouth '' in the motorcycle gang film The Glory Stompers. In 1969, he played the role of `` Knife '' in the `` surfers vs. bikers '' film Wild Wheels, and had a small role in another biker movie, The Cycle Savages, starring Bruce Dern and Melody Patterson. Kasem 's voice was, however, always the key to his career. At the end of the 1960s, he began working as a voice actor. In 1969, he started one of his most famous roles, the voice of Shaggy on Scooby - Doo, Where Are You!. He also voiced the drummer Groove from The Cattanooga Cats that year. In 1964, Kasem had a minor hit single called `` Letter From Elaina ''. A spoken - word recording, it told the story of a girl who met George Harrison after a San Francisco concert. 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 ( edit ) On July 4, 1970, Kasem, along with Don Bustany, Tom Rounds, and Ron Jacobs, launched the weekly radio program American Top 40 ( AT40 ). At the time, top 40 radio was on the decline as DJs preferred to play album - oriented progressive rock. Loosely based on the TV program Your Hit Parade, the show counted down from # 40 on the pop charts to # 1 -- the first # 1 was Three Dog Night 's `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' -- based on the Billboard Hot 100 each week. The show, however, was not just about the countdown. Kasem mixed in biographical information about the artists, flashback, and `` long - distance dedication '' segments where he read letters written by listeners to dedicate songs of their choice to far away loved ones. He often included trivia facts about songs he played and artists whose work he showcased. Frequently, he mentioned a trivia fact about an unnamed singer before a commercial break, then provided the name of the singer after returning from the break. Kasem ended the program with his signature sign - off, `` Keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars. '' The show debuted on seven stations, but on the back of Kasem 's `` always friendly and upbeat '' baritone voice it soon went nationwide. In October 1978, the show expanded from three hours a week to four. American Top 40 's success spawned several imitators including a weekly half - hour music video television show, America 's Top 10, hosted by Kasem himself. `` When we first went on the air, I thought we would be around for at least 20 years, '' he later remarked. `` I knew the formula worked. I knew people tuned in to find out what the No. 1 record was. '' Due to his great knowledge of music, Kasem became known as not just a disc jockey, but also a music historian. In 1971, Kasem provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail. In the same year, he appeared in the low - budget film The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant, in what was probably his best remembered acting role. From 1973 until 1985, he voiced Robin on several SuperFriends franchise shows. In 1980, he voiced Merry in The Return of the King. He also voiced Alexander Cabot III on Josie and the Pussycats and Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space, and supplied a number of voices for Sesame Street. In the late 1970s, Kasem portrayed an actor who imitated Columbo in the Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries two - part episode `` The Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom. '' He portrayed a golf commentator in an episode of Charlie 's Angels titled `` Winning is for Losers '', and appeared on Police Story, Quincy, M.E., and Switch. In 1977 he was initially hired as the narrator for the ABC sitcom Soap, but quit after the pilot episode due to the content. Rod Roddy took his place on the program. In 1984, Kasem made a cameo in Ghostbusters, reprising his role as the host of American Top 40. For a period in the late 1970s, Kasem was also the staff announcer for the NBC television network. 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 ( edit ) In 1988, Kasem left American Top 40 due to a contract dispute with ABC Radio Network. He signed a five - year, $15 million contract with Westwood One and started Casey 's Top 40 which used a different chart - the Radio & Records Contemporary ( CHR ) / Pop radio airplay chart ( making it feature exactly the same song positions as the Rick Dees Weekly Top 40, which used the same chart at the time ), to determine the top 40. He also hosted two shorter versions of the show : Casey 's Hot 20 and Casey 's Countdown. During the late 1990s, Kasem hosted the Radio Hall of Fame induction ceremony. Kasem voiced Mark in Battle of the Planets and several Transformers characters : Bluestreak, Cliffjumper, Teletraan I and Dr. Arkeville. He left Transformers during the third season due to what he perceived as offensive caricatures of Arabs and Arab countries. In a 1990 article, he explained : A few years ago, I was doing one of the voices in the TV cartoon series, Transformers. One week, the script featured an evil character named Abdul, King of Carbombya. He was like all the other cartoon Arabs. I asked the director, ' Are there any good Arabs in this script for balance? ' We looked. There was one other -- but he was no different than Abdul. So, I told the show 's director that, in good conscience, I could n't be a part of that show. From 1989 to 1998, Kasem hosted Nick at Nite 's New Year 's Eve countdown of the top reruns of the year. He also made cameo appearances on Saved by the Bell and ALF in the early 1990s. In 1997, Kasem quit his role as Shaggy in a dispute over a Burger King commercial, with Billy West and Scott Innes taking over the character in the late 1990s and early 2000s. 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run ( edit ) The original American Top 40, hosted by Shadoe Stevens after Kasem 's departure, was cancelled in 1995. Kasem regained the rights to the name in 1997, and the show was back on the air in 1998, on the AMFM Network ( later acquired by Premiere Radio Networks ). At the end of 2003, Kasem announced he would be leaving AT40 once his contract expired the following month and would be replaced by Ryan Seacrest. He agreed to a new contract to continue hosting his weekly adult contemporary countdown shows in the interim, which at the time were both titled American Top 20. In 2005 Kasem renewed his deal with Premiere Radio Networks to continue hosting his shows, one of which had been reduced to ten songs and had, appropriately, been retitled American Top 10 to reflect the change. In April 2005, a television special called American Top 40 Live aired on the Fox network, hosted by Seacrest, with Kasem appearing on the show. In 2008, Kasem did the voice - over for WGN America 's Out of Sight Retro Night. He was also the host of the short - lived American version of 100 % during the 1998 -- 99 season. In June 2009, Premiere announced it would no longer produce Kasem 's two remaining countdowns and end their eleven - year relationship. Kasem decided not to try to bring his show to another syndicator or find a replacement host to continue the show and, citing a desire to explore other avenues in his life such as writing a memoir, the 77 - year old Kasem sent out a press release during the last week of June that he would be retiring from radio on July 4 weekend, the thirty - ninth anniversary of the first ever countdown he presided over. Kasem also performed TV commercial voice - overs throughout his career, appearing in more than 100 commercials in all. In 2002, Kasem reprised the role of Shaggy when it was determined the character would be a vegetarian. In 2009, he retired from voice acting, with his final performance being the voice of Shaggy in Scooby - Doo! and the Samurai Sword. He did voice Shaggy again for `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '', but went uncredited by his request. Although officially retired from acting, he provided the voice of Colton Rogers, Shaggy 's father, on a recurring basis for the 2010 -- 2013 series Scooby - Doo! Mystery Incorporated, again uncredited at his request. As for his recognizable voice quality, `` It 's a natural quality of huskiness in the midrange of my voice that I call ' garbage, ' '' he stated to The New York Times. `` It 's not a clear - toned announcer 's voice. It 's more like the voice of the guy next door. '' Personal life ( edit ) Kasem was a devout vegan, supported animal rights and environmental causes, and was a critic of factory farming. He initially quit voicing Shaggy in the late 1990s, when asked to voice Shaggy in a Burger King commercial, returning in 2002 after negotiating to have Shaggy become a vegetarian. Kasem was active in politics for years, supporting Lebanese - American and Arab - American causes, an interest which was triggered by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. He wrote a brochure published by the Arab American Institute entitled `` Arab - Americans : Making a Difference ''. He turned down a position in season three of Transformers because of the show 's plot portraying `` evil Arabs ''. He also called for a fairer depiction of heroes and villains, on behalf of all cultures, in Disney 's 1994 sequel to Aladdin called The Return of Jafar. In 1996, he was honored as `` Man of the Year '' by the American Druze Society. Kasem campaigned against the Gulf War, advocating non-military means of pressuring Saddam Hussein into withdrawing from Kuwait, was an advocate of Palestinian independence and arranged conflict resolution workshops for Arab Americans and Jewish Americans. A political liberal, he narrated a campaign ad for George McGovern 's 1972 presidential campaign, hosted fundraisers for Jesse Jackson 's presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988, supported Ralph Nader for U.S. President in 2000, and supported progressive Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns. Kasem supported a number of other progressive causes, including affordable housing and the rights of the homeless. Kasem was married to Linda Myers from 1972 to 1979 ; they had three children : Mike, Julie, and Kerri Kasem. Kasem and his wife Jean at the 1993 Emmy Awards Kasem was married to actress Jean Thompson from 1980 until his death. They had one child, Liberty Jean Kasem. In 1989, Kasem purchased a home built in 1954 and located at 138 North Mapleton Drive, previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie, as a birthday present for his wife Jean. In 2013, he listed it for US $43 million. Illness and death ( edit ) In October 2013, Kerri Kasem said her father was suffering from Parkinson 's disease, which a doctor had diagnosed in 2007 ; a few months later, she said he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia, which is often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson 's. Due to his condition, he was no longer able to speak during his final months. As his health worsened in 2013, Jean Kasem prevented any contact with her husband, particularly from his children by his first marriage. On October 1, Kerri, Mike and Julie protested in front of the Kasem home, having not been allowed contact with their father for three months ; some of Casey Kasem 's long - time friends and colleagues, along with his brother Mouner, also joined the demonstration. The eldest Kasem children sought conservatorship over their father 's care, with Julie and her husband Jamil Aboulhosn filing the papers ; the court denied their petition in November. Kasem was removed from a Santa Monica, California nursing home by his wife on May 7, 2014. On May 12, Kerri Kasem was granted temporary conservatorship over her father, despite her stepmother 's objection. The court also ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem 's whereabouts, after his wife 's attorney told the court Casey was `` no longer in the United States ''. He was found soon afterward in Washington state. On June 6, 2014, Kasem was reported to be in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state, receiving antibiotics for bedsores and treatment for high blood pressure. It was revealed that he had been bedridden for some time. A judge ordered separate visitation times due to antagonism between Jean Kasem and his children from his first wife. Judge Daniel S. Murphy ruled that Kasem had to be hydrated, fed, and medicated as a court - appointed lawyer reported on his health status. Jean Kasem claimed that he had been given no food, water, or medication the previous weekend. Kerri Kasem 's lawyer stated that she had him removed from artificial food and water on the orders of a doctor and in accordance with a directive her father signed in 2007 saying he would not want to be kept alive if it `` would result in a mere biological existence, devoid of cognitive function, with no reasonable hope for normal functioning. '' Murphy reversed his order the following Monday, after it became known that Kasem 's body was no longer responding to the artificial nutrition, allowing the family to place Kasem on `` end - of - life '' measures over the objections of Jean Kasem. On June 15, 2014, Kasem died at St. Anthony 's Hospital in Gig Harbor, Washington at the age of 82. The immediate cause of death was reported as sepsis caused by an ulcerated bedsore. He was survived by his wife, four children, and four grandchildren. His body was handed over to his widow, who would make funeral arrangements. Reportedly, Kasem wanted to be buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale. By July 19, a judge had granted Kasem 's daughter Kerri a temporary restraining order to prevent his wife from cremating Kasem 's body to allow an autopsy to be performed, but when she went to give a copy of the order to the funeral home, she was informed the body had been moved at the directive of Jean Kasem. Kasem 's wife had the body moved to a funeral home in Montreal on July 14, 2014. On August 14, it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo. Kasem 's family had his interment at Oslo Western Civil Cemetery on December 16, 2014, more than six months after his death. In November 2015, three of Kasem 's children and his brother sued his widow for wrongful death. The lawsuit charges Jean Kasem with elder abuse and inflicting emotional distress on the children by restricting access prior to his death. Honors ( edit ) In 1981, Kasem was granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame radio division in 1985, and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1992. Five years later, he received the Radio Hall of Fame 's first Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2003, Kasem was given the Radio Icon award at the Radio Music Awards. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1967 First to Fight Minor Role ( Live - action ) 1967 The Glory Stompers Mouth ( Live - action ) 1969 2000 Years Later Disk Jockey ( Live - action ) 1969 Wild Wheels Knife ( Live - action ) 1969 The Cycle Savages Keeg 's Brother ( Live - action ) 1969 Scream Free! Phil ( Live - action ) 1970 The Girls from Thunder Strip Conrad ( Live - action ) 1971 The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant Ken ( Live - action ) 1972 Doomsday Machine Mission Control Officer ( Live - action ) 1973 Soul Hustler Birnie ( Live - action ) 1976 The Gumball Rally Radio D.J. ( voice ) 1977 New York, New York D.J. aka Midnight Bird ( Live - action ) 1978 Jukebox Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1978 Disco Fever Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1979 Scooby Goes Hollywood Shaggy Rogers / Additional voices ( voice ) 1979 The Dark Police Pathologist ( Live - action ) 1980 The Return of the King Meriadoc ' Merry ' Brandybuck, a Hobbit ( voice ) 1984 Ghostbusters Himself ( voice cameo ) 1986 The Transformers : The Movie Cliffjumper ( voice ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School Shaggy Rogers, Mirror Monster ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1994 Scooby - Doo! in Arabian Nights Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1997 James Dean : Live Fast, Die Young Bill Romano ( Live - action ) 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Wedding DJ ( voice ) 2002 Scooby - Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Scooby - Doo! and the Monster of Mexico Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Scooby - Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Aloha, Scooby - Doo! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Scooby - Doo! in Where 's My Mummy? Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2006 Scooby - Doo! Pirates Ahoy! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2007 Chill Out, Scooby - Doo! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2008 Scooby - Doo! and the Goblin King Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2009 Scooby - Doo! and the Samurai Sword Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) ; final time as Shaggy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo Additional voices ( voice ) 1968 Garrison 's Gorillas Provost Marshall ( Live - action ) 2 episodes 1968 -- 69 The Batman / Superman Hour Robin, Dick Grayson ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Hot Wheels Tank Mallory, Dexter Carter ( voice ) 5 episodes 1969 -- 71 Cattanooga Cats Groove, the drummer ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Scooby - Doo, Where Are You! Shaggy Rogers, additional voices ( voice ) 25 episodes 1970 Skyhawks Steve Wilson, Joe Conway ( voice ) Episode : `` Devlin 's Dilemma '' 1970 -- 71 Josie and the Pussycats Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1970 -- 92 Sesame Street Blue Man in ' Q for Quarter ' Cartoon, Fly, additional voices ( voice ) 17 episodes 1971 Here Comes Peter Cottontail Peter Cottontail ( Live - action ) Stop - motion Easter special for Rankin - Bass 1972 Wait Till Your Father Gets Home George ( Live - action ) Episode : `` The Neighbors '' 1972 -- 73 The New Scooby - Doo Movies Shaggy Rogers, Robin, Alexander Cabot III, Ghost of Injun Joe ( voice ) 24 episodes 1972 Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1973 The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas Narrator ( voice ) Animated Christmas TV special 1973 -- 85 Super Friends Robin, Dick Grayson ( voice ) 109 episodes The City That Forgot About Christmas Additional voices ( voice ) Christmas TV special The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast Adolf Hitler ( live - action ) Episode : The Roast of Don Rickles Hong Kong Phooey Car Stealer, Clown ( voice ) 2 episodes Hawaii Five - O Swift, Freddie Dryden ( voice ) 5 episodes Emergency + 4 Additional voices ( voice ) 12 episodes Ironside Lab Technician, Jim Crutcher ( Live - action ) 2 episodes The Night That Panicked America Mercury Theatre Player ( Live - action ) TV movie The Last of the Mohicans Uncas ( voice ) TV movie 1976 -- 77 Dynomutt, Dog Wonder Fishface, Swamp Rat, Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes 1976 -- 78 The Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers, additional voices ( voice ) 40 episodes 1976 Freedom Is Additional voices TV movie 1977 Police Story Sobhe ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Trial Board '' 1977 Quincy, M.E. Sy Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` An Unfriendly Radiance '' 1977 The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries Paul Hamilton ( voice ) Episode : `` Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom '' ( Parts I & II ) 1977 Switch Tony Brock ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Fade Out '' 1977 -- 78 What 's New, Mr. Magoo? Waldo, additional voices ( voice ) 10 episodes 1977 -- 79 Laff - A-Lympics Shaggy Rogers, Mr. Creeply ( voice ) 24 episodes 1977 Soap Narrator Unaired pilot ( Kasem left the show before it aired. Narration for the pilot was rerecorded by Rod Roddy prior to airing. ) 1978 Charlie 's Angels Tom Rogers ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Winning Is for Losers '' 1978 Yogi 's Space Race Additional voices ( voice ) 7 episodes 1978 Jana of the Jungle Additional voices ( voice ) 13 episodes 1978 -- 85 Battle of the Planets Mark ( voice ) 85 episodes ; American dubbed adaptation of anime series Science Ninja Team Gatchaman ( in which the character was originally called `` Ken the Eagle '' ) 1979 The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone Monty Marble ( voice ) Animated Halloween TV special 1979 -- 80 Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 16 episodes 1980 -- 82 The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 20 episodes 1982 The Gary Coleman Show Additional voices ( voice ) 2 episodes The All - New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers, Mr. Rogers, Mrs. Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes Matt Houston Master of Ceremonies Episode : `` Target : Miss World '' 1984 The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries Shaggy Rogers, Grandpa Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1984 -- 86 The Transformers Cliffjumper, Bluestreak, Teletraan I Dr. Arkeville ( voice ) 60 episodes 1985 The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1988 -- 91 A Pup Named Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers, Mr. Rogers ( voice ) 27 episodes 1989, 1991 Saved by the Bell Himself Episodes : `` Dancing to the Max '', `` Rockumentary '' 1989 Family Feud Himself ( cameo appearance ) `` Funny Men vs. Funny Women '' Week episode 1989 A Yabba - Dabba - Doo Celebration! 50 Years of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers, additional voices ( voice ) TV Special The Fantastic World of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Scooby - Doo! Behind the Voices Himself ( Live - action ), Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Beverly Hills, 90210 Mr. Franklin 's Friend Episode : `` Spring Training '' Tiny Toons Adventures Flakey Flakems ( voice ) Episode : `` Here 's Hamton '' 1992 -- 93 The Ben Stiller Show Himself 2 episodes 2 Stupid Dogs Bill Barker ( voice ) Episode : `` Let 's Make a Right Price / One Ton / Far - Out Friday '' 1994 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Lexo Starbuck ( voice ) Episode : `` You Bet Your Planet '' 1995 Scooby - Doo Mystery Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game 1995 Homeboys in Outer Space Spacy Kasem ( voice ) Episodes : `` Loquatia Unplugged or Come Back ; Little Cyber '' Illusions Gaming Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` Sabrina Unplugged '' 1997 Johnny Bravo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` The Sensitive Male / Bravo Dooby Doo '' 2000 Histeria! Calgary Kasem ( voice ) Episode : `` North America '' 2002 -- 06 What 's New, Scooby - Doo? Shaggy Rogers, Virtual Shaggy ( voice ) 42 episodes 2003 Blue 's Clues Radio ( voice ) Episode : `` Blue 's Big Car Trip '' 2003 Teamo Supremo DJ Despicable ( voice ) Episode : `` Doin ' the Supremo! '' 2006 -- 08 Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue! Uncle Albert Shaggleford ( voice ) 22 episodes 2009 Scooby - Doo 's Yum Yum Go! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Computer game 2010 − 13 Scooby - Doo! Mystery Incorporated Colton Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes ( after retirement ) ; Kasem 's performance as Shaggy 's Dad in the series finale was his final role in the Scooby - Doo franchise. See also ( edit ) List of vegans History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit Metro Detroit portal California portal Biography portal Radio portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dryan, Martin ( July 19, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's body was put on a plane and flown from Tacoma to Montreal before it mysteriously went missing after his daughter asked for an autopsy ''. Daily Mail. DMG Media. Retrieved July 21, 2014. Certificate of Death 2014 - 015372, State of Washington, July 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Person of the Week : Casey Kasem ''. ABC News. January 2, 2004. Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. Retrieved January 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem : Our Arab American Star ''. Washington Watch. The Arab American Institute. April 18, 1996. Archived from the original ( archived September 26, 2005 ) on September 26, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem Biography ( 1932 -- ) ''. FilmReference.com. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Source notes : `` some sources cite 1933 '' Jump up ^ Barry, Brett. `` Rare Casey Kasem Interview - Beverly Hills High 1981 ''. YouTube. Retrieved August 10, 2014. Kasem 's mention of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at about the 5 : 22 mark of the video. ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem, You 've Truly Reached The Stars ''. Billboard. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Mike ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem, Iconic Radio Host, Dies at 82 ''. Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Dawidziak, Mark ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem made himself heard and made himself welcome : An appreciation ''. Cleveland.com. Plain Dealer Publishing Co. ^ Jump up to : Dunham, Will. `` U.S. radio deejay, ' Shaggy ' voice Casey Kasem dead at 82 ''. Reuters. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Cross, Alan ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem Dies at Age 82 ''. A Journal of Musical Things. Retrieved June 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Remembered : Iconic DJ Was Tough, Gracious With a ' Garbage ' Voice ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem, legendary radio personality, dies at 82 ''. CNN.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem : Regional Hero, National Treasure ''. The Hollywood Reporter. June 21, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Casey Kasem on IMDb Jump up ^ Miller, Chuck ( July 7, 2010 ). `` Happy 40th, American Top 40! ''. Times Union. Retrieved June 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Cohen, Sandy. `` Casey Kasem Countdown : Top 10 things you might not know ''. Ca.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Social, Anthony ( June 16, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem Dies ''. KPop. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem ''. National Radio Hall Of Fame. September 26, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Maxwell, Tom ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem : Remembering that distinctive American voice ''. Al Jazeera. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Day, Patrick Kevin ( June 16, 2014 ). `` Shaggy, Merry and more : Casey Kasem 's greatest cartoon voices ''. Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ Kasem, Casey ( December 1990 ). `` Arab Defamation in the Media : Its Consequences and Solutions ''. The Link. 23 ( 5 ). Americans for Middle East Understanding. p. 7 ( page 6 of archived version ). Archived from the original on May 31, 2004. Jump up ^ Rosen, Craig ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 ''. Yahoo Music. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Durkee, Rob ( June 16, 2014 ). `` Rob Durkee, North Hollywood resident, 1964 Mentor graduate and former writer for `` America 's Top 40 '', reflects on the late Casey Kasem ``. The News - Herald. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest to Host and Produce ' American Top 40 Live ' on FOX ''. celebrityspider.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Bever, Lindsey ( June 2, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem hospitalized. Wife throws raw meat at his daughter ''. Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` In Brief ''. Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report. June 5, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009. Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/broadcasting-legend-casey-kasem-counts-final-time/story?id=8007180 Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian ( November 6, 2009 ). `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display ''. MovieWeb.com. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Jump up ^ Connolly, Lucy ( November 21, 2009 ). `` Puppet on a sing ''. The Sun. Jump up ^ Messer, Lesley ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem Dead at 82 ''. Good Morning America. ^ Jump up to : Legum, Judd ( June 17, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's Secret Legacy : How He Used Scooby - Doo to Advance His Values ''. CityWatch. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem Foodaism ''. Jewish Journal. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Dougherty, Steve ; Bacon, Doris ( September 17, 1990 ). `` Alarmed by Wartime Pride and Prejudice, Deejay Casey Kasem Raises His Voice to Defend His Fellow Arab - Americans ''. People. 34 ( 11 ). Retrieved June 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Kasem, Casey. Arab Americans : Making a Difference. The Arab American Institute ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ). ^ Jump up to : Dallas, Kelsey. `` Casey Kasem had Druze heritage, but what does that mean? ''. Deseret News. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem, king of the top - 40 countdown and ' Scooby - Doo ' voice - over artist, dies ''. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Trouson, Rebecca ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem dies at 82 ; radio personality hosted Top 40 countdown show ''. LA Times. Retrieved June 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` George McGovern ' 72 & ' 84 Television Ads ''. YouTube. YouTube. Jump up ^ `` The Sad, Strange Family Battle Over Radio Legend Casey Kasem ''. Hollywood Reporter. February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Federal Campaign Contribution Report ''. NewsMeat. Polity Media, Inc. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick, Laura ( July 7, 2009 ). `` Radio Host Casey Kasem ''. Time. Retrieved October 1, 2013. Married singer - actress Linda Myers in 1972. The couple had three children before divorcing in 1979. ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Family Feud : Cops Called ''. TMZ.com. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Hon Jing Yi ( July 5, 2014 ). `` Mike Kasem : My dad is still not buried ''. Today. Retrieved July 5, 2014. Nearly three weeks after the death of American radio legend Casey Kasem, his son Mike confirms his father 's body has not yet been buried. ^ Jump up to : Ruth Ryon, Kasem Gives Wife Holmby Hills Gift, The Los Angeles Times, July 02, 1989 ^ Jump up to : Megan Willett, HOUSE OF THE DAY : Casey Kasem Is Selling His Crazy LA Mansion For $42 Million, Business Insider, April 08, 2013 Jump up ^ Pennacchio, George ( October 1, 2013 ). `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Wife wo n't let kids, friends see him? ''. Los Angeles, California : KABC - TV. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Duke, Alan. `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Judge allows water, food infusions stopped ''. CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Kasem, Julie ; Kasem, Kerri ; Martin, Troy ( May 13, 2014 ). `` Interview with Julie and Kerri Kasem ''. CNN Tonight ( Interview ). Interview with Bill Weir. CNN. Comments about the disease aired around 9 : 41 p.m. EDT ; comments about purpose at the end of the interview. ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Orders Probe Into Casey Kasem 's Whereabouts ''. ABC News. Associated Press. May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Ken Lee ( October 2, 2013 ). `` Casey Kasem 's Family : Wife Wo n't Let Us See Ailing Radio Host ''. People.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Duke, Alan ( October 8, 2013 ). `` Casey Kasem 's kids take stepmom to court ''. CNN. Retrieved October 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Judge Rejects Children 's Request For Conservatorship of Casey Kasem ''. KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV. November 19, 2013. Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Maglio, Tony ( June 12, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's Final Days : How the Family 's Bitter Battle Got to This Point ''. TheWrap.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Hetherman, Bill ( May 12, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's daughter named temporary conservator for father ''. Los Angeles Daily News. City News Service. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Wells, Rachel ; Caffrey, Jane ; Yan, Holly ( May 15, 2014 ). `` Radio icon Casey Kasem spotted in Washington state ''. CNN. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem alert but in critical condition ''. CNN. June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Condition Declining, Daughter says He ' Wo n't Be With Us Much Longer ' ''. Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's daughter can stop food, medication, judge rules ''. Fox News. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Vitello, Paul ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem, Wholesome Voice of Pop Radio, Dies at 82 ''. NYTimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2014. ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Duca, Lauren. `` Casey Kasem, Legendary Broadcaster, Dead At 82 ''. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Rose, Cassandra ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 ''. Rickey. Archived from the original on June 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem - Momentary Treaty Reached... Daughters Release Body to His Widow Jean Kasem ''. TMZ.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014. Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary ( June 26, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's Daughter Says Dad Still Has n't Been Buried, Stepmother ' Coming After ' Her Trust ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's body is missing, lawyer says ''. CBS News. Retrieved July 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Caffrey, Jane ; Duke, Alan ( July 23, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem 's remains flown to Canada, funeral director says ''. CNN. TimeWarner. Retrieved July 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Husby, Marcus ( August 14, 2014 ). `` Gravferdsetaten bekrefter likflytting til Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ). Retrieved August 15, 2014. The Oslo graveyard authority confirm that Casey Kasem 's body will be transported to Norway Jump up ^ Appelo, Tim ( August 14, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem to Be Buried in Norway ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Publicist : Casey Kasem to be buried in Norway ''. Associated Press. August 15, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem -- Buried in Norway... Finally ''. TMZ.com. December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014. Jump up ^ Gulbrandsen, Elise Alexandra ; Huseby, Marcus ; Alvsing, Felicia. `` Amerikansk radiokjendis gravlagt i Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ). Verdens Gang. Retrieved 22 December 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34930866 ^ Jump up to : Brandi, Hitt ( June 15, 2014 ). `` US radio star Casey Kasem dies at 82 ( Casey Kasem counted down America 's favourite songs for decades ) ''. BBC. Jump up ^ `` NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame ''. National Association of Broadcasters. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Barnes, Mike ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Casey Kasem, ' American Top 40 ' Icon, Dies at 82 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Knipfel, Jim ( June 15, 2014 ). `` Looking Back at The Dark ( 1979 ) ''. DenOfGeek.US. Retrieved March 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Terrace, Vincent ( 2008 ). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 ( 2nd ed. ). McFarland. pp. 478, 545, 980, 1467. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8641 - 0. Further reading ( edit ) Durkee, Rob ( 1999 ). American Top 40 : The Countdown of the Century. New York : Schriner Books. ISBN 0 - 02 - 864895 - 1. Battistini, Pete ( January 31, 2005 ). American Top 40 with Casey Kasem ( The 1970s ). Authorhouse.com. ISBN 1 - 4184 - 1070 - 5. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casey Kasem. Casey Kasem at Find a Grave Casey Kasem on IMDb Casey Kasem at the TCM Movie Database Casey Kasem in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory `` Casey Kasem ''. Voicechasers.com. Media offices Preceded by None Host of American Top 40 Host 1970 -- 1988 Succeeded by Shadoe Stevens Preceded by Shadoe Stevens Host of American Top 40 Host 1998 -- 2003 Succeeded by Ryan Seacrest Preceded by none Voice of Shaggy Rogers 1969 -- 1997 Succeeded by Billy West Preceded by Scott Innes Voice of Shaggy Rogers 2002 -- 2009 Succeeded by Matthew Lillard VIAF : 93892404 LCCN : n80016873 ISNI : 0000 0000 6719 9633 BNF : cb14192450w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 9dd99129 - 8069 - 4528 - b10d - 5ca0179e42eb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Kasem&oldid=799985431 '' Categories : 1932 births 2014 deaths American radio DJs American radio personalities American television personalities American Top 40 National Radio Hall of Fame inductees American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Lebanese descent NBC network announcers Male actors from Detroit Wayne State University alumni Radio personalities from Detroit Michigan Democrats Hanna - Barbera people Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies Druze people of American nationality 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Corsu Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Igbo Íslenska Italiano Kernowek Latina Lumbaart 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Vèneto Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 00 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Casey Kasem", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Casey_Kasem&amp;oldid=799985431" }

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{ "text": "Hydrothermal vent - wikipedia Hydrothermal vent Jump to : navigation, search Marine habitats White smokers emitting liquid rich in barium, calcium, silicon and carbon dioxide at the Champagne vent, Northwest Eifuku volcano, Marianas Trench Marine National Monument Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Kelp forests Coral reefs Ocean banks Continental shelf Neritic zone Straits Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet 's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents were discovered years ago in 1977. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called black smokers. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter 's moon Europa, and Saturn 's moon Enceladus, and it is speculated that ancient hydrothermal vents once existed on Mars. Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical properties 2 Black smokers and white smokers 3 Biological communities 4 Biological theories 4.1 The Deep Hot Biosphere 4.2 Hydrothermal origin of life 5 Discovery and exploration 6 Distribution 7 Exploitation 8 Conservation 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Physical properties ( edit ) In this phase diagram, the green dotted line illustrates the anomalous behavior of water. The dotted green line marks the melting point and the blue line the boiling point, showing how they vary with pressure ; the solid green line shows the typical melting point behavior for other substances. Hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean typically form along the mid-ocean ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These are locations where two tectonic plates are diverging and new crust is being formed. The water that issues from seafloor hydrothermal vents consists mostly of sea water drawn into the hydrothermal system close to the volcanic edifice through faults and porous sediments or volcanic strata, plus some magmatic water released by the upwelling magma. In terrestrial hydrothermal systems, the majority of water circulated within the fumarole and geyser systems is meteoric water plus ground water that has percolated down into the thermal system from the surface, but it also commonly contains some portion of metamorphic water, magmatic water, and sedimentary formational brine that is released by the magma. The proportion of each varies from location to location. In contrast to the approximately 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) up to as high as 464 ° C ( 867 ° F ). Due to the high hydrostatic pressure at these depths, water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures. The critical point of ( pure ) water is 375 ° C ( 707 ° F ) at a pressure of 218 atmospheres. However, introducing salinity into the fluid raises the critical point to higher temperatures and pressures. The critical point of seawater ( 3.2 wt. % NaCl ) is 407 ° C ( 765 ° F ) and 298.5 bars, corresponding to a depth of ~ 2,960 m ( 9,710 ft ) below sea level. Accordingly, if a hydrothermal fluid with a salinity of 3.2 wt. % NaCl vents above 407 ° C ( 765 ° F ) and 298.5 bars, it is supercritical. Furthermore, the salinity of vent fluids have been shown to vary widely due to phase separation in the crust. The critical point for lower salinity fluids is at lower temperature and pressure conditions than that for seawater, but higher than that for pure water. For example, a vent fluid with a 2.24 wt. % NaCl salinity has the critical point at 400 ° C ( 752 ° F ) and 280.5 bars. Thus, water emerging from the hottest parts of some hydrothermal vents can be a supercritical fluid, possessing physical properties between those of a gas and those of a liquid. Examples of supercritical venting are found at several sites. Sister Peak ( Comfortless Cove Hydrothermal Field, 4 ° 48 ′ S 12 ° 22 ′ W  /  4.800 ° S 12.367 ° W  / - 4.800 ; - 12.367, depth 2,996 m or 9,829 ft ) vents low salinity phase - separated, vapor - type fluids. Sustained venting was not found to be supercritical but a brief injection of 464 ° C ( 867 ° F ) was well above supercritical conditions. A nearby site, Turtle Pits, was found to vent low salinity fluid at 407 ° C ( 765 ° F ), which is above the critical point of the fluid at that salinity. A vent site in the Cayman Trough named Beebe, which is the world 's deepest known hydrothermal site at ~ 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) below sea level, has shown sustained supercritical venting at 401 ° C ( 754 ° F ) and 2.3 wt % NaCl. Although supercritical conditions have been observed at several sites, it is not yet known what significance, if any, supercritical venting has in terms of hydrothermal circulation, mineral deposit formation, geochemical fluxes or biological activity. The initial stages of a vent chimney begin with the deposition of the mineral anhydrite. Sulfides of copper, iron, and zinc then precipitate in the chimney gaps, making it less porous over the course of time. Vent growths on the order of 30 cm ( 1 ft ) per day have been recorded. An April 2007 exploration of the deep - sea vents off the coast of Fiji found those vents to be a significant source of dissolved iron. Black smokers and white smokers ( edit ) Deep - sea vent biogeochemical cycle diagram Sound recording from a black smoker. Some hydrothermal vents form roughly cylindrical chimney structures. These form from minerals that are dissolved in the vent fluid. When the superheated water contacts the near - freezing sea water, the minerals precipitate out to form particles which add to the height of the stacks. Some of these chimney structures can reach heights of 60 m. An example of such a towering vent was `` Godzilla '', a structure on the Pacific Ocean deep seafloor near Oregon that rose to 40 m before it fell over in 1996. A black smoker or deep sea vent is a type of hydrothermal vent found on the seabed, typically in the bathyal zone ( with largest frequency in depths from 2500 m to 3000 m ), but also in lesser depths as well as deeper in abyssal zone. They appear as black, chimney - like structures that emit a cloud of black material. Black smokers typically emit particles with high levels of sulfur - bearing minerals, or sulfides. Black smokers are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below Earth 's crust comes through the ocean floor ( water may attain temperatures above 400 ° C ). This water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides. When it comes in contact with cold ocean water, many minerals precipitate, forming a black, chimney - like structure around each vent. The deposited metal sulfides can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time. Black smokers were first discovered in 1979 on the East Pacific Rise by scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. They were observed using the deep submergence vehicle ALVIN from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Now, black smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of 2100 metres. The most northerly black smokers are a cluster of five named Loki 's Castle, discovered in 2008 by scientists from the University of Bergen at 73 ° N, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway. These black smokers are of interest as they are in a more stable area of the Earth 's crust, where tectonic forces are less and consequently fields of hydrothermal vents are less common. The world 's deepest known black smokers are located in the Cayman Trough, 5,000 m ( 3.1 miles ) below the ocean 's surface. White smoker vents emit lighter - hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These vents also tend to have lower - temperature plumes probably because they are generally distant from their heat source. Black and white smokers may coexist in the same hydrothermal field, but they generally represent proximal and distal vents to the main upflow zone, respectively. However, white smokers correspond mostly to waning stages of such hydrothermal fields, as magmatic heat sources become progressively more distant from the source ( due to magma crystallization ) and hydrothermal fluids become dominated by seawater instead of magmatic water. Mineralizing fluids from this type of vents are rich in calcium and they form dominantly sulfate - rich ( i.e., barite and anhydrite ) and carbonate deposits. Biological communities ( edit ) Main articles : Deep sea communities, Earliest known life forms, Geyser § Biology of geysers, and Hot spring § Biota in hot springs Further information : Hyperthermophile and Thermophile Life has traditionally been seen as driven by energy from the sun, but deep - sea organisms have no access to sunlight, so they must depend on nutrients found in the dusty chemical deposits and hydrothermal fluids in which they live. Previously, benthic oceanographers assumed that vent organisms were dependent on marine snow, as deep - sea organisms are. This would leave them dependent on plant life and thus the sun. Some hydrothermal vent organisms do consume this `` rain '', but with only such a system, life forms would be very sparse. Compared to the surrounding sea floor, however, hydrothermal vent zones have a density of organisms 10,000 to 100,000 times greater. Hydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food. The water from the hydrothermal vent is rich in dissolved minerals and supports a large population of chemoautotrophic bacteria. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most known organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis. The ecosystem so formed is reliant upon the continued existence of the hydrothermal vent field as the primary source of energy, which differs from most surface life on Earth, which is based on solar energy. However, although it is often said that these communities exist independently of the sun, some of the organisms are actually dependent upon oxygen produced by photosynthetic organisms, while others are anaerobic. A dense fauna ( Kiwa anomurans and Vulcanolepas - like stalked barnacles ) near East Scotia Ridge vents Giant tube worms ( Riftia pachyptila ) cluster around vents in the Galapagos Rift The chemosynthetic bacteria grow into a thick mat which attracts other organisms, such as amphipods and copepods, which graze upon the bacteria directly. Larger organisms, such as snails, shrimp, crabs, tube worms, fish ( especially eelpout, cutthroat eel, ophidiiforms and Symphurus thermophilus ), and octopuses ( notably Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis ), form a food chain of predator and prey relationships above the primary consumers. The main families of organisms found around seafloor vents are annelids, pogonophorans, gastropods, and crustaceans, with large bivalves, vestimentiferan worms, and `` eyeless '' shrimp making up the bulk of nonmicrobial organisms. Siboglinid tube worms, which may grow to over 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) tall in the largest species, often form an important part of the community around a hydrothermal vent. They have no mouth or digestive tract, and like parasitic worms, absorb nutrients produced by the bacteria in their tissues. About 285 billion bacteria are found per ounce of tubeworm tissue. Tubeworms have red plumes which contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin combines with hydrogen sulfide and transfers it to the bacteria living inside the worm. In return, the bacteria nourish the worm with carbon compounds. Two of the species that inhabit a hydrothermal vent are Tevnia jerichonana, and Riftia pachyptila. One discovered community, dubbed `` Eel City '', consists predominantly of the eel Dysommina rugosa. Though eels are not uncommon, invertebrates typically dominate hydrothermal vents. Eel City is located near Nafanua volcanic cone, American Samoa. In 1993, already more than 100 gastropod species were known to occur in hydrothermal vents. Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vents, many of them `` sister species '' to others found in geographically separated vent areas. It has been proposed that before the North American plate overrode the mid-ocean ridge, there was a single biogeographic vent region found in the eastern Pacific. The subsequent barrier to travel began the evolutionary divergence of species in different locations. The examples of convergent evolution seen between distinct hydrothermal vents is seen as major support for the theory of natural selection and of evolution as a whole. Although life is very sparse at these depths, black smokers are the centers of entire ecosystems. Sunlight is nonexistent, so many organisms -- such as archaea and extremophiles -- convert the heat, methane, and sulfur compounds provided by black smokers into energy through a process called chemosynthesis. More complex life forms, such as clams and tubeworms, feed on these organisms. The organisms at the base of the food chain also deposit minerals into the base of the black smoker, therefore completing the life cycle. A species of phototrophic bacterium has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft ). No sunlight penetrates that far into the waters. Instead, the bacteria, part of the Chlorobiaceae family, use the faint glow from the black smoker for photosynthesis. This is the first organism discovered in nature to exclusively use a light other than sunlight for photosynthesis. New and unusual species are constantly being discovered in the neighborhood of black smokers. The Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana, which is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 80 ° C ( 176 ° F ), was found in the 1980s, and a scaly - foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum in 2001 during an expedition to the Indian Ocean 's Kairei hydrothermal vent field. The latter uses iron sulfides ( pyrite and greigite ) for the structure of its dermal sclerites ( hardened body parts ), instead of calcium carbonate. The extreme pressure of 2500 m of water ( approximately 25 megapascals or 250 atmospheres ) is thought to play a role in stabilizing iron sulfide for biological purposes. This armor plating probably serves as a defense against the venomous radula ( teeth ) of predatory snails in that community. In March 2017, researchers reported evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth. Putative fossilized microorganisms were discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec, Canada, that may have lived as early as 4.280 billion years ago, not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago. Biological theories ( edit ) Although the discovery of hydrothermal vents is a relatively recent event in the history of science, the importance of this discovery has given rise to, and supported, new biological and bio-atmospheric theories. The deep hot Biosphere ( edit ) At the beginning of his 1992 paper The Deep Hot Biosphere, Thomas Gold referred to ocean vents in support of his theory that the lower levels of the earth are rich in living biological material that finds its way to the surface. He further expanded his ideas in the book The Deep Hot Biosphere. An article on abiogenic hydrocarbon production in the February 2008 issue of Science journal used data from experiments at the Lost City hydrothermal field to report how the abiotic synthesis of low molecular mass hydrocarbons from mantle derived carbon dioxide may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks, water, and moderate amounts of heat. Hydrothermal origin of life ( edit ) Main article : Abiogenesis § Deep sea vent hypothesis The chemical and thermal dynamics in hydrothermal vents makes such environments highly suitable thermodynamically for chemical evolution processes to take place. Therefore, thermal energy flux is a permanent agent and contributed to the evolution of the planet, including prebiotic chemistry. Günter Wächtershäuser proposed the iron - sulfur world theory and suggested that life might have originated at hydrothermal vents. Wächtershäuser proposed that an early form of metabolism predated genetics. By metabolism he meant a cycle of chemical reactions that release energy in a form that can be harnessed by other processes. It has been proposed that amino acid synthesis could have occurred deep in the Earth 's crust and that these amino acids were subsequently shot up along with hydrothermal fluids into cooler waters, where lower temperatures and the presence of clay minerals would have fostered the formation of peptides and protocells. This is an attractive hypothesis because of the abundance of CH ( methane ) and NH ( ammonia ) present in hydrothermal vent regions, a condition that was not provided by the Earth 's primitive atmosphere. A major limitation to this hypothesis is the lack of stability of organic molecules at high temperatures, but some have suggested that life would have originated outside of the zones of highest temperature. There are numerous species of extremophiles and other organisms currently living immediately around deep - sea vents, suggesting that this is indeed a possible scenario. Experimental research and computing modeling indicate that the surfaces of mineral particles inside hydrothermal vents have similar catalytic properties to enzymes and are able to create simple organic molecules, such as methanol ( CH OH ) and formic acid ( HCO H ), out of the dissolved CO in the water. It is thought that alkaline hydrothermal vents ( white smokers ) might be more suitable for emerging life than black smokers due to their pH conditions. Discovery and exploration ( edit ) In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms. The brines and associated muds are currently under investigation as a source of mineable precious and base metals. In June 1976, scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography obtained the first evidence for submarine hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift, a spur of the East Pacific Rise, on the Pleiades II expedition, using the Deep - Tow seafloor imaging system. In 1977, the first scientific papers on hydrothermal vents were published by scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography ; research scientist Peter Lonsdale published photographs taken from deep - towed cameras, and PhD student Kathleen Crane published maps and temperature anomaly data. Transponders were deployed at the site, which was nick - named `` Clam - bake '', to enable an expedition to return the following year for direct observations with the DSV ALVIN. Chemosynthetic ecosystems surrounding the Galápagos Rift submarine hydrothermal vents were first directly observed in 1977, when a group of marine geologists funded by the National Science Foundation returned to the Clambake sites. The principal investigator for the submersible study was Jack Corliss of Oregon State University. Corliss and Tjeerd van Andel from Stanford University observed and sampled the vents and their ecosystem on February 17, 1977, while diving in the DSV ALVIN, a research submersible operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ( WHOI ). Other scientists on the research cruise included Richard ( Dick ) Von Herzen and Robert Ballard of WHOI, Jack Dymond and Louis Gordon of Oregon State University, John Edmond and Tanya Atwater of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dave Williams of the U.S. Geological Survey, and Kathleen Crane of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This team published their observations of the vents, organisms, and the composition of the vent fluids in the journal Science. In 1979, a team of biologists led by J. Frederick Grassle, at the time at WHOI, returned to the same location to investigate the biological communities discovered two year earlier. High temperature hydrothermal vents, the `` black smokers '', were discovered in spring 1979 by a team from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography using the submersible ALVIN. The RISE expedition explored the East Pacific Rise at 21 ° N with the goals of testing geophysical mapping of the sea floor with the ALVIN and finding another hydrothermal field beyond the Galápagos Rift vents. The expedition was led by Fred Spiess and Ken Macdonald and included participants from the U.S., Mexico and France. The dive region was selected based on the discovery of sea floor mounds of sulfide minerals by the French CYAMEX expedition in 1978. Prior to dive operations, expedition member Robert Ballard located near - bottom water temperature anomalies using a deeply towed instrument package. The first dive was targeted at one of those anomalies. On Easter Sunday April 15, 1979 during a dive of ALVIN to 2600 meters, Roger Larson and Bruce Luyendyk found a hydrothermal vent field with a biological community similar to the Galápagos vents. On a subsequent dive, William Normark and Thierry Juteau discovered the high temperature vents emitting black mineral particle jets from chimneys ; the black smokers. Following this Macdonald and Jim Aiken rigged a temperature probe to ALVIN to measure the water temperature at the black smoker vents. This observed the highest temperatures then recorded at deep sea hydrothermal vents ( 380 ± 30 ° C ). Analysis of black smoker material and the chimneys that fed them revealed that iron sulfide precipitates are the common minerals in the `` smoke '' and walls of the chimneys. In 2005, Neptune Resources NL, a mineral exploration company, applied for and was granted 35,000 km2 of exploration rights over the Kermadec Arc in New Zealand 's Exclusive Economic Zone to explore for seafloor massive sulfide deposits, a potential new source of lead - zinc - copper sulfides formed from modern hydrothermal vent fields. The discovery of a vent in the Pacific Ocean offshore of Costa Rica, named the Medusa hydrothermal vent field ( after the serpent - haired Medusa of Greek mythology ), was announced in April 2007. The Ashadze hydrothermal field ( 13 ° N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, elevation - 4200 m ) was the deepest known high - temperature hydrothermal field until 2010, when a hydrothermal plume emanating from the Beebe site ( 18 ° 33 ′ N 81 ° 43 ′ W  /  18.550 ° N 81.717 ° W  / 18.550 ; - 81.717, elevation - 5000 m ) was detected by a group of scientists from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This site is located on the 110 km long, ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise within the Cayman Trough. In early 2013, the deepest known hydrothermal vents were discovered in the Caribbean at a depth of almost 5,000 metres ( 16,000 ft ). Oceanographers are studying the volcanoes and hydrothermal vents of the Juan de Fuca mid ocean ridge where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Hydrothermal vents and other geothermal manifestations are currently being explored in the Bahía de Concepción, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Distribution ( edit ) Hydrothermal vents tend to be distributed along the Earth 's plate boundaries, although they may also be found at intra-plate locations such as hotspot volcanoes. As of 2009 there were approximately 500 known active submarine hydrothermal vent fields, with about half visually observed at the seafloor and the other half suspected from water column indicators and / or seafloor deposits. The InterRidge program office hosts a global database for the locations of known active submarine hydrothermal vent fields. Distribution of hydrothermal vents. This map was created by making use of the InterRidge ver. 3.3 database. Rogers et al. ( 2012 ) recognized at least 11 biogeographic provinces of hydrothermal vent systems : Mid-Atlantic Ridge province, East Scotia Ridge province, northern East Pacific Rise province, central East Pacific Rise province, southern East Pacific Rise province, south of the Easter Microplate, Indian Ocean province, four provinces in the western Pacific. Exploitation ( edit ) Hydrothermal vents, in some instances, have led to the formation of exploitable mineral resources via deposition of seafloor massive sulfide deposits. The Mount Isa orebody located in Queensland, Australia, is an excellent example. Many hydrothermal vents are rich in cobalt, gold, copper, and rare earth metals essential for electronic components. Hydrothermal venting on the Archean seafloor is considered to have formed Algoma - type banded iron formations which have been a source of iron ore. Recently, mineral exploration companies, driven by the elevated price activity in the base metals sector during the mid-2000s, have turned their attention to extraction of mineral resources from hydrothermal fields on the seafloor. Significant cost reductions are, in theory, possible. Two companies are currently engaged in the late stages of commencing to mine seafloor massive sulfides. Nautilus Minerals is in the advanced stages of commencing extraction from its Solwarra deposit, in the Bismarck Archipelago, and Neptune Minerals is at an earlier stage with its Rumble II West deposit, located on the Kermadec Arc, near the Kermadec Islands. Both companies are proposing using modified existing technology. Nautilus Minerals, in partnership with Placer Dome ( now part of Barrick Gold ), succeeded in 2006 in returning over 10 metric tons of mined SMS to the surface using modified drum cutters mounted on an ROV, a world first. Neptune Minerals in 2007 succeeded in recovering SMS sediment samples using a modified oil industry suction pump mounted on an ROV, also a world first. Potential seafloor mining has environmental impacts including dust plumes from mining machinery affecting filter - feeding organisms, collapsing or reopening vents, methane clathrate release, or even sub-oceanic land slides. A large amount of work is currently being engaged in by both the above - mentioned companies to ensure that potential environmental impacts of seafloor mining are well understood and control measures are implemented, before exploitation commences. Attempts have been made in the past to exploit minerals from the seafloor. The 1960s and 70s saw a great deal of activity ( and expenditure ) in the recovery of manganese nodules from the abyssal plains, with varying degrees of success. This does demonstrate however that recovery of minerals from the seafloor is possible, and has been possible for some time. Interestingly, mining of manganese nodules served as a cover story for the elaborate attempt in 1974 by the CIA to raise the sunken Soviet submarine K - 129, using the Glomar Explorer, a ship purpose built for the task by Howard Hughes. The operation was known as Project Azorian, and the cover story of seafloor mining of manganese nodules may have served as the impetus to propel other companies to make the attempt. Conservation ( edit ) The conservation of hydrothermal vents has been the subject of sometimes heated discussion in the oceanographic community for the last 20 years. It has been pointed out that it may be that those causing the most damage to these fairly rare habitats are scientists. There have been attempts to forge agreements over the behaviour of scientists investigating vent sites but although there is an agreed code of practice there is as yet no formal international and legally binding agreement. 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Jump up ^ Roldan, A. ; Hollingsworth, N. ; Roffey, A. ; Islam, H. - U. ; Goodall, J.B.M. ; Catlow, C.R.A. ; Darr, J.A. ; Bras, W. ; Sankar, G. ; Holt, K.B. ; Hogartha, G. ; de Leeuw, N.H. ( 24 March 2015 ). `` Bio-inspired CO conversion by iron sulfide catalysts under sustainable conditions '' ( PDF ). Chemical Communications. 51 ( 35 ) : 7501 -- 7504. doi : 10.1039 / C5CC02078F. PMID 25835242. Jump up ^ Aubrey, A.D. ; Cleaves, H.J ; Bada, J.L ( 2008 ). `` The Role of Submarine Hydrothermal Systems in the Synthesis of Amino Acids ''. Origins of Life and Biosphere. 39 : 91 -- 108. doi : 10.1007 / s11084 - 008 - 9153 - 2. Jump up ^ Joseph F. Sutherland : on The Origin Of Tha Bacteria And The Archaea, auf B.C vom 16. August 2014 Jump up ^ Nick Lane : The Vital Question - Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life, Ww Norton, 2015 - 07 - 20, ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08881 - 6, PDF Jump up ^ Degens, E.T. ( 1969 ). Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. Springer - Verlag. Jump up ^ Kathleen., Crane, ( 2003 ). Sea legs : tales of a woman oceanographer. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press. ISBN 9780813342856. OCLC 51553643. Jump up ^ Lonsdale, P. ( 1977 ). `` Clustering of suspension - feeding macrobenthos near abyssal hydrothermal vents at oceanic spreading centers ''. Deep - Sea Research. 24 ( 9 ) : 857 -- 863. Bibcode : 1977DSR... 24... 857L. doi : 10.1016 / 0146 - 6291 ( 77 ) 90478 - 7. Jump up ^ Crane, Kathleen ; Normark, William R. ( 1977 - 11 - 10 ). `` Hydrothermal activity and crestal structure of the East Pacific Rise at 21 ° N ''. Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 ( 33 ) : 5336 -- 5348. doi : 10.1029 / jb082i033p05336. ISSN 2156 - 2202. ^ Jump up to : `` Dive and Discover : Expeditions to the Seafloor ''. www.divediscover.whoi.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04. Jump up ^ Davis, Rebecca ; Joyce, Christopher ( December 5, 2011 ). `` The Deep - Sea Find That Changed Biology ''. NPR.org. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09. Jump up ^ Corliss, Jack B. ; Dymond, J. ; Gordon, L.I. ; Edmond, J.M. ; von Herzen, R.P. ; Ballard, R.D. ; Green, K. ; Williams, D. ; Bainbridge, A. ; Crane, K. ; van Andel, T.H. ( 16 March 1979 ). `` Submarine thermal springs on the Galápagos Rift '' ( PDF ). Science. 203 ( 4385 ) : 1073 -- 1083. doi : 10.1126 / science. 203.4385. 1073. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Spiess, F.N. ; Macdonald, Ken C. ; Atwater, T. ; Ballard, R. ; Carranza, A. ; Cordoba, D. ; Cox, C. ; Garcia, V.M. Diaz ; Francheteau, J. ; Guerrero, J. ; Hawkins, J. ; Hessler, R. Haymon R. ; Juteau, T. ; Kastner, M. ; Larson, R. ; Luyendyk, B. ; Macdougall, J.D. ; Miller, S. ; Normark, W. ; Orcutt, J. ; Rangin, C. ( 1980 ). `` Hot Springs and geophysical experiments on the East Pacific Rise ''. Science. 207 : 1421 -- 1444. doi : 10.1126 / science. 207.4438. 1421. Jump up ^ Francheteau, J ( 1979 ). `` Massive deep - sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise ''. Nature. 277 : 523. doi : 10.1038 / 277523a0. Jump up ^ Macdonald, K.C. ; Becker, Keir ; Spiess, F.N. ; Ballard, R.D. ( 1980 ). `` Hydrothermal heat flux of the `` black smoker '' vents on the East Pacific Rise ``. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 48 : 1 -- 7. Bibcode : 1980E&PSL... 48... 1M. doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 80 ) 90163 - 6. Jump up ^ `` New undersea vent suggests snake - headed mythology '' ( Press release ). EurekAlert!. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Beebe ''. Interridge Vents Database. Jump up ^ German, C.R. ; et al. ( 2010 ). `` Diverse styles of submarine venting on the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise '' ( PDF ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 ( 32 ) : 14020 -- 5. Bibcode : 2010PNAS... 10714020G. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1009205107. PMC 2922602. PMID 20660317. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31. Lay summary -- SciGuru ( 11 October 2010 ). Jump up ^ `` Deepest undersea vents discovered by UK team ''. BBC. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ Broad, William J. ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ). `` The 40,000 - Mile Volcano ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ M.L. Leal - Acosta ; R.M. Prol - Ledesma ( 2016 ). `` Caracterización geoquímica de las manifestaciones termales intermareales de Bahía Concepción en la Península de Baja California '' ( PDF ). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana ( in Spanish ). 68 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 407. doi : 10.18268 / bsgm2016v68n3a2. Jump up ^ Beaulieu, S.E. ; Baker, E.T. ; German, C.R. ; Maffei, A.R. ( 2013 ). `` An authoritative global database for active submarine hydrothermal vent fields ''. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 14 : 4892 -- 4905. doi : 10.1002 / 2013GC004998. Jump up ^ Rogers, Alex D. ; Tyler, Paul A. ; Connelly, Douglas P. ; Copley, Jon T. ; James, Rachael ; Larter, Robert D. ; Linse, Katrin ; Mills, Rachel A. ; Garabato, Alfredo Naveira ; Pancost, Richard D. ; Pearce, David A. ; Polunin, Nicholas V.C. ; German, Christopher R. ; Shank, Timothy ; Boersch - Supan, Philipp H. ; Alker, Belinda J. ; Aquilina, Alfred ; Bennett, Sarah A. ; Clarke, Andrew ; Dinley, Robert J.J. ; Graham, Alastair G.C. ; Green, Darryl R.H. ; Hawkes, Jeffrey A. ; Hepburn, Laura ; Hilario, Ana ; Huvenne, Veerle A.I. ; Marsh, Leigh ; Ramirez - Llodra, Eva ; Reid, William D.K. ; Roterman, Christopher N. ; Sweeting, Christopher J. ; Thatje, Sven ; Zwirglmaier, Katrin ( 2012 ). `` The Discovery of New Deep - Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography ''. PLOS Biology. 10 ( 1 ) : -- 1001234. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001234. ISSN 1545 - 7885. Jump up ^ Perkins, W.G. ( 1984 ). `` Mount Isa silica dolomite and copper orebodies ; the result of a syntectonic hydrothermal alteration system ''. Economic Geology. 79 ( 4 ) : 601 -- 637. doi : 10.2113 / gsecongeo. 79.4. 601. ^ Jump up to : We Are About to Start Mining Hydrothermal Vents on the Ocean Floor. Nautilus ; Brandon Keim. 12 September 2015. Jump up ^ Ginley, S. ; Diekrup, D. ; Hannington, M. ( 2014 ). `` Categorizing mineralogy and geochemistry of Algoma type banded iron formation, Temagami, ON '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The dawn of deep ocean mining ''. The All I Need. 2006. Jump up ^ `` Nautilus Outlines High Grade Au - Cu Seabed Sulphide Zone '' ( Press release ). Nautilus Minerals. 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Neptune Minerals ''. Retrieved August 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Birney, K. ; et al. `` Potential Deep - Sea Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulfides : A case study in Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ). University of California, Santa Barbara, B. Jump up ^ `` Treasures from the deep ''. Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. January 2007. Jump up ^ The secret on the ocean floor. David Shukman, BBC News. 19 February 2018. Jump up ^ Devey, C.W. ; Fisher, C.R. ; Scott, S. ( 2007 ). `` Responsible Science at Hydrothermal Vents '' ( PDF ). Oceanography. 20 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 72. doi : 10.5670 / oceanog. 2007.90. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Johnson, M. ( 2005 ). `` Oceans need protection from scientists too ''. Nature. 433 ( 7022 ) : 105. Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433... 105J. doi : 10.1038 / 433105a. PMID 15650716. Jump up ^ Johnson, M. ( 2005 ). `` Deepsea vents should be world heritage sites ''. MPA News. 6 : 10. Jump up ^ Tyler, P. ; German, C. ; Tunnicliff, V. ( 2005 ). `` Biologists do not pose a threat to deep - sea vents ''. Nature. 434 ( 7029 ) : 18. Bibcode : 2005Natur. 434... 18T. doi : 10.1038 / 434018b. PMID 15744272. Further reading ( edit ) Van Dover CL ; Humphris SE ; Fornari D ; Cavanaugh CM ; Collier R ; Goffredi SK ; Hashimoto J ; Lilley MD ; Reysenbach AL ; Shank TM ; Von Damm KL ; Banta A ; Gallant RM ; Gotz D ; Green D ; Hall J ; Harmer TL ; Hurtado LA ; Johnson P ; McKiness ZP ; Meredith C ; Olson E ; Pan IL ; Turnipseed M ; Won Y ; Young CR 3rd ; Vrijenhoek RC ( 2001 ). `` Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents ''. Science. 294 ( 5543 ) : 818 -- 23. Bibcode : 2001Sci... 294... 818V. doi : 10.1126 / science. 1064574. PMID 11557843. Van Dover ; Cindy Lee ( 2000 ). The Ecology of Deep - Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 - 691 - 04929 - 7. Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, Van Dover CL, Martinson TA, Plumley FG ( 2005 ). `` An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep - sea hydrothermal vent ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 ( 26 ) : 9306 -- 10. Bibcode : 2005PNAS... 102.9306 B. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0503674102. PMC 1166624. PMID 15967984. Glyn Ford and Jonathan Simnett, Silver from the Sea, September / October 1982, Volume 33, Number 5, Saudi Aramco World Accessed 17 October 2005 Ballard, Robert D., 2000, The Eternal Darkness, Princeton University Press. http://www.botos.com/marine/vents01.html#body_4 Anaerobic respiration on tellurate and other metalloids in bacteria from hydrothermal vent fields in the eastern pacific ocean Andrea Koschinsky ; Dieter Garbe - Schönberg ; Sylvia Sander ; Katja Schmidt ; Hans - Hermann Gennerich ; Harald Strauss ( August 2008 ). `` Hydrothermal venting at pressure - temperature conditions above the critical point of seawater, 5 ° S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ''. Geology. 36 ( 8 ) : 615 -- 618. doi : 10.1130 / G24726A. 1. Retrieved 18 June 2010. Catherine Brahic ( 4 August 2008 ). `` Found : The hottest water on Earth ''. New Scientist. Retrieved 18 June 2010. Josh Hill ( 5 August 2008 ). `` ' Extreme Water ' Found at Atlantic Ocean Abyss ''. The Daily Galaxy. Retrieved 18 June 2010. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrothermal vents. Ocean Explorer ( www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov ) - Public outreach site for explorations sponsored by the Office of Ocean Exploration. Hydrothermal Vents Video - The Smithsonian Institution 's Ocean Portal Vent geochemistry a good overview of hydrothermal vent biology, published in 2006 ( PDF ) Images of Hydrothermal Vents in Indian Ocean - Released by National Science Foundation How to Build a Hydrothermal Vent Chimney NOAA, Ocean Explorer YouTube Channel Aquatic ecosystem topics Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More... 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heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense, counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - 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slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Evolutionary biology portal Geology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermal_vent&oldid=835664441 '' Categories : Hydrothermal vents Economic geology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 01 : 24. 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{ "text": "List of United States Presidential Firsts - wikipedia List of United States Presidential Firsts Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list lists achievements and distinctions of various Presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent. Contents ( hide ) 1 George Washington ( 1789 - 1797 ) 2 John Adams ( 1797 - 1801 ) 3 Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 - 1809 ) 4 James Madison ( 1809 - 1817 ) 5 James Monroe ( 1817 - 1825 ) 6 John Quincy Adams ( 1825 - 1829 ) 7 Andrew Jackson ( 1829 - 1837 ) 8 Martin Van Buren ( 1837 - 1841 ) 9 William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) 10 John Tyler ( 1841 - 1845 ) 11 James K. Polk ( 1845 - 1849 ) 12 Zachary Taylor ( 1849 - 1850 ) 13 Millard Fillmore ( 1850 - 1853 ) 14 Franklin Pierce ( 1853 - 1857 ) 15 James Buchanan ( 1857 - 1861 ) 16 Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 - 1865 ) 17 Andrew Johnson ( 1865 - 1869 ) 18 Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 - 1877 ) 19 Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 - 1881 ) 20 James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) 21 Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 - 1885 ) 22 Grover Cleveland ( 1885 - 1889 ; 1893 - 1897 ) 23 Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 - 1893 ) 24 William McKinley ( 1897 - 1901 ) 25 Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 - 1909 ) 26 William Howard Taft ( 1909 - 1913 ) 27 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 - 1921 ) 28 Warren G. Harding ( 1921 - 1923 ) 29 Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 - 1929 ) 30 Herbert Hoover ( 1929 - 1933 ) 31 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 - 1945 ) 32 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 - 1953 ) 33 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 - 1961 ) 34 John F. Kennedy ( 1961 - 1963 ) 35 Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 - 1969 ) 36 Richard Nixon ( 1969 - 1974 ) 37 Gerald Ford ( 1974 - 1977 ) 38 Jimmy Carter ( 1977 - 1981 ) 39 Ronald Reagan ( 1981 - 1989 ) 40 George H.W. Bush ( 1989 - 1993 ) 41 Bill Clinton ( 1993 - 2001 ) 42 George W. Bush ( 2001 - 2009 ) 43 Barack Obama ( 2009 - 2017 ) 44 Donald Trump ( 2017 - present ) 45 See also 46 References 47 Sources 48 External links George Washington ( 1789 - 1797 ) ( edit ) George Washington was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1776, 13 years before becoming President First President of the United States. First President to appear on a postage stamp. First President to be a Freemason. First ( and, to date, only ) President to receive votes from every Presidential elector in an election ( in both the 1789 and 1792 elections ; each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate ). First President to add `` So help me God '' to the Oath of Office. First ( and, to date, only ) sitting President to command a standing field army ( during the Whiskey Rebellion ). First President to have been a Lieutenant general. First President to have a parent live to see him be elected and become President ( His mother Mary was still alive when he took office on April 30, 1789. She died four months later in August ). First President to be an Episcopalian. First President from Virginia. First President to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. First President to have signed the United States Constitution. First President to have a submarine named after him. John Adams ( 1797 - 1801 ) ( edit ) John Adams was the first President to live in the White House First President to live in the White House. First President to have previously served as Vice-President. First President to have previously served as an Ambassador to a foreign country. First ( and only ) President elected as a Federalist. First President to be a lawyer. First President who had never served in the military. First President to not be a slave owner. First President to be a Unitarian. First President from Massachusetts. First President who attended one of the Ivy League colleges, and first to attend Harvard College. First President to have children. First President whose son ( John Quincy Adams ) was also a President. First president to begin his presidency on March 4. He begun his presidency on March 4, 1797. First President to receive the oath of office from a Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court First President to veto no bills while in office. First President to have a child die while in office. First President to be defeated for a second term in office. First President to not attend the inauguration of his successor. He did not attend Jefferson 's inauguration. First President to live to the age of 90. First President to have signed the Declaration of Independence. First President to have met a British monarch, having met George III of the United Kingdom while serving as Ambassador to Britain. First President to have had a Secretary of the Navy. Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 - 1809 ) ( edit ) First President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. First President whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor. John Adams did not attend his inauguration. First President to live a full presidential term in the White House. First President elected as a Democratic - Republican. First President to have previously been a Governor. First President to have been Ambassador to France. First President to have previously served as Secretary of State. First President to defeat a person ( Adams ) whom he had previously lost to in a Presidential election. First President to have been widowed prior to his inauguration ( His wife Martha Jefferson died in 1782, long before he was inaugurated ). First President whose election was decided in the House of Representatives. First President to cite the doctrine of executive privilege. First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment. Originally the runner - up in the presidential election was named vice president. First President to have more than one Vice President ( Aaron Burr and George Clinton were his Vice Presidents ). First President to be a Deist. First President who died on Independence Day ( Along with his President and predecessor John Adams ). First President to be survived by his predecessor as President ( He was survived by John Adams, who died five hours later ). First President to serve as Rector of the University of Virginia. James Madison ( 1809 - 1817 ) ( edit ) First President to have served in the United States House of Representatives First President to ask Congress for a Declaration of War. First war - time Commander - in - Chief. First President to have an Inaugural ball. First President to wear long trousers instead of knee breeches. First President to issue a pocket veto. First President to have a Vice President die while in office, and the only President to have more than one Vice President ( George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry ) die in office. First President to have a parent live throughout his presidency ( He left office in 1817 and his mother Nelly Conway Madison died in 1829 ). James Monroe ( 1817 - 1825 ) ( edit ) First President to have served in the United States Senate. First President to have a child marry at the White House ( His daughter Mary married in 1820 at the Blue Room on the State Floor of the White House ). First President to ride on a steamboat. First President to receive more than 200 electoral votes in a single election. First President to have served as Secretary of War. First President to issue a doctrine, the Monroe Doctrine. John Quincy Adams ( 1825 - 1829 ) ( edit ) Philip Haas took this daguerrotype of John Quincy Adams in 1843 - it is the first photograph taken of a President. First President to be the son of another President ( He was the son of John Adams ). First President whose father lived to see him become president ( His father, former President John Adams, was still alive when he took office, and died in 1826 ). First President to have a son marry at the White House ( His son John Adams II married in the Blue Room on February 25, 1828. ) First President elected despite losing the popular vote. First President to have facial hair. ( He wore long sideburns ). First President to have his photograph taken. First President to serve in Congress after serving in the Presidency. First President to be succeeded by a President older than him ( Both Adams and his successor Andrew Jackson were born in 1767, but Jackson was born in March, while Adams was born in July ). First President to have been Ambassador to the Netherlands, Germany, and Russia. Andrew Jackson ( 1829 - 1837 ) ( edit ) First President born in a log cabin. First President born in the Carolinas ( Place of birth disputed between North and South Carolina ). First President born to immigrant parents ( His parents and two brothers emigrated from Ireland in 1765 ). First President born after the death of his father ( His father died in February 1767, around three weeks before he was born ). First President to be a Presbyterian. First Democrat elected to the Presidency. First President to have been a Major general. First President to be inaugurated at the East Portico of the United States Capitol Building. First President to kill someone in a duel. First President to be targeted by an assassin. First President to ride on a railroad train. First President to appoint a Catholic ( Roger Taney ) to the Supreme Court. First President to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land - owners from voting were repealed. First President whose home state was not also his birth state ( His birth state is disputed between North and South Carolina, while he resided in Tennessee at the time of his election ). First President to be an orphan. ( His father died in 1767 just before he was born and his mother died in 1781 when he was fourteen ). Martin van Buren ( 1837 - 1841 ) ( edit ) First President born a citizen of the United States, rather than a British subject. First President born in New York state. First President born after the Declaration of Independence. First ( and, to date, only ) President who spoke a language other than English as his first language. ( Dutch was his first language ) First ( and, to date, only ) President to be of the Dutch Reformed faith. First President to have served as a State Attorney General, having served as Attorney General of New York from 1815 to 1819. William Henry harrison ( 1841 ) ( edit ) First Whig elected to the Presidency. First President from Ohio. First President to receive more than one million popular votes in a single election. He received 1,275,390 votes in the 1840 election. First President to have 10 or more children. First President to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words. First President to have his photograph taken while in office. First President to die in office. First President to have been a Brigadier general. First President to serve as Ambassador to a South American country, having served as United States Minister to Gran Colombia from 1828 to 1829. John Tyler ( 1841 - 1845 ) ( edit ) First Vice-President to ascend to the Presidency by the death of his predecessor. First President to have a veto overridden. First President to face a vote of impeachment in the House ( it was unsuccessful ). First President to be widowed while in office. First President to remarry while in office ( to Julia Gardiner Tyler ). First ( and, to date, only ) President to have served as President pro tempore of the Senate. First President to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution. First President to be born during someone 's presidency ( George Washington ). First ( and only ) President to join the Confederacy and serve in the Provisional Confederate States Congress. James K. Polk ( 1845 - 1849 ) ( edit ) First President to be elected to the office before reaching the age of 50. First ( and, to date, only ) President to have served as Speaker of the House of Representatives. First President born in North Carolina ( Andrew Jackson 's birthplace is disputed between that state and South Carolina ). First President to be a Methodist. First President to be elected despite losing his states of birth and residence. First President to be nominated by his party as a dark horse. First one - term President not to seek re-election upon the completion of his term. First President to die before reaching the age of 60. First President to predecease a parent ( Polk died in 1849, soon after leaving office. Jane Knox Polk died in 1852, having outlived her son by three years. ) First President not to keep a pet during his term in office. Zachary Taylor ( 1849 - 1850 ) ( edit ) First President who had served in no prior elected office. First President to serve in the Mexican - American War. First President to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate. First President to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress. First President to reside in Louisiana. First President to be elected while winning the same number of states as his opponent. Both Taylor and his opponent Lewis Cass won 15 states. First President to have had a Secretary of the Interior. Millard Fillmore ( 1850 - 1853 ) ( edit ) First President to establish a permanent White House library. First President born in the 1800s. First President to remarry after leaving office. He remarried in 1858 to Caroline Carmichael McIntosh. First President to leave office while his father was alive. He left office in 1853 and his father Nathaniel Fillmore died in 1863. Franklin pierce ( 1853 - 1857 ) ( edit ) First President born in New Hampshire. First President to install central heating in the White House. First President born in the 19th century ( November 23, 1804 ). First President to deliver his inaugural address from memory. First ( and, to date, only ) elected President to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party. James buchanan ( 1857 - 1861 ) ( edit ) First President born in Pennsylvania. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be a bachelor. First sitting President to meet a member of the British Royal Family. ( He met the future King Edward VII in 1860 during his tour of America ). First President to have his inauguration photographed. Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 - 1865 ) ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln was the first President to be assassinated. First President born outside of the original 13 colonies and first born in Kentucky. First President from Illinois. First ( and, to date, only ) President to hold a patent. First President to be photographed at his inauguration. First President to be assassinated. First Republican elected to the Presidency. First President to be assassinated. First President to receive more than two million popular votes in a single election. He received 2,218,388 votes in the 1864 election. First President to wear a beard. First President inducted into the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Andrew Johnson ( 1865 - 1869 ) ( edit ) First President to ascend to the Presidency by the assassination of his predecessor. First President to be impeached by the House of Representatives. First President to serve in the United States Senate after being President. First President to have been mayor of a town, having been mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee. First President to issue more than twenty vetoes. First President to have more than ten vetoes overridden. Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 - 1877 ) ( edit ) Ulysses S. Grant, here shortly before his death, was the first President to write a memoir. First President born in Ohio. First President to have had a mustache. First President educated at the United States Military Academy. First President to have been a four - star General. First President to have served as Commanding General of the United States Army, though Washington held a similar post under a different name. First President to win the popular vote by more than 500,000 votes. First President to win more than 3 million votes in a single election. He received 3,013,421 votes in the 1868 election. First President to have both parents alive during his presidency ( His father Jesse Root Grant died in 1873, and his mother Hannah Simpson Grant died in 1882 ). First President to veto more than fifty bills. First President to visit Ireland, Egypt, China and Japan. ( In 1878 -- 79, after leaving the presidency. ) First President to publish his memoirs. First President to issue more than 40 pocket vetoes. Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 - 1881 ) ( edit ) First President to hold a state Thanksgiving dinner. First President to hold the White House Easter Egg Roll. First President to have a telephone and a typewriter installed in the White House. First President to visit the West Coast of the United States while in office. First President to win the electoral vote but lose the popular vote. First President to receive more than 4 million votes in a single election. He received 4,034,311 votes in the 1876 election. First ( and only ) President to be wounded in the American Civil War. James a Garfield ( 1881 ) ( edit ) First ( and, to date, only ) President to be elected to the Presidency directly from the House of Representatives. First President to be left - handed or ambidextrous. First President to die before reaching the age of 50. First President to have served as a University President. Chester a Arthur ( 1881 - 1885 ) ( edit ) First President born in Vermont. First President to take the oath of office in his own home. First President to have an elevator installed in the White House. First President to have been appointed to a non-cabinet or ambassadorial federal office, having been appointed Collector of the Port of New York by Ulysses S. Grant in 1871. Grover Cleveland ( 1885 - 1889 ; 1893 - 1897 ) ( edit ) Grover Cleveland was the first President to serve non-consecutive terms, and the first President to be married ( to Frances Folsom ) at the White House First President born in New Jersey. First ( and, to date, only ) President to get married at the White House. First President to have a child born in the White House. First ( and, to date, only ) President to serve non-consecutive terms. First President to be filmed. First President to veto more than 100 bills, veto more than 200 bills, veto more than 300 bills, or veto more than 400 bills. Counting both of his terms together, he is also the first President to veto more than 500 bills. First President to issue more than 100 pocket vetos. First President to have had a Secretary of Agriculture. Benjamin harrison ( 1889 - 1893 ) ( edit ) First President to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House. First President to be a grandson of another President ( W.H. Harrison ) First President ( with Cleveland ) to receive more than five million popular votes in a single election. He received 5,443,892 votes in the 1888 election. First President to have electric lighting installed in the White House. First President to have his voice recorded. First President from Indiana. William McKinley ( 1897 - 1901 ) ( edit ) First President to ride in an automobile. He rode with Freelan Oscar Stanley of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company in his steam car in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he died. First President to serve as Permanent Chairman of the Republican National Convention. First President to have his inauguration filmed. First President to received more than 7 million votes in a single election. He received 7,111,607 votes in the 1896 election. Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 - 1909 ) ( edit ) First President born in New York City. First Vice-President who ascended to the Presidency upon the death of a predecessor, who later was elected to the Presidency in his own right ( He was elected Vice-President in 1900, ascended to the Presidency in 1901, and was elected in his own right in 1904 ). First President ( and first American ) to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt won the award in 1906, due to his successful mediation to end the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ). First President to ride in a submarine and an airplane First President to travel outside the United States while in office ( to the Panama Canal Zone ), first President to visit Panama. First President to receive more than 300 electoral votes in a single election. Roosevelt received 336 electoral votes in the United States presidential election, 1904. First President to win a presidential election by a difference of 2 million popular votes from his opponent. First President to have his offices in the West Wing. First President ( and, to date, only ) to earn the Medal of Honor. Roosevelt won the award for his service in the Spanish -- American War, and in particular his role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001, by President Bill Clinton. First President to receive the Freedom of the City of the City of London. First President to have had a Secretary of Commerce and Labor. First President to serve as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. William Howard Taft ( 1909 - 1913 ) ( edit ) William Howard Taft was the first President to also serve on the United States Supreme Court First President to throw out a ceremonial first pitch. Taft threw his pitch at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day. The pitch took place on April 14, 1910. First President to own an automobile ( He in fact owned four while in office ) First President to serve in the federal judiciary, having served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. First former Solicitor General to become President. Taft served as Solicitor General from 1890 to 1892. He became President in 1909. First President to receive the Silver Buffalo Award. First President to preside all of the 48 contiguous states ( Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union under his Presidency ). First President to visit Mexico while in office First President to use the Oval Office. First ( and, to date, only ) President to also serve on the Supreme Court of the United States ( as Chief Justice ). Taft left office as President in 1913. He was appointed Chief Justice in 1921, by President Warren Harding. First President to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery He was also the first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery upon his death in 1930. Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 - 1921 ) ( edit ) First ( and, to date, only ) President to have a Ph. D. First President to visit Europe while in office ( he visited France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Holy See ( Vatican City, not yet a sovereign nation ), and Belgium ). First President to meet with the Pope while in office. Wilson met Pope Benedict XV in 1919, during a visit at Vatican City. First sitting President to meet a British monarch, having met George V in 1918. First President to hold a press conference or regular news briefings. First President to appoint a Jew ( Louis Brandeis ) to the Supreme Court. First President to attend a World Series game. Wilson attended Game 2 of the 1915 World Series in Philadelphia, viewing a baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be buried in Washington, D.C.. Wilson died in 1924, and was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral. First President to receive more than 9 million votes in a single election. He received 9,126,868 votes in the 1916 election. First President to have separate Secretaries of Commerce and Labor. First President to serve as President of Princeton University. Warren G. Harding ( 1921 - 1923 ) ( edit ) First President to receive more than ten million popular votes in a single election. Harding received 16,144,093 votes in the United States presidential election, 1920. He also received 404 electoral votes. The election took part following the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted voting rights to women. There were more eligible voters than previous elections, though voter turnout was relatively low. In 1920, just 36 % of eligible women turned out to vote ( compared with 68 % of men ). The low turnout was partly due to other barriers to voting, such as literacy tests, long residency requirements and poll taxes. Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low. First President to win more than 60 % of the popular vote. Harding won 60.3 % of the popular vote. First President to win the popular vote with a margin of victory over 20 %. First sitting U.S. Senator elected to the presidency. Harding was serving as a Senator from Ohio when elected. He resigned his position as senator and was replaced by Frank B. Willis. First President to have been a Lieutenant Governor. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906. First President to win the popular vote by more than 5 million. First President elected after women gained the right to vote. First President to ride to and from his inauguration in an automobile. The inauguration of Harding took place in 1921. First President to learn to drive a car. First President to visit Canada while in office. First President to be a Baptist. First President to be on the cover of Time Magazine. First President to have had a Director of the Office of Management and Budget. First President to serve as Temporary Chairman of the Republican National Convention. First President to have been keynote speaker at the Republican National Convention. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be elected on his birthday ( he was elected on November 2, 1920, his 55th birthday ). First President to predecease his father. Dr. George Tryon Harding died in 1928, five years after his son. First President to appear on a radio broadcast, over Navy radio station NOF in Anacostia, D.C. Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 - 1929 ) ( edit ) First ( and, to date, only ) President to be sworn in by his father, John Calvin Coolidge, Sr, following the death of Harding. First President to be sworn in by another President ( William Howard Taft, who was Chief Justice at the time of the second inauguration of Coolidge in 1925 ). First President to give a radio broadcast from the White House. First President to be filmed with sound recording. First President to visit Cuba while in office. First President to be a Congregationalist. First President to claim Native American ancestry. Coolidge 's mother Victoria Moor was claimed to be of a mixed - race family in Vermont. First ( and, to date, only ) President born on Independence Day. First President to serve as both governor and lieutenant governor of a state, having served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1916 to 1919 and Governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Herbert Hoover ( 1929 - 1933 ) ( edit ) First President born west of the Mississippi River and first born in Iowa. First President to receive more than twenty million popular votes in a single election. Hoover received 21,427,123 votes in the United States presidential election, 1928. The Hoover vote touched the high - water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate up to that time ; 21,400,000 votes cast was an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote of four years before. First President to have a telephone on his desk. First President to have a post-presidency of more than 30 years. Hoover left office in 1933, and died in 1964. He died 31 years, and 230 days after leaving office. First Quaker to serve as President. First President to have served as Secretary of Commerce. Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 - 1945 ) ( edit ) First ( and, per the 22nd amendment, only ) President to serve more than two terms. Roosevelt won a record four presidential elections, and served four terms in office from 1933 to 1945. More precisely, Roosevelt served three full terms, and died 2 months and 24 days into his fourth term. First President to be inaugurated on January 20 ( after the passage of the Twentieth Amendment ). His first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. His second inauguration took place on January 20, 1937 and is the first inauguration to take place on that date. First President to be elected after losing as Vice-President on a major party ticket. Roosevelt was Democratic nominee for Vice-President in the United States presidential election, 1920. He was the Democratic nominee for President in United States presidential election, 1932, and was successfully elected. He is also the first president appear five times on aa national ticket, a record tied by Richard Nixon. First President to appear on television On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt appeared at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World 's Fair and gave a speech. The speech was televised, and Roosevelt became the first President of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television. Roosevelt 's speech was seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12 - inch tubes. First President to nominate a woman ( Frances Perkins ) to a Cabinet post. Perkins was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in 1933. First President to establish a presidential library First President to receive more than 500 electoral votes in a single election. He received 523 electoral votes in the United States presidential election, 1936. Roosevelt won 98.5 % of the electoral vote. First President to receive more than 25 million votes in a single election. He received 27,747,636 votes in the 1936 election. First President to win the popular vote by more than 10 million votes, in 1936. First President to veto more than 500 bills. His total vetoes were 635, though 9 were overridden. First President to issue more than 200 pocket vetos. He issued 263 pocket vetoes. First sitting President to visit South America ( Hoover visited as President - elect ; Roosevelt visited Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay ), Africa ( he visited Morocco, Liberia and Egypt ), Haiti, Iran, and the Soviet Union, as well as Hawaii while in office. First President to make a transatlantic flight. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am - crewed Boeing 314 Clipper flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, a flight that covered 5,500 miles ( 8,890 km ) in three legs. First President to have had no full siblings. He only had a half - brother, James Roosevelt Roosevelt. First President to receive a British monarch during a visit to the U.S., having met George VI in 1939. First President to meet a King of Saudi Arabia, having met Ibn Saud in 1945. First President to be named Time Person of the Year. First President to have a National Library administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. Harry S. Truman ( 1945 - 1953 ) ( edit ) First President born in Missouri. First President to be assigned a Secret Service codename. First sitting President to visit Germany. He visited the Allied - occupied Germany. First President to serve in World War I. Truman served as an officer of the American Expeditionary Forces and commanded a unit of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment. He saw combat service in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive. He was discharged from the army in 1919, with the rank of major. He remained affiliated with the United States Army Reserve until 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1925 and colonel in 1932. First President to have a television set installed in the White House. First to have a nationally televised inauguration. His second inauguration in 1949 was the first presidential inauguration televised. Millions of people watched the inauguration, broadcast as a single live program that aired on every network. Many schoolchildren watched from their classrooms. Truman authorized a holiday for federal employees so that they could also watch. The ceremony, and Truman 's speech, were also broadcast abroad through the Voice of America, and translated into other languages including Russian and German. According to some calculations, the 1949 inauguration had more witnesses than all previous Presidential inaugurations combined. First President to leave office on January 20 ( after the passage of the Twentieth amendment ). He left office on January 20, 1953. First person to be issued a Medicare card. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess Truman, to honor the former president 's fight for government health care while in office. First President to address a joint session of the Canadian Parliament. First President to have had a Secretary of Defense. First President to have had a White House Chief of Staff. Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 - 1961 ) ( edit ) First President to serve in World War II, and only President to serve in both World Wars. First President to have been a Five - star General of the Army. First President to have served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army. First President to have served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe. First President to be born in Texas. First President from Kansas. First President to begin his presidency on January 20 ( after the passage of the Twentieth Amendment ). He begun his presidency on January 20, 1953. First President to receive more than 30 million votes in a single election. He received 34,075,529 votes in the 1952 election. First President to celebrate his 70th birthday while in office. Eisenhower was born in 1890 and turned 70 in 1960. His office term ended in 1961. First President to travel by jet aircraft and helicopter. First President to get a pilot 's license. First sitting President to visit the independent nations of Switzerland, Vatican City, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Greece, Tunisia, Spain, Chile, Portugal, the Philippines, and Taiwan. First President to give a televised news conference, in 1955. First President to appear on color television. First President of all 50 states ( Alaska and Hawaii were admitted during his Presidency ). First President to be term - limited, due to the 22nd Amendment. First President to have served more than one full term with a Congress controlled by the opposing party. First President to have received an honorary knighthood from a foreign nation ( Eisenhower received 22 such honors ). First President to receive the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. First President to receive the Philippine Distinguished Service Star, the French Médaille militaire, the French Croix de guerre 1939 -- 1945, the Belgian Croix de guerre, and the Luxembourgish Military Medal. First President and first American to be appointed to the British Order of Merit. First President to be made a Grand Cordon of the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum. First ( and only ) President and American to receive the Soviet Order of Victory, for serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force. First President to receive an Emmy Award. First President to have had a Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. First President to have had a National Security Advisor. First President to serve as President of Columbia University. John F. Kennedy ( 1961 - 1963 ) ( edit ) First ( and, to date, only ) Catholic to serve as President. First President born in the 20th Century ( Kennedy was born in 1917 and took office in 1961 ). First President ( along with Richard Nixon ) to participate in televised Presidential debates. He took part in four televised debates in 1960. First President to have been a Boy Scout. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1957, for his biographical work Profiles in Courage. First President to have previously served in the United States Navy. First ( and, to date, only ) President to earn a Purple Heart. First sitting President to have a brother serve in the Senate ( Ted Kennedy ) and another brother ( Robert Kennedy ) serve in the Cabinet. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be survived by both his parents. Kennedy died in 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. outlived him for six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy outlived him for more than three decades, dying in 1995. First ( and, to date, only ) President who died on the same date as his assassination attempt occurred. First ( and, to date, only ) Democrat President to be assassinated. First President to use the Situation Room. First sitting President to visit Ireland. First President to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom ( awarded posthumously on December 6, 1963 ). First President to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart. Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 - 1969 ) ( edit ) Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first President to be inaugurated on an airplane and the first President to be sworn in by a woman. The inauguration is shown in the photo above. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be inaugurated on an airplane. His inauguration was held aboard Air Force One in 1963. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be sworn in by a woman ( Sarah T. Hughes ). First sitting President to visit Australia, New Zealand, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Guatemala, Austria, and Venezuela. First President to win the popular vote by more than 15 million votes. First President to receive more than 40 million votes in a single election. He received 43,127,041 votes in the 1964 election. First President to ride to and from his inauguration in a bullet - proof limousine ( to and from his second inauguration ). First President to appoint an African - American ( Thurgood Marshall ) to the Supreme Court. First President to appoint an African - American ( Robert C. Weaver ) to a Cabinet post. Weaver was appointed the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1966. First President to have been party leader in the United States Senate, having been Minority Leader from 1953 - 1955 and Majority Leader from 1955 - 1961. First President to have served as Senate Majority Whip, having served in that office from 1951 - 1953. First President to receive the Silver Star. First President to have had a Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and a Secretary of Transportation. First ( and only ) President to serve during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II but not to have met her. Richard Nixon ( 1969 - 1974 ) ( edit ) First ( and, to date, only ) Vice-President who did not immediately succeed his President ( Dwight Eisenhower ). He served as Vice-President from 1953 to 1961. He ran to succeed Eisenhower in 1960 but lost the general election. He was first elected President in 1968 and took office in 1969. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be elected twice to both the Presidency ( 1968 and 1972 ) and Vice-Presidency ( 1952 and 1956 ). First President ( along with Kennedy ) to participate in televised Presidential debates. He participated in four televised debates in 1960. First President born in California. First sitting President to visit the People 's Republic of China, Indonesia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Israel, Poland, Iceland, and Jordan. First ( and, to date, only ) President to resign from the Presidency. The resignation of Nixon in 1974, was a result of the Watergate scandal. There were efforts by the United States House of Representatives to impeach the President for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. Nixon had also lost the support of his own party. First President to appoint a Vice President under Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be pardoned by another President ( Gerald Ford ). The Pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. First President to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal. First President to receive more than 45 million votes in a single election. He received 47,168,710 votes in the 1972 election. First President to meet an Emperor of Japan, having met Hirohito in 1971. First President to be named Time Person of the Year for his reelection. Gerald Ford ( 1974 - 1977 ) ( edit ) Gerald Ford, here being sworn in by Warren Burger, was the first man to ascend to the Presidency without being elected to either the offices of the President or Vice-President. First President born in Nebraska. First President from Michigan. First ( and, to date, only ) Vice-President to ascend to the Presidency by the resignation of his predecessor. First ( and, to date, only ) President to ascend to the Presidency without being elected to either the offices of the President or Vice-President. He was appointed Vice-President in 1973 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He succeeded President Richard Nixon in 1974, following the resignation of Nixon. First ( and, to date, only ) President to succeed to the office under the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which codified the previously established precedent of the Vice President succeeding to the presidency. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be an Eagle Scout First President to receive the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. First sitting President to visit Japan and Finland while in office. First ( and, to date, only ) President to pardon another President ( Richard Nixon ). The Pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. First President to release a full report of his medical checkup to the public. First President to serve as House Minority Leader, having served in that office from 1965 - 1973. First President to serve as Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives. Jimmy Carter ( 1977 - 1981 ) ( edit ) First President born in Georgia. First sitting President to visit Nigeria. First President born in a hospital. He was born in the Wise Sanitarium of Plains, Georgia, in 1924. First ( and, to date, only ) President to attend the United States Naval Academy. First President to use a nickname in an official capacity. His actual name is James Earl Carter Jr, but he is better known by the nickname Jimmy Carter. First President to receive the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights. First President to have separate Secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education. First President to have had a Secretary of Energy. First President to mark the 40th anniversary of his inauguration. First President to have hosted an official papal visit at the White house. In 1979, Pope John Paul II became the first pontiff to visit a sitting President at the White House. Ronald Reagan ( 1981 - 1989 ) ( edit ) First President born in Illinois. First President to receive more than fifty million popular votes in a single election. He received 54,455,472 votes in the 1984 election. First President to be elected over the age of 70, as he was 73 when he was reelected in 1984. First President to have been divorced. He divorced his first wife Jane Wyman in 1949. First ( and, to date, only ) President to have been a professional actor. First ( and, to date, only ) President to be the head of a union ( the Screen Actors Guild ). First President to be inaugurated at the West Front of the United States Capitol Building. First sitting President to visit Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada. First President to appoint a woman to the Supreme Court ( Sandra Day O'Connor ). First sitting President to visit the New York Stock Exchange, on March 28, 1985. First serving President to address a joint sitting of the British Parliament ( House of Commons and House of Lords ) on June 8, 1982. First President to invoke Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. First sitting President to attend and open the Olympic Games ( the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles ). First living President to be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the first to be Awarded with Distinction. First President to have served in the United States Army Air Forces. First President to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. First President to receive a Golden Globe Award. He received the Hollywood Citizenship Award at the 14th Golden Globe Awards. First President to serve two full terms with a House of Representatives controlled by the opposing party. First President to nominate a Hispanic - American ( Lauro Cavazos ) to a Cabinet post. Cavazos was appointed United States Secretary of Education in 1988. George H.W. Bush ( 1989 - 1993 ) ( edit ) First Vice-President to have served as Acting President ( when Reagan was sedated for eight hours due to colon surgery ). First sitting President to visit Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Singapore, Somalia, and the Russian Federation, as well as reunified Germany. First President to have served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( having served in the predecessor office of Director of Central Intelligence ) or United States Ambassador to the United Nations. First serving President to address a joint sitting of the Australian Parliament ( House of Representatives and Senate ) in 1992 in reciprocation of the first address of a joint sitting of Congress by an Australian Prime Minister ( Robert James Lee `` Bob '' Hawke ) in 1988. First President to have been a naval aviator. First President to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal. First President to have been married for more than 70 years. ( George and Barbara Bush surpassed John and Abigail Adams, married for 54 years, as the longest - married presidential couple in 2000. ) First President to have had a Secretary of Veterans Affairs. First President to serve as Chairman of the Republican National Committee. First President to serve as a diplomat to China, having served as Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China from 1974 to 1975. First President whose son ( George W. Bush ) was reelected President. Bill Clinton ( 1993 - 2001 ) ( edit ) First President born in Arkansas. First sitting President to visit Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Syria, Kuwait, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Denmark, Ghana, Uganda, Rwanda, South Africa, Botswana, Senegal, Slovenia, the Republic of Macedonia, Norway, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Bangladesh, Oman, Tanzania, Brunei, as well as the Palestinian National Authority and reunited Vietnam. First President to send an email. First President to earn a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. First President whose inauguration was streamed on the internet. First President to win a Grammy Award. He received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for Prokofiev : Peter and the Wolf / Beintus : Wolf Tracks at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards. First President to be made a Grand Companion of the Papua New Guinean Order of Logohu. First President to appoint an Asian - American to a Cabinet post. Norman Mineta was appointed Secretary of Commerce by President Clinton in 2000. First sitting President to visit reunified Berlin and walk through the Brandenburg Gate on July 12, 1994, and to visit former East Germany ( other than former East Berlin ) in May 1998. First President to have been Chair of the National Governors Association. First President to have a spouse who was elected senator. George W. Bush ( 2001 - 2009 ) ( edit ) First President born in Connecticut. First President to serve in the Air National Guard. First president to have an M.B.A. degree. First sitting President to visit Sweden, Peru, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Qatar, Iraq, Slovakia, Georgia, Mongolia, Estonia, Albania, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Benin. First President to have State of the Union live broadcast on the Internet. First President to have served in the military during the Vietnam War, where he performed stateside service. First President to invoke Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution twice. First President to have had a Secretary of Homeland Security. First President to lose the popular vote in his first election but win the popular vote in his reelection. First President to receive more than 60 million votes in a single election. He received 62,040,610 votes in the 2004 election. First sitting President to open the Winter Olympic Games ( the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City ). First sitting President to attend any Olympic Games in a foreign country ( the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ). First President to leave office with both parents alive. First President to be elected without winning a Northeastern state. Though he carried the state of New Hampshire in his first election, he did not carry any Northeastern states in his reelection. First President to be named Time Person of the Year for both of his presidential elections. He was named Time Person of the Year when he was first elected and reelected. Barack Obama ( 2009 - 2017 ) ( edit ) First President born outside of the 48 contiguous states and first born in Hawaii. First African - American to serve as President. First multiracial American to serve as President. First President to publicly endorse same - sex marriage. First President to have a Catholic Vice President ( Joe Biden ). First President to appoint a Hispanic - American to the Supreme Court ( Sonia Sotomayor ). First President to appoint multiple women to the Supreme Court, and first to appoint only women to the Supreme Court ( Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan ). First President to visit a federal prison. First President to visit Hiroshima. First President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize within the first year of his presidency. First sitting President to publish a scientific paper. First sitting President to visit Trinidad and Tobago, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Kenya, and Ethiopia. First sitting President to visit the Buchenwald concentration camp. First President to have his official photograph portrait taken with a digital camera. First President to have been keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention. First President to receive more than 65 million votes in a single election. He received 69,498,516 votes in the 2008 election. First African - American to be re-elected President. First multiracial American to be re-elected President. Donald Trump ( 2017 - present ) ( edit ) First President to reach the age of 70 prior to taking office. First President to assume the office without any prior military or any political experience. First President to have been a billionaire. First President to divorce more than once. He divorced his first wife Ivana Trump in 1992, and divorced his second wife Marla Maples in 1999. First President to have children from three different wives. First President to have a female campaign manager ( Kellyanne Conway ). First sitting President to visit the Western Wall. First President to openly support LGBT rights prior to entering office. First President to appoint an Indian - American to a cabinet - level position ( Nikki Haley ). First President to begin tenure with a net negative approval rating in the history of modern political polling. First sitting President to attend the Bastille Day Celebrations. See also ( edit ) List of United States First Lady firsts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : President 's Day Fun. p. 10. Jump up ^ The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. p. 22. Jump up ^ Unger, Harlow Giles ( 2013 ). `` Mr. President '' George Washington and the Making of the Nation 's Highest Office. Boston : Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group. pp. 61, 146. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82241 - 4. Jump up ^ Ellis, Joseph J. ( 2004 ). His Excellency : George Washington. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0. Jump up ^ Kohn, Richard H. ( December 1972 ). `` The Washington Administration 's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion ''. The Journal of American History. 59 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 584. JSTOR 1900658. doi : 10.2307 / 1900658. Jump up ^ `` The Religion of George Washington ''. adherents.com. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Book of Political Lists, pg. 5 Jump up ^ `` Submarine Chronology ''. www.navy.mil. Submarine Warfare Division ( US Navy ). Archived from the original on April 10, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ( ed. ). Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House. p. 18. Jump up ^ American Political Leaders 1789 - 2009. CQ Press. 2009. ^ Jump up to : Richard Lederer. Presidential Trivia. p. 49. Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : The U.S. 's 44th President ( and 25th Lawyer - President! ) ''. Wall Street Journal. 2008 - 11 - 05. ^ Jump up to : Book of Political Lists, pg. 17 Jump up ^ `` Military Roots : Presidents who were Veterans ''. U.S. Department of Veterans ' Affairs. Jump up ^ `` Slaveholding Presidents ''. Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Grand Valley State University. May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Book of Political Lists, pg. 60 ^ Jump up to : Frantz, Christine ; Rowen, Beth. `` Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations ''. Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` THE 6th PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION ''. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 1 / 5 / 2017. Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Vetos, 1789 - 1988 '' ( PDF ). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. p. ix. Jump up ^ `` The Adams Children ''. American Experience. PBS. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Jump up to : Michael Nelson ( ed. ). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. p. 1653. Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence ''. Jump up ^ Frantz, Christine1 ; Rowen, Beth. `` Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations ''. Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ( ed. ). Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House. p. 18. Jump up ^ `` Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates? ''. 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How to Draw the Life and Times of John Quincy Adams. p. 24. Jump up ^ Cindy Barden. Meet the Presidents. p. 71. Jump up ^ `` Legend Andrew Jackson 's Effect on America ''. The Hermitage. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Deaths of Parents ''. Presidents ' Parents. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21. ^ Jump up to : Vecchione, 101 Jump up ^ `` The List : Assassination Attempts ''. The Atlantic. 2005 - 09 - 01. ^ Jump up to : Michaela Riva Gaaserud ( ed. ). Virginia & Maryland : Including Washington DC. Moon. p. 42. Jump up ^ `` Martin van Buren ( 1782 - 1862 ) ''. New Netherland Institute. Jump up ^ http://touringohio.com/trivia/ohio-presidents.html. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Book of Political Lists, pg. 25 Jump up ^ `` The Met Collection Database ''. Retrieved December 12, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Brunner, Borgna. `` Presidential Trivia ''. Info Please. Retrieved December 21, 2008. ^ Jump up to : James Wilson, John DiIulio, Jr., Meena Bose ( 2013 ). 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Jump up ^ Liptak, Kevin. `` Obama in Hiroshima calls for ' world without nuclear weapons ' - CNNPolitics.com ''. Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Obama 's win unique among presidents ''. CNN.com. October 9, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Obama, Barack ( 2 August 2016 ). `` United States Health Care Reform ''. JAMA. 316 ( 5 ). PMC 5069435. PMID 27400401. doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9797. Jump up ^ `` Obama Visits Buchenwald Concentration Camp ''. Jump up ^ `` New official portrait released Wednesday ''. change.gov, Office of the President - Elect. January 14, 2009. Jump up ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle ( 14 June 2016 ). `` It 's Trump 's Birthday. If He Wins, He 'd Be The Oldest President Ever To Take Office ''. NPR. Retrieved 8 December 2016. Jump up ^ Yomtov, Jesse ( 8 November 2016 ). `` Where Trump ranks among least experienced presidents ''. USA Today. Retrieved 14 February 2017. 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Jump up ^ Politi, Daniel ( 26 February 2017 ). `` Trump Is First President to Begin Tenure With Net Negative Approval Rating ''. Slate. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` For Trump little beats a military parade ''. Wall Street Journal. 2017 - 07 - 15. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16. Sources ( edit ) Brands, Henry William ( 1997 ), TR : The Last Romantic ( full biography ), New York : Basic Books, ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3, OCLC 36954615. Hardesty, Von. Air Force One : The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency. Chanhassen, Minnesota : Northword Press, 2003. ISBN 1 - 55971 - 894 - 3. Leech, Margaret ( 1959 ). In the Days of McKinley. New York : Harper and Brothers. pp. 594 -- 600. OCLC 456809. Miller, Nathan ( 1992 ), Theodore Roosevelt : A Life, William Morrow & Co. Pringle, Henry F. ( 1939 ). The Life and Times of William Howard Taft : A Biography. 1 ( 2008 reprint ed. ). Newtown, CT : American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 20 - 2. Pringle, Henry F. ( 1939 ). The Life and Times of William Howard Taft : A Biography. 2 ( 2008 reprint ed. ). Newtown, CT : American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 19 - 6. 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{ "text": "Gospel of John - wikipedia Gospel of John Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts This article is about the book in the New Testament. For the film, see The Gospel of John ( film ). Not to be confused with First Epistle of John. Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John The Gospel According to John is the fourth of the canonical gospels. The work is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' as the source of its traditions. It is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles, and most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author. C.K. Barrett, and later Raymond E. Brown, suggested that a tradition developed around the `` Johannine Community '', and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel. The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church. The discourses contained in this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church -- synagogue debate at the time of composition. It is notable that in John, the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism, rather than as part of a wider Christian community. Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism, it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions. Contents 1 Composition and setting 1.1 The Johannine literature 1.2 Composition 1.3 Sources 2 Structure and content 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.2 Logos 3.3 Cross 3.4 Sacraments 3.4. 1 Frequency of allusion 3.4. 2 Importance to the evangelist 3.5 Individualism 3.6 John the Baptist 3.7 Gnostic elements 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Material 4.2 Theological emphasis 4.3 Chronology 4.4 Literary style 4.5 Discrepancies 4.6 Historical reliability 5 Representations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Further information : Authorship of the Johannine works A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist, from the Rabbula Gospels. The Johannine literature ( edit ) The Gospel of John, the three Johannine epistles, and the Book of Revelation, exhibit marked similarities, although more so between the gospel and the epistles ( especially the gospel and 1 John ) than between those and Revelation. Most scholars therefore treat the five as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author. Composition ( edit ) The gospel of John went through two to three stages, or `` editions '', before reaching its current form around AD 90 -- 110. It arose in a Jewish Christian community probably located in Ephesus in modern Turkey, although other possibilities include Antioch ( Syria ), Palestine, and Alexandria ( Egypt ). It speaks of an unnamed `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' as the source of its traditions, but does not say specifically that he is its author. Christian tradition identified this disciple as the apostle John, but for a variety of reasons the majority of scholars have abandoned this view or hold it only tenuously. Sources ( edit ) The scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century was that John was independent of the synoptic gospels ( Matthew, Mark, and Luke ), but this agreement broke down in the last decade of the century and there are now many who believe that John did know some version of Mark and possibly Luke, as he shares with them some items of vocabulary and clusters of incidents arranged in the same order. Key terms from the synoptics, however, are absent or nearly so, implying that if the author did know those gospels he felt free to write independently. Many incidents in John, such as the wedding in Cana and the encounter with the Samaritan woman at the well, are not paralleled in the synoptics, and most scholars believe he drew these from an independent source called the `` signs gospel '', and the speeches of Jesus from a second `` discourse '' source. Most scholars agree that the prologue to John employs an early hymn. The gospel makes extensive use of the Jewish scriptures. John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources : the Logos of the prologue ( the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation ) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco - Roman mystery cults, while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs. Structure and content ( edit ) Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples, from the Maestà of Duccio, 1308 -- 1311. Further information : Prologue to John, Book of Signs, and John 21 The majority of scholars see four sections in this gospel : a prologue ( 1 : 1 - 18 ) ; an account of the ministry, often called the `` Book of Signs '' ( 1 : 19 - 12 : 50 ) ; the account of Jesus ' final night with his disciples and the passion and resurrection, sometimes called the `` book of glory '' ( 13 : 1 - 20 : 31 ) ; and an epilogue which did not form part of the original text ( Chapter 21 ). The prologue informs readers of the true identity of Jesus : he is the Word of God through whom the world was created and who took on human form. John 1 : 10 - 12 outlines the story to follow : Jesus came to the Jews and the Jews rejected him, but `` to all who received him ( the circle of Christian believers ), who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God. '' Jesus is baptised, calls his disciples, and begins his earthly ministry. He travels from place to place informing his hearers about God the Father, offering eternal life to all who will believe, and performing miracles which are signs of the authenticity of his teachings. This creates tensions with the religious authorities ( manifested as early as 5 : 17 - 18 ), who decide that he must be eliminated. Jesus prepares the disciples for their coming lives without his physical presence, and prays for them and for himself. The scene is thus prepared for the narrative of his passion, death and resurrection. The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel : `` that ( the reader ) may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name. '' Chapter 21 tells of Jesus ' post-resurrection appearance to his disciples in Galilee, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, the restoration of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple. The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ), and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of the risen Jesus as `` my Lord and my God '' ( the same title, dominus et deus, claimed by the Emperor Domitian, an indication of the date of composition ). Theology ( edit ) The Rylands Papyrus the oldest known New Testament fragment, dated from its handwriting to about 125. Christology ( edit ) Further information : Christology John 's `` high Christology '' depicts Jesus as divine, preexistent, and identified with the one God. talking openly about his divine role and echoing Yahweh 's `` I Am that I Am '' with seven `` I Am '' declarations of his own. Logos ( edit ) Main article : Logos ( Christianity ) In the prologue, John identifies Jesus as the Logos ( Word ). In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason. In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God 's companion and intimate helper in creation. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God 's creator of and mediator with the material world. The evangelist adapted Philo 's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos. Cross ( edit ) The portrayal of Jesus ' death in John is unique among the four Gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice ( cf. Mk 10 : 45, Rom 3 : 25 ) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father. Likewise, the three `` passion predictions '' of the Synoptic Gospels ( Mk 8 : 31, 9 : 31, 10 : 33 -- 34 and pars. ) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or `` lifted up '' ( Jn 3 : 14, 8 : 28, 12 : 32 ). The verb for `` lifted up '' reflects the double entendre at work in John 's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified. Sacraments ( edit ) Further information : Sacrament Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology. Scholars ' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental, to sacramental, to ultra-sacramental and hyper - sacramental. Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all, and on the degree of importance he places upon them. Individual scholars ' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other. Frequency of allusion ( edit ) According to Rudolf Bultmann, there are three sacramental allusions : one to baptism ( 3 : 5 ), one to the Eucharist ( 6 : 51 -- 58 ), and one to both ( 19 : 34 ). He believed these passages to be later interpolations, though most scholars now reject this assessment. Some scholars on the weaker - sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole, while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages. Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter, a Protestant and a Catholic respectively, and both on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum, have found sacramental allusions in most chapters. Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel, and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2 : 1 -- 11, anointing of the sick in 12 : 1 -- 11, and penance in 20 : 22 -- 23. Towards the center of the spectrum, Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school, identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty. Importance to the evangelist ( edit ) Most scholars on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist. However, perhaps counterintuitively, some scholars who find fewer sacramental references, such as Udo Schnelle, view the references that they find as highly important as well. Schnelle in particular views John 's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism. On the other hand, though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages, James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John, meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual. Individualism ( edit ) In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual 's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church. This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel. According to Richard Bauckham, emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John. There is also a theme of `` personal coinherence '', that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer `` abides '' in Jesus and Jesus in the believer. According to C.F.D. Moule, the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer ; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace `` orthodox '', futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be `` only ( their ) correlative. '' Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus, inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ. Beyond this, the emphasis on the individual 's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ. John the Baptist ( edit ) Further information : John the Baptist John 's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called `` the Baptist. '' The Baptist 's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus ; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous. The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John 's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it. He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of the Baptist 's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement. In John 's gospel, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus ' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John 's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information. According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus. Gnostic elements ( edit ) Further information : Christian Gnosticism Although not commonly understood as Gnostic, many scholars, including Bultmann, have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism. Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd - century Proto - Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it. To say John 's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it. Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, was actually a Gnostic theme. Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus. Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says, but in the language he uses to say it, notably, use of the concepts of Logos and Light. Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown, have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness. The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th - century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings ( which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John ) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings ( which are often similar to the Gospel of John ). Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did. Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge. Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in ( literally belief into ) Jesus. Raymond Brown contends that `` The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above, who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world, and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into the gnostic world picture ( even if God 's love for the world in 3 : 16 could not ). '' It has been suggested that similarities between John 's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature. Comparison with other writings ( edit ) The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels, with major variations in material, theological emphasis, chronology, and literary style. There are also some discrepancies between John and the Synoptics, some amounting to contradictions. The gospel forms the core of an emerging canon of Johannine works, the Johannine corpus, consisting of the gospel, the three Johannine letters, and the Apocalypse, all coming from the same theological background and opposed to the `` Petrine corpus. '' Material ( edit ) John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus ' baptism, the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, the Transfiguration, and the Last Supper. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem. In the fourth gospel, Jesus ' mother Mary, while frequently mentioned, is never identified by name. John does assert that Jesus was known as the `` son of Joseph '' in 6 : 42. For John, Jesus ' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father. While John makes no direct mention of Jesus ' baptism, he does quote John the Baptist 's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus ' baptism in the Synoptics. Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse, and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the Synoptics. John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the Synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as `` Doubting Thomas ''. Theological emphasis ( edit ) Jesus is identified with the Word ( `` Logos '' ), and the Word is identified with theos ( `` god '' in Greek ) ; no such identification is made in the Synoptics. In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as `` I AM '', the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self - revelation to Moses. In the Synoptics, the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven ( the latter specifically in Matthew ), while John 's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice. In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom ( using the term parousia, meaning `` coming '' ), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology. Chronology ( edit ) In the Synoptics, the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order : the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus ' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus ' ministry rather than near its end. Literary style ( edit ) In the Synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings ; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import : in John, Jesus does not work `` miracles '' ( Greek : δῠνάμεις, translit. dynámeis, sing. δύνᾰμῐς, dýnamis ), but `` signs '' ( Greek : σημεῖᾰ, translit. sēmeia, sing. σημεῖον, sēmeion ) which unveil his divine identity. Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables. Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Some scholars, however, find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman ( 16 : 21 ) or the dying grain ( 12 : 24 ). Discrepancies ( edit ) According to the Synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus. The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided ; they debate frequently in John 's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief. Historical Reliability ( edit ) Further information : Historicity of the Bible The teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John, and since the 19th century scholars have almost unanimously accepted that these Johannine discourses are less likely than the synoptic parables to be historical, and were likely written for theological purposes. By the same token, scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value : certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts, his representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics, his testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels. Representations ( edit ) Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed, by James Doyle Penrose, 1902. The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ' The Gospel of John ', directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus. The 2003 film The Gospel of John, was directed by Philip Saville, narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus. Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner 's power anthem `` Come and See '', written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew. See also ( edit ) Authorship of the Johannine works Chronology of Jesus Free Grace theology Gospel harmony Last Gospel Egerton Gospel List of Bible verses not included in modern translations List of Gospels Textual variants in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον, translit. Tò katà Iōánnēn euangélion ; also called the Gospel of John, the Fourth Gospel, or simply John. Jump up ^ The use of first person plural in John, specially in the letters, is the base of these theories. Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson, who in 1965 asserted `` the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with `` the jews '' ( sic ) of that area. But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church, to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging ``. Jump up ^ Chilton & Neusner 2006, p. 5 : `` by their own word what they ( the writers of the New Testament ) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism... ( T ) o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said. '' Jump up ^ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition, and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it, see Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ `` I am the bread of life '' `` I am the light of the world '' `` I am the gate for the sheep '' `` I am the good shepherd '' `` I am the resurrection and the life '' `` I am the way and the truth and the life '' `` I am the true vine '' Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2015 ) contrasts John 's consistent use of the third person singular ( `` The one who... '' ; `` If anyone... '' ; `` Everyone who... '' ; `` Whoever... '' ; `` No one... '' ) with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ( `` Those who... '' ; `` '' All those who... `` ; etc. ). He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue, serving a narrative purpose, whereas the later aphorisms serve a `` paraenetic function ''. Jump up ^ See John 6 : 56, 10 : 14 -- 15, 10 : 38, and 14 : 10, 17, 20, and 23. Jump up ^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C.H. Dodd ( 1884 -- 1973 ). It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events, but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy. In other words, it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled. Jump up ^ See Zimmermann 2015, pp. 333 -- 60. Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 215. ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002, p. 214. ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006, p. 479. Jump up ^ Barrett 1978, p. 133. Jump up ^ Barrett 1978, p. 137. Jump up ^ Brown 1966, p. 43. Jump up ^ Ehrman 2009. Jump up ^ De Santos Otero 1993, p. 97. Jump up ^ Lindars 1990, p. 53. Jump up ^ Lindars 1990, p. 59. Jump up ^ Van der Watt 2008, p. 1. Jump up ^ Edwards 2015, p. ix. Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005, p. 18. Jump up ^ Aune 2003, p. 243. Jump up ^ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41. Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005, pp. 29 -- 30. ^ Jump up to : Fredriksen 2008, p. unpaginated. ^ Jump up to : Reinhartz 2011, p. 168. Jump up ^ Perkins 1993, p. 109. Jump up ^ Reinhartz 2011, p. 171. See also : Jonathan Bourgel, `` John 4 : 4 - 42 : Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews And The Samaritans '', Journal of Theological Studies 69 ( 2018 ), pp. 39 - 65 ( https://www.academia.edu/37029909/Bourgel_-_JTS_-_John_4_4-42_The_terms_of_a_modus_vivendi_between_Jews_and_the_Samaritans )... Jump up ^ Moloney 1998, p. 23. Jump up ^ Bauckham 2007, p. 271. Jump up ^ Aune 2003, p. 245. Jump up ^ Aune 2003, p. 246. ^ Jump up to : Van der Watt 2008, p. 10. ^ Jump up to : Kruse 2004, p. 17. ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2015, p. 171. Jump up ^ Witherington 2004, p. 83. Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 51. ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006, pp. 302 -- 10. Jump up ^ Robert Kysar, `` John : The Maverick Gospel '' ( Louisville : Westminster John Knox ), 1976, pp. 49 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 2015. ^ Jump up to : Moule 1962, p. 172. Jump up ^ Moule 1962, p. 174. Jump up ^ Shea, SJ, Henry J. ( Summer 2017 ). `` The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises ''. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 ( 2 ). ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005. Jump up ^ Barrett 1978, p. 16. ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006. Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998, pp. 365 -- 440. Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998, p. 268. Jump up ^ Olson 1999, p. 36. Jump up ^ Kysar 2005, pp. 88ff. Jump up ^ Brown 1997. Jump up ^ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981, pp. 467ff. Jump up ^ Combs 1987. Jump up ^ Most 2005, pp. 121ff. Jump up ^ Skarsaune 2008, pp. 247ff. Jump up ^ Lindars 1990, p. 62. Jump up ^ John 17 : 14 Jump up ^ John 14 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Brown 1997, p. 375. Jump up ^ Kovacs 1995. ^ Jump up to : Burge 2014, pp. 236 -- 37. ^ Jump up to : Funk, Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993, pp. 1 -- 30. Jump up ^ Williamson 2004, p. 265. Jump up ^ Michaels 1971, p. 733. Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2008. Jump up ^ Pagels 2003. ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2006, p. 184. Jump up ^ Walvoord, John F. ( 1985 ). The Bible Knowledge Commentary. Wheaton, IL : Victor Books. p. 313. Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005. Jump up ^ Carson, D.A. ( 1991 ). The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids, MI : Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117. Jump up ^ Moule 1962, pp. 172 -- 74. Jump up ^ Sander 2015. Jump up ^ Ladd & Hagner 1993, p. 56. Jump up ^ Barry 1911. Jump up ^ Neusner 2003, p. 8. Jump up ^ Sanders 1995, pp. 57, 70 -- 71. Jump up ^ Theissen & Merz 1998, pp. 36 -- 37. Jump up ^ Ambrose 2005. Bibliography ( edit ) Aune, David E. ( 2003 ). `` John, Gospel of ''. The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664219178. Barrett, C.K. ( 1978 ). The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed. ). Philadelphia : Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22180 - 5. Bauckham, Richard ( 2007 ). The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple : Narrative, History, and Theology in the Gospel of John. Baker. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3485 - 5. -- -- ( 2015 ). Gospel of Glory : Major Themes in Johannine Theology. Grand Rapids : Baker Academic. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 2708 - 9. Blomberg, Craig ( 2011 ). The Historical Reliability of John 's Gospel. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3871 - 6. Bourgel, Jonathan ( 2018 ). `` John 4 : 4 - 42 : Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews And The Samaritans ''. Journal of Theological Studies. 69 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 65. Brown, Raymond E. ( 1966 ). The Gospel According to John, Volume 1. Anchor Bible series. 29. Doubleday. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 01517 - 2. Brown, Raymond E. ( 1997 ). An Introduction to the New Testament. New York : Anchor Bible. ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2. Burge, Gary M. ( 2014 ). `` Gospel of John ''. In Evans, Craig A. The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 72224 - 3. Burkett, Delbert ( 2002 ). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7. Carson, D.A. ; Moo, Douglas J. ( 2009 ). An Introduction to the New Testament. HarperCollins Christian Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53955 - 1. Chilton, Bruce ; Neusner, Jacob ( 2006 ). Judaism in the New Testament : Practices and Beliefs. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 81497 - 8. Combs, William W. ( 1987 ). `` Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation ''. Grace Theological Journal. 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212. Culpepper, R. Alan ( 2011 ). The Gospel and Letters of John. Abingdon Press. Cross, Frank Leslie ; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. ( 2005 ). `` John, Gospel of St. ''. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3. Denaux, Adelbert ( 1992 ). `` The Q - Logion Mt 11, 27 / Lk 10, 22 and the Gospel of John ''. In Denaux, Adelbert. John and the Synoptics. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. 101. Leuven University Press. pp. 113 -- 47. ISBN 978 - 90 - 6186 - 498 - 1. Dunn, James D.G., ed. ( 1992 ). Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways -- A.D. 70 to 135. Grand Rapids, Michigan : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9. Alexander, Philip S. ( 1992 ). ' The Parting of the Ways ' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9. Dunn, James D.G. ( 1992 ). The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament Writings of the Period. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9. Edwards, Ruth B. ( 2015 ). Discovering John : Content, Interpretation, Reception. Discovering Biblical Texts. Grand Rapids, Michigan : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7240 - 1. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 1996 ). The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199746286. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 2005 ). Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4. Ehrman, Bart D. ( 2009 ). Jesus, Interrupted. HarperOne. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117393 - 6. Fredriksen, Paula ( 2008 ). From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16410 - 7. Harris, Stephen L. ( 2006 ). Understanding the Bible ( 7th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3. Hendricks, Obrey M., Jr. ( 2007 ). `` The Gospel According to John ''. In Coogan, Michael D. ; Brettler, Marc Z. ; Newsom, Carol A. ; Perkins, Pheme. The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( 3rd ed. ). Peabody, Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 032 - 9. Hurtado, Larry W. ( 2005 ). How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? : Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2861 - 3. Kostenberger, Andreas J. ( 2015 ). A Theology of John 's Gospel and Letters : The Word, the Christ, the Son of God. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310523260. Kovacs, Judith L. ( 1995 ). `` Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out : Jesus ' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12 : 20 -- 36 ''. Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 47. doi : 10.2307 / 3266937. JSTOR 3266937. Kysar, Robert ( 2005 ). Voyages with John : Charting the Fourth Gospel. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 43 - 0. Kysar, Robert ( 2007 ). `` The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John ''. In Anderson, Paul N. ; Just, Felix ; Thatcher, Tom. John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1 : Critical Appraisals of Critical Views. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series. 44. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 293 - 0. Ladd, George Eldon ; Hagner, Donald Alfred ( 1993 ). A Theology of the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 5. Lincoln, Andrew ( 2005 ). Gospel According to St John : Black 's New Testament Commentaries. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 8822 - 9. Lindars, Barnabas ( 1990 ). John. New Testament Guides. 4. A&C Black. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 255 - 4. Lindars, Barnabas ; Edwards, Ruth ; Court, John M. ( 2000 ). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 081 - 4. Metzger, B.M. ; Ehrman, B.D. ( 1985 ). The Text of New Testament. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978 - 5 - 88500 - 901 - 0. Michaels, J. Ramsey ( 1971 ). `` Verification of Jesus ' Self - Revelation in His passion and Resurrection ( 18 : 1 -- 21 : 25 ) ''. The Gospel of John. Grand Rapids : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4674 - 2330 - 4. Moloney, Francis J. ( 1998 ). The Gospel of John. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658062. Most, Glenn W. ( 2005 ). Doubting Thomas. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01914 - 0. Moule, C.F.D. ( July 1962 ). `` The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel ''. Novum Testamentum,. 5 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 -- 90. doi : 10.2307 / 1560025. JSTOR 1560025. Neusner, Jacob ( 2003 ). Invitation to the Talmud : A Teaching Book. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. 169. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 155 - 6. Olson, Roger E. ( 1999 ). The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. Downers Grove, Illinois : InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1505 - 0. Perkins, Pheme ( 1993 ). Gnosticism and the New Testament. Fortress Press. Pagels, Elaine H. ( 2003 ). Beyond Belief : The Secret Gospel of Thomas. New York : Random House. ISBN 0 - 375 - 50156 - 8. Porter, Stanley E. ( 2015 ). John, His Gospel, and Jesus : In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7170 - 1. Van den Broek, Roelof ; Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef ( 1981 ). Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 91. Leiden : E.J. Brill. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06376 - 1. Reinhartz, Adele ( 2017 ). `` The Gospel According to John ''. In Levine, Amy - Jill ; Brettler, Marc Z. The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190461850. Sanders, E.P. ( 1995 ). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192822 - 7. Senior, Donald ( 1991 ). The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John. Passion of Jesus Series. 4. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5462 - 0. Skarsaune, Oskar ( 2008 ). In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4. Theissen, Gerd ; Merz, Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ). The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0863 - 8. Thompson, Marianne Maye ( 2006 ). `` The Gospel According to John ''. In Barton, Stephen C. The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80766 - 1. Tuckett, Christopher M. ( 2003 ). `` Introduction to the Gospels ''. In Dunn, James D.G. ; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. Van der Watt, Jan ( 2008 ). An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567521743. Williamson, Lamar, Jr. ( 2004 ). Preaching the Gospel of John : Proclaiming the Living Word. Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22533 - 9. Witherington, Ben ( 2004 ). The New Testament Story. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2765 - 4. Zimmermann, Ruben ( 2015 ). Puzzling the Parables of Jesus : Methods and Interpretation. Minneapolis : Fortress Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6532 - 7. External links ( edit ) Online translations of the Gospel of John : Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway The Unbound Bible from Biola University David Robert Palmer, Translation from the Greek Text of the Gospel with textual variants The Egerton Gospel text ; compare with Gospel of John Gospel of John Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Luke New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Acts of the Apostles Portals Access related topics Religion portal Christianity portal Bible portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism 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{ "text": "On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) - wikipedia On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) Jump to : navigation, search On Golden Pond Movie poster by Bill Gold Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Bruce Gilbert Screenplay by Ernest Thompson Based on On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson Starring Katharine Hepburn Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Doug McKeon Dabney Coleman William Lanteau Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography Billy Williams Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Production company ITC Entertainment Distributed by Associated Film Distribution Release date December 4, 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 04 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $119.3 million On Golden Pond is a 1981 American drama film directed by Mark Rydell. The screenplay by Ernest Thompson was adapted from his 1979 play of the same name. The film stars Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda ( in his final acting performance ) in the lead roles alongwith Jane Fonda, Doug McKeon, Dabney Coleman and William Lanteau appearing in supporting roles. The film 's narrative revolves around an aged couple, cantankerous retiree Norman Thayer and his conciliatory wife, Ethel who spend summers at their New England vacation home on the shores of idyllic Golden Pond. This year, their adult daughter, Chelsea, visits with her new fiancée and his teenage son, Billy on their way to Europe. After leaving Billy behind to bond with Norman, Chelsea returns, attempting to repair the long - strained relationship with her aging father before it 's too late. On Golden Pond was released theatrically on December 4, 1981 and grossed $119.3 million worldwide becoming the second highest grossing film of 1981. The film received critical acclaim for Rydell 's direction, Thompson 's screenplay and Hepburn and Fonda 's performances. The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Fonda ), Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ). Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this movie and at the age of 76, he became the oldest winner in the aforementioned category. Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award, extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian. On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical Reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) An aging couple, Ethel and Norman Thayer, continue the long tradition of spending each summer at their cottage on a lake called Golden Pond, in the far reaches of northern New England. When they first arrive, Ethel notices the loons calling on the lake `` welcoming them home ''. As they resettle into their summer home, Norman 's memory problems arise when he is unable to recognize several family photographs, which he copes with by frequently talking about death and growing old. They are visited by their only child, a daughter, Chelsea, who is somewhat estranged from her curmudgeon of a father. She introduces her parents to her fiance Bill and his thirteen - year - old son Billy. Norman tries to play mind games with Bill, an apparent pastime of his, but Bill wo n't hear of it, saying he can only take so much. In another conversation, Chelsea discusses with Ethel her frustration over her relationship with her overbearing father, feeling that even though she lives thousands of miles away in Los Angeles, she still feels like she 's answering to him. Before they depart for a European vacation, Chelsea and Bill ask the Thayers to permit Billy to stay with them while they have some time to themselves. Norman, seeming more senile and cynical than usual due to his 80th birthday and heart palpitations, agrees to Billy 's staying. Ethel tells him that he 's the sweetest man in the world, but she is the only one who knows it. Billy is at first annoyed by being left with elderly strangers with no friends nearby and nothing to do. He resents Norman 's brusque manner, but eventually comes to enjoy their Golden Pond fishing adventures together. Billy and Norman soon grow obsessed with catching Norman 's fish rival, named `` Walter '', which leads to the accidental destruction of the Thayers ' motorboat. Chelsea returns to find out her father has made good friends with her fiance 's, now husband 's, son. But when she sees the change in her father 's demeanor, Chelsea attempts something Billy accomplished that she never could : a backflip. Chelsea successfully executes the dive in front of a cheering Norman, Billy, and Ethel. Chelsea and Norman finally fully embrace before she departs with Billy back home. The final day on Golden Pond comes and the Thayers are loading the last of the boxes. Norman tries to move a heavy box, but starts having heart pain and collapses onto the floor of the porch. Ethel tries unsuccessfully to get the operator to phone the hospital. Norman then says the pain is gone and attempts to stand to say a final farewell to the lake. Ethel tells him she has always known about death but for the first time it felt real, thinking Norman was going to die on the spot. Ethel helps Norman to the edge of the lake where they see the loons and Norman notes how they are just like him and Ethel, that their offspring is grown and gone off on her own, and now it is just the two of them. Cast ( edit ) Katharine Hepburn -- Ethel Thayer Henry Fonda -- Norman Thayer Jr. Jane Fonda -- Chelsea Thayer Wayne Doug McKeon -- Billy Ray Dabney Coleman -- Bill Ray William Lanteau -- Charlie Martin Christopher Rydell -- Sumner Todd Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father, Henry Fonda, to play the role of Norman Thayer Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father, Henry Fonda, to play the role of the cantankerous Norman Thayer. The father - daughter rift depicted on screen closely paralleled the real - life relationship between the two Fondas. Screenwriter Thompson spent his summers along the shores of Great Pond, located in Belgrade, Maine, but the film was made on Squam Lake in Holderness, New Hampshire. The house used in the film was leased from a New York physician and was modified significantly for the shoot : an entire second floor was added as a balcony over the main living area at the request of the production designer. After the shoot, the production company was contractually obligated to return the house to its original state but the owner liked the renovations so much that he elected to keep the house that way and asked the crew not to dismantle the second story. A gazebo and a small boathouse were also relocated during the shoot. Despite their many common acquaintances and long careers in show business, Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn not only had never worked together, but had never met until working on the film. On the first day of shooting, Hepburn presented Henry Fonda with her longtime companion Spencer Tracy 's `` lucky '' hat, which Fonda wore in the film. Hepburn, who was 74 at the time of filming, performed all her own stunts, including a dive into the pond. The scene in which Norman and step - grandson Billy run their boat into the rocks was filmed repeatedly. The vintage 1951 mahogany Chris - Craft boat, used strictly for the crash scene, was so sturdy that it kept bouncing off the rocks without any damage. The crew had to modify the boat so it would break away in the wreck. The water level in Squam Lake was so low during the summer of production that Fonda and Doug McKeon could have stood during the scene in which they were supposedly clinging to the rocks for fear of drowning. The September water was barely knee - deep, but it was cold enough that the pair had to wear wetsuits under their clothes. Hepburn, on the other hand, dove into the water without the aid of the wetsuit because she wanted the scene to keep its authenticity. Some of the scenes in which Billy takes the boat out on his own were filmed on nearby Lake Winnipesaukee. While filming the scene where Fonda and Hepburn were watching the loons on the lake, the speedboat that zoomed by and disturbed them was so forceful it overturned their canoe in one take ; Fonda was immediately taken out of the water and wrapped up in blankets as his health was fragile by that time. The speedboat was piloted by the screenwriter, Ernest Thompson. When visiting Holderness, New Hampshire, one can take a boat tour of Squam Lake and view the filming sites from the movie. There is also a restaurant called `` Walter 's Basin '', which is named after the trout called `` Walter '' that Billy catches with Norman. For filming, `` Walter '' was brought in from a trout pond at the nearby Castle in the Clouds estate. He was released after his capture back into Squam Lake. Leftover footage of Fonda and Hepburn driving through the New Hampshire countryside, as seen in the opening credits, was later used for the opening of the CBS television sitcom Newhart. The studio behind the film was ITC Entertainment, the British company presided over ( until late 1981 ) by Lord Grade, the television and film mogul. It was Grade who largely raised the financing for the film. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) With a box office take of $119,285,432, On Golden Pond was the second - highest grossing film of the year, following Raiders of the Lost Ark, which earned $209,562,121. Critical reception ( edit ) Henry Fonda received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Norman Thayer, marking his only competitive Oscar win and at 76 became the oldest winner in the category On Golden Pond garnered widespread critical acclaim with critics highlighting the performances of Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92 % based on 386 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` There 's little that happens in On Golden Pond that is n't thoroughly predictable from the start, but the film is blessed with so much star power, charm and honest sentiment that everyone in the audience is willing to ignore the cliches and go the distance. '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said `` On Golden Pond was a treasure for many reasons, but the best one, I think, is that I could believe it. I could believe in its major characters and their relationships, and in the things they felt for one another, and there were moments when the movie was witness to human growth and change. I left the theater feeling good and warm, and with a certain resolve to try to mend my own relationships and learn to start listening better... watching the movie, I felt I was witnessing something rare and valuable. '' Katharine Hepburn received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Ethel Thayer, marking her fourth win in the category, making her the most awarded thespian in the history of the Academy Awards In his The New York Times review, Vincent Canby said, `` As a successful Broadway play, On Golden Pond was processed American cheese, smooth, infinitely spreadable and bland, with color added by the actors... the movie... still American cheese, but its stars -- Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, Jane Fonda and Dabney Coleman -- add more than color to this pasteurized product. On Golden Pond now has the bite of a good old cheddar... Mr. Fonda gives one of the great performances of his long, truly distinguished career. Here is film acting of the highest order... Miss Hepburn... is also in fine form. One of the most appealing things about her as an actress is the way she responds to -- and is invigorated by -- a strong co-star... she needs someone to support, challenge and interact with. Mr. Fonda is the best thing that 's happened to her since Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart... an added pleasure is the opportunity to see Dabney Coleman ( in ) a role that goes beyond the caricatures he 's usually given to play... On Golden Pond is a mixed blessing, but it offers one performance of rare quality and three others that are very good. That 's not half - bad. '' TV Guide rates it 3 1⁄2 out of a possible four stars, calling it `` a beautifully photographed movie filled with poignancy, humor, and ( of course ) superb acting... there could have been no finer final curtain for ( Henry Fonda ) than this. '' Channel 4 sums up its review by stating, `` Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn both shine in an impressively executed Hollywood drama. ( It ) has its mawkish moments but there 's a certain pleasure in that, and writer Thompson 's analysis of old age is sensitive, thought - provoking and credible. '' Not all reviewers were impressed, however. David Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film `` the cinematic equivalent of shrink - wrapping, in which all of the ideas, feelings, characters, and images are neatly separated and hermetically sealed to prevent spoilage, abrasion, or any contact with the natural world... Mark Rydell 's bright, banal visual style further sterilizes the issues. The film exudes complacency and self - congratulation ; it is a very cowardly, craven piece of ersatz art. '' Time Out London says, `` Two of Hollywood 's best - loved veterans deserved a far better swan song than this sticky confection. '' Mad magazine satirized the film as On Olden Pond. American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Passions -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Listen to me, mister. You 're my knight in shining armor. Do n't you forget it. You 're going to get back on that horse, and I 'm going to be right behind you, holding on tight, and away we 're gon na go, go, go! '' -- # 88 `` Come here, Norman. Hurry up. The loons! The loons! They 're welcoming us back. '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Cheers -- # 45 AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 29, 1982 Best Picture Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Thompson Won Best Cinematography Billy Williams Nominated Best Editing Robert L. Wolfe Nominated Best Original Score Dave Grusin Nominated Best Sound Richard Portman and David M. Ronne Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result BAFTA Awards March 20, 1983 Best Film Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Nominated Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Golden Globe Awards January 30, 1982 Best MotionPicture - Drama Bruce Gilbert Won Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Won Others Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( nominee ) Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special ( nominee ) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium ( winner ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for On Golden Pond. Archived 2017 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. The Wrap. Retrieved April 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` On Golden Pond, Box Office Information ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Barbarella comes of age '', The Age, May 14, 2005. Accessed January 9, 2008. `` If Barbarella was an act of rebellion, On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) was a more mature rapprochement : Fonda bought the rights to Ernest Thompson 's play to offer the role to her father. '' Jump up ^ Squam Lake website Jump up ^ The Brass Bell -- Official Publication of the Antique Boat Club serving the interests of owners of Chris Craft and other antique and classic boats. October 1985. p. 10. Jump up ^ Savage, Jack. `` Chris - Craft -- Enthusiast Color Series ''. P. 79 Jump up ^ New Hampshire Business Review. May 1982. Jump up ^ On Golden Pond at BoxOfficeMojo.com Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times review Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ Channel 4 review Jump up ^ Chicago Reader review Jump up ^ Time Out London review Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Nominees Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners ''. oscars.org. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The 34th BAFTA Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners ''. oscars.org. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ `` The 39th Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners ''. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) On Golden Pond on IMDb On Golden Pond at the TCM Movie Database On Golden Pond at AllMovie On Golden Pond at Rotten Tomatoes On Golden Pond at Box Office Mojo Squam Lake ( On Golden Pond ) Official Website Awards Preceded by Coming Home Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded by The Silence of the Lambs Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri ( 2017 ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Golden_Pond_(1981_film)&oldid=840018438 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films American films 1980s drama films American drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Films scored by Dave Grusin Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about dysfunctional families Films about fishing Films about old age American films based on plays Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in New Hampshire Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award ITC Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 06 : 07. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "on the shores of idyllic Golden Pond. This year, their adult daughter, Chelsea, visits with her new fiancée and his teenage son, Billy on their way to Europe. After leaving Billy behind to bond with Norman, Chelsea returns, attempting to repair the long - strained relationship with her aging father before it 's too late. On Golden Pond was released theatrically on December 4, 1981 and grossed $119.3 million worldwide becoming the second highest grossing film of 1981. The film received critical acclaim for Rydell 's direction, Thompson 's screenplay and Hepburn and Fonda 's performances. The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Fonda ), Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ). Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this movie and at the age of 76, he became the oldest winner in the aforementioned category. Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award, extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian. On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception" ], "id": [ "4119136352875636393" ], "short_answers": [ "three" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "History of bread - wikipedia History of bread Jump to : navigation, search Slab stele from mastaba tomb of Itjer at Giza. 4th Dynasty, 2543 - 2435 BC. Itjer is seated at a table with slices of bread, shown vertical by convention. Egyptian Museum, Turin Bread was central to the formation of early human societies. From the western half of Asia, where wheat was domesticated, cultivation spread north and west, to Europe and North Africa. This in turn led to the formation of towns, as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle, and gave rise to more and more sophisticated forms of societal organization. Similar developments occurred in eastern Asia, centered on rice, and in the Americas with maize. Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 To the 19th century 4 Industrialization 5 See also 6 Notes Antiquity ( edit ) Conical loaves of bread as grave goods exactly as laid out in the Great Tomb, North Necropolis, Gebelein, 5th Dynasty ( Old Kingdom ), 2435 - 2305 BC. Excavations by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911. Egyptian Museum, Turin, S. 14051 - 14055 There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions, remains of structures and items used in bread making, and remains of the dough and bread itself. The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough ( with sugar and water in ) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter. Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce `` a lighter kind of bread than other peoples. '' Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast. The idea of a free - standing oven that could be pre-heated, with a door for access, appears to have been Greek. Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads. In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread : Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days. By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker 's shop, and in Rome, Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC, as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia ; the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium. In the Deipnosophistae, the author Athenaeus ( c.A.D. 170 -- c. 230 ) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in the Classical world. Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey - and - oil bread, mushroom - shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary, as noted by Diphilus when he declared `` bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior. '' In order of merit, the bread made from refined ( thoroughly sieved ) flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted. '' The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal : ópson, `` condiment '', i.e. bread 's accompaniment, whatever it might be. Middle ages ( edit ) Peasants sharing bread, from the Livre du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio, France, 14th century. ( Bibliothèque nationale ) In medieval Europe, bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service. In the standard table setting of the day the trencher, a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches ( 15 cm by 10 cm ), was served as an absorbent plate. At the completion of a meal the trencher could then be eaten, given to the poor, or fed to the dogs. It was not until the 15th century that trenchers made of wood started to replace the bread variety. To the 19th century ( edit ) Up to the 19th century, bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials, including chalk, sawdust, alum, plaster, clay and ammonium carbonate. This gradually came to an end with government action, such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain. America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however, as various states had varying policies regarding bread making. In the late 19th century, the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies. This was regarded as British bread despite its origins, and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain 's position in its colonies further. Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread, as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances. Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods, particularly in North America, as it was a staple food in most diets, more so than other staple foods like meat. Industrialization ( edit ) The industrialization of bread - baking was a formative step in the creation of the modern world. Otto Frederick Rohwedder is considered to be the father of sliced bread. In 1912 Rohwedder started work on inventing a machine that sliced bread, but bakeries were reluctant to use it since they were concerned the sliced bread would go stale. It was not until 1928, when Rohwedder invented a machine that both sliced and wrapped the bread, that sliced bread caught on. A bakery in Chillicothe, Missouri was the first to use this machine to produce sliced bread. An automated bakery with industrial robots palletizing bread, Germany For generations, white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark ( whole grain ) bread. However, in most western societies, the connotations reversed in the late 20th century, with whole grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while white bread became associated with lower - class ignorance of nutrition. A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process. This used the intense mechanical working of dough, and control of gases touching dough, to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition. The process, whose high - energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. In total contrast, traditional breadmaking is extremely time - consuming, as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking, and to produce the desired flavor and texture. More recently, and especially in smaller retail bakeries, chemical additives are used that both speed up mixing time and reduce necessary fermentation time, so that a batch of bread may be mixed, made up, risen, and baked in fewer than three hours. Dough that does not require fermentation because of chemical additives is called `` quick bread '' by commercial bakers. Common additives include reducing agents such as L - cysteine or sodium metabisulfite, and oxidants such as potassium bromate or ascorbic acid. Often these chemicals are added to dough in the form of a prepackaged base, which also contains most or all of the dough 's non-flour ingredients. Using such bases and sophisticated chemistry, it has been possible for commercial bakers to make imitations of artisan and sourdough breads, traditionally made by semi-skilled laborers working in smaller shops. Since 1986, domestic breadmakers that automate the process of making bread have become popular in the home. See also ( edit ) Food portal Food history Cultural significance of bread Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel, Delwen ( 1989 ). `` Chapter 12 : Their staff of life : Initial investigations on ancient Egyptian bread baking ''. In KEMP, B.J. Amarna Reports ( PDF ). 5. London : Egypt Exploration Society. pp. 1253 -- 1290. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85698 - 109 - 8. Jump up ^ Gonzalez Carretero, Lara ( 9 February 2017 ). `` 3,500 - year - old bread and beer from the New Kingdom, Egypt ''. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Jump up ^ Samuel, D. ( 1994 ). `` An archaeological study of baking and bread in New Kingdom Egypt ( doctoral thesis ) ''. Jump up ^ Samuel, Delwen ( 2000 ). `` Chapter 22 : Brewing and baking ''. In Nicholson, P.T. ; Shaw, I. Ancient Egyptian materials and technology ( PDF ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 537 -- 576. ISBN 9780521452571. Jump up ^ Samuel, D. ( 1996 ). `` Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Baking and Brewing Methods by Correlative Microscopy ''. Science. 273 ( 5274 ) : 488 -- 490. doi : 10.1126 / science. 273.5274. 488. Jump up ^ Samuel, Delwen ( 2002 ). `` Bread in archaeology ''. Civilisations ( 49 ) : 27 -- 36. doi : 10.4000 / civilisations. 1353. Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 68f. Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009, p. 202 Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009, p. 204 gives a date of 168 for `` a considerable influx of craftsmen bakers ( pistores ) of Greek origin into Rome ''. Jump up ^ Chrysippus of Tyana gives a list of thirty kinds, without commentary ( Toussaint - Samat 2009, p. 202 ). Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 91 Jump up ^ Changes in diet are reflected in the modern significance of opson as fish ( Toussaint - Samat 2009, p. 202 ) ; in Italy the contorni are now the accompaniment to meat rather than bread. Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 227 Jump up ^ `` The fight against food adulteration ''. Rsc.org. Retrieved 9 February 2017. Jump up ^ MS., City Clerk 's Office, Record Book, 1814 - 1820, pp. 3, 5. Jump up ^ The Trade Marks Journal. Jump up ^ It occupies a section in Sigfried Giedion, ( 1948 ) 1969. Mechanization Takes Command ( New York Oxford University Press ). Jump up ^ Christianne L.H. Hupkens, Ronald A. Knibbe and Maris J. Drop, for example analyzed social class variation in the intake of fat and fibre, including white bread consumption, in Maastricht, Liège and Aachen, `` Social Class Differences in Women 's Fat and Fibre Consumption : A Cross-National Study '' 1995 ; the literature on class perceptions and diet is enormous. Jump up ^ Criticisms of the Chorleywood bread process Archived 22 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Pyler, Ernst John ( 1958 ). Our Daily Bread. Siebel. p. 703. Jump up ^ Elkassabany, M. ; Hoseney, R.C. ; Seib, P.A. ( 1980 ). `` Ascorbic Acid as an Oxidant in Wheat Flour Dough. I. Conversion to Dehydroascorbic Acid '' ( PDF ). Cereal Chem. 57 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 87. Jump up ^ Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. ( 1995 ), The Knowledge - Creating Company, Oxford University Press. ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_bread&oldid=830182539 '' Categories : Breads History of food and drink Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018, at 07 : 49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of bread", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_bread&amp;oldid=830182539" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "13932475913034040291" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 Broadcast from June 23 -- September 16, 2009 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne David Hasselhoff Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner Origin Mayfield, Kentucky Genre ( s ) Country music Runner - up Bárbara Padilla Chronology ◀ 2009 ▶ The fourth season of America 's Got Talent, an American television reality show talent competition, premiered on the NBC network on June 23, 2009. Country singer Kevin Skinner was named the winner on September 16, 2009. This season is the first season to be broadcast in high definition. This season 's host is Nick Cannon, who replaced Jerry Springer. Springer had said that he could not host due to other commitments. David Hasselhoff, Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned judges, despite rumors that Osbourne would be leaving the show. Season four was Hasselhoff 's final season as a judge. This season started broadcasting live on August 4, 2009. Contents 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Second round 3.1 Vegas Verdicts 3.1. 1 First cut 3.1. 2 Part One cuts 3.1. 3 Part Two cuts 3.1. 4 Unknown cut 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 4.1. 1 Elimination table, week 1 4.2 Week 2 4.2. 1 Elimination table, week 2 4.3 Week 3 4.3. 1 Elimination table, week 3 4.4 Week 4 4.4. 1 Elimination table, week 4 5 Top 20 5.1 Round 1 5.1. 1 Round 1 elimination table 5.2 Round 2 5.2. 1 Round 2 elimination table 6 Finals 6.1 Finals, elimination chart 7 Round Chart 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows 10 Ratings 10.1 U.S. ratings 10.2 Canadian ratings 11 References 12 External links Selection process ( edit ) Nick Cannon replaced Jerry Springer as host Season four carried over season three 's audition process. Out of the over 160 acts that passed through the preliminary auditions, 48 went on to perform in the live shows. This season, the callbacks were renamed `` The Vegas Verdicts ''. Unlike previous seasons, the acts were not given a chance to perform a second time, unless prompted by the judges to as a challenge. The judges re-watched audition tapes and created a Top 40 based on the acts ' preliminary performances, similar to the format used on sister show Britain 's Got Talent. However, it was revealed during the first performance show that the judges, when prompted by executive producer Simon Cowell, called back eight acts that they previously had cut. This brought the total number of acts up to 48. Last season, the acts who passed through were divided into four groups, who performed over the course of two weeks with the acts who passed through from the previous night being announced before the next group of acts ' performances. This year, each group in the Top 48 was divided into four groups of 12, but only one group performed per week, as a separate results show for the group aired the next day. This season was the first to feature results episodes lasting one hour on a weekly basis since season one. During the performances episodes, if all three judges buzzed an act, the act was forced to end, unlike the previous season, where it could continue on for a short time. In the results episodes, five best acts from each group of twelve proceeded to the semi-finals - four acts were determined solely by viewers ' votes, the judges decided between acts with the fifth and sixth highest viewers ' vote totals. The twelve acts were presented to the audience in groups of two or three ( usually similar acts - e.g. dancers, children - are put together ) and then the host announced which of them moved forward and which of them had been eliminated. When three acts are presented as a group, the host would first announce an act from the three as the first act eliminated, then would announce which act from the remaining two remained in the competition. The final group were acts in the fifth and sixth places and the judges pick one of them by majority voting. At no time was the audience made aware of how many viewers ' votes each act received. In the semifinals, the twenty acts who passed through the quarterfinals were divided into groups of 10. One of these groups performed each week, with a performance episode followed by the results the following day. Only four acts were supposed to pass through to the finals each week. Three are determined solely by viewers ' votes, but the fourth and fifth place acts must face the judges ' decision. However, in one case, the judges passed through both performers, as they could not make a decision. In the other case, the top five acts were passed through. Instead of previous seasons, where the finals contain four or five acts, this season the finale contained ten acts. Preliminary auditions ( edit ) This year, auditions were held in New York City, Houston, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, and Seattle / Tacoma. Auditions were also held in Boston, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C. but not televised. A total of 160 acts advanced to the Las Vegas Round. Second round ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts aired on July 28, 2009 and July 29, 2009. Over the course of the two episodes, the over 160 acts that made it through the preliminary rounds were narrowed down to a Top 40 that made it through to the live performance rounds. In the first episode of the `` Vegas Verdicts '', as Cannon referred to it, the episode started off with 25 of the 160 acts being eliminated right at the Las Vegas Airport. The remaining acts were then briefly shown enjoying the sights of Vegas, before the eliminations resumed. Acts were brought before the judges and informed of their fate. The judges selected three dance groups : Destined 2 Be, BreakSk8, and U4ria Dance Crew for a challenge. They were asked to prepare a dance routine for 12 hours plus they 'll have the same piece of music. After they perform, the judges will decide which dance groups will advance to the Top 40 Quarterfinals. In the second episode, the remainder of the Top 40 was revealed, and many more acts were eliminated. The three dance crews challenged in the previous episode were shown in a montage performing their challenge performance. At the end of the second episode, Simon Cowell, executive producer of the show, called the judges on their flight back to Los Angeles, stating that he was unhappy with some of the eliminations the judges made. Cowell revealed that there was just `` too much talent '' eliminated, and that he felt that a number of these acts should be given another chance. As a result, two acts were brought back as wildcards during each quarterfinal round. First cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at the Las Vegas Airport include : Circus R Us `` Preliminaries, Episode 4 '' : Contortion, hula hoops on unicycles `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tallan Noble Latz `` Preliminaries, Episode 7 '' : 9 - year - old electric guitarist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Nathan Burton Preliminaries, Episode 7 `` : Magician, he also appeared in season one `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Kari Callin `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Singer, sang `` Somewhere '' from West Side Story `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Ciana Pelekai `` Preliminaries, Episode 10 '' : 8 - year - old singer, sang `` At Last ''. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Alex Wesley `` Preliminaries, Episode 10 '' : 53 - year - old dancer. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part one cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the first episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Keith Johnson `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Singer and guitarist, performed `` Walking in Memphis '' by Marc Cohn. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tony Ferrante `` Preliminaries, Episode 7 '' : 74 - year - old dancer, performed to `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' by Sylvester James. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Joseph Constantine `` Preliminaries, Episode 4 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Spiritual Harmonizers `` Preliminaries, Episode 7 '' : Close harmony singing group of Post Office workers. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Fuchsia FoXXX `` Preliminaries, Episode 4 '' : Belly dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Hurricane Tricksters `` Preliminaries, Episode 4 '' : Trickers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part two cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the second episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Rashida Jolley `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Performed and sang `` Killing Me Softly '' on the harp. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. Christopher & Laura Camp `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Whip act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. Duo Design `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Hand balancers. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. The Flash `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Jugglers and acrobats. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. The Kalinins `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Father and son acrobats. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. Arthur Gulkarov `` Preliminaries, Episode 7 '' : Contortionist and dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. Kara & Corey Britz `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Sibling guitarist / singer duo, performed `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated. The Serenades `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Singers. Sang `` Hit the Road Jack '' by Ray Charles. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Auditioned as backup for Marcus Terrell. Eliminated. Destined 2 Be `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Poppers, performed to `` Shawty Get Loose '' by Lil Mama. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Challenged by the judges. Given a new piece of music, they had 12 hours to come up with a performance to that music. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Kelli Glover `` Preliminaries, Episode 7 '' : Sang `` Listen '' from Dreamgirls. Previously appeared on American Idol : season one. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Unknown cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at an unknown stage of Vegas Verdicts. Unexpected Step Team `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Step team `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Anointed S `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Vocal percussion `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Black Fire Percussion `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Drumline `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. NYC Gay Men 's Chorus `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Singers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Bruce and Simone `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Aerial artists, performed to `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' by Barry White `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Brad Byers `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Carnival sideshow style performer, put a fishing hook and a drill through his nose `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Urban Nation Hip - Hop Choir `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Show choir `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. The Jesse White Tumbling Team `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Acrobats `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Draconik `` Preliminaries, Episode 1 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Comic Bots `` Preliminaries, Episode 2 '' : A band consisting of performers dressed in homemade robot costumes `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Although this act was shown as surviving the initial airport cut, they did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Tom Durnin `` Preliminaries, Episode 2 '' : 52 - year - old dancer and illusionist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Joseph Harris `` Preliminaries, Episode 3 '' : Yo - yo performer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. TJ & the Little Mamas `` Preliminaries, Episode 5 '' : 6 - to 9 - year - old dancers, performed to a hip - hop version of `` Dance to the Music '' `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Miss Germany `` Preliminaries, Episode 5 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Janice Martin `` Preliminaries, Episode 5 '' : Singer, violinist, and aerialist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. The Scott Brothers `` Preliminaries, Episode 5 '' : Cartoon - style poppers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Iconic Crew `` Preliminaries, Episode 5 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Live in Color `` Preliminaries, Episode 6 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Anna Pipoyan `` Preliminaries, Episode 6 '' : Belly dancer, danced with a lit candelabra prop on her head `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Chris Collins `` Preliminaries, Episode 6 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Eclipse `` Preliminaries, Episode 6 '' : Rapper `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Timez 2 `` Preliminaries, Episode 6 '' : Hip - hop singing twins, sang `` Yeah! '' by Usher. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Simon Chaban `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Fire dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Louis Bar & Laura Cantu `` Preliminaries, Episode 8 '' : Tango dancers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Encore `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Alycia Cooper `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Standup comic `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. N2UN `` Preliminaries, Episode 9 '' : Violinist / pianist duo. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Koshka Raenelle `` Preliminaries, Episode 10 '' : Singer, sang `` Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. E3 `` Preliminaries, Episode 10 '' : Dancing trio. `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown, but did not make the Top 40, so presumed eliminated by the judges. Quarterfinals ( edit ) The quarterfinals began on August 4, 2009. Twelve acts ( ten of the original Top 40, plus two wildcards ) performed each week. A two - hour performance episode each Tuesday was followed by a one - hour results show the following day, where five of the twelve acts from the previous night remained in the competition. When an act got buzzed by all three judges, they must stop, unlike in the previous seasons, where at this stage acts were allowed to continue despite being buzzed by all judges. A large X appeared on the screen on stage, indicating the act had been struck out by the judges. Viewers were still able to vote for the buzzed act. The judges ' choice, however, remained, as the judges got to decide whether the contestant who placed either in fifth or sixth place got to advance to the next round. Week 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 4, 2009, 2 hours. The results episode aired on August 5, 2009, 1 hour. It included performances by Terry Fator and Mariah Carey. Elimination table, Week 1 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote. Italics indicate the act was a wild card. Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Breaksk8 Rollerskating dance troupe Thia Megia Singer The Platt Brothers Pantomimes, acrobats, dancers The Diva League Drag queens 5 Manuela Horn Yodeling dominatrix, singer / performer 6 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 7 Mosaic A cappella singers 8 Acrodunk Acrobatic basketball dunkers 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Drew Thomas Magic Magician 11 Kevin Skinner Singer 12 Lake Houston Dance Dance Troupe Week 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 11, 2009, 2 hours. The results episode aired on August 12, 2009, 1 hour. It included performances from LMFAO and Penn and Teller. Elimination table, Week 2 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote. Italics indicate the act was a wild card. Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Fab Five Clogging Dance troupe Charles DeWayne Singer Carol Loo Dancer Tony Hoard & Rory Dog trainer & Frisbee - catching dog 5 Eleisha Miller Singer / Dancer 6 Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers 7 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical vocal group 8 SQ Entertainment Dance crew 9 Pete Peterkin Impersonator X 10 Alizma Singing / Violin triplets 11 Beale Street Flippers Flipping dance troupe 12 Voices of Glory Singing trio Footnotes Jump up ^ Morgan jokingly buzzed Pete Peterkin after his performance. Week 3 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 18, 2009, 2 hours. The results episode aired August 19, 2009, 1 hour. It included performances from Ashley Tisdale and Daughtry. Elimination table, Week 3 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote. Italics indicate the act was a wild card. Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan FootworKINGz Dance Troupe Marcus Terrell and the Serenades Singing group Pixie Mystère Contortionist dancers Jay Mattioli Magician / Illusionist 5 BRI Singer / Pianist 6 U4RIA Dance Crew Dance crew 7 David Johnson Comedic singer 8 Hairo Torres Contortionist and break dancer 9 G - Force Girl Rock Band 10 Jeffery Ou Pianist 11 Mario & Jenny Jugglers 12 Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Week 4 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 25, 2009, lasting 2 hours. The results episode aired on August 26, 2009, lasting 1 hour. It included a performance from Reba McEntire. Elimination table, Week 4 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote. Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote. Italics indicate the act was a wild card. Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Ishaara Bollywood Dance Troupe Bárbara Padilla Singer Pam Martin 's Top Dogs Trainer with dancing dogs African High Flyers Acrobats 5 Mia Boostrom Singer 6 Erik & Rickie Ballroom dancers 7 Coney Island Chris Physical Comedian 8 Matt & Anthony Guitarist and tap dancer 9 The Lollipop Girls Burlesque dancers 10 Drew Stevyns Singer 11 Recycled Percussion Percussion act 12 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio Top 20 ( edit ) The Semifinals began on September 1, 2009. The process on stage is identical to that of the Quarterfinals, except there are no longer any new wild card acts. Round 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 1, 2009, 2 hours. The results episode aired September 2, 2009, 1 hour. It included a performance from Miss Piggy and Kermit the Frog ( played by Artie Esposito filling in for an unavailable Steve Whitmire ) singing `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart, '' and one from David Hasselhoff singing `` Feeling Good. '' Round 1 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the finals. Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Acrodunk Basketball dunkers The Texas Tenors Vocal group Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers Drew Thomas Magic Magician 5 Tony Hoard and Rory Dog frisbee act 6 The Voices of Glory Singing trio 7 The Fab Five Clogging dance troupe 8 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Kevin Skinner Singer / Guitarist Footnotes Because David, Sharon, and Piers were unable to make a decision as to which act they wanted to advance further in the competition, they decided to allow both acts to compete in the next round. Round 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 8, 2009, 2 hours. The results episode aired September 9, 2009, 1 hour, with a guest appearance from the musical Jersey Boys. Round 2 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Advanced to the finals. Order Performer Act Description Buzzes Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Recycled Percussion Percussion group Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Erik and Rickie Ballroom dancers Jeffrey Ou Pianist 5 Hairo Torres Break dancer and contortionist 6 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio 7 Mario and Jenny Jugglers 8 Drew Stevyns Singer 9 FootworKINGz Dance Troupe 10 Bárbara Padilla Singer Footnotes As a result of there being no judges ' choice the previous week of the semifinals, there was no judges ' choice this week of competition, either. Finals ( edit ) The finale performances aired on Monday, September 14, 2009, 2 hours. The finale results aired on Wednesday, September 16, 2009, 2 hours, and included guest performances from Thelma Houston, Shakira, Rascal Flatts, cast members of Cirque Du Soleil, Leona Lewis, and runner - up of the third series of Britain 's Got Talent, Susan Boyle. The performances episode averaged 13.84 million viewers, and the finale averaged 15.5 million viewers. Finals, elimination chart ( edit ) Here is the chart for the finals of the fourth season of America 's Got Talent. Key Winner Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place 5th Place 6th Place 7th Place 8th Place 9th Place 10th Place Finals, September 14 -- 16, 2009 Order Contestant Performance Description Result ( September 16, 2009 ) Voices of Glory Sibling singers ; sang `` Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston. Fifth place Hairo Torres Contortionist dancer ; danced to `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' by Rufus Wainwright and `` Closer '' by Ne - Yo. Eighth place Lawrence Beamen Bass singer ; sang `` You 're the First, the Last, My Everything '' by Barry White. Ninth place Bárbara Padilla Opera singer ; sang `` O Mio Babbino Caro '' by Giacomo Puccini. Runner - up 5 Fab Five Sister cloggers ; danced to `` Circus '' by Britney Spears. Sixth place 6 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical Vocal Group ; sang `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra. Fourth place 7 Drew Stevyns Singer ( and guitarist ) ; sang `` I 'll Stand By You '' by The Pretenders. Tenth place 8 Grandma Lee Stand - up comedian ; performed a varied routine, picking on her children, her ( fictional ) ex-husband, Piers Morgan and Simon Cowell. Seventh place 9 Kevin Skinner Country singer ; sang `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith. Winner 10 Recycled Percussion Junkyard percussionists ; played `` Wipe Out '' by The Surfaris. Third place Round chart ( edit ) This is the list of the acts who passed through to the live rounds. Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Fourth Place Fifth Place Finalist Semifinalist Name Member ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Qtr. final Semi. final Position reached Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner ( 35 ) Singing Singer / Musician Mayfield, Kentucky Winner Bárbara Padilla Bárbara Padilla ( 36 ) Singing Opera singer Houston, Texas Runner - up Recycled Percussion Ryan Vezina ; Justin Spencer ; James `` Jimmy '' Magoon ; Todd Griffin ( 22 -- 39 ) Musical performance Junkyard percussion group ( and other ) Goffstown, New Hampshire Third place The Texas Tenors Marcus Collins ( 34 ) ; JC Fisher ( 35 ) ; John Hagen ( 44 ) Singing Country / Classical vocal group Houston, Texas Fourth place The Voices of Glory Michael Cole ( 16 ) ; Avery Cole ( 13 ) ; Nadia Cole ( 9 ) Singing Trio sibling singers Highland, New York Fifth place Drew Stevyns Drew Stevyns ( 26 ) Singing Singer / Musician Sykesville, Maryland Finalist Fab Five LaChere Vawdrey ( 35 ) ; Shaundalee Morgan ( 33 ) ; Ayrion Myers ( 31 ) ; Cambria Gibson ( 28 ) ; Veva Ahlstrom ( 24 ) Dancing Sister clogging dance troupe Morgan, Utah Finalist Grandma Lee Lee Strong ( 75 ) Performing Stand - up comedian Jacksonville, Florida Finalist Hairo Torres Hairo Torres ( 23 ) Dancing Contortionist / Breakdancer Grants Pass, Oregon Finalist Lawrence Beamen Lawrence Beamen ( 34 ) Singing Bass singer Walnut Creek, California Finalist Team Acrodunk Jerry L. Burrell ( 45 ) ; Romale Daunte Crawford ( 23 ) ; Anthony Grant ( 27 ) ; Gregory T. Jerralds ( 25 ) ; Eddie Ray Johnson ( 24 ) ; Greg L. Mueller ( 32 ) Acrobatics Acrobatic basketball dunkers Houston, Texas Eliminated Arcadian Broad Arcadian Broad ( 13 ) Dancing Dancer ( and pianist ) Orlando, Florida Eliminated Drew Thomas Magic & Illusion Drew Thomas ( 40 ) ; Rebecca Thomas ; Erin Nicole Cline - Lead ; Heather Specht Performing Magician / Illusionist Orlando, Florida Eliminated EriAm Sisters Haben Abraham ( 11 ) ; Salina Abraham ( 14 ) ; Lianda Abraham ( 16 ) Singing Sister singing trio Seattle, Washington Eliminated Erik & Rickie Erik Linder ( 8 ) ; Rickie Taylor ( 8 ) Dancing Ballroom dancers Seattle, Washington Eliminated FootworKINGz Trevell Johnson ( 23 ) ; Kendall Larkin ( 18 ) ; Kenneth Livingston ( 18 ) ; Brandon Love ( 18 ) ; Eddie Martin ( 16 ) ; Christopher Thomas ( 24 ) Dancing Dance troupe Chicago, Illinois Eliminated Jeffrey Ou Jeffrey Ou ( 18 ) Classical Pianist Pianist Carrollton, Texas Eliminated Mario & Jenny Mario Ferreira ( 34 ) ; Jenny Ferreira ( 33 ) Performing Jugglers Las Vegas Eliminated Paradizo Dance Dave Paris ( 37 ) ; Zoë Klein ( 29 ) Dancing Acrobatic performers Brooklyn, New York Eliminated Tony Hoard & Rory Tony Hoard ( 54 ) ; Rory ( 7 ) Animal performing Canine flying - disc thrower / catcher New Castle, Indiana Eliminated African High Flyers 24 -- 35 Acrobatics Acrobats Orlando, Florida Eliminated Alizma Aleksandra Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Izabela Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Monika Okapiec ( 23 ) Musical performance Singing / Violin triplets Las Vegas Eliminated Anthony & Matt ( AM Project ) Anthony Morigerato ( 24 ) ; Matt Lucas ( 22 ) Dancing ; musical performance Tap dancer / guitarist New York, New York Eliminated Breaksk8 21 -- 30 Dancing Roller - skate dance troupe Kokomo, Indiana Eliminated Beale Street Flippers 20 -- 26 Acrobatics Flippers Memphis, Tennessee Eliminated BRI Sabrina `` Bri '' Bernstein ( 17 ) Singing Singer / Pianist Las Vegas Eliminated Carol Loo Carol Loo ( 63 ) Dancing Dancer Jersey City, New Jersey Eliminated Charles DeWayne Charles DeWayne Dorsey, Jr. ( 21 ) Singer Singer ( and pianist ) La Verne, California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Coney Island Chris Chris Allison ( 42 ) Performing Stunt comedian Naugatuck, Connecticut Eliminated David Johnson David Johnson ( 30 ) Singing Comedic singer Renton, Washington Eliminated Diva League Shi - Queeta Lee ; Jessica Spaulding ; Akasha Cassadine ; Banaka Deveraux ; Mark'us Young ; Kiera Turner ; Derek Brown ; Cheryl Brown ; Byron Smith ; Dominique Harvin ; Rashad Dinkins ( 20 -- 44 ) Dancing Drag dancers and lip - synchers Washington, D.C. Eliminated Eleisha Miller Eleisha Miller ( 8 ) Musical performance Singer and pianist Amarillo, Texas Eliminated G Force Emily Gendics ( 11 ) ; Hannah Gendics ( 9 ) ; Olivia Gendics ( 8 ) Musical performance / singing Sister rock band Amherst, Ohio Eliminated Ishaara Shahil Patel ; Sian Bentson ; Nickesh Viswanathan ; Shivani Mehta ; Neeraj Kohirkar ; Amlu Natesan ; Anwesh Thakur ; Priya Tanna ; Prashant Shukla ; Meghna Bhatter ( 18 -- 23 ) Dancing Bollywood dance troupe Berkeley, California Eliminated Jay Mattioli Jay Mattioli ( 27 ) Performing Magician / Illusionist Manassas, Virginia Eliminated Lake Houston Dance The Lake Houston Performing Arts Center members ( 9 -- 14 ) Dancing Dance troupe Houston, Texas Eliminated Manuela Horn Manuela Horn ( 36 ) Singing Yodeler ( and singer ) Seattle, Washington Eliminated Marcus Terrell & The Serenades Marcus Terrell ( 22 ) ; others varied Singing Singer Kansas City, Missouri Eliminated Mia Boostrom Mia Boostrom ( 16 ) Singing Singer North Dighton, Massachusetts Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Mosaic Corwyn Hodge ; Heath Burgett ; John Henry Gibson II ; Josh Huslig ; Sean Gerrity ; Troy Dolendo ( 30 -- 34 ) Singing A cappella singing group Las Vegas Eliminated Pam Martin 's Top Dog Pam Martin ( 54 ) ; various dogs Animal performing Dancing Dogs Garland, Texas Eliminated Pete Peterkin Pete Peterkin ( 54 ) Performing Impressionist Brooklyn, New York Eliminated Pixie Mystère 9 -- 11 Dancing Contortionist dance troupe Cape May, New Jersey Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Platt Brothers Boone Platt ; Cheetah Platt ; Cy Platt ( 22 -- 27 ) Acrobatics Trio comedic acrobats San Diego, California Eliminated SQ Entertainment 19 -- 32 Dancing Dance crew Boston, Massachusetts Eliminated The Lollipop Girls Alexandra ; Celena ; Janet ; Jessica ; Kyley ; Lindy ; Liza ; Marisa ( 21 -- 40 ) Dancing Burlesque dance troupe San Diego, California Eliminated Thia Megia Thialorei Lising `` Thia '' Megia ( 14 ) Singing Singer Redwood City, California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice U4ria Dance Crew 16 -- 23 Dancing Dance troupe Coral Springs, Florida Eliminated Contestants who appeared on other seasons ( edit ) Nathan Burton competed in season 1, finished as a semifinalist. Team Acrodunk ( Acrodunk ) competed in season 1, finishing as a semifinalist Contestants who appeared on other shows ( edit ) Thia Megia competed on the 10th Season of American Idol, finishing in 10th place Arcadian Broad has auditioned for the 15th Season of So You Think You Can Dance Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( night ) ( viewers ) Rank ( week ) ( viewers ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.8 12 3.3 / 10 11.30 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.2 11 3.1 / 9 10.39 # 1 # 3 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.5 13 3.7 / 11 12.91 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 4 '' 6.8 12 2.9 / 9 11.30 # 2 # 3 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 6.2 10 3 / 9 10.43 # 1 # 2 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 6.9 12 3.3 / 10 11.69 # 1 # 1 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 8 13 3.6 / 10 13.17 # 2 # 2 8 `` Auditions Episode 8 '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.38 # 1 # 4 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 8.2 14 3.4 / 10 13.75 # 1 # 1 10 `` Auditions Episode 10 Susan Boyle Interview '' 6.6 11 2.5 / 7 11.26 # 1 # 2 11 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 1 ) '' 7.7 13 3.4 / 10 12.76 # 1 # 1 12 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 2 ) '' 6.4 11 2.8 / 8 10.90 # 1 # 2 13 `` Quarterfinals, Group 1 '' 7.7 14 3.6 / 11 12.97 # 1 # 1 14 `` Quarterfinals, Group 1 Results '' 6 10 2.9 / 9 10.68 # 1 # 2 15 `` Quarterfinals, Group 2 '' 7.6 13 3.4 / 10 12.48 # 1 # 1 16 `` Quarterfinals, Group 2 Results '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.42 # 1 # 4 17 `` Quarterfinals, Group 3 '' 7 12 2.9 / 9 11.59 # 1 # 2 18 `` Quarterfinals, Group 3 Results '' 6.4 11 2.4 / 7 10.29 # 1 # 4 19 `` Quarterfinals, Group 4 '' 6.9 12 3 / 8 11.42 # 1 # 1 20 `` Quarterfinals, Group 4 Results '' 6.7 11 2.9 / 8 10.87 # 1 # 2 21 `` Semifinals, Group 1 '' 7.5 13 3.2 / 9 12.81 # 1 # 1 22 `` Semifinals, Group 1 Results '' 7.4 12 2.6 / 8 12.39 # 1 # 2 23 `` Semifinals, Group 2 '' 7.1 12 2.9 / 8 12.03 # 1 # 5 24 `` Semifinals, Group 2 Results '' 6 9 2.1 / 5 10.06 # 1 # 10 25 `` Finals, Performances '' 8.5 13 3.3 / 9 13.84 # 2 # 3 26 `` Finale '' 9.5 16 3.5 / 10 15.53 # 1 # 2 Canadian ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Viewers ( 100'00s ) Rank ( week ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.77 # 24 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.71 # 25 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.58 # 20 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 8.52 # 18 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 7.93 # 24 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 9.00 # 18 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 7.01 # 28 11 & 12 `` Vegas Verdicts '' 7.08 # 27 13 `` Quarterfinals, Group 1 '' 8.36 # 18 15 `` Quarterfinals, Group 2 '' 6.68 # 24 16 `` Quarterfinals, Group 2 Results '' 6.00 # 27 17 `` Quarterfinals, Group 3 '' 6.28 # 27 21 `` Semifinals, Group 1 '' 10.44 # 18 22 `` Semifinals, Group 1 Results '' 8.84 # 26 23 `` Semifinals, Group 2 '' 7.93 # 28 25 `` Finals, Performances '' 20.27 # 4 26 `` Finale '' 14.47 # 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent ''. E! Online. 2009 - 02 - 09. Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon replaces Jerry Springer as host of America 's Got Talent ''. Blogs.tampabay.com. 2009 - 02 - 09. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09. Jump up ^ `` '' David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent ``, January 6, 2010 ''. TV Guide. 2010 - 01 - 06. Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 1 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 1. 2009 - 06 - 23. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 2 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 2. 2009 - 06 - 24. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 3 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 3. 2009 - 06 - 30. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 4 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 4. 2009 - 07 - 01. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 5 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 5. 2009 - 07 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 6 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 6. 2009 - 07 - 08. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 7 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 7. 2009 - 07 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 8 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 8. 2009 - 07 - 15. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 9 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 9. 2009 - 07 - 21. ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions, episode 10 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 10. 2009 - 07 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts, Part 1 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 11. 2009 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 11 ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 28. ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts, Part 2 ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 12. 2009 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 12 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 performances ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 13. 2009 - 08 - 04. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 13 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 results ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 14. 2009 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 14 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 performances ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 15. 2009 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 15 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 results ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 16. 2009 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 16 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 performances ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 17. 2009 - 08 - 12. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 17 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 results ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 18. 2009 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 18 ''. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 performances ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 19. 2009 - 08 - 25. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 19 ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 28. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 results ''. America 's Got Talent. Season 4. Episode 20. 2009 - 08 - 26. Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 20 ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 30. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win, ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super ''. 2009 - 06 - 24. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance? Keys Fox Win, Philanthropist Premiere Fair ''. 2009 - 06 - 25. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Got Talent, ABC 's Got Nothing ''. 2009 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Tops With Talent, But Roadtrip Goes Nowhere ''. 2009 - 07 - 08. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : ' Talent ' Tops ' Dance ', But Fox Wins Night ''. 2009 - 07 - 09. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox, AL, MLB All - Star Game Win ; America 's Got Talent Does Well At 9pm ''. 2009 - 07 - 15. Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : So You Think You Can Dance Wins Again For Fox On A Down Night ''. 2009 - 07 - 16. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Hell 's Kitchen Returns Down ; Still Shouts Fox To Victory ''. 2009 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' is tops, but CBS had most viewers last week ''. 2009 - 07 - 28. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 14. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : The President Speaks ; So You Think You Can Dance Wins ''. 2009 - 07 - 23. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : More To Love Premieres Light, But Hell 's Kitchen Screams Fox To Victory ''. 2009 - 07 - 29. Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 01. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance Beats Talent Head To Head As Fox Wins Night ''. 2009 - 07 - 30. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 ''. 2009 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 ''. 2009 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ). `` NBC top ratings with ' Talent ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Weds TV Ratings : America 's Got Talent tops Octomom, NBC wins night ''. 2009 - 08 - 20. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29. Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : America 's Got Talent Helps NBC Edge Fox & Hell 's Kitchen ''. 2009 - 09 - 02. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 05. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03. Jump up ^ Kissell, Rick ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ). `` ' Wipeout, ' ' Talent ' top primetime ratings ''. Variety. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03. Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : 90210, Melrose Place Premiere Weak ; Fox & Hell 's Kitchen Rule ''. 2009 - 09 - 09. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 13. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : SYTYCD vs. POTUS and Glee premieres nicely ''. 2009 - 09 - 09. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big, rises to 18.4 million in the final # s ''. 2009 - 09 - 26. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale, Leno, Glee and The Beautiful Life ''. 2009 - 09 - 17. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Top Programs - Total Canada ( English ) : June 22 -- 28, 2009 ''. 2009 - 07 - 03. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03. External links ( edit ) Official NBC America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 3 ( 2008 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 ( 2009 ) Succeeded by Season 5 ( 2010 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr. Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Shin Lim Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Zurcaroh Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr. Alexandr Magala Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Mike Yung Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Us the Duo Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_4)&oldid=864113723 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018, at 05 : 19 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "America's Got Talent (season 4)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_4)&amp;oldid=864113723" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner Origin Mayfield, Kentucky Genre ( s ) Country music Runner - up Bárbara Padilla Chronology ◀ 2009 ▶ The fourth season of America 's Got Talent, an American television reality show talent competition, premiered on the NBC network on June 23, 2009. Country singer Kevin Skinner was named the winner on September 16, 2009. This season is the first season to be broadcast in high definition. This season 's host is Nick Cannon, who replaced Jerry Springer. Springer had said that he could not host due to other commitments. David Hasselhoff, Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned judges, despite rumors that Osbourne would be leaving the show. Season four was Hasselhoff 's final season as a judge. This season started broadcasting live on August 4, 2009. Contents 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Second round 3.1 Vegas Verdicts 3.1. 1 First cut" ], "id": [ "9138003379203892691" ], "short_answers": [ "Kevin Skinner" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Queen of the South ( tv series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Queen of the South ( disambiguation ). Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/queenofthesouth/ Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series. It premiered June 23, 2016, on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur, which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo, which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte. On September 6, 2016, USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8, 2017. On August 10, 2017, USA renewed the series for a third season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Recurring cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show. From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman, David T. Friendly, Alice Braga, Veronica Falcón, Joaquim De Almeida, Jon - Michael Ecker, Justina Machado, Peter Gadiot, Gerardo Taracena, Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas, Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas, Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra, Teresa 's best friend, Chino 's wife, and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez, Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez, a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes, Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas, Camilla Vargas ' husband, head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ), and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2, recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring cast ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe James Martinez as Gato Fierros, a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 69 %, based on 16 reviews. The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential. '' On Metacritic, the first season scored 59 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma. Un Mapa. Dos Futuros. '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28, 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4, 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11, 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25, 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4, 2016. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South ''. NBCUniversal Media Village. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ Lambert, David ( April 14, 2017 ). `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series! ''. TVShowsonTV.com. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ). `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ). `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( August 10, 2017 ). `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA ''. Deadline. Retrieved August 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ The Deadline Team. `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ', Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ The Deadline Team. `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' ''. Deadline. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016. Jump up ^ Hansen, Lena. `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South ''. People en Español ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ Jump up to : Trejos, Carolina. `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South ''. People en Español ( in Spanish ). Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ''. Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up, NFL Preseason dips ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( August 26, 2016 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( September 6, 2016 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( September 9, 2016 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ). `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot ''. Tvbythenumbers. Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 9, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 16, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 23, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 30, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 7, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 14, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 21, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 28, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 4, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 11, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 18, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 25, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( September 1, 2017 ). `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Purcell, Charles ( 28 July 2016 ). `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4, Shades Of Blue, Queen Of The South, Super Rugby and live sport ''. The Green Room. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 69 %, based on 16 reviews. The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential. '' On Metacritic, the first season scored 59 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15, 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling" ], "id": [ "15495134301994884331" ], "short_answers": [ "13" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation, search `` Great Wall '' redirects here. For other uses, see Great Wall ( disambiguation ). Great Wall of China 萬里 長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68 ; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ), ( ii ), ( iii ), ( iv ), ( vi ) Reference 438 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Wu Romanization Saon sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里 长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里 長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - Mile Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ). Other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor. The Great Wall stretches from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ). This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall, 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measure out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ). Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. In Chinese histories, the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城, changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian, where it referred to both the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor. The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成, whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ. It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today, however, it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city ''. The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里 長城, Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records, though he did not name the walls as such. The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '', closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise. The traditional Chinese mile ( 里, lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ). Since China 's metrication in 1930, it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet, which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ). However, this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable ''. Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny, the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall ''. Instead, various terms were used in medieval records, including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞, sāi ), `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣, yuán ), `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障, zhàng ), `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外 堡, wàibǎo ), and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊 牆, s 边 墙, biānqiáng ). Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫 塞, Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土 龍, s 土 龙, Tǔlóng ). Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English `` Great Wall ''. The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers. By the 19th century, `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English, French, and German, although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall ''. History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan, and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands, if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall. Later, the Han, the Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself. Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century, and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River. Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall. As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong. Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders. During the 1440s -- 1460s, the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall ''. Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension, in a sense, it was ), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides. Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, Wu Sangui, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing. The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China. Under Qing rule, China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued. On the other hand, the so - called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria. Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control. Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853, X, p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia, such as Marco Polo, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone, mentioned the Great Wall. The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca. 1346, had heard about China 's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China. He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an, which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they were n't significant. Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ), may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia. Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza. In 1559, in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions, '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India. Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall, although later they slid into hyperbole, including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC. When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall, such that in the 20th century, a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars. Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety, the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted. The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏 頭 關, s 偏 头 关, Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外 長城, s 外 长城, Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province, and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內 長城, s 內 长城, Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ), passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海 冶, Sìhǎiyě ), in Beijing 's Yanqing County. The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today. The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries. South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide. One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling. There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height, and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top. Wangjinglou ( t 望 京 樓, s 望 京 楼, Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers, 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level. Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east. This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven ''. The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head ''. 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦 山 長城 ), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall. 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九 門口, s 九 门口, Jiǔménkǒu ), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge. Beyond Jiumenkou, an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall, in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border. In 2009, 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills, trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices. In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province. Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu, near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, lime, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened. Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth. Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer brims, and gateways of the wall. Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall, and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide. From the parapets, guards could survey the surrounding land. Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall, including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements, was of high importance. Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility. Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through. Barracks, stables, and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface. Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains, here seen in slight disrepair A view of the Great Wall ranging across a mountain, from another part of the Great Wall, near Beijing. While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair. Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads. Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi. Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction. A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared, while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished. More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms. In some places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ). Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion. In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized. Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley. Stukeley wrote that, `` This mighty wall of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall, which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the Moon. '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon. '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long, thin objects were visible from space. The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels. The claim the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times, but is still ingrained in popular culture. The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide, and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it. Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye, meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon, whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ). The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away. To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision. Unsurprisingly, no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon. From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi, running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right. The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ). A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ). NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects. Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ). Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing. He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye. '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts. Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye. '' Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look. '' In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man - made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit... I 've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it. '' In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ), the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye, even though the ISS is in low Earth orbit, not space. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit. However, in a press release a week later, they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river. Leroy Chiao, a Chinese - American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it. Based on the photograph, the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look. However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye. Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan, the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai, overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall, China. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan Great Wall at Dandong See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers ''. Bloomberg. June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers. p. 1131. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7. Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E, this wall, built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone, runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles. Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ), the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ), connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system. Traditionally, the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ), and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ). ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' ''. BBC. April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China ''. History. April 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Waldron 1983, p. 650. Jump up ^ Baxter, William H. & al. ( 20 September 2014 ). `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ). Ann Arbor : University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006, p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, p. 202. Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li! '' ( 乃 復 壞 汝 萬里 之 長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name. Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ). Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China. University of North Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8. Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) ''. The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 25. ^ Jump up to : Lindesay, William ( 2007 ). The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head. Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1. ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983, p. 651. ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006, p. 15. Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, p. 49. Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, p. 21. Jump up ^ Waldron 1988, p. 69. ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007, p. 59. Jump up ^ 歷代 王朝 修 長城 ( in Chinese ). Chiculture.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Jump up ^ 古代 长城 -- 战争 与 和平 的 纽带 ( in Chinese ). Newsmth.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Jump up ^ 万里 长城 ( in Chinese ). Newsmth.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Slavicek, Mitchell & Matray 2005, p. 35. Jump up ^ Evans 2006, p. 3. Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 ''. Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Coonan, Clifford ( February 27, 2012 ). `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' ''. The Irish Times. Retrieved February 28, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983, p. 653. Jump up ^ Waldron 1983, p. 654 ; Haw 2006, pp. 52 -- 54. Jump up ^ Karnow 2008, p. 192. Jump up ^ Szabó, Dávid & Loczy 2010, p. 220. Jump up ^ Evans 2006, p. 177. Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu ''. Great Wall of China. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985, pp. 38 -- 40. Jump up ^ Lovell 2006, p. 254. Jump up ^ Elliott 2001, pp. 1 -- 2. Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China ''. The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. Wesleyan Missionary Society. X : 41. April 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016. Jump up ^ Ruysbroek, Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ). The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253 -- 55, as Narrated by Himself, with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine. Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill. London : The Hakluyt Society. Jump up ^ Haw 2006, pp. 53 -- 54. Jump up ^ Haw 2006, pp. 54 -- 55. Jump up ^ Qur'an, XVIII : `` The Cave ''. English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's, E.H. Palmer 's, and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's. Jump up ^ Haw 2006, pp. 53 -- 55. Jump up ^ Barros, João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ). Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente. V. Lisbon. 3a Década, pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II, Ch. vii ). ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990, pp. 204 -- 05. Jump up ^ Yule 1866, p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel, as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ), annotated by Henry Yule ). Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, pp. 2 -- 4. ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990, p. 206. Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, p. 209. Jump up ^ Waldron 1990, p. 214. Jump up ^ Hessler 2007, p. 60. Jump up ^ Rojas 2010, p. 140. Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008, p. 212. Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall ''. TravelChinaGuide.com. Retrieved September 15, 2010. Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city. It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain, which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass. Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall ''. Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province ''. Global Times. October 14, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found ''. The Guardian. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall ''. China Daily. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015. ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007, p. 29. Jump up ^ Ford, Peter ( November 30, 2006 ). New law to keep China 's Wall looking great. Christian Science Monitor, Asia Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007. ^ Jump up to : Wong, Edward ( 29 June 2015 ). `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall, Brick by Brick ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2015. Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible, Intangible and Destructible. China Heritage Newsletter, China Heritage Project, Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great ''. Reuters. August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007. Jump up ^ CNN, Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang. `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement ''. Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3, p. 142. ( 1754 ). Jump up ^ Norman, Henry, The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, p. 215. ( 1895 ). Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China, Ripley 's Believe It or Not, 1932. Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website. Accessed May 12, 2010. `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space? '', Answers.com. Accessed May 12, 2010. Cecil Adams, `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space? '', The Straight Dope. Accessed May 12, 2010. Snopes, `` Great wall from space '', last updated July 21, 2007. Accessed May 12, 2010. `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space? '', Scientific American, February 21, 2008. ``... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions. And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads, for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective. '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '', The Times ( London ), April 26, 2010. Found at The Times website. Accessed May 12, 2010. ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008, pp. 3 -- 4. Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China ''. Nasa.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2010. Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19, 2001 ). `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ). NASA. Retrieved July 31, 2010. Jump up ^ Markus, Francis. ( 2005, April 19 ). Great Wall visible in space photo. BBC News, Asia - Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007. References Edmonds, Richard Louis ( 1985 ). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213. ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3. Elliott, Mark C. ( 2001 ). The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7. Evans, Thammy ( 2006 ). Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China. Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7. Haw, Stephen G. ( 2006 ). Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia. Psychology Press. ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1. Hessler, Peter ( 2007 ). `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall ''. The New Yorker ( May 21, 2007 ) : 58 -- 67. Karnow, Mooney, Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ). National Geographic Traveler : Beijing. National Geographic Books. p. 192. ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8. Lindesay, William ( 2008 ). The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4. López - Gil, Norberto ( 2008 ). `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye? '' ( PDF ). Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4. doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 10. Lovell, Julia ( 2006 ). The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000. Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3. Rojas, Carlos ( 2010 ). The Great Wall : a cultural history. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7. Slavicek, Louise Chipley ; Mitchell, George J. ; Matray, James I. ( 2005 ). The Great Wall of China. Infobase Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6. Szabó, József ; Dávid, Lóránt ; Loczy, Denes, eds. ( 2010 ). Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms. Springer. ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3. Turnbull, Stephen R ( January 2007 ). The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8. Waldron, Arthur ( 1983 ). `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China ''. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard - Yenching Institute. 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63. JSTOR 2719110. Waldron, Arthur ( 1988 ). `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China ''. The Yale Journal of Criticism. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104. Waldron, Arthur ( 1990 ). The Great Wall of China : from history to myth. Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4. Yule, Sir Henry, ed. ( 1866 ). Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China. Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Printed for the Hakluyt society. Further reading Arnold, H.J.P, `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It? '' Astronomy Now, 1995. Beckwith, Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2. Luo, Zewen, et al. and Baker, David, ed. ( 1981 ). The Great Wall. Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ). ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man, John. ( 2008 ). The Great Wall. London : Bantam Press. 335 pages. ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8. Michaud, Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ), & Michel Jan, The Great Wall of China. Abbeville Press, 2001. ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer, Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2. Yamashita, Michael ; Lindesay, William ( 2007 ). The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End. New York : Sterling. 160 pages. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0. External links Find more aboutGreat Wall of Chinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity International Friends of the Great Wall -- organization focused on conservation UNESCO World Heritage Centre profile Enthusiast / scholar website ( in Chinese ) Great Wall of China on In Our Time at the BBC. Photoset of lesser visited areas of the Great Wall Geographic data related to Great Wall of China at OpenStreetMap Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi, Ming ) World Heritage Sites in China East Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian Tulou Lushan Huangshan Mount Sanqing Mount Tai Wuyi Mountains Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Xidi, and Hongcun West Lake Kulangsu South Central Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Centre of Macau Shennongjia Kaiping Diaolou and Villages Longmen Grottoes Historic Monuments of Dengfeng, including the Shaolin Monastery and Gaocheng Observatory Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Wulingyuan Yinxu Southwest Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Potala Palace, including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Jiuzhaigou Old Town of Lijiang Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers North Mount Wutai Chengde Mountain Resort, including Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple Forbidden City Zhoukoudian Pingyao Summer Palace Temple of Heaven Xanadu Yungang Grottoes Northeast Koguryo sites Mukden Palace Northwest Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan Qinghai Hoh Xil Multiple regions Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst Grand Canal Silk Roads Tusi Sites VIAF : 242107420 GND : 4090402 - 7 China portal History of Imperial China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=806616774 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Walls World Heritage Sites in China Chinese architectural history Border barriers Reportedly haunted locations in China 7th - century BC establishments in China Fortification lines Qin Shi Huang Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La. lojban. 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{ "text": "Conservation movement - wikipedia Conservation movement Jump to : navigation, search For specific types of conservation, see Conservation ( disambiguation ). `` Conservationism '' redirects here. It is not to be confused with Conservatism. Much attention has been given to preserving the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia, while allowing ample access for visitors. Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Hard - Left Extreme left Centre Centre - left Radical center Centre - right, Third Position Right - wing Far - right Hard right New right Alt - right Alt - lite Party platform Extremist Radical Moderate Reformist Syncretic Third Position Conservative Fundamentalist Reactionary Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management, water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement 's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far - reaching environmental movement, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Chiefly in the United States, conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism in that it aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans. In other parts of the world conservation is used more broadly to include the setting aside of natural areas and the active protection of wildlife for their inherent value, as much as for any value they may have for humans. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Origins of the modern conservation movement 1.3 Conservation in the United States 1.3. 1 Since 1970 2 Areas of concern 2.1 Boreal forest and the Arctic 2.2 Latin America ( Bolivia ) 2.3 Africa ( Botswana ) 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 5.1 Regional studies 5.1. 1 Africa 5.1. 2 Asia 5.1. 3 Latin America 5.1. 4 Europe and Russia 5.1. 5 United States 5.1. 6 World 5.2 Historiography 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of environmental events Early History ( edit ) Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest - Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty 's Dominions, title page of the first edition ( 1664 ). The conservation movement can be traced back to John Evelyn 's work Sylva, presented as a paper to the Royal Society in 1662. Published as a book two years later, it was one of the most highly influential texts on forestry ever published. Timber resources in England were becoming dangerously depleted at the time, and Evelyn advocated the importance of conserving the forests by managing the rate of depletion and ensuring that the cut down trees get replenished. The field developed during the 18th century, especially in Prussia and France where scientific forestry methods were developed. These methods were first applied rigorously in British India from the early - 19th century. The government was interested in the use of forest produce and began managing the forests with measures to reduce the risk of wildfire in order to protect the `` household '' of nature, as it was then termed. This early ecological idea was in order to preserve the growth of delicate teak trees, which was an important resource for the Royal Navy. Concerns over teak depletion were raised as early as 1799 and 1805 when the Navy was undergoing a massive expansion during the Napoleonic Wars ; this pressure led to the first formal conservation Act, which prohibited the felling of small teak trees. The first forestry officer was appointed in 1806 to regulate and preserve the trees necessary for shipbuilding. This promising start received a setback in the 1820s and 30s, when laissez - faire economics and complaints from private landowners brought these early conservation attempts to an end. Origins of the modern conservation movement ( edit ) Conservation was revived in the mid-19th century, with the first practical application of scientific conservation principles to the forests of India. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles : that human activity damaged the environment, that there was a civic duty to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir James Ranald Martin was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico - topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large - scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in British India through the establishment of Forest Departments. Edward Percy Stebbing warned of desertification of India. The Madras Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by Alexander Gibson, a professional botanist who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state management of forests in the world. These local attempts gradually received more attention by the British government as the unregulated felling of trees continued unabated. In 1850, the British Association in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of Dr. Hugh Cleghorn a pioneer in the nascent conservation movement. He had become interested in forest conservation in Mysore in 1847 and gave several lectures at the Association on the failure of agriculture in India. These lectures influenced the government under Governor - General Lord Dalhousie to introduce the first permanent and large - scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to other colonies, as well the United States. In the same year, Cleghorn organised the Madras Forest Department and in 1860 the Department banned the use shifting cultivation. Cleghorn 's 1861 manual, The forests and gardens of South India, became the definitive work on the subject and was widely used by forest assistants in the subcontinent. In 1861, the Forest Department extended its remit into the Punjab. Schlich, in the middle of the seated row, with students from the forestry school at Oxford, on a visit to the forests of Saxony in the year 1892. Sir Dietrich Brandis, a German forester, joined the British service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu division in eastern Burma. During that time Burma 's teak forests were controlled by militant Karen tribals. He introduced the `` taungya '' system, in which Karen villagers provided labour for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. After seven years in Burma, Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The Imperial Forest School at Dehradun was founded by him. Germans were prominent in the forestry administration of British India. As well as Brandis, Berthold Ribbentrop and Sir William P.D. Schlich brought new methods to Indian conservation, the latter becoming the Inspector - General in 1883 after Brandis stepped down. Schlich helped to establish the journal Indian Forester in 1874, and became the founding director of the first forestry school in England at Cooper 's Hill in 1885. He authored the five - volume Manual of Forestry ( 1889 -- 96 ) on silviculture, forest management, forest protection, and forest utilisation, which became the standard and enduring textbook for forestry students. Conservation in the United States ( edit ) F.V. Hayden 's map of Yellowstone National Park, 1871. Main article : Conservation in the United States The American movement received its inspiration from 19th century works that exalted the inherent value of nature, quite apart from human usage. Author Henry David Thoreau ( 1817 - 1862 ) made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples ' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Walden, which argued that people should become intimately close with nature. The ideas of Sir Brandis, Sir William P.D. Schlich and Carl A. Schenck were also very influential - Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the USDA Forest Service, relied heavily upon Brandis ' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service. Both conservationists and preservationists appeared in political debates during the Progressive Era ( the 1890s -- early 1920s ). There were three main positions. The laissez - faire position held that owners of private property -- including lumber and mining companies, should be allowed to do anything they wished for their property. The conservationists, led by future President Theodore Roosevelt and his close ally George Bird Grinnell, were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market forces, including logging and hunting. This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt recognized that the laissez - faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long - term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long - term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the Boone and Crockett Club in 1887. The Club was made up of the best minds and influential men of the day. The Boone and Crockett Club 's contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt 's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America. Preservationists, led by John Muir ( 1838 -- 1914 ), argued that the conservation policies were not strong enough to protect the interest of the natural world because they continued to focus on the natural world as a source of economic production. The debate between conservation and preservation reached its peak in the public debates over the construction of California 's Hetch Hetchy dam in Yosemite National Park which supplies the water supply of San Francisco. Muir, leading the Sierra Club, declared that the valley must be preserved for the sake of its beauty : `` No holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. '' President Roosevelt put conservationist issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot and was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres ( 360,000 mi or 930,000 km ) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined. Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five national parks, and signed the year 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new national monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reserves, four game preserves, and 150 national forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation 's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres ( 930,000 km ). Gifford Pinchot had been appointed by McKinley as chief of Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. In 1905, his department gained control of the national forest reserves. Pinchot promoted private use ( for a fee ) under federal supervision. In 1907, Roosevelt designated 16 million acres ( 65,000 km ) of new national forests just minutes before a deadline. In May 1908, Roosevelt sponsored the Conference of Governors held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use. Roosevelt delivered the opening address : `` Conservation as a National Duty. ''. In 1903 Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with John Muir, who had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in 1905 in having Congress transfer the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley to the federal government. While Muir wanted nature preserved for its own sake, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot 's formulation, `` to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation of men and trees. '' Theodore Roosevelt 's view on conservationism remained dominant for decades ; - Franklin D. Roosevelt authorised the building of many large - scale dams and water projects, as well as the expansion of the National Forest System to buy out sub-marginal farms. In 1937, the Pittman -- Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act was signed into law, providing funding for state agencies to carry out their conservation efforts. Since 1970 ( edit ) Environmental reemerged on the national agenda in 1970, with Republican Richard Nixon playing a major role, especially with his creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. The debates over the public lands and environmental politics played a supporting role in the decline of liberalism and the rise of modern environmentalism. Although Americans consistently rank environmental issues as `` important '', polling data indicates that in the voting booth voters rank the environmental issues low relative to other political concerns. The growth of the Republican party 's political power in the inland West ( apart from the Pacific coast ) was facilitated by the rise of popular opposition to public lands reform. Successful Democrats in the inland West and Alaska typically take more conservative positions on environmental issues than Democrats from the Coastal states. Conservatives drew on new organizational networks of think tanks, industry groups, and citizen - oriented organizations, and they began to deploy new strategies that affirmed the rights of individuals to their property, protection of extraction rights, to hunt and recreate, and to pursue happiness unencumbered by the federal government at the expense of resource conservation. Areas of concern ( edit ) Deforestation and overpopulation are issues affecting all regions of the world. The consequent destruction of wildlife habitat has prompted the creation of conservation groups in other countries, some founded by local hunters who have witnessed declining wildlife populations first hand. Also, it was highly important for the conservation movement to solve problems of living conditions in the cities and the overpopulation of such places. Boreal forest and the Arctic ( edit ) The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. ( See Raccoon dog for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade. ) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal 's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children 's books stated and still do, that the decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest ( it causes flooding ). In Cree lands however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics. Latin America ( Bolivia ) ( edit ) The Izoceño - Guaraní of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia is a tribe of hunters who were influential in establishing the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Isoso ( CABI ). CABI promotes economic growth and survival of the Izoceno people while discouraging the rapid destruction of habitat within Bolivia 's Gran Chaco. They are responsible for the creation of the 34,000 square kilometre Kaa - Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area ( KINP ). The KINP protects the most biodiverse portion of the Gran Chaco, an ecoregion shared with Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In 1996, the Wildlife Conservation Society joined forces with CABI to institute wildlife and hunting monitoring programs in 23 Izoceño communities. The partnership combines traditional beliefs and local knowledge with the political and administrative tools needed to effectively manage habitats. The programs rely solely on voluntary participation by local hunters who perform self - monitoring techniques and keep records of their hunts. The information obtained by the hunters participating in the program has provided CABI with important data required to make educated decisions about the use of the land. Hunters have been willing participants in this program because of pride in their traditional activities, encouragement by their communities and expectations of benefits to the area. Africa ( Botswana ) ( edit ) In order to discourage illegal South African hunting parties and ensure future local use and sustainability, indigenous hunters in Botswana began lobbying for and implementing conservation practices in the 1960s. The Fauna Preservation Society of Ngamiland ( FPS ) was formed in 1962 by the husband and wife team : Robert Kay and June Kay, environmentalists working in conjunction with the Batawana tribes to preserve wildlife habitat. The FPS promotes habitat conservation and provides local education for preservation of wildlife. Conservation initiatives were met with strong opposition from the Botswana government because of the monies tied to big - game hunting. In 1963, BaTawanga Chiefs and tribal hunter / adventurers in conjunction with the FPS founded Moremi National Park and Wildlife Refuge, the first area to be set aside by tribal people rather than governmental forces. Moremi National Park is home to a variety of wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, buffalo, zebra, cheetahs and antelope, and covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers. Most of the groups involved with establishing this protected land were involved with hunting and were motivated by their personal observations of declining wildlife and habitat. See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Politics portal Social movements portal Earth sciences portal Sustainable development portal Energy portal Conservation biology Conservation ethic Ecology Ecology movement Energy conservation Environmental history Environmental movement Environmental protection Environmentalism Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850 -- 1920 Factor 10 Forest protection Habitat conservation List of environmental organizations List of environment topics Marine conservation Natural environment Natural landscape Soil conservation Sustainability U.S. National Parks conservation Water conservation Wetland conservation Wildlife conservation Wildlife management Notes ( edit ) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Gifford, John C. ( 1945 ). Living by the Land. Coral Gables, Florida : Glade House. p. 8. ASIN B0006EUXGQ. Jump up ^ John Evelyn, Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet, Fourth Edition ( 1706 ), reprinted London : Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv ; online edn, March 2007 ( 1 ), accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source ( John Nisbet ) states : `` There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming Sylva,... than can be ascribed to any other individual. '' Nisbet adds that `` Evelyn was by no means the first ( author ) who wrote on ( forestry ). That honour belongs to Master Fitzherbert, whose Boke of Husbandrie was published in 1534 '' ( V1, p. lxvi ). Jump up ^ `` History of forests in India ''. Jump up ^ Stebbing, E.P ( 1922 ) The forests of India vol. 1, pp. 72 - 81 Jump up ^ Barton, Greg ( 2002 ). Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781139434607. Jump up ^ MUTHIAH, S. ( Nov 5, 2007 ). `` A life for forestry ''. Metro Plus Chennai. The Hindu. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09. Jump up ^ Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke ( 1861 ). The Forests and Gardens of South India ( Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed. ). London : W.H. Allen. OCLC 301345427. Jump up ^ Oliver, J.W. ( 1901 ). `` Forestry in India ''. The Indian Forester. v. 27 ( Original from Harvard University, Digitized Apr 4, 2008 ed. ). Allahabad : R.P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester. pp. 617 -- 623. Jump up ^ King KFS ( 1968 ). `` Agro-silviculture ( the taungya system ) ''. University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 109 Jump up ^ Benjamin Weil, `` Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875 - 1927 '' Environmental History ( 2006 ) 11 # 2 online Jump up ^ Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, This Fissured Land : An Ecological History of India ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. `` A History of Forestry at Oxford '', British Scholar, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp. 236 - 261. Accessed : May 6, 2012. Jump up ^ America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history Archived 2012 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine... Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ Rawat, Ajay Singh ( 1993 ). Indian Forestry : A Perspective. Indus Publishing. pp. 85 -- 88. ISBN 9788185182780. Jump up ^ Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency : The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890 - 1920 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Benjamin Redekop, `` Embodying the Story : The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt '' in Leadership ( 2015 ). DOI : 10.1177 / 1742715014546875. online Archived 2016 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club ''. Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ W. Todd Benson, President Theodore Roosevelt 's Conservations Legacy ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Char Miller, Seeking the Greatest Good : The Conservation Legacy of Gifford Pinchot ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 26, Chap. 1263, pp. 650 - 52. `` An act to set apart certain tracts of land in the State of California as forest reservations. '' ( H.R. 12187 ) ``. Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850 - 1920. Library of Congress. Jump up ^ Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, ( 1947 ) p. 32. Jump up ^ * Turner, James Morton, `` The Specter of Environmentalism '' : Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. The Journal of American History 96.1 ( 2009 ) : 123 - 47 online at History Cooperative Jump up ^ `` Inuit Ask Europeans to Support Its Seal Hunt and Way of Life '' ( PDF ). 6 March 2006. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007. Further reading ( edit ) Regional studies ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Adams, Jonathan S. ; McShane, Thomas O. Myth of Wild Africa : Conservation without Illusion ( 1992 ) 266p ; covers 1900 to 1980s Anderson, David ; Grove, Richard. Conservation in Africa : People, Policies & Practice ( 1988 ), 355pp Bolaane, Maitseo. `` Chiefs, Hunters & Adventurers : The Foundation of the Okavango / Moremi National Park, Botswana ''. Journal of Historical Geography. 31.2 ( Apr. 2005 ) : 241 - 259. Carruthers, Jane. `` Africa : Histories, Ecologies, and Societies, '' Environment and History, 10 ( 2004 ), pp. 379 -- 406 ; Showers, Kate B. Imperial Gullies : Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho ( 2005 ) 346pp Asia ( edit ) Economy, Elizabeth. The River Runs Black : The Environmental Challenge to China 's Future ( 2010 ) Elvin, Mark. The Retreat of the Elephants : An Environmental History of China ( 2006 ) Grove, Richard H. ; Damodaran, Vinita jain ; Sangwan, Satpal. Nature and the Orient : The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia ( 1998 ) 1036pp Johnson, Erik W., Saito, Yoshitaka, and Nishikido, Makoto. `` Organizational Demography of Japanese Environmentalism, '' Sociological Inquiry, Nov 2009, Vol. 79 Issue 4, pp 481 -- 504 Thapar, Valmik. Land of the Tiger : A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent ( 1998 ) 288pp Latin America ( edit ) Dean, Warren. With Broadax and Firebrand : The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ( 1997 ) Funes Monzote, Reinaldo. From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba : An Environmental History since 1492 ( 2008 ) Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep : Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico ( 2008 ) Miller, Shawn William. An Environmental History of Latin America ( 2007 ) Noss, Andrew and Imke Oetting. `` Hunter Self - Monitoring by the Izoceño - Guarani in the Bolivian Chaco ''. Biodiversity & Conservation. 14.11 ( 2005 ) : 2679 - 2693. Simonian, Lane. Defending the Land of the Jaguar : A History of Conservation in Mexico ( 1995 ) 326pp Europe and Russia ( edit ) Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo, Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo ( 1922 - 1933 ) ( 2011 ), 360pp. Bonhomme, Brian. Forests, Peasants and Revolutionaries : Forest Conservation & Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917 - 1929 ( 2005 ) 252pp. Cioc, Mark. The Rhine : An Eco-Biography, 1815 - 2000 ( 2002 ). Simmons, I.G. An Environmental History of Great Britain : From 10,000 Years Ago to the Present ( 2001 ). Weiner, Douglas R. Models of Nature : Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia ( 2000 ) 324pp ; covers 1917 to 1939. United States ( edit ) Bates, J. Leonard. `` Fulfilling American Democracy : The Conservation Movement, 1907 to 1921 '', The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, ( 1957 ), 44 # 1 pp. 29 -- 57. in JSTOR Brinkley, Douglas G. The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America, ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Cawley, R. McGreggor. Federal Land, Western Anger : The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics ( 1993 ), on conservatives Flippen, J. Brooks. Nixon and the Environment ( 2000 ). Hays, Samuel P. Beauty, Health, and Permanence : Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955 -- 1985 ( 1987 ), the standard scholarly history Hays, Samuel P. A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 ( 2000 ), shorter standard history Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency ( 1959 ), on Progressive Era. King, Judson. The Conservation Fight, From Theodore Roosevelt to the Tennessee Valley Authority ( 2009 ) Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind, ( 3rd ed. 1982 ), the standard intellectual history Pinchot, Gifford ( 1922 ). `` Conservation Policy ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. ). Rothmun, Hal K. The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945 ( 1998 ) Scheffer, Victor B. The Shaping of Environmentalism in America ( 1991 ). Sellers, Christopher. Crabgrass Crucible : Suburban Nature and the Rise of Environmentalism in Twentieth - Century America ( 2012 ) Strong, Douglas H. Dreamers & Defenders : American Conservationists. ( 1988 ) online edition, good biographical studies of the major leaders Taylor, Dorceta E. The Rise of the American Conservation Movement : Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection ( Duke U.P. 2016 ) x, 486 pp. Turner, James Morton, `` The Specter of Environmentalism '' : Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. The Journal of American History 96.1 ( 2009 ) : 123 - 47 online at History Cooperative World ( edit ) Barton, Gregory A. Empire, Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism, ( 2002 ), covers British Empire Bolton, Geoffrey. Spoils and Spoilers : Australians Make Their Environment, 1788 - 1980 ( 1981 ) 197pp Clover, Charles. The End of the Line : How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. ( 2004 ) Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0 - 09 - 189780 - 7 Usa be lit sometimes Jones, Eric L. `` The History of Natural Resource Exploitation in the Western World, '' Research in Economic History, 1991 Supplement 6, pp 235 -- 252 McNeill, John R. Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century ( 2000 ), Historiography ( edit ) Cioc, Mark, Björn - Ola Linnér, and Matt Osborn, `` Environmental History Writing in Northern Europe, '' Environmental History, 5 ( 2000 ), pp. 396 -- 406 Bess, Michael, Mark Cioc, and James Sievert, `` Environmental History Writing in Southern Europe, '' Environmental History, 5 ( 2000 ), pp. 545 -- 56 ; Coates, Peter. `` Emerging from the Wilderness ( or, from Redwoods to Bananas ) : Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas, '' Environment and History, 10 ( 2004 ), pp. 407 -- 38 Hay, Peter. Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought ( 2002 ), standard scholarly history excerpt and text search McNeill, John R. `` Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental History, '' History and Theory, 42 ( 2003 ), pp. 5 -- 43. Robin, Libby, and Tom Griffiths, `` Environmental History in Australasia, '' Environment and History, 10 ( 2004 ), pp. 439 -- 74 Worster, Donald, ed. The Ends of the Earth : Perspectives on Modern Environmental History ( 1988 ) External links ( edit ) A history of conservation in New Zealand For Future Generations, a Canadian documentary on conservation and national parks ( hide ) Sustainability Principles Anthropocene Earth system governance Ecological modernization Environmental governance Environmentalism Global catastrophic risk Human impact on the environment Planetary boundaries Social sustainability Stewardship Sustainable development Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism Earth Overshoot Day Ecological footprint Ethical Over-consumption Simple living Sustainability advertising Sustainability brand Sustainability marketing myopia Sustainable Systemic change resistance Tragedy of the commons Population Birth control Family planning Control Overpopulation Zero growth Technology Appropriate Environmental Sustainable Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservation biology Deep ecology Endangered species Holocene extinction Invasive species Energy Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Conservation Descent Efficiency Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Peak oil Renewable Energy poverty Food Forest gardening Local Permaculture Security Sustainable agriculture Sustainable fishery Urban horticulture Water Conservation Crisis Efficiency Footprint Reclaimed Accountability Sustainability accounting Sustainability measurement Sustainability metrics and indices Sustainability reporting Standards and certification Sustainable yield Applications Advertising Architecture Art Business City College programs Community Design Ecovillage Education for Sustainable Development Fashion Gardening Geopark Green marketing Industries Landscape architecture Living Low - impact development Sustainable market Organizations Packaging Practices Procurement Tourism Transport Urban drainage systems Urban infrastructure Urbanism Management Environmental Fisheries Forest Materials Natural resource Planetary Waste Agreements UN Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm 1972 ) Brundtlandt Commission Report ( 1983 ) Our Common Future ( 1987 ) Earth Summit ( 1992 ) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 ( 1992 ) Convention on Biological Diversity ( 1992 ) ICPD Programme of Action ( 1994 ) Earth Charter Lisbon Principles UN Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) Earth Summit 2002 ( Rio + 10, Johannesburg ) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development ( Rio + 20, 2012 ) Sustainable Development Goals Lists Outline Portal Science Studies Degrees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&oldid=808592595 '' Categories : Conservation Environmental ethics Environmental movements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 20 : 54. 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{ "text": "List of Prime ministers of Pakistan - Wikipedia List of Prime ministers of Pakistan Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949, incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Arif Alvi Parliament Senate Chairman : Sadiq Sanjrani Deputy Chairman : Saleem Mandviwalla National Assembly Speaker : Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker : Qasim Suri Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Imran Khan Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2018 2013 2008 General : 2018 2013 2008 Political parties Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزِیرِ اعظم ‬ ‎ -- Wazīr - ē Aʿẓam, Urdu pronunciation : ( ʋəˈziːr - ˌeː ˈɑː. zəm ) ; Turkish lit. `` Grand Vizier '' ), is the popularly elected politician who is the chief executive of the Government of Pakistan. The Prime Minister is vested with the responsibility of running the administration through his appointed federal cabinet, formulating national policies to ensure the safeguard of the interests of the nation and its people through the Council of Common Interests as well as making the decision to call nationwide general elections for the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Since 1947, Pakistan has had eighteen prime ministers, aside from the appointed caretaker prime ministers who were only mandated to oversee the system until the election process was finished. In Pakistan 's parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is sworn - in by the President and usually is the Chairman or / the President of the party or coalition that has a majority in the National Assembly -- the lower house of Pakistan Parliament. After the Partition of India on the midnight of 14 / 15 August 1947, Pakistan followed the British system by creating the post of Prime Minister based at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat. The then Governor - General of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, took advice from the Founding Fathers of the nation and appointed Liaquat Ali Khan to establish and lead his administration on 15 August 1947. Before the presidential system in 1960, seven prime ministers had served between 1947 until martial law in 1958. In 1971, the office was again revived but ceased to exist shortly. Executive powers and authority was given to the Prime Minister when the full set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated in 1973 but the post was ceased from its effective operations after another martial law in 1977. After the general elections held in 1985, the office came to its existence. Between 1988 -- 99, the office was held by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP and Nawaz Sharif of PML ( N ), each holding the office for two non-consecutive terms between 1988 and 1999 : Bhutto during 1988 -- 90 and 1993 -- 96 ; and Sharif during 1990 -- 93 and 1997 -- 99. The premiership of I.I. Chundrigar was the shortest in Pakistan 's history, serving only 55 days of his term. At approximately five years and four months in total, Sharif is the longest - serving Prime Minister. Sharif was re-elected for a third non-consecutive term on 5 June 2013, which is a record in the history of Pakistan. The national politics in Pakistan was mostly dominated by the army department of the Pakistan Armed Forces throughout its history, but it is now dominated by the political parties. After the general elections held in 2002, Zafarullah Khan Jamali was invited to form his administration as its Prime Minister. After the Supreme Court of Pakistan 's rulings to disqualified the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012, the business of his administration was looked after by Pervez Ashraf until the caretaker administration was setup under Mir Hazar Khoso. Contents 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers 2.1 Caretakers 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Key ( edit ) Key for Prime Ministers ' list Party Name Muslim League Awami League Republican Party People Party National Peoples Party Muslim League ( N ) Muslim League ( Q ) Tehreek - e-Insaf Independent Prime ministers ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan hide Term Number Portrait Name Took office Left office Tenure Elections Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) Liaquat Ali Khan 14 August 1947 16 October 1951 ( assassinated ) 4 Years, 2 Months, 2 Days, -- Muslim League Following advice given by the founding father of the nation, Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set up and run his administration in 1947. He was assassinated in 1951, and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office. Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 1 Year, 6 Months, -- Muslim League Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951. He left the office when Governor - General Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953. Mohammad Ali Bogra 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 2 Years, 3 Months, 26 Days, -- Muslim League A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics, Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor - General after the legislative elections in 1954. Chaudhry Mohammad Ali 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 1 Year, 1 Month, -- Muslim League A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League, Awami League and the Republican Party, he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no - confidence movement. 5 Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 12 September 1956 17 October 1957 1 Year, 1 Month, 5 Days, -- Awami League Popular for his wit in law, Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration. 6 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar 17 October 1957 16 December 1957 1 Month, 29 Days, -- Muslim League Shortest tenured Prime Minister, Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no - confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League. 7 Sir Feroze Khan Noon 16 December 1957 7 October 1958 9 Months, 21 Days, -- Republican Party A lawyer, Sir Feroze Khan 's administration collapsed after his party 's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office 7 October 1958 -- 7 December 1971 8 Nurul Amin 7 December 1971 20 December 1971 13 Days, 1970 Pakistan Muslim League After the general elections in 1971, Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration ; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972, leading Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971. 20 December 1971 -- 14 August 1973 9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 14 August 1973 5 July 1977 3 Years, 10 Months, 21 Days, 1973 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated, which established a parliamentary system of government. He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief, General Zia, in July 1977. 5 July 1977 -- 24 March 1985 10 Muhammad Khan Junejo 24 March 1985 29 May 1988 3 Years, 2 Months, 5 Days, 1985 Pakistan Muslim League ( Independent ) Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985, therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office. He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. 29 May 1988 -- 2 December 1988 11 Benazir Bhutto 2 December 1988 6 August 1990 1 Year, 8 Months, 4 Days, 1988 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party, in 1982. Six years later, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. 12 Nawaz Sharif 6 November 1990 18 July 1993 2 Years, 7 Months, 4 Days, 1990 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993, which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58 - 2b, in April 1993, but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court. Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well, in July 1993. 13 Benazir Bhutto 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 3 Years, 17 Days, 1993 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto was re-elected for a second term, in 1993. She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995. Bhutto 's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996. 14 Nawaz Sharif 17 February 1997 12 October 1999 2 Years, 7 Months, 25 Days. Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term, in February 1997. His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999, and Martial law was imposed in the entire country. 12 October 1999 -- 23 November 2002 15 Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 23 November 2002 26 June 2004 1 Year, 7 Months, 3 Days, 2002 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002. He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004. 26 June 2004 -- 30 June 2004 16 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain 30 June 2004 26 August 2004 1 Month, 27 Days, -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50 - day period before the Shaukat Aziz, permanently replaces him. 26 August 2004 -- 28 August 2004 17 Shaukat Aziz 28 August 2004 15 November 2007 3 Years, 2 Months, 18 Days, -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004. He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term, in November 2007, and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term. 18 Yousaf Raza Gillani 25 March 2008 19 June 2012 4 Years, 2 Months, 25 Days. 2008 Pakistan Peoples Party Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008. He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court. 19 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 22 June 2012 24 March 2013 9 Months, 2 Days, -- Pakistan Peoples Party Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012, after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges. 20 Nawaz Sharif 5 June 2013 28 July 2017 4 Years, 1 Month, 23 Days, 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) On 5 June 2013, Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term. He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan as a result of the Panama Papers case. 29 July 2017 -- 1 August 2017 21 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi 1 August 2017 31 May 2018 10 months -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif. His term expired on May 31, 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election. 22 Imran Khan 18 August 2018 Incumbent 73 days 2018 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf General elections were held on the 25th July 2018, which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf becoming the largest party. On August 18, 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes. Caretakers ( edit ) List of Caretakers hide No. Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Tenure Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) 1st Caretaker Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( 1931 -- 2009 ) 6 August 1990 6 November 1990 3 Months, National Peoples Party Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister. 2nd Caretaker Balakh Sher Mazari ( 1928 -- ) 18 April 1993 26 May 1993 1 Month, 8 Days, Pakistan Peoples Party Appointed by the President Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister, Mazari 's term ended when the Supreme Court overturned the Presidential order and restored Sharif 's government. 3rd Caretaker Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi ( 1930 -- 2016 ) 18 July 1993 19 October 1993 3 Months, 1 Day, Independent After Sharif 's resignation in July 1993, Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker Prime Minister. 4th Caretaker Malik Meraj Khalid ( 1916 -- 2003 ) 5 November 1996 17 February 1997 3 Months, 12 Days, Independent Khalid was appointed as a caretaker Prime Minister after the dismissal of Bhutto 's government in November 1996. 5th Caretaker Muhammad Mian Soomro ( 1950 -- ) 16 November 2007 24 March 2008 4 Months, 8 Days, Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Soomro took the office as caretaker Prime Minister in November 2007. 6th Caretaker Mir Hazar Khan Khoso ( 1929 -- ) 25 March 2013 5 June 2013 2 Months, 11 Days, Independent Khoso was appointed by the Election Commission of Pakistan on 24 March, and took oath on 25 March 2013. 7th Caretaker Nasirul Mulk ( 1950 -- ) 1 June 2018 18 August 2018 2 Months, 18 Days, Independent Nasirul Mulk was appointed as a consensus between the incumbent Prime Minister, Abbasi, and opposition leader, Khurshid Shah, on 28 May. He took the oath of office on 1 June 2018. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ignoring the 7 caretaker Prime Ministers, Imran Khan is the 19th person to be Prime Minister of Pakistan. However Benazir Bhutto 's two non-consecutive terms ( 1988 - 1990 and 1993 - 1996 ) and Nawaz Sharif 's three non-consecutive terms ( 1990 - 1993, 1997 - 1999 and 2013 - 2017 ) are usually counted separately. As a result some sources count Khan as 19th Prime Minister, but most count him as 22nd. This counting system does not treat Nawaz Sharif 's two periods in office in 1993 ( separated by Balakh Sher Mazari 's brief stint as caretaker ) as separate terms. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 153 ( 2a ) - 153 ( 2c ) in Chapter 3 : Special Provisions, Part V : Relations between Federation and Provinces in the Constitution of Pakistan. Jump up ^ `` Prime minister ''. BBC News. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : Tasleem, Nauman ( 27 June 2004 ). `` 20 prime ministers since independence ''. Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Prime ministers ''. World Statesmen. Retrieved 9 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : Mughal, M Yakub. `` Special Edition ( Liaqat Ali Khan ) ''. The News International. Daily Jang. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Parliamentary history ''. National Assembly of Pakistan. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr. Singh ( 2003 ). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 9 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3. Jump up ^ `` The constitution of the islamic republic of pakistan '' ( pdf ). National Assembly of Pakistan. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ Jump up to : Pakistan : Zia and After. Abhinav Publications. 1989. pp. 20 -- 35. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 253 - 6. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Benazir Bhutto ''. BBC News. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif ''. BBC News. 11 December 2000. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : Akbar, M.K. `` Pakistan under Nawaz Sharif ''. Pakistan Today. New Delhi, India : Mittal Publications. p. 230. ISBN 81 - 7099 - 700 - 3. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` World : South Asia : Pakistan army seizes power ''. BBC News. 12 October 1999. Retrieved 7 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Nawaz Sharif calls for an end to US drone strikes ''. BBC News. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : Nangiana, Umer ( 6 June 2013 ). `` Unprecedented return : He is back ''. The Express Tribune. Agence France - Presse ( AFP ). Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Zafarullah Khan Jamali ''. BBC News. 26 June 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Santana ; Chris Brummitt ; Zarar Khan ( 22 June 2012 ). `` Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Is Pakistan 's New Prime Minister ''. The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing ''. Dawn. Herald. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Death anniversary of Khawaja Nazimuddin ''. Radio Pakistan. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr. Singh ( 2003 ). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 9 -- 10. ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3. Jump up ^ `` Ouster of President Iskander Mirza ''. Story Of Pakistan. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Jump up ^ Ali, Hasan ( 19 August 2008 ). `` 4 military dictators among 14 heads of state under Officers ' Club of Revolutionary Armed Forces ''. Daily Times. Retrieved 16 January 2013. Jump up ^ Muhammad Najeeb in Rawalpindi & Hasan Zaidi in Karachi ( 28 December 2007 ). `` Benazir Bhutto : Daughter of Tragedy ''. India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Jump up ^ John, Wilson ; Vikram Sood and Akmal Hussain ( 2009 ). Pakistan 's economy in historical perspective : The Growth, Power and Poverty. Pakistan : the struggle within. New Delhi and Washington, D.C. : Dorling Kindersly ( Pvt ) limited, India and the Library of Congress. p. 220. ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2504 - 7. Retrieved 27 October 2012. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dutt, Sanjay ( 2009 ). `` 1993 Elections ''. Inside Pakistan : 52 years oulook. New Delhi : A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 267. ISBN 81 - 7648 - 157 - 2. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Ranjha, Khalid ( 1 June 1995 ). `` Altaf accuses Benazir of ' racism ' ''. DawnWireService. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Jump up ^ Burns, John F ( 5 November 1996 ). `` Pakistan 's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Jump up ^ Hassan, Syed Shoaib ( 12 March 2009 ). `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif ''. BBC News. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Dugger, Celia W. ( 14 October 1999 ). `` Pakistan Calm After Coup ; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Jump up ^ Qaisar, Rana ( 29 June 2004 ). `` Chaudhry Shujaat set to become 19th PM ''. Daily Times. Archived from the original on 21 May 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM ''. Xinhua News Agency. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ Khan, Iftikhar A. ( 19 June 2012 ). `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing ''. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ Bhatti, Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ). `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict ''. Dawn. Jump up ^ Zahra - Malik, Mehreen ( 29 July 2017 ). `` Ousted Pakistan Leader Passes Baton to Brother, Shehbaz Sharif ''. Asia - Pacific : The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Jump up ^ Sreemoy Talukdar ( 27 July 2018 ). `` Imran Khan as Pakistan PM : India need not take PTI chief 's insincere ' peace overtures ' seriously ''. Firstpost. Retrieved 18 August 2018. The Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) chief, who is poised to take over as Pakistan 's 19th prime minister, Jump up ^ Naila Inayat ( 15 August 2018 ). `` Famed cricketer turned prime minister faces widespread corruption in his effort to fix Pakistan ''. The Washington Times. Retrieved 18 August 2018... Imran Khan, the legendary cricketer turned politician who is now slated to become Pakistan 's 19th prime minister, Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan elected 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan ''. The News International. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan sworn - in as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan ''. Dunya News. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan takes oath as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan ''. The Times Of India. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ex-PM Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi passes away ''. Daily Times. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Jump up ^ F. Burns, John ( 15 November 1996 ). `` Caretaker Premier leads Pakistan into 90 days of no frills ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM ''. Xinhua News Agency. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` ECP selects Mir Hazar Khan Khoso as caretaker PM ''. Dawn. Herald. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Justice ( r ) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso named interim PM of Pakistan ''. The Express Tribune. AFP / Web Desk. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's caretaker PM Mir Hazar Khan Khoso sworn in ''. BBC News. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Former CJP Nasirul Mulk to be caretaker PM ''. Dawn. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018. External links ( edit ) Government of Pakistan portal `` Prime Ministers ''. National Assembly of Pakistan. Retrieved 1 July 2012. `` Pakistan ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia Prime Ministers of Pakistan ( List ) Liaquat Ali Khan Nazimuddin Bogra Chaudhry Mohammad Ali Suhrawardy I.I. Chundrigar Noon Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Junejo Benazir Bhutto Jatoi Nawaz Sharif Mazari Nawaz Sharif Qureshi Benazir Bhutto Malik Meraj Khalid Nawaz Sharif Jamali Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Shaukat Aziz Soomro Gilani Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Khoso Nawaz Sharif Abbasi Nasirul Mulk Imran Khan Italics indicate acting Prime Ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan&oldid=866391769 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Prime Ministers of Pakistan Pakistan - related lists Lists of political office - holders in Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Pakistani English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Esperanto Fiji Hindi हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Occitan پنجابی پښتو Português Русский தமிழ் اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 01 : 45 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "10 months -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif. His term expired on May 31, 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election. 22 Imran Khan 18 August 2018 Incumbent 73 days 2018 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf General elections were held on the 25th July 2018, which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf becoming the largest party. On August 18, 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes. Caretakers ( edit ) List of Caretakers hide No. Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Tenure Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) 1st Caretaker Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( 1931 -- 2009 ) 6 August 1990 6 November 1990 3 Months, National Peoples Party Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister." ], "id": [ "8411005945819311846" ], "short_answers": [ "Imran Khan" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Stephen F. Austin - wikipedia Stephen F. Austin Jump to : navigation, search This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin, the `` Father of Texas ''. For the university, see Stephen F. Austin State University. For other uses, see Stephen Austin ( disambiguation ). Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist Stephen Fuller Austin November 3, 1793 Wythe County, Virginia, United States, present - day Austinville, Virginia December 27, 1836 ( 1836 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 43 ) West Columbia, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas Cause of death pneumonia Nationality American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian Occupation politician, empresario Known for Being the `` Father of Texas '' Parent ( s ) Moses Austin, Mary Brown Austin Relatives Richard Austin ( colonist ) Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3, 1793 -- December 27, 1836 ) was an American empresario. Known as the `` Father of Texas '', and the founder of Texas, he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825. Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas. After Moses Austin 's death in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly - independent state of Mexico. Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas, and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government, and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution. As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States. Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston. Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic, and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836. Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor, including the capital of Texas, Austin in Travis County, Austin County, Austin Bayou, Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Austin College in Sherman, and a number of K - 12 schools. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Moving to Texas 3 Empresario Austin 4 Slavery 5 Relations with Mexico 6 Texas Revolution 7 Austin in the Republic of Texas 8 Death and estate 9 Monuments 10 Past family 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early years Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace Stephen F. Austin was born in the mining region of southwestern Virginia ( Wythe County ) in what is known as Austinville today, some 256 miles ( 412 km ) southwest of Richmond, Virginia. He was the second child of Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin ; the first, Eliza, lived only one month. On June 8, 1798, when Stephen was four years old, his family moved west to the lead - mining region of present - day Potosi, Missouri, 40 miles west of the Mississippi River. His father Moses Austin received a sitio from the Spanish government for the mining site of Mine à Breton, established by French colonists. His great - great - grandfather, Anthony Austin ( b. 1636 ), was the son of Richard Austin ( b. 1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England ), he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749. When Austin was eleven years old, his family sent him back east to be educated, first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut, and then at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810. After graduation, Austin began studying to be a lawyer. At age 21, he served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory. As a member of the territorial legislature, he was `` influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis. '' Left penniless after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move south to the new Arkansas Territory. He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River, in the area that would later become Little Rock. After purchasing the property, he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital, which could make his land worth a great deal more. He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820, Austin declared his candidacy for Congress. His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties, but he still placed second in the field of six candidates. Later, he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court. Over the next few months, Little Rock did become the territorial capital, but Austin 's claim to land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin 's judgeship. Austin left the territory, moving to Louisiana. He reached New Orleans in November 1820, where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, Joseph H. Hawkins, and made arrangements to study law. Moving to Texas Sam Houston and Stephen Austin depicted on the Texas Centennial Issue postage stamp of 1936 During Austin 's time in Arkansas, his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas, they would be called `` The Old 300. '' Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri. He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen. Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father 's Texas venture, he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother, Mary Brown Austin, written two days before Moses Austin would die. Austin boarded the steamer, Beaver, and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, on June 31, 1821, when he learned of his father 's death. `` This news has effected me very much, he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived. His faults I now say, and always have, were not of the heart. '' At the age of 24, Austin led his party to travel 300 miles ( 480 km ) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his father 's grant, arriving on August 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain, and Texas had become a Mexican province, rather than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Spanish and Mexican law, assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts. In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony. As guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians, went with the expedition. Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, announcing that land was available along the Brazos and Colorado rivers. A family of a husband, wife, and two children would receive 1,280 acres ( 520 ha ) at twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres ( 72 ha ), and ranchers 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ). In December 1821, the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea, on the Brazos River in present - day Brazoria County, Texas. Empresario Austin Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas Austin 's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico 's gaining independence from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land grant authorized by Spain. His government intended to use a general immigration law to regulate new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico City, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father, as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823. The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land, 4,605 acres ( 1,864 ha ), and other inducements. It also provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin 's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents / acre ( 31 cents / ha ). When the Emperor of Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide, abdicated in March 1823, the law was annulled once again. In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas. He wanted honest, hard - working people who would make the colony a success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions. In March 1825, the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide. The law continued the system of empresarios, as well as granting each married man a league of land, 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ), with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years. By late 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony ; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred. Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers, but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Also, Austin organized small, informal armed groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money from his endeavors ; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as empresario and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services. During these years, Austin, a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the House of Bourbon, and the conservatives had total control over the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European - style Scottish Rite. On February 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new lodge. Although the petition reached Matamoros, and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing more was heard of it. By 1828, the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin called another meeting, where it was decided that it was `` impolitic and imprudent, at this time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas. '' He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Although `` premature... the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success. '' For this event, Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin 's cautious leadership, and also, the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative. It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830, but Austin 's skills gained an exemption for his colonies. He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) to the husband, 320 to the wife, 160 for every child, and 80 for every slave. Slavery Slavery was a very important issue to Austin, one he called `` of great interest '' to him. Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life ; however, he had conflicting views about it. Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty. In practice, however, he agreed with the social, economic, and political justifications of it, and worked hard to defend and expand it. Despite his defense of it, he also harbored concerns that the long - term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner 's rebellion, stating : `` I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 years. The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep. It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes, and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them. '' While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery, up until the Texas Revolution, he worked to ensure that his colony 's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government 's resistance to it. Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar. Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony, he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas. In August 1825, he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840, with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15, and males by age of 25. His recommendation was rejected. In 1826, when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people in Austin 's colony were slaves. Austin 's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south, threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there. Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery. Without slaves, the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land, which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave. Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least ; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves. He argued against the `` bad faith '' of freeing them, demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state, warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute, and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment, but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves, who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners. While he waited for the legislature 's verdict of his request, Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother, Brown Austin, to further lobby the legislature on his behalf. In March of 1827, the legislature signed Article 13 into law. Despite the law complying with some of his requests, Austin called it `` unconstitutional. '' He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth, established a six - month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state, and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen. Austin -- -- who had been so effective in persuading the legislature, however, that the author of Article 13 ( before its passage ) requested to withdraw it -- -- helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word `` slave '' with the words `` workingmen, '' `` family servants, '' and `` laborers, '' and by working to pass a decree that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued `` debt '' ( e.g. clothing, food ), incurred for their own enslavement, was worked off. In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners, immigrating to Texas, could legally `` free '' their slaves before immigrating, and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves. He lobbied to help his colony elude Vicente Guerrero 's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province, and to bypass the government 's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830. In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should `` insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state ( Texas ). '' In 1833, he wrote : `` Texas must be a slave country. Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it. It is the wish of the people there, and it is my duty to do all I can, prudently, in favor of it. I will do so. '' In May 1835, Austin 's colonists learned that Mexico 's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close, with its proposal of new abolition legislation. Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it `` oppressive '' and a `` plundering, robbing, autocratical government '' without regard for the security of `` life, liberty or property. '' Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico 's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to `` exterminate '' all of the colonists and fill Texas `` with Indians and negroes ( freed slaves ). '' Relations with Mexico Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin ( 1903 ) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol The application off the immigration control of the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed at the Convention of 1832 -- resumption of immigration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state government for Texas. Austin did not support these demands ; he considered them ill - timed and tried his hardest to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías. Austin did gain certain important reforms ; the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate state government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000. Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection, Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction. He was moved from prison to prison. He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District. He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans. Texas Revolution Main article : Texas Revolution In his absence, a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna 's centralist government. Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned. Austin in the republic of Texas Further information : Republic of Texas In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where he received word of Santa Anna 's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August. On August 4, he announced his candidacy for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, `` Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him. '' Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and most of the soldiers ' votes. Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston 's 5,119 and Henry Smith 's 743 votes. Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic ; however, Austin only served approximately two months before his death. Death and estate In December 1836, Austin was in the new capital of Columbia ( now known as West Columbia ) where he caught a severe cold ; his condition worsened. Doctors were called in, but could not help him. Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at the home of George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin 's last words were `` The independence of Texas is recognized! Do n't you see it in the papers?... '' Upon hearing of Austin 's death, Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming : `` The Father of Texas is no more ; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed. '' Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910 Austin 's body was reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor did he have any children. He bequeathed all his land, titles, and possessions, to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry. Monuments Stephen F. Austin State Office Building Stephen F. Austin grave monument at Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas Stephen F. Austin statue near Angleton, Texas Sherman, Texas, is the home of Austin College. Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University. Both Austin, Texas, and Austin County, Texas, are named after Stephen F. Austin, however, Austin ( the city ) is not located in Austin ( the county ). ( Austin, Texas is located in Travis County ). Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin, sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500, sculpted by David Adickes, with a base of 12 - feet and a total statue height of 72 - feet. The base is 2 - feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7 - feet shorter. The Sam Houston statue is 67 - feet, on a base of 10 - feet, or 77 - feet if you include statue and base. The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin ; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney. Gulf Prairie Cemetery, his original place of burial. In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In Austinville, Virginia, Austin 's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the New River Trail State Park. In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159. The late actor John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode `` Here Stands Bailey '' of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor 's own death. In the story line, the hardy, cantankerous pioneer James Briton `` Brit '' Bailey ( Paul Fix ) and his wife, Hannah ( Rosemary DeCamp ), make their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years. Now they face Austin 's order that they leave their land, however, Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay. Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west, hence his grave marker, `` Here Stands Bailey Facing West. '' Past family While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography, they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people, including : Moses Austin ( father -- biography published by Trinity University Press ), Abia Brown ( grandfather ), Joseph Sharp ( great grandfather ), Isaac Sharp ( great, great grandfather ), Anthony Sharp ( great, great, great grandfather -- biography published by Stanford University Press ). Accordingly, history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen 's family dating back to the early seventeenth century. See also Texas portal Biography portal Moses Austin, his father Mary Brown Austin, his mother James Elijah `` Brown '' Austin, his brother Emily Austin Perry, his sister Abia Brown, his maternal grandfather José María Jesús Carbajal Mentored by Austin Joseph Sharp, great grandfather Isaac Sharp, his great, great grandfather Anthony Sharp, his great, great, great grandfather Peach Point Plantation, his residence Jones Creek, site of his residence Thomas J. Pilgrim, his friend and Spanish interpreter James Bryan, his brother - in - law ( first husband to Emily ) James Franklin Perry, his brother - in - law ( second husband to Emily ) List of Notable Freemasons O.P.Q. Letters Footnotes Jump up ^ Gregg Cantrell ( 1 August 2001 ). Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0 - 300 - 09093 - 5... generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas... Jump up ^ Thom Hatch ( 1 August 1999 ). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. McFarland. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9162 - 9. Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fuller Austin -- Biography ''. Jump up ^ Lonestar Text book Jump up ^ Anthony Austin ( 1635 ) Austin family ancestry ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ), p. 59. Jump up ^ `` AUSTIN, STEPHEN F. The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) ''. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved December 11, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ), p. 60. Jump up ^ Austin, Mary Brown, Texas Handbook of History Online Jump up ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin, July 13, 1821 Jump up ^ Todish ( 1998 ), p. 107. Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ), p. 61. Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14 Jump up ^ `` ITURBIDE, AGUSTIN DE The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) ''. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Normand, Pete ( 1986 ). The Texas Masons : The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas. College Station, TX : Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn. Jump up ^ Carter, Dr. James D. ( 1955 ). Masonry in Texas : Background, History, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas : Committee on Masonic Education and Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M. Jump up ^ Bates ( 1956 ), p. 794. Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. ( 7 Aug 1826 ). `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ). Letter to José Antonio Saucedo. ^ Jump up to : Cantrell, Gregg ( 2001 ). Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. pp. 8 -- 9. Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. ( 30 May 1833 ). `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ). Letter to Wiley Martin. Jump up ^ Historic Missourians : Moses Austin ( 1761 - 1821 ). State Historical Society of Missouri. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204 Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 9, 204. Jump up ^ Barker, Eugene C. ( 1926 ). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793 - 1836 : A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo - American People. University of Texas Press. p. 201. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 189 - 190 ^ Jump up to : Lack, Paul D. ( Oct 1985 ). `` Slavery and the Texas Revolution ''. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 89 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 202. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 190. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 204. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191. ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fuller Austin ''. Texas State Historical Association. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, pp. 203 - 204. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191. ^ Jump up to : Barker, Eugene C. ( July 1924 ). `` The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas ''. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191. Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth -- the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas ''. Texas General Land Office. 16 June 2016. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 206. Jump up ^ Morritt, Robert D. ( 2011 ). `` Lure of Texas ''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Jump up ^ Campbell, Randolph B. ( 1991 ). An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821 -- 1865. LSU Press. pp. 32 -- 34. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, pp. 204 - 206, 208. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 190. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 206. Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 208. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 192, 203. ^ Jump up to : Bugbee, Lester G. ( Sep 1898 ). `` Slavery in Early Texas. I ''. Political Science Quarterly. 13 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 412. Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas ( 1827 ) ''. University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library. Jump up ^ Austin, J.E.B. ( 10 Oct 1826 ). `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ). Letter to Stephen F. Austin. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 204. Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204. ^ Jump up to : Barker, Eugene C. ( Jul 1918 ). `` Stephen F. Austin ''. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17. Jump up ^ Travis, William B. ( 21 May 1835 ). `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ). Letter to David G. Burnet. Jump up ^ Campbell, Randolph B. ( 1991 ). An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821 -- 1865. LSU Press. p. 42. Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. ( 4 May 1836 ). `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ). Letter to Senator L.F. Linn. Jump up ^ `` Austin College : Sherman, Texas ''. Austincollege.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Austin State University College, University in Texas ''. Sfasu.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Web Site of Travis County, USA ''. Co.travis.tx.us. November 5, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at ''. Pbase.com. November 27, 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building ''. Texasbob.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Area Museums and Landmarks ''. Gulf-prairie.org. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Here Stands Bailey on Death Valley Days ''. Internet Movie Data Base. February 18, 1969. Retrieved July 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Gracy, David B., Moses Austin : his life ( Trinity University Press, 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 911536 - 84 - 1 Jump up ^ Greaves, Richard L. ( 1998 ), Dublin 's merchant - Quaker : Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends, 1643 - 1707, Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3452 - 3 References Edmondson, J.R. ( 2000 ). The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX : Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0. Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. ( 1995 ). The Chief of Executives of Texas : From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas : Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0 - 89096 - 641 - 9. Todish, Timothy J. ; Todish, Terry ; Spring, Ted ( 1998 ). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX : Eakin Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2. Further reading Barker, Eugene Campbell ( 1968 ). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793 -- 1836 : A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo - American People ( 2nd ed. ). Da Capo Press. Beals, Carleton ( 1953 ). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw - Hill. Cantrell, Gregg ( 2001 ). Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09093 - 2. Flynn, Jean ( 1981 ). Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16421 - 2. Glasscock, Sallie ( 1951 ). Dreams of an Empire : The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co. Tracy, Milton Cook ; Havelock - Bailie, Richard ( 1941 ). The Colonizer : A Saga of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co. Warren, Betsy ( 1996 ). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin : A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick - long Pub. Co. ISBN 978 - 0 - 937460 - 96 - 2. Jones, Marie Beth ( 1982 ). Peach Point Plantation : The First 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN 0 - 9630042 - 0 - 4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen F. Austin. Stephen Fuller Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online Stephen F. Austin at Find a Grave Ellis P. Bean, Stephen F. Austin, hosted by the Portal to Texas History. Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas, hosted by the Portal to Texas History. Austin 's Colonization Laws, 1822 from Gammel 's Laws of Texas, Vol. I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History. City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure French Legation Greater Austin Levi Rock Shelter Stephen F. Austin Texas Archive War Timeline Treaty Oak Waterloo, Texas Education Tertiary Austin Community College Concordia University Texas Huston -- Tillotson University St. Edward 's University University of Texas School districts Austin ISD Del Valle ISD Eanes ISD Hays CISD Leander ISD Lake Travis ISD Manor ISD Pflugerville ISD Libraries Austin Public Library Geography Smith Rock Shelter Government Austin City Hall Austin ReBlend Camp Mabry Fire Police Industry General Amy 's Ice Creams Golfsmith Keller Williams Realty Schlotzsky 's Whole Foods Market Creative arts Alamo Drafthouse Cinema / Drafthouse Films Collings Guitars Inner Sanctum Records Retro Studios Rooster Teeth Troublemaker Studios Waterloo Records Western Vinyl Technology Advanced Technology Development Facility ( ATDF ) Cirrus Logic Dell Computer Freescale Semiconductor Luminex Corporation MCC National Instruments Silicon Laboratories Valence Technology Museums Arthouse at The Jones Center Austin History Center Austin Museum of Art Austin Museum of Digital Art Blanton Museum of Art Bullock Texas State History Museum Dolph Briscoe Center for American History Elisabet Ney Museum French Legation Museum George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Mexic - Arte Museum Neill - Cochran House Museum O. Henry Museum South Austin Museum of Popular Culture Texas Memorial Museum Texas Military Forces Museum Texas State Capitol Visitors Center Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum Music Antone 's Armadillo World Headquarters Austin City Limits Austin Opera Austin Symphony Orchestra Cinematic Symphony Emo 's SXSW Neighborhoods Allandale Anderson Mill Barton Hills Bouldin Creek Bremond Block Historic District Brentwood Bryker Woods Canyon Creek Chinatown Circle C Ranch Clarksville Congress Avenue Copperfield Crestview Dawson Dove Springs Downtown Austin The Drag East Cesar Chavez East Riverside - Oltorf Easton Park French Place Galindo Granada Hills Hancock Hyde Park Historic District Jollyville Montopolis Moore 's Crossing Historic District Mueller Community North Burnet -- Gateway North Shoal Creek Northwest Hills Oak Hill Old West Austin Onion Creek Rainey Street Rosedale Saint John Scenic Brook Shadow Lawn Historic District Sixth Street South Congress South Lamar South River City Spyglass - Barton 's Bluff Swedish Hill Tarrytown Travis Heights Waters Park West Campus Westgate West Line Willow - Spence Streets Windsor Hills Windsor Park Wooten Zilker Parks and recreation Auditorium Shores Barton Creek Barton Springs Big Walnut Creek Bull Creek Colorado River Deep Eddy Pool Emma Long Hippie Hollow Lady Bird Lake Lake Austin Lake Travis Lake Walter E. Long McKinney Falls Mount Bonnell Rosewood Park Walnut Creek Park Wild Basin Zilker Transportation Public Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital MetroRail Capital MetroRapid Capital Area Rural Transportation System Freeways MoPac Expressway Interstate 35 Pickle Parkway SH 71 US 290 US 183 Streets Congress Avenue Guadalupe Street Sixth Street Bridges Pennybacker Bridge Weirdness Keep Austin Weird Leslie Cochran Occupy Austin Spamarama Weird City Mexican Texas Empresarios Stephen F. Austin Martín De León Green DeWitt Haden Edwards James Hewetson James Power Sterling C. Robertson Political conventions Convention of 1832 Convention of 1833 Consultation ( 1835 ) Convention of 1836 Armed conflicts Fredonian Rebellion Anahuac Disturbances Battle of Velasco Battle of Nacogdoches Texas Revolution See also Coahuila y Tejas state Governors of Mexican Texas Municipalities and communities of Travis County, Texas, United States County seat : Austin Cities Austin ‡ Bee Cave Cedar Park ‡ Creedmoor Elgin ‡ Jonestown Lago Vista Lakeway Leander ‡ Manor Mustang Ridge ‡ Pflugerville ‡ Rollingwood Round Rock ‡ Sunset Valley West Lake Hills Villages Briarcliff Point Venture San Leanna The Hills Volente Webberville CDPs Barton Creek Garfield Hornsby Bend Hudson Bend Jollyville ‡ Lost Creek Manchaca Shady Hollow Wells Branch Windemere Other unincorporated communities Bluff Springs Cele Del Valle Elroy Kimbro Littig Lund Maha Manda Marshall Ford McNeil Nameless New Sweden Pilot Knob Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Diplomatic posts Preceded by post created Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 - 1836 served alongside William H. Wharton and Branch T. Archer Succeeded by unique post for support of Texas independence Political offices Political offices Preceded by William Houston Jack Secretary of state of the Republic of Texas 1836 Succeeded by J. Pinckney Henderson Political offices Preceded by office created President of the Convention of 1832 1832 Succeeded by office abolished VIAF : 67331225 LCCN : n50028886 ISNI : 0000 0000 6683 8210 GND : 121754529 SUDOC : 070020256 BNF : cb13736977x ( data ) IATH : w67p92c2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Austin&oldid=803184238 '' Categories : 1793 births 1836 deaths Members of the Missouri Territorial Legislature Convention of 1832 delegates Texas Consultation delegates American emigrants to Mexico People of the Texas Revolution People from Brazoria County, Texas People from Wythe County, Virginia People from Potosi, Missouri Texas Ranger Division Burials at Texas State Cemetery Transylvania University alumni American Freemasons History of Austin, Texas 19th - century American politicians American slave owners Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша मराठी 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017, at 00 : 46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Stephen F. Austin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Austin&amp;oldid=803184238" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "3, 1793 Wythe County, Virginia, United States, present - day Austinville, Virginia December 27, 1836 ( 1836 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 43 ) West Columbia, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas Cause of death pneumonia Nationality American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian Occupation politician, empresario Known for Being the `` Father of Texas '' Parent ( s ) Moses Austin, Mary Brown Austin Relatives Richard Austin ( colonist ) Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3, 1793 -- December 27, 1836 ) was an American empresario. Known as the `` Father of Texas '', and the founder of Texas, he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825. Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas. After Moses Austin 's death in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly - independent state of Mexico. Austin" ], "id": [ "5931674772065768037" ], "short_answers": [ "Stephen Fuller Austin" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Red -- black tree - wikipedia Red -- black tree Jump to : navigation, search Red -- black tree Type tree Invented 1972 Invented by Rudolf Bayer Time complexity in big O notation Algorithm Average Worst case Space O ( n ) O ( n ) Search O ( log n ) O ( log n ) Insert O ( log n ) O ( log n ) Delete O ( log n ) O ( log n ) A red -- black tree is a kind of self - balancing binary search tree in computer science. Each node of the binary tree has an extra bit, and that bit is often interpreted as the color ( red or black ) of the node. These color bits are used to ensure the tree remains approximately balanced during insertions and deletions. Balance is preserved by painting each node of the tree with one of two colors in a way that satisfies certain properties, which collectively constrain how unbalanced the tree can become in the worst case. When the tree is modified, the new tree is subsequently rearranged and repainted to restore the coloring properties. The properties are designed in such a way that this rearranging and recoloring can be performed efficiently. The balancing of the tree is not perfect, but it is good enough to allow it to guarantee searching in O ( log n ) time, where n is the total number of elements in the tree. The insertion and deletion operations, along with the tree rearrangement and recoloring, are also performed in O ( log n ) time. Tracking the color of each node requires only 1 bit of information per node because there are only two colors. The tree does not contain any other data specific to its being a red -- black tree so its memory footprint is almost identical to a classic ( uncolored ) binary search tree. In many cases, the additional bit of information can be stored at no additional memory cost. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Terminology 3 Properties 4 Analogy to B - trees of order 4 5 Applications and related data structures 6 Operations 6.1 Insertion 6.2 Removal 7 Proof of asymptotic bounds 8 Set operations and bulk operations 9 Parallel algorithms 10 Popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) In 1972, Rudolf Bayer invented a data structure that was a special order - 4 case of a B - tree. These trees maintained all paths from root to leaf with the same number of nodes, creating perfectly balanced trees. However, they were not binary search trees. Bayer called them a `` symmetric binary B - tree '' in his paper and later they became popular as 2 - 3 - 4 trees or just 2 - 4 trees. In a 1978 paper, `` A Dichromatic Framework for Balanced Trees '', Leonidas J. Guibas and Robert Sedgewick derived the red - black tree from the symmetric binary B - tree. The color `` red '' was chosen because it was the best - looking color produced by the color laser printer available to the authors while working at Xerox PARC. Another response from Guibas states that it was because of the red and black pens available to them to draw the trees. In 1993, Arne Andersson introduced the idea of right leaning tree to simplify insert and delete operations. In 1999, Chris Okasaki showed how to make insert operation purely functional. Its balance function needed to take care of only 4 unbalanced cases and one default balanced case. The original algorithm used 8 unbalanced cases, but Cormen et al. ( 2001 ) reduced that to 6 unbalanced cases. Sedgewick showed that the insert operation can be implemented in just 46 lines of Java code. In 2008, Sedgewick proposed the left - leaning red -- black tree, leveraging Andersson 's idea that simplified algorithms. Sedgewick originally allowed nodes whose two children are red making his trees more like 2 - 3 - 4 trees but later this restriction was added making new trees more like 2 - 3 trees. Sedgewick implemented the insert algorithm in just 33 lines, significantly shortening his original 46 lines of code. Terminology ( edit ) A red -- black tree is a special type of binary tree, used in computer science to organize pieces of comparable data, such as text fragments or numbers. The leaf nodes of red -- black trees do not contain data. These leaves need not be explicit in computer memory -- a null child pointer can encode the fact that this child is a leaf -- but it simplifies some algorithms for operating on red -- black trees if the leaves really are explicit nodes. To save execution time, sometimes a pointer to a single sentinel node ( instead of a null pointer ) performs the role of all leaf nodes ; all references from internal nodes to leaf nodes then point to the sentinel node. Red -- black trees, like all binary search trees, allow efficient in - order traversal ( that is : in the order Left -- Root -- Right ) of their elements. The search - time results from the traversal from root to leaf, and therefore a balanced tree of n nodes, having the least possible tree height, results in O ( log n ) search time. Properties ( edit ) An example of a red -- black tree In addition to the requirements imposed on a binary search tree the following must be satisfied by a red -- black tree : Each node is either red or black. The root is black. This rule is sometimes omitted. Since the root can always be changed from red to black, but not necessarily vice versa, this rule has little effect on analysis. All leaves ( NIL ) are black. If a node is red, then both its children are black. Every path from a given node to any of its descendant NIL nodes contains the same number of black nodes. Some definitions : the number of black nodes from the root to a node is the node 's black depth ; the uniform number of black nodes in all paths from root to the leaves is called the black - height of the red -- black tree. These constraints enforce a critical property of red -- black trees : the path from the root to the farthest leaf is no more than twice as long as the path from the root to the nearest leaf. The result is that the tree is roughly height - balanced. Since operations such as inserting, deleting, and finding values require worst - case time proportional to the height of the tree, this theoretical upper bound on the height allows red -- black trees to be efficient in the worst case, unlike ordinary binary search trees. To see why this is guaranteed, it suffices to consider the effect of properties 4 and 5 together. For a red -- black tree T, let B be the number of black nodes in property 5. Let the shortest possible path from the root of T to any leaf consist of B black nodes. Longer possible paths may be constructed by inserting red nodes. However, property 4 makes it impossible to insert more than one consecutive red node. Therefore, ignoring any black NIL leaves, the longest possible path consists of 2 * B nodes, alternating black and red ( this is the worst case ). Counting the black NIL leaves, the longest possible path consists of 2 * B - 1 nodes. The shortest possible path has all black nodes, and the longest possible path alternates between red and black nodes. Since all maximal paths have the same number of black nodes, by property 5, this shows that no path is more than twice as long as any other path. Analogy to B - trees of order 4 ( edit ) The same red -- black tree as in the example above, seen as a B - tree. A red -- black tree is similar in structure to a B - tree of order 4, where each node can contain between 1 and 3 values and ( accordingly ) between 2 and 4 child pointers. In such a B - tree, each node will contain only one value matching the value in a black node of the red -- black tree, with an optional value before and / or after it in the same node, both matching an equivalent red node of the red -- black tree. One way to see this equivalence is to `` move up '' the red nodes in a graphical representation of the red -- black tree, so that they align horizontally with their parent black node, by creating together a horizontal cluster. In the B - tree, or in the modified graphical representation of the red -- black tree, all leaf nodes are at the same depth. The red -- black tree is then structurally equivalent to a B - tree of order 4, with a minimum fill factor of 33 % of values per cluster with a maximum capacity of 3 values. This B - tree type is still more general than a red -- black tree though, as it allows ambiguity in a red -- black tree conversion -- multiple red -- black trees can be produced from an equivalent B - tree of order 4. If a B - tree cluster contains only 1 value, it is the minimum, black, and has two child pointers. If a cluster contains 3 values, then the central value will be black and each value stored on its sides will be red. If the cluster contains two values, however, either one can become the black node in the red -- black tree ( and the other one will be red ). So the order - 4 B - tree does not maintain which of the values contained in each cluster is the root black tree for the whole cluster and the parent of the other values in the same cluster. Despite this, the operations on red -- black trees are more economical in time because you do n't have to maintain the vector of values. It may be costly if values are stored directly in each node rather than being stored by reference. B - tree nodes, however, are more economical in space because you do n't need to store the color attribute for each node. Instead, you have to know which slot in the cluster vector is used. If values are stored by reference, e.g. objects, null references can be used and so the cluster can be represented by a vector containing 3 slots for value pointers plus 4 slots for child references in the tree. In that case, the B - tree can be more compact in memory, improving data locality. The same analogy can be made with B - trees with larger orders that can be structurally equivalent to a colored binary tree : you just need more colors. Suppose that you add blue, then the blue -- red -- black tree defined like red -- black trees but with the additional constraint that no two successive nodes in the hierarchy will be blue and all blue nodes will be children of a red node, then it becomes equivalent to a B - tree whose clusters will have at most 7 values in the following colors : blue, red, blue, black, blue, red, blue ( For each cluster, there will be at most 1 black node, 2 red nodes, and 4 blue nodes ). For moderate volumes of values, insertions and deletions in a colored binary tree are faster compared to B - trees because colored trees do n't attempt to maximize the fill factor of each horizontal cluster of nodes ( only the minimum fill factor is guaranteed in colored binary trees, limiting the number of splits or junctions of clusters ). B - trees will be faster for performing rotations ( because rotations will frequently occur within the same cluster rather than with multiple separate nodes in a colored binary tree ). For storing large volumes, however, B - trees will be much faster as they will be more compact by grouping several children in the same cluster where they can be accessed locally. All optimizations possible in B - trees to increase the average fill factors of clusters are possible in the equivalent multicolored binary tree. Notably, maximizing the average fill factor in a structurally equivalent B - tree is the same as reducing the total height of the multicolored tree, by increasing the number of non-black nodes. The worst case occurs when all nodes in a colored binary tree are black, the best case occurs when only a third of them are black ( and the other two thirds are red nodes ). Notes Jump up ^ Using Knuth 's definition of order : the maximum number of children Applications and related data structures ( edit ) Red -- black trees offer worst - case guarantees for insertion time, deletion time, and search time. Not only does this make them valuable in time - sensitive applications such as real - time applications, but it makes them valuable building blocks in other data structures which provide worst - case guarantees ; for example, many data structures used in computational geometry can be based on red -- black trees, and the Completely Fair Scheduler used in current Linux kernels uses red -- black trees. The AVL tree is another structure supporting O ( log n ) search, insertion, and removal. AVL trees can be colored red - black, thus are a subset of RB trees. Worst - case height is 0.720 times the worst - case height of RB trees, so AVL trees are more rigidly balanced. The performance measurements of Ben Pfaff with realistic test cases in 79 runs find AVL to RB ratios between 0.677 and 1.077, median at 0.947, and geometric mean 0.910. Kind of in between are the WAVL trees. Red -- black trees are also particularly valuable in functional programming, where they are one of the most common persistent data structures, used to construct associative arrays and sets which can retain previous versions after mutations. The persistent version of red -- black trees requires O ( log n ) space for each insertion or deletion, in addition to time. For every 2 - 4 tree, there are corresponding red -- black trees with data elements in the same order. The insertion and deletion operations on 2 - 4 trees are also equivalent to color - flipping and rotations in red -- black trees. This makes 2 - 4 trees an important tool for understanding the logic behind red -- black trees, and this is why many introductory algorithm texts introduce 2 - 4 trees just before red -- black trees, even though 2 - 4 trees are not often used in practice. In 2008, Sedgewick introduced a simpler version of the red -- black tree called the left - leaning red -- black tree by eliminating a previously unspecified degree of freedom in the implementation. The LLRB maintains an additional invariant that all red links must lean left except during inserts and deletes. Red -- black trees can be made isometric to either 2 - 3 trees, or 2 - 4 trees, for any sequence of operations. The 2 - 4 tree isometry was described in 1978 by Sedgewick. With 2 - 4 trees, the isometry is resolved by a `` color flip, '' corresponding to a split, in which the red color of two children nodes leaves the children and moves to the parent node. The original description of the tango tree, a type of tree optimized for fast searches, specifically uses red -- black trees as part of its data structure. In the version 8 of Java, the Collection HashMap has been modified such that instead of using a LinkedList to store different elements with colliding hashcodes, a Red - Black tree is used. This results in the improvement of time complexity of searching such an element from O ( n ) to O ( log n ). Operations ( edit ) Read - only operations on a red -- black tree require no modification from those used for binary search trees, because every red -- black tree is a special case of a simple binary search tree. However, the immediate result of an insertion or removal may violate the properties of a red -- black tree. Restoring the red -- black properties requires a small number ( O ( log n ) or amortized O ( 1 ) ) of color changes ( which are very quick in practice ) and no more than three tree rotations ( two for insertion ). Although insert and delete operations are complicated, their times remain O ( log n ). If the example implementation below is not suitable, there are a couple other implementations with explanations found in Ben Pfaff 's annotated C library GNU libavl ( currently v2. 0.2 ) and Eternally Confuzzled 's tutorial on red - black trees. The details of the insert and removal operations will be demonstrated with example C code. The example code may call upon the helper functions below to find the parent, sibling, uncle and grandparent nodes and to rotate a node left or right : struct node * parent ( struct node * n ) ( return n - > parent ; ) struct node * grandparent ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no grandparent return parent ( p ) ; ) struct node * sibling ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no sibling if ( n = = p - > left ) return p - > right ; else return p - > left ; ) struct node * uncle ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no uncle return sibling ( p ) ; ) void rotate_left ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * nnew = n - > right ; assert ( nnew! = LEAF ) ; / / since the leaves of a red - black tree are empty, they can not become internal nodes n - > right = nnew - > left ; nnew - > left = n ; nnew - > parent = n - > parent ; n - > parent = nnew ; / / ( the other related parent and child links would also have to be updated ) ) void rotate_right ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * nnew = n - > left ; assert ( nnew! = LEAF ) ; / / since the leaves of a red - black tree are empty, they can not become internal nodes n - > left = nnew - > right ; nnew - > right = n ; nnew - > parent = n - > parent ; n - > parent = nnew ; / / ( the other related parent and child links would also have to be updated ) ) Diagram Notes The label N will be used to denote the current node in each case. At the beginning, this is the insertion node or the replacement node and a leaf, but the entire procedure may also be applied recursively to other nodes ( see case 3 ). P will denote N 's parent node, G will denote N 's grandparent, S will denote N 's sibling, and U will denote N 's uncle ( i.e., the sibling of a node 's parent, as in human family trees ). In between some cases, the roles and labels of the nodes are shifted, but within each case, every label continues to represent the same node throughout. In the diagrams a blue border rings the current node N in the left ( current ) half and rings the node that will become N in the right ( target ) half. In the next step, the other nodes will be newly assigned relative to it. Red or black shown in the diagram is either assumed in its case or implied by those assumptions. White represents either red or black, but is the same in both halves of the diagram. A numbered triangle represents a subtree of unspecified depth. A black circle atop a triangle means that black - height of that subtree is greater by one compared to a subtree without this circle. Insertion ( edit ) Insertion begins by adding the node in a very similar manner as a standard binary search tree insertion and by coloring it red. The big difference is that in the binary search tree a new node is added as a leaf, whereas leaves contain no information in the red -- black tree, so instead the new node replaces an existing leaf and then has two black leaves of its own added. struct node * insert ( struct node * root, struct node * n ) ( / / insert new node into the current tree insert_recurse ( root, n ) ; / / repair the tree in case any of the red - black properties have been violated insert_repair_tree ( n ) ; / / find the new root to return root = n ; while ( parent ( root )! = NULL ) root = parent ( root ) ; return root ; ) void insert_recurse ( struct node * root, struct node * n ) ( / / recursively descend the tree until a leaf is found if ( root! = NULL && n - > key < root - > key ) ( if ( root - > left! = LEAF ) ( insert_recurse ( root - > left, n ) ; return ; ) else root - > left = n ; ) else if ( root! = NULL ) ( if ( root - > right! = LEAF ) ( insert_recurse ( root - > right, n ) ; return ; ) else root - > right = n ; ) / / insert new node n n - > parent = root ; n - > left = LEAF ; n - > right = LEAF ; n - > color = RED ; ) What happens next depends on the color of other nearby nodes. There are several cases of red -- black tree insertion to handle : N is the root node, i.e., first node of red -- black tree N 's parent ( P ) is black P is red ( so it ca n't be the root of the tree ) and N 's uncle ( U ) is red P is red and U is black void insert_repair_tree ( struct node * n ) ( if ( parent ( n ) = = NULL ) ( insert_case1 ( n ) ; ) else if ( parent ( n ) - > color = = BLACK ) ( insert_case2 ( n ) ; ) else if ( uncle ( n ) - > color = = RED ) ( insert_case3 ( n ) ; ) else ( insert_case4 ( n ) ; ) ) Note that : Property 1 ( every node is either red or black ) and Property 3 ( all leaves are black ) always holds. Property 2 ( the root is black ) is checked and corrected with case 1. Property 4 ( red nodes have only black children ) is threatened only by adding a red node, repainting a node from black to red, or a rotation. Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaves have the same number of black nodes ) is threatened only by adding a black node, repainting a node, or a rotation. Case 1 : The current node N is at the root of the tree. In this case, it is repainted black to satisfy property 2 ( the root is black ). Since this adds one black node to every path at once, property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not violated. void insert_case1 ( struct node * n ) ( if ( parent ( n ) = = NULL ) n - > color = BLACK ; ) Case 2 : The current node 's parent P is black, so property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) is not invalidated. In this case, the tree is still valid. Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not threatened, because the current node N has two black leaf children, but because N is red, the paths through each of its children have the same number of black nodes as the path through the leaf it replaced, which was black, and so this property remains satisfied. void insert_case2 ( struct node * n ) ( return ; / * Do nothing since tree is still valid * / ) Note : In the following cases it can be assumed that N has a grandparent node G, because its parent P is red, and if it were the root, it would be black. Thus, N also has an uncle node U, although it may be a leaf in case 4. Note : In the remaining cases, it is shown in the diagram that the parent node P is the left child of its parent even though it is possible for P to be on either side. The code samples already cover both possibilities. Case 3 : If both the parent P and the uncle U are red, then both of them can be repainted black and the grandparent G becomes red to maintain property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ). Since any path through the parent or uncle must pass through the grandparent, the number of black nodes on these paths has not changed. However, the grandparent G may now violate Property 2 ( The root is black ) if it is the root or Property 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) if it has a red parent. To fix this, the tree 's red - black repair procedure is rerun on G. Note that this is a tail - recursive call, so it could be rewritten as a loop. Since this is the only loop, and any rotations occur after this loop, this proves that a constant number of rotations occur. void insert_case3 ( struct node * n ) ( parent ( n ) - > color = BLACK ; uncle ( n ) - > color = BLACK ; grandparent ( n ) - > color = RED ; insert_repair_tree ( grandparent ( n ) ) ; ) Case 4, step 1 : The parent P is red but the uncle U is black. The ultimate goal will be to rotate the parent node into the grandparent position, but this will not work if the current node is on the `` inside '' of the subtree under G ( i.e., if N is the left child of the right child of the grandparent or the right child of the left child of the grandparent ). In this case, a left rotation on P that switches the roles of the current node N and its parent P can be performed. The rotation causes some paths ( those in the sub-tree labelled `` 1 '' ) to pass through the node N where they did not before. It also causes some paths ( those in the sub-tree labelled `` 3 '' ) not to pass through the node P where they did before. However, both of these nodes are red, so property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not violated by the rotation. After this step has been completed, property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) is still violated, but now we can resolve this by continuing to step 2. void insert_case4 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; struct node * g = grandparent ( n ) ; if ( n = = g - > left - > right ) ( rotate_left ( p ) ; n = n - > left ; ) else if ( n = = g - > right - > left ) ( rotate_right ( p ) ; n = n - > right ; ) insert_case4step2 ( n ) ; ) Case 4, step 2 : The current node N is now certain to be on the `` outside '' of the subtree under G ( left of left child or right of right child ). In this case, a right rotation on G is performed ; the result is a tree where the former parent P is now the parent of both the current node N and the former grandparent G. G is known to be black, since its former child P could not have been red without violating property 4. Once the colors of P and G are switched, the resulting tree satisfies property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ). Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) also remains satisfied, since all paths that went through any of these three nodes went through G before, and now they all go through P. void insert_case4step2 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; struct node * g = grandparent ( n ) ; if ( n = = p - > left ) rotate_right ( g ) ; else rotate_left ( g ) ; p - > color = BLACK ; g - > color = RED ; ) Note that inserting is actually in - place, since all the calls above use tail recursion. In the algorithm above, all cases are called only once, except in Case 3 where it can recurse back to Case 1 with the grandparent node, which is the only case where an iterative implementation will effectively loop. Because the problem of repair in that case is escalated two levels higher each time, it takes maximally ​ ⁄ iterations to repair the tree ( where h is the height of the tree ). Because the probability for escalation decreases exponentially with each iteration the average insertion cost is practically constant. Removal ( edit ) In a regular binary search tree when deleting a node with two non-leaf children, we find either the maximum element in its left subtree ( which is the in - order predecessor ) or the minimum element in its right subtree ( which is the in - order successor ) and move its value into the node being deleted ( as shown here ). We then delete the node we copied the value from, which must have fewer than two non-leaf children. ( Non-leaf children, rather than all children, are specified here because unlike normal binary search trees, red -- black trees can have leaf nodes anywhere, so that all nodes are either internal nodes with two children or leaf nodes with, by definition, zero children. In effect, internal nodes having two leaf children in a red -- black tree are like the leaf nodes in a regular binary search tree. ) Because merely copying a value does not violate any red -- black properties, this reduces to the problem of deleting a node with at most one non-leaf child. Once we have solved that problem, the solution applies equally to the case where the node we originally want to delete has at most one non-leaf child as to the case just considered where it has two non-leaf children. Therefore, for the remainder of this discussion we address the deletion of a node with at most one non-leaf child. We use the label M to denote the node to be deleted ; C will denote a selected child of M, which we will also call `` its child ''. If M does have a non-leaf child, call that its child, C ; otherwise, choose either leaf as its child, C. If M is a red node, we simply replace it with its child C, which must be black by property 4. ( This can only occur when M has two leaf children, because if the red node M had a black non-leaf child on one side but just a leaf child on the other side, then the count of black nodes on both sides would be different, thus the tree would violate property 5. ) All paths through the deleted node will simply pass through one fewer red node, and both the deleted node 's parent and child must be black, so property 3 ( all leaves are black ) and property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) still hold. Another simple case is when M is black and C is red. Simply removing a black node could break Properties 4 ( `` Both children of every red node are black '' ) and 5 ( `` All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes '' ), but if we repaint C black, both of these properties are preserved. The complex case is when both M and C are black. ( This can only occur when deleting a black node which has two leaf children, because if the black node M had a black non-leaf child on one side but just a leaf child on the other side, then the count of black nodes on both sides would be different, thus the tree would have been an invalid red -- black tree by violation of property 5. ) We begin by replacing M with its child C. We will relabel this child C ( in its new position ) N, and its sibling ( its new parent 's other child ) S. ( S was previously the sibling of M. ) In the diagrams below, we will also use P for N 's new parent ( M 's old parent ), S for S 's left child, and S for S 's right child ( S can not be a leaf because if M and C were black, then P 's one subtree which included M counted two black - height and thus P 's other subtree which includes S must also count two black - height, which can not be the case if S is a leaf node ). Note : In order for the tree to remain well - defined, we need every null leaf to remain a leaf after all transformations ( that it will not have any children ). If the node we are deleting has a non-leaf ( non-null ) child N, it is easy to see that the property is satisfied. If, on the other hand, N would be a null leaf, it can be verified from the diagrams ( or code ) for all the cases that the property is satisfied as well. We can perform the steps outlined above with the following code, where the function replace_node substitutes child into n ' s place in the tree. For convenience, code in this section will assume that null leaves are represented by actual node objects rather than NULL ( the code in the Insertion section works with either representation ). void delete_one_child ( struct node * n ) ( / * * Precondition : n has at most one non-leaf child. * / struct node * child = is_leaf ( n - > right )? n - > left : n - > right ; replace_node ( n, child ) ; if ( n - > color = = BLACK ) ( if ( child - > color = = RED ) child - > color = BLACK ; else delete_case1 ( child ) ; ) free ( n ) ; ) Note : If N is a null leaf and we do not want to represent null leaves as actual node objects, we can modify the algorithm by first calling delete_case1 ( ) on its parent ( the node that we delete, n in the code above ) and deleting it afterwards. We do this if the parent is black ( red is trivial ), so it behaves in the same way as a null leaf ( and is sometimes called a ' phantom ' leaf ). And we can safely delete it at the end as n will remain a leaf after all operations, as shown above. In addition, the sibling tests in cases 2 and 3 require updating as it is no longer true that the sibling will have children represented as objects. If both N and its original parent are black, then deleting this original parent causes paths which proceed through N to have one fewer black node than paths that do not. As this violates property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ), the tree must be rebalanced. There are several cases to consider : Case 1 : N is the new root. In this case, we are done. We removed one black node from every path, and the new root is black, so the properties are preserved. void delete_case1 ( struct node * n ) ( if ( n - > parent! = NULL ) delete_case2 ( n ) ; ) Note : In cases 2, 5, and 6, we assume N is the left child of its parent P. If it is the right child, left and right should be reversed throughout these three cases. Again, the code examples take both cases into account. Case 2 : S is red. In this case we reverse the colors of P and S, and then rotate left at P, turning S into N 's grandparent. Note that P has to be black as it had a red child. The resulting subtree has a path short one black node so we are not done. Now N has a black sibling and a red parent, so we can proceed to step 4, 5, or 6. ( Its new sibling is black because it was once the child of the red S. ) In later cases, we will relabel N 's new sibling as S. void delete_case2 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( s - > color = = RED ) ( n - > parent - > color = RED ; s - > color = BLACK ; if ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) rotate_left ( n - > parent ) ; else rotate_right ( n - > parent ) ; ) delete_case3 ( n ) ; ) Case 3 : P, S, and S 's children are black. In this case, we simply repaint S red. The result is that all paths passing through S, which are precisely those paths not passing through N, have one less black node. Because deleting N 's original parent made all paths passing through N have one less black node, this evens things up. However, all paths through P now have one fewer black node than paths that do not pass through P, so property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is still violated. To correct this, we perform the rebalancing procedure on P, starting at case 1. void delete_case3 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( ( n - > parent - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) ) ( s - > color = RED ; delete_case1 ( n - > parent ) ; ) else delete_case4 ( n ) ; ) Case 4 : S and S 's children are black, but P is red. In this case, we simply exchange the colors of S and P. This does not affect the number of black nodes on paths going through S, but it does add one to the number of black nodes on paths going through N, making up for the deleted black node on those paths. void delete_case4 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( ( n - > parent - > color = = RED ) && ( s - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) ) ( s - > color = RED ; n - > parent - > color = BLACK ; ) else delete_case5 ( n ) ; ) Case 5 : S is black, S 's left child is red, S 's right child is black, and N is the left child of its parent. In this case we rotate right at S, so that S 's left child becomes S 's parent and N 's new sibling. We then exchange the colors of S and its new parent. All paths still have the same number of black nodes, but now N has a black sibling whose right child is red, so we fall into case 6. Neither N nor its parent are affected by this transformation. ( Again, for case 6, we relabel N 's new sibling as S. ) void delete_case5 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( s - > color = = BLACK ) ( / * this if statement is trivial, due to case 2 ( even though case 2 changed the sibling to a sibling 's child, the sibling 's child ca n't be red, since no red parent can have a red child ). * / / * the following statements just force the red to be on the left of the left of the parent, or right of the right, so case six will rotate correctly. * / if ( ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = RED ) ) ( / * this last test is trivial too due to cases 2 - 4. * / s - > color = RED ; s - > left - > color = BLACK ; rotate_right ( s ) ; ) else if ( ( n = = n - > parent - > right ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = RED ) ) ( / * this last test is trivial too due to cases 2 - 4. * / s - > color = RED ; s - > right - > color = BLACK ; rotate_left ( s ) ; ) ) delete_case6 ( n ) ; ) Case 6 : S is black, S 's right child is red, and N is the left child of its parent P. In this case we rotate left at P, so that S becomes the parent of P and S 's right child. We then exchange the colors of P and S, and make S 's right child black. The subtree still has the same color at its root, so Properties 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) and 5 ( All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) are not violated. However, N now has one additional black ancestor : either P has become black, or it was black and S was added as a black grandparent. Thus, the paths passing through N pass through one additional black node. Meanwhile, if a path does not go through N, then there are two possibilities : It goes through N 's new sibling S, a node with arbitrary color and the root of the subtree labeled 3 ( s. diagram ). Then, it must go through S and P, both formerly and currently, as they have only exchanged colors and places. Thus the path contains the same number of black nodes. It goes through N 's new uncle, S 's right child. Then, it formerly went through S, S 's parent, and S 's right child S ( which was red ), but now only goes through S, which has assumed the color of its former parent, and S 's right child, which has changed from red to black ( assuming S 's color : black ). The net effect is that this path goes through the same number of black nodes. Either way, the number of black nodes on these paths does not change. Thus, we have restored Properties 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) and 5 ( All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ). The white node in the diagram can be either red or black, but must refer to the same color both before and after the transformation. void delete_case6 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; s - > color = n - > parent - > color ; n - > parent - > color = BLACK ; if ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) ( s - > right - > color = BLACK ; rotate_left ( n - > parent ) ; ) else ( s - > left - > color = BLACK ; rotate_right ( n - > parent ) ; ) ) Again, the function calls all use tail recursion, so the algorithm is in - place. In the algorithm above, all cases are chained in order, except in delete case 3 where it can recurse to case 1 back to the parent node : this is the only case where an iterative implementation will effectively loop. No more than h loops back to case 1 will occur ( where h is the height of the tree ). And because the probability for escalation decreases exponentially with each iteration the average removal cost is constant. Additionally, no tail recursion ever occurs on a child node, so the tail recursion loop can only move from a child back to its successive ancestors. If a rotation occurs in case 2 ( which is the only possibility of rotation within the loop of cases 1 -- 3 ), then the parent of the node N becomes red after the rotation and we will exit the loop. Therefore, at most one rotation will occur within this loop. Since no more than two additional rotations will occur after exiting the loop, at most three rotations occur in total. Mehlhorn & Sanders ( 2008 ) point out : `` AVL trees do not support constant amortized deletion costs '', but red - black trees do. Proof of asymptotic bounds ( edit ) A red black tree which contains n internal nodes has a height of O ( log n ). Definitions : h ( v ) = height of subtree rooted at node v bh ( v ) = the number of black nodes from v to any leaf in the subtree, not counting v if it is black - called the black - height Lemma : A subtree rooted at node v has at least 2 b h ( v ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes. Proof of Lemma ( by induction height ) : Basis : h ( v ) = 0 If v has a height of zero then it must be null, therefore bh ( v ) = 0. So : 2 b h ( v ) − 1 = 2 0 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 = 2 ^ ( 0 ) - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0 ) Inductive Step : v such that h ( v ) = k, has at least 2 b h ( v ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes implies that v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) such that h ( v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) ) = k + 1 has at least 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes. Since v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) has h ( v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) ) > 0 it is an internal node. As such it has two children each of which have a black - height of either bh ( v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) ) or bh ( v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) ) - 1 ( depending on whether the child is red or black, respectively ). By the inductive hypothesis each child has at least 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 ) internal nodes, so v ′ ( \\ displaystyle v ' ) has at least : 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 + 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 + 1 = 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 ( \\ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 + 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 + 1 = 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes. Using this lemma we can now show that the height of the tree is logarithmic. Since at least half of the nodes on any path from the root to a leaf are black ( property 4 of a red -- black tree ), the black - height of the root is at least h ( root ) / 2. By the lemma we get : n ≥ 2 h ( root ) 2 − 1 ↔ log 2 ⁡ ( n + 1 ) ≥ h ( root ) 2 ↔ h ( root ) ≤ 2 log 2 ⁡ ( n + 1 ). ( \\ displaystyle n \\ geq 2 ^ ( h ( ( \\ text ( root ) ) ) \\ over 2 ) - 1 \\ leftrightarrow \\ ; \\ log _ ( 2 ) ( ( n + 1 ) ) \\ geq ( h ( ( \\ text ( root ) ) ) \\ over 2 ) \\ leftrightarrow \\ ; h ( ( \\ text ( root ) ) ) \\ leq 2 \\ log _ ( 2 ) ( ( n + 1 ) ). ) Therefore, the height of the root is O ( log n ). Set operations and bulk operations ( edit ) In addition to the single - element insert, delete and lookup operations, several set operations have been defined on red - black trees : union, intersection and set difference. Then fast bulk operations on insertions or deletions can be implemented based on these set functions. These set operations rely on two helper operations, Split and Join. With the new operations, the implementation of red - black trees can be more efficient and highly - parallelizable. This implementation allows a red root. Join : The function Join is on two red - black trees t and t and a key k and will return a tree containing all elements in t, t as well as k. It requires k to be greater than all keys in t and smaller than all keys in t. If the two trees have the same black height, Join simply create a new node with left subtree t, root k and right subtree t. If both t and t have black root, set k to be red. Otherwise k is set black. Suppose that t has larger black height than t ( the other case is symmetric ). Join follows the right spine of t until a black node c which is balanced with t. At this point a new node with left child c, root k ( set to be red ) and right child t is created to replace c. The new node may invalidate the red - black invariant because at most three red nodes can appear in a row. This can be fixed with a double rotation. If double red issue propagates to the root, the root is then set to be black, restoring the properties. The cost of this function is the difference of the black heights between the two input trees. Split : To split a red - black tree into two smaller trees, those smaller than key x, and those larger than key x, first draw a path from the root by inserting x into the red - black tree. After this insertion, all values less than x will be found on the left of the path, and all values greater than x will be found on the right. By applying Join, all the subtrees on the left side are merged bottom - up using keys on the path as intermediate nodes from bottom to top to form the left tree, and the right part is asymmetric. The cost of Split is order of O ( log ⁡ n ) ( \\ displaystyle O ( \\ log n ) ), the height of the tree. The union of two red - black trees t and t representing sets A and B, is a red - black tree t that represents A ∪ B. The following recursive function computes this union : function union ( t, t ) : if t = nil : return t if t = nil : return t t, t ← split t on t. root return join ( t. root, union ( left ( t ), t ), union ( right ( t ), t ) ) Here, Split is presumed to return two trees : one holding the keys less its input key, one holding the greater keys. ( The algorithm is non-destructive, but an in - place destructive version exists as well. ) The algorithm for intersection or difference is similar, but requires the Join2 helper routine that is the same as Join but without the middle key. Based on the new functions for union, intersection or difference, either one key or multiple keys can be inserted to or deleted from the red - black tree. Since Split calls Join but does not deal with the balancing criteria of red - black trees directly, such an implementation is usually called the `` join - based '' implementation. The complexity of each of union, intersection and difference is O ( m log ⁡ ( n m + 1 ) ) ( \\ displaystyle O \\ left ( m \\ log \\ left ( ( n \\ over m ) + 1 \\ right ) \\ right ) ) for two red - black trees of sizes m ( \\ displaystyle m ) and n ( ≥ m ) ( \\ displaystyle n ( \\ geq m ) ). This complexity is optimal in terms of the number of comparisons. More importantly, since the recursive calls to union, intersection or difference are independent of each other, they can be executed in parallel with a parallel depth O ( log ⁡ m log ⁡ n ) ( \\ displaystyle O ( \\ log m \\ log n ) ). When m = 1 ( \\ displaystyle m = 1 ), the join - based implementation has the same computational DAG as single - element insertion and deletion if the root of the larger tree is used to split the smaller tree. Parallel algorithms ( edit ) Parallel algorithms for constructing red -- black trees from sorted lists of items can run in constant time or O ( log log n ) time, depending on the computer model, if the number of processors available is asymptotically proportional to the number n of items where n → ∞. Fast search, insertion, and deletion parallel algorithms are also known. Popular culture ( edit ) A red - black - tree was referenced correctly in an episode of Missing ( Canadian TV series ) as noted by Robert Sedgewick in one of his lectures : Jess : `` It was the red door again. '' Pollock : `` I thought the red door was the storage container. '' Jess : `` But it was n't red anymore, it was black. '' Antonio : `` So red turning to black means what? '' Pollock : `` Budget deficits, red ink, black ink. '' Antonio : `` It could be from a binary search tree. The red - black tree tracks every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf that has the same number of black nodes. '' Jess : `` Does that help you with the ladies? '' See also ( edit ) List of data structures Tree data structure Tree rotation AA tree, a variation of the red - black tree AVL tree B - tree ( 2 - 3 tree, 2 - 3 - 4 tree, B+ tree, B * - tree, UB - tree ) Scapegoat tree Splay tree T - tree WAVL tree References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James Paton. `` Red - Black Trees ''. ^ Jump up to : Cormen, Thomas H. ; Leiserson, Charles E. ; Rivest, Ronald L. ; Stein, Clifford ( 2001 ). `` Red -- Black Trees ''. Introduction to Algorithms ( second ed. ). MIT Press. pp. 273 -- 301. ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7. Jump up ^ John Morris. `` Red -- Black Trees ''. Jump up ^ Rudolf Bayer ( 1972 ). `` Symmetric binary B - Trees : Data structure and maintenance algorithms ''. Acta Informatica. 1 ( 4 ) : 290 -- 306. doi : 10.1007 / BF00289509. Jump up ^ Drozdek, Adam. Data Structures and Algorithms in Java ( 2 ed. ). Sams Publishing. p. 323. ISBN 0534376681. Jump up ^ Leonidas J. Guibas and Robert Sedgewick ( 1978 ). `` A Dichromatic Framework for Balanced Trees ''. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. pp. 8 -- 21. doi : 10.1109 / SFCS. 1978.3. Jump up ^ `` Red Black Trees ''. eternallyconfuzzled.com. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ Robert Sedgewick ( 2012 ). Red - Black BSTs. Coursera. A lot of people ask why did we use the name red -- black. Well, we invented this data structure, this way of looking at balanced trees, at Xerox PARC which was the home of the personal computer and many other innovations that we live with today entering ( sic ) graphic user interfaces, ethernet and object - oriented programmings ( sic ) and many other things. But one of the things that was invented there was laser printing and we were very excited to have nearby color laser printer that could print things out in color and out of the colors the red looked the best. So, that 's why we picked the color red to distinguish red links, the types of links, in three nodes. So, that 's an answer to the question for people that have been asking. Jump up ^ `` Where does the term `` Red / Black Tree '' come from? ``. programmers.stackexchange.com. Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ Andersson, Arne ( 1993 - 08 - 11 ). Dehne, Frank ; Sack, Jörg - Rüdiger ; Santoro, Nicola ; Whitesides, Sue, eds. `` Balanced search trees made simple '' ( PDF ). Algorithms and Data Structures ( Proceedings ). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 709 : 60 -- 71. doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 57155 - 8_236. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 57155 - 1. Archived from the original on 2000 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ Okasaki, Chris ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ). `` Red - black trees in a functional setting '' ( PS ). Journal of Functional Programming. 9 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 477. doi : 10.1017 / S0956796899003494. ISSN 1469 - 7653. Jump up ^ Sedgewick, Robert ( 1983 ). Algorithms ( 1st ed. ). Addison - Wesley. ISBN 0 - 201 - 06672 - 6. Jump up ^ RedBlackBST code in Java Jump up ^ Sedgewick, Robert ( 2008 ). `` Left - leaning Red - Black Trees '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ Sedgewick, Robert ; Wayne, Kevin ( 2011 ). Algorithms ( 4th ed. ). Addison - Wesley Professional. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 57351 - 3. Jump up ^ Cormen, Thomas ; Leiserson, Charles ; Rivest, Ronald ; Stein, Clifford ( 2009 ). `` 13 ''. Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed. ). MIT Press. pp. 308 -- 309. ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 03384 - 8. Jump up ^ Mehlhorn, Kurt ; Sanders, Peter ( 2008 ). Algorithms and Data Structures : The Basic Toolbox ( PDF ). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 154 -- 165. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 77978 - 0. ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 77977 - 3. p. 155. Jump up ^ Sedgewick, Robert ( 1998 ). Algorithms in C++. Addison - Wesley Professional. pp. 565 -- 575. ISBN 978 - 0201350883. Jump up ^ Pfaff 2004 ^ Jump up to : http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rs/talks/LLRB/RedBlack.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall08/cos226/lectures/10BalancedTrees-2x2.pdf Jump up ^ Demaine, E.D. ; Harmon, D. ; Iacono, J. ; Pătraşcu, M. ( 2007 ). `` Dynamic Optimality -- Almost '' ( PDF ). SIAM Journal on Computing. 37 ( 1 ) : 240. doi : 10.1137 / S0097539705447347. Jump up ^ `` How does a HashMap work in JAVA ''. coding-geek.com. Jump up ^ Mehlhorn & Sanders 2008, pp. 165, 158 ^ Jump up to : Blelloch, Guy E. ; Ferizovic, Daniel ; Sun, Yihan ( 2016 ), `` Just Join for Parallel Ordered Sets '', Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, Proc. of 28th ACM Symp. Parallel Algorithms and Architectures ( SPAA 2016 ), ACM, pp. 253 -- 264, doi : 10.1145 / 2935764.2935768, ISBN 978 - 1 - 4503 - 4210 - 0. Jump up ^ Park, Heejin ; Park, Kunsoo ( 2001 ). `` Parallel algorithms for red -- black trees ''. Theoretical computer science. Elsevier. 262 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 415 -- 435. doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3975 ( 00 ) 00287 - 5. Our parallel algorithm for constructing a red -- black tree from a sorted list of n items runs in O ( 1 ) time with n processors on the CRCW PRAM and runs in O ( log log n ) time with n / log log n processors on the EREW PRAM. Jump up ^ Missing ( Canadian TV series ). A, W Network ( Canada ) ; Lifetime ( United States ). Jump up ^ Robert Sedgewick ( 2012 ). B - Trees. Coursera. 10 : 37 minutes in. So not only is there some excitement in that dialogue but it 's also technically correct which you do n't often find with math in popular culture of computer science. A red black tree tracks every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf with the same number of black nodes they got that right. Further reading ( edit ) Mathworld : Red -- Black Tree San Diego State University : CS 660 : Red -- Black tree notes, by Roger Whitney Pfaff, Ben ( June 2004 ). `` Performance Analysis of BSTs in System Software '' ( PDF ). Stanford University. External links ( edit ) A complete and working implementation in C Red -- Black Tree Demonstration OCW MIT Lecture by Prof. Erik Demaine on Red Black Trees - Binary Search Tree Insertion Visualization on YouTube -- Visualization of random and pre-sorted data insertions, in elementary binary search trees, and left - leaning red -- black trees An intrusive red - black tree written in C++ Red - black BSTs in 3.3 Balanced Search Trees Red -- black BST Demo Tree data structures Search trees ( dynamic sets / associative arrays ) 2 -- 3 2 -- 3 -- 4 AA ( a, b ) AVL B+ B * ( Optimal ) Binary search Dancing HTree Interval Order statistic ( Left - leaning ) Red - black Scapegoat Splay Treap UB Weight - balanced Heaps Binary Binomial Brodal Fibonacci Leftist Pairing Skew Van Emde Boas Weak Tries Ctrie C - trie ( compressed ADT ) Hash Radix Suffix Ternary search X-fast Y - fast Spatial data partitioning trees Ball BK BSP Cartesian Hilbert R k - d ( implicit k - d ) Metric MVP Octree Priority R Quad R+ R * Segment VP X Other trees Cover Exponential Fenwick Finger Fractal tree index Fusion Hash calendar iDistance K - ary Left - child right - sibling Link / cut Log - structured merge Merkle PQ Range SPQR Top Data structures Types Collection Container Abstract Associative array Multimap List Stack Queue Double - ended queue Priority queue Double - ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint - set Arrays Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix Linked Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list Trees B - tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red -- black tree Self - balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R - tree R * tree R+ tree Hilbert R - tree Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph List of data structures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red -- black_tree&oldid = 818272029 '' Categories : 1972 in computer science Binary trees Search trees Hidden categories : Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles containing proofs Articles with example C code Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 16 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Red–black tree", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Red%E2%80%93black_tree&amp;oldid=818272029" }

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{ "text": "Tobiko - wikipedia Tobiko Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tobiko in varying colors, served as sushi Tobiko ( と びこ ) is the Japanese word for flying fish roe. It is most widely known for its use in creating certain types of sushi. The eggs are small, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. For comparison, tobiko is larger than masago ( capelin roe ), but smaller than ikura ( salmon roe ). Natural tobiko has a red - orange color, a mild smoky or salty taste, and a crunchy texture. Tobiko, shown in its natural color, topping grilled Albacore tuna Sometimes tobiko is colored to change its appearance, other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change, such as squid ink to make it black, yuzu to make it pale orange ( almost yellow ), or even wasabi to make it green and spicy. Sometimes a serving of tobiko contains several pieces, each having a different color. When prepared as sashimi, it may be presented on avocado halves or wedges. Tobiko is used in the creation of many other Japanese dishes. Often, tobiko is used as an ingredient in California rolls. Frequently, masago ( capelin or smelt roe ) is substituted for tobiko, due to its similar appearance and flavor. The smaller size of the individual eggs is apparent to the experienced diner, however. References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobiko. Jump up ^ `` Tobiko vs Masago Difference ''. Expert answer Question. 2016 - 11 - 16. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16. Jump up ^ Food Republic http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/04/19/what-tobiko-and-whats-different-colors. Retrieved 18 October 2014. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sushi History of sushi List of sushi and sashimi ingredients California roll Chūtoro Conveyor belt sushi Decouverte du Sushi Gari ( ginger ) Hanaya Yohei Hangiri Odori ebi Omakase Seattle roll Sushi pizza Tare sauce Tobiko Tofu skin Wasabi Roe Bottarga Buriko Karasumi Caviar Beluga Ossetra Sevruga Red Masago Pollock roe Tarako Taramasalata Tobiko Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobiko&oldid=800779891 '' Categories : Sushi Japanese seafood Roe Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 16 : 36. About Wikipedia", "title": "Tobiko", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tobiko&amp;oldid=800779891" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Tobiko - wikipedia Tobiko Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tobiko in varying colors, served as sushi Tobiko ( と びこ ) is the Japanese word for flying fish roe. It is most widely known for its use in creating certain types of sushi. The eggs are small, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. For comparison, tobiko is larger than masago ( capelin roe ), but smaller than ikura ( salmon roe ). Natural tobiko has a red - orange color, a mild smoky or salty taste, and a crunchy texture. Tobiko, shown in its natural color, topping grilled Albacore tuna Sometimes tobiko is colored to change its appearance, other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change, such as squid ink to make it black, yuzu to make it pale orange ( almost yellow ), or even wasabi to make it green and spicy. Sometimes a serving of tobiko contains several pieces, each having a different color. When prepared as sashimi, it may be presented" ], "id": [ "17310151714342482687" ], "short_answers": [ "tobiko" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Housing cooperative - wikipedia Housing cooperative Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Building cooperative. Housing cooperatives on Central Park West in Manhattan, New York City, from left to right : The Majestic, The Dakota, The Langham, and The San Remo. 999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op owned residential building in Chicago, Illinois, United States. A housing cooperative, co-op, or housing company ( especially in Finland ), is a legal entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings ; it is one type of housing tenure. Housing cooperatives are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting. The corporation is membership - based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members ' resources so that their buying power is leveraged, thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives ( but not Finnish housing companies, for example ) is that the members, through their elected representatives, screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories : non-ownership ( referred to as non-equity or continuing ) and ownership ( referred to as equity or strata ). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which is similar to a lease. In equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation 's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative 's rules. The word cooperative is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee - paying members obtain the right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house that is owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with student cooperatives in some college and university communities across the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal status 2 Ownership 3 Management 4 Finance 4.1 Market - rate and limited - equity co-ops 5 By country 5.1 Canada 5.2 Finland 5.3 France 5.4 Germany 5.5 India 5.6 The Netherlands 5.6. 1 Housing corporation 5.6. 2 Owner association 5.7 Philippines 5.8 Scandinavia 5.8. 1 Sweden 5.9 Switzerland 5.10 United Kingdom 5.10. 1 Student housing cooperatives 5.11 United States 5.11. 1 New York metropolitan area 5.11. 2 Student housing cooperatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Legal status ( edit ) As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as a manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific things that volunteers may prefer not to do or may not be good at doing, such as electrical maintenance. However, as many housing cooperatives strive to run self - sufficiently, as much work as possible is completed by its members. In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from condominiums where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into the other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. Ownership ( edit ) See also : Strata title Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association. In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their `` occupancy agreement '', or `` proprietary lease '', which is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in a rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is nonprofit, so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by the person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors ( if one exists ), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on the wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions. Management ( edit ) In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting. In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. A housing cooperative 's board of directors is elected by the membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members ' peaceful possession of their homes. Finance ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A housing cooperative is normally de facto non-profit, since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents ( if in a formal corporation, then shareholders ), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus -- except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets -- since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. ( Note, however, that it 's quite possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue - generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset the cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue. ) New co-ops are often founded by the builder, who resigns from the co-op when all the shares have been sold. It is relatively difficult to start a housing co-op from scratch because if the idea is, for instance, to build a building or group of buildings to house the members, this usually takes a significant mortgage loan for which a financial institution will want assurances of responsibility. It may also take a year or more for the members to organize the design and construction, as well as time and foresight to establish even basic organizational policies. It is rare that these kinds of skills of organization are available in a random group of people who often have pressures on their existing housing. It may be somewhat easier to organize a group of closely related housing units. This opportunity may arise, for example, if an existing apartment building 's owner is thinking about selling it. In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets ( capital repairs ) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways : assessments on current owners ; sales of Treasury Stock ( former rental units ) to new shareholders ; draw downs of reserves ; unsecured loans ; operating surpluses ; fees on the sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous : John Lennon, for instance, lived in The Dakota, a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement. Market - rate and limited - equity co-ops ( edit ) There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing : market rate and limited equity. With market rate, the share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of a comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain affordable housing. A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no - equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price ( comparable to a rental security deposit ) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that is re-couped is that very low purchase price. By country ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Housing co-ops in Canada have many different organizational forms. In Ontario, there are co-ownership, equity and occupant - run co-ops. In Alberta, housing co-ops are either non-equity ( also referred to as `` continuing co-ops '' ) and ownership ( also referred to as `` strata - title co-ops '' ). Given that each Province has different legislation under which co-operative housing communities are incorporated and organized, descriptions of the different ownership housing co-op forms pertain often only to the Province in which they exist. Non-equity continuing housing co-operatives exist in all provinces and territories and share common features. They can be any housing form : single detached, duplex, town - home and apartment. Their main common denominator is that once built and occupied, the co-op continues to own 100 % of the units and each member / shareholder is entitled to occupy a home on the basis of some form of contract or housing agreement. Members pay a monthly fee which covers all of the co-op's costs including mortgage payments, taxes, operating costs and building replacement reserve fund allocations. In Alberta, ownership co-ops were introduced in 1987 with the building of a twin high - rise tower development in Edmonton ( Riverwind Strata Title Housing Co-operative ). Subsequently ownership co-ops have been developed and built in other urban centres such as Calgary, Fort Saskatchewan, Canmore and Banff. The individual units within these co-op developments are sub-divided by using the strata title provision of the Land Titles Act, thus creating individual three - dimensional strata lots. This strata sub-division is registered at Land Titles, thus creating `` air '' lots which have the same properties as more commonly known two - dimensional land lots. In this fashion, co-op members can purchase their individual units and can register a mortgage on title. Like the continuing co-op's, ownership co-op's can be any housing form. Strata lots in Alberta are not to be confused with strata lots in British Columbia. Co-ownership co-ops are generally older apartment buildings, incorporated before the Ontario Condominium Act, 1973 came into existence, where shareholders each own one voting share in the corporation that owns the building and have a registered right to occupy individual units as described on their share certificate. Most of these types of co-ops date from the thirties, forties and fifties and are located in the City of Toronto. They are similar to condominiums, in that units may be bought and sold by private sale or on the open market. Until relatively recently, these units tended to be bought by older people with home equity who could buy the unit outright, as it was difficult to get a mortgage against these units. However, a number of Ontario credit unions are now offering limited financing, provided that that individual co-op corporations meet their fiscal standards, making these units affordable housing options for younger buyers. Incoming owners must be approved by the building 's Board of Directors, and agree to abide by building by - laws and Occupancy Agreements. Equity co-ops are buildings in which individuals purchase a percentage share of the building and the land on which it is built tied to the square footage of their unit ; all owners own the building collectively, with exclusive rights to occupy their own unit. More credit unions will offer financing against them than against co-ownerships. They are a relatively new form of construction, designed to encourage owner occupancy by having the building 's corporation hold back a percentage of the unit 's share equity to ensure owner occupancy. This legal structure is used as an alternative to condominium registration, either when the government will not allow conversion of an existing apartment building to a condominium, or to avoid the expense and difficulty of doing so. Then there are co-ops that provide all the privileges of ownership except for the right to make ( or lose ) money on a primary residence and are run by the people who live there. The federal and provincial governments in Canada developed legislation in the 1970s that assisted new housing co-ops by providing start - up funding and financing through mortgages insured by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation ( CMHC ), a federal government agency. The government simultaneously began to encourage the development of co-operative development resource groups to contract with fledgling boards of directors of housing co-ops to develop co-operatives in existing multi-residential properties, in turnkey buildings or buildings designed and constructed by architects and builders with which the board contracted to deliver the service. Supervised by the board, the resource groups marketed the units to suitable members, educated them about their rights and obligations as co-operators, and established a management structure which usually included co-op employees or property management companies. Resource groups helped in forming initial policies and holding the organization together as the co-operative was developed and occupied. The federal government tied its loan assistance to requirements that these housing co-ops provide a percentage of their units, usually at least 15 to 20 per cent, for what are termed income - tested residents. These people voluntarily provide information to the co-op on a confidential basis about their gross income, and their monthly housing charge ( rent ) is then calculated according to a formula. If the calculated charge is less than the market rent of the units, then the federal government, through another formula, would provide funding to those units to bring their unit revenue up to the market rate. This produced mixed - income co-op housing, in which relatively well - off people lived side - by - side with relatively low - income people and worked with them on committees. This often had the ripple effect of improving the financial health of those less well - off. It is interesting to note that, depending on your political point of view, such government payments for offsetting the housing charge could be considered a subsidy of the low - income members, or a contractual business arrangement between the government and the co-op, which helps to stabilize revenue to the co-op in exchange for accomplishing a social goal for the government for a specific period. This dichotomy is typical of the fact that a housing co-op is somewhere between a private business corporation and a social agency, and where one places it depends on one 's viewpoint -- and the collective viewpoint of each housing co-op. Some observers would now simply categorize these co-op as a form of social enterprise. Political will dissipated in Canada in the 1990s, however, as other issues occupied politicians and financial belt - tightening by the governments reduced the funds available for the mortgages. In 2004 and 2005, however, the political winds shifted back towards the idea of developing more low - income housing. However, not - for - profit housing co-operatives are committed to the mixed - income concept and have not been able to make much use of the few opportunities that have come available in recent years. Also, the term of many of the government agreements concerning funding for housing subsidies are coming to an end, provoking a debate in individual co-ops and the co-op movement on the extent to which co-ops should continue to be mixed - income forms of housing. In Canada, there are number of secondary and tertiary associations of housing co-operatives. The major national organization is the Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada ( CHF Canada ). Most provinces have similar organizations for their area, but many are stand - alone members of the CHF Canada, as opposed to being branches of it. Each such organization charges its member co-operatives a fee based on the number of housing units in the co-op to pay for staff to do its work. This includes advocacy to governments, setting up self - help funding and the like. These organizations do not act for individual members, and do not give members advice when the member encounters problems with the Board of their co-op. In most jurisdictions there are no organizations for members of housing co-operatives, in contrast with tenants in a traditional landlord - and - tenant relationship, who can be assisted by various tenant advocacy groups. In Ontario, the eviction of members of a housing co-operative is governed by special section of legislation set out in the Co-operative Corporations Act. Prior to a formal hearing to terminate a member 's occupancy some co-operatives issue a `` Notice of Concern '' to request the member to attend a Board of Directors meeting to attempt to resolve an issue of arrears or other behaviour contravening the co-operative's Occupancy By - law. If the Board of Directors of the co-operative can not resolve the member issue, which is a cause for possible termination of occupancy rights, it can pass a motion to send the member a notice to appear requiring the member to attend at a Board meeting at which the termination ( eviction ) of that member 's occupancy will be considered. If the Board votes to terminate an occupancy ( evict ), the member has a right of appeal to the membership as a whole. In order to enforce the eviction, the Board must bring an application to a judge of the Superior Court, on which occasion the member has the opportunity to present his / her case to the judge ; the judge considers whether the eviction process was conducted fairly and in accordance with due process, and has a residual discretion to refuse the eviction should the judge consider it fair to do so, notwithstanding the decision of the Board. Sometimes this hearing is conducted like a trial, with oral evidence from both sides, while at other times it is conducted based only on written documents submitted to the court ; the practice varies from judge - to - judge and courthouse to courthouse, and there is no consensus on the proper procedure or what right a member has to be heard. This process is different from evictions of rental tenants, which proceed in Ontario before a specialized tribunal and in which the tenant is always entitled to an oral hearing. The standard of deference that judges should show to the decisions of Boards is a controversial and unresolved issue in the law, with various cases taking seemingly inconsistent positions on the issue. As of 2012 new provincial legislation in Ontario will allow housing co-operatives to apply to a special tribunal to obtain a `` writ of possession '' to evict a member from their unit. A co-operative housing community can take many forms : a traditional apartment building, scattered single family homes, townhouses or it can be the basis of an intentional community or a `` living co-op ''. Student housing co-operatives also can be found in many parts of Canada including Kingston, Guelph, Waterloo and Toronto, Ontario ; New Westminster, British Columbia ; Edmonton, Alberta ; Winnipeg, Manitoba ; Montreal, Quebec ; and Fredericton, New Brunswick. `` Building co-operatives '' ( `` self - build housing co-operatives '' in British parlance, which distinguishes them from worker co-operatives in the building trade ) are formed by members who co-operate to build their homes but own their houses on completion. Some co-ops continue to own common elements such as roads, parks, water systems, etc. Building co-ops were extremely popular across Canada from the 1930s to the 1960s. Father Jimmy Tompkins helped to pioneer this concept at Tompkinsville at Reserve Mines on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Finland ( edit ) In Finland holding shares in a housing company is a common form of real estate and home ownership. Owning an apartment in Finland usually means owning shares in a housing company ; ownership of a certain set of shares in turn confers the right to use a certain part of the building owned by the company. Except for a very limited number of co-ops that follow the strict Rochdale Principles of one vote, all Finnish housing cooperatives are incorporated as ( non-profit ) limited - liability companies ( Finnish : asunto - osakeyhtiö, Swedish : bostadsaktiebolag ), where one share usually represents one square meter of the apartment, but may represent the whole apartment. Housing companies are regulated by Finnish law as a particular type of corporation. Housing company shares typically trade on the open market, most often through real estate agents. No board approval is needed to buy shares. In some older companies existing share holders have the right of pre-emption, i.e. the right to buy the shares at the set market price. There is usually no requirement for share holders to live in the co-operative. Owning apartments for rent is a common form of saving and private investment. There may be provisions against owning shares for more than one apartment in the same co-op. The first housing cooperatives were built around 1900, many of them in the Helsinki neighborhood of Katajanokka, in the national romantic Jugend style. Initially many co-ops were set up by the future members themselves, often workers or artisans in the same trade. By the 1920s co-op founding was the business of professional real estate developers. After World War II nationwide non-profit developer organizations were formed and a system of government provided loans ( ARAVA ) was introduced. Sale of shares in housing companies with state loans were restricted by limited equity rules for 50 years, the price of the shares was limited by an index. The Finnish model of the housing company was also the basis of the modern U.S. co-ops, as the first cooperative, the Finnish Home Building Association in Finntown ( Brooklyn, New York ), was started in 1918 by Finnish immigrants. France ( edit ) In 2013, the opening of La Maison des Babayagas, an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained world - wide attention. It was formed as a self - help community and built with financial assistance from the municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another. The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is : ( 1 ) self - managed, without hierarchy and without supervision ; ( 2 ) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life ; ( 3 ) citizen civic - minded, through openness to the community / city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy ; ( 4 ) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas. Generally, the association 's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular the development of a popular entity called the University of Knowledge of the Elderly ( UNISAVIE : Université du savoir des vieux ), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks. The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self - contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensures that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out the routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution. The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives ; these values include autonomy and self - management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility. Germany ( edit ) In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in the GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs - und Immobilienunternehmen ( The Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations ). India ( edit ) In India most ' flats ' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There is usually a governing body / society / association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. Certain buildings are organized as `` Cooperative Housing Societies '' where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than the flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. The Netherlands ( edit ) Typical cheap late 19th century corporation housing in Amsterdam In the Netherlands there are two very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative : Housing corporation ( edit ) A housing corporation ( woningcorporatie ) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in the second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world, VAK ( `` association for the working class '' ) was founded in 1852 in Amsterdam. Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30 % of the total of household dwellings ( apartments and houses ). Owner association ( edit ) A ( house ) owners ' association ( Vereniging van Eigenaren, VvE ) is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment, but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines, a tenant - owner 's association is often used as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is created, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy the property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed periods of years ( typically 20 - 30 ), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums. Warminster Heights, Pennsylvania was built by the Federal government in the 1940s as housing for civilian workers ; it became a housing cooperative in 1986 Scandinavia ( edit ) A tenant - owner 's association ( Swedish : bostadsrättsförening, Norwegian : borettslag, Danish : andelsboligforening ) is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries ( Sweden, Denmark, and Norway ) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant - ownership, which represents the apartment, and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. Tenant - owner 's associations were established during the 19th century and were originally a United Kingdom - based concept ( building societies ). The market price of existing tenant - ownership shares is often very high, normally much higher than the original stake price. Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden, 16 % of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25 % live in rented apartments ( more common among young adults and immigrants ) and 50 % live in private one - family houses ( more common among families with children ), the remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes. Membership in a housing cooperative ( bostadsrättsförening ) is granted to owners of shares in the association, and gives right ( bostadsrätt ) to inhabit the apartment corresponding to the share for an unlimited time. Shares can be bought and sold on the open real estate market. This is one of the main forms of home ownership in the country, and a membership in a housing cooperative is generally held to be the same thing as owning ( as opposed to renting ) an apartment. The most usual physical / legal form is a block of flats owned freehold by a cooperative. Each housing cooperative has their own bylaws. The members hold annual meetings in the housing cooperative, in which they elect a board of directors that take on the responsibility of managing the cooperation during the upcoming year. In most normal - sized cooperatives the board members are recruited among the inhabitants. The board sets the monthly fee, secures proper administrative procedures, keeps the property in good condition, and may initiate large renovation projects when necessary. The board is also involved when a member sells his share of the co-op to someone else, as the board has to make decisions on allowing the exit of old members and the entry of new members, according to the bylaws ( with some exceptions, e.g., the applicant 's nationality, income, or wealth are not valid grounds to refuse entry ). The board is also involved when individual members want to initiate large renovation projects, or rent out their apartment to a non-member. The housing cooperative is a special legal entity, regulated in Swedish law. It has the same obligations of bookkeeping and issuing annual reports as companies and it can take mortgages in the property if needed. In addition, each member may also take mortgages in his bostadsrätt in order to finance his acquisition of it. The monthly fee paid by the members to the cooperative is intended to cover the operational and financial expenditures of the cooperative. The financial situation of the Swedish cooperatives vary a lot, and on rare occasions cooperatives may go bankrupt. If bankruptcy occurs, the property is sold and the remaining assets are shifted out to the members ( who may stay on as tenants or try to form a new cooperative ). In existing properties, tenants may form a housing cooperative together, and then make an offer to the owner to buy the property. When such a cooperative has been formed, it automatically becomes the first prospective buyer should the owner desire to sell. The acquisition is financed by a combination of equity ( i.e. the ' stakes ' paid by the members ) and bank loans. In properties intended to be owned by housing cooperatives from the start, the construction company ( which is either a non-profit association such as HSB, Riksbyggen, or SBC ; or a for - profit developer such as PEAB, Veidekke, or Skanska ) normally forms a cooperative when the building is erected, and then sells the different apartments ( i.e., their shares in the co-op ) at fixed prices. When all apartments are sold, the new members take over the responsibility for the property and elect their own board of directors. Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland 5.1 % of all housing units are in cooperatives. The Schweizerischer Verband für das Wohnungswesen ( Swiss cooperative housing federation ) represents around 1,500 housing cooperatives with about 160,000 housing units. United Kingdom ( edit ) Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1 % of housing stock. Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland. The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative. Student housing cooperatives ( edit ) Main article : Student housing cooperative § United Kingdom Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation. Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation. United States ( edit ) Nottingham Cooperative in Madison, Wisconsin, a co-op home since 1971 In the United States, housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance from Madison, Wisconsin to the Greater New York metropolitan area. There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle - class housing projects built by the US Government between 1940 - 42 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and more. The National Association of Housing Cooperatives ( NAHC ) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident - owned or controlled housing, professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities. NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership. NASCO, or North American Students of Cooperation, is an organization founded in 1968 that has helped organized cooperative living for students. With a presence in over 100 towns and cities across North America, NASCO has provided tens of thousands of students with sustainable housing. New York metropolitan area ( edit ) Co-op City in The Bronx, New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people. Cooperatives have a long history in Metropolitan New York -- in November 1882, Harper 's Magazine describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more -- and can be found throughout New York City, Westchester County, which borders the city to the north, and towns in New Jersey that are immediately across the Hudson River from Manhattan, such as Fort Lee, Edgewater, or Weehawken. Apartment buildings and multiple - family housing make up a more significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities, and the cooperative form of ownership has dominated over the condominium form. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than condominiums in the New York City area are : Inspired by Abraham Kazan, cooperatives appeared at least as far back as the 1920s while a legal basis for condominium form of ownership was not available in New York State until 1964. Passage of the Condominium Act then opened a wave of construction of condominium buildings. The cooperative form can be advantageous as a building mortgage can be carried by the cooperative corporation, leaving less financing to be obtained by each co-op owner. Under condominium ownership only the separate condo owners provide financing. Particularly when interest rates are high, a conversion sponsor may find unit buyers more easily under the cooperative arrangement as buyers will have less financing to arrange on their own ; the apparent purchase price of a unit in a cooperative building holding an underlying mortgage is lower than a condo purchase. Cooperative unit buyers may not accurately weigh their share of the building 's mortgage. Also, later in a building 's life after conversion, major new investments required to repair or replace building systems can be raised by a new central mortgage in a cooperative, while in a condominium funds could only be raised by onerous assessments being required of each individual unit owner. However, New York 's condominium law was amended in 1997 to allow condominium associations to borrow money. The 1974 creation and then subsequent influence on policy by the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board, a housing advocacy group, which enabled the conversion of over 1,600 foreclosed, city - held rentals into limited - equity, resident - controlled co-ops. A co-op building 's board can exercise its own business discretion to impose restrictions on shareholders, and reject prospective purchasers without explanation, as long as the board does not violate federal and state housing or civil rights laws. Most of the housing cooperatives in the Greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s ; generally they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units ( buying from the owner of the entire building ) did not have to be approved by a board. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in Manhattan, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive ; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by co-op boards. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Miami - Fort Lauderdale - West Palm Beach areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York. Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by trade unions, such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. One of the largest projects was Cooperative Village in Lower East Side of Manhattan. The United Housing Foundation was set up in 1951 and built Co-op City in The Bronx, designed by architect Herman Jessor. One of the first subsidized, fixed - value cooperatives was Morningside Gardens in Manhattan 's Morningside Heights. Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City -- in this case by low - and moderate - income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs. The period also saw some landlord - induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes -- over 20 % of multi-family residential properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s. In 1977, the city passed Local Law # 45, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an in rem foreclosure. In September 1978, the city 's housing agency, the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development ( HPD ), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings. The Urban Homesteading Assistance Board ( UHAB ), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited - equity housing co-operatives. Working with the city 's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low - income people with the tools -- seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training -- to build and run limited - equity housing co-operatives. Through a long - standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease ( TIL ) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing. Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These are known as `` Land Lease Buildings '' and often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners. Student housing cooperatives ( edit ) Main article : Student housing cooperative § United States Keep Cottage, one of the eight co-ops in the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association. Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include Berkeley Student Cooperative, Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative and the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association. See also ( edit ) Condop Subsidized housing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asunto - osakeyhtiö '' in Finnish, most similar to `` bostadsrättsförening '' in Sweden today, where the term and organizations called `` bostadsaktiebolag '' are nowadays rare, but they are still very common in Swedish in Finland. ^ Jump up to : `` The Characteristics of Housing Cooperatives ''. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ Mallin, Barry. `` Limited Equit Cooperatives : A Legal Handbook '' New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal, ndg Jump up ^ `` A New York Co-op Apartment Lawyer : Co-op Boards, Shareholders, Managing Agents, and Commercial Tenants ''. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Condo vs. Co-op Apartment : The New York City Real Estate Question for Buyers, Sellers and Investors ''. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ Romano, Jay. `` Your Home ; Proprietary Co-op Lease : New Model '' New York Times ( December 12, 2000 ) Jump up ^ Co-operative Corporations Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter C. 35 : Non-Profit Housing Co-Operatives. Retrieved 14 March 2010. Jump up ^ Coophousing.org Archived 2007 - 02 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Sazama, Gerald W. ( 2000 ). `` Lessons from the History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States : A Case Study in American Affordable Housing Policy ''. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Les Babayagas, la silver solidarité au quotidien ''. Libération.fr. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Félicitations! ''. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Félicitations! '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Home - The Sunday Edition - CBC Radio ''. Cbc.ca. Retrieved 23 December 2017. Jump up ^ Kuhnert, Jan ; Leps, Olof ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ). Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit ( in German ). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 33 -- 56. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 658 - 17570 - 2_2. ISBN 9783658175696. Jump up ^ Kuhnert, Jan ; Leps, Olof ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ). Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit ( in German ). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 187 -- 212. doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 658 - 17570 - 2_7. ISBN 9783658175696. Jump up ^ Halva befolkningen bor i småhus, Statistics Sweden, May 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Housing cooperatives in today 's Switzerland '' ( PDF ). Current Concerns ( 11 ) : 11. 12 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Development of the housing co-operative sector - CCH Confederation of Co-operative Housing ''. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` New co-op homes ''. Cch.coop. Jump up ^ `` Catalyst Collective ''. Catalystcollective.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` How to set up a housing cooperative '' ( PDF ). Radicalroutes.org.uk. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10. Jump up ^ `` MAHC Main page ''. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` National Association of Housing Cooperatives ( NAHC ) ''. Coophousing.org. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` National Association of Housing Cooperatives ( NAHC ) ''. Coophousing.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` North American Student of Cooperation ''. 12 November 2017. Jump up ^ Whitsett, Ross. Urban Mass : A Look at Co-op City. The Cooperator. December 2006. Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Living in New York '' ( PDF ). Harper 's Magazine : 918. November 1882. Jump up ^ Sazama, Gerald ( January 1996 ). `` A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States '' ( PDF ). University of Connecticut. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 10. ^ Jump up to : Kennedy, Shawn G. ( May 21, 1986 ). `` Q and A ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Garbarine, Rachelle ( September 26, 1997 ). `` Residential Real Estate ; New Financial Option for Condo Boards ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Romano, Jay ( June 1, 1997 ). `` Condo Boards and Loans ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Nussbaum,, Jay ( April 2007 ). `` Planning for the Unknown : Condominium Borrowing ''. The Cooperator. ^ Jump up to : Carlson, Neil F. ( 2004 ). `` UHAB Comes of Age : 30 Years of Self - Help Housing in New York '' ( PDF ). UHAB. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 06. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ Allred, Christopher J. ( 2000 ). Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment ( PDF ). NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2012 - 02 - 02. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Arsen, David ( July 1992 ). `` Property Tax Assessment Rates and Residential Abandonment ''. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 51 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 377. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1536 - 7150.1992. tb03487. x. JSTOR 3487318. Jump up ^ Smothers, Ronald ( April 10, 1983 ). `` City - owned housing units increase ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Tucker, William ( Autumn 1990 ). `` The Hidden Costs of Housing Madness ''. City Journal. Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 11. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ Wolkoff, Michael J. ( 1999 ). Housing New York : policy challenges and opportunities. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0353 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Preservation and Development, New York City Housing. `` Development ''. Rehabilitation : Tenant Interim Lease Purchase Program. City of New York. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 09. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Buying in a Land Lease Cooperative Building ''. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Housing cooperatives. National Cooperative Law Center International Cooperative Alliance Housing Co-op Housing ( PDF ) List of Housing Co-ops in the Intentional Communities Directory International Co-operative Alliance National Association of Housing Cooperatives Council of New York Cooperatives and Condominiums Accommodation Type House Lodging Habitual residence Arrangements Roomsharing Roommate Cohabitation Recluse Solitude Parasite single Nuclear family Group home Housing cooperative Extended family Lacking Homelessness Squatting No fixed abode Street children Runaway ( dependent ) Cooperatives and mutual organizations ( hide ) Types of cooperatives By governance Consumer Cooperative federation list Cooperative wholesale society Worker ( list ) Employee ownership Workers ' self - management Workers ' control Workplace democracy Business and employment co-operative Purchasing Retailers ' cooperative Other Social cooperative Agent - owned company By purpose Banking Credit union Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association Building society Housing Building Cohousing Student housing Housing society ( egalitarian ) Intentional community Agricultural Collective farming Reforestation Winemaking Wheat pool Utility ( list ) Community wind energy Electric Telephone Mutual education Anarchistic free school Homeschool Democratic education Learning by teaching Mutual insurance Health insurance cooperative Other Food list Recycling Topics Identity Rochdale Principles ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity Political and economic theories Co-operative economics Cooperative federalism Distributism Economic democracy Mutualism Neo-Capitalism Owenism Social enterprise Socialism Socially responsible investing Solidarity economy Key theorists G.D.H. Cole Charles Gide David Griffiths William King Robert Owen Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen David Schweickart Rochdale Pioneers Beatrice Webb By region Canada Ukraine United Kingdom United States Organizations List of cooperatives worker energy federations International Co-operative Alliance Co-operative Party History of the cooperative movement. coop GND : 4066780 - 7 NDL : 00566122 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&oldid=839033052 '' Categories : Social programs Intentional communities Housing cooperatives Real estate Human habitats Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018, at 20 : 36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Housing cooperative", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&amp;oldid=839033052" }

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{ "text": "Gastrocnemius muscle - wikipedia Gastrocnemius muscle Jump to : navigation, search Gastrocnemius muscle Details Pronunciation / ˌɡæstrɒkˈniːmiəs / or / ˌɡæstrəkˈniːmiəs / Origin superior to articular surfaces of lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur Insertion tendo calcaneus ( achilles tendon ) into mid-posterior calcaneus Artery sural arteries Nerve tibial nerve from the sciatic, specifically, nerve roots S1 -- S2 Actions plantar flexes foot, flexes knee Antagonist Tibialis anterior muscle Identifiers TA A04. 7.02. 044 FMA 22541 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The gastrocnemius muscle ( plural gastrocnemii ) is a superficial two - headed muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg of humans. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, a two joint muscle. The muscle is named via Latin, from Greek γαστήρ `` stomach '' and κνήμη ( knḗmē ) `` leg '' ; meaning `` stomach of leg '' ( referring to the bulging shape of the calf ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Variation 2 Function 2.1 Motor pathway 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The gastrocnemius is located with the soleus in the posterior ( back ) compartment of the leg. The lateral head originates from the lateral condyle of the femur, while the medial head originates from the medial condyle of the femur. Its other end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle ; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles Tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone. Further, it is considered a superficial muscle as it is located directly under skin, so its shape is clearly visible in a normal human being. Deep to the gastrocnemius ( farther from the skin ) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae or `` three - headed ( muscle ) of the calf '', since they share a common insertion via the Achilles tendon. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in `` locking '' the knee from the standing position. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial to the mid-shaft of the tibia. Variation ( edit ) 10 % to 30 % of individuals have a sesamoid bone called the `` fabella '' in the lateral ( outer ) head of gastrocnemius muscle. Function ( edit ) Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint. The gastrocnemius is primarily involved in running, jumping and other `` fast '' movements of leg, and to a lesser degree in walking and standing. This specialization is connected to the predominance of white muscle fibers ( type II fast twitch ) present in the gastrocnemius, as opposed to the soleus, which has more red muscle fibers ( type I slow twitch ) and is the primary active muscle when standing still, as determined by EMG studies. Motor pathway ( edit ) The plan to use the gastrocnemius in running, jumping, knee and plantar flexing is created in the precentral gyrus in the cerebrum of the brain. Once a plan is produced, the signal is sent to and down an upper motor neuron. The signal is passed through the internal capsule and decussates, or crosses, in the medulla oblongata, specifically in the lateral corticospinal tract. The signal continues down through the anterior horn of the spinal cord where the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron. Signal propagation continues down the anterior rami ( Lumbar 4 - 5 and Sacral 1 - 5 ) of the sacral plexus. The sciatic nerve branches off of the sacral plexus in which the tibial and common fibular nerves are wrapped in one sheath. The tibial nerve eventually separates from the sciatic nerve and innervates the gastrocnemius muscle. Thus, completing the plan the brain had originally started with, so that the actions of running, standing, and jumping could be executed. Clinical significance ( edit ) The gastrocnemius muscle is prone to spasms, which are painful, involuntary contractions of the muscle that may last several minutes. A severe ankle dorsiflexion force may result in an injury of the muscle, commonly referred to as a `` torn '' or `` strained '' calf muscle, which is acutely painful and disabling. Ultrasound of medial gastrocnemius strain The gastrocnemius muscle may also become inflamed due to overuse. Anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy ( heat, massage, and stretching ) may be useful. Anatomical abnormalities involving the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle result in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. History ( edit ) In a 1967 EMG study, Herman and Bragin concluded that its most important role was plantar flexing in large contractions and in rapid development of tension. Additional images ( edit ) Nerves, arteries and veins surrounding the gastrocnemius and soleus. Muscle layer under the gastrocnemius Cross section of the lower leg, showing the gastrocnemius at the back. Gastrocnemius muscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clinically Oriented Anatomy. pp. 598 -- 600. ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 652 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Hamilton, Nancy ; Luttgens, Kathryn ( 2001 ). Kinesiology : Scientific Basis of Human Motion ( 10th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 248910 - 1. Jump up ^ Freberg, Laura ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ). Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience : An Introduction to Biological Psychology. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305687738. Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth ( 2015 ). Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw - Hill Education. Jump up ^ `` Nighttime Leg Cramps ''. WebMD. August 19, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2012. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gastrocnemius muscle. Anatomy photo : 14 : st - 0405 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center ( hide ) Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrocnemius_muscle&oldid=835315986 '' Categories : Calf muscles Knee flexors Plantar flexors Muscles of the lower limb Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 23 : 08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gastrocnemius muscle", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gastrocnemius_muscle&amp;oldid=835315986" }

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{ "text": "State of Origin series - wikipedia State of Origin series State of Origin Current season or competition : 2018 State of Origin series Sport Rugby league Instituted 1982 Inaugural season 1980 Number of teams Country Australia ( ARLC ) Shield Holders New South Wales ( 2018 ) Website Official State of Origin website Broadcast partner Nine Network Related competitions City vs Country Origin Super League Tri-series The State of Origin series is the annual best - of - three rugby league football match series between two Australian state representative sides, the New South Wales Blues and the Queensland Maroons. Referred to as Australian sport 's greatest rivalry, the State of Origin series is one of Australia 's premier sporting events, attracting huge television audiences and usually selling out the stadiums in which the games are played. It is regularly described as being the pinnacle of rugby league, even in comparison with international competitions. Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game, hence the name ' state of origin '. Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time. In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental `` State of Origin '' match. From 1982 onwards a best - of - three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield. During the early years, the results were extraordinarily even. However, since 2006, Queensland has won every series except in 2014 and 2018. Contents 1 Teams 2 History 2.1 Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 2.2 Conception of State of Origin football 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Adoption 2.5 1987 : American controversy 2.6 1990s 2.7 2000s 2.8 2010s 3 Venues 3.1 Queensland 3.2 New South Wales 3.3 Interstate & International 4 Popularity 5 Broadcasting 6 Selection rules 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Anomalies 7 Results 7.1 Year by year 8 Wally Lewis Medal 9 Records 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 9.2. 1 Playing 9.3 Coaching 9.4 Other Records 10 Under 20s 11 Women 's State of Origin 11.1 All - Team Records 12 See also 13 References 13.1 History 13.2 General records and statistics 13.3 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match 13.4 Player lists 14 Further reading 15 External links Teams ( edit ) Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia, the sport 's two major states, New South Wales and Queensland, have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s. The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons, reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys. These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold. The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League. The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '', due to names given to them by Barry Muir and Johnny Raper respectively. It was reinforced by a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such. Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams, they have not competed in State of Origin. History ( edit ) Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 ( edit ) The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia. In 1900 a journalist known as ' The Cynic ' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland, Stephen Spragg, should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales. Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908, an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time. Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state. No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves. The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908, before Queensland had even commenced its club competition. New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory. The local media were unimpressed. There can be no doubt the NSW men are improving a good deal... They can not be blamed for the farce, for it was nothing else. If the Australian team depends on Queenslanders to strengthen it, one is afraid it will be found wanting. They are quite the weakest lot of footballers I have even seen come down from Queensland. The play needs no detailed description as it was simply a practice match for NSW, and certainly did not advantageously advertise the new game. - The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 July 1908 The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales, apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s. From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches. At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain. Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders, the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition, and that there would be no Australian tour. The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain, the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars. The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales. This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs. From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition, becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection. Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that `` every time Queensland produces a good footballer, he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine. '' Prior to 1956, NSW had won 75 % and Qld only 25 % of series played. From 1956 -- 1981, NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8 % with only 1 series win, in 1959. Conception of State of Origin football ( edit ) By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded. Matches were played mid-week, so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition, and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds. Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League ( NSWRFL ) declined to host the Queensland team, and both interstate games were played in Queensland. Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon, who had later become a journalist, was the first to suggest that Sydney - based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state. Brisbane Courier - Mail reporter Hugh Lunn, Barry Maranta ( the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos ) and Maranta 's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league. Lunn told McAullife that `` you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland, Ron, but you ca n't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander. '' McAuliffe was initially sceptical. `` What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play, and we are beaten. Where would we go from there? '' Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one - off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial. New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions : If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial, and also, that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted. ( From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott, a Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks official. ) Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan : St. George Dragons, South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters. As these clubs were refusing to release players, Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial, which would make release mandatory. The clubs backed down. Experimentation ( edit ) See also : 1980 State of Origin game and 1981 State of Origin game After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7, the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane. The New South Wales media gave both the event, and Queensland 's chance of winning it, little credence, calling the game a `` three day wonder ''. Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century ''. Ron MacAullife however, was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match. Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned. Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ), few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans, delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever. Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10. I was strongly against such a match, but last night 's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program. -- Alan Clarkson, journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 1980 In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules. As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series, state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match. Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15 -- 0 lead in the game, Queensland rallied to win 22 -- 15. Adoption ( edit ) The first State of Origin shield, depicting Queensland 's Wally Lewis and New South Wales ' Brett Kenny. The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year. The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive. -- Frank Hyde ( 2 June 1982 ) Despite the Maroons ' success so far in the State of Origin experiments, the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues ' long - held dominance in series wins. Queensland however, under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis, was inspired by this, and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1. However, in 1985, under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer, New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground, claiming the series for the first time. The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash, taking the series 3 -- 0. 1987 : American controversy ( edit ) After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2 -- 1, a fourth game was played at Long Beach, California to showcase rugby league to the American public. In Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 ( 2003 ) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story : There was one additional Origin contest played in 1987. The Queenslanders had climbed the mountain and at no point did they take the project seriously in any competitive sense. The State of Origin trophy was safely stowed in the Queensland Rugby League board room at Lang Park, and for the Maroons the visit to the United States was their end - of - season outing, the game an exhibition... Such was the Blues ' disappointment at the loss of the State of Origin series that they would go to any length to restore some vestige of their lost pride. The New South Wales Rugby League hierarchy told their men to prepare for the contest as though it was a deciding test match. The match was played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Long Beach, California in front of 12,349 fans. The Blues won the game 30 -- 18. In 1987 the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ), New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players ' individual statistics. On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League ( whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League ) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match, and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead. ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said : `` There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture... in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game 's governing body at the time. In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987, Ken Arthurson, the ARL 's chief executive in 1987, was quoted as saying ' It 's an exciting experiment but the match is n't and wo n't be billed as an exhibition match '. '' 1990s ( edit ) After the controversy of the match played in the United States, the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3 -- 0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989. The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series. It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew, the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series. As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game, the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience. The 1992, 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins, Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line. It was n't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series. A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos, its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons. Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3 -- 0 in a shocking white - wash. The 1996 series saw the off - field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed, regardless of contract, state of origin selection. Having the majority of the Queenslanders back did n't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white - wash with a 3 -- 0 series win of their own. The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions, one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited - owned Super League, and an interstate series was played in each. Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition. The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format. The teams were selected using origin rules, and New South Wales and Queensland met twice. These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record. As with the premiership, players were spread between two representative tournaments as well. The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League, and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home, setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2 -- 1. The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw. Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours. 2000s ( edit ) The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance, causing some critics ( who? ) to question the future of State of Origin. However, this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series, which is seen as the starting point of Queensland 's unprecedented dynasty. Queensland followed by winning the 2007 series, as well as the 2008 series, which made Queensland 's streak three series in a row. New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008, however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008, and Game 3 on 2 July 2008. Queensland continued to follow this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row. 2010s ( edit ) In 2010, Queensland won its historic, record - breaking, fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23 -- 18 win in the third and final match. This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years. Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010. The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB - T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB - T and PAL. In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16 -- 12. In the second game New South Wales defeated Queensland 18 -- 8. Queensland won the series 34 -- 24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer 's 36th and final game. Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series. In 2012, then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under - 20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning. Queensland went on to win a historic 7th series win in 2012, winning the final game by 1 point. In 2013, New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1, Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2, while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time. The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system. In 2014, New South Wales defeated Queensland 12 - 8 in the first game of the series, and 6 - 4 in the second. In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32 - 8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute, with Queensland leading 6 - 2 in the first half. This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years. In 2015, Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 - 10 in game 1 played in Sydney, New South Wales defeated Queensland 26 - 18 in game 2 played in Melbourne, Queensland defeated New South Wales 52 - 6 in game 3 played in Brisbane, winning the series 2 - 1. In 2016, Queensland defeated New South Wales 6 - 4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26 - 16 win in the second match. New South Wales closed off the series with a 18 - 14 win over Queensland. In 2017, New South Wales won Game 1, 28 - 4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty. Queensland won Game 2, 18 - 16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston, who kicked the winning goal for Queensland. Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match, essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match. Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction, ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year. In Game 3, New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games, the first to do so since 1996. Queensland dominated the Blues, winning 22 - 6, with Queensland winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series. It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith, before being chaired off the ground by his teammates, ending Thurston 's representative career on a high note. In 2018, New South Wales won their first State of Origin series in four years, defeating Queensland 22 -- 12 and 18 -- 14 in the first two games. Queensland scored a consolation victory 18 -- 12 in the final game. Venues ( edit ) Queensland ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Lang Park ( Brisbane Stadium / Suncorp Stadium ) Brisbane 52 52,540 16,559 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( QE2 Stadium ) Brisbane 49,441 47,989 New South Wales ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Stadium Australia ( Telstra Stadium / ANZ Stadium ) Sydney 25 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium ( Allianz Stadium ) Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) Sydney 6 42,048 20,242 Interstate & International ( edit ) Venue City State Country No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 91,513 25,105 Docklands Stadium ( Telstra Dome / Etihad Stadium ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 56,021 50,967 Olympic Park Stadium Melbourne Victoria Australia 25,800 -- Veterans Memorial Stadium Long Beach California United States 12,439 -- Popularity ( edit ) In 2013, each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event. In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland, with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds for rugby league and local television ratings comparable to those of some Victorian AFL matches. Internationally, the series is televised in 91 countries, and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea, occasionally sparking riots, violence and deaths. It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand. Broadcasting ( edit ) Within Australia, Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series, with replays airing on Fox Sports. The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand. Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia. In the United States, Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011, with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013. Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK. Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG 's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J. This broadcast was presented by the characters `` Rampaging '' Roy Slaven and HG Nelson ( played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver ), who commentated the game with a unique comedic style. Roy and HG 's broadcasts began in the late 1980s, and continued until 2008. Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009, at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary. Selection rules ( edit ) Sydney Brisbane Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior ( or registered ) rugby league. In 2012, the NSWRL, CRL, QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility, to encompass other factors, such as place of birth. Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level. Controversy ( edit ) From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy. Since 1980, Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth, while for New South Wales the total is only 6. However, place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012. An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling, Ken Nagas, James McManus, Israel Folau and Greg Inglis. Israel Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland. Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales, Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba, Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga, Newcastle & Sydney, all in New South Wales, while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory, but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series. The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed. The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis ' first senior football, making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time. However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle, New South Wales, in the Arrive Alive Cup ; considered to be a senior competition. Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said `` there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team. He played for us at 16, he 's a Blue ''. The controversy led to the creation of the `` That 's In Queensland '' viral video. Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States. Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland. Previously father and son combinations, such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states. This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales. Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby league for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast Foreign born players have also represented each state. New Zealand has had several players, such as Brad Thorn, Ben Te'o, Craig Smith, Willie Mason, Tonie Carroll, James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin. Tamou 's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis, lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations. Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin. Other players, such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible, creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League. Apart from representing Queensland, Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international, having played international rugby league for Australia, and international rugby union for the All Blacks. Papua New Guinea - born Adrian Lam and Fijian - born Lote Tuqiri, Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin. Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW. Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW. The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international, Ben Te'o, by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season. A report into eligibility based on a player 's birth state showed ; `` Of the 18 series that QLD has won, it had the greater percentage of non-State ( born ) players in its side on 14 of those occasions -- revealing a 77.8 % dependency. Of the 13 series that NSW has won, on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State ( born ) players across the series -- revealing a 38.5 % dependency. '' Anomalies ( edit ) In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection. This included most of Queensland 's usual team, who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos. The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years, allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea. The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon 's swept aside NSW, who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players, 3 - 0. During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule. The players affected were David Barnhill ( NSW ), Kevin Campion ( Qld ), Tonie Carroll ( Qld ), Graham Mackay ( NSW ), Willie Mason ( NSW ), Luke Ricketson ( NSW ), Lote Tuqiri ( Qld ) and Adrian Vowles ( Qld ), Results ( edit ) For full results and statistics, see State of Origin results and statistics Year by year ( edit ) Of the 36 full series played, Queensland have won 21, New South Wales 14, with 2 series drawn ( Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year 's winner ). With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980, 1981 and 1987, the total number of games played is 108. Queensland have won 58, New South Wales have won 51, with 2 matches being drawn. The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series, as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series, with the final game concluding in a draw. At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock, and by the same set of rules, Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders, but did not win the series. Due to controversy around the second drawn series, and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland, the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series. Equal points at the close of full - time are now resolved with the golden point method. State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland 2018 New South Wales 0 New South Wales State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series. Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series, irrespective of state. The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series. Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times. Recipients Year Player State Position Club Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Lock Sydney Roosters 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Fullback Sydney Roosters 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland Five - eighth Brisbane Broncos 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland Halfback, Five - eighth North Queensland Cowboys 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Centre Melbourne Storm Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2012 Nate Myles Queensland Second - row Gold Coast Titans 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales Lock, Prop Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 2015 Corey Parker Queensland Lock Brisbane Broncos 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Wing Newcastle Knights 2018 Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis ' retirement in 1992 until 2003, where the best player of the series could win the award, regardless of their state. The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award. Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most points scored in a game : 72, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III, 2000 ) Most points scored by a team : 56, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III, 2000 ) Largest winning margin : 46, Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales ( Game III, 2015 ) Most consecutive games won : 8, Queensland ( Game II, 1987 - Game III, 1989 ) Most consecutive series won : 8, Queensland ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Most series clean sweeps : 4, Queensland ( 1988 -- 1989, 1995, 2010 ) Individual ( edit ) Oldest player : 36 years 74 days, Petero Civoniceva ( 2012 ) ( Queensland ) Youngest player : 18 years and 83 days, Ben Ikin ( 1995 ) ( Queensland ) Playing ( edit ) Most games : 42 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most consecutive games : 36 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most games as captain : 30 Wally Lewis ( 1981 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 24 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 11 Cameron Smith ( 2006 -- 2013, 2015 -- present ) ( Queensland ) & Johnathan Thurston ( 2006 -- 2013, 2015 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most Man of the Match Awards won : 8 Wally Lewis ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most points : 224 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most tries : 18 Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most goals : 101 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most field goals : 4 Andrew Johns ( 1995 -- 2005 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one game : 32 Ryan Girdler ( Game III, 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one series : 52 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most tries in one game : 3 ( Anderson, Boustead, Girdler, Tuqiri, Sing, King, Gagai, Holmes ) Most tries in one series : 5 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ), Lote Tuqiri ( 2002 ) ( Queensland ) Most goals in one game : 10 Ryan Girdler ( Game III, 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most goals in one series : 16 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one game : 2 Ben Elias ( Game III, 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one series : 2 Ben Elias ( 1994 ) ( New South Wales ), Andrew Johns ( 2003 ) ( New South Wales ) 1. ^ Smith and Thurston competed in at least one game associated with each series wins. Coaching ( edit ) Most games : 30 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 19 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 9 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Other Records ( edit ) Source Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 ) Leading Try Scorers Try Scorer State Games Tries ( Ave. ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 ( 0.60 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 ( 0.65 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 ( 0.46 ) Billy Slater QLD 31 12 ( 0.44 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 ( 0.58 ) Jarryd Hayne NSW 23 11 ( 0.45 ) Allan Langer QLD 34 10 ( 0.29 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 ( 0.25 ) Dane Gagai QLD 10 10 ( 1.00 ) Timana Tahu NSW 12 8 ( 0.67 ) Anthony Minichiello NSW 11 8 ( 0.73 ) Brad Fittler NSW 31 8 ( 0.26 ) Leading Point Scores Point Scorers State Games Tries Goals Field Goals Points ( Ave. ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 5 101 234 ( 5.94 ) Mal Meninga QLD 32 6 69 0 161 ( 5.03 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 42 129 ( 6.79 ) Andrew Johns NSW 23 38 96 ( 4.17 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 22 82 ( 2.28 ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 7 27 0 82 ( 10.25 ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 0 0 72 ( 2.40 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 0 0 68 ( 2.62 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 9 0 66 ( 2.54 ) Rod Wishart NSW 22 5 22 0 64 ( 2.91 ) Cameron Smith QLD 42 5 19 0 64 ( 1.33 ) Venue Stats Venue State Games Total Attendance Average Lang Park QLD 52 2,049,574 39,414 S.C.G NSW 6 192,773 32,128 Long Beach Neutral 12,439 12,439 S.F.S NSW 14 521,836 37,274 Olympic Neutral 25,800 25,800 M.C.G Neutral 256,773 64,193 Stadium_Australia NSW 25 1,862,616 74,504 QEII QLD 97,430 48,715 Docklands Neutral 161,821 53,940 Appearance Stats Players State Games Years Cameron Smith QLD 42 2003 - 2017 Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 2005 - 2017 Darren Lockyer QLD 36 1998 - 2011 Allan Langer QLD 34 1987 - 2002 Petero Civoniceva QLD 33 2001 - 2012 Greg Inglis QLD 32 2006 - 2018 Mal Meninga QLD 32 1980 - 1994 Nate Myles QLD 32 2006 - 2017 Wally Lewis QLD 31 1980 - 1991 Brad Fittler NSW 31 1990 - 2004 Billy Slater QLD 30 2004 - 2018 Leading Goal Kickers Players State Games Goals / Attempts ( % ) Jamie Soward NSW 9 / 11 ( 81.82 % ) Mat Rogers QLD 5 12 / 15 ( 80.00 % ) James Maloney NSW 11 21 / 23 ( 80.00 % ) Jamie Lyon NSW 10 8 / 10 ( 80.00 % ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 36 96 / 121 ( 79.34 % ) Trent Hodkinson NSW 6 12 / 16 ( 75.00 % ) Tim Brasher NSW 21 9 / 12 ( 75.00 % ) Craig Fitzgibbon NSW 11 20 / 27 ( 74.07 % ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 22 / 30 ( 73.33 % ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 27 / 37 ( 72.97 % ) Cameron Smith QLD 39 16 / 22 ( 72.73 % ) Most Points Scored In A Games Players State Tries Goals Field Goals Points Game Ryan Girdler NSW 10 0 32 Game 3, 2000 Lote Tuqiri QLD 0 18 Game 2, 2002 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 9 0 18 Game 3, 2015 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 18 Game 1, 1985 Mal Meninga QLD 0 16 Game 1, 1989 Darren Lockyer QLD 0 16 Game 3, 2001 Dale Shearer QLD 0 16 Game 3, 1989 Mal Meninga QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 1, 1980 Darren Lockyer QLD 5 0 14 Game 1, 2001 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 2, 2008 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 14 Game 4, 1987 Series List Year Winners Games Crowd Average 1982 Queensland 22,334 Queensland 25,705 1984 Queensland 26,426 1985 New South Wales 30,301 1986 New South Wales 31,623 Queensland 36,020 1988 Queensland 25,056 1989 Queensland 35,452 1990 New South Wales 32,817 1991 Queensland 35,715 1992 New South Wales 37,806 1993 New South Wales 35,465 1994 New South Wales 56,340 1995 Queensland 44,122 Under 20s ( edit ) The Under 20s State of Origin has only had seven seasons so far ( 2012 to 2018 ) with only one game a year, instead of three. New South Wales has won six of the seven, with Queensland winning their first in 2018. They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield. Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 2012 New South Wales 0 0 2013 New South Wales 0 0 2014 New South Wales 0 0 2015 New South Wales 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 Queensland 0 0 Women 's State of Origin ( edit ) The Women 's State of Origin is the Women 's rugby league version of the game, and has been running since 1999. The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup. Furthermore, the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland, who won every series from 1999 - 2014, a better straight record than their male counterparts. Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1999 Queensland 0 0 2000 Queensland 0 0 2001 Queensland 0 0 2002 Queensland 0 0 2003 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2005 Queensland 0 0 2006 Queensland 0 0 2007 Queensland 0 0 2008 Queensland 0 0 2009 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2011 Queensland 0 0 2012 Queensland 0 0 2013 Queensland 0 0 2014 Queensland 0 0 2015 Draw 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 New South Wales 0 0 All - Team Records ( edit ) Points Queensland : 1808 Points New South Wales : 1842 Points See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal National Rugby League State of Origin Rugby league in Australia Affiliated States Championship Australian regional rivals -- NSW vs. QLD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melissa Jane Johnson Morgan & Jane Summers ( 2005 ). Sports Marketing. Thomson Learning Nelson. p. 8. ISBN 9780170128599. Jump up ^ `` The countdown is on to sport 's greatest rivalry! ''. melbournestorm.com. 9 May 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012. Jump up ^ Tasker, Norman ( 2005 ). State of Origin : twenty - five years of sport 's greatest rivalry. Caringbah, New South Wales : Playright Publishing. ISBN 0949853933. Jump up ^ `` Rep season officially launched ''. sportsaustralia.com. 5 April 2006. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Eye of the storm ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` State of O - It 's not our Game! ''. Craccum Magazine ( 14 ). 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2012. Jump up ^ Susie Ashworth, Paul Smitz, Carolyn Bain and Neal Bedford ( 2004 ). Australia. Lonely Planet. p. 132. ISBN 9781740594479. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harms, John ( 2005 ). The Pearl : Steve Renouf 's Story. Australia : University of Queensland Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780702235368. Jump up ^ Webster, Andrew ( April 2004 ). `` A few drinks with Ray Warren ''. Inside Sport. Australia : insidesport.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 September 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009. Jump up ^ Vanessa Battersby ; Paul Smitz ; Barry Blake ( 2007 ). Australian language & culture. Lonely Planet. p. 83. ISBN 9781740590990. Jump up ^ Mackay, Jamie ( 17 July 2009 ). `` State of Origin in league of its own ''. The Southland Times. Fairfax New Zealand Limited. Retrieved 9 October 2009. Jump up ^ Middleton, David ( 2008 ). League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ). National Museum of Australia. p. 27. ISBN 9781876944643. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011. Template : Webarchive url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042307/http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/attachments/league of legends / rugby league a work in progress / files / 22453 / F RL work in progress. pdf Jump up ^ Gallaway, Jack ( 2003 ). Origin : Rugby League 's greatest contest 1980 -- 2002. Australia : University of Queensland Press. pp. xi. ISBN 9780702233838. Jump up ^ Clarkson, Alan ( 10 July 1980 ). `` Football lessons by Maroons ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 48. Retrieved 6 October 2009. Jump up ^ Hyde, Frank ( 2 June 1982 ). `` Time to combine the old and new ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 30. Retrieved 6 October 2009. Jump up ^ Bodey, Michael ( 18 July 2013 ). `` State of Origin breaks audience records ''. The Australian. Retrieved 18 July 2013. Jump up ^ Roar, The. `` 2014 State of Origin 1 full time result ''. Retrieved 16 December 2015. Jump up ^ Lallo, Michael ( 29 October 2013 ). `` The X Factor a winner in the ratings, as Ten slumps ''. The Age. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ministers say ' game on ' with State of Origin series set to kick off in Melbourne ''. Premier of Victoria. Victorian Government. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ Ritson, Mark ( 13 June 2013 ). `` Channel Nine the State of Origin 's real winner ''. BRW. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ ARLC Media ( 3 June 2013 ). `` Origin set to reach its biggest market yet ''. New South Wales Rugby League. New South Wales Rugby League. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fiercest origin passions erupt in PNG ''. Sydney Morning Herald. 25 May 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Security boosted in PNG for State of Origin 2 after first round violence ''. Australia Network News. 10 Jun 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Big NZ Television Audience for State of Origin Opener ''. throng.co.nz. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Live Origin broadcast by America 's FOX Sports ''. NRL. May 25, 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` FOX SOCCER PLUS ACQUIRES AUSTRALIA 'S NRL TELSTRA PREMIERSHIP AND RUGBY LEAGUE STATE OF ORIGIN SERIES '' ( PDF ). Fox Sports Media Group. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : Stead, Chris ( 18 May 2015 ). `` The Ultimate State of Origin Lineup Comparison ''. Finder. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ Inglis sticks to colours Brisbane Times, 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ Fed - up Meninga says NSW should stop bleating over Inglis Canberra Times, 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ Why ' State of Birth ' does n't work BigPond Sport, 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ Badel, Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ). `` Greg Inglis ' Dad defends son 's decision to be a Maroon ''. The Sunday Mail. Brisbane, Australia : News Limited. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ Blues lose Korbin Sims to Queensland Newcastle Herald, 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Kiwis cranky about stopping NZ stars playing Origin Courier Mail, 29 June 2012 Jump up ^ Dark day when Kiwis choose maroon or blue stuff.co.nz, 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Song mocks Ben Te'o defection Jump up ^ Rugby League Tables Jump up ^ New South Wales smash Queensland in under - 20 's State of Origin clash Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Clifford leads the way in Queensland breakthrough ''. 11 July 2018. History ( edit ) ^ Fagan, Sean ( 2005 ). The Rugby Rebellion. RL1908. ISBN 0 - 9757563 - 0 - 3. `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser, Rockpool Publishing, ISBN 9781921295386 `` NSW v Queensland : 1908 -- 1980 '' by Sean Fagan, RL1908, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The First State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan, RL1908, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin History 1981 -- 2004 '' by Sean Fagan, RL1908, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The Origin of State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan, RL1908, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Gallaway, Jack ( 2001 ). The Brisbane Broncos : The Team To Beat. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702233420. ^ Gallaway, Jack ( 2003 ). Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3383 - 8. ^ McGregor, Adrian ( 2004 ). Wally Lewis : Forever the King. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3434 - 6. ^ `` Overseas Players and State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall, Crikey 12 April 2005, Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` The Origins of State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall, Crikey 23 May 2005, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` We Still Want Hunt '' National Rugby League, 21 March 2005, Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` How it all began '' stateoforigin.com.au, no date, retrieved 8 May 2007 General records and statistics ( edit ) `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser, Rockpool Publishing, ISBN 9781921295386 ^ Fagan, Sean ( 2005 ) `` State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2005 '' RL1908, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History : State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2003 '' by the Australian Rugby League, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History '' by The Roar, Retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ `` State of Origin Records '' by the Queensland Rugby League, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin Statistics '' by World of Rugby League, Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Official State of Origin website http://www.stateoforigin.com.au, Retrieved 15 November 2006 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match ( edit ) ^ Colman, Mike ( 26 November 2005 ) `` Assigning History by asterisks '' The Courier - Mail ( page 61 ) ^ Dick, Barry ( 16 July 2003 ) `` Origin Battle Rages On and Off the Field '' The Courier - Mail ( page 1 ) Player lists ( edit ) ^ State of Origin website Further reading ( edit ) Maxwell Leo Howell ; Peter Hastie ; Reet Howell ( 1992 ). State of Origin, the first twelve years. Herron. ISBN 9780947163969. Norman Tasker ; Australian Rugby Football League ; John Macdonald ; Mike Colman ; Andrew Webster ( 2005 ). State of Origin : 25 years of sport 's greatest rivalry. Playright Publishing. ISBN 9780949853936. Helen Elward, Graeme Langlands ( 2003 ). State of origin : gods of the grounds. Best Legenz. ISBN 9780958043311. Harris, Bret ( 1992 ). Winfield State of Origin 1980 -- 1991. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780725106973. External links ( edit ) State of Origin news section State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Rugby league in Australia National Federation Australian Rugby League Commission National teams Kangaroos Jillaroos Prime Minister 's XIII Indigenous Junior Kangaroos Schoolboys State Federations New South Wales NSW Country Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Other Federations University Masters Police Women Events All Stars Auckland Nines City vs Country State of Origin World Club Challenge Competitions National Rugby League National Youth Competition State Championship Affiliated States Championship Schoolboy Cup NRL Women 's Premiership ( starting 2018 ) Honours Clive Churchill Medal Dally M Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Big League Rugby League Week The Footy Show Fox League Friday Night Football NRL video games Lists Clubs Stadiums Premiers Wooden spooners Rugby league in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Rugby league in Oceania Main articles Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Major federations Asia - Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&oldid=857130341 '' Categories : 1982 establishments in Australia State of Origin series Rugby league competitions in Australia Rugby league rivalries Rugby league in Queensland Rugby league in New South Wales Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1908 Nine 's Wide World of Sport Sports rivalries in Australia Winter events in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 19 : 17 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "State of Origin series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&amp;oldid=857130341" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland 2018 New South Wales 0 New South Wales State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series" ], "id": [ "814461030844655079" ], "short_answers": [ "2018" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation, search Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix. The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One between August and December 2017. It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series, set as a prequel to the first game, focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber. Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues. Deck Nine started developing the game in 2016, using the Unity game engine. Voice actors from the original game did not appear in Before the Storm on account of the SAG - AFTRA strike, but reprised their roles in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved. The soundtrack was created by Daughter. Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view. The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price, three years prior to Life Is Strange. Unlike its predecessor, the game does not include time travel. Instead, Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '', with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse. A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted. Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes. The environment can be interacted with and altered, including marking walls with graffiti. Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay, sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill. Conflict arises with two men inside, whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction. The next day, Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class, stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point. They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park, which upsets Rachel. They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard. Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood, but is refused an answer. After Rachel leaves, Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed. She meets up with Rachel again, who discloses that she witnessed her father, James, cheating on her mother through the viewfinder. Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin, and in a fit of rage kicks it over, igniting a wildfire. The next day, Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school. Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repairing. She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers, who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him. Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew, who owes Frank a large sum. However, Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer, Damon Merrick, and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it. When later a student is unable to participate in the school 's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures from the wildfire, Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel. After the play, they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck and return to Rachel 's house to pack. There, following a confrontation, James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress, but in fact Rachel 's biological mother. Rachel is told that her mother, Sera, is a drug addict, and that on the day her father kissed her, he had rejected Sera 's plea to see Rachel. Chloe vows to find Rachel 's mother, against James ' wishes. Chloe contacts Frank, who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard. She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives. They are ambushed by Frank and Damon, who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney 's daughter. Surviving the wound, Rachel recovers at the hospital. Chloe continues the search by investigating James ' office for clues about Sera, instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon ; Chloe uses James ' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located, and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom. She races to Damon to pay him off, but learns when she reaches him that James wanted him to kill Sera. Frank appears and fights Damon, after which Sera entreats that Chloe never tell Rachel about James ' actions. Back at the hospital, Chloe is faced with a choice : tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth. Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression. Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine. Rhianna DeVries, who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price, voices the character, while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant. Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike. With the strike over, Burch and Hannah Telle, who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange, will return for a bonus episode. The game went under different working titles during casting, according to Kylie Brown, who was cast as Rachel Amber ( then codenamed Rebecca ) in February 2017. The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter, and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017. Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation, electric guitar for rebelliousness, and layered vocals for friendship. Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration. The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand the grieving process of the main character. Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement, images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development. Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017, stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits, and Mixtape Mode, allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack. Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' 20 December 2017 Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 76 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber. Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers. Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue. Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on, Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father. Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy. Conversely, the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed ''. Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature, while Metro and Wallace cared little for it. Otherwise lauded were the story, graphics, voice acting, and soundtrack. Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series ' greatest. Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc, while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit ''. Similarly, Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character, declaring this `` its biggest strength ''. However, Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace, in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends. Brett Makedonski, writing for Destructoid, thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect ''. Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence, which Metro stated as their favorite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices. Metro criticized the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting. Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with, saying it was `` a bit drawn out '', though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature. Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017, Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award. It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017. At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards, it was nominated for Best Audio. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson, John ( 12 July 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game ''. Red Bull Games. ^ Jump up to : Sarkar, Samit ( 11 June 2017 ). `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) ''. Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : Matulef, Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ). `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive ''. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ). Life Is Strange : Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake. Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ). Life Is Strange : Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World. Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 20 December 2017 ). Life Is Strange : Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level / area : Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty. Jump up ^ Alexander, Jem ( July 2017 ). `` Life Will Be Strange ''. Develop. No. 184. p. 17. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom ( 19 June 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence, season pass kerfuffle and more ''. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Jump up ^ Hardawar, Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ). `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen ''. Engadget. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom ( 13 June 2017 ). `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed ''. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra ( 30 November 2017 ). `` Original Life is Strange actresses return for special episode ''. Polygon. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Jump up ^ Riaz, Adnan ( 7 November 2017 ). `` Kylie Brown : ' I Was Nervous, But Ecstatic, ' to Voice Rachel Amber in Life Is Strange : Before the Storm ''. Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Jump up ^ Browne, Emily ( 11 December 2017 ). `` Talking to the voice of Rachel from Life is Strange : Before the Storm ''. PC Gamer. Jump up ^ Kress, Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ). `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Jump up ^ Biery, Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ). `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions ''. Polygon. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ Diver, Mike ( 29 August 2017 ). `` Scoring with Chloe : Daughter 's OST for Life Is Strange : Before the Storm ''. Kotaku. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Jump up ^ Conditt, Jessica ( 23 November 2017 ). `` How ' Life is Strange ' landed in Deck Nine 's hands ''. Engadget. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason ( 2 June 2017 ). `` Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up ''. Kotaku. Univision Communications. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Jump up ^ Jones, Gary ( 14 June 2017 ). `` Life is Strange Before the Storm : Chloe and Rachel 's next adventures REVEALED ''. Daily Express. Northern & Shell. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. ^ Jump up to : Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ). Life Is Strange : Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level / area : Main menu. Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany ( 12 October 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer ''. VG247. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Jump up ^ Gilyadov, Alex ( 5 December 2017 ). `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 3 Release Date Announced ''. IGN. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PC ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PlayStation 4 ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake Xbox One ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PC ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PlayStation 4 ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World Xbox One ''. Metacritic. Jump up ^ Clark, Justin ( 1 September 2017 ). `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review ''. GameSpot. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Hillier, Brenna ( 1 September 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Ep 1 review -- abandon the SS Pricefield, all aboard whatever we 're calling the Chloe Rachel ship ''. VG247. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Bell, Alice ( 1 September 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm review in progress ''. VideoGamer.com. Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan ( 1 September 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is fan service at its finest ''. The Verge. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Peeples, Jeremy ( 31 August 2017 ). `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 1 : Awake ''. Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Loveridge, Sam ( 31 August 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Episode One review : `` It 's touching, poignant, and will definitely move you '' ``. GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 1 review -- Awake ''. Metro. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley ( 31 August 2017 ). `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm -- Awake ''. Game Informer. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 2 review -- Brave New World ''. Metro. 20 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mejia, Ozzie ( 20 October 2017 ). `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - ' Brave New World ' Impressions ''. Shacknews. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett ( 19 October 2017 ). `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm : Brave New World ''. Destructoid. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Jump up ^ Juba, Joe ( 20 October 2017 ). `` Life Is Strange : Before the Storm -- Brave New World ''. Game Informer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 June 2017 ). `` GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best, most exciting games of E3 2017 ''. GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 June 2017 ). `` Best of E3 2017 -- Day Three : Fighter, Adventure, RPG, Shooter, Action ''. Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 November 2017 ). `` The Game Awards 2017 : List of Nominees ''. Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ Dwan, Hannah ( 3 November 2017 ). `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Last chance to vote for your favourite video games of the year ''. The Daily Telegraph. External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&oldid=816258423 '' Categories : 2017 video games Adventure games Coming - of - age fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Single - player video games Square Enix games Unity ( game engine ) games Video game prequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2010 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 06 : 55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Life Is Strange: Before the Storm", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&amp;oldid=816258423" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix. The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One between August and December 2017. It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series, set as a prequel to the first game, focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship" ], "id": [ "15170543016922609133" ], "short_answers": [ "October 2017" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Rocking - horse Winner - wikipedia The Rocking - horse Winner Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the short story. For other uses, see The Rocking Horse Winner ( disambiguation ). `` The Rocking - Horse Winner '' is a short story by D.H. Lawrence. It was first published in July 1926, in Harper 's Bazaar and subsequently appeared in the first volume of Lawrence 's collected short stories. It was made into a full - length film directed by Anthony Pelissier and starring John Howard Davies, Valerie Hobson and John Mills ; the film was released in the United Kingdom in 1949 and in 1950 in the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Themes 4 Standard edition 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The story describes a young middle - class Englishwoman who `` had no luck ''. Though outwardly successful, she is haunted by a sense of failure ; her husband is a ne'er - do - well and her work as a commercial artist does not earn as much as she would like. The family 's lifestyle exceeds its income and unspoken anxiety about money permeates the household. Her children, a son Paul and his two sisters, sense this anxiety ; moreover, the kids even claim they can hear the house whispering `` There must be more money. '' Paul tells his Uncle Oscar Cresswell about betting on horse races with Bassett, the gardener. He has been placing bets using his pocket money and has won and saved three hundred and twenty pounds. Sometimes he says he is `` sure '' of a winner for an upcoming race, and the horses he names do in fact win, sometimes at remarkable odds. Uncle Oscar and Bassett both place large bets on the horses Paul names. After further winning, Paul and Oscar arrange to give the mother a gift of five thousand pounds, but the gift only lets her spend more. Disappointed, Paul tries harder than ever to be `` lucky ''. As the Derby approaches, Paul is determined to learn the winner. Concerned about his health, his mother rushes home from a party and discovers his secret. He has been spending hours riding his rocking horse, sometimes all night long, until he `` gets there '', into a clairvoyant state where he can be sure of the winner 's name. Paul remains ill through the day of the Derby. Informed by Cresswell, Bassett has placed Paul 's bet on Malabar, at fourteen to one. When he is informed by Bassett that he now has 80,000 pounds, Paul says to his mother : `` I never told you, mother, that if I can ride my horse, and get there, then I 'm absolutely sure -- oh absolutely! Mother, did I ever tell you? I am lucky! '' `` No, you never did, '' said his mother. But the boy died in the night. And even as he lay dead, his mother heard her brother 's voice saying to her, `` My God, Hester, you 're eighty - odd thousand to the good, and a poor devil of a son to the bad. But, poor devil, poor devil, he 's best gone out of a life where he rides his rocking - horse to find a winner. '' Characters ( edit ) Paul : A young boy who notices that his mother does n't love him and his sisters, even though she `` adores '' them. When he receives a rocking horse for Christmas, he rides it often and comes to find that he can predict what horse is going to win the next big horse race. Hester : Paul 's mother. She becomes `` dissatisfied with her marriage '' when she finds that her husband is not lucky and does n't make enough money. Bassett : The family gardener and friend. Is the one who gets Paul into horse racing, and later becomes `` betting partners ''. Oscar Creswell : Paul 's uncle and his mother 's brother. Provided the money that Paul used to make his first win at the horse race. Signed the lawyer papers in order for Paul 's mother to receive `` one thousand pounds at a time, on the mother 's birthday, for the next five years ''. Oscar becomes partners with Paul and Bassett. Themes ( edit ) D.H. Lawrence suggests through his story that materialism and love can not coexist. Hester pressures Paul to satisfy her own materialistic desires. By demonstrating the lack of love in materialism, Lawrence suggests that external sources like money and luck can not bring one happiness ; instead, happiness must come from within. The juxtaposition of Hester 's greed with Paul 's generosity highlights the dichotomy between materialism and love. Standard edition ( edit ) The Woman who Rode Away and Other Stories ( 1928 ) edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp 230 -- 243, ISBN 0 - 521 - 22270 - 2 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lawrence, D.H. `` The Rocking - Horse Winner. '' The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Anna Charters. Compact 8th ed. Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's, 2011. 525 - 36. Print. ^ Jump up to : Cummings, Michael J. `` The Rocking - Horse Winner : a Study Guide. '' Free Study Guides for Shakespeare and Other Authors. 2008. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Rocking - Horse Winner Themes - eNotes.com ''. eNotes. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03. Foster, Thomas C. How To Read Literature Like A Professor `` The Rocking - horse Winner. '' Magill Book Reviews ( 1990 ) : Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Oct. 2011 External links ( edit ) Analysis of `` The Rocking - Horse Winner '' on Lit React ( hide ) D.H. Lawrence Novels The White Peacock ( 1911 ) The Trespasser ( 1912 ) Sons and Lovers ( 1913 ) The Rainbow ( 1915 ) Women in Love ( 1920 ) The Lost Girl ( 1920 ) Aaron 's Rod ( 1922 ) Kangaroo ( 1923 ) The Boy in the Bush ( 1924 ) The Plumed Serpent ( 1926 ) John Thomas and Lady Jane ( 1927 ) Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( 1928 ) The Escaped Cock ( 1929 ) Mr Noon ( unfinished ) Short stories and novellas `` Odour of Chrysanthemums '' ( 1911 ) The Fox ( 1923 ) The Captain 's Doll ( 1923 ) The Ladybird ( 1923 ) St Mawr ( 1925 ) The Princess ( 1925 ) `` The Rocking - Horse Winner '' ( 1926 ) `` The Woman who Rode Away '' ( 1928 ) The Virgin and the Gipsy ( 1930 ) Short story collections The Prussian Officer and Other Stories ( 1914 ) England, My England and Other Stories ( 1922 ) Plays The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd ( 1914 ) Poetry Birds, Beasts and Flowers ( 1923 ) Travel books Sea and Sardinia ( 1921 ) Mornings in Mexico ( 1927 ) Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays ( 1932 ) Non-fiction books and pamphlets Movements in European History ( 1921 ) Studies in Classic American Literature ( 1923 ) Compendiums The Cambridge Edition of the Letters and Works of D.H. Lawrence Penguin Lawrence Edition Related D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum D.H. Lawrence Ranch D.H. Lawrence Heritage Centre Frieda Lawrence ( wife ) Priest of Love ( 1981 / 1985 film ) R v Penguin Books Ltd The Chatterley Affair Films based on works D.H. Lawrence : An Unprofessional Study Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocking-Horse_Winner&oldid=804617483 '' Categories : Short stories by D.H. Lawrence 1926 short stories Works originally published in Harper 's Bazaar Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 04 : 09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. 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{ "text": "Sodom and Gomorrah - wikipedia Sodom and Gomorrah Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the biblical cities. For other uses, see Sodom and Gomorrah ( disambiguation ). The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852 Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of Lucas van Leyden 's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters Sodom and Gomorrah ( / ˈsɒdəm / ; / ɡəˈmɔːrə / ) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books, as well as in the Quran and the hadith. According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim and Bela. These five cities, also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ), were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The plain, which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea, was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock. Divine judgment by God was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities, which were completely consumed by fire and brimstone. Neighboring Zoar ( Bela ) was the only city to be spared. In Abrahamic religions, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution. Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as metaphors for vice and homosexuality, although a close reading of the text and other Ancient Near Eastern sources suggest that this association may be incorrect. The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages. These include the English word sodomy, which is used in sodomy laws to describe sexual `` crimes against nature '', namely anal or oral sex ( particularly homosexual ), or bestiality. Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historicity 3 In the Book of Genesis 3.1 Battle of Siddim 3.2 The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah 4 Other references 4.1 Moses 4.2 Major Prophets 4.3 Minor Prophets 4.4 New Testament 4.5 Deuterocanonical references 5 Religious views 5.1 Jewish 5.2 Christian 5.3 Islamic 6 Modern Sodom 7 Second World War 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of both names is uncertain. The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain. Some believe, the name Sodom ( Hebrew : סְדֹם ‎ Səḏōm ) could be a word from an early Semitic language ultimately related to the Arabic sadama, meaning `` fasten '', `` fortify '', `` strengthen '', but that is unlikely as the Gesenius ' Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon defines the hebrew word Sodom ( Cēdom ) as burning. Gomorrah ( Hebrew : עֲמֹרָה ‎ ' Ămōrāh ) could be based on the root gh mr, which means `` be deep '', `` copious ( water ), '' but this is also in dispute as it is classically known as עֲמֹרָה ʻĂmôrâh, am - o - raw ' ; from H6014 ; a ( ruined ) heap ; Amorah, a place in Palestine : -- Gomorrah. Historicity ( edit ) Painting from William Francis Lynch book The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Published in 1849 There are other stories and historical names which bear a resemblance to the Biblical stories of Sodom and Gomorrah. Some possible natural explanations for the events described have been proposed, but no widely accepted or strongly verified sites for the cities have been found. Of the five `` cities of the plain '', only Bela, modern - day Zoara, is securely identified, and it remained a settlement long after the biblical period. The ancient Greek historiographer Strabo states that locals living near Moasada ( as opposed to Masada ) say that `` there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis ''. Strabo identifies a limestone and salt hill at the south western tip of the Dead Sea, and Kharbet Usdum ( Hebrew : הר סדום, Har Sedom or Arabic : جبل السدوم, Jabal ( u ) ' ssudūm ) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom. Archibald Sayce translated an Akkadian poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire, written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction ; the names of the cities are not given. However, Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of Sennacherib 's host. In 1976 Giovanni Pettinato claimed that a cuneiform tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at Ebla contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain ( Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Bela ), listed in the same order as in Genesis. The names si - da - mu ( TM. 76. G. 524 ) and ì - ma - ar ( TM. 75. G. 1570 and TM. 75. G. 2233 ) were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah, which gained some acceptance at the time. However, Alfonso Archi states that, judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list, si - da - mu lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea, and ì - ma - ar is a variant of ì - mar, known to represent Emar, an ancient city located near Ebla. Today, the scholarly consensus is that `` Ebla has no bearing on... Sodom and Gomorra. '' Certain skeptics of the biblical account have theorized that, provided that the cities existed at all, that they might have been destroyed by natural disaster. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar. It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake, especially if they lay along a major fault such as the Jordan Rift Valley. There is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe, however, to corroborate this theory. Another idea is that the destruction was caused by the plume of a meteor that impacted in the Alps, as possibly shown in a planisphere inscribed on a cuneiform tablet. In 1973, Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities, including Bab edh - Dhra, which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp, and later finished by Rast and Schaub following his death. Other possibilities include Numeira, al - Safi, Feifa, and Khanazir, which were also visited by Schaub and Rast. Each of the sites were near the Dead Sea and showed evidence of burning and traces of sulfur. According to Schaub, however, who dug at Bab edh - Dhra, Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BCE at a different time period than Bab edh - Dhra ( 2350 -- 2067 BCE ). Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh - Dhra are currently displayed in Karak Archaeological Museum ( Karak Castle ), Amman Citadel Museum, and the British Museum. Another candidate for Sodom is the Tall el Hammam dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of Steven Collins. Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres ( 9 mi ) northeast of the Dead Sea, and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom. The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Professor Eugene H. Merrill believes that the identification of Tall el - Hammam with Sodom would require an unacceptable restructuring of the biblical chronology. The Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom. He refers to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites. In the Book of Genesis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Book of Genesis is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Battle of Siddim ( edit ) See also : Battle of Siddim The Battle of Siddim is described in Genesis 14 : 1 - 17. Sodom and Gomorrah 's political situation is described when Lot had encamped in Sodom 's territory. At this time, `` the men of Sodom ( were ) wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly ''. Sodom was ruled by King Bera while Gomorrah was ruled by King Birsha. Their kingship, however, was not sovereign, because all of the river Jordan plain was under Elamite rule for 12 years. The kingdom of Elam was ruled by King Chedorlaomer. In the 13th year of subjugation to Elam, the five kings of the river Jordan plain allied to rebel against Elamite rule. These kings included those of Sodom and Gomorrah as well as their neighbors : King Shinab of Admah, King Shemeber of Zeboiim, and the unnamed king of Bela ( later called Zoar ). In response, Elam 's King Chedorlaomer, gathered additional forces from Shinar, Ellasar and Goyim to suppress this rebellion from the cities of the plain. They waged war in the Vale of Siddim in the 14th year. The battle was brutal with heavy losses in the cities of the plain, with their resultant defeat, Genesis 14 : 10. Sodom and Gomorrah were spoiled of their goods, and captives were taken, including Lot. The tide of war turned when Lot 's uncle, Abraham, gathered an elite force that slaughtered King Chedorlaomer 's forces in Hobah, north of Damascus. The success of his mission freed the cities of the plain from under Elam 's rule. The judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah ( edit ) See also : Hospitality § Judaism The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in Genesis 18 - 19. Three men, thought by most commentators to have been angels appearing as men, came to Abraham in the plains of Mamre. After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah, his wife, `` the Lord '' revealed to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah, `` and because their sin is very grievous ''. In response, Abraham inquired of the Lord if he would spare the city if 50 righteous people were found in it, to which the Lord agreed he would not destroy it for the sake of the righteous yet dwelling therein. Abraham then inquired of God for mercy at lower numbers ( first 45, then 40, then 30, then 20, and finally at 10 ), with the Lord agreeing each time. Two angels were sent to Sodom to investigate and were met by Abraham 's nephew Lot, who convinced the angels to lodge with him, and they ate with Lot. Genesis 19 : 4 - 5 described what followed, which confirmed its end : 4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both young and old, all the people from every quarter. 5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him : ' Where are the men that came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. ' ( NRSV : know them, NIV : can have sex with them, NJB : can have intercourse with them ). Sodom and Gomorrah from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, 1493. Lot 's wife, already transformed into a salt pillar, is in the center. Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and, instead, offered them his two virgin daughters `` which have not known man '' and to `` do ye to them as ( is ) good in your eyes ''. However, they refused this offer, complained about this alien, namely Lot, giving orders, and then came near to break down the door. Lot 's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city. Then ( not having found even 10 righteous people in the city ), they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave. As they made their escape, one angel commanded Lot to `` look not behind thee '' ( singular `` thee '' ). However, as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed with brimstone and fire from the Lord, Lot 's wife looked back at the city, and she became a pillar of salt. Other references ( edit ) Major and minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible have referred to Sodom and Gomorrah to parallel their prophetic events. The New Testament also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved. Later deuterocanonical texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents. Moses ( edit ) Moses referred to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Deuteronomy 29 : 22 - 23 : `` Your children who follow you in later generations and foreigners who come from distant lands will see the calamities that have fallen on the land and the diseases with which the Lord has afflicted it. The whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sulfur -- nothing planted, nothing sprouting, no vegetation growing on it. It will be like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboyim, which the Lord overthrew in fierce anger. '' -- NIV See also : Deuteronomy 32 : 32 - 33 Major prophets ( edit ) Isaiah 1 : 9 - 10, Isaiah 3 : 9 and Isaiah 13 : 19 - 22 addresses people as from Sodom and Gomorrah, associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells Babylon that it will end like those two cities. Jeremiah 23 : 14, Jeremiah 49 : 17 - 18, Jeremiah 50 : 39 - 40 and Lamentations 4 : 6 associate Sodom and Gomorrah with adultery and lies, prophesies the fate of Edom, south of the Dead Sea, predicts the fate of Babylon and uses Sodom as a comparison. In Ezekiel 16 : 48 - 50, God compares Jerusalem to Sodom, saying `` Sodom never did what you and your daughters have done. '' He explains that the sin of Sodom was that `` She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me. '' Minor prophets ( edit ) In Amos 4 : 1 - 11, God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah, they still did not repent. In Zephaniah 2 : 9, Zephaniah tells Moab and Ammon, southeast and northeast of the Dead Sea, that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah. New Testament ( edit ) In Matthew 10 : 1 - 15, cf. Luke 10 : 1 - 12, Jesus declares certain cities more damnable than Sodom and Gomorrah, due to their response to Jesus ' disciples, in the light of greater grace ( RSV ) : `` And if any one will not receive you or listen to your words, shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town. Truly, I say to you, it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomor'rah than for that town. '' In Matthew 11 : 20 - 24, Jesus prophesies the fate of some cities where he did some of his works ( RSV ) : `` And you, Caper'na - um, will you be exalted to heaven? You shall be brought down to Hades. For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. But I tell you that it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you. '' In Luke 17 : 28 - 30, Jesus compares his second - coming to the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah ( RSV ) : `` Likewise as it was in the days of Lot -- they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they built, but on the day when Lot went out from Sodom fire and sulphur rained from heaven and destroyed them all -- so will it be on the day when the Son of man is revealed. '' In Romans 9 : 29, Paul the Apostle quotes Isaiah 1 : 9 ( RSV ) : `` And as Isaiah predicted, ' If the Lord of hosts had not left us children, we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomor'rah. ' '' In 2 Peter 2 : 4 - 10, Saint Peter says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot, he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on Judgement Day. Jude 1 : 7 records that both Sodom and Gomorrah were `` giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire ''. Revelation 11 : 7 - 8 makes an allegorical use of Sodom when it describes the places where the two witnesses will descend during the Apocalypse. Deuterocanonical references ( edit ) Wisdom 10 : 6 - 8 refers to the Five Cities : Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing ; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities. Evidence of their wickedness still remains : a continually smoking wasteland, plants bearing fruit that does not ripen, and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul. For because they passed wisdom by, they not only were hindered from recognizing the good, but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly, so that their failures could never go unnoticed. Wisdom 19 : 17 says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were `` struck with blindness, like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot. They found themselves in total darkness, as each one groped around to find his own door. '' Sirach 16 : 8 says `` ( God ) did not spare the neighbors of Lot, whom he loathed on account of their insolence. '' In 3 Maccabees 2 : 5, the high priest Simon says that God `` consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly, who were notorious for their vices ; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward ''. 2 Esdras 2 : 8 - 9 says `` Woe to you, Assyria, who conceal the unrighteous in your midst! O wicked nation, remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor ′ rah, whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes. So will I do to those who have not listened to me, says the Lord Almighty. '' 2 Esdras 5 : 1 - 13 describes signs of the end times, one of which is that `` the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish ''. In 2 Esdras 7 : 106, Ezra says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom. Religious views ( edit ) Jewish ( edit ) Rictor Norton views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of hospitality of the inhabitants of Sodom to the `` stranger ''. The people of Sodom were seen as guilty of many other significant sins. Rabbinic writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes, blasphemy and bloodshed. One of the worst was to give money or even gold ingots to beggars, after inscribing their names on them, and then subsequently refusing to sell them food. The unfortunate stranger would end up starving and after his death, the people who gave him the money would reclaim it. Jon D. Levenson views a rabbinic tradition described in the Mishnah as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct, describing Sodom 's lack of generosity with the saying, `` What is mine is mine ; what is yours is yours '' ( m. Avot 5.10 ). A modern orthodox position is one that holds, `` The paradigmatic instance of such aberrant behavior is found in the demand of the men of Sodom to ' know ' the men visiting Lot, the nephew of Abraham, thus lending their name to the practice of ' sodomy '. '' Jay Michaelson proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites. `` Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality -- not the essence of their transgression. Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax. '' Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham 's hospitality to strangers, and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom, they do so without commentary on homosexuality. The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23 : 14, where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery, lying, and strengthening the hands of evildoers ; Amos 4 : 1 - 11 ( oppressing the poor and crushing the needy ) ; and Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50, which defines the sins of Sodom as `` pride, fullness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and did toevah before me, and I took them away as I saw fit. '' Michaelson uses toevah in place of abomination to emphasize the original Hebrew, which he explains as being more correctly translated as `` taboo ''. Christian ( edit ) Several theories have been advanced in Christian thought concerning the sin of Sodom. One area of dispute is whether the mob was demanding the homosexual rape of Lot 's guests. A second area of dispute is whether the act of homosexuality or the act of inhospitality and violence towards foreigners is the more significant ethical downfall of Sodom. The first contention between the two positions primarily focuses upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb ידע ( yada ), translated as know in the King James Version : And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where ( are ) the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. -- Genesis 19 : 5 However, the word `` know '' in the King James Version has been used to refer to sexual intercourse. One example can be found in Genesis 4 : 1 between Adam and Eve : And Adam knew Eve his wife ; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD. -- Genesis 4 : 1 Some Hebrew scholars believe that yada, unlike the English word know, requires the existence of a `` personal and intimate relationship ''. For this reason, many of the most popular of the 20th century translations, including the New International Version, the New King James Version, and the New Living Translation, translate yada as `` have sex with '' or `` know... carnally '' in Gen 19 : 5 Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context, noting that while the Hebrew word for know appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Scriptures, only approximately 1 % ( 13 -- 14 times ) of those references is it clearly used as a euphemism for realizing sexual intimacy. Instead, those who hold to this interpretation usually see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers. Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of know meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the Gen 19 : 5 request, by offering his daughters for rape, only three verses later in the same narrative : Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man ; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes : only unto these men do nothing... -- Genesis 19 : 8 The following is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions : Even as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. -- Jude 1 : 7 This reference to `` going after strange flesh '' is understood in different ways to include something akin to bestiality, having illicit sex with strangers, having sex with angels, but most often God 's destruction of the populations of the four cities is interpreted to mean homosexual ( same - sex ) relations. Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for `` strange '' is akin to `` another '', `` other '', `` altered '' or even `` next '', the meaning is unclear, and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse, then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with `` other than human '' angels, perhaps referring to Genesis 6 or the apocryphal Book of Enoch. Countering this, it is pointed out that Genesis 6 refers to angels seeking women, not men seeking angels, and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation, and that, regardless, it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels. In addition, it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for `` strange '', can mean unlawful or corrupted ( Rm. 7 : 3 ; Gal. 1 : 6 ), and that the apocryphal Second Book of Enoch ( different from the Book of Enoch which Jude quotes from ) condemns `` sodomitic '' sex ( 2 Enoch 10 : 3 ; 34 : 1 ), thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent physical sin of Sodom. Both the non-sexual and the homosexuality view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible. Now this was the sin of Sodom : She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me. Therefore I did away with them as you have seen. -- Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect, while the other notes the description detestable or abomination, the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins, including those of a sexual nature. In the Gospel of Matthew ( and corresponding verse ) when Jesus warns of a worse judgment for some cities than Sodom, inhospitality is perceived by some as the sin, while others see it fundamentally being impenitence : If anyone will not welcome you or listen to your words, shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town. I tell you the truth, it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town. -- Matthew 10 : 14 - 15 The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality, which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, where hospitality was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods. Within the Christian Churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of know ( yada ) in this context, there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important. On its website, the Anglican Communion presents the argument that the story is `` not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships '', but is instead `` about dominance and rape, by definition an act of violence, not of sex or love ''. This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom ( and not homosexuality ), also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the Battle of Gibeah Bible stories. In both stories, an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners. As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner 's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story, the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential, and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob. This Exodus 22 : 21 - 24 lesson is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story. Islamic ( edit ) Main article : Lot in Islam The Quran contains twelve references to `` the people of Lut '', the biblical Lot, but meaning the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah ( references 6 : 86 - 90 ; 7 : 80 -- 84 ; 11 : 74 -- 83 ; 15 : 58 - 77 ; 21 : 74 - 75 ; 26 : 160 -- 173 ; 27 : 54 -- 58 ; 29 : 28 -- 30, 33 - 35 ; 37 : 133 - 138 ; 51 : 32 - 37 ; 54 : 33 - 38 and 66 : 10 ), and their destruction by God is associated explicitly with their sexual practices : The ' people of Lot ' transgressed consciously against the bounds of God. Their avarice led to inhospitality and robbery, which in turn led to the humiliation of strangers by mistreatment and rape. It was their abominable sin of homosexual sex which was seen as symptomatic of their attitudes, and upon Lot 's exhorting them to abandon their transgression against God, they ridiculed him, and threatened him with dire consequences ; Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did. Then Gabriel met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly, as God had given this command to Lot for saving his life. In the Quran it was written that Lot 's wife stayed behind as she had transgressed. She met her fate in the disaster, and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city, with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis, but `` the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an '' In the Quran, surah ( chapter ) 26 Ash - Shu ` arā ' ( The Poets ) -- So, We saved him and his family, all. Except an old woman among those who remained behind. -- Quran 26 : 170 -- 171 Commentary : This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al - A ` raf and Surat Hud, and in Surat Al - Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up. -- Tafsir ibn Kathir ( Commentary by Ibn Kathir ) Modern Sodom ( edit ) The site of the present Dead Sea Works, a large operation for the extraction of Dead Sea minerals, is called `` Sdom '' ( סדום ) according to its traditional Arab name, Khirbet as - sudūm ( خربت السدوم ). Nearby is Mount Sodom ( הר סדום in Hebrew and جبل السدوم in Arabic ) which consists mainly of salt. In the Plain of Sdom ( מישור סדום ) to the south there are a few springs and two small agricultural villages, Neot Hakikar and Ein Tamar. Second World war ( edit ) `` Operation Gomorrah '' was the appropriate name given to the Bombing of Hamburg in July 1943, in which 42,600 civilians were killed, and where use of incendiaries caused a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire. See also ( edit ) The Bible and homosexuality Bab edh - Dhra and Numeira, two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities ' locations Christianity and homosexuality Christianity and sexual orientation Homosexuality and Judaism Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible LGBT in Islam Religion and homosexuality Religion and LGBT people Tripura, cities likewise destroyed by divine intervention as described in Hindu mythology Vayeira, the Torah portion concerning Sodom and Gomorrah Xenia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide ''. LDS.org. Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25. IPA format given from `` ga - mōr ́ a ''. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Howard ; Loebel - Fried, Caren ; Ginsburg, Elliot K. ( 2007 ). Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. p. 465. Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning ; Coogan, Michael D ( 2004 ). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 294. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517610 - 0. Retrieved December 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Jackson, Roy ( 2014 ). What is Islamic Philosophy?. p. 119. Jump up ^ Smith, William ( 1863 ). `` Sodom ''. Smith 's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon ; Baumann, Martin ( 2010 ). Religions of the World, Second Edition : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practises. Jump up ^ Qur'an ( S15 ) Al - Hijr : 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Jordan, Mark ( 1999 ). The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology. Chicago IL : University of Chicago Press. p. 89 - 95. Jump up ^ Shirelle Phelps ( 2001 ). World of Criminal Justice : N-Z. Gale Group. p. 686. ISBN 0787650730. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Scheb, John & John Scheb II ( 2013 ). Criminal Law and Procedure. Cengage Learning. p. 185. ISBN 128554613X. Retrieved January 13, 2014. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ David Newton ( 2009 ). Gay and Lesbian Rights : A Reference Handbook, Second Edition. ABC - CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 1598843079. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Kolig, Erich ( 2012 ). Conservative Islam : A Cultural Anthropology. p. 160. Jump up ^ Botterweck, G. Johannes ; Ringgren, Helmer ; Fabry, Heinz - Josef, eds. ( 2000 ). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 10. Wm Eeerdmans. p. 155. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2334 - 2. Retrieved 14 June 2015. Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ). `` Strong 's Concordance ''. Hendrickson Publishing. Jump up ^ B. Macdonald ( 2000 ). `` East of the Jordan '' : Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures ( PDF ). American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 52. ISBN 0 - 89757 - 031 - 6. Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ). `` Strong 's Concordance ''. Hendrickson Publishing. Jump up ^ de Saulcy, Ferdinand ( 1853 ). Voyage autour de la mer Morte et dans les terres bibliques. Paris : Gide et J. Baudry. Jump up ^ Sayce, A.H. `` The Overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Accadian Account ) '' Records of the Past XI 115. Jump up ^ Archibald Sayce ( 1887 ). The Hibbert Lectures, 1887 : Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion. p. 309. Jump up ^ Hershel Shanks ( September -- October 1980 ). `` BAR Interviews Giovanni Pettinato ''. Biblical Archaeology Review. 6 ( 5 ). Jump up ^ Alfonso Archi ( November -- December 1981 ). `` Are `` The Cities of the Plain '' Mentioned in the Ebla Tablets? ``. Biblical Archaeology Review. 7 ( 6 ). Jump up ^ Chavalas, Mark W., and K. Lawson Younger, Jr. ( eds. ) Mesopotamia and the Bible : Comparative Explorations. 2003, p. 41 Jump up ^ Isbouts, Jean - Pierre ( 2007 ). The Biblical World : An Illustrated Atlas. National Geographic Books. p. 71. ISBN 1426201389. Jump up ^ J. Penrose Harland ( September 1943 ). `` Sodom and Gomorrah : The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain ''. Biblical Archaeologist. 6 ( 3 ). Jump up ^ Atkinson, Nancy ( April 10, 2008 ). Evidence of Asteroid Impact For Sodom and Gomorrah?, Universe Today ; retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Does Archeological Data Support the Biblical Story? ''. Jump up ^ `` Archaeology - Sodom & Gomorrah ''. Atlantic Baptist University. Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21. Jump up ^ Cline, Eric H. From Eden to Exile : Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible ( Tampa, FL : National Geographic, 2007 ), 60. Jump up ^ Collins, Steven & Latayne C. Scott. Discovering the City of Sodom : The Fascinating, True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament 's Most Infamous City. New York, N.Y. : Simon & Schuster, 2013. ISBN 978 - 1451684308 Jump up ^ Becca Stanek ( 2015 ). `` Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land ''. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` tallelhammam.com ''. Jump up ^ Merrill, Eugene H. `` Texts, Talls, and Old Testament Chronology : Tall Hammam as a Case Study. '' Artifax 27, no. 4 ( 2012 ) : 20 -- 21. Jump up ^ Bolen, Todd ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ). `` Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el - Hammam ''. Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved July 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Contra Collins, Steven. Tall el - Hammam Is Still Sodom : Critical Data - Sets Cast Serious Doubt on E.H. Merrill 's Chronological Analysis '' ( PDF ), Biblical Research Bulletin 13, no. 1 ( 2013 ) : 1 -- 31. Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Book I. Chapter 9 ; retrieved October 25, 2015. Jump up ^ This is compared with the Sorites paradox in Geocomputation, Stan Openshaw, Robert J. Abrahart, 2000, p. 167. ^ Jump up to : `` The Inhospitable Sodomites ''. Rictornorton.co.uk. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ James Alfred Loader ( 1990 ). A tale of two cities : Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, early Jewish and early Christian traditions. Peeters Publishers. p. 28. Jump up ^ Berlin, Adele ; Brettler, Marc Zvi ; Fishbane, Michael, eds. ( 2004 ). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978 - 0195297515. Jump up ^ `` Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time ''. JONAH ( Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality ). 2002. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27. * Cf. Genesis Rabbah 50 : 5, on Gen. 9 : 22 ff. * More generally see M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah, vol. 3 to Gen 19 : 5. Jump up ^ Michaelson, Jay ( 2011 ). God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality. Boston : Beacon Press. pp. 68 -- 69. ISBN 9780807001592. Jump up ^ Michaelson, Jay. God vs. Gay. pp. 69 -- 70. ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality ``, Expository Times 102 ( 1991 ) : 259 - 363 ''. Biblicalstudies.org.uk. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ Boswell, John ( 1980 ). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 94. Jump up ^ `` Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July, 2006, Issue # 029 ''. Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Retrieved January 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ). Christian Business Association. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09. Jump up ^ Gn 4 : 1, 17, 25, 24 : 16, 38 : 26 ; Num 31 : 17, 18, 35 ; Jdg 11 : 39, 19 : 25, 21 : 11, 12 ; 1Sam 1 : 19, 1Ki 1 : 4, cf. Mt 1 : 25, Lk 1 : 34 Jump up ^ Jack Bartlet, Rogers ( 2006 ). Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality : Explode the myths, heal the church. Louisville, Kentucky : John Knox Press. p. 139. Jump up ^ Howard, Kevin L. `` The Old Testament and Homosexuality ''. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, David. `` Homosexuality and ' Strange Flesh ' '' ; accessed August 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, pp. 11 - 16 ; Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, p. 97 Jump up ^ `` The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Chapters 1 - 68 ''. Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 24. Retrieved March 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Gagnon, Robert A.J. ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ). `` response to prof. l. William Countryman 's review in Anglican theological review ; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7 ''. Robgagnon.net. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ Bailey, Homosexuality and Western Tradition, pp. 1 - 28 ; McNeil, Church and the Homosexual, pp. 42 - 50 ; Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, pp. 92 - 97 Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality, Science, and the `` Plain Sense '' of Scripture, Part 2 '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25. Jump up ^ Lv. 18 : 22 ; 26 - 27, 29, 30 ; 20 : 13 ; Dt. 23 : 18 ; 24 : 4 1Ki. 14 : 24 ; Ezek. 22 : 11 ; 33 : 26 Jump up ^ cf. Straight & Narrow? : Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate, Thomas E. Schmidt Jump up ^ Peck, Harry Thurston ( 1898 ). Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York : Harper and Brothers. Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ Mills, Rev. Edward J. `` The Bible and Homosexuality -- Introduction and Overview '' ( PDF ). Anglican Communion. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Jump up ^ Duran ( 1993 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Kligerman ( 2007 ) pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Quran 07 : 81 ^ Jump up to : Quran 26 : 165 Jump up ^ Quran 29 : 29 Jump up ^ Quran 54 : 33 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 80 Jump up ^ Quran 26 : 168 Jump up ^ Kaltner, John ( 1999 ). Ishmael Instructs Isaac : An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers. Liturgical Press ( via Google Books ). p. 97. Jump up ^ `` Tafsir Ibn Kathir ''. Quran 26 : 170 - 171. qtafsir.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sodom and Gomorrah. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodom. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&oldid=815765712 '' Categories : Sodom and Gomorrah Book of Genesis Destroyed cities Biblical phrases LGBT topics and Christianity LGBT topics and Judaism LGBT topics and Islam Torah cities Bible - related controversies Lech - Lecha Vayeira Angelic apparitions in the Bible Sexuality in the Bible Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage አማርኛ বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017, at 00 : 20. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "). The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, John Martin, 1852 Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of Lucas van Leyden 's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters Sodom and Gomorrah ( / ˈsɒdəm / ; / ɡəˈmɔːrə / ) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books, as well as in the Quran and the hadith. According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim and Bela. These five cities, also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ), were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The plain, which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea, was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock. Divine judgment by God was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities, which were completely consumed by fire and brimstone. Neighboring Zoar ( Bela ) was the only city to be spared. In Abrahamic religions, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution. Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as metaphors for vice and homosexuality, although a close reading of the text and other" ], "id": [ "18109363503325678500" ], "short_answers": [ "on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Longest word in English - wikipedia Longest word in English Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Longest words. The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language 's roots ( without any known intentional invention ), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or ( less commonly ) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics Dispute Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl... isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical ; not in dictionary ; disputed whether it is a word Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl... serine 1,909 Longest published word Technical Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano... pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author, the longest word ever to appear in literature Coined ; not in dictionary ; Ancient Greek transliteration Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary Technical ; coined to be the longest word Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary Technical Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare 's works ; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels Latin Contents ( hide ) 1 Major dictionaries 2 Creations of long words 2.1 Coinages 2.2 Agglutinative constructions 2.3 Technical terms 3 Notable long words 3.1 Place names 3.2 Personal names 3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length 3.3. 1 Typed words 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Major dictionaries The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano ; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim. The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism ( 30 letters ). Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism ( 28 letters ), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically ( 27 letters ). The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning `` nothing '' and defined as `` the act of estimating something as worthless '' ; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741. Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present - day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each. A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters. The word internationalization is abbreviated `` i18n '', the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last. Creations of long words Coinages In his play Assemblywomen ( Ecclesiazousae ), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters ( 183 in the transliteration below ), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients : Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon. Henry Carey 's farce Chrononhotonthologos ( 1743 ) holds the opening line : `` Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos? '' Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall : osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous ( 44 characters ) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary ( 51 characters ). James Joyce made up nine 100 - letter words plus one 101 - letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '', the 34 - letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is `` a word that you say when you do n't know what to say. '' The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructions The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words : for example, the prefixes pseudo ( false, spurious ) and anti ( against, opposed to ) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft ( pertaining to the defense against aircraft ) is easily extended to anti-anti - aircraft ( pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept ) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of `` anti - '' s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous `` great '' s to a relative, e.g. great - great - great - grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, a 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open - ended, giving rise to the 189,819 - letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl... isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs, so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso... serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus, was 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society 's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966. In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open - ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 10 = 10. Under the long number scale, it would be 10 = 10. Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers ( enneenneconteennahecteika - enneenneconteennahectenedaka - enneenneconteennahecteyodaka - enneenneconteennahectezedaka - enneenneconteennahecteexdaka - enneenneconteennahectepedaka - enneennecontehectetedaka - enneenneconteennahectetradaka - enneenneconteennahectedoka - enneenneconteennahectehendaka - enneenneconteennahectedaka - enneenneconteennahectexenna - enneenneconteennahecteyotta - enneenneconteennahectezetta - enneenneconteennahecteexa - enneenneconteennahectepeta - enneenneconteennahectetera - enneenneconteennahectegiga - enneenneconteennahectemega - enneenneconteennahectekilla - enneenneconteennahectillion for 10 3 ∗ 10 3 ∗ 10 63 − 3 + 3 ( \\ displaystyle 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 63 ) - 3 ) + 3 ) ) ). Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name -- it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly. Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother ( 1675 -- 1737 ). The word is composed of the following elements : Aequeo : equal ( Latin, aequo ) Salino : containing salt ( Latin, salinus ) Calcalino : calcium ( Latin, calx ) Ceraceo : waxy ( Latin, cera ) Aluminoso : alumina ( Latin ) Cupreo : from `` copper '' Vitriolic : resembling vitriol Notable long words Place names The sign at Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales Main article : List of long place names The longest officially recognized place name in an English - speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 57 letters ), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 85 letters ), which appears on the signpost at the location ( see the photo on this page ). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters. The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot ( 19 letters ) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton - under - Whitestonecliffe ( 29 characters ). The longest place name in the United States ( 45 letters ) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means `` Fishing Place at the Boundaries -- Neutral Meeting Grounds '' and is sometimes facetiously translated as `` you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle ''. The lake is also known as Webster Lake. The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester - on - the - Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington - on - the - Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya. It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning `` where the Devil urinates ''. In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow. See also : List of short place names Personal names Guinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurcht vorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum, Senior ( 746 letters ), also known as Wolfe + 585, Senior. After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward. Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name `` Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116 '' for their child ( pronounced ( ˈalbɪn ), 43 characters ), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden. Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of the longest English words with one syllable Schmaltzed and strengthed ( 10 letters ) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ; but squirrelled ( 11 letters ) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only ( as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ). Schtroumpfed ( 12 letters ) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed ( 11 letters ) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed ( 10 letters ) was coined by George Bernard Shaw. Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel. Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the `` word '' itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase `` seculorum Amen '' at the end of the lesser doxology. ( Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant `` Evovae '' is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel. ) The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables. The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight - letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six - letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz. The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously ( OED ). Fracedinously and gravedinously ( constructed from adjectives in OED ) have thirteen letters ; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious ( in OED ), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the semivowel y. The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil. Typed words The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts, and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses. Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny - jump - up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion and phyllophyllin. The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters : rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include : pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and ( fittingly ) typewriter. The word teetertotter ( used in North American English ) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen. The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas ( 10 letters ). Nine - letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas. Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m ', the clitic form of my. The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively. On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest `` left - handed '' words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia. Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep. Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one - fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right - hand side, and so the longest `` right - handed '' word is crwth. See also Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft, longest published word in German Lipogram List of the longest English words with one syllable Longest English sentence Longest word in Spanish Longest word in Turkish Number of words in English Scriptio continua Sesquipedalianism References Jump up ^ Colista Moore ( 2011 ). Student 's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978 - 1 - 934669 - 21 - 1. Jump up ^ see separate article Lopado... pterygon Jump up ^ Donald McFarlan ; Norris Dewar McWhirter ; David A. Boeh ( 1989 ). Guinness book of world records : 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 5790 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Coined around 1935 to be the longest word ; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as `` longest word ''. More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word? ''. AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 12. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word? ''. oxforddictionaries.com. Jump up ^ http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html See fact # 99 Jump up ^ `` pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis -- definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary ''. oxforddictionaries.com. Jump up ^ `` The Longest Word in the Dictionary '' ( Video ). Ask the Editor. Merriam - Webster. Retrieved 14 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Floccinaucinihilipilification '' by Michael Quinion World Wide Words ; Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Jump up ^ In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd `` Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I can not remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment. '' Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton 's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions : `` But if you -- as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There 's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here. '' Jump up ^ Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996. Jump up ^ `` Longest Common Words -- Modern ''. Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Glossary of W3C Jargon ''. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Abbreviation I18n ''. Jump up ^ `` Localization vs. Internationalization ''. World Wide Web Consortium. Jump up ^ Paux et al. ( 2008 ) Science, Vol. 322 ( 5898 ) 101 - 104. A Physical Map of the 1 - Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan. - June 1964, Page 967F ; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C H - Z, 56 - 65, 1962 -- 1966, Page 6717F Jump up ^ Sbiis Sabaian 's `` Large Numbers '' website Jump up ^ `` Opinion 105. Dybowski 's ( 1926 ) Names of Crustacea Suppressed ''. Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 ( 6 ). 1929. pp. 1 -- 3. hdl : 10088 / 23619. BHL page 8911139. Jump up ^ rjk. `` World 's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly ''. thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Jump up ^ cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived April 12, 2012, at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` GeoNames Government of Canada site ''. Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ Belluck, Pam ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ). `` What 's the Name of That Lake? It 's Hard to Say ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ `` Geoscience Australia Gazeteer ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` South Australian State Gazeteer ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Fun With Words : Word Oddities ''. Rinkworks.com. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` Typewriter Words ''. Questrel.com. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Science Links Japan Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal ''. Sciencelinks.jp. 2009 - 03 - 18. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above ''. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Word Records ''. Fun-with-words.com. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Typewriter Words ''. Wordnik.com. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15. Jump up ^ `` The Dvorak Keyboard and You ''. Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 20. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22. External links Wiktionary has a category on Long English words Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Longest word in English '' dated 2011 - 01 - 08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia -- Long words Long words ( chemical names ) Long words ( place names ) What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com `` Ask the Experts '' What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.com Full chemical name of titin. Taxonomy of Wordplay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longest_word_in_English&oldid=817362418 '' Categories : Superlatives Types of words English words Long words Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Русский தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 22 : 08. 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{ "text": "Xbox 360 - Wikipedia Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Left : Original model Xbox 360 Premium ( 2005 ) Center : Redesigned slim model Xbox 360 S ( 2010 ) Right : Latest model Xbox 360 E ( 2013 ) Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics, Wistron, Celestica, Foxconn Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Seventh generation Release date November 22, 2005 ( show ) Original Xbox 360 NA : November 22, 2005 EU : December 2, 2005 JP : December 10, 2005 CO MX : February 2, 2006 KR : February 24, 2006 HK SG TW : March 16, 2006 AU : March 23, 2006 CL : July 7, 2006 IN : September 25, 2006 ZA : September 29, 2006 CZ PL : November 3, 2006 BR : December 1, 2006 RU : February 11, 2007 PE : February 25, 2008 UAE : October 28, 2008 NG TR : 2009 SC : Spring 2010 Xbox 360 S NA : June 18, 2010 AU : July 1, 2010 NZ : July 8, 2010 EU : July 16, 2010 Xbox 360 E NA : June 10, 2013 EU : June 20, 2013 Retail availability 2005 -- 2016 Discontinued WW : April 20, 2016 Units sold Worldwide : 84 million ( as of June 9, 2014 ) ( details ) Media DVD, CD, digital distribution Add - on : HD DVD ( discontinued ) Operating system Xbox 360 system software CPU 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon Memory 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz Storage Storage media ( show ) Detachable Hard Drives 20, 60, 120 or 250 GB ( older models ) ; 250 or 320 GB ( Xbox 360 S models ) Memory Cards ( Removable ) ( Original design only ) 64 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB On - board storage chip Arcade Consoles ( later models ) 256 MB, 512 MB Budget level `` Xbox 360 S '' consoles : 4 GB USB storage device ( requires system software update ) 1 GB to 32 GB Cloud storage ( requires Xbox LIVE Gold Membership ) 2 GB Display Video output formats ( show ) Composite video 480i, 576i ( PAL ) S - Video 480i, 576i ( PAL ) RGB SCART 480i, 576i ( PAL ) Component ( YP P ) 480i, 576i, 480p, 720p, 1080i D - Terminal ( YP P ) 480i ( D1 ), 480p ( D2 ), 720p ( D4 ), 1080i ( D3 ), 1080p ( D5 ) VGA 640 × 480, 848 × 480, 1024 × 768, 1280 × 720 ( 720p ), 1280 × 768, 1280 × 1024, 1360 × 768, 1440 × 900, 1680 × 1050, 1920 × 1080 ( 1080p ) HDMI ( later models ) 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p Note : 1080p video playback is limited to content from the Zune marketplace Graphics 500 MHz ATI Xenos Sound Analog stereo Stereo LPCM ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital with WMA pro ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Controller input Controllers ( show ) 4 maximum * ( any combination ) : Xbox 360 Controller ( USB wired, 2.4 GHz wireless ) Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel Rhythm game controllers Big Button Pads * Xbox 360 Arcade sticks Ace Combat 6 Flight Stick Kinect * 4 Big button pads may be used in addition to other controllers. Connectivity Original models 2.4 GHz wireless, 3 × USB 2.0, IR receiver, 100 Mbit / s Ethernet Add - on : Wifi 802.11 a / b / g, Wifi 802.11 a / b / g / n Revised `` S '' models 2.4 GHz wireless, 5 × USB 2.0, Digital Optical audio out, IR receiver, 100 Mbit / s Ethernet, Wifi 802.11 b / g / n, AUX port, HDMI port Revised `` E '' models 2.4 GHz wireless, 4 × USB 2.0, IR receiver, 100 Mbit / s Ethernet, Wifi 802.11 b / g / n, AUX port, HDMI port Online services Xbox Live Best - selling game Kinect Adventures! ( 24 million as pack - in game for Kinect ) Backward compatibility 461 original Xbox games ( requires hard drive and the latest update ) Predecessor Xbox Successor Xbox One Website xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/ The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. As the successor to the original Xbox, it is the second console in the Xbox series. It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, 2005, with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 E3 expo. The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime. Available in free and subscription - based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third - party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, it allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living - room computing entertainment. Launched worldwide across 2005 -- 2006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so - called `` Red Ring of Death '', necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013. As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth - highest - selling video game console in history, and the highest - selling console made by an American company. Although not the best - selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox 360 's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013. On April 20, 2016, Microsoft announced that it would end the production of new Xbox 360 hardware, although the company will continue to support the platform. Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Sales 1.5 Legacy 2 Hardware 2.1 Technical specifications 2.2 Accessories 2.2. 1 Kinect 2.3 AV output 2.4 Retail configurations 2.4. 1 Timeline 2.4. 2 United States 2.5 Technical problems 3 Software 3.1 Games 3.2 Interface 3.2. 1 New Xbox Experience 3.3 Multimedia 3.4 XNA community 4 Services 4.1 Xbox Live 4.2 Xbox Live Marketplace 4.3 Xbox Live Arcade 4.4 Movies & TV 4.5 Groove Music 4.6 Xbox SmartGlass 5 Game development 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox, the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003. In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft 's Vice President J Allard. That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system. Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later. Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple 's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system 's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM 's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3 's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were `` hiding '' their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM 's partners in developing the Cell Processor. Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360. Launch Main article : Xbox 360 launch The Xbox 360 was released on November 22, 2005, in the United States and Canada ; December 2, 2005, in Europe and December 10, 2005, in Japan. It was later launched in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, and Russia. In its first year on the market, the system launched in 36 countries, more countries than any other console has launched in a single year. Critical reception In 2009, IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth - greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of 25. Although not the best - selling console of the seventh - generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential, by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live, and by popularizing game achievement awards. PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it `` proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space ''. Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut, the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console. Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second - best console of the 1993 -- 2013 period, stating `` It had its own social network, cross-game chat, new indie games every week, and the best version of just about every multiformat game... Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza, but it 's not about the exclusives -- there 's nothing to trump Naughty Dog 's PS3 output, after all. Rather, it 's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox 's lifetime. The PC - like architecture meant the early EA Sports games ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next - generation exclusive. And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad -- another industry benchmark, and a critical one. '' Sales Region Units sold First available United States 25.4 million as of March 31, 2011 November 22, 2005 EMEA region ( Europe, Middle East and Africa ) 13.7 million as of March 31, 2011 ( Includes UK sales ) December 2, 2005 United Kingdom 8 million as of February 14, 2013 Japan 1.5 million as of June 17, 2011 December 10, 2005 Australia & New Zealand 1 million as of April 19, 2010 March 23, 2006 Worldwide 80 million as of October 17, 2013 ( more... ) Main article : Xbox 360 sales Xbox 360 Premium package. The Xbox 360 began production only 69 days before launch, and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America, selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan. Forty thousand units were offered for sale on auction site eBay during the initial week of release, 10 % of the total supply. By year 's end, Microsoft had shipped 1.5 million units, including 900,000 in North America, 500,000 in Europe, and 100,000 in Japan. In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US. In the US, the Xbox 360 was the leader in current - generation home console sales until June 2008, when it was surpassed by the Wii. The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1, 2008. Between January 2011 and October 2013, the Xbox 360 was the best - selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months. In Europe, the Xbox 360 has sold seven million units as of November 20, 2008, according to Microsoft. In the United Kingdom, the Xbox 360 has sold 3.9 million units as of June 27, 2009, according to GfK Chart - Track. While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 450,000 by November 2011, the Xbox 360 sold almost as poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely. The significance of Japan 's poor sales might be overstated in the media in comparison to overall international sales. Legacy The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best - selling console of the seventh generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well - established rivals. The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third - party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012. The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality games, making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3 's lifespan for its sales and games to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that `` Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill -- a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One ''. The Xbox 360 's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high - profile games from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins -- more than any other platform. By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US ; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 ( PS3 ) and 3.5 ( Wii ), according to Microsoft. At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year. As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of games that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry 4, Ace Combat 6, Virtua Fighter 5, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire. In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3. TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature. During the console 's lifetime, the Xbox brand has grown from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for `` living - room computing environment ''. Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut, the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console. Microsoft announced the Xbox One, successor to the Xbox 360, at E3 on June 10, 2013. Although succeeded as Microsoft 's main console by the Xbox One, support from publishers for the Xbox 360 is expected to continue until at least 2016. On April 20, 2016, Microsoft announced the end of production of new Xbox 360 hardware ; the company will continue to provide hardware and software support for the platform, as selected Xbox 360 games can be played on Xbox One. Hardware The Xbox 360 E model, announced at 2013 's E3, shares many aesthetics with the Xbox One. The main unit of the Xbox 360 itself has slight double concavity in matte white or black. The official color of the white model is Arctic Chill. It features a port on the top when vertical ( left side when horizontal ) to which a custom - housed hard disk drive unit can be attached. On the Slim and E models, the hard drive bay is on the bottom when vertical ( right side when horizontal ) and requires the opening of a concealed door to access it. ( This does not void the warranty. ) The Xbox 360 Slim / E hard drives are standard 2.5 '' SATA laptop drives, but have a custom enclosure and firmware so that the Xbox 360 can recognize it. Technical Specifications Main article : Xbox 360 technical specifications Various hard disk drives have been produced, including options at 20, 60, 120, 250, or 320 GB. Inside, the Xbox 360 uses the triple - core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads, and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once. Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos, which has 10 MB of eDRAM. Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size. Accessories Main article : Xbox 360 accessories Many accessories are available for the console, including both wired and wireless controllers, faceplates for customization, headsets for chatting, a webcam for video chatting, dance mats and Gamercize for exercise, three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives ( 20, 60, 120, 250 ( initially Japan only, but later also available elsewhere ) and 320 GB ), among other items, all of which are styled to match the console. Kinect Main article : Kinect A Kinect sensor device. The Xbox 360 E revision has an Xbox logo to the left of the Xbox 360 branding. Kinect is a `` controller - free gaming and entertainment experience '' for the Xbox 360. It was first announced on June 1, 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, under the codename, Project Natal. The add - on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images. The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models, connecting to new models via a custom connector, and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter. During their CES 2010 keynote speech, Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period ( November -- January ) and work with every 360 console. It was released on November 4, 2010 Xbox 360 Chatpad from the Messenger Kit attached to a wireless controller AV output Built - in HDMI ( only made after 2007 ) S / PDIF ( only Slim ) Stereo Audio, Composite Video - Jack 3.5 mm ( only Slim E ) Through AV connector ( excluding E models which have no AV connector ) Composite Video S - Video SCART RGB VGA YP P D - Terminal S / PDIF RCA - stereo audio Retail configurations Xbox 360 Premium Xbox 360 Arcade ( replaced Xbox 360 Core ) Xbox 360 Elite Main article : List of Xbox 360 retail configurations At launch, the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package ( unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium ), priced at US $399 or GB £ 279.99, and the `` Xbox 360 Core '', priced at US $299 and GB £ 209.99. The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut - down version of the Media Remote as a promotion. The Elite package was launched later at US $479. The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008. The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US $249 on August 28, 2009 to be sold until stock ran out, while the Elite was also marked down in price to US $299. Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models. It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor. The Xbox 360 E, a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One, was released in 2013. In addition to its revised aesthetics, the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port, no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ), and no longer supports S / PDIF. Timeline United States November 22, 2005 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $399.99 Launch of Xbox 360 Core -- $299.99 April 29, 2007 Launch Xbox 360 Elite ( 120 GB ) -- $479.99 August 6, 2007 Price cut on Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $349.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Core -- $279.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $449.99 October 27, 2007 Launch of Xbox 360 Arcade -- $279.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Core July 13, 2008 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 20 GB ) ( price cut to $299.99 for remaining stock ) August 1, 2008 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 60 GB ) -- $349.99 September 5, 2008 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $399.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) -- $299.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Arcade -- $199.99 August 28, 2009 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $299.99 June 19, 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 250 GB -- $299.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Elite ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Arcade ( price cut to $149.99 for remaining stock ) August 3, 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 4 GB -- $199.99 June 10, 2013 Launch of Xbox 360 E 4 GB -- $199.99 Launch of Xbox 360 E 250 GB -- $299.99 April 20, 2016 Discontinuation of all Xbox 360 models. Technical problems Main article : Xbox 360 technical problems Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter, '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death. '' The Xbox 360 ( not Slim and E models ) has been subject to a number of technical problems. Since the console 's release in 2005, users have reported concerns over its reliability and failure rate. To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report. A `` General Hardware Failure '' is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the `` Red Ring of Death ''. In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code. The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes. Since these problems surfaced, Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability. Modifications include a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components, the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion, and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat. With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S, the warranty for the newer models does not include the three - year extended coverage for `` General Hardware Failures ''. The newer Xbox 360 S and E models indicate system overheating when the console 's power button begins to flash red, unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred. The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled, whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a `` General Hardware Failure '' unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red. Software Games Main article : List of Xbox 360 games See also : List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 Rock of Ages, one of many Unreal Engine 3 powered games available on Xbox 360. The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console 's best - selling game for 2005, Call of Duty 2, sold over a million copies. Five other games sold over a million copies in the console 's first year on the market : Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War would become the best - selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006, before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies. Six games were initially available in Japan, while eagerly anticipated games such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console 's launch. Games targeted specifically for the region, such as Chromehounds, Ninety - Nine Nights, and Phantasy Star Universe, were also released in the console 's first year. Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker, founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. Mistwalker 's first game, Blue Dragon, was released in 2006 and had a limited - edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders. Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan, along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean : The Last Hope. Mistwalker 's second game, Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the Xbox 360 platform with 38 Nominations and 11 Wins. Interface Main article : Xbox 360 system software The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' ( formerly four blades ), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user 's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game. On November 19, 2008, the Xbox 360 's dashboard was changed from the `` Blade '' interface, to a dashboard reminiscent of that present on the Zune and Windows Media Center, known as the `` New Xbox Experience '' or NXE. Since the console 's release, Microsoft has released several updates for the Dashboard software. These updates have included adding new features to the console, enhancing Xbox Live functionality and multimedia playback capabilities, adding compatibility for new accessories, and fixing bugs in the software. Such updates are mandatory for users wishing to use Xbox Live, as access to Xbox Live is disabled until the update is performed. New Xbox Experience Further information : Xbox Live § New Xbox Experience At E3 2008, at Microsoft 's Show, Microsoft 's Aaron Greenberg and Marc Whitten announced the new Xbox 360 interface called the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ). The update was intended to ease console menu navigation. Its GUI uses the Twist UI, previously used in Windows Media Center and the Zune. Its new Xbox Guide retains all Dashboard functionality ( including the Marketplace browser and disk ejection ) and the original `` Blade '' interface ( although the color scheme has been changed to match that of the NXE Dashboard ). The NXE also provides many new features. Users can now install games from disc to the hard drive to play them with reduced load time and less disc drive noise, but each game 's disc must remain in the system in order to run. A new, built - in Community system allows the creation of digitized Avatars that can be used for multiple activities, such as sharing photos or playing Arcade games like 1 vs. 100. The update was released on November 19, 2008. While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory, the NXE update was the first to require a storage device -- at least a 128 MB memory card or a hard drive. Microsoft released a further update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard starting on December 6, 2011. It included a completely new user interface which utilizes Microsoft 's Metro design language, and added new features such as cloud storage for game saves and profiles, live television, Bing voice search, access to YouTube videos and better support for Kinect voice commands. Multimedia The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video ( WMV ) format ( including high - definition and PlaysForSure videos ), as well as H. 264 and MPEG - 4 media. The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG - 4 ASP format videos. The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects, and supports audio playback, with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button. Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer. Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices, Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices ( such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives ), and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local - area network in streaming mode. As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol, some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare ( part of the GeeXboX project ) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360, allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers. This is possible with video files up to HD - resolution and with several codecs ( MPEG - 2, MPEG - 4, WMV ) and container formats ( WMV, MOV, TS ). As of October 27, 2009, UK and Ireland users are also able to access live and on - demand streams of Sky television programming. At the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform. In 2008, Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom, in which the BT Vision advanced TV service, using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform, would be accessible via Xbox 360, planned for the middle of the year. BT Vision 's DVR - based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity. In 2010, while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T 's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set - top boxes later in the year. As of January 2010, IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials. In 2012, Microsoft released the Live Event Player, allowing for events such as video game shows, beauty pageants, award shows, concerts, news and sporting events to be streamed on the console via Xbox Live. The first live events streamed on Live were the 2012 Revolver Golden Gods, Microsoft 's E3 2012 media briefing and the Miss Teen USA 2012 beauty pageant. XNA Community Main article : Microsoft XNA XNA Community is a feature whereby Xbox 360 owners can receive community - created games, made with Microsoft XNA Game Studio, from the XNA Creators Club. The games are written, published, and distributed through a community managed portal. XNA Community provides a channel for digital videogame delivery over Xbox Live that can be free of royalties, publishers and licenses. XNA game sales, however, did not meet original expectations. though Xbox Live Indie Games ( XBLIG ) has had some `` hits. '' Services Xbox Live Main article : Xbox Live When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver ( later renamed Xbox Live Free ) to its already established premium subscription - based service ( which was renamed Gold ). Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console. It allows users to create a user profile, join on message boards, and access Microsoft 's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members. A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however, some games that have rather limited online functions already, ( such as Viva Piñata ) or games that feature their own subscription service ( e.g. EA Sports games ) can be played with a Free account. Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision. Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third - party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US $59.99, C $ 59.99, NZ $ 90.00, GB £ 39.99, or € 59.99. On January 5, 2011, Xbox Live had reached over 30 million subscribers. Xbox Live Marketplace Main article : Xbox Live Marketplace The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add - on game content ( items, costumes, levels etc. ). These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live. A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace. In order to download priced content, users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip ; though some products ( such as trailers and demos ) are free to download. Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000 - point denominations. Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000 - point denominations. Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website. An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace. Xbox Live Arcade Main article : Xbox Live Arcade Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac - Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles, such as the PlayStation game Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma. The service was first launched on November 3, 2004, using a DVD to load, and offered games for about US $5 to $15. Items are purchased using Microsoft Points, a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges. On November 22, 2005, Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360, in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360 's dashboard. The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers ; examples of the more popular games are Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II ' Hyper Fighting, and Uno. On March 24, 2010, Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live. Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade. DVD - ROM for Xbox 360 Movies & TV Main article : Microsoft Movies & TV On November 6, 2006, Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace, an exclusive video store accessible through the console. Launched in the United States on November 22, 2006, the first anniversary of the Xbox 360 's launch, the service allows users in the United States to download high - definition and standard - definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing. With the exception of short clips, content is not currently available for streaming, and must be downloaded. Movies are also available for rental. They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing, whichever comes first. Television episodes can be purchased to own, and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles. Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC - 1 for video at 720p, with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit / s. Television content is offered from MTV, VH1, Comedy Central, Turner Broadcasting, and CBS ; and movie content is Warner Bros., Paramount, and Disney, along with other publishers. After the Spring 2007 update, the following video codecs are supported : H. 264 video support : Up to 15 Mbit / s, Baseline, Main, and High ( up to level 4.1 ) Profiles with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles. MPEG - 4 Part 2 video support : Up to 8 Mbit / s, Simple Profile with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles. As a late addition to the December Xbox 360 update, 25 movies were added to the European Xbox 360 video market place on the December 11, 2007 and cost 250 Microsoft points for the SD version on the movie and 380 points for the HD version of the movie. Xbox Live members in Canada featured the ability to go on the Xbox Live Marketplace also as of December 11, 2007 with around 30 movies to be downloaded for the same amount of Microsoft Points. On May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced it would release the Zune HD ( in the fall of 2009 ), which was then the next addition to the Zune product range. This was of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace, which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Spain. Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009. On October 16, 2012, Xbox Video and Xbox Music were released, replacing the Zune Marketplace. Xbox Video is a digital video service on that offers full HD movies and TV series for purchase or rental on Xbox 360, Windows 8, Windows RT PCs and tablets, and Windows Phones. On August 18, 2015, Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it Movies and TV similar to the Windows 10 App. Groove music Main article : Groove Music Xbox Music provides 30 million music tracks available for purchase or access through subscription. It was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 and it integrates with Windows 8 and Windows Phone as well. In August 2015 Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it to Groove Music similar to the Windows 10 App. Xbox SmartGlass Main article : Xbox SmartGlass Xbox SmartGlass is one of the newer features that allows for integration between the Xbox 360 console and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones. An app is available on Android, Windows Phone 8 and iOS. Users of the feature can view additional content to accompany the game they are playing, or the TV shows and movies they are watching. They can also use their mobile device as a remote to control the Xbox 360 console. Game development PartnerNet, the developers - only alternative Xbox Live network used by developers to beta test game content downloads and games developed for Xbox Live Arcade, runs on Xbox 360 debug kits, which are used both by developers and by the gaming press. In a podcast released on February 12, 2007, a developer breached the PartnerNet non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) by commenting that he had found a playable version of Alien Hominid and an unplayable version of Ikaruga on PartnerNet. A few video game journalists, misconstruing the breach of the NDA as an invalidation of the NDA, immediately began reporting on other games being tested via PartnerNet, including a remake of Jetpac. ( Alien Hominid for the Xbox 360 was released on February 28 of that year, and Ikaruga was released over a year later on April 9, 2008. Jetpac was released for the Xbox 360 on March 28, 2007 as Jetpac Refuelled. ) There have also been numerous video and screenshot leaks of game footage on PartnerNet, as well as a complete version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I, which caused for the whole PartnerNet service to be shut down overnight on April 3, 2010. In the following days, Microsoft reminded developers and journalists that they were in breach of NDA by sharing information about PartnerNet content and asked websites to remove lists of games in development that were discovered on the service.. Sega used feedback from fans about the leaked version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I to refine it before they eventually released it. 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Official website Microsoft Support for Xbox 360 Xbox development team blog Xbox 360 at Curlie Links to related articles Video gaming products by Microsoft Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Technical specifications Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Technical specifications Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Avatars Games Store Xbox Live Arcade Indie Games Anywhere Xbox Game Pass Windows Games on Demand games Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Games with Gold games Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London Undead Labs Playground Games Ninja Theory Compulsion Games Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "as a promotion. The Elite package was launched later at US $479. The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008. The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US $249 on August 28, 2009 to be sold until stock ran out, while the Elite was also marked down in price to US $299. Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models. It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor. The Xbox 360 E, a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One, was released in 2013. In addition to its revised aesthetics, the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port, no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ), and no longer supports S / PDIF. Timeline United States November 22, 2005" ], "id": [ "5251430169885927376" ], "short_answers": [ "in 2010" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "HIV / AIDS in South Africa - Wikipedia HIV / AIDS in South Africa This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( July 2018 ) Estimated HIV prevalence among adults aged 15 - 49 by country in 2007 HIV / AIDS is the most serious health concern in South Africa. The country has the fourth - highest adult HIV prevalence rate in the world, according to the 2016 United Nations statistics. According to a UNAids dataset sourced from the World Bank, in 2016 the HIV prevalence rate for adults aged 15 to 49 was 27 % in Swaziland, 25 % in Lesotho, 25 % in Botswana and 19 % in South Africa. Contents 1 Understanding HIV prevalence 2 Latest data on HIV prevalence in South Africa 3 Other statistics 3.1 By race 3.2 By gender 3.3 By pregnant women 3.4 By age 3.5 By province 4 Awareness campaigns 5 Co-infection with tuberculosis 6 History 6.1 1990 6.2 1993 6.3 1995 6.4 1996 6.5 1997 6.6 1999 6.7 2000 6.8 2001 6.9 2002 7 Demographics 8 Aids denialism under Thabo Mbeki 8.1 2000 8.2 2001 8.3 2003 8.4 2006 8.5 2007 9 Role of the media in South Africa 's epidemic 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Understanding HIV prevalence ( edit ) HIV prevalence does not indicate that a country has an AIDS crisis, as HIV and AIDS are separate conditions. HIV prevalence, instead, indicates that people remain alive, despite the infection. South Africa has the largest HIV treatment programme in the world. With the correct medication, HIV is a manageable chronic condition, like diabetes or hypertension. A population with a larger proportion of diabetics, means more people are receiving treatment for the condition. Hence, a population with a larger proportion of HIV - positive people, means more people are receiving anti-retroviral treatment. World Bank Open Data explains the data it publishes on HIV prevalence as follows : HIV prevalence rates reflect the rate of HIV infection in each country 's population. Low national prevalence rates can be misleading, however. They often disguise epidemics that are initially concentrated in certain localities or population groups and threaten to spill over into the wider population. In many developing countries most new infections occur in young adults, with young women especially vulnerable. Data on HIV are from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAids ). Changes in procedures and assumptions for estimating the data and better coordination with countries have resulted in improved estimates of HIV and AIDS. The models, which are routinely updated, track the course of HIV epidemics and their impact, making full use of information in HIV prevalence trends from surveillance data as well as survey data. The models take into account reduced infectivity among people receiving antiretroviral therapy ( which is having a larger impact on HIV prevalence and allowing HIV - positive people to live longer ) and allow for changes in urbanization over time in generalized epidemics. The estimates include plausibility bounds, which reflect the certainty associated with each of the estimates. South Africa 's HIV treatment programme was launched in earnest in 2005. The trend in South Africa 's HIV and AIDS statistics has changed significantly in the years since then. Latest data on HIV prevalence in South Africa ( edit ) The World Bank and United Nations source their data on HIV prevalence from Statistics South Africa. According to Statistics South Africa 's mid-year population estimates for 2017, the total HIV prevalence rate for the country is 12.6 %. The HIV prevalence rate for all adults aged 15 to 49 is 17.9 %, for women aged 15 to 49 is 21.2 %, and for youth aged 15 to 24 is 4.6 %. Statistics South Africa estimates the number of deaths attributable to AIDS in 2017 as 126,755 or 25.03 % of all South African deaths. Other Statistics ( edit ) By race ( edit ) Main article : HIV / AIDS in South African townships A 2008 study revealed that HIV / AIDS infection in South Africa was distinctly divided along racial lines : 13.6 % of Black Africans in South Africa are HIV - positive, whereas only 0.3 % of Whites living in South Africa have the disease. False traditional beliefs about HIV / AIDS, which contribute to the spread of the disease, persist in townships due to the lack of education and awareness programmes in these regions. Sexual violence and local attitudes toward HIV / AIDS have also amplified the epidemic. By gender ( edit ) HIV / AIDS is more prevalent among females, especially those under the age of 40. Women made up roughly 4 in every 5 people with HIV / AIDS aged 20 -- 24, and 2 out of 3 of those aged 25 -- 29. Although prevalence is higher among women in general, only 1 in every 6 HIV / AIDS infected people with multiple sex partners are women. Young boys and girls in South Africa are both highly affected by intimate partner violence and HIV / AIDS. Research has found links between the two, as well as a relationship with drug use. It was found that problem drinking and marijuana use are mediating variables in the relationship between men who experienced childhood sexual abuse and who engage in HIV sexual risk behaviors. In adult and adolescent women, low relationship power and victimization by intimate partner violence were found to be linked to HIV risk. This lower relationship power affects interpersonal dynamics that increase sexual risk due to condom nonuse and the likelihood of a girl with low relationship power having more sexual partners. However, both boys and girls with lower relationship power were found to be more likely to have multiple partners. Regardless of gender, youths with lower power are more vulnerable to be pressured or coerced into transactional sex. By pregnant women ( edit ) HIV prevalence among pregnant women is highest in the populous KwaZulu - Natal province ( 37 % ), and lowest in the Western Cape ( 13 % ), Northern Cape ( 16 % ) and Limpopo ( 18 % ) provinces. In the five other provinces ( Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and North West ) at least 26 % of women attending antenatal clinics in 2006 tested HIV - positive. The latest HIV data collected at antenatal clinics suggest that HIV infection levels might be levelling off, with HIV prevalence in pregnant women at 30 % in 2007, 29 % in 2006, and 28 % in 2005. The decrease in the percentage of young pregnant women ( 15 -- 24 years ) found to be infected with HIV can be extrapolated to suggest a possible decline in the annual number of new infections. By age ( edit ) Between 2005 and 2008, the number of older teenagers with HIV / AIDS has nearly halved. Between 2002 and 2008, prevalence among South Africans over 20 years old have increased whereas the figure for those under 20 years old have dropped somewhat over the same period. Condom use is highest among the youth and lowest among older people. More than 80 % of men and more than 70 % of women under 25 years old use condoms, and slightly more than half of men and women aged 25 -- 49 claim to use condoms. More than 30 % of young adults and more than 80 % of older adults are aware of the dangers posed by HIV / AIDS. Knowledge about HIV / AIDS is lowest among people older than 50 years -- less than two thirds know exactly what HIV / AIDS is. By province ( edit ) Further information : HIV / AIDS in South African townships In 2008, more than half ( 55 % ) of all South Africans infected with HIV resided in the KwaZulu - Natal and Gauteng provinces. Between 2005 and 2008, the total number of people infected with HIV / AIDS has increased in all of South Africa 's provinces except KwaZulu - Natal and Gauteng. Nevertheless, KwaZulu - Natal still has the highest infection rate at 15.5 % In the province with the lowest infection rate, the Western Cape, the total number of people with HIV / AIDS doubled between 2005 and 2008. Condom use has increased twofold in all provinces between 2002 and 2008. The two provinces where condoms were least used in 2002 were also the provinces where condoms are least used in 2008, namely the Northern Cape and the Western Cape. HIV / AIDS prevalence among sexually active South Africans by province are : KwaZulu - Natal : 25.8 %. Mpumalanga : 23.1 % Free State : 18.5 % North West : 17.7 % Gauteng : 15.2 % Eastern Cape : 15.2 % Limpopo : 13.7 % Northern Cape : 9.2 % Western Cape : 5.3 % Awareness campaigns ( edit ) The four main HIV / AIDS awareness campaigns in South Africa are Khomanani ( funded by the government ), LoveLife ( primarily privately funded ), Soul City ( a television drama for adults ) and Soul Buddyz ( a television series for teenagers ). Soul City and Soul Buddyz are the most successful campaigns although both campaigns experienced a slight loss of effectiveness between 2005 and 2008. Khomanani is the least successful campaign, although its effectiveness has increased by more than 50 % between 2005 and 2008. The dubious quality of condoms which are distributed is a setback to these efforts. In 2007, the government recalled more than 20 million locally manufactured condoms which were defective. Some of the contraceptive devices given away at the ANC 's centenary celebrations in 2012 failed a water test conducted by the Treatment Action Campaign. Co-infection with tuberculosis ( edit ) In 2007, it was estimated that one third of HIV infected people will develop TB ( tuberculosis ) in their lifetimes. In 2006, 40 % of TB patients were tested for HIV. It has been the government policy since 2002 to cross-check all new cases of TB for HIV infection. Although STI prevention is part of the government 's HIV / AIDS programmes, as is that of most countries, in South Africa HIV / AIDS prevention is done in conjunction with TB prevention. Most patients who die from HIV - related causes die from TB or similar illnesses. In fact the Health Department 's programme of prevention is called the `` National HIV and AIDS and TB Programme ''. In line with United Nations requirements, South Africa has also drawn up an `` HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan ''. History ( edit ) In 1983, AIDS was diagnosed for the first time in two patients in South Africa. The first recorded AIDS - related death occurred in the same year. 1990 ( edit ) In 1990, the first national antenatal survey to test for HIV found that 0.8 % of pregnant women were HIV - positive. It was estimated that there were between 74,000 and 6,500,135 people in South Africa living with HIV. 1993 ( edit ) In 1993, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women was 4.3 %. By 1993, the National Health Department reported that the number of recorded HIV infections had increased by 60 % in the previous two years and the number was expected to double in 1993. 1995 ( edit ) In August 1995, the Department of Health awarded a R14. 27 - million contract to produce a sequel to the musical, Sarafina!, about AIDS, in order to reach young people. The project was dogged by controversy, and was finally shelved in 1996. From 6 to 10 March 1995, the 7th International Conference for People Living with HIV and AIDS was held in Cape Town, South Africa. The conference was opened by then - Deputy President Thabo Mbeki. 1996 ( edit ) In January 1996, it was decided that South Africa 's national soccer team, Bafana Bafana, would contribute to the AIDS Awareness Campaign by wearing red ribbons to all their public appearances during the Africa Nations Cup. On 5 July 1996, South Africa 's Health Minister, Nkosazana Dlamini - Zuma, spoke at the 11th International Conference on AIDS in Vancouver. She said : Most people infected with HIV live in Africa, where therapies involving combinations of expensive ( anti-retroviral ) drugs are out of the question. 1997 ( edit ) In February 1997, South African government 's Health Department defended its support for the controversial AIDS drug Virodene by stating that `` the ' cocktails ' that are available ( for the treatment of HIV / AIDS ) are way beyond the means of most patients ( even from developed countries ) ''. Parliament had previously launched an investigation into the procedural soundness of the clinical trials for the drug. 1999 ( edit ) In 1999, the South African HIV prevention campaign LoveLife was founded. 2000 ( edit ) In 2000, the Department of Health outlined a five - year plan to combat AIDS, HIV and STIs. A National AIDS Council ( SANAC ) was set up to oversee these developments. 2001 ( edit ) The South African government successfully defended against a legal action brought by transnational pharmaceutical companies in April 2001 of a law that would allow cheaper locally produced medicines, including anti-retrovirals, although the government 's roll - out of anti-retrovirals remained generally slow. In 2001, Right to Care, an NGO dedicated to the prevention and treatment of HIV and associated diseases, was founded. Using USAID 's PEPFAR funding, the organisation expanded rapidly and after ten years ( 2011 ) had over 125,000 HIV - positive patients in clinical care. 2002 ( edit ) In 2002, South Africa 's Constitutional Court ordered the government to remove restrictions on the drug nevirapine and make it available to pregnant women in all state hospitals and clinics to help prevent mother - to - child transmission of HIV, following a court challenge by Treatment Action Campaign and others. Demographics ( edit ) According to the National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Sero - prevalence Survey of 2005 and 2007, the percentage of pregnant women with HIV per year was as follows : Year : 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percentage : 0.7 1.7 2.2 4.0 7.6 10.4 14.2 17.0 22.8 22.4 24.5 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 29.3 29.4 30.2 29.5 According to a 2006 study by the South African Department of Health, 13.3 % of 9,950 Africans that were included in the poll had HIV. Out of 1,173 whites, 0.6 % had HIV. These numbers are confirmed in a 2008 study by the Human Sciences Research Council that found a 13.6 % infection rate among Africans, 1.7 % among Coloreds, 0.3 % among Indians, and 0.3 % among Whites. In 2007, it was estimated that between 4.9 and 6.6 million of South Africa 's 48 million people of all ages were infected with HIV, which is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS denialism under Thabo Mbeki ( edit ) See also HIV / AIDS denialism in South Africa. 2000 ( edit ) On 9 July 2000, then President Thabo Mbeki opened the International AIDS Conference in Durban with a speech not about HIV or AIDS but about extreme poverty in Africa. In the speech, he confirmed his belief that immune deficiency is a big problem in Africa but that one ca n't possibly attribute all immune deficiency - related diseases to a single virus. On 4 September 2000, Thabo Mbeki acknowledged during an interview with Time Magazine ( South African edition ) that HIV can cause AIDS but confirmed his opinion that HIV should not be regarded as the sole cause of immune deficiency. He said :... the notion that immune deficiency is only acquired from a single virus can not be sustained. Once you say immune deficiency is acquired from that virus, your response will be anti-retroviral drugs. But if you accept that there can be a variety of reasons... then you can have a more comprehensive treatment response. On 20 September 2000, then President Thabo Mbeki responded to a question in Parliament about his views. He said : All HIV / AIDS programmes of this government are based on the thesis that HIV causes AIDS. ( But... ) can a virus cause a syndrome?... It ca n't, because a syndrome is a group of diseases resulting from acquired immune deficiency. Indeed, HIV contributes ( to the collapse of the immune system ), but other things contribute as well. 2001 ( edit ) In 2001 the government appointed a panel of scientists, including a number of AIDS denialists, to report back on the issue. The report suggested alternative treatments for HIV / AIDS, but the South African government responded that unless alternative scientific proof is obtained, it will continue to base its policy on the idea that the cause of AIDS is HIV. 2003 ( edit ) Despite international drug companies offering free or cheap anti-retroviral drugs, the Health Ministry remained hesitant about providing treatment for people living with HIV. Only in November 2003 did the government approve a plan to make anti-retroviral treatment publicly available. Prior to 2003, South Africans with HIV who used the public sector health system could get treatment for opportunistic infections but could not get anti-retrovirals. 2006 ( edit ) The effort to improve treatment of HIV / AIDS was damaged by the attitude of many figures in the government, including President Mbeki. The then health minister, Manto Tshabalala - Msimang, advocated a diet of garlic, olive oil and lemon to cure the disease. Although many scientists and political figures called for her removal, she was not removed from office until Mbeki himself was removed from office. These policies led to the deaths of over 300,000 South Africans. 2007 ( edit ) In August 2007, President Mbeki and Health Minister Tshabalala - Msimang dismissed Deputy Health Minister Nozizwe Madlala - Routledge. Madlala - Routledge has been widely credited by medical professionals and AIDS activists. Although she was officially dismissed for corruption, it was widely held that she was dismissed for her more mainstream beliefs about AIDS and its relation with HIV. Role of the media in South Africa 's epidemic ( edit ) The South African press took a strong advocacy position during the denialism era under Thabo Mbeki. There are numerous examples of journalists taking the government to task for policy positions and public statements that were seen as irresponsible. Some of these examples include : attacks on Health Minister Manto Tshabalala - Msimang 's `` garlic and potato '' approach to treatment, outrage at Mbeki 's statement that he never knew anyone who had died of AIDS, and coverage of the humiliating 2006 International AIDS Conference. It could be claimed that the news media have taken a less aggressive stance since the end of Mbeki 's presidency and the death of Tshabalala Msimang. The emergence of Jacob Zuma as party and state leader heralded what the press saw as a new era of AIDS treatment. However, this also means that HIV is afforded less news coverage. A recent study by the HIV / AIDS and the Media Project has shown that the quantity of HIV - related news coverage has declined dramatically from 2002 / 3 ( what could be considered the pinnacle of government denialism ) to the more recent `` conflict resolution '' phase under Zuma. Perhaps HIV has fallen into the traditional categories of being impersonal, undramatic, `` old '' news. The number of health journalists has also declined considerably. See also ( edit ) HIV / AIDS in South African townships Sexual violence in South Africa 46664 ( concerts ) General : HIV / AIDS in Lesotho Health care in South Africa HIV / AIDS in Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators DataBank ''. databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators DataBank ''. databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Kate ( 12 February 2018 ). `` Yes, South Africa has the world 's largest antiretroviral therapy programme ''. Africa Check. Retrieved 18 March 2018. Jump up ^ World Bank, Open Data ( 22 March 2018 ). `` Prevalence of HIV, total ( ages 14 - 49 ) ''. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 18 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Infographic : HIV and Aids in South Africa 1990 to 2016 - South Africa Gateway ''. South Africa Gateway. 2018 - 02 - 20. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Infographic : HIV and Aids in South Africa 1990 to 2016 - South Africa Gateway ''. South Africa Gateway. 2018 - 02 - 20. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20. Jump up ^ Africa, Statistics South. `` Statistics South Africa The South Africa I Know, The Home I Understand ''. www.statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Staitistics South Africa. `` Mid-Year Population Estimates 2017 Statistics South Africa ''. www.statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Infographic : HIV and Aids in South Africa 1990 to 2016 - South Africa Gateway ''. South Africa Gateway. 2018 - 02 - 20. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` HIV and AIDS in South Africa ''. Avert.org. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ Icard LD, Jemmott, John B., I., II, Teitelman A, O'Leary A, Heeren GA. Mediation effects of problem drinking and marijuana use on HIV sexual risk behaviors among childhood sexually abused South African heterosexual men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2014 ; 38 ( 2 ) : 234 - 242 Jump up ^ Teitelman AM, Jemmott III, JB, Bellamy SL, Icard, LD, O'Leary A, Heeren GA, Ngwane Z. Ratcliffe SJ. Partner violence, power and gender differences in South African adolescents ' HIV / STI behaviors. Health Psychology. 2016 ; 35 ( 7 ) : 751 -- 760. doi : 10.1037 / hea0000351 Jump up ^ `` The national hiv and syphilis prevalence survey south africa 2007 ''. The South African Department of Health. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` The HIV and AIDS epidemic in South Africa : Where are we? '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Sub-Saharan Africa AIDS epidemic update. Regional Summary '' ( PDF ). UNAIDS. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008. Jump up ^ `` slide 33 ''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` South Africa recalls 1m ANC condoms : Scores of people given free condoms at the party 's centenary celebrations have complained that they are faulty ''. The Guardian. 31 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` South Africa -- Country Progress Report '' ( PDF ). Doh.gov.za. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` National HIV / AIDS and TB Unit, National Department of Health, Pretoria ''. Doh.gov.za. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ Jump up to : Ras GJ, Simson IW, Anderson R, Prozesky OW, Hamersma T. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A report of 2 South African cases. S Afr Med J 1983 Jul 23 ; 64 ( 4 ) : 140 -- 2. Jump up ^ `` The Sarafina II Controversy ''. Healthlink.org.za. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Zuma 'S Response To Sarafina Ii ''. Doh.gov.za. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` International Conference for People Living with HIV and AIDS, Cape Town, South Africa, March 6 -- 10 ; Pre - Conference for Wo ''. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Bafana Endorses Aids Awareness Campaign ''. Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` AEGiS - BAR : Vancouver or bust ''. Aegis.org. 13 May 1996. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ). Web.archive.org. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2017. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dr. NC Zuma On Virodene Controversy ''. Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Response To Virodene Investigation ''. Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` HIV and Aids in South Africa - South Africa Gateway ''. South Africa Gateway. 2018 - 02 - 12. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14. Jump up ^ `` National HIV & Syphilis Antenatal Sero - Prevalence Survey in SA 2005 '' ( PDF ). Doh.gov.za. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ). Web.archive.org. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2017. Jump up ^ The 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & syphilus prevalence survey in South Africa, National Department of Health of South Africa http://www.doh.gov.za ^ Jump up to : `` The South African Department of Health Study, 2006 ''. Avert.org. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2008. Human Sciences Research Council. 2009. p. 79. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7969 - 2292 - 2. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS, 2008 ( page 4 and 5 ) '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` MBEKI : 13TH INTERNATIONAL AIDS CONFERENCE ''. Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Controversy dogs Aids forum ''. BBC News. 10 July 2000. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2009. Jump up ^ Vos, Pierre De ( 28 May 2009 ). `` Thabo Mbeki 's strange relationship with the truth continues -- Constitutionally Speaking ''. Constitutionallyspeaking.co.za. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` How can a virus cause a syndrome? asks Mbeki ''. Aegis.com. 21 September 2000. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` South African split over Aids ''. BBC News. 4 April 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ Blandy, Fran ( 16 August 2006 ). `` ' Dr Beetroot ' hits back at media over Aids exhibition ''. Mail & Guardian Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Lewandowsky, Mann, Bauld, Hastings, Loftus. `` The Subterranean War on Science ''. Observer. Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 4 November 2013. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2007. ^ Jump up to : Malan, Mia ( 2006 ). `` Shaping the conflict : factors influencing the representation of conflict around HIV / AIDS policy in the South African press ''. Mobilizing Media. ^ Jump up to : Finlay, A ( December 2004 ). `` Exposing AIDS : Media 's impact in South Africa ''. Communicare 23 ( 2 ). Jump up ^ `` Zapiro cartoon ''. Zapiro.com. 15 February 2004. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` We do n't need red hrrings ''. Mg.co.za. 29 September 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Manto defends AIDS policies ''. Mg.co.za. 21 August 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` President heralds new era ''. Unaids.org. Retrieved 15 May 2011. Jump up ^ Duncan, C ( 2009 ). `` HIV in the print media : A comparative and retrospective print media monitoring analysis ''. Further reading ( edit ) Pieter Fourie `` The Political Management of HIV and AIDS in South Africa : One burden too many? '' Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0 - 230 - 00667 - 1 Fassin, Didier `` When Bodies Remember : Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa '' University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25027 - 7 Harber, A. ; Palitza, K. ; Ridgard, N. ; Struthers, eds. ( 2010 ). What is Left Unsaid : Reporting the South African HIV Epidemic. Auckland Park, South Africa : Jacana Media. ISBN 9781920196257. OCLC 1017457773. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AIDS in South Africa. 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{ "text": "Bastille - wikipedia Bastille Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the building in Paris. For the fall of the Bastille in the French Revolution, see Storming of the Bastille. For a list of commanders of the Bastille, see Governor of the Bastille. For other uses, see Bastille ( disambiguation ). Bastille Paris, France East view of the Bastille Bastille Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 12 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E  /  48.853333 ° N 2.369167 ° E  / 48.853333 ; 2.369167 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 12 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E  /  48.853333 ° N 2.369167 ° E  / 48.853333 ; 2.369167 Type Medieval fortress, prison Site information Condition Destroyed, limited stonework survives Site history Built 1370 -- 1380s Built by Charles V of France Demolished 1789 -- 90 Events Hundred Years ' War Wars of Religion Fronde French Revolution The Bastille ( / bæˈstiːl / ; French : ( bastij ) ) was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint - Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a crowd on 14 July 1789, in the French Revolution, becoming an important symbol for the French Republican movement, and was later demolished and replaced by the Place de la Bastille. The Bastille was built to defend the eastern approach to the city of Paris from the English threat in the Hundred Years ' War. Initial work began in 1357, but the main construction occurred from 1370 onwards, creating a strong fortress with eight towers that protected the strategic gateway of the Porte Saint - Antoine on the eastern edge of Paris. The innovative design proved influential in both France and England and was widely copied. The Bastille figured prominently in France 's domestic conflicts, including the fighting between the rival factions of the Burgundians and the Armagnacs in the 15th century, and the Wars of Religion in the 16th. The fortress was declared a state prison in 1417 ; this role was expanded first under the English occupiers of the 1420s and 1430s, and then under Louis XI in the 1460s. The defences of the Bastille were fortified in response to the English and Imperial threat during the 1550s, with a bastion constructed to the east of the fortress. The Bastille played a key role in the rebellion of the Fronde and the battle of the faubourg Saint - Antoine, which was fought beneath its walls in 1652. Louis XIV used the Bastille as a prison for upper - class members of French society who had opposed or angered him including, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, French Protestants. From 1659 onwards, the Bastille functioned primarily as a state penitentiary ; by 1789, 5,279 prisoners had passed through its gates. Under Louis XV and XVI, the Bastille was used to detain prisoners from more varied backgrounds, and to support the operations of the Parisian police, especially in enforcing government censorship of the printed media. Although inmates were kept in relatively good conditions, criticism of the Bastille grew during the 18th century, fueled by autobiographies written by former prisoners. Reforms were implemented and prisoner numbers were considerably reduced. In 1789 the royal government 's financial crisis and the formation of the National Assembly gave rise to a swelling of republican sentiments among city - dwellers. On 14 July the Bastille was stormed by a revolutionary crowd, primarily residents of the faubourg Saint - Antoine who sought to commandeer the valuable gunpowder held within the fortress. Seven remaining prisoners were found and released and the Bastille 's governor, Bernard - René de Launay, was killed by the crowd. The Bastille was demolished by order of the Committee of the Hôtel de Ville. Souvenirs of the fortress were transported around France and displayed as icons of the overthrow of despotism. Over the next century, the site and historical legacy of the Bastille featured prominently in French revolutions, political protests and popular fiction, and it remained an important symbol for the French Republican movement. Almost nothing is left of the Bastille except some remains of its stone foundation that were relocated to the side of Boulevard Henri IV. Historians were critical of the Bastille in the early 19th century, and believe the fortress to have been a relatively well - administered institution, but deeply implicated in the system of French policing and political control during the 18th century. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 14th century 1.2 15th century 1.3 16th century 1.4 Early 17th century 1.5 Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency ( 1661 -- 1723 ) 1.6 Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI ( 1723 -- 1789 ) 1.6. 1 Architecture and organisation 1.6. 2 Use of the prison 1.6. 3 Prison regime 1.6. 4 Criticism and reform 1.7 The French Revolution 1.7. 1 Storming of the Bastille 1.7. 2 Destruction 1.8 19th -- 20th century political and cultural legacy 2 Remains 3 Historiography 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Citations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 14th century ( edit ) Historical reconstruction showing the moat below the walls of Paris ( left ), the Bastille and the Porte Saint - Antoine ( right ) in 1420 The Bastille was built in response to a threat to Paris during the Hundred Years ' War between England and France. Prior to the Bastille, the main royal castle in Paris was the Louvre, in the west of the capital, but the city had expanded by the middle of the 14th century and the eastern side was now exposed to an English attack. The situation worsened after the imprisonment of John II in England following the French defeat at the battle of Poitiers, and in his absence the Provost of Paris, Étienne Marcel, took steps to improve the capital 's defences. In 1357, Marcel expanded the city walls and protected the Porte Saint - Antoine with two high stone towers and a 78 - foot - wide ( 24 m ) ditch. A fortified gateway of this sort was called a `` bastille '', and was one of two created in Paris, the other being built outside the Porte Saint - Denis. Marcel was subsequently removed from his post and executed in 1358. In 1369, Charles V became concerned about the weakness of the eastern side of the city to English attacks and raids by mercenaries. Charles instructed Hugh Aubriot, the new provost, to build a much larger fortification on the same site as Marcel 's bastille. Work began in 1370 with another pair of towers being built behind the first bastille, followed by two towers to the north, and finally two towers to the south. The fortress was probably not finished by the time Charles died in 1380, and was completed by his son, Charles VI. The resulting structure became known simply as the Bastille, with the eight irregularly built towers and linking curtain walls forming a structure 223 feet ( 68 m ) wide and 121 feet ( 37 m ) deep, the walls and towers 78 feet ( 24 m ) high and 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) thick at their bases. Built to the same height, the roofs of the towers and the tops of the walls formed a broad, crenellated walkway all the way around the fortress. Each of the six newer towers had underground `` cachots '', or dungeons, at its base, and curved `` calotte '', literally `` shell '', rooms in their roofs. Garrisoned by a captain, a knight, eight squires and ten crossbowmen, the Bastille was encircled with ditches fed by the River Seine, and faced with stone. The fortress had four sets of drawbridges, which allowed the Rue Saint - Antoine to pass eastwards through the Bastille 's gates while giving easy access to the city walls on the north and south sides. The Bastille overlooked the Saint - Antoine gate, which by 1380 was a strong, square building with turrets and protected by two drawbridges of its own. Charles V chose to live close to the Bastille for his own safety and created a royal complex to the south of the fortress called the Hôtel St. Paul, stretching from the Porte Saint - Paul up to the Rue Saint - Antoine. Historian Sidney Toy has described the Bastille as `` one of the most powerful fortifications '' of the period, and the most important fortification in late medieval Paris. The Bastille 's design was highly innovative : it rejected both the 13th - century tradition of more weakly fortified quadrangular castles, and the contemporary fashion set at Vincennes, where tall towers were positioned around a lower wall, overlooked by an even taller keep in the centre. In particular, building the towers and the walls of the Bastille at the same height allowed the rapid movement of forces around the castle, as well as giving more space to move and position cannons on the wider walkways. The Bastille design was copied at Pierrefonds and Tarascon in France, while its architectural influence extended as far as Nunney Castle in south - west England. A 1750 plan of the Bastille 's eight medieval towers showing the calottes in the roofs and the infamous cachots and within the foundations. 15th century ( edit ) Parisian defences in 14th century : A -- the Louvre ; B -- Palais de Roi ; C -- Hôtel des Tournelles ; D -- Porte Saint - Antoine ; E -- Hôtel St Paul ; F -- the Bastille During the 15th century the French kings continued to face threats both from the English and from the rival factions of the Burgundians and the Armagnacs. The Bastille was strategically vital during the period, both because of its role as a royal fortress and safe - haven inside the capital, and because it controlled a critical route in and out of Paris. In 1418, for example, the future Charles VII took refuge in the Bastille during the Burgundian - led `` Massacre of the Armagnacs '' in Paris, before successfully fleeing the city through the Porte Saint - Antoine. The Bastille was occasionally used to hold prisoners, including its creator, Hugues Aubriot, who was the first person to be imprisoned there. In 1417, in addition to being a royal fortress, it formally became a state prison. Despite the improved Parisian defences, Henry V of England captured Paris in 1420 and the Bastille was seized and garrisoned by the English for the next sixteen years. Henry V appointed Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, as the new captain of the Bastille. The English made more use of the Bastille as a prison ; in 1430 there was a minor rebellion when some prisoners overpowered a sleeping guard and attempted to seize control of the fortress ; this incident includes the first reference to a dedicated gaoler at the Bastille. Paris was finally recaptured by Charles VII of France in 1436. When the French king re-entered the city, his enemies in Paris fortified themselves in the Bastille ; after a siege, they eventually ran out of food, surrendered and were allowed to leave the city after the payment of a ransom. The castle remained a key Parisian fortress, but was successfully seized by the Burgundians in 1464, when they convinced royal troops to surrender : once taken, this allowed their faction to make a surprise attack into Paris, almost resulting in the capture of the king. The Bastille was being used to hold prisoners once again by the reign of Louis XI, who began to use it extensively as a state penitentiary. An early escapee from the Bastille during this period was Antoine de Chabannes, Count of Dammartin and a member of the League of the Public Weal, who was imprisoned by Louis and escaped by boat in 1465. The captains of the Bastille during this period were primarily officers and royal functionaries ; Philippe de Melun was the first captain to receive a salary in 1462, being awarded 1,200 livres a year. Despite being a state prison, the Bastille retained the other traditional functions of a royal castle, and was used to accommodate visiting dignitaries, hosting some lavish entertainments given by Louis XI and Francis I. 16th century ( edit ) A depiction of the Bastille and neighbouring Paris in 1575, showing the new bastions, the new Porte Saint - Antoine, the Arsenal complex and the open countryside beyond the city defences During the 16th century the area around the Bastille developed further. Early modern Paris continued to grow, and by the end of the century it had around 250,000 inhabitants and was one of the most populous cities in Europe, though still largely contained within its old city walls -- open countryside remained beyond the Bastille. The Arsenal, a large military - industrial complex tasked with the production of cannons and other weapons for the royal armies, was established to the south of the Bastille by Francis I, and substantially expanded under Charles IX. An arms depot was later built above the Porte Saint - Antoine, all making the Bastille part of a major military centre. During the 1550s, Henry II became concerned about the threat of an English or Holy Roman Empire attack on Paris, and strengthened the defences of the Bastille in response. The southern gateway into the Bastille became the principal entrance to the castle in 1553, the other three gateways being closed. A bastion, a large earthwork projecting eastwards from the Bastille, was built to provide additional protective fire for the Bastille and the Arsenal ; the bastion was reached from the fortress across a stone abutment using a connecting drawbridge that was installed in the Bastille 's Comté tower. In 1573 the Porte Saint - Antoine was also altered -- the drawbridges were replaced with a fixed bridge, and the medieval gatehouse was replaced with a triumphal arch. The Bastille in 1647, illustrating the bastion, the stone abutment linking to the fortress and the new southern entrance built during the 1550s The Bastille was involved in the numerous wars of religion fought between Protestant and Catholic factions with support from foreign allies during the second half of the 16th century. Religious and political tensions in Paris initially exploded in the Day of the Barricades on 12 May 1588, when hard - line Catholics rose up in revolt against the relatively moderate Henry III. After a day 's fighting had occurred across the capital, Henry III fled and the Bastille surrendered to Henry, the Duke of Guise and leader of the Catholic League, who appointed Bussy - Leclerc as his new captain. Henry III responded by having the Duke and his brother murdered later that year, whereupon Bussy - Leclerc used the Bastille as a base to mount a raid on the Parlement de Paris, arresting the president and other magistrates, whom he suspected of having royalist sympathies, and detaining them in the Bastille. They were not released until the intervention of Charles, the Duke of Mayenne, and the payment of substantial ransoms. Bussy - Leclerc remained in control of the Bastille until December 1592, when, following further political instability, he was forced to surrender the castle to Charles and flee the city. It took Henry IV several years to retake Paris. By the time he succeeded in 1594, the area around the Bastille formed the main stronghold for the Catholic League and their foreign allies, including Spanish and Flemish troops. The Bastille itself was controlled by a League captain called du Bourg. Henry entered Paris early on the morning of 23 March, through the Porte - Neuve rather than the Saint - Antoine and seized the capital, including the Arsenal complex that neighboured the Bastille. The Bastille was now an isolated League stronghold, with the remaining members of the League and their allies clustering around it for safety. After several days of tension, an agreement was finally reached for this rump element to leave safely, and on 27 March du Bourg surrendered the Bastille and left the city himself. Early 17th century ( edit ) A contemporary depiction of the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine beneath the walls of the Bastille in 1652 The Bastille continued to be used as a prison and a royal fortress under both Henry IV and his son, Louis XIII. When Henry clamped down on a Spanish - backed plot among the senior French nobility in 1602, for example, he detained the ringleader Charles Gontaut, the Duke of Biron, in the Bastille, and had him executed in the courtyard. Louis XIII 's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, is credited with beginning the modern transformation of the Bastille into a more formal organ of the French state, further increasing its structured use as a state prison. Richelieu broke with Henry IV 's tradition of the Bastille 's captain being a member of the French aristocracy, typically a Marshal of France such as François de Bassompierre, Charles d'Albert or Nicolas de L'Hospital, and instead appointed Père Joseph 's brother to run the facility. The first surviving documentary records of prisoners at the Bastille also date from this period. In 1648, the Fronde insurrection broke out in Paris, prompted by high taxes, increased food prices and disease. The Parlement of Paris, the Regency government of Anne of Austria and rebellious noble factions fought for several years to take control of the city and wider power. On 26 August, during the period known as the First Fronde, Anne ordered the arrest of some of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris ; violence flared as a result, and the 27 August became known as another Day of the Barricades. The governor of the Bastille loaded and readied his guns to fire on the Hôtel de Ville, controlled by the parliament, although the decision was eventually taken not to shoot. Barricades were erected across the city and the royal government fled in September, leaving a garrison of 22 men behind in the Bastille. On 11 January 1649, the Fronde decided to take the Bastille, giving the task to Elbeuf, one of their leaders. Elbeuf 's attack required only a token effort : five or six shots were fired at the Bastille, before it promptly surrendered on the 13 January. Pierre Broussel, one of the Fronde leaders, appointed his son as the governor and the Fronde retained it even after the ceasefire that March. The Bastille and the eastern side of Paris in 1649 During the Second Fronde, between 1650 and 1653, Louis, the Prince of Condé, controlled much of Paris alongside the Parlement, while Broussel, through his son, continued to control the Bastille. In July 1652, the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine took place just outside the Bastille. Condé had sallied out of Paris to prevent the advance of the royalist forces under the command of Turenne. Condé 's forces became trapped against the city walls and the Porte Saint - Antoine, which the Parlement refused to open ; he was coming under increasingly heavy fire from the Royalist artillery and the situation looked bleak. In a famous incident, La Grande Mademoiselle, the daughter of Gaston, the Duke of Orléans, convinced her father to issue an order for the Parisian forces to act, before she then entered the Bastille and personally ensured that the commander turned the fortress 's cannon on Turenne 's army, causing significant casualties and enabling Condé 's army 's safe withdrawal. Later in 1652, Condé was finally forced to surrender Paris to the royalist forces in October, effectively bringing the Fronde to an end : the Bastille returned to royal control. Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency ( 1661 -- 1723 ) ( edit ) The Bastille and Porte Saint - Antoine from the north - east, 1715 -- 19 The area around the Bastille was transformed in the reign of Louis XIV. Paris ' growing population reached 400,000 during the period, causing the city to spill out past the Bastille and the old city into the arable farmland beyond, forming more thinly populated `` faubourgs '', or suburbs. Influenced by the events of the Fronde, Louis XIV rebuilt the area around the Bastille, erecting a new archway at the Porte Saint - Antoine in 1660, and then ten years later pulling down the city walls and their supporting fortifications to replace them with an avenue of trees, later called Louis XIV 's boulevard, which passed around the Bastille. The Bastille 's bastion survived the redevelopment, becoming a garden for the use of the prisoners. Louis XIV made extensive use of the Bastille as a prison, with 2,320 individuals being detained there during his reign, approximately 43 a year. Louis used the Bastille to hold not just suspected rebels or plotters but also those who had simply irritated him in some way, such as differing with him on matters of religion. The typical offences that inmates were accused of were espionage, counterfeiting and embezzlement from the state ; a number of financial officials were detained in this way under Louis, most famously including Nicolas Fouquet, his supporters Henry de Guénegaud, Jeannin and Lorenzo de Tonti. In 1685 Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had previously granted various rights to French Protestants ; the subsequent royal crackdown was driven by the king 's strongly anti-Protestant views. The Bastille was used to investigate and break up Protestant networks by imprisoning and questioning the more recalcitrant members of the community, in particular upper - class Calvinists ; some 254 Protestants were imprisoned in the Bastille during Louis 's reign. By Louis 's reign, Bastille prisoners were detained using a `` lettre de cachet '', `` a letter under royal seal '', issued by the king and countersigned by a minister, ordering a named person to be held. Louis, closely involved in this aspect of government, personally decided who should be imprisoned at the Bastille. The arrest itself involved an element of ceremony : the individual would be tapped on the shoulder with a white baton and formally detained in the name of the king. Detention in the Bastille was typically ordered for an indefinite period and there was considerable secrecy over who had been detained and why : the legend of the `` Man in the Iron Mask '', a mysterious prisoner who finally died in 1703, symbolises this period of the Bastille. Although in practice many were held at the Bastille as a form of punishment, legally a prisoner in the Bastille was only being detained for preventative or investigative reasons : the prison was not officially supposed to be a punitive measure in its own right. The average length of imprisonment in the Bastille under Louis XIV was approximately three years. The Bastille in 1734, showing the Louis XIV boulevard and the growing `` faubourg '' beyond the Porte Saint - Antoine Under Louis, only between 20 and 50 prisoners were usually held at the Bastille at any one time, although as many as 111 were held for a short period in 1703. These prisoners were mainly from the upper classes, and those who could afford to pay for additional luxuries lived in good conditions, wearing their own clothes, living in rooms decorated with tapestries and carpets or taking exercise around the castle garden and along the walls. By the late 17th century, there was a rather disorganised library for the use of inmates in the Bastille, although its origins remain unclear. Louis reformed the administrative structure of the Bastille, creating the post of governor, although this post was still often referred to as the captain - governor. During Louis 's reign the policing of marginal groups in Paris was greatly increased : the wider criminal justice system was reformed, controls over printing and publishing extended, new criminal codes were issued and the post of the Parisian lieutenant general of police was created in 1667, all of which would enable the Bastille 's later role in support of the Parisian police during the 18th century. By 1711, a 60 - strong French military garrison had been established at the Bastille. It continued to be an expensive institution to run, particularly when the prison was full, such as during 1691 when numbers were inflated by the campaign against French Protestants and the annual cost of running the Bastille rose to 232,818 livres. Between 1715 -- the year of Louis 's death -- and 1723, power transferred to the Régence ; the regent, Philippe d'Orléans, maintained the prison but the absolutist rigour of Louis XIV 's system began to weaken somewhat. Although Protestants ceased to be kept in the Bastille, the political uncertainties and plots of the period kept the prison busy and 1,459 were imprisoned there under the Regency, an average of around 182 a year. During the Cellamare Conspiracy, the alleged enemies of the Regency were imprisoned in the Bastille, including Marguerite De Launay. While in the Bastille, de Launay fell in love with a fellow prisoner, the Chevalier de Ménil ; she also infamously received an invitation of marriage from the Chevalier de Maisonrouge, the governor 's deputy, who had fallen in love with her himself. Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI ( 1723 -- 1789 ) ( edit ) Architecture and organisation ( edit ) A cross-section of the Bastille viewed from the south in 1750 By the late 18th century, the Bastille had come to separate the more aristocratic quarter of Le Marais in the old city from the working class district of the faubourg Saint - Antoine that lay beyond the Louis XIV boulevard. The Marais was a fashionable area, frequented by foreign visitors and tourists, but few went beyond the Bastille into the faubourg. The faubourg was characterised by its built - up, densely populated areas, particularly in the north, and its numerous workshops producing soft furnishings. Paris as a whole had continued to grow, reaching slightly less than 800,000 inhabitants by the reign of Louis XVI, and many of the residents around the faubourg had migrated to Paris from the countryside relatively recently. The Bastille had its own street address, being officially known as No. 232, rue Saint - Antoine. Structurally, the late - 18th century Bastille was not greatly changed from its 14th - century predecessor. The eight stone towers had gradually acquired individual names : running from the north - east side of the external gate, these were La Chapelle, Trésor, Comté, Bazinière, Bertaudière, Liberté, Puits and Coin. La Chapelle contained the Bastille 's chapel, decorated with a painting of Saint Peter in chains. Trésor took its name from the reign of Henry IV, when it had contained the royal treasury. The origins of the name of Comté tower are unclear ; one theory is that the name refers to the County of Paris. Bazinière was named after Bertrand de La Bazinière, a royal treasurer who was imprisoned there in 1663. Bertaudière was named after a medieval mason who died building the structure in the 14th century. Liberté tower took its name either from a protest in 1380, when Parisians shouted the phrase outside the castle, or because it was used to house prisoners who had more freedom to walk around the castle than the typical prisoner. Puits tower contained the castle well, while Coin formed the corner of the Rue Saint - Antoine. Plan of the Bastille in the 18th century. A -- La Chapelle Tower ; B -- Trésor Tower ; C -- Comté Tower ; D -- Bazinière Tower ; E - Bertaudière Tower ; F -- Liberté Tower ; G -- Puits Tower ; H -- Coin Tower ; I -- Courtyard of the Well ; J -- Office wing ; K -- Large Courtyard The main castle courtyard, accessed through the southern gateway, was 120 feet long by 72 feet wide ( 37 m by 22 m ), and was divided from the smaller northern yard by a three - office wing, built around 1716 and renovated in 1761 in a modern, 18th - century style. The office wing held the council room that was used for interrogating prisoners, the Bastille 's library, and servants ' quarters. The upper stories included rooms for the senior Bastille staff, and chambers for distinguished prisoners. An elevated building on one side of the courtyard held the Bastille 's archives. A clock was installed by Antoine de Sartine, the lieutenant general of police between 1759 and 1774, on the side of the office wing, depicting two chained prisoners. New kitchens and baths were built just outside the main gate to the Bastille in 1786. The ditch around the Bastille, now largely dry, supported a 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high stone wall with a wooden walkway for the use of the guards, known as `` la ronde '', or the round. An outer court had grown up around the south - west side of the Bastille, adjacent to the Arsenal. This was open to the public and lined with small shops rented out by the governor for almost 10,000 livres a year, complete with a lodge for the Bastille gatekeeper ; it was illuminated at night to light the adjacent street. The Bastille was run by the governor, sometimes called the captain - governor, who lived in a 17th - century house alongside the fortress. The governor was supported by various officers, in particular his deputy, the lieutenant de roi, or lieutenant of the king, who was responsible for general security and the protection of state secrets ; the major, responsible for managing the Bastille 's financial affairs and the police archives ; and the capitaine des portes, who ran the entrance to the Bastille. Four warders divided up the eight towers between them. From an administrative perspective, the prison was generally well run during the period. These staff were supported by an official surgeon, a chaplain and could, on occasion, call upon the services of a local midwife to assist pregnant prisoners. A small garrison of `` invalides '' was appointed in 1749 to guard the interior and exterior of the fortress ; these were retired soldiers and were regarded locally, as Simon Schama describes, as `` amiable layabouts '' rather than professional soldiers. Use of the prison ( edit ) Jansenist convulsionnaires exercising in the outer court The role of the Bastille as a prison changed considerably during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. One trend was a decline in the number of prisoners sent to the Bastille, with 1,194 imprisoned there during the reign of Louis XV and only 306 under Louis XVI up until the Revolution, annual averages of around 23 and 20 respectively. A second trend was a slow shift away from the Bastille 's 17th - century role of detaining primarily upper - class prisoners, towards a situation in which the Bastille was essentially a location for imprisoning socially undesirable individuals of all backgrounds -- including aristocrats breaking social conventions, criminals, pornographers, thugs -- and was used to support police operations, particularly those involving censorship, across Paris. Despite these changes, the Bastille remained a state prison, subject to special authorities, answering to the monarch of the day and surrounded by a considerable and threatening reputation. Under Louis XV, around 250 Catholic convulsionnaires, often called Jansenists, were detained in the Bastille for their religious beliefs. Many of these prisoners were women and came from a wider range of social backgrounds than the upper - class Calvinists detained under Louis XIV ; historian Monique Cottret argues that the decline of the Bastille 's social `` mystique '' originates from this phase of detentions. By Louis XVI, the background of those entering the Bastille and the type of offences they were detained over had changed markedly. Between 1774 and 1789, the detentions included 54 people accused of robbery ; 31 of involvement in the 1775 Famine Revolt ; 11 detained for assault ; 62 illegal editors, printers and writers -- but relatively few detained over the grander affairs of state. Many prisoners still continued to come from the upper classes, particularly in those cases termed `` désordres des familles '', or disorders of the family. These cases typically involving members of the aristocracy who had, as historian Richard Andrews notes, `` rejected parental authority, disgraced the family reputation, manifested mental derangement, squandered capital or violated professional codes. '' Their families -- often their parents, but sometimes husbands and wives taking action against their spouses -- could apply for individuals to be detained at one of the royal prisons, resulting in an average imprisonment of between six months and four years. Such a detention could be preferable to facing a scandal or a public trial over their misdemeanours, and the secrecy that surrounded detention at the Bastille allowed personal and family reputations to be quietly protected. The Bastille was considered one of the best prisons for an upper - class prisoner to be detained at, because of the standard of the facilities for the wealthy. In the aftermath of the notorious `` Affair of the Diamond Necklace '' of 1786, involving the Queen and accusations of fraud, all the eleven suspects were held in the Bastille, significantly increasing the notoriety surrounding the institution. The Bastille and the Porte Saint - Antoine, seen from the east Increasingly, however, the Bastille became part of the system of wider policing in Paris. Although appointed by the king, the governor reported to the lieutenant general of police : the first of these, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, made only occasional visits to the Bastille, but his successor, Marquis d'Argenson, and subsequent officers used the facility extensively and took a close interest in inspections of the prison. The lieutenant general reported in turn to the secretary of the `` Maison du Roi '', largely responsible for order in the capital ; in practice together they controlled the issuing of the `` lettres '' in the king 's name. The Bastille was unusual among Parisian prisons in that it acted on behalf of the king -- prisoners could therefore be imprisoned secretly, for longer, and without normal judicial processes being applied, making it a useful facility for the police authorities. The Bastille was a preferred location for holding prisoners who needed extensive questioning or where a case required the analysis of extensive documents. The Bastille was also used to store the Parisian police archives ; public order equipment such as chains and flags ; and illegal goods, seized by order of the crown using a version of the `` lettre de cachet '', such as banned books and illicit printing presses. Throughout this period, but particularly in the middle of the 18th century, the Bastille was used by the police to suppress the trade in illegal and seditious books in France. In the 1750s, 40 % of those sent to the Bastille were arrested for their role in manufacturing or dealing in banned material ; in the 1760s, the equivalent figure was 35 %. Seditious writers were also often held in the Bastille, although many of the more famous writers held in the Bastille during the period were formally imprisoned for more anti-social, rather than strictly political, offences. In particular, many of those writers detained under Louis XVI were imprisoned for their role in producing illegal pornography, rather than political critiques of the regime. The writer Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle, the philosopher André Morellet and the historian Jean - François Marmontel, for example, were formally detained not for their more obviously political writings, but for libellous remarks or for personal insults against leading members of Parisian society. Prison regime ( edit ) A sketch of the main courtyard in 1785 Contrary to its later image, conditions for prisoners in the Bastille by the mid-18th century were in fact relatively benign, particularly by the standards of other prisons of the time. The typical prisoner was held in one of the octagonal rooms in the mid-levels of the towers. The calottes, the rooms just under the roof that formed the upper storey of the Bastille, were considered the least pleasant quarters, being more exposed to the elements and usually either too hot or too cold. The cachots, the underground dungeons, had not been used for many years except for holding recaptured escapees. Prisoners ' rooms each had a stove or a fireplace, basic furniture, curtains and in most cases a window. A typical criticism of the rooms was that they were shabby and basic rather than uncomfortable. Like the calottes, the main courtyard, used for exercise, was often criticised by prisoners as being unpleasant at the height of summer or winter, although the garden in the bastion and the castle walls were also used for recreation. The governor received money from the Crown to support the prisoners, with the amount varying on rank : the governor received 19 livres a day for each political prisoner -- with conseiller - grade nobles receiving 15 livres -- and, at the other end of the scale, three livres a day for each commoner. Even for the commoners, this sum was around twice the daily wage of a labourer and provided for an adequate diet, while the upper classes ate very well : even critics of the Bastille recounted many excellent meals, often taken with the governor himself. Prisoners who were being punished for misbehaviour, however, could have their diet restricted as a punishment. The medical treatment provided by the Bastille for prisoners was excellent by the standards of the 18th century ; the prison also contained a number of inmates suffering from mental illnesses and took, by the standards of the day, a very progressive attitude to their care. The council chamber, sketched in 1785 Although potentially dangerous objects and money were confiscated and stored when a prisoner first entered the Bastille, most wealthy prisoners continued to bring in additional luxuries, including pet dogs or cats to control the local vermin. The Marquis de Sade, for example, arrived with an elaborate wardrobe, paintings, tapestries, a selection of perfume, and a collection of 133 books. Card games and billiards were played among the prisoners, and alcohol and tobacco were permitted. Servants could sometimes accompany their masters into the Bastille, as in the cases of the 1746 detention of the family of Lord Morton and their entire household as British spies : the family 's domestic life continued on inside the prison relatively normally. The prisoners ' library had grown during the 18th century, mainly through ad hoc purchases and various confiscations by the Crown, until by 1787 it included 389 volumes. The length of time that a typical prisoner was kept at the Bastille continued to decline, and by Louis XVI 's reign the average length of detention was only two months. Prisoners would still be expected to sign a document on their release, promising not to talk about the Bastille or their time within it, but by the 1780s this agreement was frequently broken. Prisoners leaving the Bastille could be granted pensions on their release by the Crown, either as a form of compensation or as a way of ensuring future good behaviour -- Voltaire was granted 1,200 livres a year, for example, while Latude received an annual pension of 400 livres. Criticism and reform ( edit ) Dragons destroy the Bastille on the title page of Bucquoy 's Die Bastille oder die Hölle der Lebenden. During the 18th century, the Bastille was extensively critiqued by French writers as a symbol of ministerial despotism ; this criticism would ultimately result in reforms and plans for its abolition. The first major criticism emerged from Constantin de Renneville, who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 years and published his accounts of the experience in 1715 in his book L'Inquisition françois. Renneville presented a dramatic account of his detention, explaining that despite being innocent he had been abused and left to rot in one of the Bastille 's cachot dungeons, kept enchained next to a corpse. More criticism followed in 1719 when the Abbé Jean de Bucquoy, who had escaped from the Bastille ten years previously, published an account of his adventures from the safety of Hanover ; he gave a similar account to Renneville 's and termed the Bastille the `` hell of the living ''. Voltaire added to the notorious reputation of the Bastille when he wrote about the case of the `` Man in the Iron Mask '' in 1751, and later criticised the way he himself was treated while detained in the Bastille, labelling the fortress a `` palace of revenge ''. In the 1780s, prison reform became a popular topic for French writers and the Bastille was increasingly critiqued as a symbol of arbitrary despotism. Two authors were particularly influential during this period. The first was Simon - Nicholas Linguet, who was arrested and detained at the Bastille in 1780, after publishing a critique of Maréchal Duras. Upon his release, he published his Mémoires sur la Bastille in 1783, a damning critique of the institution. Linguet criticised the physical conditions in which he was kept, sometimes inaccurately, but went further in capturing in detail the more psychological effects of the prison regime upon the inmate. Linguet also encouraged Louis XVI to destroy the Bastille, publishing an engraving depicting the king announcing to the prisoners `` may you be free and live! '', a phrase borrowed from Voltaire. Linguet 's work was followed by another prominent autobiography, Henri Latude 's Le despotisme dévoilé. Latude was a soldier who was imprisoned in the Bastille following a sequence of complex misadventures, including the sending of a letter bomb to Madame de Pompadour, the King 's mistress. Latude became famous for managing to escape from the Bastille by means of climbing up the chimney of his cell and then descending the walls with a home - made rope ladder, before being recaptured afterwards in Amsterdam by French agents. Latude was released in 1777, but was rearrested following his publication of a book entitled Memoirs of Vengeance. Pamphlets and magazines publicised Latude 's case until he was finally released again in 1784. Latude became a popular figure with the `` Académie française '', or French Academy, and his autobiography, although inaccurate in places, did much to reinforce the public perception of the Bastille as a despotic institution. Linguet 's Mémoires sur la Bastille, depicting the fictional destruction of the Bastille by Louis XVI Modern historians of this period, such as Hans - Jürgen Lüsebrink, Simon Schama and Monique Cottret, concur that the actual treatment of prisoners in Bastille was much better than the public impression left through these writings. Nonetheless, fuelled by the secrecy that still surrounded the Bastille, official as well as public concern about the prison and the system that supported it also began to mount, prompting reforms. As early as 1775, Louis XVI 's minister Malesherbes had authorised all prisoners to be given newspapers to read, and to be allowed to write and to correspond with their family and friends. In the 1780s Breteuil, the Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi, began a substantial reform of the system of lettres de cachet that sent prisoners to the Bastille : such letters were now required to list the length of time a prisoner would be detained for, and the offence for which they were being held. Meanwhile, in 1784, the architect Alexandre Brogniard proposed that the Bastille be demolished and converted into a circular, public space with colonnades. Director - General of Finance Jacques Necker, having examined the costs of running the Bastille, amounting to well over 127,000 livres in 1774, for example, proposed closing the institution on the grounds of economy alone. Similarly, Puget, the Bastille 's lieutenant de roi, submitted reports in 1788 suggesting that the authorities close the prison, demolish the fortress and sell the real estate off. In June 1789, the Académie royale d'architecture proposed a similar scheme to Brogniard 's, in which the Bastille would be transformed into an open public area, with a tall column at the centre surrounded by fountains, dedicated to Louis XVI as the `` restorer of public freedom ''. The number of prisoners held in the Bastille at any one time declined sharply towards the end of Louis 's reign ; the prison contained ten prisoners in September 1782 and, despite a mild increase at the beginning of 1788, by July 1789 only seven prisoners remained in custody. Before any official scheme to close the prison could be enacted, however, disturbances across Paris brought a more violent end to the Bastille. The French Revolution ( edit ) Storming of the Bastille ( edit ) Main article : Storming of the Bastille An eye witness painting of the siege of the Bastille by Claude Cholat By July 1789, revolutionary sentiment was rising in Paris. The Estates - General was convened in May and members of the Third Estate proclaimed the Tennis Court Oath in June, calling for the king to grant a written constitution. Violence between loyal royal forces, mutinous members of the royal Gardes Françaises and local crowds broke out at Vendôme on 12 July, leading to widespread fighting and the withdrawal of royal forces from the centre of Paris. Revolutionary crowds began to arm themselves during 13 July, looting royal stores, gunsmiths and armourers ' shops for weapons and gunpowder. The commander of the Bastille at the time was Bernard - René de Launay, a conscientious but minor military officer. Tensions surrounding the Bastille had been rising for several weeks. Only seven prisoners remained in the fortress, - the Marquis de Sade had been transferred to the asylum of Charenton, after addressing the public from his walks on top of the towers and, once this was forbidden, shouting from the window of his cell. Sade had claimed that the authorities planned to massacre the prisoners in the castle, which resulted in the governor removing him to an alternative site in early July. At de Launay 's request, an additional force of 32 soldiers from the Swiss Salis - Samade regiment had been assigned to the Bastille on 7 July, adding to the existing 82 invalides pensioners who formed the regular garrison. De Launay had taken various precautions, raising the drawbridge in the Comté tower and destroying the stone abutment that linked the Bastille to its bastion to prevent anyone from gaining access from that side of the fortress. The shops in the entranceway to the Bastille had been closed and the gates locked. The Bastille was defended by 30 small artillery pieces, but nonetheless, by 14 July de Launay was very concerned about the Bastille 's situation. The Bastille, already hugely unpopular with the revolutionary crowds, was now the only remaining royalist stronghold in central Paris, in addition to which he was protecting a recently arrived stock of 250 barrels of valuable gunpowder. To make matters worse, the Bastille had only two days ' supply of food and no source of water, making it impossible to withstand a long siege. A plan of the Bastille and surrounding buildings made immediately after 1789 ; the red dot marks the perspective of Claude Cholat 's painting of the siege. On the morning of 14 July around 900 people formed outside the Bastille, primarily working - class members of the nearby faubourg Saint - Antoine, but also including some mutinous soldiers and local traders. The crowd had gathered in an attempt to commandeer the gunpowder stocks known to be held in the Bastille, and at 10 : 00 am de Launay let in two of their leaders to negotiate with him. Just after midday, another negotiator was let in to discuss the situation, but no compromise could be reached : the revolutionary representatives now wanted both the guns and the gunpowder in the Bastille to be handed over, but de Launay refused to do so unless he received authorisation from his leadership in Versailles. By this point it was clear that the governor lacked the experience or the skills to defuse the situation. Just as negotiations were about to recommence at around 1 : 30 pm, chaos broke out as the impatient and angry crowd stormed the outer courtyard of the Bastille, pushing toward the main gate. Confused firing broke out in the confined space and chaotic fighting began in earnest between de Launay 's forces and the revolutionary crowd as the two sides exchanged fire. At around 3 : 30 pm, more mutinous royal forces arrived to reinforce the crowd, bringing with them trained infantry officers and several cannons. After discovering that their weapons were too light to damage the main walls of the fortress, the revolutionary crowd began to fire their cannons at the wooden gate of the Bastille. By now around 83 of the crowd had been killed and another 15 mortally wounded ; only one of the Invalides had been killed in return. De Launay had limited options : if he allowed the Revolutionaries to destroy his main gate, he would have to turn the cannon directly inside the Bastille 's courtyard on the crowds, causing great loss of life and preventing any peaceful resolution of the episode. De Launay could not withstand a long siege, and he was dissuaded by his officers from committing mass suicide by detonating his supplies of powder. Instead, de Launay attempted to negotiate a surrender, threatening to blow up the Bastille if his demands were not met. In the midst of this attempt, the Bastille 's drawbridge suddenly came down and the revolutionary crowd stormed in, popular mythh believes that Stanislas Marie Maillard was the first revolutionry to enter to the fortress. De Launay was dragged outside into the streets and killed by the crowd, and three officers and three soldiers were killed during the course of the afternoon by the crowd. The soldiers of the Swiss Salis - Samade Regiment, however, were not wearing their uniform coats and were mistaken for Bastille prisoners ; they were left unharmed by the crowds until they were escorted away by French Guards and other regular soldiers among the attackers. The valuable powder and guns were seized and a search begun for the other prisoners in the Bastille. Destruction ( edit ) The demolition of the walls of the Bastille, July 1789 Within hours of its capture, the Bastille began to be used as a powerful symbol to give legitimacy to the revolutionary movement in France. The faubourg Saint - Antoine 's revolutionary reputation was firmly established by their storming of the Bastille and a formal list began to be drawn up of the `` vainqueurs '' who had taken part so as to honor both the fallen and the survivors. Although the crowd had initially gone to the Bastille searching for gunpowder, historian Simon Schama observes how the captured prison `` gave a shape and an image to all the vices against which the Revolution defined itself ''. Indeed, the more despotic and evil the Bastille was portrayed by the pro-revolutionary press, the more necessary and justified the actions of the Revolution became. Consequently, the late governor, de Launay, was rapidly vilified as a brutal despot. The fortress itself was described by the revolutionary press as a `` place of slavery and horror '', containing `` machines of death '', `` grim underground dungeons '' and `` disgusting caves '' where prisoners were left to rot for up to 50 years. As a result, in the days after 14 July, the fortress was searched for evidence of torture : old pieces of armour and bits of a printing press were taken out and presented as evidence of elaborate torture equipment. Latude returned to the Bastille, where he was given the rope ladder and equipment with which he had escaped from the prison many years before. The former prison warders escorted visitors around the Bastille in the weeks after its capture, giving colourful accounts of the events in the castle. Stories and pictures about the rescue of the fictional Count de Lorges -- supposedly a mistreated prisoner of the Bastille incarcerated by Louis XV -- and the similarly imaginary discovery of the skeleton of the `` Man in the Iron Mask '' in the dungeons, were widely circulated as fact across Paris. In the coming months, over 150 broadside publications used the storming of the Bastille as a theme, while the events formed the basis for a number of theatrical plays. Despite a thorough search, the revolutionaries discovered only seven prisoners in the Bastille, rather fewer than had been anticipated. Of these, only one -- de Whyte de Malleville, an elderly and white - bearded man -- closely resembled the public image of a Bastille prisoner ; despite being mentally ill, he was paraded through the streets, where he waved happily to the crowds. Of the remaining six liberated prisoners, four were convicted forgers who quickly vanished into the Paris streets ; one was the Count de Solages, who had been imprisoned on the request of his family for sexual misdemeanours ; the sixth was a man called Tavernier, who also proved to be mentally ill and, along with Whyte, was in due course reincarcerated in the Charenton asylum. A model of the Bastille made by Pierre - François Palloy from one of the stones of the fortress At first the revolutionary movement was uncertain whether to destroy the prison, to reoccupy it as a fortress with members of the volunteer guard militia, or to preserve it intact as a permanent revolutionary monument. The revolutionary leader Mirabeau eventually settled the matter by symbolically starting the destruction of the battlements himself, after which a panel of five experts was appointed by the Permanent Committee of the Hôtel de Ville to manage the demolition of the castle. One of these experts was Pierre - François Palloy, a bourgeois entrepreneur who claimed vainqueur status for his role during the taking of the Bastille, and he rapidly assumed control over the entire process. Palloy 's team worked quickly and by November most of the fortress had been destroyed. The ruins of the Bastille rapidly became iconic across France. Palloy had an altar set up on the site in February 1790, formed out of iron chains and restraints from the prison. Old bones, probably of 15th century soldiers, were discovered during the clearance work in April and, presented as the skeletons of former prisoners, were exhumed and ceremonially reburied in Saint - Paul 's cemetery. In the summer, a huge ball was held by Palloy on the site for the National Guardsmen visiting Paris for the 14 July celebrations. A memorabilia industry surrounding the fall of the Bastille was already flourishing and as the work on the demolition project finally dried up, Palloy started producing and selling memorabilia of the Bastille. Palloy 's products, which he called `` relics of freedom '', celebrated the national unity that the events of July 1789 had generated across all classes of French citizenry, and included a very wide range of items. Palloy also sent models of the Bastille, carved from the fortress 's stones, as gifts to the French provinces at his own expense to spread the revolutionary message. In 1793 a large revolutionary fountain featuring a statue of Isis was built on the former site of the fortress, which became known as the Place de la Bastille. 19th -- 20th century political and cultural legacy ( edit ) The foundations of the Liberté Tower of the Bastille, rediscovered during excavations for the Métro in 1899 The Bastille remained a powerful and evocative symbol for French republicans throughout the 19th century. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French First Republic that emerged from the Revolution in 1799, and subsequently attempted to marginalise the Bastille as a symbol. Napoleon was unhappy with the revolutionary connotations of the Place de la Bastille, and initially considered building his Arc de Triomphe on the site instead. This proved an unpopular option and so instead he planned the construction of a huge, bronze statue of an imperial elephant. The project was delayed, eventually indefinitely, and all that was constructed was a large plaster version of the bronze statue, which stood on the former site of the Bastille between 1814 and 1846, when the decaying structure was finally removed. After the restoration of the French Bourbon monarchy in 1815, the Bastille became an underground symbol for Republicans. The July Revolution in 1830, used images such as the Bastille to legitimise their new regime and in 1833, the former site of the Bastille was used to build the July Column to commemorate the revolution. The short - lived Second Republic was symbolically declared in 1848 on the former revolutionary site. The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, had been celebrated annually since 1790, initially through quasi-religious rituals, and then later during the Revolution with grand, secular events including the burning of replica Bastilles. Under Napoleon the events became less revolutionary, focusing instead on military parades and national unity in the face of foreign threats. During the 1870s, the 14 July celebrations became a rallying point for Republicans opposed to the early monarchist leadership of the Third Republic ; when the moderate Republican Jules Grévy became president in 1879, his new government turned the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille into a national holiday. The anniversary remained contentious, with hard - line Republicans continuing to use the occasion to protest against the new political order and right - wing conservatives protesting about the imposition of the holiday. The July Column itself remained contentious and Republican radicals unsuccessfully tried to blow it up in 1871. Meanwhile, the legacy of the Bastille proved popular among French novelists. Alexandre Dumas, for example, used the Bastille and the legend of the `` Man in the Iron Mask '' extensively in his d'Artagnan Romances ; in these novels the Bastille is presented as both picturesque and tragic, a suitable setting for heroic action. By contrast, in many of Dumas 's other works, such as Ange Pitou, the Bastille takes on a much darker appearance, being described as a place in which a prisoner is `` forgotten, bankrupted, buried, destroyed ''. In England, Charles Dickens took a similar perspective when he drew on popular histories of the Bastille in writing A Tale of Two Cities, in which Doctor Manette is `` buried alive '' in the prison for 18 years ; many historical figures associated with the Bastille are reinvented as fictional individuals in the novel, such as Claude Cholat, reproduced by Dickens as `` Ernest Defarge ''. Victor Hugo 's 1862 novel Les Miserables, set just after the Revolution, gave Napoleon 's plaster Bastille elephant a permanent place in literary history. In 1889 the continued popularity of the Bastille with the public was illustrated by the decision to build a replica in stone and wood for the Exposition Universelle world fair in Paris, manned by actors in period costumes. Due in part to the diffusion of national and Republican ideas across France during the second half of the Third Republic, the Bastille lost an element of its prominence as a symbol by the 20th century. Nonetheless, the Place de la Bastille continued to be the traditional location for left wing rallies, particularly in the 1930s, the symbol of the Bastille was widely evoked by the French Resistance during the Second World War and until the 1950s Bastille Day remained the single most significant French national holiday. Remains ( edit ) Remaining stones of the Bastille are still visible now on Boulevard Henri IV. Due to its destruction after 1789, very little remains of the Bastille in the 21st century. During the excavations for the Métro underground train system in 1899, the foundations of the Liberté Tower were uncovered and moved to the corner of the Boulevard Henri IV and the Quai de Celestins, where they can still be seen today. The Pont de la Concorde contains stones reused from the Bastille. Some relics of the Bastille survive : the Carnavalet Museum holds objects including one of the stone models of the Bastille made by Palloy and the rope ladder used by Latude to escape from the prison roof in the 18th century, while the mechanism and bells of the prison clock are exhibited in Musée Européen d'Art Campanaire at L'Isle - Jourdain. The key to the Bastille was given to George Washington in 1790 by Lafayette and is displayed in the historic house of Mount Vernon. The Bastille 's archives are now held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The Place de la Bastille still occupies most of the location of the Bastille, and the Opéra Bastille was built on the square in 1989 to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of the storming of the prison. The surrounding area has largely been redeveloped from its 19th - century industrial past. The ditch that originally linked the defences of the fortress to the River Seine had been dug out at the start of the 19th century to form the industrial harbour of the Bassin de l'Arsenal, linked to the Canal Saint Martin, but is now a marina for pleasure boats, while the Promenade Plantée links the square with redeveloped parklands to the east. Historiography ( edit ) Journal of Antoine - Jérôme de Losme, the Bastille major, describing the days before the fall of the Bastille in 1789 A number of histories of the Bastille were published immediately after July 1789, usually with dramatic titles promising the uncovering of secrets from the prison. By the 1830s and 1840s, popular histories written by Pierre Joigneaux and by the trio of Auguste Maquet, Auguste Arnould and Jules - Édouard Alboize de Pujol presented the years of the Bastille between 1358 and 1789 as a single, long period of royal tyranny and oppression, epitomised by the fortress ; their works featured imaginative 19th - century reconstructions of the medieval torture of prisoners. As living memories of the Revolution faded, the destruction of the Bastille meant that later historians had to rely primarily on memoires and documentary materials in analysing the fortress and the 5,279 prisoners who had come through the Bastille between 1659 and 1789. The Bastille 's archives, recording the operation of the prison, had been scattered in the confusion after the seizure ; with some effort, the Paris Assembly gathered around 600,000 of them in the following weeks, which form the basis of the modern archive. After being safely stored and ignored for many years, these archives were rediscovered by the French historian François Ravaisson, who catalogued and used them for research between 1866 and 1904. At the end of the 19th century the historian Frantz Funck - Brentano used the archives to undertake detailed research into the operation of the Bastille, focusing on the upper class prisoners in the Bastille, disproving many of the 18th - century myths about the institution and portraying the prison in a favourable light. Modern historians today consider Funck - Brentano 's work slightly biased by his anti-Republican views, but his histories of the Bastille were highly influential and were largely responsible for establishing that the Bastille was a well - run, relatively benign institution. Historian Fernand Bournon used the same archive material to produce the Histoire de la Bastille in 1893, considered by modern historians to be one of the best and most balanced 19th - century histories of the Bastille. These works inspired the writing of a sequence of more popular histories of the Bastille in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Auguste Coeuret 's anniversary history of the Bastille, which typically focused on a handful of themes and stories involving the more glamorous prisoners from the upper classes of French society. One of the major debates on the actual taking of the Bastille in 1789 has been the nature of the crowds that stormed the building. Hippolyte Taine argued in the late 19th century that the crowd consisted of unemployed vagrants, who acted without real thought ; by contrast, the post-war left - wing intellectual George Rudé argued that the crowd was dominated by relatively prosperous artisan workers. The matter was reexamined by Jacques Godechot in the post-war years ; Godechot showing convincingly that, in addition to some local artisans and traders, at least half the crowd that gathered that day were, like the inhabitants of the surrounding faubourg, recent immigrants to Paris from the provinces. Godechot used this to characterise the taking of the Bastille as a genuinely national event of wider importance to French society. In the 1970s French sociologists, particularly those interested in critical theory, re-examined this historical legacy. The Annales School conducted extensive research into how order was maintained in pre-revolutionary France, focusing on the operation of the police, concepts of deviancy and religion. Histories of the Bastille since then have focused on the prison 's role in policing, censorship and popular culture, in particular how these impacted on the working classes. Research in West Germany during the 1980s examined the cultural interpretation of the Bastille against the wider context of the French Revolution ; Hanse Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt 's work, explaining how the Bastille came to be regarded as a symbol of despotism, was among the most prominent. This body of work influenced historian Simon Schama 's 1989 book on the Revolution, which incorporated cultural interpretation of the Bastille with a controversial critique of the violence surrounding the storming of the Bastille. The Bibliothèque nationale de France held a major exhibition on the legacy of the Bastille between 2010 and 2011, resulting in a substantial edited volume summarising the current academic perspectives on the fortress. See also ( edit ) List of castles in France Architecture portal Criminal justice portal France portal Paris portal Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An alternative opinion, held by Fernand Bournon, is that the first bastille was a completely different construction, possibly made just of earth, and that all of the later bastille was built under Charles V and his son. Jump up ^ The Bastille can be seen in the background of Jean Fouquet 's 15th - century depiction of Charles V 's entrance into Paris. Jump up ^ Hugues Aubriot was subsequently taken from the Bastille to the For - l'Évêque, where he was then executed on charges of heresy. Jump up ^ Converting medieval financial figures to modern equivalents is notoriously challenging. For comparison, 1,200 livres was around 0.8 % of the French Crown 's annual income from royal taxes in 1460. Jump up ^ In practice, Henry IV 's nobles appointed lieuentants to actually run the fortress. Jump up ^ Andrew Trout suggests that the castle 's library was originally a gift from Louis XIV ; Martine Lefévre notes early records of the books of dead prisoners being lent out by the staff as a possible origin for the library, or alternatively that the library originated as a gift from Vinache, a rich Neapolitan. Jump up ^ Converting 17th century financial sums into modern equivalents is extremely challenging ; for comparison, 232,818 livres was around 1,000 times the annual wages of a typical labourer of the period. Jump up ^ The Bastille 's surgeon was also responsible for shaving the prisoners, as inmates were not permitted sharp objects such as razors. Jump up ^ Using slightly different accounting methods, Hans - Jürgen Lüsebrink suggests fractionally lower totals for prisoner numbers between 1660 -- 1789. Jump up ^ Jane McLeod suggests that the breaching of censorship rules by licensed printers was rarely dealt with by regular courts, being seen as an infraction against the Crown, and dealt with by royal officials. Jump up ^ This picture, by Jean - Honoré Fragonard, shows a number of elegantly dressed women ; it is uncertain on what occasion the drawing was made, or what they were doing in Bastille at the time. Jump up ^ Prisoners described the standard issue furniture as including `` a bed of green serge with curtains of the same ; a straw mat and a mattress ; a table or two, two pitchers, a candleholder and a tin goblet ; two or three chairs, a fork, a spoon and everything need to light a fire ; by special favour, weak little tongs and two large stones for an andiron. '' Linguet complained of only initially having `` two mattresses half eaten by the worms, a matted elbow chair... a tottering table, a water pitcher, two pots of Dutch ware and two flagstones to support the fire ''. Jump up ^ Linguet noted that `` there are tables less lacking ; I confess it ; mine was among them. '' Morellet reported that each day he received `` a bottle of decent wine, an excellent one - pound loaf of bread ; for dinner, a soup, some beef, an entrée and a desert ; in the evening, some roast and a salad. '' The abbé Marmontel recorded dinners including `` an excellent soup, a succulent slice of beef, a boiled leg of capon, dripping with fat and falling off the bone ; a small plate of fried artichokes in a marinade, one of spinach, a very nice `` cresonne '' pear, fresh grapes, a bottle of old Burgundy wine, and the best Mocha coffee. At the other end of the scale, lesser prisoners might get only `` a pound of bread and a bottle of bad wine a day ; for dinner... broth and two meat dishes ; for supper... a slice of roast, some stew, and some salad ''. Jump up ^ Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult ; for comparison, Latude 's pension was around one and a third times that of a labourer 's annual wage, while Voltaire 's was very considerably more. Jump up ^ Voltaire is usually considered to have exaggerated his hardships, as he received a string of visitors each day and in fact voluntarily stayed on within the Bastille after he was officially released in order to complete some business affairs. He also campaigned to have others sent to the Bastille. Jump up ^ The accuracy of all of Linguet 's records on the physical conditions have been questioned by modern historians, for example Simon Schama. Jump up ^ Latude 's inaccuracies include his referring to a new fur coat as `` half - rotted rags '', for example. Jacques Berchtold observes that Latude 's writing also introduced the idea of the hero of the story actively resisting the despotic institution -- in this case through escape -- in contrast to earlier works which had portrayed the hero merely as the passive victim of oppression. Jump up ^ Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult ; for comparison, the Bastille 's 127,000 livres running costs in 1774 were around 420 times a Parisian labourer 's annual wages, or alternatively roughly half the cost of clothing and equipping the Queen in 1785. Jump up ^ Claude Cholat was a wine merchant living in Paris on the rue Noyer at the start of 1789. Cholat fought on the side of the Revolutionaries during the storming of the Bastille, manning one of their cannon during the battle. Afterwards, Cholat produced a famous amateur gouache painting showing the events of the day ; produced in primitive, naïve style, it combines all the events of the day into a single graphical representation. Jump up ^ It is unclear why the Bastille 's well was not functioning at this time. Jump up ^ Jacques - François - Xavier de Whyte, often called Major Whyte, had originally been imprisoned for sexual misdemeanours -- by 1789 he believed himself to be Julius Caesar, accounting for his positive reaction to being paraded through the streets. Tavernier had been accused of attempting to assassinate Louis XV. The four forgers were later recaptured and imprisoned in the Bicêtre. Jump up ^ Palloy actually began some limited demolition work on the evening of the 14 July, before any formal authorisation had been given. Jump up ^ The extent to which Palloy was motivated by money, revolutionary zeal or both is unclear ; Simon Schama is inclined to portray him as a businessman first, Hans - Jürgen Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt depict him as a slightly obsessed revolutionary. Jump up ^ Palloy 's products included a working model of the fortress ; royal and revolutionary portraits ; miscellaneous objects such as inkwells and paperweights, made from recycled parts of the Bastille ; Latude 's biography and other carefully selected items. Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lansdale, p. 216. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 1. Jump up ^ Viollet, p. 172 ; Coueret, p. 2 ; Lansdale, p. 216. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 3. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 2. ^ Jump up to : Viollet, p. 172 ; Landsdale, p. 218. Jump up ^ Viollet, p. 172 ; Landsdale, p. 218 ; Muzerelle ( 2010a ), p. 14. ^ Jump up to : Coueret, p. 3, Bournon, p. 6. Jump up ^ Viollet, p. 172 ; Schama, p 331 ; Muzerelle ( 2010a ), p. 14. ^ Jump up to : Anderson, p. 208. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 52. Jump up ^ La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011 ; Funck - Brentano, p. 62 ; Bournon, p. 48. Jump up ^ Viollet, p. 172. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 36. Jump up ^ Lansdale, p. 221. Jump up ^ Toy, p. 215 ; Anderson, p. 208. Jump up ^ Anderson pp. 208, 283. Jump up ^ Anderson, pp. 208 -- 09. Jump up ^ Lansdale, pp. 219 -- 220. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 7. Jump up ^ Lansdale, p. 220 ; Bournon, p. 7. ^ Jump up to : Coueret, p. 4. Jump up ^ Coueret, pp. 4, 46. Jump up ^ Bournon, pp. 7, 48. Jump up ^ Le Bas, p. 191. Jump up ^ Lansdale, p. 220. Jump up ^ La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011 ; Lansdale, p. 220 ; Bournon, p. 49. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 13 ; Bournon, p. 11. Jump up ^ Bournon, pp. 49, 51. Jump up ^ Curry, p. 82. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 63. Jump up ^ Munck, p. 168. Jump up ^ Lansdale, p. 285. Jump up ^ Muzerelle ( 2010a ), p. 14. Jump up ^ Funck - Bretano, p. 61 ; Muzerelle ( 2010a ), p. 14. Jump up ^ Coueret, pp. 45, 57. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 37. Jump up ^ Knecht, p. 449. Jump up ^ Knecht, pp. 451 -- 2. Jump up ^ Knecht, p. 452. Jump up ^ Knecht, p. 459. Jump up ^ Freer, p. 358. Jump up ^ Freer, pp. 248, 356. Jump up ^ Freer, pp. 354 -- 6. Jump up ^ Freer, pp. 356, 357 -- 8. Jump up ^ Freer, pp. 364, 379. Jump up ^ Knecht, p. 486. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 64 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 6. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 64 ; Bournon, p. 49. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 49. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 65. ^ Jump up to : Munck, p. 212. Jump up ^ Sturdy, p. 27. Jump up ^ Lansdale, p. 324. Jump up ^ Munck, p. 212 ; Le Bas, p. 191. Jump up ^ Treasure, p. 141. Jump up ^ Treasure, p. 141 ; Le Bas, p. 191. Jump up ^ Treasure, p. 171 ; Le Bas, p. 191. Jump up ^ Treasure, p. 198. Jump up ^ Sainte - Aulaire, p. 195 ; Hazan, p. 14. Jump up ^ Sainte - Aulaire, p. 195 ; Hazan, p. 14 ; Treasure, p. 198. Jump up ^ Trout, p. 12. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 37 ; Hazan, pp. 14 -- 5 ; La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 61. ^ Jump up to : La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 6. Jump up ^ Trout, pp. 140 -- 1. Jump up ^ Collins, p. 103. Jump up ^ Cottret, p. 73 ; Trout, p. 142. ^ Jump up to : Trout, p. 142. Jump up ^ Trout, p. 143. Jump up ^ Trout, p. 141 ; Bély, pp. 124 -- 5, citing Petitfils ( 2003 ). ^ Jump up to : Trout, p. 141. ^ Jump up to : Lüsebrink, p. 51. Jump up ^ Lefévre, p. 156. Jump up ^ Trout, p. 141, Lefévre, p. 156. Jump up ^ Bournon, pp. 49, 52. Jump up ^ Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010b ), p. 24 ; Collins, p. 149 ; McLeod, p. 5. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 53. Jump up ^ Bournon, pp. 50 -- 1. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 66. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, pp. 72 -- 3. Jump up ^ La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011 ; Schama, p. 331. ^ Jump up to : Funck - Brentano, p. 73. Jump up ^ Garrioch, p. 22. Jump up ^ Garrioch, p. 22 ; Roche, p. 17. Jump up ^ Roche, p. 17. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 330. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 58. ^ Jump up to : Chevallier, p. 148. Jump up ^ Coueret, pp. 45 -- 6. ^ Jump up to : Coueret, p. 46. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 47 ; Funck - Brentano, pp. 59 -- 60. ^ Jump up to : Coueret, p. 47. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 47 ; Funck - Brentano, p. 60. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 48 ; Bournon, p. 27. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 48. Jump up ^ Coueret, pp. 48 -- 9. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 49. Jump up ^ Reichardt, p. 226 ; Coueret, p. 51. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 57 ; Funck - Brentano, p. 62. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 330 ; Coueret, p. 58 ; Bournon, pp. 25 -- 6. ^ Jump up to : Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010a ), p. 136. Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 71. Jump up ^ Bournon, pp. 66, 68. Jump up ^ Linguet, p. 78. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 339 ; Bournon, p. 73. Jump up ^ Denis, p. 38 ; Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010b ), p. 24. Jump up ^ Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010b ), p. 24. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 331 ; Lacam, p. 79. Jump up ^ Cottret, pp. 75 -- 6. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 270 ; Prade, p. 25. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 270 ; Farge, p. 89. Jump up ^ Trout, pp. 141, 143. Jump up ^ Gillispie, p. 249. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 25 -- 6. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 72 ; Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010a ), p. 136. Jump up ^ Denis, p. 37 ; La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ Denis, p. 37. Jump up ^ Denis, pp. 38 -- 9. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 81 ; La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. ^ Jump up to : Birn, p. 51. Jump up ^ McLeod, p. 6 Jump up ^ Schama, p. 331 ; Funck - Brentano, p. 148. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, pp. 156 -- 9. Jump up ^ Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010c ), p. 148. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 331 -- 2 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 29 -- 32. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 331 -- 2. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 331. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 332 ; Linguet, p. 69 ; Coeuret, p. 54 - 5. Jump up ^ Linguet, p. 69 ; Coeuret, p. 54 - 5, citing Charpentier ( 1789 ). Jump up ^ Bournon, p. 30. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 332. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 333 ; Andress, p. xiii ; Chevallier, p. 151. Jump up ^ Chevallier, pp. 151 -- 2, citing Morellet, p. 97, Marmontel, pp. 133 -- 5 and Coueret, p. 20. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 107 ; Chevallier, p. 152. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31 ; Sérieux and Libert ( 1914 ), cited Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 332, 335. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 333. Jump up ^ Farge, p. 153. Jump up ^ Lefévre, p. 157. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 99. ^ Jump up to : Andress, p. xiii. ^ Jump up to : Reichardt, p. 226. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 10 ; Renneville ( 1719 ). Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 11. Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 13 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 12 ; Bucquoy ( 1719 ). Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 14 -- 5, 26. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 26 -- 7. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 333 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 19. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 334. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 334 ; Linguet ( 2005 ). Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 334 -- 5. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 335. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 336 -- 7. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 337 -- 8. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 338. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 338 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31 ; Latude ( 1790 ). Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 31 ; Berchtold, pp. 143 -- 5. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 334 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 27. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 27. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, pp. 78 -- 9. Jump up ^ Gillispie, p. 247 ; Funck - Brentano, p. 78. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, pp. 81 -- 2. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 83. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, p. 79. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 340 - 2, fig. 6. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 327. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 339. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 339 Jump up ^ Coueret, p. 57. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 340. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 340 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 58. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 340 - 1. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 42. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 341. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 341 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 43. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 341 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 342. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 343. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 342 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 43. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 342 -- 3. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 44. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 343 ; Crowdy, p. 8. Jump up ^ Reichardt, p. 240 ; Schama, p. 345 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 86. Jump up ^ Hazan, p. 122 ; Schama, p. 347. ^ Jump up to : Reichardt, p. 240 ; Schama, p. 345. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 64. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 74, 77. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 345. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 348. Jump up ^ Reichardt, pp. 241 -- 2. Jump up ^ Reichardt, p. 226 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 98 -- 9. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 344 -- 5 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 67. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 345 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 106 -- 7. Jump up ^ Schama, p. 347. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 120. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 347 -- 8. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 349. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 350. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 351 -- 2 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 80 -- 1. Jump up ^ Schama, pp. 351 -- 3 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 120 -- 1. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 351. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 120 -- 1. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 168. Jump up ^ Amalvi, p. 184. Jump up ^ Amalvi, p. 181. ^ Jump up to : Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 220. ^ Jump up to : Schama, p. 3. Jump up ^ Burton, p. 40 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 222. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 227. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 155 -- 6. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 156 -- 7. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 229. Jump up ^ McPhee, p. 259 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 231. ^ Jump up to : Burton, p. 40. Jump up ^ Sacquin, pp. 186 -- 7. Jump up ^ Sacquin, p. 186. Jump up ^ Glancy, pp. 18, 33 ; Sacquin, p. 186. Jump up ^ Giret, p. 191. Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 235. Jump up ^ Nora, p. 118 ; Ayers, p. 188 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp. 232 -- 5. Jump up ^ Hazan, p. 11 ; Amalvi, p. 184. Jump up ^ Ayers, p. 391. Jump up ^ Modèle réduit de la Bastille, Carnavalet Museum, accessed 2 September 2011 ; Berchtold, p. 145 ; Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010a ), p. 136. Jump up ^ Bastille Key, George Washington 's Mount Vernon and Historic Gardens, accessed 2 September 2011. Jump up ^ Archives de la Bastille Archived September 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 2 September 2011. Jump up ^ Berens, p. 237 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170. Jump up ^ Amalvi, p. 181 ; Joigneaux ( 1838 ) ; Maquet, Arnould and Alboize Du Pujol ( 1844 ). Jump up ^ Dutray - Lecoin ( 2010a ), p. 136 ; La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. Jump up ^ La Bastille ou `` l'Enfer des vivants ''?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 8 August 2011. ; Funck - Brentano, pp. 52 -- 4. Jump up ^ Funck - Brentano, pp. 55 -- 6 ; Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170. Jump up ^ Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170 ; Funck - Bretano ( 1899 ). Jump up ^ Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170 ; Amalvi, p. 183. Jump up ^ Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170 ; Bournon ( 1898 ). Jump up ^ Muzerelle ( 2010b ), p. 170 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p. 207 ; Coeuret ( 1890 ). Jump up ^ Kennedy, p. 313 ; Rudé ( 1959 ) ; Taine ( 1878 ). Jump up ^ Godechot ( 1965 ) ; Schama, p. 762 ; Kennedy, p. 313. Jump up ^ Kennedy, p. 313. Jump up ^ Crook, pp. 245 -- 6 ; Lüsebrink and Reichardt ( 1997 ). Jump up ^ Colley, pp. 12 -- 3 ; Schama ( 2004 ). Jump up ^ The `` Bastille '' or `` Living in Hell '' Archived November 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Bibliothèque nationale de France, accessed 29 August 2011 ; Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). References ( edit ) Alpaugh, Micah. `` A Self - Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution : The Milice bourgeoise, the Bastille Days of 1789, and Their Aftermath, '' Journal of Social History 47, no. 3 ( Spring 2014 ), 696 - 720. Amalvi, Christian. `` La Bastille dans l'historiographie républicaine du XIXe siècle '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Anderson, William ( 1980 ). Castles of Europe : From Charlemagne to the Renaissance. London : Ferndale. ISBN 0 - 905746 - 20 - 1. Andress, David ( 2004 ). The French Revolution and the People. New York : Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 540 - 6. Andrews, Richard Mowery ( 1994 ). Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735 -- 1789 : Volume 1, The system of Criminal Justice. Cambridge : University of Cambridge Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 36169 - 9. Ayers, Andrew ( 2004 ). The Architecture of Paris : an Architectural Guide. Stuttgart, Germany : Axel Menges. ISBN 978 - 3 - 930698 - 96 - 7. Bély, Lucien ( 2005 ). Louis XIV : le plus grand roi du monde. Paris : Gisserot. ISBN 978 - 2 - 87747 - 772 - 7. ( in French ) Berchtold, Jacques ( 2010 ). `` L'embastillement dans les mémoires des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Berens, Carol ( 2011 ). Redeveloping Industrial Sites : A Guide For Architects, Planners, and Developers. Hoboken, US : John Wiley. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 39824 - 1. Birn, Raymond ( 1989 ). `` Malesherbes and the Call For a Free Press '', in Darnton and Roche ( eds ) ( 1989 ). Bournon, Fernand ( 1898 ). La Bastille : histoire et description des bâtiments, administration, régime de la prison, événements historiques. Paris : Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 422090746. ( in French ) Bucquoy, Jean Albert de ( 1719 ). Die sogenannte Hölle der Lebendigen : d.i. die weltberufene Bastille zu Paris. nl : Friends of the Author. OCLC 166115978. ( in German ) Charpentier, François ( 1789 ). La Bastille dévoilée, ou, Recueil de pièces authentiques pour servir a son histoire. Paris : Chez Desenne. OCLC 54462067. ( in French ) Chevallier, Jim ( 2005 ). `` Appendices B and C '', in Linguet ( 2005 ). Coeuret, August ( 1890 ). La Bastille 1370 -- 1789 : historie, description, attaque et prise. Paris : Rothschild. OCLC 65031248. ( in French ) Colley, Linda ( 1989 ). `` Last Farewells ''. London Review of Books 11 : no. 12, pp. 12 -- 13. Collins, James B. ( 1995 ). The State in Early Modern France. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 38724 - 8. Cottret, Monique ( 2010 ). `` Les affaires de religion à la Bastille '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Crook, Malcolm ( 1999 ). `` Review : The Bastille : a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom ''. French History 13 : no. 2, pp. 245 -- 6. Crowdy, Terry ( 2004 ). French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802. Botley, UK : Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1 - 84176 - 660 - 7. Curry, Anne ( 2002 ). The Hundred Years ' War : 1337 -- 1453. Botley, UK : Osprey. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 269 - 2. Daileader, Philip and Philip Whalen ( eds ) ( 2010 ). French Historians 1900 -- 2000 : New Historical Writing in Twentieth - Century France. Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9867 - 7. Darnton, Robert and Daniel Roche ( eds ) ( 1989 ). Revolution in Print : the Press in France, 1775 -- 1800. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06431 - 7. Denis, Vincent ( 2010 ). `` La police de Paris et la Bastille au XVIIIe siècle '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Dutray - Lecoin, Élise ( 2010a ). `` La vie quotidienne à la Bastille '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Dutray - Lecoin, Élise ( 2010b ). `` Le système pénitentiaire parisien sous l'Ancien Régime '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Dutray - Lecoin, Élise ( 2010c ). `` 175 : La Bastille vue par un artiste '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Dutray - Lecoin, Élise and Danielle Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). La Bastille ou ' l'enfer des vivants ' à travers les archives de la Bastille. Paris : Bibliothèque nationale de France. ISBN 978 - 2 - 7177 - 2467 - 7. Farge, Arlette ( 1993 ). Fragile Lives : Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth - Century Paris. London : Polity Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 31637 - 9. Farge, Arlette ( 2010 ). `` Le désordre social et politique, la main due roi s'y oppose '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Freer, Martha Walker ( 1860 ). History of the Reign of Henry IV. London : Hurst and Blackett. OCLC 605733923. Funck - Brentano, Frantz ( 1899 ). Legends of the Bastille. London : Downey. OCLC 657054286. Garrioch, David ( 2004 ). The Making of Revolutionary Paris. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24327 - 9. Gillispie, Charles Coulston ( 1980 ). Science and Polity in France : the End of the Old Regime. Princeton : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11849 - 9. Giret, Noëlle ( 2010 ). `` La Bastille ou le ' palais de la vengeance ' '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Glancy, Ruth F ( 2006 ). Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : a Sourcebook. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28759 - 3. Godechot, Jacques Léon ( 1965 ). La prise de la Bastille : 14 juillet 1789. Paris : Gallimard. OCLC 1736415. Hazan, Eric ( 2011 ). The Invention of Paris : A History in Footsteps. London : Verso. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 705 - 4. Joigneaux, Pierre ( 1838 ). Histoire générale de la Bastille. Paris : Pierre Joigneaux. OCLC 457621707. Kennedy, Emmet ( 2010 ). `` Jacques Godechot ( 1907 -- 1989 ) '', in Daileader and Whalen ( eds ) ( 2010 ). Knecht, Robert Jean ( 2001 ). The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483 -- 1610. Oxford : Blackwell Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22729 - 8. Lacam, Emmanuel ( 2010 ). `` Les convulsionnaires '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Lansdale, Maria Hornor ( 1898 ). Paris : Its Sites, Monuments and History. Philadelphia, US : H.T. Coates. OCLC 224022. Latude, Henri ( 1790 ). Le despotisme dévoilé ; ou, Mémoires de Henry Masers de Latude, détenu pendant trente - cinq ans dans divers prisons d'état. Paris : Frais de M. de Latude. OCLC 33300147. ( in French ) Le Bas, M ( 1840 ). France. Annales historiques. Paris : F. Didot frères. OCLC 656850085. ( in French ) Lefèvre, Martine ( 2010 ). `` La bibliothèque de la Bastille '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Linguet, Simon - Nicolas - Henry ( 2005 ). Memoirs of the Bastille. North Hollywood, US : CJ Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 4697 - 1. Lüsebrink, Hans - Jürgen ( 2010 ). `` Les grandes affairs politiques '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Lüsebrink, Hans - Jürgen and Rolf Reichardt ( 1997 ). The Bastille : a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Durham, US : Duke University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1894 - 1. Maquet, Auguste, A. Arnould and Jules - Édouard Alboize Du Pujol ( 1844 ). Histoire de la Bastille depuis sa fondation ( 1374 ) jusqu'à sa destruction ( 1789 ). Paris : Administration de Librairie. OCLC 13144605. ( in French ) Marmontel, Jean - François ( 1891 ). Memoires de Marmontel. Paris : Librairie des bibliophiles. OCLC 2599671. ( in French ) McLeod, Jane ( 2011 ). Licensing Loyalty : Printers, Patrons, and the State in Early Modern France. University Park, US : Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 03768 - 4. McPhee, Peter ( 1992 ). A Social History of France 1780 -- 1880. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01615 - 5. Morellet, André ( 1822 ). Mémoires inédits de l'abbé Morellet, de l'Académie française : sur le dix - huitième siècle et sur la révolution. Paris : Ladvocat. OCLC 65244643. ( in French ) Munck, Thomas ( 1990 ). Seventeenth Century Europe : 1598 -- 1700. London : Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 28641 - 8. Muzerelle, Danielle ( 2010a ). `` La Bastille et le quartier de l'Arsenal '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Muzerelle, Danielle ( 2010b ). `` La Bastille après le 14 Juillet '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Nora, Pierre ( 1998 ). Realms of Memory : Rethinking the French Past. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10926 - 0. Petitfils, Jean - Christian ( 2003 ). Le Masque de fer : entre histoire et légende. Paris, Perrin. ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 02171 - 9. ( in French ) Prade, Catherine ( 2010 ). `` Les prisons de Paris '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Reichardt, Rolf ( 1980 ). `` Prints : Images of the Bastille '', in Darnton and Roche ( eds ) ( 1989 ). Renneville, de Constantin ( 1719 ). L'Inquisition françoise ou l'histoire de la Bastille. Amsterdam : np. OCLC 601482963. ( in French ) Roche, Daniel ( 1987 ). The People of Paris : an Essay in Popular Culture in the 18th Century. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06031 - 9. Rudé, George ( 1958 ). The Crowd in the French Revolution. Oxford : Clarendon Press. OCLC 401387. Sacquin, Michèle ( 2010 ). `` La Bastille romanesque : entre idéologie et pittoresque '', in Dutray - Lecoin and Muzerelle ( eds ) ( 2010 ). ( in French ) Sainte - Aulaire, Louis Clair de Beaupoil Le Comte de ( 1827 ). Histoire de la Fronde, Tome 3. Paris : Baudouin frères. OCLC 562330561. ( in French ) Schama, Simon ( 2004 ). Citizens : a Chronicle of the French Revolution. London : Penguin. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101727 - 3. Sérieux, Paul and Lucien Libert ( 1914 ). Le Régime des aliénés en France au XVIIIe siècle. Paris : Masson. OCLC 34916953. ( in French ) Sturdy, David J ( 1998 ). Louis XIV. Basingstoke, UK : Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 21428 - 9. Taine, Hippolyte ( 1878 ). The French Revolution. New York : H. Holt. OCLC 593770. Toy, Sidney ( 1985 ). Castles : Their Construction and History. New York : Dover Publications. ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24898 - 1 ( reissue of Castles : a short history of fortification from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1600 ; London : Heinemann, 1939 ). Treasure, Geoffrey ( 1997 ). Mazarin : the Crisis of Absolutism in France. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16211 - 1. Trout, Andrew P. ( 1996 ). City on the Seine : Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV. New York : St Martin 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12933 - 0. Viollet - le - Duc, Eugène - Emmanuel ( 1875 ). Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle. Paris : Morel. OCLC 565869554. ( in French ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bastille. Video accompanying 2011 exhibition at the Bibliothèque nationale de France ( in French ) VIAF : 131315093 GND : 4102871 - 5 BNF : cb11942452h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastille&oldid=835829700 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1383 1383 establishments in France 1789 disestablishments in France Castles in Île - de-France Defunct prisons in Paris Destroyed landmarks in France Former buildings and structures in Paris Fortifications of Paris Political history of the Ancien Régime French Revolution Buildings and structures demolished in 1789 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with French - language external links Articles with German - language external links Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018, at 01 : 14. 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{ "text": "Thermodynamic temperature - wikipedia Thermodynamic temperature Jump to : navigation, search Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches ( show ) Classical Statistical Chemical Quantum thermodynamics Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Laws ( show ) Zeroth First Second Third Systems ( show ) State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System properties ( show ) Note : Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Process functions Work Heat Functions of state Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Material properties ( show ) Property databases Specific heat capacity c = ( \\ displaystyle c = ) T ( \\ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial S ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Compressibility β = − ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = - ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial p ) Thermal expansion α = ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ) 1 ( \\ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial V ) V ( \\ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial T ) Equations ( show ) Carnot 's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman 's equations Table of thermodynamic equations Potentials ( show ) Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S, V ) ( \\ displaystyle U ( S, V ) ) Enthalpy H ( S, p ) = U + p V ( \\ displaystyle H ( S, p ) = U + pV ) Helmholtz free energy A ( T, V ) = U − T S ( \\ displaystyle A ( T, V ) = U-TS ) Gibbs free energy G ( T, p ) = H − T S ( \\ displaystyle G ( T, p ) = H - TS ) History Culture ( show ) History General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications `` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire '' Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines Art Education Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal Scientists ( show ) Bernoulli Boltzmann Carnot Clapeyron Clausius Carathéodory Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Maxwell von Mayer Onsager Rankine Smeaton Stahl Thompson Thomson van der Waals Waterston Book : Thermodynamics Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. At this point, absolute zero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder. In the quantum - mechanical description, matter at absolute zero is in its ground state, which is its state of lowest energy. Thermodynamic temperature is often also called absolute temperature, for two reasons : one, proposed by Kelvin, that it does not depend on the properties of a particular material ; two that it refers to an absolute zero according to the properties of the ideal gas. The International System of Units specifies a particular scale for thermodynamic temperature. It uses the kelvin scale for measurement and selects the triple point of water at 273.16 K as the fundamental fixing point. Other scales have been in use historically. The Rankine scale, using the degree Fahrenheit as its unit interval, is still in use as part of the English Engineering Units in the United States in some engineering fields. ITS - 90 gives a practical means of estimating the thermodynamic temperature to a very high degree of accuracy. Roughly, the temperature of a body at rest is a measure of the mean of the energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter 's particle constituents, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles. The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, make up the total internal energy of a substance. Internal energy is loosely called the heat energy or thermal energy in conditions when no work is done upon the substance by its surroundings, or by the substance upon the surroundings. Internal energy may be stored in a number of ways within a substance, each way constituting a `` degree of freedom ''. At equilibrium, each degree of freedom will have on average the same energy : k B T / 2 ( \\ displaystyle k_ ( B ) T / 2 ) where k B ( \\ displaystyle k_ ( B ) ) is the Boltzmann constant, unless that degree of freedom is in the quantum regime. The internal degrees of freedom ( rotation, vibration, etc. ) may be in the quantum regime at room temperature, but the translational degrees of freedom will be in the classical regime except at extremely low temperatures ( fractions of kelvins ) and it may be said that, for most situations, the thermodynamic temperature is specified by the average translational kinetic energy of the particles. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Practical realization 2 The relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and thermal energy 2.1 The nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature 2.2 The high speeds of translational motion 2.3 The internal motions of molecules and specific heat 2.4 The diffusion of thermal energy : Entropy, phonons, and mobile conduction electrons 2.5 The diffusion of thermal energy : Black - body radiation 2.5. 1 Table of thermodynamic temperatures 2.5. 2 The heat of phase changes 2.5. 3 Internal energy 2.5. 4 Internal energy at absolute zero 3 Practical applications for thermodynamic temperature 4 Definition of thermodynamic temperature 5 History 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Temperature is a measure of the random submicroscopic motions and vibrations of the particle constituents of matter. These motions comprise the internal energy of a substance. More specifically, the thermodynamic temperature of any bulk quantity of matter is the measure of the average kinetic energy per classical ( i.e., non-quantum ) degree of freedom of its constituent particles. `` Translational motions '' are almost always in the classical regime. Translational motions are ordinary, whole - body movements in three - dimensional space in which particles move about and exchange energy in collisions. Figure 1 below shows translational motion in gases ; Figure 4 below shows translational motion in solids. Thermodynamic temperature 's null point, absolute zero, is the temperature at which the particle constituents of matter are as close as possible to complete rest ; that is, they have minimal motion, retaining only quantum mechanical motion. Zero kinetic energy remains in a substance at absolute zero ( see Thermal energy at absolute zero, below ). Throughout the scientific world where measurements are made in SI units, thermodynamic temperature is measured in kelvins ( symbol : K ). Many engineering fields in the U.S. however, measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale. By international agreement, the unit kelvin and its scale are defined by two points : absolute zero, and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( water with a specified blend of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes ). Absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature, is defined as being precisely 0 K and − 273.15 ° C. The triple point of water is defined as being precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 ° C. This definition does three things : It fixes the magnitude of the kelvin unit as being precisely 1 part in 273.16 parts the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water ; It establishes that one kelvin has precisely the same magnitude as a one - degree increment on the Celsius scale ; and It establishes the difference between the two scales ' null points as being precisely 273.15 kelvins ( 0 K = − 273.15 ° C and 273.16 K = 0.01 ° C ). Temperatures expressed in kelvins ( T ) are converted to degrees Rankine ( T ) simply by multiplying by 1.8 ( T = 1.8 × T ). Temperatures expressed in degrees Rankine are converted to kelvins by dividing by 1.8 ( T = T ÷ 1.8 ). Practical realization ( edit ) Main article : ITS - 90 Although the kelvin and Celsius scales are defined using absolute zero ( 0 K ) and the triple point of water ( 273.16 K and 0.01 ° C ), it is impractical to use this definition at temperatures that are very different from the triple point of water. ITS - 90 is then designed to represent the thermodynamic temperature as closely as possible throughout its range. Many different thermometer designs are required to cover the entire range. These include helium vapor pressure thermometers, helium gas thermometers, standard platinum resistance thermometers ( known as SPRTs, PRTs or Platinum RTDs ) and monochromatic radiation thermometers. For some types of thermometer the relationship between the property observed ( e.g., length of a mercury column ) and temperature, is close to linear, so for most purposes a linear scale is sufficient, without point - by - point calibration. For others a calibration curve or equation is required. The mercury thermometer, invented before the thermodynamic temperature was understood, originally defined the temperature scale ; its linearity made readings correlate well with true temperature, i.e. the `` mercury '' temperature scale was a close fit to the true scale. The relationship of temperature, motions, conduction, and thermal energy ( edit ) Fig. 1 The translational motion of fundamental particles of nature such as atoms and molecules are directly related to temperature. Here, the size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1950 atmospheres of pressure. These room - temperature atoms have a certain average speed ( slowed down here two trillion-fold ). At any given instant however, a particular helium atom may be moving much faster than average while another may be nearly motionless. Five atoms are colored red to facilitate following their motions. The nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature ( edit ) The thermodynamic temperature is a measure of the average energy of the translational, vibrational, and rotational motions of matter 's particle constituents ( molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles ). The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, contribute the total internal energy ( loosely, the thermal energy ) of a substance. Thus, internal energy may be stored in a number of ways ( degrees of freedom ) within a substance. When the degrees of freedom are in the classical regime ( `` unfrozen '' ) the temperature is very simply related to the average energy of those degrees of freedom at equilibrium. The three translational degrees of freedom are unfrozen except for the very lowest temperatures, and their kinetic energy is simply related to the thermodynamic temperature over the widest range. The heat capacity, which relates heat input and temperature change, is discussed below. The relationship of kinetic energy, mass, and velocity is given by the formula E = ​ ⁄ mv. Accordingly, particles with one unit of mass moving at one unit of velocity have precisely the same kinetic energy, and precisely the same temperature, as those with four times the mass but half the velocity. Except in the quantum regime at extremely low temperatures, the thermodynamic temperature of any bulk quantity of a substance ( a statistically significant quantity of particles ) is directly proportional to the mean average kinetic energy of a specific kind of particle motion known as translational motion. These simple movements in the three x, y, and z -- axis dimensions of space means the particles move in the three spatial degrees of freedom. The temperature derived from this translational kinetic energy is sometimes referred to as kinetic temperature and is equal to the thermodynamic temperature over a very wide range of temperatures. Since there are three translational degrees of freedom ( e.g., motion along the x, y, and z axes ), the translational kinetic energy is related to the kinetic temperature by : E ̄ = 3 2 k B T k ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( E ) ) \\, = \\, ( \\ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) k_ ( B ) T_ ( k ) ) where : E ̄ ( \\ displaystyle \\ scriptstyle ( \\ bar ( E ) ) ) is the mean kinetic energy in joules ( J ) and is pronounced `` E bar '' k = 6977138065039999999 ♠ 1.380 6504 ( 24 ) × 10 J / K is the Boltzmann constant and is pronounced `` Kay sub bee '' T k ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( k ) ) is the kinetic temperature in kelvins ( K ) and is pronounced `` Tee sub kay '' Fig. 2 The translational motions of helium atoms occur across a range of speeds. Compare the shape of this curve to that of a Planck curve in Fig. 5 below. While the Boltzmann constant is useful for finding the mean kinetic energy of a particle, it 's important to note that even when a substance is isolated and in thermodynamic equilibrium ( all parts are at a uniform temperature and no heat is going into or out of it ), the translational motions of individual atoms and molecules occur across a wide range of speeds ( see animation in Figure 1 above ). At any one instant, the proportion of particles moving at a given speed within this range is determined by probability as described by the Maxwell -- Boltzmann distribution. The graph shown here in Fig. 2 shows the speed distribution of 5500 K helium atoms. They have a most probable speed of 4.780 km / s. However, a certain proportion of atoms at any given instant are moving faster while others are moving relatively slowly ; some are momentarily at a virtual standstill ( off the x -- axis to the right ). This graph uses inverse speed for its x -- axis so the shape of the curve can easily be compared to the curves in Figure 5 below. In both graphs, zero on the x -- axis represents infinite temperature. Additionally, the x and y -- axis on both graphs are scaled proportionally. The high speeds of translational motion ( edit ) Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect translational motions, the resultant collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The translational motions of elementary particles are very fast and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record - setting cold temperature of 700 nK ( billionths of a kelvin ) in 1994, they used optical lattice laser equipment to adiabatically cool caesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of 7 mm per second in order to calculate their temperature. Formulas for calculating the velocity and speed of translational motion are given in the following footnote. The internal motions of molecules and specific heat ( edit ) Fig. 3 Because of their internal structure and flexibility, molecules can store kinetic energy in internal degrees of freedom which contribute to the heat capacity. There are other forms of internal energy besides the kinetic energy of translational motion. As can be seen in the animation at right, molecules are complex objects ; they are a population of atoms and thermal agitation can strain their internal chemical bonds in three different ways : via rotation, bond length, and bond angle movements. These are all types of internal degrees of freedom. This makes molecules distinct from monatomic substances ( consisting of individual atoms ) like the noble gases helium and argon, which have only the three translational degrees of freedom. Kinetic energy is stored in molecules ' internal degrees of freedom, which gives them an internal temperature. Even though these motions are called internal, the external portions of molecules still move -- rather like the jiggling of a stationary water balloon. This permits the two - way exchange of kinetic energy between internal motions and translational motions with each molecular collision. Accordingly, as energy is removed from molecules, both their kinetic temperature ( the temperature derived from the kinetic energy of translational motion ) and their internal temperature simultaneously diminish in equal proportions. This phenomenon is described by the equipartition theorem, which states that for any bulk quantity of a substance in equilibrium, the kinetic energy of particle motion is evenly distributed among all the active ( i.e. unfrozen ) degrees of freedom available to the particles. Since the internal temperature of molecules are usually equal to their kinetic temperature, the distinction is usually of interest only in the detailed study of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium ( LTE ) phenomena such as combustion, the sublimation of solids, and the diffusion of hot gases in a partial vacuum. The kinetic energy stored internally in molecules causes substances to contain more internal energy at any given temperature and to absorb additional internal energy for a given temperature increase. This is because any kinetic energy that is, at a given instant, bound in internal motions is not at that same instant contributing to the molecules ' translational motions. This extra thermal energy simply increases the amount of energy a substance absorbs for a given temperature rise. This property is known as a substance 's specific heat capacity. Different molecules absorb different amounts of thermal energy for each incremental increase in temperature ; that is, they have different specific heat capacities. High specific heat capacity arises, in part, because certain substances ' molecules possess more internal degrees of freedom than others do. For instance, nitrogen, which is a diatomic molecule, has five active degrees of freedom at room temperature : the three comprising translational motion plus two rotational degrees of freedom internally. Since the two internal degrees of freedom are essentially unfrozen, in accordance with the equipartition theorem, nitrogen has five - thirds the specific heat capacity per mole ( a specific number of molecules ) as do the monatomic gases. Another example is gasoline ( see table showing its specific heat capacity ). Gasoline can absorb a large amount of thermal energy per mole with only a modest temperature change because each molecule comprises an average of 21 atoms and therefore has many internal degrees of freedom. Even larger, more complex molecules can have dozens of internal degrees of freedom. The diffusion of thermal energy : entropy, phonons, and mobile conduction electrons ( edit ) Fig. 4 The temperature - induced translational motion of particles in solids takes the form of phonons. Shown here are phonons with identical amplitudes but with wavelengths ranging from 2 to 12 molecules. Heat conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy from hot parts of a system to cold. A system can be either a single bulk entity or a plurality of discrete bulk entities. The term bulk in this context means a statistically significant quantity of particles ( which can be a microscopic amount ). Whenever thermal energy diffuses within an isolated system, temperature differences within the system decrease ( and entropy increases ). One particular heat conduction mechanism occurs when translational motion, the particle motion underlying temperature, transfers momentum from particle to particle in collisions. In gases, these translational motions are of the nature shown above in Fig. 1. As can be seen in that animation, not only does momentum ( heat ) diffuse throughout the volume of the gas through serial collisions, but entire molecules or atoms can move forward into new territory, bringing their kinetic energy with them. Consequently, temperature differences equalize throughout gases very quickly -- especially for light atoms or molecules ; convection speeds this process even more. Translational motion in solids, however, takes the form of phonons ( see Fig. 4 at right ). Phonons are constrained, quantized wave packets that travel at a given substance 's speed of sound. The manner in which phonons interact within a solid determines a variety of its properties, including its thermal conductivity. In electrically insulating solids, phonon - based heat conduction is usually inefficient and such solids are considered thermal insulators ( such as glass, plastic, rubber, ceramic, and rock ). This is because in solids, atoms and molecules are locked into place relative to their neighbors and are not free to roam. Metals however, are not restricted to only phonon - based heat conduction. Thermal energy conducts through metals extraordinarily quickly because instead of direct molecule - to - molecule collisions, the vast majority of thermal energy is mediated via very light, mobile conduction electrons. This is why there is a near - perfect correlation between metals ' thermal conductivity and their electrical conductivity. Conduction electrons imbue metals with their extraordinary conductivity because they are delocalized ( i.e., not tied to a specific atom ) and behave rather like a sort of quantum gas due to the effects of zero - point energy ( for more on ZPE, see Note 1 below ). Furthermore, electrons are relatively light with a rest mass only ​ ⁄ th that of a proton. This is about the same ratio as a. 22 Short bullet ( 29 grains or 1.88 g ) compared to the rifle that shoots it. As Isaac Newton wrote with his third law of motion, Law # 3 : All forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. However, a bullet accelerates faster than a rifle given an equal force. Since kinetic energy increases as the square of velocity, nearly all the kinetic energy goes into the bullet, not the rifle, even though both experience the same force from the expanding propellant gases. In the same manner, because they are much less massive, thermal energy is readily borne by mobile conduction electrons. Additionally, because they 're delocalized and very fast, kinetic thermal energy conducts extremely quickly through metals with abundant conduction electrons. The diffusion of thermal energy : black - body radiation ( edit ) Fig. 5 The spectrum of black - body radiation has the form of a Planck curve. A 5500 K black - body has a peak emittance wavelength of 527 nm. Compare the shape of this curve to that of a Maxwell distribution in Fig. 2 above. Thermal radiation is a byproduct of the collisions arising from various vibrational motions of atoms. These collisions cause the electrons of the atoms to emit thermal photons ( known as black - body radiation ). Photons are emitted anytime an electric charge is accelerated ( as happens when electron clouds of two atoms collide ). Even individual molecules with internal temperatures greater than absolute zero also emit black - body radiation from their atoms. In any bulk quantity of a substance at equilibrium, black - body photons are emitted across a range of wavelengths in a spectrum that has a bell curve - like shape called a Planck curve ( see graph in Fig. 5 at right ). The top of a Planck curve ( the peak emittance wavelength ) is located in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum depending on the temperature of the black - body. Substances at extreme cryogenic temperatures emit at long radio wavelengths whereas extremely hot temperatures produce short gamma rays ( see Table of common temperatures ). Black - body radiation diffuses thermal energy throughout a substance as the photons are absorbed by neighboring atoms, transferring momentum in the process. Black - body photons also easily escape from a substance and can be absorbed by the ambient environment ; kinetic energy is lost in the process. As established by the Stefan -- Boltzmann law, the intensity of black - body radiation increases as the fourth power of absolute temperature. Thus, a black - body at 824 K ( just short of glowing dull red ) emits 60 times the radiant power as it does at 296 K ( room temperature ). This is why one can so easily feel the radiant heat from hot objects at a distance. At higher temperatures, such as those found in an incandescent lamp, black - body radiation can be the principal mechanism by which thermal energy escapes a system. Table of thermodynamic temperatures ( edit ) The full range of the thermodynamic temperature scale, from absolute zero to absolute hot, and some notable points between them are shown in the table below. kelvin Peak emittance wavelength of black - body photons Absolute zero ( precisely by definition ) 0 K ∞ Coldest measured temperature 450 pK 6,400 kilometers One millikelvin ( precisely by definition ) 0.001 K 2.897 77 meters ( Radio, FM band ) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 2.725 48 ( 57 ) K 1.063 mm ( peak wavelength ) Water 's triple point ( precisely by definition ) 273.16 K 10,608.3 nm ( Long wavelength I.R. ) Incandescent lamp 2500 K 1160 nm ( Near infrared ) Sun 's visible surface 5778 K 501.5 nm ( Green light ) Lightning bolt 's channel 28,000 K 100 nm ( Far Ultraviolet light ) Sun 's core 16 MK 0.18 nm ( X-rays ) Thermonuclear explosion ( peak temperature ) 350 MK 8.3 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Sandia National Labs ' Z machine 2 GK 1.4 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Core of a high -- mass star on its last day 3 GK 1 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Merging binary neutron star system 350 GK 8 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Gamma - ray burst progenitors 1 TK 3 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 1 TK 3 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) CERN 's proton vs. nucleus collisions 10 TK 3 × 10 nm ( Gamma rays ) Universe 5.391 × 10 s after the Big Bang 1.417 × 10 K 1.616 × 10 nm ( Planck frequency ) The 2500 K value is approximate. For a true blackbody ( which tungsten filaments are not ). Tungsten filaments ' emissivity is greater at shorter wavelengths, which makes them appear whiter. Effective photosphere temperature. For a true blackbody ( which the plasma was not ). The Z machine 's dominant emission originated from 40 MK electrons ( soft x -- ray emissions ) within the plasma. The heat of phase changes ( edit ) Fig. 6 Ice and water : two phases of the same substance The kinetic energy of particle motion is just one contributor to the total thermal energy in a substance ; another is phase transitions, which are the potential energy of molecular bonds that can form in a substance as it cools ( such as during condensing and freezing ). The thermal energy required for a phase transition is called latent heat. This phenomenon may more easily be grasped by considering it in the reverse direction : latent heat is the energy required to break chemical bonds ( such as during evaporation and melting ). Almost everyone is familiar with the effects of phase transitions ; for instance, steam at 100 ° C can cause severe burns much faster than the 100 ° C air from a hair dryer. This occurs because a large amount of latent heat is liberated as steam condenses into liquid water on the skin. Even though thermal energy is liberated or absorbed during phase transitions, pure chemical elements, compounds, and eutectic alloys exhibit no temperature change whatsoever while they undergo them ( see Fig. 7, below right ). Consider one particular type of phase transition : melting. When a solid is melting, crystal lattice chemical bonds are being broken apart ; the substance is transitioning from what is known as a more ordered state to a less ordered state. In Fig. 7, the melting of ice is shown within the lower left box heading from blue to green. Fig. 7 Water 's temperature does not change during phase transitions as heat flows into or out of it. The total heat capacity of a mole of water in its liquid phase ( the green line ) is 7.5507 kJ. At one specific thermodynamic point, the melting point ( which is 0 ° C across a wide pressure range in the case of water ), all the atoms or molecules are, on average, at the maximum energy threshold their chemical bonds can withstand without breaking away from the lattice. Chemical bonds are all - or - nothing forces : they either hold fast, or break ; there is no in - between state. Consequently, when a substance is at its melting point, every joule of added thermal energy only breaks the bonds of a specific quantity of its atoms or molecules, converting them into a liquid of precisely the same temperature ; no kinetic energy is added to translational motion ( which is what gives substances their temperature ). The effect is rather like popcorn : at a certain temperature, additional thermal energy ca n't make the kernels any hotter until the transition ( popping ) is complete. If the process is reversed ( as in the freezing of a liquid ), thermal energy must be removed from a substance. As stated above, the thermal energy required for a phase transition is called latent heat. In the specific cases of melting and freezing, it 's called enthalpy of fusion or heat of fusion. If the molecular bonds in a crystal lattice are strong, the heat of fusion can be relatively great, typically in the range of 6 to 30 kJ per mole for water and most of the metallic elements. If the substance is one of the monatomic gases, ( which have little tendency to form molecular bonds ) the heat of fusion is more modest, ranging from 0.021 to 2.3 kJ per mole. Relatively speaking, phase transitions can be truly energetic events. To completely melt ice at 0 ° C into water at 0 ° C, one must add roughly 80 times the thermal energy as is required to increase the temperature of the same mass of liquid water by one degree Celsius. The metals ' ratios are even greater, typically in the range of 400 to 1200 times. And the phase transition of boiling is much more energetic than freezing. For instance, the energy required to completely boil or vaporize water ( what is known as enthalpy of vaporization ) is roughly 540 times that required for a one - degree increase. Water 's sizable enthalpy of vaporization is why one 's skin can be burned so quickly as steam condenses on it ( heading from red to green in Fig. 7 above ). In the opposite direction, this is why one 's skin feels cool as liquid water on it evaporates ( a process that occurs at a sub-ambient wet - bulb temperature that is dependent on relative humidity ). Water 's highly energetic enthalpy of vaporization is also an important factor underlying why solar pool covers ( floating, insulated blankets that cover swimming pools when not in use ) are so effective at reducing heating costs : they prevent evaporation. For instance, the evaporation of just 20 mm of water from a 1.29 - meter - deep pool chills its water 8.4 degrees Celsius ( 15.1 ° F ). Internal energy ( edit ) The total energy of all particle motion translational and internal, including that of conduction electrons, plus the potential energy of phase changes, plus zero - point energy comprise the internal energy of a substance. Fig. 8 When many of the chemical elements, such as the noble gases and platinum - group metals, freeze to a solid -- the most ordered state of matter -- their crystal structures have a closest - packed arrangement. This yields the greatest possible packing density and the lowest energy state. Internal energy at absolute zero ( edit ) As a substance cools, different forms of internal energy and their related effects simultaneously decrease in magnitude : the latent heat of available phase transitions is liberated as a substance changes from a less ordered state to a more ordered state ; the translational motions of atoms and molecules diminish ( their kinetic temperature decreases ) ; the internal motions of molecules diminish ( their internal temperature decreases ) ; conduction electrons ( if the substance is an electrical conductor ) travel somewhat slower ; and black - body radiation 's peak emittance wavelength increases ( the photons ' energy decreases ). When the particles of a substance are as close as possible to complete rest and retain only ZPE - induced quantum mechanical motion, the substance is at the temperature of absolute zero ( T = 0 ). Note that whereas absolute zero is the point of zero thermodynamic temperature and is also the point at which the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion, absolute zero is not necessarily the point at which a substance contains zero thermal energy ; one must be very precise with what one means by internal energy. Often, all the phase changes that can occur in a substance, will have occurred by the time it reaches absolute zero. However, this is not always the case. Notably, T = 0 helium remains liquid at room pressure and must be under a pressure of at least 25 bar ( 2.5 MPa ) to crystallize. This is because helium 's heat of fusion ( the energy required to melt helium ice ) is so low ( only 21 joules per mole ) that the motion - inducing effect of zero - point energy is sufficient to prevent it from freezing at lower pressures. Only if under at least 25 bar ( 2.5 MPa ) of pressure will this latent thermal energy be liberated as helium freezes while approaching absolute zero. A further complication is that many solids change their crystal structure to more compact arrangements at extremely high pressures ( up to millions of bars, or hundreds of gigapascals ). These are known as solid - solid phase transitions wherein latent heat is liberated as a crystal lattice changes to a more thermodynamically favorable, compact one. The above complexities make for rather cumbersome blanket statements regarding the internal energy in T = 0 substances. Regardless of pressure though, what can be said is that at absolute zero, all solids with a lowest - energy crystal lattice such those with a closest - packed arrangement ( see Fig. 8, above left ) contain minimal internal energy, retaining only that due to the ever - present background of zero - point energy. One can also say that for a given substance at constant pressure, absolute zero is the point of lowest enthalpy ( a measure of work potential that takes internal energy, pressure, and volume into consideration ). Lastly, it is always true to say that all T = 0 substances contain zero kinetic thermal energy. Practical applications for thermodynamic temperature ( edit ) Helium - 4, is a superfluid at or below 2.17 kelvins, ( 2.17 Celsius degrees above absolute zero ) Thermodynamic temperature is useful not only for scientists, it can also be useful for lay - people in many disciplines involving gases. By expressing variables in absolute terms and applying Gay -- Lussac 's law of temperature / pressure proportionality, solutions to everyday problems are straightforward ; for instance, calculating how a temperature change affects the pressure inside an automobile tire. If the tire has a relatively cold pressure of 200 kPa - gage, then in absolute terms ( relative to a vacuum ), its pressure is 300 kPa - absolute. Room temperature ( `` cold '' in tire terms ) is 296 K. If the tire pressure is 20 ° C hotter ( 20 kelvins ), the solution is calculated as ​ ⁄ = 6.8 % greater thermodynamic temperature and absolute pressure ; that is, a pressure of 320 kPa - absolute, which is 220 kPa - gage. Definition of thermodynamic temperature ( edit ) The thermodynamic temperature is defined by the second law of thermodynamics and its consequences. The thermodynamic temperature can be shown to have special properties, and in particular can be seen to be uniquely defined ( up to some constant multiplicative factor ) by considering the efficiency of idealized heat engines. Thus the ratio T / T of two temperaturesT andT is the same in all absolute scales. Strictly speaking, the temperature of a system is well - defined only if it is at thermal equilibrium. From a microscopic viewpoint, a material is at thermal equilibrium if the quantity of heat between its individual particles cancel out. There are many possible scales of temperature, derived from a variety of observations of physical phenomena. Loosely stated, temperature differences dictate the direction of heat between two systems such that their combined energy is maximally distributed among their lowest possible states. We call this distribution `` entropy ''. To better understand the relationship between temperature and entropy, consider the relationship between heat, work and temperature illustrated in the Carnot heat engine. The engine converts heat into work by directing a temperature gradient between a higher temperature heat source, T, and a lower temperature heat sync, T, through a gas filled piston. The work done per cycle is equal to the difference between the heat supplied to the engine by T, q, and the heat supplied to T by the engine, q. The efficiency of the engine is the work divided by the heat put into the system or Efficiency = w c y q H = q H − q C q H = 1 − q C q H ( 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ textrm ( Efficiency ) ) = ( \\ frac ( w_ ( cy ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( H ) - q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) \\ qquad ( 1 ) ) where w is the work done per cycle. Thus the efficiency depends only on q / q. Carnot 's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient. Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function of only temperatures q C q H = f ( T H, T C ) ( 2 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( H ), T_ ( C ) ) \\ qquad ( 2 ). ) In addition, a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles, one between T and another ( intermediate ) temperature T, and the second between T andT. If this were not the case, then energy ( in the form of Q ) will be wasted or gained, resulting in different overall efficiencies every time a cycle is split into component cycles ; clearly a cycle can be composed of any number of smaller cycles. With this understanding of Q, Q and Q, we note also that mathematically, f ( T 1, T 3 ) = q 3 q 1 = q 2 q 3 q 1 q 2 = f ( T 1, T 2 ) f ( T 2, T 3 ). ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ), T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 2 ) q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( 1 ), T_ ( 2 ) ) f ( T_ ( 2 ), T_ ( 3 ) ). ) But the first function is NOT a function of T, therefore the product of the final two functions MUST result in the removal of T as a variable. The only way is therefore to define the function f as follows : f ( T 1, T 2 ) = g ( T 2 ) g ( T 1 ). ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ), T_ ( 2 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( g ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( g ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ). ) and f ( T 2, T 3 ) = g ( T 3 ) g ( T 2 ). ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ), T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( g ( T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( g ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ). ) so that f ( T 1, T 3 ) = g ( T 3 ) g ( T 1 ) = q 3 q 1. ( \\ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ), T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( g ( T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( g ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) ) ). ) i.e. The ratio of heat exchanged is a function of the respective temperatures at which they occur. We can choose any monotonic function for our g ( T ) ( \\ displaystyle g ( T ) ) ; it is a matter of convenience and convention that we choose g ( T ) = T ( \\ displaystyle g ( T ) = T ). Choosing then one fixed reference temperature ( i.e. triple point of water ), we establish the thermodynamic temperature scale. It is to be noted that such a definition coincides with that of the ideal gas derivation ; also it is this definition of the thermodynamic temperature that enables us to represent the Carnot efficiency in terms of T and T, and hence derive that the ( complete ) Carnot cycle is isentropic : q C q H = f ( T H, T C ) = T C T H. ( 3 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( H ), T_ ( C ) ) = ( \\ frac ( T_ ( C ) ) ( T_ ( H ) ) ). \\ qquad ( 3 ). ) Substituting this back into our first formula for efficiency yields a relationship in terms of temperature : Efficiency = 1 − q C q H = 1 − T C T H ( 4 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ textrm ( Efficiency ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( T_ ( C ) ) ( T_ ( H ) ) ) \\ qquad ( 4 ). ) Notice that for T = 0 the efficiency is 100 % and that efficiency becomes greater than 100 % for T < 0, which cases are unrealistic. Subtracting the right hand side of Equation 4 from the middle portion and rearranging gives q H T H − q C T C = 0, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q_ ( H ) ) ( T_ ( H ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( T_ ( C ) ) ) = 0, ) where the negative sign indicates heat ejected from the system. The generalization of this equation is Clausius theorem, which suggests the existence of a state function S ( i.e., a function which depends only on the state of the system, not on how it reached that state ) defined ( up to an additive constant ) by d S = d q r e v T ( 5 ), ( \\ displaystyle dS = ( \\ frac ( dq_ ( \\ mathrm ( rev ) ) ) ( T ) ) \\ qquad ( 5 ), ) where the subscript indicates heat transfer in a reversible process. The function S corresponds to the entropy of the system, mentioned previously, and the change of S around any cycle is zero ( as is necessary for any state function ). Equation 5 can be rearranged to get an alternative definition for temperature in terms of entropy and heat ( to avoid logic loop, we should first define entropy through statistical mechanics ) : T = d q r e v d S. ( \\ displaystyle T = ( \\ frac ( dq_ ( \\ mathrm ( rev ) ) ) ( dS ) ). ) For a system in which the entropy S is a function S ( E ) of its energy E, the thermodynamic temperature T is therefore given by 1 T = d S d E, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) = ( \\ frac ( dS ) ( dE ) ), ) so that the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature is the rate of increase of entropy with energy. History ( edit ) Ca. 485 BC : Parmenides Parmenides in his treatise `` On Nature '' postulated the existente of primum frigidum, a hypothetical elementary substance source of all cooling or cold in the world. 1702 -- 1703 : Guillaume Amontons Guillaume Amontons ( 1663 -- 1705 ) published two papers that may be used to credit him as being the first researcher to deduce the existence of a fundamental ( thermodynamic ) temperature scale featuring an absolute zero. He made the discovery while endeavoring to improve upon the air thermometers in use at the time. His J - tube thermometers comprised a mercury column that was supported by a fixed mass of air entrapped within the sensing portion of the thermometer. In thermodynamic terms, his thermometers relied upon the volume / temperature relationship of gas under constant pressure. His measurements of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice showed that regardless of the mass of air trapped inside his thermometers or the weight of mercury the air was supporting, the reduction in air volume at the ice point was always the same ratio. This observation led him to posit that a sufficient reduction in temperature would reduce the air volume to zero. In fact, his calculations projected that absolute zero was equivalent to − 240 ° C -- only 33.15 degrees short of the true value of − 273.15 ° C. 1742 : Anders Celsius Anders Celsius ( 1701 -- 1744 ) created a `` backwards '' version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In Celsius 's original scale, zero represented the boiling point of water and 100 represented the melting point of ice. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he recounted his experiments showing that ice 's melting point was effectively unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how water 's boiling point varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that zero on his temperature scale ( water 's boiling point ) would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. 1744 : Carl Linnaeus Coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the famous botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) effectively reversed Celsius 's scale upon receipt of his first thermometer featuring a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water 's boiling point. The custom - made linnaeus - thermometer, for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden 's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time. For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide referred to this scale as the centigrade scale. Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as degrees or, when greater specificity was desired, degrees centigrade. The symbol for temperature values on this scale was ° C ( in several formats over the years ). Because the term centigrade was also the French - language name for a unit of angular measurement ( one - hundredth of a right angle ) and had a similar connotation in other languages, the term `` centesimal degree '' was used when very precise, unambiguous language was required by international standards bodies such as the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures ) ( BIPM ). The 9th CGPM ( General Conference on Weights and Measures ( Conférence générale des poids et mesures ) and the CIPM ( International Committee for Weights and Measures ( Comité international des poids et mesures ) formally adopted degree Celsius ( symbol : ° C ) in 1948. 1777 : Johann Heinrich Lambert In his book Pyrometrie ( Berlin : Haude & Spener, 1779 ) completed four months before his death, Johann Heinrich Lambert ( 1728 -- 1777 ), sometimes incorrectly referred to as Joseph Lambert, proposed an absolute temperature scale based on the pressure / temperature relationship of a fixed volume of gas. This is distinct from the volume / temperature relationship of gas under constant pressure that Guillaume Amontons discovered 75 years earlier. Lambert stated that absolute zero was the point where a simple straight - line extrapolation reached zero gas pressure and was equal to − 270 ° C. Circa 1787 : Jacques Alexandre César Charles Notwithstanding the work of Guillaume Amontons 85 years earlier, Jacques Alexandre César Charles ( 1746 -- 1823 ) is often credited with discovering, but not publishing, that the volume of a gas under constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The formula he created was V / T = V / T. 1802 : Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac ( 1778 -- 1850 ) published work ( acknowledging the unpublished lab notes of Jacques Charles fifteen years earlier ) describing how the volume of gas under constant pressure changes linearly with its absolute ( thermodynamic ) temperature. This behavior is called Charles 's Law and is one of the gas laws. His are the first known formulas to use the number 273 for the expansion coefficient of gas relative to the melting point of ice ( indicating that absolute zero was equivalent to − 273 ° C ). 1848 : Lord Kelvin William Thomson, ( 1824 -- 1907 ) also known as Lord Kelvin, wrote in his paper, On an Absolute Thermometric Scale, of the need for a scale whereby infinite cold ( absolute zero ) was the scale 's null point, and which used the degree Celsius for its unit increment. Like Gay - Lussac, Thomson calculated that absolute zero was equivalent to − 273 ° C on the air thermometers of the time. This absolute scale is known today as the kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale. It 's noteworthy that Thomson 's value of − 273 was actually derived from 0.00366, which was the accepted expansion coefficient of gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point. The inverse of − 0.00366 expressed to five significant digits is − 273.22 ° C which is remarkably close to the true value of − 273.15 ° C. 1859 : William John Macquorn Rankine William John Macquorn Rankine ( 1820 -- 1872 ) proposed a thermodynamic temperature scale similar to William Thomson 's but which used the degree Fahrenheit for its unit increment. This absolute scale is known today as the Rankine thermodynamic temperature scale. 1877 -- 1884 : Ludwig Boltzmann Ludwig Boltzmann ( 1844 -- 1906 ) made major contributions to thermodynamics through an understanding of the role that particle kinetics and black body radiation played. His name is now attached to several of the formulas used today in thermodynamics. Circa 1930s : Gas thermometry experiments carefully calibrated to the melting point of ice and boiling point of water showed that absolute zero was equivalent to − 273.15 ° C. 1948 : Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM ( Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, also known as the General Conference on Weights and Measures ) fixed the triple point of water at precisely 0.01 ° C. At this time, the triple point still had no formal definition for its equivalent kelvin value, which the resolution declared `` will be fixed at a later date ''. The implication is that if the value of absolute zero measured in the 1930s was truly − 273.15 ° C, then the triple point of water ( 0.01 ° C ) was equivalent to 273.16 K. Additionally, both the CIPM ( Comité international des poids et mesures, also known as the International Committee for Weights and Measures ) and the CGPM formally adopted the name Celsius for the degree Celsius and the Celsius temperature scale. 1954 : Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM gave the kelvin scale its modern definition by choosing the triple point of water as its second defining point and assigned it a temperature of precisely 273.16 kelvins ( what was actually written 273.16 degrees Kelvin at the time ). This, in combination with Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM, had the effect of defining absolute zero as being precisely zero kelvins and − 273.15 ° C. 1967 / 1968 : Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature kelvin, symbol K, replacing degree absolute, symbol ° K. Further, feeling it useful to more explicitly define the magnitude of the unit increment, the 13th CGPM also decided in Resolution 4 that `` The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water ''. 2005 : The CIPM ( Comité International des Poids et Mesures, also known as the International Committee for Weights and Measures ) affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale would refer to water having an isotopic composition defined as being precisely equal to the nominal specification of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. See also ( edit ) Absolute hot Absolute zero Planck temperature Hagedorn temperature Adiabatic process Black - body Boiling Boltzmann constant Brownian motion Carnot heat engine Chemical bond Condensation Convection Degrees of freedom Delocalized electron Diffusion Elastic collision Electron Energy Energy conversion efficiency Enthalpy Entropy Equipartition theorem Evaporation Fahrenheit First law of thermodynamics Freezing Gas laws Heat Heat conduction Heat engine Heat death of the universe Internal energy International System of Quantities ITS - 90 Ideal gas law Joule Kelvin Kinetic energy Latent heat Laws of thermodynamics Maxwell -- Boltzmann distribution Melting Mole Molecule Orders of magnitude ( temperature ) Phase transition Phonon Planck 's law of black - body radiation Potential energy Quantum mechanics : Introduction to quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics ( main article ) Rankine scale Specific heat capacity Standard enthalpy change of fusion Standard enthalpy change of vaporization Stefan -- Boltzmann law Sublimation Temperature Temperature conversion formulas Thermal conductivity Thermal radiation Thermodynamic beta Thermodynamic equations Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Category ( list of articles ) Timeline of heat engine technology Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology Triple point Universal gas constant Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW ) Wien 's displacement law Work ( Mechanical ) Work ( thermodynamics ) Zero - point energy Notes ( edit ) In the following notes, wherever numeric equalities are shown in concise form, such as 7043185487000000000 ♠ 1.854 87 ( 14 ) × 10, the two digits between the parentheses denotes the uncertainty at 1 - σ ( 1 standard deviation, 68 % confidence level ) in the two least significant digits of the significand. Jump up ^ Rankine, W.J.M., `` A manual of the steam engine and other prime movers '', Richard Griffin and Co., London ( 1859 ), p. 306 -- 307. Jump up ^ William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, `` Heat '', Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh ( 1880 ), p. 39. ^ Jump up to : Absolute zero 's relationship to zero - point energy While scientists are achieving temperatures ever closer to absolute zero, they can not fully achieve a state of zero temperature. However, even if scientists could remove all kinetic thermal energy from matter, quantum mechanical zero - point energy ( ZPE ) causes particle motion that can never be eliminated. Encyclopædia Britannica Online defines zero - point energy as the `` vibrational energy that molecules retain even at the absolute zero of temperature ''. ZPE is the result of all - pervasive energy fields in the vacuum between the fundamental particles of nature ; it is responsible for the Casimir effect and other phenomena. See Zero Point Energy and Zero Point Field. See also Solid Helium by the University of Alberta 's Department of Physics to learn more about ZPE 's effect on Bose -- Einstein condensates of helium. Although absolute zero ( T = 0 ) is not a state of zero molecular motion, it is the point of zero temperature and, in accordance with the Boltzmann constant, is also the point of zero particle kinetic energy and zero kinetic velocity. To understand how atoms can have zero kinetic velocity and simultaneously be vibrating due to ZPE, consider the following thought experiment : two T = 0 helium atoms in zero gravity are carefully positioned and observed to have an average separation of 620 pm between them ( a gap of ten atomic diameters ). It 's an `` average '' separation because ZPE causes them to jostle about their fixed positions. Then one atom is given a kinetic kick of precisely 83 yoctokelvins ( 1 yK = 6976099999999999999 ♠ 1 × 10 K ). This is done in a way that directs this atom 's velocity vector at the other atom. With 83 yK of kinetic energy between them, the 620 pm gap through their common barycenter would close at a rate of 719 pm / s and they would collide after 0.862 second. This is the same speed as shown in the Fig. 1 animation above. Before being given the kinetic kick, both T = 0 atoms had zero kinetic energy and zero kinetic velocity because they could persist indefinitely in that state and relative orientation even though both were being jostled by ZPE. At T = 0, no kinetic energy is available for transfer to other systems. The Boltzmann constant and its related formulas describe the realm of particle kinetics and velocity vectors whereas ZPE is an energy field that jostles particles in ways described by the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In atomic and molecular collisions in gases, ZPE introduces a degree of chaos, i.e., unpredictability, to rebound kinetics ; it is as likely that there will be less ZPE - induced particle motion after a given collision as more. This random nature of ZPE is why it has no net effect upon either the pressure or volume of any bulk quantity ( a statistically significant quantity of particles ) of T > 0 K gases. However, in T = 0 condensed matter ; e.g., solids and liquids, ZPE causes inter-atomic jostling where atoms would otherwise be perfectly stationary. Inasmuch as the real - world effects that ZPE has on substances can vary as one alters a thermodynamic system ( for example, due to ZPE, helium wo n't freeze unless under a pressure of at least 25 bar or 2.5 MPa ), ZPE is very much a form of thermal energy and may properly be included when tallying a substance 's internal energy. Note too that absolute zero serves as the baseline atop which thermodynamics and its equations are founded because they deal with the exchange of thermal energy between `` systems '' ( a plurality of particles and fields modeled as an average ). Accordingly, one may examine ZPE - induced particle motion within a system that is at absolute zero but there can never be a net outflow of thermal energy from such a system. Also, the peak emittance wavelength of black - body radiation shifts to infinity at absolute zero ; indeed, a peak no longer exists and black - body photons can no longer escape. Because of ZPE, however, virtual photons are still emitted at T = 0. Such photons are called `` virtual '' because they ca n't be intercepted and observed. Furthermore, this zero - point radiation has a unique zero - point spectrum. However, even though a T = 0 system emits zero - point radiation, no net heat flow Q out of such a system can occur because if the surrounding environment is at a temperature greater than T = 0, heat will flow inward, and if the surrounding environment is at T = 0, there will be an equal flux of ZP radiation both inward and outward. A similar Q equilibrium exists at T = 0 with the ZPE - induced spontaneous emission of photons ( which is more properly called a stimulated emission in this context ). The graph at upper right illustrates the relationship of absolute zero to zero - point energy. The graph also helps in the understanding of how zero - point energy got its name : it is the vibrational energy matter retains at the zero - kelvin point. Derivation of the classical electromagnetic zero - point radiation spectrum via a classical thermodynamic operation involving van der Waals forces, Daniel C. Cole, Physical Review A, 42 ( 1990 ) 1847. Jump up ^ At non-relativistic temperatures of less than about 30 GK, classical mechanics are sufficient to calculate the velocity of particles. At 30 GK, individual neutrons ( the constituent of neutron stars and one of the few materials in the universe with temperatures in this range ) have a 1.0042 γ ( gamma or Lorentz factor ). Thus, the classic Newtonian formula for kinetic energy is in error less than half a percent for temperatures less than 30 GK. Jump up ^ Even room -- temperature air has an average molecular translational speed ( not vector - isolated velocity ) of 1822 km / hour. This is relatively fast for something the size of a molecule considering there are roughly 7016242000000000000 ♠ 2.42 × 10 of them crowded into a single cubic millimeter. Assumptions : Average molecular weight of wet air = 28.838 g / mol and T = 296.15 K. Assumption 's primary variables : An altitude of 194 meters above mean sea level ( the world -- wide median altitude of human habitation ), an indoor temperature of 23 ° C, a dewpoint of 9 ° C ( 40.85 % relative humidity ), and 760 mmHg ( 101.325 kPa ) sea level -- corrected barometric pressure. Jump up ^ Adiabatic Cooling of Cesium to 700 nK in an Optical Lattice, A. Kastberg et al., Physical Review Letters 74 ( 1995 ) 1542 doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 74.1542. It 's noteworthy that a record cold temperature of 450 pK in a Bose -- Einstein condensate of sodium atoms ( achieved by A.E. Leanhardt et al... of MIT ) equates to an average vector - isolated atom velocity of 0.4 mm / s and an average atom speed of 0.7 mm / s. ^ Jump up to : The rate of translational motion of atoms and molecules is calculated based on thermodynamic temperature as follows : v ̄ = k B T m ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( k_ ( B ) T ) ( m ) ) ) ) where : v ̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ) is the vector - isolated mean velocity of translational particle motion in m / s k is the Boltzmann constant = 6977138065039999999 ♠ 1.380 6504 ( 24 ) × 10 J / K T is the thermodynamic temperature in kelvins m is the molecular mass of substance in kilograms In the above formula, molecular mass, m, in kilograms per particle is the quotient of a substance 's molar mass ( also known as atomic weight, atomic mass, relative atomic mass, and unified atomic mass units ) in g / mol or daltons divided by 7026602214179000000 ♠ 6.022 141 79 ( 30 ) × 10 ( which is the Avogadro constant times one thousand ). For diatomic molecules such as H, N, and O, multiply atomic weight by two before plugging it into the above formula. The mean speed ( not vector - isolated velocity ) of an atom or molecule along any arbitrary path is calculated as follows : s ̄ = v ̄ 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( s ) ) = ( \\ bar ( v ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) where : s ̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( s ) ) ) is the mean speed of translational particle motion in m / s Note that the mean energy of the translational motions of a substance 's constituent particles correlates to their mean speed, not velocity. Thus, substituting s ̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( s ) ) ) for v in the classic formula for kinetic energy, E = ​ ⁄ m v produces precisely the same value as does E = 3 / 2k T ( as shown in the section titled The nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature ). Note too that the Boltzmann constant and its related formulas establish that absolute zero is the point of both zero kinetic energy of particle motion and zero kinetic velocity ( see also Note 1 above ). Jump up ^ The internal degrees of freedom of molecules cause their external surfaces to vibrate and can also produce overall spinning motions ( what can be likened to the jiggling and spinning of an otherwise stationary water balloon ). If one examines a single molecule as it impacts a containers ' wall, some of the kinetic energy borne in the molecule 's internal degrees of freedom can constructively add to its translational motion during the instant of the collision and extra kinetic energy will be transferred into the container 's wall. This would induce an extra, localized, impulse - like contribution to the average pressure on the container. However, since the internal motions of molecules are random, they have an equal probability of destructively interfering with translational motion during a collision with a container 's walls or another molecule. Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas. Molecules ' internal degrees of freedom simply provide additional locations where internal energy is stored. This is precisely why molecular - based gases have greater specific heat capacity than monatomic gases ( where additional thermal energy must be added to achieve a given temperature rise ). Jump up ^ When measured at constant - volume since different amounts of work must be performed if measured at constant - pressure. Nitrogen 's C H ( 100 kPa, 20 ° C ) equals 20.8 J mol K vs. the monatomic gases, which equal 12.4717 J mol K. Citations : W.H. Freeman 's Physical Chemistry, Part 3 : Change ( 422 kB PDF, here ), Exercise 21.20 b, p. 787. Also Georgia State University 's Molar Specific Heats of Gases. Jump up ^ The speed at which thermal energy equalizes throughout the volume of a gas is very rapid. However, since gases have extremely low density relative to solids, the heat flux ( the thermal power passing per area ) through gases is comparatively low. This is why the dead - air spaces in multi-pane windows have insulating qualities. Jump up ^ Diamond is a notable exception. Highly quantized modes of phonon vibration occur in its rigid crystal lattice. Therefore, not only does diamond have exceptionally poor specific heat capacity, it also has exceptionally high thermal conductivity. Jump up ^ Correlation is 752 ( W m K ) / ( MS cm ), σ = 81, through a 7 : 1 range in conductivity. Value and standard deviation based on data for Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Ca, Be, Mg, Rh, Ir, Zn, Co, Ni, Os, Fe, Pa, Pt, and Sn. Citation : Data from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1st Student Edition and this link to Web Elements ' home page. Jump up ^ The cited emission wavelengths are for true black bodies in equilibrium. In this table, only the sun so qualifies. CODATA 2006 recommended value of 2.897 7685 ( 51 ) × 10 m K used for Wien displacement law constant b. Jump up ^ A record cold temperature of 450 ± 80 pK in a Bose -- Einstein condensate ( BEC ) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT. Citation : Cooling Bose -- Einstein Condensates Below 500 Picokelvin, A.E. Leanhardt et al., Science 301, 12 Sept. 2003, Pg. 1515. It 's noteworthy that this record 's peak emittance black - body wavelength of 6,400 kilometers is roughly the radius of Earth. Jump up ^ The peak emittance wavelength of 2.897 77 m is a frequency of 103.456 MHz Jump up ^ Measurement was made in 2002 and has an uncertainty of ± 3 kelvins. A 1989 measurement produced a value of 5777 ± 2.5 K. Citation : Overview of the Sun ( Chapter 1 lecture notes on Solar Physics by Division of Theoretical Physics, Dept. of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki ). Download paper ( 252 kB PDF ) Jump up ^ The 350 MK value is the maximum peak fusion fuel temperature in a thermonuclear weapon of the Teller -- Ulam configuration ( commonly known as a `` hydrogen bomb '' ). Peak temperatures in Gadget - style fission bomb cores ( commonly known as an `` atomic bomb '' ) are in the range of 50 to 100 MK. Citation : Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, 3.2. 5 Matter At High Temperatures. Link to relevant Web page. All referenced data was compiled from publicly available sources. Jump up ^ Peak temperature for a bulk quantity of matter was achieved by a pulsed - power machine used in fusion physics experiments. The term `` bulk quantity '' draws a distinction from collisions in particle accelerators wherein high `` temperature '' applies only to the debris from two subatomic particles or nuclei at any given instant. The > 2 GK temperature was achieved over a period of about ten nanoseconds during `` shot Z1137. '' In fact, the iron and manganese ions in the plasma averaged 3.58 ± 0.41 GK ( 309 ± 35 keV ) for 3 ns ( ns 112 through 115 ). Citation : Ion Viscous Heating in a Magnetohydrodynamically Unstable Z Pinch at Over 2 × 10 Kelvin, M.G. Haines et al., Physical Review Letters 96, Issue 7, id. 075003. Link to Sandia 's news release. Jump up ^ Core temperature of a high -- mass ( > 8 -- 11 solar masses ) star after it leaves the main sequence on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram and begins the alpha process ( which lasts one day ) of fusing silicon -- 28 into heavier elements in the following steps : sulfur -- 32 → argon -- 36 → calcium -- 40 → titanium -- 44 → chromium -- 48 → iron -- 52 → nickel -- 56. Within minutes of finishing the sequence, the star explodes as a Type II supernova. Citation : Stellar Evolution : The Life and Death of Our Luminous Neighbors ( by Arthur Holland and Mark Williams of the University of Michigan ). Link to Web site. More informative links can be found here, and here, and a concise treatise on stars by NASA is here. Archived July 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Based on a computer model that predicted a peak internal temperature of 30 MeV ( 350 GK ) during the merger of a binary neutron star system ( which produces a gamma -- ray burst ). The neutron stars in the model were 1.2 and 1.6 solar masses respectively, were roughly 20 km in diameter, and were orbiting around their barycenter ( common center of mass ) at about 390 Hz during the last several milliseconds before they completely merged. The 350 GK portion was a small volume located at the pair 's developing common core and varied from roughly 1 to 7 km across over a time span of around 5 ms. Imagine two city - sized objects of unimaginable density orbiting each other at the same frequency as the G4 musical note ( the 28th white key on a piano ). It 's also noteworthy that at 350 GK, the average neutron has a vibrational speed of 30 % the speed of light and a relativistic mass ( m ) 5 % greater than its rest mass ( m ). Citation : Torus Formation in Neutron Star Mergers and Well - Localized Short Gamma - Ray Bursts, R. Oechslin et al. of Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics., arXiv : astro - ph / 0507099 v2, 22 Feb. 2006. Download paper ( 725 kB PDF ) ( from Cornell University Library 's arXiv.org server ). To view a browser - based summary of the research, click here. Jump up ^ NewScientist : Eight extremes : The hottest thing in the universe, 07 March 2011, which stated `` While the details of this process are currently unknown, it must involve a fireball of relativistic particles heated to something in the region of a trillion kelvin ( s ) '' Jump up ^ Results of research by Stefan Bathe using the PHENIX detector on the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, U.S.A. Bathe has studied gold - gold, deuteron - gold, and proton - proton collisions to test the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together. Link to news release. Jump up ^ Citation : How do physicists study particles? by CERN. Jump up ^ The Planck frequency equals 1.854 87 ( 14 ) × 10 Hz ( which is the reciprocal of one Planck time ). Photons at the Planck frequency have a wavelength of one Planck length. The Planck temperature of 1.416 79 ( 11 ) × 10 K equates to a calculated b / T = λ wavelength of 2.045 31 ( 16 ) × 10 nm. However, the actual peak emittance wavelength quantizes to the Planck length of 1.616 24 ( 12 ) × 10 nm. Jump up ^ Water 's enthalpy of fusion ( 0 ° C, 101.325 kPa ) equates to 6979997899603163080 ♠ 0.062 284 eV per molecule so adding one joule of thermal energy to 0 ° C water ice causes 7020100210000000000 ♠ 1.0021 × 10 water molecules to break away from the crystal lattice and become liquid. Jump up ^ Water 's enthalpy of fusion is 6.0095 kJ mol K ( 0 ° C, 101.325 kPa ). Citation : Water Structure and Science, Water Properties, Enthalpy of fusion, ( 0 ° C, 101.325 kPa ) ( by London South Bank University ). Link to Web site. The only metals with enthalpies of fusion not in the range of 6 -- 30 J mol K are ( on the high side ) : Ta, W, and Re ; and ( on the low side ) most of the group 1 ( alkaline ) metals plus Ga, In, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Np. Citation : This link to Web Elements ' home page. Jump up ^ Xenon value citation : This link to WebElements ' xenon data ( available values range from 2.3 to 3.1 kJ / mol ). It is also noteworthy that helium 's heat of fusion of only 0.021 kJ / mol is so weak of a bonding force that zero - point energy prevents helium from freezing unless it is under a pressure of at least 25 atmospheres. Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1st Student Edition and Web Elements. Jump up ^ H Ospecific heat capacity, C = 0.075327 kJ mol K ( 25 ° C ) ; Enthalpy of fusion = 6.0095 kJ / mol ( 0 ° C, 101.325 kPa ) ; Enthalpy of vaporization ( liquid ) = 40.657 kJ / mol ( 100 ° C ). Citation : Water Structure and Science, Water Properties ( by London South Bank University ). Link to Web site. Jump up ^ Mobile conduction electrons are delocalized, i.e. not tied to a specific atom, and behave rather like a sort of quantum gas due to the effects of zero - point energy. Consequently, even at absolute zero, conduction electrons still move between atoms at the Fermi velocity of about 7006160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 × 10 m / s. Kinetic thermal energy adds to this speed and also causes delocalized electrons to travel farther away from the nuclei. Jump up ^ No other crystal structure can exceed the 74.048 % packing density of a closest - packed arrangement. The two regular crystal lattices found in nature that have this density are hexagonal close packed ( HCP ) and face - centered cubic ( FCC ). These regular lattices are at the lowest possible energy state. Diamond is a closest - packed structure with an FCC crystal lattice. Note too that suitable crystalline chemical compounds, although usually composed of atoms of different sizes, can be considered as closest - packed structures when considered at the molecular level. One such compound is the common mineral known as magnesium aluminum spinel ( MgAl O ). It has a face - centered cubic crystal lattice and no change in pressure can produce a lattice with a lower energy state. Jump up ^ Nearly half of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements that can freeze under a vacuum also have a closest - packed crystal lattice. This set includes beryllium, osmium, neon, and iridium ( but excludes helium ), and therefore have zero latent heat of phase transitions to contribute to internal energy ( symbol : U ). In the calculation of enthalpy ( formula : H = U + pV ), internal energy may exclude different sources of thermal energy ( particularly ZPE ) depending on the nature of the analysis. Accordingly, all T = 0 closest - packed matter under a perfect vacuum has either minimal or zero enthalpy, depending on the nature of the analysis. Use Of Legendre Transforms In Chemical Thermodynamics, Robert A. Alberty, Pure Appl. Chem., 73 ( 2001 ) 1349. Jump up ^ Pressure also must be in absolute terms. The air still in a tire at 0 kPa - gage expands too as it gets hotter. It 's not uncommon for engineers to overlook that one must work in terms of absolute pressure when compensating for temperature. For instance, a dominant manufacturer of aircraft tires published a document on temperature - compensating tire pressure, which used gage pressure in the formula. However, the high gage pressures involved ( 180 psi ; 12.4 bar ; 1.24 MPa ) means the error would be quite small. With low - pressure automobile tires, where gage pressures are typically around 2 bar ( 200 kPa ), failing to adjust to absolute pressure results in a significant error. Referenced document : Aircraft Tire Ratings ( 155 kB PDF, here ). Jump up ^ Regarding the spelling `` gage '' vs. `` gauge '' in the context of pressures measured relative to atmospheric pressure, the preferred spelling varies by country and even by industry. Further, both spellings are often used within a particular industry or country. Industries in British English - speaking countries typically use the spelling `` gauge pressure '' to distinguish it from the pressure - measuring instrument, which in the U.K., is spelled pressure gage. For the same reason, many of the largest American manufacturers of pressure transducers and instrumentation use the spelling gage pressure ( the convention used here ) in their formal documentation to distinguish it from the instrument, which is spelled pressure gauge. ( see Honeywell - Sensotec 's FAQ page and Fluke Corporation 's product search page ). Jump up ^ A difference of 100 kPa is used here instead of the 101.325 kPa value of one standard atmosphere. In 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, the standard pressure ( atmospheric pressure ) should be defined as precisely 100 kPa ( ≈ 750.062 Torr ). Besides being a round number, this had a very practical effect : relatively few people live and work at precisely sea level ; 100 kPa equates to the mean pressure at an altitude of about 112 meters, which is closer to the 194 -- meter, worldwide median altitude of human habitation. For especially low - pressure or high - accuracy work, true atmospheric pressure must be measured. Citation : IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure Jump up ^ Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold, Shachtman, Tom., Mariner Books, 1999. Jump up ^ A Brief History of Temperature Measurement and ; Uppsala University ( Sweden ), Linnaeus ' thermometer Jump up ^ bipm.org ^ Jump up to : According to The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ), the term `` Celsius 's thermometer '' had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term `` The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer '' was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature : `` My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28 ° Celsius ''. However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Dr. Terry Quinn CBE FRS, Director of the BIPM ( 1988 -- 2004 ), including Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century ( 148 kB PDF, here ) as well as Temperature ( 2nd Edition / 1990 / Academic Press / 0125696817 ), the term Celsius in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948. The BIPM was n't even aware that degree Celsius was in sporadic, non-scientific use before that time. It 's also noteworthy that the twelve - volume, 1933 edition of OED did not even have a listing for the word Celsius ( but did have listings for both centigrade and centesimal in the context of temperature measurement ). The 1948 adoption of Celsius accomplished three objectives : All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them ; namely, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine. Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius scale its modern form, Celsius 's name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus, the symbol ° C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name. The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term centigrade, freeing it to refer exclusively to the French - language name for the unit of angular measurement. External links ( edit ) Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. An explanation ( with interactive animations ) of the kinetic motion of molecules and how it affects matter. By David N. Blauch, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College. Zero Point Energy and Zero Point Field. A Web site with in - depth explanations of a variety of quantum effects. By Bernard Haisch, of Calphysics Institute. SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name ( symbol ) Example length l, x, r, ( etc. ) metre ( m ) r = 10 m mass m kilogram ( kg ) m = 10 kg time, duration second ( s ) t = 10 s electric current I, i I ampere ( A ) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole ( mol ) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity ( not the unit ) can have a specification : T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities : Q = f ( l, m, t, I, T, n, I v ) ( \\ displaystyle Q = f \\ left ( ( \\ mathit ( l, m, t, I, T, n, I ) ) \\ mathrm ( _ ( v ) ) \\ right ) ) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J ( Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents, usually a positive, negative or zero integer. ) Example Quantity acceleration = l t, dim acceleration = L T possible units : m s, km Ms, etc. See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperature&oldid=829161158 '' Categories : Temperature State functions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Qaraqalpaqsha Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Türkçe Türkmençe Українська 吴语 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 00 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Thermodynamic temperature", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperature&amp;oldid=829161158" }

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{ "text": "Kevin Spacey - wikipedia Kevin Spacey Jump to : navigation, search Kevin Spacey KBE Spacey in May 2013 Kevin Spacey Fowler ( 1959 - 07 - 26 ) July 26, 1959 ( age 58 ) South Orange, New Jersey, U.S. Residence London, England Occupation Actor, director, producer, screenwriter, singer Years active 1981 -- present Website kevinspacey.com Kevin Spacey Fowler, KBE ( born July 26, 1959 ) is an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, and singer. He began his career as a stage actor during the 1980s before obtaining supporting roles in film and television. He gained critical acclaim in the early 1990s that culminated in his first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the neo-noir crime thriller The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ), and an Academy Award for Best Actor for midlife crisis - themed drama American Beauty ( 1999 ). His other starring roles have included the comedy - drama film Swimming with Sharks ( 1994 ), psychological thriller Seven ( 1995 ), the neo-noir crime film L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ), the drama Pay It Forward ( 2000 ), the science fiction - mystery film K - PAX ( 2001 ), Bobby Darin in the musical biopic Beyond the Sea ( 2004 ), Lex Luthor in the superhero film Superman Returns ( 2006 ), and Doc, a criminal kingpin in the action film Baby Driver ( 2017 ). In Broadway theatre, Spacey won a Tony Award for his role in Lost in Yonkers. In 2017, he hosted the 71st Tony Awards. He was the artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London from 2004 until stepping down in mid-2015. Since 2013, Spacey has played Frank Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards. For his role as Underwood, he has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama and two consecutive Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1981 -- 1999 2.2 2000 -- present 2.3 The Old Vic 3 Political views and activism 4 Personal life 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 5.3 Live performances 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life Spacey was born in South Orange, New Jersey, to Kathleen Ann ( née Knutson ), a secretary, and Thomas Geoffrey Fowler, a technical writer and data consultant. He also has an older brother Randy Fowler, a limo driver and Rod Stewart impersonator. His family relocated to Southern California when Spacey was four years old. He attended Northridge Military Academy, Canoga Park High School ( in 10th and 11th grades ), and then Chatsworth High School in Chatsworth, California, where he graduated co-valedictorian ( with Mare Winningham ) of his class in 1977. At Chatsworth, Spacey starred in the school 's senior production of The Sound of Music, playing the part of Captain Georg von Trapp with Winningham as Maria von Trapp. He started using his middle name `` Spacey '', which is also his paternal grandmother 's maiden name. He had tried to succeed as a comedian for several years, before attending the Juilliard School in New York City, a member of Group 12, where he studied drama, between 1979 and 1981. During this time period, Spacey performed stand - up comedy in bowling alley talent contests. Career 1981 -- 1999 Spacey 's first professional stage appearance was as a spear carrier in a New York Shakespeare Festival performance of Henry VI, Part 1 in 1981. The following year, he made his first Broadway appearance, as Oswald in a production of Henrik Ibsen 's Ghosts, starring Liv Ullmann. Then he portrayed Philinte in Molière 's The Misanthrope. In 1984, he appeared in a production of David Rabe 's Hurlyburly, in which he rotated through each of the male parts ( he would later play Mickey in the film version ). Next came Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull. In 1986, he appeared in a production of Sleuth in a New Jersey dinner theatre. His prominence as a stage actor began in 1986, when he was cast opposite Jack Lemmon, Peter Gallagher and Bethel Leslie as Jamie, the eldest Tyrone son in Jonathan Miller 's lauded production of Eugene O'Neill 's Long Day 's Journey into Night. Lemmon in particular would become a mentor to Spacey. He made his first major television appearance in the second - season premiere of Crime Story, playing a Kennedy-esque American senator. Although his interest soon turned to film, Spacey remained actively involved in the live theater community. In 1991, he won a Tony Award for his portrayal of Uncle Louie in Neil Simon 's Broadway hit Lost in Yonkers. Spacey 's father was unconvinced that Spacey could make a career for himself as an actor, and did not change his mind until Spacey became well - known. Some of Spacey 's early roles include a widowed eccentric millionaire on L.A. Law, the television miniseries The Murder of Mary Phagan ( 1988 ), opposite Lemmon, and the comedy See No Evil, Hear No Evil ( 1989 ). He earned a fan base after playing the criminally insane arms dealer Mel Profitt on the television series Wiseguy. He quickly developed a reputation as a character actor, and was cast in bigger roles, including one - half of a bickering Connecticut couple in the dark comedy film The Ref ( 1994 ), a malicious Hollywood studio boss in the satire Swimming with Sharks, and the malevolent office manager in the ensemble film Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ), gaining him positive notices by critics. His performance as the enigmatic criminal Verbal Kint in The Usual Suspects won him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Spacey appeared in the 1995 thriller film Seven, making a sudden entrance late in the film as the serial killer John Doe after going unmentioned in the film 's advertisements and opening credits. His work in Seven, The Usual Suspects, and Outbreak earned him Best Supporting Actor honors at the 1995 Society of Texas Film Critics Awards. He remarked in 2013 : `` I think people just like me evil for some reason. They want me to be a son of a bitch. '' Spacey played an egomaniacal district attorney in A Time to Kill ( 1996 ), and founded Trigger Street Productions in 1997, with the purpose of producing and developing entertainment across various media. He made his directorial debut with the film Albino Alligator ( 1996 ). The film was a failure at the box office, grossing $339,379 with a budget of $6 million, but critics praised Spacey 's direction. He also voiced Hopper in the animated film A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ). 2000 -- present Spacey won universal praise and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as a depressed suburban father who re-evaluates his life in 1999 's American Beauty ; the same year, he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Spacey won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor and earned another Tony nomination in 1999 for The Iceman Cometh. In 2001, Spacey co-hosted, with Judi Dench, the Unite for the Future Gala, a UK fundraiser for the British victims of 9 / 11 and Médecins Sans Frontières at London 's Old Vic Theatre, produced by Harvey Goldsmith and Dominic Madden. He played a physically and emotionally scarred grade school teacher in Pay It Forward ( 2000 ), a patient in a mental institution who may or may not be an alien in K - Pax ( 2001 ), and singer Bobby Darin in Beyond the Sea ( 2004 ). The latter was a lifelong dream project for Spacey, who took on co-writing, directing, co-producing, and starring duties in the biography / musical about Darin 's life, career, and relationship with actress Sandra Dee. Facing little interest for backing in the United States, Spacey went to the United Kingdom and Germany for funding. Almost all of the film was made in Berlin. Spacey provided his own vocals on the Beyond the Sea soundtrack and appeared in several tribute concerts around the time of the film 's release. He received mostly positive reviews for his singing, as well as a Golden Globe nomination for his performance. However, reviewers criticized the age disparity between Spacey and Darin, noting that Spacey was too old to convincingly portray Darin, particularly during the early stages of the singer 's life depicted in the film. Spacey at the San Diego Comic - Con 2008 Spacey hosted Saturday Night Live twice : first in 1997 with musical guest Beck and special guests Michael Palin and John Cleese from Monty Python 's Flying Circus, and again in May 2006 with musical guest Nelly Furtado. In 2006, Spacey played Lex Luthor in the Bryan Singer superhero film Superman Returns. He was to return for its 2009 sequel, but the series was instead rebooted with 2013 film Man of Steel. Jesse Eisenberg has since replaced Spacey as Luthor for Man of Steel 's 2015 sequel, Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice. Spacey also appeared in Edison, which received a direct - to - video release in 2006. In 2008, he played an MIT lecturer in the film 21. The film is based on Ben Mezrich 's best seller Bringing Down the House : The Inside Story of Six MIT Students Who Took Vegas for Millions, a story of student MIT card - counters who used mathematical probability to aid them in card games such as blackjack. In early 2010, Spacey went to China to star in writer - director Dayyan Eng 's black comedy film Inseparable, becoming the first Hollywood actor to star in a fully Chinese - funded film. In September 2006, Spacey said that he intends to take up British citizenship when it is offered to him. Spacey is well known in Hollywood for his impressions. When he appeared on Inside the Actors Studio, he imitated ( at host James Lipton 's request ) James Stewart, Johnny Carson, Katharine Hepburn, Clint Eastwood, John Gielgud, Marlon Brando, Christopher Walken, Al Pacino, and Jack Lemmon. As a young actor in New York City, he used his skill to pretend to be Carson 's son to obtain free theater tickets and enter Studio 54. Capitol / EMI 's album Forever Cool ( 2007 ) features two duets with Spacey and an earlier recording of Dean Martin : `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' and `` King of the Road ''. In December 2007, Spacey cohosted the Nobel Peace Prize Concert along with Uma Thurman. Spacey is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres. He also sits on the Board of Directors of the Motion Picture and Television Fund. On March 18, 2011, it was announced that Spacey was cast as Frank Underwood in the Netflix series House of Cards. He was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 becoming the first lead actor to be Primetime Emmy nominated from a web television series. He went on to win the Golden Globe award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards for his season 2 performance. In July 2011, Spacey co-starred in the black comedy film Horrible Bosses, which grossed over $209.6 million at the box office. He executive produced the biographical survival thriller film Captain Phillips in 2013, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Spacey portrayed founder and president of the private military corporation Atlas Corporation, Jonathan Irons, in the 2014 video game Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare through motion capture. He became chairman of Relativity Media 's film division, Relativity Studios, on January 6, 2016 after Relativity acquired his production company Trigger Street Productions. Spacey starred as President Richard Nixon in the comedy - drama Elvis & Nixon ( 2016 ). The film is based on the meeting that took place between Nixon and singer Elvis Presley ( Michael Shannon ) in December 1970 wherein Presley requested Nixon swear him in as an undercover agent in the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. He next starred in the comedy film Nine Lives, as a man trapped in the body of a cat. The film was released on August 5, 2016. The Old Vic Berlin Film Festival 2011 In February 2003, Spacey announced that he was returning to London to become the artistic director of the Old Vic, one of the city 's oldest theatres. Appearing at a press conference with Judi Dench and Elton John, he promised both to appear on stage and to bring in big - name talent. Spacey undertook to remain in the post for a full ten years. The Old Vic Theatre Company staged shows eight months out of the year. Spacey 's first season started in September 2004, and opened with the British premiere of the play Cloaca by Maria Goos, directed by Spacey, which opened to mixed reviews. In the 2005 season, Spacey made his UK Shakespearean debut, to good notices, in the title role of Richard II directed by Trevor Nunn. In mid-2006, Spacey said that he was having the time of his life working at the Old Vic ; at that point in his career, he said, he was `` trying to do things now that are much bigger and outside himself ''. He performed in productions of National Anthems by Dennis McIntyre, and The Philadelphia Story by Philip Barry in which he played C.K. Dexter Haven, the Cary Grant role in the film version. Critics applauded Spacey for taking on the management of a theatre, but noted that while his acting was impressive, his skills and judgment as a producer / manager had yet to develop. In the 2006 season, Spacey suffered a major setback with a production of Arthur Miller 's Resurrection Blues, directed by Robert Altman. Despite an all - star cast ( including Matthew Modine and future House of Cards co-star Neve Campbell ) and the pedigree of Miller 's script, Spacey 's decision to lure Altman to the stage proved disastrous : after a fraught rehearsal period, the play opened to a critical panning, and closed after only a few weeks. Later in the year, Spacey starred in Eugene O'Neill 's A Moon for the Misbegotten, along with Colm Meaney and Eve Best. The play received excellent reviews for Spacey and Best, and was transferred to Broadway in 2007. For the spring part of the 2007 -- 08 season, Jeff Goldblum and Laura Michelle Kelly joined Spacey as the three characters in David Mamet 's 1988 play Speed - the - Plow. In January 2009, he directed the premiere of Joe Sutton 's Complicit, with Richard Dreyfuss, David Suchet and Elizabeth McGovern. In September 2009, Trevor Nunn directed Spacey in a revival of Inherit the Wind. Spacey played defense lawyer Henry Drummond, a role that was made famous by Spencer Tracy in the 1960 film of the same name. Sam Mendes directed Spacey in a Shakespeare 's Richard III ; Spacey played the title role. The show began in June 2011, commencing a worldwide tour culminating in New York in early 2012. In March 2014, it was announced that Spacey would star in a one - man play at the Old Vic to celebrate his 10 years as artistic director. He took on the part of Clarence Darrow in the play. Political views and activism Spacey 's political views have been described as left - leaning and mirroring some of those possessed by his fictional character in House of Cards. Spacey is a Democratic donor and a friend of President Bill Clinton. Having met the former U.S. President before his presidency began, Spacey once described Clinton as a `` one of a shining light '' of the political process. He additionally made a cameo appearance in the short film President Clinton : Final Days, a light - hearted political satire produced by the Clinton administration for the White House Correspondents Dinner. Spacey met Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez in September 2007, and never spoke to the press about their encounter. During the trip, he donated money to the Venezuelan film studio Villa del Cine. In March 2011 -- following Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko 's crackdown on the Belarusian democracy movement -- Spacey joined Jude Law on the street in a protest against Lukashenko 's regime. Personal life Around 1999, reports suggested Spacey was dating a script supervisor named Dianne Dreyer, with their relationship possibly dating back as far as 1992. In 2000, Spacey brought Dreyer to the Academy Awards ; during the acceptance speech for his Best Actor award, Spacey stated, `` Diane, thank you for teaching me about caring about the right things, and I love you. '' Tabloid publications The Sun and Gawker reported that he dated Helen Hunt and Jennifer Jason Leigh around this same time. An article in The Sunday Times Magazine in 1999 stated that Spacey 's `` love affair with acting, and the absence of a visible partner in the life of an attractive 40 - year - old, has resulted in Esquire magazine asserting two years ago that he must be gay. '' He responded to the rumors by telling Playboy and other interviewers that he was not gay, and telling Lesley White of The Sunday Times, I chose for a long time not to answer these questions because of the manner in which they were asked, and because I was never talking to someone I trusted, so why should I? Recently I chose to participate because it 's a little hard on the people I love. In 2007, Gotham magazine quoted Spacey saying : I 've never believed in pimping my personal life out for publicity. Although I might be interested in doing it, I will never do it. People can gossip all they want ; they can speculate all they want. I just happened to believe that there 's a separation between the public life and the private life. Everybody has the right to a private life no matter what their professions are. In late October 2017, Spacey came out as gay after actor Anthony Rapp alleged that Spacey, while appearing drunk, made a sexual advance to him in 1986, when Rapp was 14 years old. In response, Spacey said he did not remember the encounter, but that if he behaved as described by Rapp, he owes him `` the sincerest apology for what would have been deeply inappropriate drunken behavior. '' Spacey disclosed that `` I have had relationships with both men and women. I have loved and had romantic encounters with men throughout my life, and I choose now to live as a gay man. '' His statement drew negative reactions from many noting that Rapp 's gender was not the issue ; Spacey 's timing of coming out was also criticized as an attempt to change the subject away from Rapp 's accusation and for making a connection between homosexuality and pedophilia. Discography Albums Beyond the Sea : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2004 ) Singles That Old Black Magic ( 1997 ) From the Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil soundtrack Live performances `` Mind Games '' -- Come Together : A Night for John Lennon 's Words and Music -- October 2, 2001, Radio City Music Hall See also Theatre portal Film in the United States portal Television in the United States portal LGBT portal List of awards and nominations received by Kevin Spacey Kevin Spacey filmography References Jump up ^ Fischer, Paul ( October 20, 2001 ). `` The Alien World Of Kevin Spacey ''. FilmMonthly. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Who 's who in the world, 1991 -- 1992 ( Volume 10 of Who 's who in the world ). Marquis Who 's Who. 1990. p. 348. ISBN 0 - 8379 - 1110 - 9. Jump up ^ Feinberg, Ashley ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ). `` Kevin Spacey 's Brother Is a Limo - Driving Rod Stewart Impersonator in Boise ''. Gawker Media. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey Biography ''. A&E. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Stage to Screens : Kevin Spacey Talks About His New Film, and His Idols - Playbill ''. Playbill. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 13 Famous Valedictorians ''. MSN Encarta. 2008. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` A Conversation with Kevin Spacey - Cinequest ''. www.cinequest.org. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Soroff, Jonathan ( 2007 ). `` Soroff / On Kevin Spacey ''. The Improper Bostonian. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2000 ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Spacey ''. Enough rope ( Interview : video ). Interview with Andrew Denton. ABC. July 10, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Henry IV Part One - Kevin Spacey ''. www.kevinspacey.com. Retrieved October 30, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Cerasaro, Pat ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ). `` Flash Friday : A Kevin Spacey Cornucopia -- Stage, Big Screen, Small Screen & Now ''. Broadway World. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. ^ Jump up to : `` In Step With : Kevin Spacey ''. Parade Magazine. December 5, 2004. Jump up ^ Levy, Abraham ( December 30, 1995 ). `` Texas film critics give ' Suspects ' top honors ''. Austin American - Statesman. Retrieved December 17, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Society of Texas Film Critics 1995 Awards ''. Austin Chronicle. January 5, 1996. Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris ( February 8, 2013 ). `` Kevin Spacey : Good & Evil ''. Entertainment Weekly. New York : Time Inc. : 54. Jump up ^ Darst, Elizabeth ( 2001 - 11 - 19 ). `` Kevin Spacey Hosts British Benefit ''. People. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Boyar, Jay ( 2004 - 12 - 29 ). `` A bit of Darin lives in Spacey ''. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Plumb, Ali ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ). `` Kevin Spacey On Jesse Eisenberg Playing Lex Luthor ''. Empire. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ S.T. Vanairsdale ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ). `` Kevin Spacey 's Chinese Buddy - Superhero Movie Inseparable Looks... Interesting ''. Movieline. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Hastings, Chris ( September 10, 2006 ). `` Spacey sets the stage for nine years at the Old Vic ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ Mauro, Jeff ( July -- August 2006 ). `` Kevin Spacey 's balancing act ''. Player. Jump up ^ Impersonations by Kevin Spacey ( Full Video ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Fallon, Jimmy ( host ) ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ). `` Kevin Spacey Does a Great Johnny Carson Impression ''. The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Season 1. New York City. NBC. Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2007 ''. The Norwegian Nobel Committee. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey profile ''. Shakespeare Schools Festival. Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 05. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Foundation Board of Directors ''. Motion Picture & Television Fund. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2009. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( March 3, 2011 ). `` Kevin Spacey Set To Star in David Fincher 's Drama Series For MRC ' House of Cards ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved March 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian ( July 18, 2013 ). `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` List : Who won Golden Globe awards ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Leeds, Sarene ( January 26, 2015 ). `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Horrible Bosses ''. Box Office Mojo. Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 86th Academy Awards ''. AMPAS. Retrieved January 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2014 Winners : The Complete List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. March 2, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart ( November 3, 2014 ). `` Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare means ' brand new audience ' for Kevin Spacey ''. The Guardian. Retrieved December 15, 2014. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike ( January 6, 2016 ). `` Relativity Media Acquires Trigger Street ; Sets Kevin Spacey and Dana Brunetti To Run Studio As It Emerges From Chapter 11 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen ( November 5, 2014 ). `` ' Elvis & Nixon ' Sets Kevin Spacey & Michael Shannon In Tale Of Historic White House Hangout -- AFM ''. Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Hayden, Eric ; Siegel, Tatiana ( January 28, 2015 ). `` Kevin Spacey to Star in Comedy ' Nine Lives ' From ' Men in Black ' Director ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Pederson, Erik ( April 15, 2016 ). `` ' Nine Lives ' Trailer : Here Kevin Spacey Spacey Spacey... ''. Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Spacey ' to run Old Vic ' ''. BBC News. February 3, 2003. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Spacey becomes London theatre boss ''. BBC News. February 6, 2003. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of the Old Vic ''. Old Vic Theatre. 2008. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Lyall, Sarah ( May 29, 2006 ). `` Beyond a Sea of Criticism, All 's Well for Kevin Spacey at Old Vic ''. New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Emami, Gazelle ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ). `` Kevin Spacey As Richard III : BAM Production Of Sam Mendes Play Begins Its Run ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Spacey defends Old Vic management ''. BBC News. April 13, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ Page, Alistair ( December 10, 2007 ). `` Goldblum to join Spacey in the Old Vic 's Speed - the - Plow ''. The Stage. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` The Old Vic ''. Oldvictheatre.com. July 22, 2002. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey to star in one - man play at Old Vic ''. www.theguardian.com. March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Rubenoff, Sarah. `` Is Kevin Spacey A Democrat Or Republican? The ' House Of Cards ' Star Is Super Passionate About Politics ''. Romper. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Chozick, Amy ( February 20, 2015 ). `` Kevin Spacey, Star of ' House of Cards ' and a Bromance With Bill Clinton ''. Retrieved October 30, 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com. Jump up ^ `` President Clinton : Final Days ( 2000 ) ''. New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ Thomson, Katherine ( September 25, 2007 ). `` Kevin Spacey Meets With Hugo Chavez ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Kevin Spacey and Jude Law march against Belarus regime ''. BBC Online. March 30, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Bliss, Sara ( May 2007 ). `` The Drama King ''. Gotham Magazine. Jump up ^ Wolk, Josh ( April 7, 2000 ). `` The Parties ''. Entertainment Weekly. Jump up ^ `` Lights, Camera, Freebies ''. Entertainment Weekly. April 7, 2000. ^ Jump up to : The Sun article : `` LET 'S TALK ABOUT KEVIN - After years of Hollywood rumours it 's no surprise Kevin Spacey has come out as gay ''. Jump up ^ YouTube video : `` Kevin Spacey Wins Best Actor : 2000 Oscars. '' Jump up ^ Gawker article : `` Remember When Kevin Spacey Groped a Male Model in Public for 2 Hours? '' ^ Jump up to : White, Lesley ( December 19, 1999 ). `` Spacey 's Odyssey ''. The Sunday Times Magazine. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Playboy interview ''. October 1999. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly ( October 29, 2017 ). `` ' Star Trek ' Star Claims Kevin Spacey Made a Pass at Him at Age 14 ; Spacey Apologizes, Comes Out as Gay ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Felman, Kate ( October 29, 2017 ). `` Anthony Rapp accuses Kevin Spacey of trying to seduce him when he was 14 ''. New York Daily News. New York. Retrieved October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Kanetkar, Riddhima ( October 29, 2017 ). `` Kevin Spacey : Sexual Advances On Teenaged Anthony Rapp Was ' Inappropriate Drunken Behavior ' ''. International Business Times. New York. Retrieved October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Spacey, Kevin ( October 29, 2017 ). `` pic.twitter.com/X6ybi5atr5 ''. twitter.com. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Convery, Stephanie ( 30 October 2017 ). `` Kevin Spacey apologises after being accused of sexual advance on 14 - year - old actor ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 October 2017. Jump up ^ Scott, Eugene ( October 30, 2017 ). `` How correlating homosexuality to child molestation influenced politics ''. The Washington Post. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). Jump up ^ Kennedy, Mark ( October 30, 2017 ). `` ' House of Cards ' canceled as fallout continues for Spacey ''. Twin Cities / Pioneer Press. ^ Jump up to : Tamblyn, Robin ( 2010 ). Looking Closer : Kevin Spacey, the First 50 Years. IUniverse. p. 131. ISBN 1450204384. External links Find more aboutKevin Spaceyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Kevin Spacey at the Internet Broadway Database Kevin Spacey at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kevin Spacey on Box Office Mojo Kevin Spacey on IMDb Kevin Spacey on NETFLIX Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Kevin Spacey Academy Award for Best Actor 1928 -- 1950 Emil Jannings ( 1928 ) Warner Baxter ( 1929 ) George Arliss ( 1930 ) Lionel Barrymore ( 1931 ) Fredric March / Wallace Beery ( 1932 ) Charles Laughton ( 1933 ) Clark Gable ( 1934 ) Victor McLaglen ( 1935 ) Paul Muni ( 1936 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1937 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1938 ) Robert Donat ( 1939 ) James Stewart ( 1940 ) Gary Cooper ( 1941 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Bing Crosby ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Fredric March ( 1946 ) Ronald Colman ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) José Ferrer ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Humphrey Bogart ( 1951 ) Gary Cooper ( 1952 ) William Holden ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Yul Brynner ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) Charlton Heston ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) Gregory Peck ( 1962 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Cliff Robertson ( 1968 ) John Wayne ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Marlon Brando ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Peter Finch ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Henry Fonda ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Paul Newman ( 1986 ) Michael Douglas ( 1987 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Al Pacino ( 1992 ) Tom Hanks ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Russell Crowe ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Adrien Brody ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) refused award that year Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 1936 -- 1950 Walter Brennan ( 1936 ) Joseph Schildkraut ( 1937 ) Walter Brennan ( 1938 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1939 ) Walter Brennan ( 1940 ) Donald Crisp ( 1941 ) Van Heflin ( 1942 ) Charles Coburn ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) James Dunn ( 1945 ) Harold Russell ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) Dean Jagger ( 1949 ) George Sanders ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Karl Malden ( 1951 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1955 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Hugh Griffith ( 1959 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1960 ) George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Ed Begley ( 1962 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1963 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1964 ) Martin Balsam ( 1965 ) Walter Matthau ( 1966 ) George Kennedy ( 1967 ) Jack Albertson ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Robert De Niro ( 1974 ) George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Don Ameche ( 1985 ) Michael Caine ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Kevin Kline ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Ralph Richardson British, Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1952 ) John Gielgud British, Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1953 ) Kenneth More British, Marlon Brando Foreign ( 1954 ) Laurence Olivier British, Ernest Borgnine Foreign ( 1955 ) Peter Finch British, François Périer Foreign ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness British, Henry Fonda Foreign ( 1957 ) Trevor Howard British, Sidney Poitier Foreign ( 1958 ) Peter Sellers British, Jack Lemmon Foreign ( 1959 ) Peter Finch British, Jack Lemmon Foreign ( 1960 ) Peter Finch British, Paul Newman Foreign ( 1961 ) Peter O'Toole British, Burt Lancaster Foreign ( 1962 ) Dirk Bogarde British, Marcello Mastroianni Foreign ( 1963 ) Richard Attenborough British, Marcello Mastroianni Foreign ( 1964 ) Dirk Bogarde British, Lee Marvin Foreign ( 1965 ) Richard Burton British, Rod Steiger Foreign ( 1966 ) Paul Scofield British, Rod Steiger Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Spencer Tracy ( 1968 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) Peter Finch ( 1971 ) Gene Hackman ( 1972 ) Walter Matthau ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1976 ) Peter Finch ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1979 ) John Hurt ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) John Cleese ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor Kevin Spacey / Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1997 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 1975 -- 2000 Frank Langella ( 1975 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1976 ) Bob Dishy ( 1977 ) Jeffrey DeMunn ( 1978 ) George Rose ( 1979 ) David Rounds ( 1980 ) Brian Backer ( 1981 ) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar ( 1982 ) Alan Feinstein ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton ( 1985 ) Joseph Maher ( 1986 ) John Randolph ( 1987 ) B.D. Wong ( 1988 ) Peter Frechette ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1991 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 1992 ) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella ( 1993 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane ( 1995 ) Martin Shaw ( 1996 ) Brian Murray ( 1997 ) Alfred Molina ( 1998 ) Kevin Anderson ( 1999 ) Roy Dotrice ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Charles Brown ( 2001 ) Frank Langella ( 2002 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2003 ) Ned Beatty ( 2004 ) Michael Stuhlbarg ( 2005 ) Samuel Barnett ( 2006 ) Boyd Gaines ( 2007 ) Conleth Hill ( 2008 ) Pablo Schreiber ( 2009 ) Santino Fontana ( 2010 ) Brian Bedford ( 2011 ) Tom Edden ( 2012 ) Richard Kind ( 2013 ) Reed Birney ( 2014 ) K. Todd Freeman ( 2015 ) Michael Shannon ( 2016 ) Danny DeVito ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1996 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1997 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1998 ) Tom Hanks ( 1999 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Elijah Wood ( 2002 ) Tom Cruise ( 2003 ) Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) Matt Damon ( 2005 ) Johnny Depp ( 2006 ) Daniel Craig ( 2007 ) James McAvoy ( 2008 ) Christian Bale ( 2009 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2010 ) Colin Firth ( 2011 ) Gary Oldman ( 2012 ) Martin Freeman ( 2013 ) James McAvoy ( 2014 ) Andy Serkis ( 2015 ) Matt Damon ( 2016 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mike Connors ( 1969 ) Peter Graves ( 1970 ) Robert Young ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) James Stewart ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake / Telly Savalas ( 1975 ) Richard Jordan ( 1976 ) Edward Asner ( 1977 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Edward Asner ( 1979 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1980 ) Daniel J. Travanti ( 1981 ) John Forsythe ( 1982 ) John Forsythe ( 1983 ) Tom Selleck ( 1984 ) Don Johnson ( 1985 ) Edward Woodward ( 1986 ) Richard Kiley ( 1987 ) Ron Perlman ( 1988 ) Ken Wahl ( 1989 ) Kyle MacLachlan ( 1990 ) Scott Bakula ( 1991 ) Sam Waterston ( 1992 ) David Caruso ( 1993 ) Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1995 ) David Duchovny ( 1996 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1997 ) Dylan McDermott ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini ( 1999 ) Martin Sheen ( 2000 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Jon Hamm ( 2007 ) Gabriel Byrne ( 2008 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2009 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2010 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2016 ) Golden Orange Honorary Award Ömer Lütfi Akad ( 1983 ) Sezer Sezin ( 1984 ) Metin Erksan ( 1987 ) Helen Mirren / Taylor Hackford / Norman Jewison ( 2006 ) Shekhar Kapur / Francis Ford Coppola / Hanna Schygulla ( 2007 ) Maximilian Schell / Mickey Rourke / Kevin Spacey / Michael J. Warner ( 2008 ) International Emmy Founders Award Jim Henson ( 1980 ) Shaun Sutton / Roone Arledge ( 1981 ) Michael Landon ( 1982 ) Herbert Brodkin ( 1983 ) David L. Wolper ( 1984 ) David Attenborough ( 1985 ) Donald L. Taffner ( 1986 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1987 ) Goar Mestre ( 1988 ) Paul Fox ( 1989 ) Joan Ganz Cooney ( 1990 ) Adrian Cowell ( 1991 ) Bill Cosby ( 1992 ) Richard Dunn ( 1993 ) Film on Four ( 1994 ) Don Hewitt ( 1995 ) Reg Grundy ( 1996 ) Jac Venza ( 1997 ) Robert Halmi Sr. ( 1998 ) Hisashi Hieda ( 1999 ) John Hendricks ( 2000 ) Pierre Lescure ( 2001 ) Howard Stringer ( 2002 ) HBO ( 2003 ) MTV International ( 2004 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 2005 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2006 ) Al Gore ( 2007 ) Dick Wolf ( 2008 ) David Frost ( 2009 ) Simon Cowell ( 2010 ) Nigel Lythgoe ( 2011 ) Ryan Murphy / Norman Lear / Alan Alda ( 2012 ) J.J. Abrams ( 2013 ) Matthew Weiner ( 2014 ) Julian Fellowes ( 2015 ) Shonda Rhimes ( 2016 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Oliver Ford Davies ( 1989 / 1990 ) Ian McKellen ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Robert Stephens ( 1993 ) Mark Rylance ( 1994 ) David Bamber ( 1995 ) Alex Jennings ( 1996 ) Antony Sher ( 1997 ) Ian Holm ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Henry Goodman ( 2000 ) Conleth Hill ( 2001 ) Roger Allam ( 2002 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2004 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2005 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2006 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2009 ) Mark Rylance ( 2010 ) Roger Allam ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2012 ) Luke Treadaway ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Mark Strong ( 2015 ) Kenneth Cranham ( 2016 ) Jamie Parker ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Actor of the Year Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) John Travolta ( 1994 ) Johnny Depp ( 1995 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1996 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1997 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Russell Crowe ( 2000 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2001 ) Michael Caine ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Bruno Ganz ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Tom Courtenay ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Rebecca De Mornay ( 1992 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1995 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Mike Myers ( 1998 ) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff ( 1999 ) † Mike Myers ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2003 ) Lucy Liu ( 2004 ) Ben Stiller ( 2005 ) Hayden Christensen ( 2006 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger ( 2009 ) Tom Felton ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2012 ) ‡ Tom Hiddleston ( 2013 ) Mila Kunis ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2017 ) † Tie ; ‡ The Award was re-named Best On - Screen Dirtbag National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor John Williams ( 1954 ) Charles Bickford ( 1955 ) Richard Basehart ( 1956 ) Sessue Hayakawa ( 1957 ) Albert Salmi ( 1958 ) Hugh Griffith ( 1959 ) George Peppard ( 1960 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1961 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1962 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1963 ) Martin Balsam ( 1964 ) Harry Andrews ( 1965 ) Robert Shaw ( 1966 ) Paul Ford ( 1967 ) Leo McKern ( 1968 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1969 ) Frank Langella ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey / Al Pacino ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Holger Löwenadler ( 1974 ) Charles Durning ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Tom Skerritt ( 1977 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1978 ) Paul Dooley ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Robert Preston ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) River Phoenix ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1992 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Greg Kinnear ( 1997 ) Ed Harris ( 1998 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2005 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2012 ) Will Forte ( 2013 ) Edward Norton ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2016 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Robert Duvall ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Charles Boyer ( 1974 ) Alan Arkin ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Jackie Earle Haley ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1995 Apollo 13 Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, Gary Sinise The Birdcage Hank Azaria, Christine Baranski, Dan Futterman, Gene Hackman, Nathan Lane, Dianne Wiest, Robin Williams The Full Monty Mark Addy, Paul Barber, Robert Carlyle, Deirdre Costello, Steve Huison, Bruce Jones, Lesley Sharp, William Snape, Hugo Speer, Tom Wilkinson, Emily Woof 1998 Shakespeare in Love Ben Affleck, Simon Callow, Jim Carter, Martin Clunes, Judi Dench, Joseph Fiennes, Colin Firth, Gwyneth Paltrow, Geoffrey Rush, Antony Sher, Imelda Staunton 1999 American Beauty Annette Bening, Wes Bentley, Thora Birch, Chris Cooper, Peter Gallagher, Allison Janney, Kevin Spacey, Mena Suvari 2000 Traffic Steven Bauer, Benjamin Bratt, James Brolin, Don Cheadle, Erika Christensen, Clifton Collins Jr., Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Miguel Ferrer, Albert Finney, Topher Grace, Luis Guzmán, Amy Irving, Tomas Milian, D.W. 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Vance ( 2013 ) Mark Rylance ( 2014 ) Richard McCabe ( 2015 ) Reed Birney ( 2016 ) Michael Aronov ( 2017 ) VIAF : 64203431 LCCN : no93007294 ISNI : 0000 0001 2136 7221 GND : 124738931 SUDOC : 059558792 BNF : cb14010090q ( data ) MusicBrainz : 1f7134d9 - 2c91 - 4ccd - 8ada - ae7b32f896e6 NDL : 00814053 NKC : jx20050512009 BNE : XX1117549 IATH : w6h41z0t Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Spacey&oldid=808026614 '' Categories : 1959 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actor - managers Male actors from California Actors Studio alumni American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American film directors American male stage actors American theatre directors American male voice actors Artistic directors Best Actor Academy Award winners Best Actor BAFTA Award winners Best Actor Empire Award winners Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Critics ' Circle Theatre Award winners Golden Orange Honorary Award winners Juilliard School alumni Laurence Olivier Award winners Los Angeles Valley College people LGBT male actors Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Los Angeles County, California People from South Orange, New Jersey Tony Award winners Film directors from California Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire American film producers Film producers from California Best Drama Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners American expatriate male actors in the United Kingdom Kevin Spacey Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT comedians LGBT screenwriters LGBT directors LGBT people from California LGBT writers from the United States LGBT producers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 12 : 47. 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{ "text": "The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) - wikipedia The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) Jump to : navigation, search The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) DVD cover Starring Rainn Wilson John Krasinski Jenna Fischer B.J. Novak Ed Helms James Spader Catherine Tate Leslie David Baker Brian Baumgartner Creed Bratton Kate Flannery Mindy Kaling Ellie Kemper Angela Kinsey Paul Lieberstein Oscar Nunez Craig Robinson Phyllis Smith Zach Woods Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 22, 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 10, 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of the American television comedy The Office commenced airing on NBC in the United States on September 22, 2011, and concluded on May 10, 2012, consisting of 24 episodes. The series is an American adaptation of the British comedy series of the same name, and is presented in a mockumentary format, portraying the daily lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. The eighth season of The Office aired on Thursdays at 9 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern ) in the United States as part of the `` Comedy Night Done Right '' television block. This was the first season without Steve Carell as Michael Scott in the lead role and the only one to not feature the character in any capacity. The eighth season largely centers on Andy Bernard 's ( Ed Helms ) ascension to regional manager, as well as the antics of Robert California ( James Spader ), the new CEO of Sabre, a fictional printer company that owns Dunder Mifflin. Halfway through the season, Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) -- along with Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ), Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ), Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ), Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ), and Cathy Simms ( Lindsey Broad ) -- travel to Florida to help set up a Sabre Store, where Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) is introduced. Eventually, former CFO of Dunder Mifflin David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) buys back the company, firing California. Despite debuting with moderate viewing figures, the departure of Carell affected the show 's ratings, which fell as the season progressed. The season ranked as the eighty - seventh most watched television series during the 2011 -- 12 television year and saw a dramatic decrease in ratings from the previous season. Critical reception was polarized. Many critics argued that the series should have ended after the departure of Carell ; many also felt that the season recycled storylines from past episodes. Other critics were more positive, complimenting various actors and their characters. It marked the first time since season one that the show did not receive any Emmy nominations. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 4 Episodes 5 Home media release 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) The eighth season of the show was produced by Reveille Productions and Deedle - Dee Productions, both in association with NBC Universal Television Studios. The show is based on the British comedy series of the same name, which was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant for the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ). In addition, the two are executive producers on the show. This season of The Office was produced by Greg Daniels and Paul Lieberstein, the latter of whom serves as the showrunner. Returning writers from the previous season included Lieberstein, Charlie Grandy, Justin Spitzer, Carrie Kemper, Daniel Chun, Robert Padnick, Aaron Shure, Steve Hely, Amelie Gillette, Mindy Kaling, and B.J. Novak ; the latter two were both also credited as executive producers. It was previously unknown whether Kaling would write for the series any longer. Kaling herself confirmed via her Twitter page that she would write the Christmas - themed episode, `` Christmas Wishes ''. Three new writers joined the staff beginning in season eight : Owen Ellickson, Allison Silverman and Dan Greaney. The season also saw the directorial debuts of cast members Ed Helms and Brian Baumgartner ; Helms directed the episode `` Christmas Wishes '', and Baumgartner directed `` After Hours ''. The series was renewed for an eighth season on March 17, 2011, began filming on July 25, 2011, and the season concluded filming on March 9, 2012. Jenna Fischer 's pregnancy was written into the show, and Pam was again pregnant at the start of the season with a boy as she was in real life. Unlike the sixth season, there was no episode focusing on the baby 's birth ; it was instead announced on a blog. In an interview, executive producer Lieberstein stated that, with the departure of Michael Scott, the writers would explore further into the other characters on the show, such as centering on a specific character for an episode. On January 25, 2012, news broke that NBC was planning a spin - off series starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute, that would be set at Schrute Farms, Dwight 's bed - and - breakfast and beet farm. The spin - off would be created by Wilson and executive producer Paul Lieberstein, but Office developer Greg Daniels would not be involved. Due to his initial involvement in the spin - off, Lieberstein stepped down as showrunner of The Office. On October 29, 2012, it was revealed that NBC was not going forward with the proposed spin - off, although the original backdoor pilot, `` The Farm '' aired later in the ninth season. Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) cast members The Office employs an ensemble cast. Most of the main characters, and some supporting ones, are based on characters from the British version of The Office. While these characters normally have the same attitudes and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its large cast size, many of whom are known particularly for their improvisational work. Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is the Assistant to the Regional Manager, although the character frequently fails to include `` to the '' in his title. John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert, a sales representative and prankster, who is based upon Tim Canterbury, and is married to Pam Halpert, the office administrator. Pam ( Fischer ), who is based on Dawn Tinsley, is shy, but is often a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight. B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who is a temporary worker. Helms plays Andy Bernard, the preppy manager -- who was previously a salesman -- and boastful Cornell alumnus whose love for a cappella music and awkward social skills generates mixed feelings from his employees. Andy is an original character, meaning he has no English equivalent from Gervais 's series. Reprising his guest - starring role of Robert California, James Spader joined the regular cast to replace Kathy Bates 's character as the CEO of Sabre. Cody Horn, who guest starred in the seventh season as Jordan Garfield, was originally supposed to be featured as a recurring character this season, but she did not return. The eighth season introduced several new characters. Stephen Collins, Dee Wallace and Josh Groban were cast as Andy 's father, mother and brother, respectively, and appeared in the episode `` Garden Party ''. From the episodes `` Pam 's Replacement '' to `` Last Day in Florida '', Lindsey Broad had a recurring guest star spot as Cathy Simms, Pam 's temporary replacement while she was on maternity leave, and who remained employed at the company for a while after. Maura Tierney appeared in `` Mrs. California '', playing California 's wife. Catherine Tate returned to reprise her role as Nellie Bertram, in a major arc starting in the episode `` Tallahassee ''. Despite reports that she would also get romantically involved with Robert, this never occurred. Two writers for the animated comedy series The Simpsons, Matt Selman and Matt Warburton, appeared in the Kaling - scripted episode `` Test the Store '', and Simpsons star Dan Castellaneta appeared in the episode `` Turf War ''. Originally, it was announced that the season would feature Stanley Hudson 's other daughter and a new male addition to the accounting department, however, these characters never appeared. At the time, this season marked the final year that some cast members -- notably Helms, Fischer, Novak, and Krasinski -- were signed on for the show, as their contracts expired at the end of the season ; this caused speculation that several members of the main cast would leave the series following this season. The eighth season was Novak 's last as a series regular, although he made a few recurring appearances in the ninth season. It was also Kaling 's final full season, due to her pilot, The Mindy Project, being picked up by Fox ; Kaling portrayed customer service representative Kelly Kapoor. On February 28, 2012, it was announced that Spader would not return for a ninth season of the show. There was initial speculation that following the eighth season, Daniels was considering rebooting the series due to the possible departures of main cast members. However, a new deal was negotiated with NBC, and all the main cast members, sans Spader, Novak, and Kaling, would return for the ninth season, although several new characters would be brought on board for a `` mini reboot ''. NBC also announced that Catherine Tate would become a series regular. Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Ratings for the eighth season of The Office. The series aired on Thursdays at 9 : 00 p.m. as part of `` Comedy Night Done Right '' television block. The season premiere, `` The List '' received a 3.9 / 10 percent share in the Nielsen ratings among viewers aged 18 to 49, meaning that 3.9 percent of viewers aged 18 to 49 watched the episode, and 10 percent of viewers watching television at the time watched the episode. `` The List '' was the highest rated episode of the season. Despite this, it became the lowest season premiere of the series since the series premiere. The rest of the season was unable to receive more than seven million viewers. The twenty - second episode, `` Fundraiser '' received only 4.17 million viewers, making it, at the time, the lowest - rated episode of The Office to ever air ( although it was later beaten by several ninth - season episodes the following year ). The season finale, `` Free Family Portrait Studio '', was viewed by 4.49 million viewers, making it the lowest finale for The Office to air, beating the first - season finale `` Hot Girl '', which was viewed by 4.8 million viewers. The drop in ratings led to a lower ad - price for the series, with an average cost of $178,840 per - 30 second commercial. Despite this, the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows and ranked as the most expensive ad - cost for any NBC scripted series during the year it aired. Despite the lower live ratings, Nielsen Soundscan announced that The Office added up to 44 percent to its next - day `` live plus same day '' 18 -- 49 rating when additional time - shifted viewing was added, such as DVRing. The season ranked as the eighty - seventh most - watched television series during the 2011 -- 12 season, with an average of 6.506 million viewers. The season also ranked as the thirty - second most - watched television series in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic. In this category, the show was viewed by an estimated 4.376 million viewers per episode and received a 3.42 rating / 9 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that, on average, the season was viewed by 3.42 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds, and 9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. Critical response ( edit ) Ed Helms received mixed reviews for his portrayal of Andy Bernard. The eighth season of The Office received mixed reviews. While some critics felt that the show was still humorous in its eighth year, many others argued that the program should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell. The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt criticized Robert California 's role, noting that he is a character that `` the narrative reacts to as opposed to something actually involved in the narrative ''. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix criticized Ed Helms ' comedic performance as manager ( calling him `` a softer version of Michael Scott '' ), as well as the toning down of Robert California from his appearance in the show 's seventh season 's finale, `` Search Committee ''. Sepinwall also expressed disappointment that many of the supporting characters were seemingly transformed into mere caricatures of their former selves. He stopped reviewing a majority of the Season 8 episodes since `` Pam 's Replacement '', due to his distaste for the series. Time writer James Poniewozik also criticized the choice of Andy as manager, instead arguing that Jim should have gotten the job so the series could have been more ensemble - oriented. New York named Andy Bernard one of the most annoying TV characters of 2011. Matt Zoller Seitz from New York wrote, `` Fact is, the show 's first post -- Steve Carell year has been a mess, at times bordering on a disaster '', although he did write, `` Nevertheless, I still adore these characters, even when the writing does n't do them justice. '' McNutt gave the season a `` C '' grade overall, writing that the season finale, `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' was `` a disheartening conclusion to the show 's worst season, offering little optimism to sustain our already dwindling enthusiasm over the summer months. '' Bret Fetzer of Amazon.com wrote that `` it 's best to approach this season as if it were a completely new series ''. He felt that it is unfair to compare the quality of this season to that of past seasons because `` the series ' previous heights were so very high ''. However, he called the year `` uneven '', because episodes would range from putting `` Andy into Michael Scott - ish situations '' to `` seek ( ing ) out new angles on the well - established web of interpersonal conflicts ''. This vacillation between extremes meant that the episodes `` sometimes '' work. Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon considered the post-Michael Scott era of The Office `` warmer and more reflective ''. He also praised the decision of Andy as a manager, and he highlighted Ed Helms and Craig Robinson 's performances in `` Lotto '', arguing that they represented the `` subtlest, deepest acting to date ( on The Office ) ''. He also selected `` Lotto '' as the best episode of the season. Hank Stuever of The Washington Post named the series the tenth best series of 2011, specifically praising the actors ' ability in `` Mrs. California '' to deliver cringe humor without Carell. TV Guide named it an honorable mention on their list of the best TV shows of 2011. Price Peterson from TV.com called the series `` still one of the best shows on TV '' and argued that, while `` Season 8 definitely was n't the show 's best '', the season `` sneaked in some genuinely great jokes, new characters, and affecting plotlines. '' Despite the lackluster reviews many of the episodes received, many critics praised Ellie Kemper 's performance as Erin Hannon. McNutt noted that `` regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode, Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season. '' In addition, Kemper 's performance in the episodes `` Spooked, '' `` Christmas Wishes, '' `` Pool Party, '' and `` Special Project, '' in particular, were praised by critics. In retrospect, many members of the cast and crew felt that the season was not the show 's best. Rainn Wilson said that the season made some mistakes `` creatively '' ; for instance, he argued that the chemistry between Spader and Helms was `` a bit dark '' and that the show should have gone for a `` brighter and more energized '' relationship. Brian Baumgartner felt that the show `` stayed status quo ( with the previous year ), but without a key piece '' and `` did n't make a firm decision '' on the direction it was headed. Ben Silverman, one of the show 's producers, said that `` it did n't have the sense of purpose and focus '' that the next season would have. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes In the following table, `` U.S. viewers ( million ) '' refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the night of broadcast. Episodes are listed by the order in which they aired, and may not necessarily correspond to their production codes. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 153 `` The List '' B.J. Novak B.J. Novak September 22, 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 8002 7.64 Robert California ( James Spader ) becomes the new regional director of Dunder Mifflin, Scranton, but becomes the new company CEO after talking to Jo Bennett. Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) is chosen by California to become the new regional manager. When Robert leaves his open notebook by reception, Erin discovers a list which divides the office employees ' names. Pam and Jim photocopy it, and the office goes crazy trying to figure out its meaning. The problem worsens when Robert invites the left - side to lunch. Eventually, California explains that the lists are of the `` winners '' and `` losers ''. After hearing this, an impassioned Andy defends his fellow coworkers. 154 `` The Incentive '' Charles McDougall Paul Lieberstein September 29, 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 8001 6.70 Robert challenges the Dunder Mifflin staffers to double their sales. Andy decides to create an incentive program ; he promises the office that he will tattoo a picture of their choosing on his buttocks if they meet the sales quota, which they do in only one day. The office then makes Andy get a tattoo of a puppy. Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) becomes unlikely friends with Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ), who is also pregnant. 155 `` Lotto '' John Krasinski Charlie Grandy October 6, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 8005 5.82 The entire warehouse staff quits after winning the lottery, leaving Andy ( Ed Helms ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) to scramble for replacements, while Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ), Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ), Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) get a taste of the warehouse life. Darryl eventually confronts Andy about his jealous feelings that Andy was chosen as manager, and Andy delivers a speech that defends California 's choice. 156 `` Garden Party '' David Rogers Justin Spitzer October 13, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 8004 6.08 Andy throws a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress Robert, with his parents ( Stephen Collins and Dee Wallace ) and brother ( Josh Groban ) in attendance. Andy is disappointed that even at his own party, his father shows obvious favoritism towards his brother. A conversation between Andy and his father is later broadcast via a baby monitor to the rest of the members of the office. In the meantime, Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) works to make it a classy event, on the behest of a book that is an elaborate prank by Jim. 157 5 `` Spooked '' Randall Einhorn Carrie Kemper October 27, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 8006 5.53 Erin tries to make the annual Halloween party spooky and non-childish, with help from Gabe Lewis ( Zach Woods ). Dwight becomes friends with Robert 's son ( David Mazouz ), and Pam and Jim debate the existence of ghosts. Meanwhile, Robert tries to figure out everyone 's deepest fears in order to culminate the party with a specially - tailored ghost story. 158 6 `` Doomsday '' Troy Miller Daniel Chun November 3, 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 8003 6.15 In order to improve efficiency, Dwight installs a Doomsday device that will send an email to California and suggest the closing of the branch. After the maximum number of mistakes is made on the first day, the email is sent but the office works to counteract it ; Jim is sent to distract California, whereas Pam -- among others -- attempts to talk Dwight into dismantling his machine. Meanwhile, Gabe attempts to court the new warehouse worker, Val ( Ameenah Kaplan ). 159 7 `` Pam 's Replacement '' Matt Sohn Allison Silverman November 10, 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 8007 5.96 Pam trains a temporary worker, Cathy Simms ( Lindsey Broad ), to take her place while she is on maternity leave, and enlists Dwight 's support when she tries to show that Jim finds her replacement attractive. Meanwhile, Robert surprises Andy, Kevin, and Darryl when he asks to join their band. However, he soon brings in several professional musicians and kicks the original three members out, forcing them to happily play outside by the dumpster 160 8 `` Gettysburg '' Jeffrey Blitz Robert Padnick November 17, 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) 8008 5.50 Andy takes some of the office staff on a field trip to Gettysburg for inspiration. After most of the office abandons him, Darryl and Jim confront Andy and tell him that he should stop trying so hard to impress his coworkers. Meanwhile, Gabe finds himself enjoying the trip when he is mistaken as an Abraham Lincoln impersonator. Robert tasks the remaining employees with coming up with a new business idea for Dunder Mifflin and becomes convinced that Kevin 's simple ideas are elaborate metaphors. 161 9 `` Mrs. California '' Charlie Grandy Dan Greaney December 1, 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) 8009 5.71 Robert tries to get Andy to not give his wife, Susan ( Maura Tierney ), a job in the office. After a confusing interview, Andy relents and gives Susan a job, and California is furious. After Susan learns the truth, she and California have a major fight. Meanwhile, Dwight tries opens a gym in the building. 162 10 `` Christmas Wishes '' Ed Helms Mindy Kaling December 8, 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) 8010 5.79 Andy attempts to make everyone 's Christmas wishes come true. Erin, upset about her unrequited feelings for Andy, drinks too much at the Christmas party and is escorted home by California. Meanwhile, Dwight and Jim are ordered to stop pranking one another, lest they forfeit their Christmas bonuses. Thus, they try to frame each other. 163 11 `` Trivia '' B.J. Novak Steve Hely January 12, 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 8011 5.90 When Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) joins a trivia contest, Andy gets the entire office involved. Eventually, the team made up of Kevin, Erin, Kelly, and Meredith wins. Meanwhile, Dwight goes to Sabre headquarters to petition California to give him a job as a regional manager. California tries to get out of meeting with him, but eventually declines Dwight 's request. 164 12 `` Pool Party '' Charles McDougall Owen Ellickson January 19, 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 8012 6.02 When Robert decides to sell his mansion due to his divorce, Kevin suggests that he throw an office pool party, where Erin attempts to make Andy jealous by flirting with Dwight. Robert gives everyone a tour of his massive home, which increasingly makes everyone feel uncomfortable. 165 13 `` Jury Duty '' Eric Appel Aaron Shure February 2, 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 8013 5.31 After Jim fakes having jury duty to spend time with Pam and their newborn child, Dwight suspects something is awry and tries to trip Jim up with an investigation. Jim, worrying that he will get into trouble, confides in Andy, who understands and tries to help cover up the incident. Meanwhile, Angela gives birth to her son, whom Dwight believes is his son. 166 14 `` Special Project '' David Rogers Amelie Gillette February 9, 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 8014 5.19 Just as Pam 's maternity leave ends, Dwight and Andy must select employees to accompany Dwight to Tallahassee, Florida, after he is sent on an assignment by corporate. 167 15 `` Tallahassee '' Matt Sohn Daniel Chun February 16, 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 8015 4.38 Dwight and his group journeys to Tallahassee to meet with the President of Sabre 's special projects, Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ). The group discovers that Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) is participating in the same project, much to Jim and Dwight 's chagrin. Although Dwight tries to impress his new boss, he has an emergency appendectomy. Andy fills in for Erin, and surprisingly enjoys himself. 168 16 `` After Hours '' Brian Baumgartner Halsted Sullivan & Warren Lieberstein February 23, 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 8016 5.02 Dwight and Packer compete to be in charge of the Sabre store by trying to romantically woo Nellie. Cathy bothers Jim in his room and tries to seduce him, only to be foiled with help from Dwight. In Scranton, Andy has everyone stay late to cover for their co-workers in Florida. 169 17 `` Test the Store '' Brent Forrester Mindy Kaling March 1, 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 01 ) 8017 4.95 At the Sabre store opening, Dwight attempts to put on a theatrical presentation to impress Nellie. After a shaky start, an impromptu speech -- originally supposed to be delivered by Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) -- given by Jim impresses the critical crowd. Andy is embarrassed after receiving a black eye, courtesy of a little girl. 170 18 `` Last Day in Florida '' Matt Sohn Robert Padnick March 8, 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) 8018 4.89 When California reveals he hates Nellie 's business plan, Jim swings into action to keep Dwight from getting fired. Jim eventually delays Dwight long enough, and Packer -- who takes Dwight 's place at the meeting with California -- is fired instead of Dwight. Andy learns that Erin is not going to return to Scranton. 171 19 `` Get the Girl '' Rainn Wilson Charlie Grandy March 15, 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 8019 4.87 Andy drives to Florida to try to win back Erin. Nellie revisits the Scranton branch and takes over as regional manager, assuming that because the manager seat is vacant, she can have it. This usurping divides the office into pro-Andy and pro-Nellie factions. 172 20 `` Welcome Party '' Ed Helms Steve Hely April 12, 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 8020 4.39 California forces the office to prepare a welcome party for Nellie, but the party planners seek to sabotage it. Soon, Jim and Dwight learn tragic information about Nellie that makes them think twice about pranking her. Meanwhile, Erin helps Andy break up with his current girlfriend Jessica ( Eleanor Seigler ). 173 21 `` Angry Andy '' Claire Scanlon Justin Spitzer April 19, 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 8021 4.35 Andy returns to the office to find Nellie in the manager 's chair. Andy soon overreacts by punching a hole in a wall and is promptly fired. Meanwhile, Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) is forced to choose between Ryan and a new man, Ravi ( Sendhil Ramamurthy ), Pam and Jim 's pediatrician. 174 22 `` Fundraiser '' David Rogers Owen Ellickson April 26, 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 8022 4.17 Andy goes to a fundraiser held by Angela 's husband Robert Lipton ( Jack Coleman ) and returns with 12 dogs. Dwight, who wants to win the entire auction, discovers that the winners must lose money. Nellie tries to bond with Darryl and he teaches her how to properly eat a taco. 175 23 `` Turf War '' Daniel Chun Warren Lieberstein & Halsted Sullivan May 3, 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 8023 4.44 While drunk, Robert shuts down Dunder Mifflin 's Binghamton branch. Andy prepares to make his comeback by temporarily forming his own rival paper company. Jim and Dwight work together to defeat a rival salesman ( Chris Bauer ) who wants the Binghamton branch 's clients. 176 24 `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' B.J. Novak B.J. Novak May 10, 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 8024 4.49 Dwight offers free family portraits in an elaborate scheme to obtain the DNA of Angela 's child. After he steals a diaper, Angela pursues him in a high - speed car chase. After former CFO of Dunder Mifflin David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) buys back the company, he re-installs Andy as manager and donates several million dollars to a mentor program California will join. California promptly leaves the office for good. Home Media release ( edit ) The Office : The Complete Eighth Season Set details Special features 24 episodes 5 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Subtitles : English, Spanish English ( Dolby Digital ) Deleted scenes from every episode Producer 's cuts of : `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' The Girl Next Door webisodes Blooper reel Super Bowl XLVI Promos Release dates Region 1 Region 4 Region A September 4, 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) February 13, 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) ( Part 1 ) August 8, 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) ( Part 2 ) September 4, 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : American Office Gets Green Light The Guardian, Retrieved June 22, 2008 Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael ( June 12, 2011 ). `` Aziz Ansari Hired for ' Office ' Spinoff ''. Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2011. Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( July 20, 2010 ). `` Novak Keeps His ' Office ' Job ''. Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2010. 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Jump up ^ Hyatt, Jeffrey ( May 4, 2012 ). `` The Office : Season 8 Episode 23 : Turf War -- TV Review ''. ScreenCrave. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( April 12, 2012 ). `` ' The Office ' Update : Series Reboot Eyed As Talks With Cast Still In Holding Pattern ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012. Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael ( June 27, 2012 ). `` B.J. Novak Takes an Office Breather ''. TV Guide. Retrieved June 27, 2012. Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean ( January 30, 2012 ). `` Today in Potential Omens of The Office 's Demise : Mindy Kaling Attached to Star in a New Fox Series ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Sacks, Ethan ( February 28, 2012 ). `` James Spader Leaving ' The Office ' at Season 's End ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved February 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin ( June 1, 2012 ). `` ' The Office ' Season 9 Casts a New Series Regular ''. Screen Crush. Retrieved June 6, 2012. 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TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2012. Jump up ^ `` May 3, 2005 Press Release ( '' Hot Girl `` ) '' ( Press release ). NBC. February 27, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Steinberg, Brian ( October 24, 2011 ). `` Chart : ' American Idol, ' NFL Duke it out for Priciest TV Spot ''. Advertising Age. Retrieved October 30, 2011. Jump up ^ Seldmen, Robert ( February 7, 2012 ). `` NBC 's Record - Breaking Super Bowl XLVI and ' The Voice ' Supercharge the Network 's Top - Rated Week of Jan. 30 - Feb. 5 ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( May 24, 2012 ). `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops, Followed By ' American Idol, ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2012. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( May 24, 2012 ). `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops, Followed By ' American Idol, ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 27, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' The Office ' Should Punch Out with Carell ''. The Michigan Daily. September 5, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Five Popular Shows That Should End This Season ''. AOL TV. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2011. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( September 3, 2011 ). `` Doomsday ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 4, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall, Alan ( November 10, 2011 ). `` Review : ' The Office ' Struggles to Find its Center Post-Steve Carell ''. HitFix. Retrieved April 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James ( November 10, 2011 ). `` The Office After Michael : Who 's In Charge Here? ''. Time. Retrieved November 10, 2011. Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa ( December 5, 2011 ). `` TV 's Ten Most Annoying Characters -- Vulture ''. New York. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt ( May 11, 2012 ). `` TV Review : Was Season 8 of The Office a Total Disaster? ''. Vulture. Retrieved May 11, 2012. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( May 11, 2012 ). `` Free Family Portrait Studio ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Fetzer, Bret. `` The Office : Season Eight ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved September 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz, Matt ( November 3, 2011 ). `` The Zen of Robert California ''. Salon.com. Retrieved November 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Struever, Hank. `` Hank Stuever 's 10 Best ( And 1 Worst ) TV Shows of 2011 ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2011 ''. TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Peterson, Price ( May 17, 2012 ). `` Looking Back on The Office Season 8 : C'mon Guys, It Was n't That Bad ''. TV.com. Retrieved June 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Myles, McNutt ( February 16, 2012 ). `` Tallahassee ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Hertz, Barry ( October 28, 2011 ). `` The Office, Season 8, Episode 5 : Recap ''. National Post. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( October 27, 2011 ). `` Spooked ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles ( December 8, 2011 ). `` Christmas Wishes ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Mader, Jill ( January 20, 2012 ). `` The Office -- Episode 8 -- 12 Review -- `` A Party To Remember '' ``. InsidePulse. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Tedder, Michael ( February 10, 2012 ). `` The Office Recap : Florida Facts ''. New York. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Wilson, Rainn ( October 16, 2012 ). `` IAM Rainn WILSON -- Dwight From the Office and the Founder of SoulPancake -- AMA! ''. Reddit AMA. Reddit.com. Retrieved October 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Justin, Neal ( May 15, 2013 ). `` Q&A : Brian ' Kevin from The Office Baumgartner ''. Star Tribune. The Star Tribune Company. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ( May 14, 2013 ). `` The Office Closes Its Doors : The Cast Spills on Spin - Offs, Steve Carell 's Exit and Season 8 ''. TV Guide. Retrieved May 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office, The on NBC ''. The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 25, 2013. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( September 30, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor, ' ' The Big Bang Theory, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle, ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 30, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( October 7, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor, ' ' The Big Bang Theory, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' The Office, ' ' Person of Interest, ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 7, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( October 14, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' Office, ' ' Person Of Interest, ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up, ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( October 28, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang, ' ' Vampire Diaries, ' ' Office, ' ' Person, ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules, ' ' Secret Circle, ' ' Whitney, ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( November 4, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' The X Factor, ' ' Parks & Recreation, ' ' The Office, ' ' Vampire Diaries, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( November 11, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Grey 's, ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones, ' ' Rules, ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( November 19, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor, ' ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down ; ' Beneath The Blue ' Evaporates ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( December 2, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Community, ' ' Bones ' or Any Thursday Original ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 3, 2011. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( December 9, 2011 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Big Bang, ' ' Rules, ' ' Person Of Interest, ' ' Mentalist, ' ' X Factor, ' ' Bones ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( January 13, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( January 20, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office, ' ' Mentalist, ' ' Grey 's ' Adj. Up ; ' Person, ' ' Rob, ' ' Parks ' Adj. Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2012. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( February 3, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol, ' ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' Office, ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert ( February 10, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory, ' ' American Idol, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' The Mentalist, ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob, ' ' Private Practice, ' ' The Finder, ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012. Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill ( February 17, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol, ' ' Vampire Diaries, ' ' Grey 's Anatomy, ' ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' 30 Rock, ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest, ' ' Mentalist, ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( February 24, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory, ' ' American Idol, ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob, ' ' Private Practice, ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( March 2, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Awake ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( March 9, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( March 16, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ', ' The Office ', ' Missing ' Adjusted Up, ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Game Ratings ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara ( April 13, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Up ; ' Scandal ' Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( April 20, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ', ' Grey 's Anatomy ', ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( May 4, 2012 ). `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ', ' American Idol ', ' Vampire Diaries ', ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ', ' The Mentalist ', ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2012. ^ Jump up to : The Office : The Complete Eighth Season ( insert ). B.J. Novak, et al. NBC. ^ Jump up to : Lambert, David ( June 19, 2012 ). `` The Office -- Blu - ray Disc and DVD Announcement, Package Art for ' Season 8 ' ''. TV Shows on DVD. Retrieved June 20, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Office, The ( 2005 ) - Season 8 : Part 1 ''. Ezy DVD. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Office, The : Season 8 - Part 2 ''. Ezy DVD. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2013. External links ( edit ) Episode guides at NBC.com List of The Office episodes on IMDb List of The Office season 8 episodes at TV.com The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye, Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye, Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute, ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Office_(U.S._season_8)&oldid=829893598 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) episodes 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018, at 13 : 16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Office (U.S. season 8)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Office_(U.S._season_8)&amp;oldid=829893598" }

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{ "text": "Texture ( Music ) - wikipedia Texture ( Music ) Jump to : navigation, search Introduction to Sousa 's `` Washington Post March, '' mm. 1 -- 7 Play ( help info ) features octave doubling ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 133 ) and a homorhythmic texture. In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. Texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and range, or width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices ( see Common types below ). For example, a thick texture contains many ' layers ' of instruments. One of these layers could be a string section, or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick. A piece 's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony, tempo, and rhythms used ( Benward & Saker 2003, ). The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements : primary melody ( PM ), secondary melody ( SM ), parallel supporting melody ( PSM ), static support ( SS ), harmonic support ( HS ), rhythmic support ( RS ), and harmonic and rhythmic support ( HRS ) ( Isaac & Russell 2003, p. 136 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Common types 2 Additional types 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Common types ( edit ) In musical terms, particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis, some common terms for different types of texture are : Type Description Visual Audio Monophonic Monophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment. ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 136 ). PSMs often double or parallel the PM they support ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137 ). `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' melody ( Kliewer 1975, pp. 270 -- 301 ). Pop Goes the Weasel Tune for Pop Goes the Weasel Problems playing this file? See media help. Biphonic Two distinct lines, the lower sustaining a drone ( constant pitch ) while the other line creates a more elaborate melody above it. Pedal tones or ostinati would be an example of a SS ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137 ). Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851, from The Well Tempered Clavier, Book I, mm. 1 -- 2. All pedal tone notes are consonant except for the last three of the first measure ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 99 ). Pedal tone Bach File : Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851, m. 1 - 2. mid Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851, from The Well Tempered Clavier, Book I, mm. 1 -- 2. Problems playing this file? See media help. Polyphonic or Counterpoint or Contrapuntal Multiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another. Characteristic texture of the Renaissance music, also prevalent during the Baroque period ( Benward & Saker 2003, pp. 1999, 199,158,137, 136,129,110, 90, 59, 35, 11, 9, 0 ) ). Polyphonic textures may contain several PMs ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137 ). A bar from J.S. Bach 's `` Fugue No. 17 in A flat '', BWV 862, from Das Wohltemperirte Clavier ( Part I ), a famous example of contrapuntal polyphony. Play ( help info ) Book 1 -- Fugue No. 21 in B - flat major ( BWV 866 ) performed on a Flemish harpsichord by Martha Goldstein Problems playing this file? See media help. Homophonic The most common texture in Western music : melody and accompaniment. Multiple voices of which one, the melody, stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment. If all the parts have much the same rhythm, the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic. Characteristic texture of the Classical period and continued to predominate in Romantic music while in the 20th century, `` popular music is nearly all homophonic, '' and, `` much of jazz is also '' though, `` the simultaneous improvisations of some jazz musicians creates a true polyphony '' ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 136 ). Homophonic textures usually contain only one PM ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137 ). HS and RS are often combined, thus labeled HRS ( Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137 ). Homophony in Tallis ' `` If Ye Love Me '', composed in 1549. The voices move together using the same rhythm, and the relationship between them creates chords : the excerpt begins and ends with an F major triad. Tallis ' `` If ye love me '' Beginning of Tallis ' `` If ye love me, '' notated above. Problems playing this file? See media help. Homorhythmic Multiple voices with similar rhythmic material in all parts. Also known as `` chordal ''. May be considered a condition of homophony or distinguished from it. see above Heterophonic Two or more voices simultaneously performing variations of the same melody. Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time. An example is the Scherzo from Schubert 's piano sonata in B major, D575. The first four bars are monophonic, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Bars 5 -- 10 are homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Schubert Piano Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Bars 11 -- 20 are polyphonic. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel ( interval of a tenth ). The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar 's silence : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 11 -- 20 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 11 -- 20 After the silence, the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21 - 4. The upper two parts are imitative, the lowest part consists of a repeated note ( pedal point ) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 21 -- 24 Schubert Piano Sonata in B majore Scherzo bars 21 -- 24 The final four bars revert to homophony, bringing the section to a close ; Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 25 -- 28 Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25 -- 28 A complete performance can be heard by following this link : Listen Additional types ( edit ) Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music ( for example, Gregorian chant is described as monophonic, Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic ), many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, rather than in succession. A more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, and mixed or composite textures ( Corozine 2002, p. 34 ). See also ( edit ) Style brisé References ( edit ) Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ). Music : In Theory and Practice, seventh edition, vol. 1. Boston : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0. Corozine, Vince ( 2002 ). Arranging Music for the Real World : Classical and Commercial Aspects. Pacific, MO : Mel Bay. ISBN 0 - 7866 - 4961 - 5. OCLC 50470629. Hanning, Barbara Russano, Concise History of Western Music, based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Palisca 's A History of Western Music, Fifth Edition. Published by W.W. Norton & Company, New York, Copyright 1998. ISBN 0 - 393 - 97168 - 6. Isaac, and Russell ( 2003 ).. Kliewer, Vernon ( 1975 ). `` Melody : Linear Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music ''. In Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music, edited by Gary Wittlich, pp. 270 -- 301. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice - Hall. ISBN 0 - 13 - 049346 - 5. Kokoras, Panayiotis ( 2005 ). Towards a Holophonic Musical Texture. In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 -- International Computer Music Conference,. Barcelona : International Computer Music Conference. Further reading ( edit ) Anon. : `` Monophony '', Grove Music Online, edited by Deane L. Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ). Copland, Aaron. ( 1957 ). What to Listen for in Music, revised edition. New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company, Inc. Demuth, Norman. 1964. Musical Forms and Textures : A Reference Guide, second edition. London : Barrie and Rockliff. Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky : `` Polyphony ', Grove Music Online. edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ). Hyer, Brian : `` Homophony '', Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ). Keys, Ivor. 1961. The Texture of Music : From Purcell to Brahms. London : D. Dobson. Mailman, Joshua B. 2014. `` Trajectory, Material, Process, and Flow in Robert Morris 's String Quartet Arc ''. Perspectives of New Music 52, no. 2 : 249 -- 83. White, John David. 1995. Theories of Musical Texture in Western History. Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1 ; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678. New York : Garland Publishers. External links ( edit ) A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia ( hide ) Musical textures Monophony Homorhythm and Homophony Heterophony Polyphony and Counterpoint Micropolyphony GND : 4185693 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texture_(music)&oldid=842352558 '' Categories : Musical texture Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Latina Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 22 : 12. 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{ "text": "The ant and the grasshopper - wikipedia The ant and the grasshopper Jump to : navigation, search Coloured print of La Fontaine 's fable by Jean - Baptiste Oudry The Ant and the Grasshopper, alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant ( or Ants ), is one of Aesop 's Fables, numbered 373 in the Perry Index. The fable describes how a hungry grasshopper begs for food from an ant when winter comes and is refused. The situation sums up moral lessons about the virtues of hard work and planning for the future. Even in Classical times, however, the advice was mistrusted and an alternative story represented the ant 's industry as mean and self - serving. Jean de la Fontaine 's delicately ironical retelling in French later widened the debate to cover the themes of compassion and charity. Since the 18th century the grasshopper has been seen as the type of the artist and the question of the place of culture in society has also been included. Argument over the fable 's ambivalent meaning has generally been conducted through adaptation or reinterpretation of the fable in literature, arts and music. Contents ( hide ) 1 Fable and counter-fable 2 In art 3 Later adaptations 4 Musical settings 5 Film and television treatments 6 Moral and artistic debate 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Fable and counter-fable ( edit ) The fable concerns a grasshopper ( in the original, a cicada ) that has spent the summer singing while the ant ( or ants in some versions ) worked to store up food for winter. When that season arrives, the grasshopper finds itself dying of hunger and begs the ant for food. However, the ant rebukes its idleness and tells it to dance the winter away now. Versions of the fable are found in the verse collections of Babrius ( 140 ) and Avianus ( 34 ), and in several prose collections including those attributed to Syntipas and Aphthonius of Antioch. The fable 's Greek original cicada is kept in the Latin and Romance translations. A variant fable, separately numbered 112 in the Perry Index, features a dung beetle as the improvident insect which finds that the winter rains wash away the dung on which it feeds. The fable is found in a large number of mediaeval Latin sources and also figures as a moral ballade among the poems of Eustache Deschamps under the title of La fourmi et le céraseron. From the start it assumes prior knowledge of the fable and presents human examples of provident and improvident behaviour as typified by the insects. As well as appearing in vernacular collections of Aesop 's fables in Renaissance times, a number of Neo-Latin poets used it as a subject, including Gabriele Faerno ( 1563 ), Hieronymus Osius ( 1564 ) and Candidus Pantaleon ( 1604 ). The story has been used to teach the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence. Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of `` Idleness brings want '', `` To work today is to eat tomorrow '', `` Beware of winter before it comes ''. In La Fontaine 's Fables no final judgment is made, although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways. But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant. It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs, which mentions the ant twice. The first proverb admonishes, `` Go to the ant, you sluggard! Consider her ways and be wise, which having no captain, overseer or ruler, provides her supplies in the summer, and gathers her food in the harvest '' ( 6.6 - 9 ). Later, in a parallel saying of Agur, the insects figure among the ' four things that are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise. The ants are a people not strong, yet they provide their food in the summer. ' ( 30.24 - 5 ) There was, nevertheless, an alternative tradition also ascribed to Aesop in which the ant was seen as a bad example. This appears as a counter-fable and is numbered 166 in the Perry Index. It relates that the ant was once a man who was always busy farming. Not satisfied with the results of his own labour, he plundered his neighbours ' crops at night. This angered the king of the gods, who turned him into what is now an ant. Yet even though the man had changed his shape, he did not change his habits and to this day goes around the fields gathering the fruits of other people 's labour, storing them up for himself. The moral given the fable in old Greek sources was that it is easier to change in appearance than to change one 's moral nature. It has rarely been noticed since Classical times. Among the few prominent collectors of fables who recorded it later were Gabriele Faerno ( 1564 ), and Roger L'Estrange ( 1692 ). The latter 's comment is that the ant 's `` Vertue and Vice, in many Cases, are hardly Distinguishable but by the Name ''. In art ( edit ) Jules - Joseph Lefebvre, The Grasshopper, National Gallery of Victoria, Australia Because of the influence of La Fontaine 's Fables, in which La cigale et la fourmi stands at the beginning, the cicada then became the proverbial example of improvidence in France : so much so that Jules - Joseph Lefebvre ( 1836 -- 1911 ) could paint a picture of a female nude biting one of her nails among the falling leaves and be sure viewers would understand the point by giving it the title La Cigale. The painting was exhibited at the 1872 Salon with a quotation from La Fontaine, Quand la bise fut venue ( When the north wind blew ), and was seen as a critique of the lately deposed Napoleon III, who had led the nation into a disastrous war with Prussia. Another with the same title, alternatively known as `` Girl with a Mandolin '' ( 1890 ), was painted by Edouard Bisson ( 1856 -- 1939 ) and depicts a gypsy musician in a sleeveless dress shivering in the falling snow. Also so - named is the painting by Henrietta Rae ( a student of Lefebvre 's ) of a naked girl with a mandolin slung over her back who is cowering among the falling leaves at the root of a tree. The grasshopper and the ant are generally depicted as women because both words for the insects are of the feminine gender in most Romance languages. Picturing the grasshopper as a musician, generally carrying a mandolin or guitar, was a convention that grew up when the insect was portrayed as a human being, since singers accompanied themselves on those instruments. The sculptor and painter Ignaz Stern ( 1679 -- 1748 ) also has the grasshopper thinly clad and shivering in the paired statues he produced under the title of the fable, while the jovial ant is more warmly dressed. But the anticlerical painter Jehan Georges Vibert has male characters in his picture of `` La cigale et la fourmi '' from 1875. It is painted as a mediaeval scene in which a minstrel with a tall lute on his back encounters a monk on a snow - covered upland. The warmly shrouded monk has been out gathering alms and may be supposed to be giving the musician a lecture on his improvidence. By contrast, the Naturalist Victor - Gabriel Gilbert ( 1847 -- 1933 ) pictures the fable as being enacted in the marketplace of a small town in Northern France. An elderly stall - keeper is frowning at a decrepit woman who has paused nearby, while her younger companion looks on in distress. In his lithograph from the Volpini Suite, `` Les cigales et les fourmis '' ( 1889 ), Paul Gauguin avoids making a judgment. Subtitled ' a souvenir of Martinique ', it pictures a group of women sitting or lying on the ground while in the background other women walk past with baskets on their heads. He is content that they exemplify the behaviour proverbially assigned to the insects without moral comment. For a long time, the illustrators of fable books had tended to concentrate on picturing winter landscapes, with the encounter between the insects occupying only the lower foreground. In the 19th century the insects grew in size and began to take on human dress. It was this tendency that was reproduced in that curiosity of publishing, the 1894 Choix de Fables de La Fontaine, Illustrée par un Groupe des Meilleurs Artistes de Tokio, which was printed in Japan and illustrated by some of the foremost woodblock artists of the day. Kajita Hanko 's treatment of the story takes place in a typical snowy landscape with the cricket approaching a thatched cottage, watched through a window by the robed ant. An earlier Chinese treatment, commissioned mid-century by Baron Félix - Sébastien Feuillet de Conches through his diplomatic contacts, uses human figures to depict the situation. An old woman in a ragged dress approaches the lady of the house, who is working at her spinning wheel on an open verandah. Use of the insects to point a moral lesson extends into the 20th century. In Jean Vernon 's bronze medal from the 1930s, the supplicant cicada is depicted as crouching on a branch while the ant rears up below with its legs about a beechnut. Engraved to one side is its sharp reply, Vous chantiez, j'en suis fort aise. / Eh bien, dansez maintenant. ( You sang? I 'm glad ; now you can dance. ) Jacob Lawrence depicts much the same scene in his 1969 ink drawing of the fable, but with a different moral intent. There a weeping grasshopper stands before a seated ant who reaches back to lock his storeroom door. It is notable that artistic sentiment has by now moved against the ant with the recognition that improvidence is not always the only cause of poverty. Nevertheless, Hungary used the fable to promote a savings campaign on a 60 forint stamp in 1958. The following year it appeared again in a series depicting fairy tales, as it did as one of many pendents on a 1.50 tögrög stamp from Mongolia. In this case the main stamp was commemorating the 1970 World 's Fair in Japan with a picture of the Suwitomo fairy tale pavilion. Later adaptations ( edit ) La Fontaine 's portrayal of the Ant as a flawed character, reinforced by the ambivalence of the alternative fable, led to that insect too being viewed as anything but an example of virtue. Jules Massenet 's two - act ballet Cigale, first performed at the Opéra - Comique in Paris in 1904, portrays the cicada as a charitable woman who takes pity on `` La Pauvrette '' ( the poor little one ). But La Pauvrette, after being taken in and fed, is rude and heartless when the situation is reversed. Cigale is left to die in the snow at the close of the ballet. La Fontaine 's poem has also been subverted by several French parodies. Tristan Corbière 's A Marcelle - le poete et la cigale is a light - hearted literary criticism of a bad poet. In the 20th century, Jean Anouilh uses it as the basis for two almost independent fables. In La fourmi et la cigale the ant becomes an overworked housewife whom the dust follows into the grave. The cicada 's comment is that she prefers to employ a maid. In La Cigale, Anouilh engages with the reality of the artistic life, reviewing the cicada as the type of the female musician. In this fable she figures as a night - club singer who asks a fox to act as her agent. He believes that she will be an easy victim for his manipulations but she handles him with such frosty finesse that he takes up singing himself. Pierre Perret 's 1990 version in urban slang satirises the cicada 's more traditional role as a thoughtless ' queen of the hit parade '. The subversion lies in the four - line moral at the end, in which he advises that it is better to be an impresario than a performer. Roland Bacri takes the tale into fresh territory with his Fable Electorale. An unelected politician out of funds visits the ant and, on being asked what he did during the past election, replied that he sang the national anthem. Playing on the final words of La Fontaine 's fable ( Eh bien, dansez maintenant ), the industrialist advises him to stand for president ( presidensez maintenant ). On the other hand, Francoise Sagan turns the satire against the too industrious. Her ant has been stockpiling all winter and urges the grasshopper to invest in her wares when spring comes. But the grasshopper 's needs are few and she advises holding a discount sale instead. To take a final example, the Anti-Cancer League has turned the fable into an attack on smoking. The grasshopper 's appeal, out of pocket and desperate for a cigarette, is turned down by another play on the original ending. So, she had smoked all through the summer? OK, now cough ( Et bien, toussez ). The English writer W. Somerset Maugham reverses the moral order in a different way in his short story, `` The Ant and The Grasshopper '' ( 1924 ). It concerns two brothers, one of whom is a dissolute waster whose hard - working brother has constantly to bail out of difficulties. At the end the latter is enraged to discover that his ' grasshopper ' brother has married a rich widow, who then dies and leaves him a fortune. The story was later adapted in the film Encore ( 1951 ) and the English television series Somerset Maugham Hour ( 1960 ). James Joyce also adapts the fable into a tale of brotherly conflict in `` The Ondt and the Gracehoper '' episode in Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) and makes of the twin brothers Shem and Shaun opposing tendencies within the human personality : These twain are the twins that tick Homo Vulgaris. In America, John Ciardi 's poetical fable for children, `` John J. Plenty and Fiddler Dan '' ( 1963 ), makes an argument for poetry over fanatical hard work. Ciardi 's ant, John J. Plenty, is so bent upon saving that he eats very little of what he has saved. Meanwhile, Fiddler Dan the grasshopper and his non-conforming ant wife survive the winter without help and resume playing music with the return of spring. John Updike 's 1987 short story `` Brother Grasshopper '' deals with a pair of brothers - in - law whose lives parallel the fable of the ant and the grasshopper. One, Fred Barrow, lives a conservative, restrained existence ; the other, Carlyle Lothrop, spends his money profligately, especially on joint vacations for the two men 's families, even as he becomes financially insolvent. However, at the end comes an unexpected inversion of the characters ' archetypal roles. When Carlyle dies, Fred, now divorced and lonely, realizes that he has been left with a rich store of memories which would not have existed without his friend 's largesse. Musical settings ( edit ) 1919 illustration of Aesop 's Fables by Milo Winter La Fontaine 's version of the fable was set by the following French composers : Louis - Nicolas Clérambault, to whom the works in the fables section of Nouvelles poésies spirituelles et morales sur les plus beaux airs ( 1730 -- 37 ) have been attributed. The text is modified to fit the tune and is retitled La fourmi et la sauterelle. Jacques Offenbach in Six Fables de La Fontaine ( 1842 ) for soprano and small orchestra Charles Gounod, part - song for a cappella choir ( 1857 ) Benjamin Godard in Six Fables de La Fontaine for voice and piano, ( Op. 17 c. 1871 ) Louis Lacombe, set for 4 male voices ( Op. 88, 2 1887 ) Charles Lecocq in Six Fables de Jean de la Fontaine for voice and piano ( 1900 ) Camille Saint - Saëns for voice and piano or orchestra ( 1910? ) André Caplet in Trois Fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1919 ) for voice and piano Paul - Marie Masson, for voice and piano ( 1926 ) Maurice Delage in Deux fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1931 ) Marcelle de Manziarly in Trois Fables de La Fontaine ( 1935 ) for voice and piano Jean - René Quignard for 2 children 's voices Charles Trenet, performed with Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club de France in 1941 Marie - Madeleine Duruflé ( 1921 -- 99 ) as the fifth in her 6 Fables de La Fontaine for A cappella female voices ( 1960 ) Claude Ballif, the first of his Chansonettes : 5 Fables de La Fontaine for small mixed choir ( Op. 72, No1 1995 ) Ida Gotkovsky ( 1933 - ), the first fable in Hommage à Jean de La Fontaine for mixed choirs and orchestra ( 1995 ) Jean - Marie Morel ( 1934 - ), a small cantata set for children 's choir and string quartet in La Fontaine en chantant ( 1999 ) Isabelle Aboulker ( b. 1938 ), the fourth piece in Femmes en fables ( 1999 ) for high voice with piano There were two comic operas that went under the title La cigale et la fourmi in the 19th century. The one by Ferdinand Poise was in one act and dated 1870. The one by Edmond Audran was in three acts and performed in Paris in 1886, in London in 1890 and in New York in 1891. This was shortly followed by the darker mood of Jules Massenet 's ballet Cigale, mentioned above. Later adaptations of the fable to ballet include Henri Sauguet 's La cigale at la fourmi ( 1941 ) and the third episode in Francis Poulenc 's Les Animaux Modèles ( Model Animals, 1941 ). In the 21st century there has been `` La C et la F de la F '', in which the dancers interact with the text, choreographed by Herman Diephuis for Annie Sellem 's composite presentation of the fables in 2004. It also figures among the four in the film Les Fables à la Fontaine directed by Marie - Hélène Rebois in 2004. The Belgian composer Joseph Jongen set La Fontaine 's fable for children 's chorus and piano ( op. 118, 1941 ) and the Dutch composer Rudolf Koumans set the French text in Vijf fabels van La Fontaine ( op. 25, 1964 ) for school chorus and orchestra. There is a happier ending in the American composer Shawn Allen 's children 's opera, The Ant and the Grasshopper ( 1999 ). At the end of this thirty - minute work, the two insects become musical partners during the winter after the ant revives the dying grasshopper. A Russian version of the fable by Ivan Krylov was written under the title `` The dragonfly and the ant '' ( Strekoza i muravej ). This was set for voice and piano by Anton Rubinstein in 1851 ; a German version ( Der Ameise und die Libelle ) was later published in Leipzig in 1864 as part of his Fünf Fabeln ( Op. 64 ). In the following century the Russian text was again set by Dmitri Shostakovich in Two Fables of Krylov for mezzo - soprano, female chorus and chamber orchestra ( op. 4, 1922 ). A Hungarian translation of the fable by Dezső Kosztolányi was also set for mezzo - soprano, four - part mixed chorus and 4 guitars or piano by Ferenc Farkas in 1977. The Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel i Godó set the fable in his 7 Fábulas de la Fontaine for recitation with orchestra in 1995. These used a Catalan translation by his father, the writer Xavier Benguerel i Llobet ( ca ). There have also been purely instrumental pieces ; these include the first of Antal Dorati 's 5 Pieces for Oboe ( 1980 ) and the first of Karim Al - Zand 's Four Fables for flute, clarinet and piano ( 2003 ). Settings of the Aesop version have been much rarer. It was among Mabel Wood Hill 's Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music ( New York, 1920 ). It was also included among David Edgar Walther 's ' short operatic dramas ' in 2009. In 2010 Lefteris Kordis set the Greek text as the second fable in his `` Aesop Project '' for octet and voice. Film and television treatments ( edit ) La Fontaine 's fable lent itself to animated film features from early on, the first being a version by George Méliès in France in 1897. Others produced under the title La cigale et la fourmi were directed by Louis Feuillade ( 1909 ) and Georges Monca ( 1910 ). There were also Italian films under the title La cicala e la formica by Mario Caserini ( 1908 ) and Renato Molinari ( 1919 ). The Russo - Polish producer Ladislaw Starewicz made two versions using animated models. The first was in Russia in 1913 under the title Strekoza i muravey, based on Ivan Krylov 's Russian adaptation of La Fontaine ; then, following his flight to France, and using the simplified name of Ladislas Starevich, he filmed a version under the French title ( 1927 ). In the UK, The Grasshopper and the Ant was created from cut - out silhouettes by Lotte Reiniger in 1954. In this the main characters, Grasshopper and Miss Ant, are portrayed as humanoid while the rest of the animals and insects are naturalistic. After being refused food and warmth by Miss Ant, Grasshopper is rescued from dying in the snow by squirrels and plays his fiddle for them. Miss Ant wistfully asks if she can join the party and is turned away by the rescuers until Grasshopper intervenes and asks her in to dance with them. In 1998, Pixar Animation Studios released A Bug 's Life, which focuses on a colony of ants being harassed by a gang of merciless grasshoppers, and the ants enlist a troupe of circus bugs to help them engage the grasshoppers. In America the Aesop 's Film Fables studio had included The Ants and the Grasshopper ( 1921 ) among its early animated cartoon productions. Then in 1934 Walt Disney provided the story with a socially responsible conclusion in The Grasshopper and the Ants ( discussed in the next section ). He also adapted the story less directly in the Mickey 's Young Readers Library segment, Mickey and the Big Storm ; in this, Donald Duck and Goofy spend the first day of a winter snowstorm playing out in the snow and do n't bother to stock up on supplies. Fortunately for them, Mickey has more than enough for himself and his friends. Friz Freleng also adapted the tale in his Warner Bros. cartoon Porky 's Bear Facts in which Porky Pig works hard while his lazy neighbor refuses to do anything, only to suffer during winter. Although Porky at last gives him a meal out of good - neighborly feeling, the bear fails to learn his lesson when spring arrives. In the later 20th century, there were a number of cynical subversions in TV shows. A typical example was the Muppet Show sketch in which Sam the Eagle 's reading of the fable is undermined as the ant is stepped on at the end and the grasshopper drives off to Florida in his sports car. Moral and artistic debate ( edit ) Gustave Doré illustration of La Fontaine 's The Ant and the Grasshopper La Fontaine follows ancient sources in his 17th century retelling of the fable, where the ant suggests at the end that since the grasshopper has sung all summer she should now dance for its entertainment. However, his only direct criticism of the ant is that it lacked generosity. The Grasshopper had asked for a loan which it promised to pay back with interest, but `` The Ant had a failing, / She was n't a lender ''. The readers of his time were aware of the Christian duty of charity and therefore sensed the moral ambiguity of the fable. This is further brought out by Gustave Doré 's 1880s print which pictures the story as a human situation. A female musician stands at a door in the snow with the children of the house looking up at her with sympathy. Their mother looks down from the top of the steps. Her tireless industry is indicated by the fact that she continues knitting but, in a country where the knitting - women ( les tricoteuses ) had jeered at the victims of the guillotine during the French Revolution, this activity would also have been associated with lack of pity. Other French fabulists since La Fontaine had already started the counter-attack on the self - righteous ant. In around 1800 Jean - Jacques Boisard has the cricket answering the ant 's criticism of his enjoyment of life with the philosophical proposition that since we must all die in the end, Hoarding is folly, enjoyment is wise. In a Catholic educational work ( Fables, 1851 ) Jacques - Melchior Villefranche offers a sequel in which the ant loses its stores and asks the bee for help. The ant 's former taunt to the grasshopper is now turned on himself : Are you hungry? Well then, Turn a pirouette, Dine on a mazurka, Have polka for supper. But then the bee reveals that it has already given the grasshopper shelter and invites the ant to join him since ' All who are suffering / Deserve help equally. ' In the 20th century the fable enters the political arena. Walt Disney 's cartoon version, The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) confronts the dilemma of how to deal with improvidence from the point of view of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal. The Grasshopper 's irresponsibility is underlined by his song `` The World Owes us a Living '', which later that year became a Shirley Temple hit, rewritten to encase the story of the earlier cartoon. In the end the ants take pity on the grasshopper on certain conditions. The Queen of the Ants decrees that the grasshopper may stay, but he must play his fiddle in return for his room and board. He agrees to this arrangement, finally learning that he needs to make himself useful, and ' changes his tune ' to Oh I owe the world a living... You ants were right the time you said You 've got to work for all you get. In recent times, the fable has again been put to political use by both sides in the social debate between the enterprise culture and those who consider the advantaged have a responsibility towards the disadvantaged. A modern satirical version of the story, originally written in 1994, has the grasshopper calling a press conference at the beginning of the winter to complain about socio - economic inequity, and being given the ant 's house. This version was written by Pittsburgh talk show guru Jim Quinn as an attack on the Clinton administration 's social programme in the USA. In 2008 Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin also updated the story to satirize the policies of ' Barack Cicada '. There have been adaptations into other languages as well. But the commentary at the end of an Indian reworking explains such social conflict as the result of selective media presentation that exploits envy and fear. The fable is equally pressed into service in the debate over the artist 's place within the work ethic. In Marie de France 's mediaeval version the grasshopper had pleaded that its work was ' to sing and bring pleasure to all creatures, but I find none who will now return the same to me. ' The ant 's reply is thoroughly materialistic, however : ' Why should I give food to thee / When you can not give aid to me? ' At the end of the 15th century, Laurentius Abstemius makes a utilitarian point using different insects in his similar fable of the gnat and the bee. The gnat applies to the bee for food and shelter in winter and offers to teach her children music in return. The bee 's reply is that she prefers to teach the children a useful trade that will preserve them from hunger and cold. The fable of `` A Gnat and a Bee '' was later to be included by Thomas Bewick in his 1818 edition of Aesop 's Fables. The conclusion he draws there is that ' The many unhappy people whom we see daily singing up and down in order to divert other people, though with very heavy hearts of their own, should warn all those who have the education of children how necessary it is to bring them up to industry and business, be their present prospects ever so hopeful. ' The arts are no more highly regarded by the French revolutionary Pierre - Louis Ginguené whose `` New Fables '' ( 1810 ) include `` The Grasshopper and the Other Insects ''. There the Grasshopper exhorts the others to follow his example of tireless artistic activity and is answered that the only justification for poetry can be if it is socially useful. Such utilitarianism was soon to be challenged by Romanticism and its championship of the artist has coloured later attitudes. In the early decades of the 20th century, the Romanian poet George Topîrceanu was to make the case for pure artistic creation in `` The ballad of a small grasshopper '' ( Balada unui greier mic ), although more in the telling than by outright moralising. A cricket passes the summer in singing ; autumn arrives, but he continues. It is only in icy winter that the cricket realizes that he has n't provided for himself. He goes to his neighbour, the ant, to ask for something to eat, but the ant refuses saying, `` You wasted your time all summer long. '' The English folk - singer and children 's writer Leon Rosselson subtly turns the tables in much the same way in his 1970s song The Ant and the Grasshopper, using the story to rebuke the self - righteous ant ( and those humans with his mindset ) for letting his fellow creatures die of want and for his blindness to the joy of life. In the field of children 's literature, Slade and Toni Morrison 's rap retelling of the fable, Who 's Got Game? : The Ant or the Grasshopper? ( 2003 ), where the grasshopper represents the artisan, provokes a discussion about the importance of art. An earlier improvisation on the story that involves art and its value was written by the Silesian artist Janosch under the title `` Die Fiedelgrille und der Maulwurf '' ( The fiddling cricket and the mole ), originally published in 1982 and in English translation in 1983. There the cricket fiddles for the entertainment of the animals all summer but is rejected by the stag beetle and the mouse when winter comes. She eventually encounters the mole who loves her music, especially because he is blind. and invites her to stay with him. The theme had been treated at an even further distance in Leo Lionni 's Frederick ( 1967 ). Here a fieldmouse, in a community narrowly focused on efficiently gathering for the winter, concentrates instead on gathering impressions. When the other mice question the usefulness of this, Frederick insists that ' gathering sun rays for the cold dark winter days ' is also work. Indeed, the community comes to recognise this after the food has run out and morale is low, when it is Frederick 's poetry that raises spirits. See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Little Red Hen, a folk tale with a similar moral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Edwin Perry ( 1965 ). Babrius and Phaedrus. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. pp. 487, no. 373. ISBN 0 - 674 - 99480 - 9. Jump up ^ Brewer 's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, London reprint 1992, p. 36 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados, History of the Graeco - Latin fable III, Leiden NL 2003, p. 146 Jump up ^ `` Aesopica website ''. Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Poésie Morale, Paris 1832, pp. 191 - 2 Jump up ^ Fable 7. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Fable 88 ''. Uni-mannheim.de. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Fable 145 ''. Uni-mannheim.de. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ Jean de La Fontaine. `` Original text and translation ''. Bewilderingstories.com. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ Andrew Calder, The Fables of La Fontaine : Wisdom Brought Down to Earth, Geneva CH 2001, pp. 18 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Zeus and the Ant '', `` Mythfolklore.net ''. Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Fable LXXXIII, available online. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Fable 188 ''. Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` IMENT.com ''. IMENT.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ View on Flickr Jump up ^ Art Value Jump up ^ Available on Flickr Jump up ^ Česky. `` WikiGallery ''. WikiGallery. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Paul Gauguin : The Grasshoppers and the Ants : A Souvenir of Martinique, from the Volpini Suite : Dessins lithographiques ( 22.82. 2 - 4 ) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art ''. Metmuseum.org. 2013 - 08 - 09. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Creighton University ''. Creighton.edu. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ Hood Museum of Art, Hanover NH ; view online Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Colnect.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Les Amours Jaunes ( Paris 1873 ), text on the French Classics site. Jump up ^ The text is version 4 on this teaching resources site Jump up ^ Fables de Jean Anouilh, Paris, 1962. The text is on this Online Academy teaching document, pp. 30 - 2 Jump up ^ Le Petit Perret des Fables, Paris, 1990. Le Dictionnaire Argot Française Jump up ^ Le Canard Enchaîné 1995. The text is on pp. 35 - 6 of the Online Academy teaching document Jump up ^ La Fourmi et la Cigale, Paris 2010. The text is on the Académie D'Aix Marseille site Jump up ^ `` L'univers des fables, La cigale, le tabac et la fourmi ''. Itereva.pf. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ Maugham, Somerset : Collected Short Stories Vol 1, story 5 Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ III. 1, pp. 414 - 19, Finwake.com Jump up ^ The score appears in John Metz, The Fables of La Fontaine : A Critical Edition of the Eighteenth - Century, Pendragon Press 1986, p. 43 Jump up ^ performance Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH ''. Wretch.cc. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH ''. Wretch.cc. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Performance at ''. Wretch.cc. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Online Wretch.cc performance Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Musimem Jump up ^ The choir enters at 3.05 in this performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The music can be heard on YouTube Jump up ^ Arte TV archives Jump up ^ Margaret Ross Griffel, Operas in English : A Dictionary, Plymouth UK 2013, p. 22 Jump up ^ The Russian original and an English translation by Lydia Razran Stone appear in The Frogs who begged for a Tsar ( Russian Information Services USA, 2010 ), available online Jump up ^ `` A commentary and short excerpt ''. Exhaustiveshostakovich.wordpress.com. 2010 - 08 - 31. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The score '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ The score is available on the Rochester University site Jump up ^ Aesop Project - VIII. The Fox & the Grapes - Lefteris Kordis Octet on YouTube Jump up ^ `` View online ''. Dailymotion.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ An English translation is available at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ Temple sang the song in the film Now and Forever. Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Lyricsdownload.com ''. Lyricsdownload.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Warroom.com ''. Warroom.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Malkin, Michelle ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ). `` Michellemalkin.com ''. Michellemalkin.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Devang Vibhakar ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ). `` The ant and the grasshopper story - Indian Version ''. Speakbindas.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ The original and its translation appears at Web.kyoto-inet.or.jp Jump up ^ `` Hecatomythium, fable 94 ''. Aesopus.pbworks.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Fable XVI ''. Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Fable XXVI, p. 139 - 40, French text at Google Books Jump up ^ There are modern musical interpretations, including one by singer on YouTube Mihai Constantinescu and a hip hop version on YouTube Jump up ^ `` text ''. Sniff.numachi.com. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 3257007091 Jump up ^ There is a German language animation Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ There is a reading and animation of the story available on on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Ants and the Grasshopper `` The Ant and the Grasshopper ''. Prints & Books. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03. `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '', 15th - 20th century book illustrations `` The Grasshopper and the Ants '', 15th - 20th century book and manuscript illustrations Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock, the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion, the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller, his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels The Ant and the Grasshopper from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) Porky 's Bear Facts ( 1941 ) Encore ( 1951 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Literature The Grasshopper & the Ants ( 2015 ) Music Cigale The Grasshoppers TV Warm and Cozy Related Symphony No. 1 ( Shostakovich ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper&oldid=799240285 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Fables by Laurentius Abstemius La Fontaine 's Fables Insects in fiction Fictional ants Fictional grasshoppers Literary duos Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template existing link Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017, at 14 : 27. 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{ "text": "Common raven - wikipedia Common raven A large, black, passerine bird of the Northern Hemisphere `` Corvus corax '' redirects here. For the German band, see Corvus Corax ( band ). For the butterfly called `` common raven '', see Papilio castor. Common raven Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Corvidae Genus : Corvus Species : C. corax Binomial name Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies 8 -- 11, see Classification Common raven range The common raven ( Corvus corax ), also known as the northern raven, is a large all - black passerine bird. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance, although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions. It is one of the two largest corvids, alongside the thick - billed raven, and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird ; at maturity, the common raven averages 63 centimetres ( 25 inches ) in length and 1.2 kilograms ( 2.6 pounds ) in mass. Common ravens can live up to 21 years in the wild, a lifespan surpassed among passerines by only a few Australasian species such as the satin bowerbird and probably the lyrebirds. Young birds may travel in flocks but later mate for life, with each mated pair defending a territory. Common ravens have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas have been so numerous that people have regarded them as pests. Part of their success as a species is due to their omnivorous diet ; they are extremely versatile and opportunistic in finding sources of nutrition, feeding on carrion, insects, cereal grains, berries, fruit, small animals, and food waste. Some notable feats of problem - solving provide evidence that the common raven is unusually intelligent. Over the centuries, it has been the subject of mythology, folklore, art, and literature. In many cultures, including the indigenous cultures of Scandinavia, ancient Ireland and Wales, Bhutan, the northwest coast of North America, and Siberia and northeast Asia, the common raven has been revered as a spiritual figure or godlike creature. Contents 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Classification 1.2 Evolutionary history 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4.1 Predation 4.2 Breeding 4.3 Feeding 4.4 Intelligence 4.5 Play 5 Relationship with humans 5.1 Conservation and management 5.2 Cultural depictions 5.2. 1 Mythology 6 References 6.1 Cited texts 7 Further reading 8 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The common raven was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name of Corvus corax. It is the type species of the genus Corvus, derived from the Latin word for `` raven ''. The specific epithet, corax / κοραξ, is the Ancient Greek word for `` raven '' or `` crow ''. The modern English word raven has cognates in all other Germanic languages, including Old Norse ( and subsequently modern Icelandic ) hrafn and Old High German ( h ) raban, all which descend from Proto - Germanic * khrabanas. An old Scottish word corby or corbie, akin to the French corbeau, has been used for both this bird and the carrion crow. Obsolete collective nouns for a group of ravens ( or at least the common raven ) include `` unkindness '' and `` conspiracy ''. In practice, most English - speakers use the more generic `` flock ''. Classification ( edit ) The closest relatives of the common raven are the brown - necked raven ( C. ruficollis ), the pied crow ( C. albus ) of Africa, and the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) of the North American southwest. While some authorities have recognized as many as 11 subspecies, others recognize only eight : Subspecies Image Distribution Notes C. c. corax From Europe eastwards to Lake Baikal, south to the Caucasus region and northern Iran It has a relatively short, arched bill. The population in southwestern Europe ( including the Balearic Islands, Corsica and Sardinia ) has an even more arched bill and shorter wings than `` typical '' nominate, leading some authorities to recognize it as a separate subspecies, C. c. hispanus. C. c. varius Iceland and the Faroe Islands It is less glossy than C. c. principalis or nominate corax, is intermediate in size, and the bases of its neck feathers are whitish ( not visible at a distance ). An extinct white and black color morph found only on the Faroes is known as the pied raven. C. c. subcorax From Greece eastwards to northwestern India, Central Asia and western China, though not the Himalayan region It is larger than the nominate form, but has relatively short throat feathers ( hackles ). Its plumage is generally all black, though its neck and breast have a brownish tone similar to that of the brown - necked raven ; this is more evident when the plumage is worn. The bases of its neck feathers, although somewhat variable in colour, are often almost whitish. The name C. c. laurencei ( also spelt lawrencii or laurencii ) is sometimes used instead of C. c. subcorax. It is based on the population from Sindh described by Hume in 1873 and is sometimes preferred since the type specimen of subcorax collected by Nikolai Severtzov is possibly a brown - necked raven. The population restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India is sometimes known as the Punjab raven. C. c. tingitanus North Africa and the Canary Islands It is the smallest subspecies, with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss. Its bill is short but markedly stout, and the culmen is strongly arched. Canary Islands ravens are browner than the North African ravens, leading some authorities to treat them as separate subspecies, with the latter maintaining the name C. c. tingitanus and the former known as C. c. canariensis. C. c. tibetanus Himalayas It is the largest and glossiest subspecies, with the longest throat hackles. Its bill is large but less imposing than that of C. c. principalis, and the bases of its neck feathers are grey. C. c. kamtschaticus Northeastern Asia Intergrades into the nominate subspecies in the Baikal region. It is intermediate in size between C. c. principalis and C. c. corax and has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than does the nominate race. C. c. principalis, the northern raven Northern North America and Greenland It has a large body and the largest bill, its plumage is strongly glossed, and its throat hackles are well developed. C. c. sinuatus, the western raven South - central North America and Central America It is smaller, with a smaller and narrower bill than C. c. principalis. Populations in far southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico ( including the Revillagigedo Islands ) are the smallest in North America. They are sometimes included in C. c. sinuatus, while other authorities recognize them as a distinct subspecies, C. c. clarionensis, the southwestern raven. Evolutionary history ( edit ) The common raven evolved in the Old World and crossed the Bering land bridge into North America. Recent genetic studies, which examined the DNA of common ravens from across the world, have determined that the birds fall into at least two clades : a California clade, found only in the southwestern United States, and a Holarctic clade, found across the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Birds from both clades look alike, but the groups are genetically distinct and began to diverge about two million years ago. The findings indicate that based on mitochondrial DNA, common ravens from the rest of the United States are more closely related to those in Europe and Asia than to those in the California clade, and that common ravens in the California clade are more closely related to the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) than to those in the Holarctic clade. Ravens in the Holarctic clade are more closely related to the pied crow ( C. albus ) than they are to the California clade. Thus, the common raven species as traditionally delimited is considered to be paraphyletic. One explanation for these genetic findings is that common ravens settled in California at least two million years ago and became separated from their relatives in Europe and Asia during an ice age. One million years ago, a group from the California clade evolved into a new species, the Chihuahuan raven. Other members of the Holarctic clade arrived later in a separate migration from Asia, perhaps at the same time as humans. A 2011 study suggested that there are no restrictions on gene flow between the Californian and Holarctic common raven groups, and that the lineages can remerge, effectively reversing a potential speciation. A recent study of raven mitochondrial DNA showed that the isolated population from the Canary Islands is distinct from other populations. The study did not include any individuals from the North African population, and its position is therefore unclear, though its morphology is very close to the population of the Canaries ( to the extent that the two are often considered part of a single subspecies ). Description ( edit ) For physiology, see Common raven physiology. In sunlight, the plumage can display a blue or purple sheen which is a result of iridescence. A mature common raven ranges between 54 and 67 cm ( 21 '' and 26 `` ) long, with a wingspan of 115 to 150 cm ( 45 -- 51 '' ). Recorded weights range from 0.69 to 2 kg ( 1.5 to 4.4 lb ), thus making the common raven one of the heaviest passerines. Birds from colder regions such as the Himalayas and Greenland are generally larger with slightly larger bills, while those from warmer regions are smaller with proportionally smaller bills. Representative of the size variation in the species, ravens from California weighed an average of 784 g ( 1.728 lb ), those from Alaska weighed an average of 1,135 g ( 2.502 lb ) and those from Nova Scotia weighed an average of 1,230 g ( 2.71 lb ). The bill is large and slightly curved, with a culmen length of 5.7 to 8.5 cm ( 2.2 to 3.3 in ), easily one of the largest bills amongst passerines ( perhaps only the thick - billed raven has a noticeably larger bill ). It has a longish, strongly graduated tail, at 20 to 26.3 cm ( 7.9 to 10.4 in ), and mostly black iridescent plumage, and a dark brown iris. The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish - grey. The legs and feet are good - sized, with a tarsus length of 6 to 7.2 cm ( 2.4 to 2.8 in ). Juvenile plumage is similar but duller with a blue - grey iris. Apart from its greater size, the common raven differs from its cousins, the crows, by having a larger and heavier black beak, shaggy feathers around the throat and above the beak, and a wedge - shaped tail. Flying ravens are distinguished from crows by their tail shape, larger wing area, and more stable soaring style, which generally involves less wing flapping. Despite their bulk, ravens are easily as agile in flight as their smaller cousins. In flight the feathers produce a creaking sound that has been likened to the rustle of silk. The voice of ravens is also quite distinct, its usual call being a deep croak of a much more sonorous quality than a crow 's call. In North America, the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) is fairly similar to the relatively small common ravens of the American southwest and is best distinguished by the still relatively smaller size of its bill, beard and body and relatively longer tail. All - black carrion crow ( C. corone ) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows. In the Faroe Islands, a now extinct colour - morph of this species existed, known as the pied raven. White ravens are occasionally found in the wild. Birds in British Columbia lack the pink eyes of an albino, and are instead leucistic, a condition where an animal lacks any of several different types of pigment, not simply melanin. Play media Vocalising Common ravens have a wide range of vocalizations which are of interest to ornithologists. Gwinner carried out important studies in the early 1960s, recording and photographing his findings in great detail. Fifteen to 30 categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species, most of which are used for social interaction. Calls recorded include alarm calls, chase calls, and flight calls. The species has a distinctive, deep, resonant prruk - prruk - prruk call, which to experienced listeners is unlike that of any other corvid. Its very wide and complex vocabulary includes a high, knocking toc - toc - toc, a dry, grating kraa, a low guttural rattle and some calls of an almost musical nature. Like other corvids, ravens can mimic sounds from their environment, including human speech. Non-vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping. Clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than in males. If a member of a pair is lost, its mate reproduces the calls of its lost partner to encourage its return. Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Two juveniles in Iceland Common ravens can thrive in varied climates ; indeed this species has the largest range of any member of the genus, and one of the largest of any passerine. They range throughout the Holarctic from Arctic and temperate habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa, and to islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the British Isles, they are more common in Scotland, Wales, northern England and the west of Ireland. In Tibet, they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5,000 m ( 16,400 ft ), and as high as 6,350 m ( 20,600 ft ) on Mount Everest. The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven -- described as Corvus corax laurencei ( also spelt lawrencii or laurencii ) by Allan Octavian Hume but more often considered synonymous with subcorax -- is restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India. They are generally resident within their range for the whole year. In his 1950 work, Grønlands Fugle ( Birds of Greenland ), noted ornithologist Finn Salomonsen indicated that common ravens did not overwinter in the Arctic. However, in Arctic Canada and Alaska, they are found year - round. Young birds may disperse locally. Most common ravens prefer wooded areas with large expanses of open land nearby, or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds. In some areas of dense human population, such as California in the United States, they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in their numbers. On coasts, individuals of this species are often evenly distributed and prefer to build their nest sites along sea cliffs. Common ravens are often located in coastal regions because these areas provide easy access to water and a variety of food sources. Also, coastal regions have stable weather patterns without extreme cold or hot temperatures. In general, common ravens live in a wide array of environments but prefer heavily contoured landscapes. When the environment changes in vast degrees, these birds will respond with a stress response. The hormone known as corticosterone is activated by the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis. Corticosterone is activated when the bird is exposed to stress, such as migrating great distances. Behaviour ( edit ) Group of ravens gathered around dead member Common ravens usually travel in mated pairs, although young birds may form flocks. Relationships between common ravens are often quarrelsome, yet they demonstrate considerable devotion to their families. Predation ( edit ) Owing to its size, gregariousness and its defensive abilities, the common raven has few natural predators. Predators of its eggs include owls, martens, and sometimes eagles. Ravens are quite vigorous at defending their young and are usually successful at driving off perceived threats. They attack potential predators by flying at them and lunging with their large bills. Humans are occasionally attacked if they get close to a raven nest, though serious injuries are unlikely. There are a few records of predation by large birds of prey. Their attackers in America have reportedly included great horned owls, northern goshawks, bald eagles, golden eagles and red - tailed hawks, it is possible that the two hawks only have attacked young ravens, as had a peregrine falcon who in one instance swooped at a newly fledged raven but was successfully chased off by the parent ravens. In Eurasia, their reported predators include, in addition to golden eagles, Eurasian eagle - owls, white - tailed eagles, Steller 's sea - eagles, eastern imperial eagles and gyrfalcons. Because they are potentially hazardous prey for raptorial birds, raptors must usually take them by surprise and most attacks are on fledgling ravens. More rarely still, large mammalian predators such as lynxes, coyotes and cougars have also attacked ravens. This principally occurs at a nest site and when other prey for the carnivores are scarce. Ravens are highly wary around novel carrion sites and, in North America, have been recorded waiting for the presence of American crows and blue jays before approaching to eat. Breeding ( edit ) Young on a nest -- Hvítserkur, Iceland Eggs of Corvus corax Juveniles begin to court at a very early age, but may not bond for another two or three years. Aerial acrobatics, demonstrations of intelligence, and ability to provide food are key behaviors of courting. Once paired, they tend to nest together for life, usually in the same location. Instances of non-monogamy have been observed in common ravens, by males visiting a female 's nest when her mate is away. Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest - building and reproduction, and thus aggressively defend a territory and its food resources. Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area. The nest is a deep bowl made of large sticks and twigs, bound with an inner layer of roots, mud, and bark and lined with a softer material, such as deer fur. The nest is usually placed in a large tree or on a cliff ledge, or less frequently in old buildings or utility poles. Females lay between three and seven pale bluish - green, brown - blotched eggs. Incubation is about 18 to 21 days, by the female only. However, the male may stand or crouch over the young, sheltering but not actually brooding them. Young fledge at 35 to 42 days, and are fed by both parents. They stay with their parents for another six months after fledging. In most of their range, egg laying begins in late February. In colder climates, it is later, e.g. April in Greenland and Tibet. In Pakistan, egg - laying takes place in December. Eggs and hatchlings are preyed on, rarely, by large hawks and eagles, large owls, martens and canids. The adults, which are very rarely preyed upon, are often successful in defending their young from these predators, due to their numbers, large size and cunning. They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests. Common ravens can be very long - lived, especially in captive or protected conditions ; individuals at the Tower of London have lived for more than 40 years. Lifespans in the wild are considerably shorter at typically 10 to 15 years. The longest known lifespan of a banded wild common raven was 23 years, 3 months. Feeding ( edit ) Feeding Common ravens are omnivorous and highly opportunistic : their diet may vary widely with location, season and serendipity. For example, those foraging on tundra on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska obtained about half their energy needs from predation, mainly of microtine rodents, and half by scavenging, mainly of caribou and ptarmigan carcasses. In some places they are mainly scavengers, feeding on carrion as well as the associated maggots and carrion beetles. With large - bodied carrion, which they are not equipped to tear through as well as birds such as hook - billed vultures, they must wait for the prey to be torn open by another predator or flayed by other means. Plant food includes cereal grains, berries and fruit. They prey on small invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and birds. Ravens may also consume the undigested portions of animal feces, and human food waste. They store surplus food items, especially those containing fat, and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other common ravens. Ravens also raid the food caches of other species, such as the Arctic fox. They sometimes associate with another canine, the grey wolf, as a kleptoparasite, following to scavenge wolf - kills in winter. Ravens are regular predators at bird nests, brazenly picking off eggs, nestlings and sometimes adult birds when they spot an opportunity. They are considered perhaps the primary natural threat to the nesting success of the critically endangered California condor, since they readily take condor eggs and are very common in the areas where the species is being re-introduced. Flock feeding at a garbage dump Common ravens nesting near sources of human garbage included a higher percentage of food waste in their diet, birds nesting near roads consumed more road - killed vertebrates, and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more arthropods and plant material. Fledging success was higher for those using human garbage as a food source. In contrast, a 1984 -- 1986 study of common raven diet in an agricultural region of south - western Idaho found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of pellets, though small mammals, grasshoppers, cattle carrion and birds were also eaten. One behavior is recruitment, where juvenile ravens call other ravens to a food bonanza, usually a carcass, with a series of loud yells. In Ravens in Winter, Bernd Heinrich posited that this behavior evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults, thus allowing them to feed on the carcass without being chased away. A more mundane explanation is that individuals co-operate in sharing information about carcasses of large mammals because they are too big for just a few birds to exploit. Experiments with baits however show that such recruitment behaviour is independent of the size of the bait. Furthermore, there has been research suggesting that the common raven is involved in seed dispersal. In the wild, the common raven chooses the best habitat and disperses seeds in locations best suited for its survival. Intelligence ( edit ) See also : Bird intelligence and Corvidae § Intelligence Crows, ravens, magpies, and jays are not just feathered machines, rigidly programmed by their genetics. Instead, they are beings that, within the constraints of their molecular inheritance, make complex decisions and show every sign of enjoying a rich awareness. -- Candace Savage The brains of common ravens count among the largest of any bird species. Specifically, their hyperpallium is large, for a bird. They display ability in problem - solving, as well as other cognitive processes such as imitation and insight. Dilapidated NIKE Missile radar dome in Alaska with an evening roost Linguist Derek Bickerton, building on the work of biologist Bernd Heinrich, has argued that ravens are one of only four known animals ( the others being bees, ants, and humans ) who have demonstrated displacement, the capacity to communicate about objects or events that are distant in space or time from the communication. Young, unmated common ravens roost together at night, but usually forage alone during the day. However, when one discovers a large carcass guarded by a pair of adult ravens, the unmated raven will return to the roost and communicate the find. The following day, a flock of unmated ravens will fly to the carcass and chase off the adults. Bickerton argues that the advent of linguistic displacement was perhaps the most important event in the evolution of human language, and that ravens are the only other vertebrate to share this with humans. One experiment designed to evaluate insight and problem - solving ability involved a piece of meat attached to a string hanging from a perch. To reach the food, the bird needed to stand on the perch, pull the string up a little at a time, and step on the loops to gradually shorten the string. Four of five common ravens eventually succeeded, and `` the transition from no success ( ignoring the food or merely yanking at the string ) to constant reliable access ( pulling up the meat ) occurred with no demonstrable trial - and - error learning. '' This supports the hypothesis that common ravens are ' inventors ', implying that they can solve problems. Many of the feats of common ravens were formerly argued to be stereotyped innate behaviour, but it now has been established that their aptitudes for solving problems individually and learning from each other reflect a flexible capacity for intelligent insight unusual among non-human animals. Another experiment proved that some could deceive intentionally at least to other common ravens. Common ravens have been observed calling wolves to the site of dead animals. The wolves open the carcass, leaving the scraps more accessible to the birds. They watch where other common ravens bury their food and remember the locations of each other 's food caches, so they can steal from them. This type of theft occurs so regularly that common ravens will fly extra distances from a food source to find better hiding places for food. They have also been observed pretending to make a cache without actually depositing the food, presumably to confuse onlookers. Common ravens are known to steal and cache shiny objects such as pebbles, pieces of metal, and golf balls. One theory is that they hoard shiny objects to impress other ravens. Other research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things, and that common ravens retain an attraction to bright, round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs. Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual, and become highly neophobic. Play ( edit ) There has been increasing recognition of the extent to which birds engage in play. Juvenile common ravens are among the most playful of bird species. They have been observed to slide down snowbanks, apparently purely for fun. They even engage in games with other species, such as playing catch - me - if - you - can with wolves, otters and dogs. Common ravens are known for spectacular aerobatic displays, such as flying in loops or interlocking talons with each other in flight. They are also one of only a few wild animals who make their own toys. They have been observed breaking off twigs to play with socially. Relationship with humans ( edit ) Conservation and Management ( edit ) Compared to many smaller Corvus species ( such as American crow ), ravens prefer undisturbed montane or forest habitat or rural areas over urban areas. In other areas, their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural pests. Common ravens can cause damage to crops, such as nuts and grain, or can harm livestock, particularly by killing young goat kids, lambs and calves. Ravens generally attack the faces of young livestock, but the more common raven behaviour of scavenging may be misidentified as predation by ranchers. In the western Mojave Desert, human settlement and land development have led to an estimated 16-fold increase in the common raven population over 25 years. Towns, landfills, sewage treatment plants and artificial ponds create sources of food and water for scavenging birds. Ravens also find nesting sites in utility poles and ornamental trees, and are attracted to roadkill on highways. The explosion in the common raven population in the Mojave has raised concerns for the desert tortoise, a threatened species. Common ravens prey upon juvenile tortoises, which have soft shells and move slowly. Plans to control the population have included shooting and trapping birds, as well as contacting landfill operators to ask that they reduce the amount of exposed garbage. A hunting bounty as a method of control was historically used in Finland from the mid-18th century until 1923. Culling has taken place to a limited extent in Alaska, where the population increase in common ravens is threatening the vulnerable Steller 's eider ( Polysticta stelleri ). Cultural depictions ( edit ) Bill Reid 's sculpture The Raven and The First Men, showing part of a Haida creation myth. Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia. See also : Cultural depictions of ravens Across its range in the Northern Hemisphere, and throughout human history, the common raven has been a powerful symbol and a popular subject of mythology and folklore. In some Western traditions, ravens have long been considered to be birds of ill omen, death and evil in general, in part because of the negative symbolism of their all - black plumage and the eating of carrion. In Sweden, ravens are known as the ghosts of murdered people, and in Germany as the souls of the damned. In Danish folklore, valravne that ate a king 's heart gained human knowledge, could perform great malicious acts, could lead people astray, had superhuman powers, and were `` terrible animals ''. As in traditional mythology and folklore, the common raven features frequently in more modern writings such as the works of William Shakespeare, and, perhaps most famously, in the poem `` The Raven '' by Edgar Allan Poe. Ravens have appeared in the works of Charles Dickens, J.R.R. Tolkien, Stephen King, George R.R. Martin and Joan Aiken among others. It continues to be used as a symbol in areas where it once had mythological status : as the national bird of Bhutan ( Kings of Bhutan wear the Raven Crown ), official bird of the Yukon territory, and on the coat of arms of the Isle of Man ( once a Viking colony ). In Persia and Arabia the raven was held as a bird of bad omen but a 14th - century Arabic work reports use of the raven in falconry. The modern unisex given name Raven is derived from the English word `` raven ''. As a masculine name, Raven parallels the Old Norse Hrafn, and Old English * Hræfn, which were both bynames and personal names. Mythology ( edit ) Main article : Raven in mythology A valkyrie speaks with a raven in a 19th - century illustration of the Old Norse poem Hrafnsmál ( `` raven song '' ) by Frederick Sandys In Tlingit and Haida cultures, raven was both a trickster and creator god. Related beliefs are widespread among the peoples of Siberia and northeast Asia. The Kamchatka Peninsula, for example, was supposed to have been created by the raven god Kutkh. There are several references to common ravens in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is an aspect of Mahakala in Bhutanese mythology. In Norse mythology, Huginn ( from the Old Norse for `` thought '' ) and Muninn ( Old Norse for `` memory '' or `` mind '' ) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard, and bring the god Odin information. Additionally among the Norse, raven banner standards were carried by such figures as the Jarls of Orkney, King Cnut the Great of England, Norway and Denmark, and Harald Hardrada. In the British Isles, ravens also were symbolic to the Celts. In Irish mythology, the goddess Morrígan alighted on the hero Cú Chulainn 's shoulder in the form of a raven after his death. In Welsh mythology they were associated with the Welsh god Bran the Blessed, whose name translates to `` raven. '' According to the Mabinogion, Bran 's head was buried in the White Hill of London as a talisman against invasion. A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader as long as there were ravens at the Tower of London ; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief, the official Tower of London historian, Geoff Parnell, believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention. In the Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions, the raven was the first animal to be released from Noah 's Ark. `` So it came to pass, at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made. Then he sent out a raven, which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. He also sent out from himself a dove, to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground. '' The raven is mentioned a dozen times in the Bible. In the New Testament Jesus tells a parable using the raven to show how people should rely on God for their needs and not riches ( Luke 12 : 24 ). The raven is also mentioned in Quran at the story of Cain and Abel. Adam 's firstborn son Cain kills his brother Abel but he does n't know what to do with the corpse : `` Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother 's naked corpse. He said : Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother 's naked corpse? And he became repentant. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ). `` Corvus corax ''. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. Jump up ^ Wasser, D.E. ; Sherman, P.W. ( 2010 ). `` Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence ''. Journal of Zoology. 280 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 155. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2009. 00671. x. 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Journal of Ornithology ( in German ). 106 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 178. doi : 10.1007 / BF01793758. Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 141 Jump up ^ Janes, Stewart W. ( 1976 ). `` The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense '' ( PDF ). Condor. 78 ( 3 ) : 409. doi : 10.2307 / 1367704. JSTOR 1367704. Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. Jump up ^ `` European Longevity Records ''. European Union for Bird Ringing. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Jump up ^ Nogales, Manuel ; Hernández, Elizabeth C. ( 1997 ). `` Diet of Common Ravens on El Hierro, Canary Islands '' ( PDF ). Journal of Field Ornithology. 68 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 391. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Temple, Stanley A. ( March 1974 ). `` Winter food habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska '' ( PDF ). Arctic. 27 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 46. doi : 10.14430 / arctic2851. Retrieved 7 November 2014. Jump up ^ Nelson, A.L. ( January 1934 ). `` Some early summer food preferences of the American Raven in southeastern Oregon '' ( PDF ). Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 36 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 15. doi : 10.2307 / 1363515. JSTOR 1363515. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Gaston, A.J. ; Elliot, R.D. ( 1996 ). `` Brunnich 's Guillemot ''. Ibis. 138 ( 4 ) : 742 -- 748. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1996. tb08831. x. Jump up ^ Careau, Vincent ; Lecomte, Nicolas ; Giroux, Jean - François ; Berteaux, Dominique ( January 2007 ). `` Common ravens raid arctic fox food caches ''. Journal of Ethology. 25 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 82. doi : 10.1007 / s10164 - 006 - 0193 - 7. Jump up ^ Stahler, Daniel ; Heinrich, Bernd ; Smith, Douglas ( August 2002 ). `` Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter ''. Animal Behaviour. 64 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 290. doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2002.3047. Jump up ^ Snyder, Noel F.R. ; Ramey, Rob R. ; Sibley, Fred C ( 1986 ). `` Nest - site Biology of the California Condor '' ( PDF ). The Condor. 88 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 241. doi : 10.2307 / 1368920. Jump up ^ Kristan, William B. ; Boarman, William I. ; Crayon, John J. ( March 2004 ). `` Diet composition of common ravens across the urban - wildland interface of the West Mojave Desert '' ( PDF ). Wildlife Society Bulletin. 32 ( 1 ) : 244 -- 253. doi : 10.2193 / 0091 - 7648 ( 2004 ) 32 ( 244 : DCOCRA ) 2.0.CO ; 2. Jump up ^ Engel, Kathleen A. ; Young, Leonard S. ( May 1989 ). `` Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of Common Ravens in southwestern Idaho '' ( PDF ). Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 91 ( 2 ) : 372 -- 378. doi : 10.2307 / 1368316. JSTOR 1368316. Retrieved 2005 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd ( 1989 ). Ravens in Winter. New York : Summit Books. ISBN 0 - 671 - 67809 - 4. Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd ( 1988 ). `` Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax ''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 23 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 156. doi : 10.1007 / BF00300349. ^ Jump up to : `` PBS Nature : The Bird in Black ''. PBS. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Bickerton, Derek ( 2009 ). Adam 's Tongue. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 2281 - 6. Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd ( 1995 ). `` An Experimental Investigation of Insight in Common Ravens ( Corvus corax ) '' ( PDF ). The Auk. 112 ( 4 ) : 994 -- 1003. doi : 10.2307 / 4089030. JSTOR 4089030. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Bugnyar, Thomas ; Kotrschal, Kurt ( 2004 ). `` Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens ( Corvus corax )? '' ( PDF ). Animal Cognition. 7 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 76. doi : 10.1007 / s10071 - 003 - 0189 - 4. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ Rozell, Ned. `` The Raven 's Game of Hide and Seek ''. Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07. Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, p. 230 Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, p. 232 Jump up ^ Kijne, M. ; Kotrschal, K ( 2002 ). `` Neophobia affects choice of food - item size in group - foraging common ravens ( Corvus corax ) ''. Acta ethologica. 5 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 18. doi : 10.1007 / s10211 - 002 - 0061 - 6. Jump up ^ Savage, pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Savage, p. 76 Jump up ^ Heinrich, B. ( 1999 ). Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds p. 290. New York : Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 Jump up ^ Heinrich, B. ( 1999 ). Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds p. 282. New York : Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 Jump up ^ Kelly, J.P. ; Etienne, K.L. & Roth, J.E. ( 2002 ). `` Abundance and distribution of the common raven and American Crow in the San Francisco Bay area, California '' ( PDF ). Western Birds. 33 : 202 -- 217. Jump up ^ Larsen, Kenneth H. ; Dietrich, John H. ( January 1970 ). `` Reduction of a raven population on lambing grounds with DRC - 1339 ''. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 204. doi : 10.2307 / 3799509. JSTOR 3799509. Jump up ^ Sheep and Goats Death Loss. National Agricultural Statistics Service. May 6, 2005. Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Boarman, WI ( 1993 ). The Raven Management Program of the Bureau of Land Management : Status as of 1992 ( PDF ). Proceedings of 1992 Symposium. California. pp. 113 -- 117. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. Jump up ^ Pohja - Mykrä M ; Vuorisalo T ; Mykrä S ( 2005 ). `` Hunting bounties as a key measure of historical wildlife management and game conservation : Finnish bounty schemes 1647 -- 1975 ''. Oryx. 39 ( 3 ) : 284 -- 291. doi : 10.1017 / S0030605305000785. Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service, Alaska ( 2007 ). `` Foraging Ecology of Common Ravens ( Corvus corax ) on Alaska 's Coastal Plain ( AK - 93 - 48 - 51 ) '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24. Jump up ^ Schwan, Mark ( January 1990 ). `` Raven : The Northern Bird of Paradox ''. Alaska Fish and Game. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12. Jump up ^ Kristensen, Evald Tang. ( 1980 ) Danske Sagn : Som De Har Lyd I Folkemunde, Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, Copenhagen. ISBN 87 - 17 - 02791 - 8. p. 132. Jump up ^ Dickens, Charles ( 1841 ) Barnaby Rudge online Jump up ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. ( 1985 ). The Hobbit. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0 - 345 - 33207 - 5. Jump up ^ King, Stephen ( 1976 ). The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger. ISBN 0 - 8488 - 0780 - 4 Jump up ^ Martin, George ( 1996 ). A Song of Ice and Fire. Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan ( 1974 ). Tales of Arabel 's Raven. Cape. p. 160. ISBN 0 - 224 - 01059 - X. Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan ( 1980 ). Arabel and Mortimer. Cape. p. 144. ISBN 0 - 224 - 01765 - 9. Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan ( 1983 ). Mortimer 's Cross. Cape. p. 141. ISBN 0 - 224 - 02108 - 7. Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan ( 1985 ). Mortimer Says Nothing and other stories. Cape. p. 181. ISBN 0 - 224 - 02335 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Bhutan Tourism Corporation. `` The Himalaya Kingdom ''. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Yukon Territorial Bird ''. Government of Yukon. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Isle of Man Government. `` Island Facts -- Isle of Man Government ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ Phillott, D.C. ( 1907 ). `` Note on the common raven - Corvus corax ''. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 3 : 115 -- 116. Jump up ^ Hanks, Patrick ; Hardcastle, Kate ; Hodges, Flavia ( 2006 ). A Dictionary of First Names. Oxford Paperback Reference ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861060 - 1. Jump up ^ Reaney, Percy Hilde ; Wilson, Richard Middlewood ( 2006 ). A Dictionary of English Surnames ( 3rd ed. ). London : Routledge. p. 2594. ISBN 0 - 203 - 99355 - 1. Jump up ^ Bogoras, W. ( 1902 ). `` The Folklore of Northeastern Asia, as Compared with That of Northwestern America ''. American Anthropologist. 4 ( 4 ) : 577 -- 683. doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1902.4. 4.02 a00020. Jump up ^ Worth, D.D. ( 1961 ). Kamchadal Texts Collected by W. Jochelson, ' s - Gravenhage, Mouton. Jump up ^ Pálsson, Hermann ; Edwards, Paul ( 1978 ). Orkneyinga Saga : The History of the Earls of Orkney. London : Hogarth Press. ISBN 0 - 7012 - 0431 - 1. Jump up ^ Campbell, Alistair ; Keynes, Simon ( 1998 ). Encomium Emmae Reginae. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 62655 - 2. Jump up ^ Sturluson, Snorri ( 2005 ). King Harald 's Saga : Harald Hardradi of Norway : From Snorri Sturluson 's Heimskringla. Penguin. ISBN 0 - 14 - 044183 - 2. Jump up ^ Jones, M. `` The Death of Cu Chulainn ''. Academy for Ancient Texts. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ Ford, Patrick K. ( 1977 ). `` Branwen daughter of Llŷr ''. The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 03414 - 7. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev ( 15 November 2004 ). `` Tower 's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2008. Jump up ^ Genesis 8 : 6 -- 8 ( New King James Version ). biblegateway.com Jump up ^ Luke 12 : 24 ( New Living Translation ). Biblegateway.com. Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ ( بَعَثَ اللّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَا وَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ ) Qur'an 5 : 31, translation : Pickthall, Marmaduke The Meaning of the Glorious Koran : An Explanatory Translation, Amana Publications, 1st edition ( 1996 ) ISBN 978 - 0915957224 Cited Texts ( edit ) Goodwin D. ( 1983 ). Crows of the World. Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld. ISBN 0 - 7022 - 1015 - 3. Marzluff, John M. ; Angell, Tony ( 2005 ). In the Company of Crows and Ravens. New Haven : Yale Univ. Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 10076 - 0. Savage, Candace ( 1995 ). Bird Brains : The Intelligence of Crows, Ravens, Magpies and Jays. Toronto : Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1 - 55054 - 189 - 7. Further reading ( edit ) Heinrich, B. ( 1999 ). Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds. New York : Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corvus corax. Wikispecies has information related to Corvus corax RSPB : Raven Common Raven Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Common raven media ''. Internet Bird Collection. Ageing and sexing ( PDF ; 3.1 MB ) by Javier Blasco - Zumeta & Gerd - Michael Heinze Common Raven images at ARKive Corvus corax at Encyclopedia of Life Common Raven -- Corvus corax -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter ( includes CBC / BBS range maps ) Common raven photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Raven recordings at naturesongs.com Extant species of family Corvidae Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Subclass : Neornithes Superorder : Neognathae Order : Passeriformes Family Corvidae Choughs Pyrrhocorax Alpine chough ( P. graculus ) Red - billed chough ( P. pyrrhocorax ) Treepies Crypsirina Hooded treepie ( C. cucullata ) Black racket - tailed treepie ( C. temia ) Dendrocitta Andaman treepie ( D. bayleyi ) Bornean treepie ( D. cinerascens ) Grey treepie ( D. formosae ) Black - faced treepie ( D. frontalis ) White - bellied treepie ( D. leucogastra ) Sumatran treepie ( D. occipitalis ) Rufous treepie ( D. vagabunda ) Platysmurus Black magpie ( P. leucopterus ) Bornean black magpie ( P. l. aterrimus ) Temnurus Ratchet - tailed treepie ( T. temnurus ) Oriental magpies Cissa Common green magpie ( C. chinensis ) Indochinese green magpie ( C. hypoleuca ) Bornean green magpie ( C. jefferyi ) Javan green magpie ( C. thalassina ) Urocissa Taiwan blue magpie ( U. caerulea ) Red - billed blue magpie ( U. erythrorhyncha ) Yellow - billed blue magpie ( U. flavirostris ) Sri Lanka blue magpie ( U. ornata ) White - winged magpie ( U. whiteheadi ) Old World jays Garrulus Eurasian jay ( G. glandarius ) Lanceolated jay ( G. lanceolatus ) Lidth 's jay ( G. lidthi ) Podoces ( Ground jays ) Biddulph 's ground jay ( P. biddulphi ) Henderson 's ground jay ( P. hendersoni ) Pander 's ground jay ( P. panderi ) Persian ground jay ( P. pleskei ) Ptilostomus Piapiac ( P. afer ) Stresemann 's bushcrow Zavattariornis Stresemann 's bushcrow ( Z. stresemanni ) Family Corvidae ( continued ) Nutcrackers Nucifraga Spotted nutcracker ( N. caryocatactes ) Clark 's nutcracker ( N. columbiana ) Holarctic magpies Pica Black - billed magpie ( P. hudsonia ) Yellow - billed magpie ( P. nuttalli ) Eurasian magpie ( P. pica ) Oriental magpie ( P. sericea ) Maghreb magpie ( P. mauritanica ) Asir magpie ( P. asirensis ) Black - rumped magpie ( P. bottanensis ) True crows ( crows, ravens, jackdaws and rooks ) Corvus Australian and Melanesian species Little crow ( C. bennetti ) Australian raven ( C. coronoides ) Bismarck crow ( C. insularis ) Brown - headed crow ( C. fuscicapillus ) Bougainville crow ( C. meeki ) Little raven ( C. mellori ) New Caledonian crow ( C. moneduloides ) Torresian crow ( C. orru ) Forest raven ( C. tasmanicus ) Grey crow ( C. tristis ) Long - billed crow ( C. validus ) White - billed crow ( C. woodfordi ) Pacific island species Hawaiian crow ( C. hawaiiensis ) Mariana crow ( C. kubaryi ) Tropical Asian species Daurian jackdaw ( C. dauuricus ) Slender - billed crow ( C. enca ) Flores crow ( C. florensis ) Large - billed crow ( C. macrorhynchos ) Eastern jungle crow ( C. levaillantii ) Indian jungle crow ( C. culminatus ) House crow ( C. splendens ) Collared crow ( C. torquatus ) Piping crow ( C. typicus ) Banggai crow ( C. unicolor ) Violet crow ( C. violaceus ) Eurasian and North African species Mesopotamian crow ( C. capellanus ) Hooded crow ( C. cornix ) Carrion crow ( C. corone ) Rook ( C. frugilegus ) Jackdaw ( C. monedula ) Eastern carrion crow ( C. orientalis ) Fan - tailed raven ( C. rhipidurus ) Brown - necked raven ( C. ruficollis ) Holarctic species Common raven ( C. corax ) North and Central American species American crow ( C. brachyrhynchos ) Northwestern crow ( C. caurinus ) Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) Tamaulipas crow ( C. imparatus ) Jamaican crow ( C. jamaicensis ) White - necked crow ( C. leucognaphalus ) Cuban crow ( C. nasicus ) Fish crow ( C. ossifragus ) Palm crow ( C. palmarum ) Sinaloan crow ( C. sinaloae ) Tropical African species White - necked raven ( C. albicollis ) Pied crow ( C. albus ) Cape crow ( C. capensis ) Thick - billed raven ( C. crassirostris ) Somali crow ( C. edithae ) Family Corvidae ( continued ) Azure - winged magpies Cyanopica Iberian magpie ( C. cooki ) Azure - winged magpie ( C. cyanus ) Grey jays Perisoreus Grey jay ( P. canadensis ) Siberian jay ( P. infaustus ) Sichuan jay ( P. internigrans ) New World jays Aphelocoma ( Scrub jays ) California scrub jay ( A. californica ) Island scrub jay ( A. insularis ) Woodhouse 's scrub jay ( A. woodhouseii ) Florida scrub jay ( A. coerulescens ) Transvolcanic jay ( A. ultramarina ) Unicolored jay ( A. unicolor ) Mexican jay ( A. wollweberi ) Calocitta ( Magpie - Jays ) Black - throated magpie - jay ( C. colliei ) White - throated Magpie - jay ( C. formosa ) Cyanocitta Blue jay ( C. cristata ) Steller 's jay ( C. stelleri ) Cyanocorax Black - chested jay ( C. affinis ) Purplish - backed jay ( C. beecheii ) Azure jay ( C. caeruleus ) Cayenne jay ( C. cayanus ) Plush - crested jay ( C. chrysops ) Curl - crested jay ( C. cristatellus ) Purplish jay ( C. cyanomelas ) White - naped jay ( C. cyanopogon ) Tufted jay ( C. dickeyi ) Azure - naped jay ( C. heilprini ) Bushy - crested jay ( C. melanocyaneus ) Brown jay ( C. morio ) White - tailed jay ( C. mystacalis ) San Blas jay ( C. sanblasianus ) Violaceous jay ( C. violaceus ) Green jay ( C. ynca ) Yucatan jay ( C. yucatanicus ) Cyanolyca Silvery - throated jay ( C. argentigula ) Black - collared jay ( C. armillata ) Azure - hooded jay ( C. cucullata ) White - throated jay ( C. mirabilis ) Dwarf jay ( C. nana ) Beautiful jay ( C. pulchra ) Black - throated jay ( C. pumilo ) Turquoise jay ( C. turcosa ) White - collared jay ( C. viridicyana ) Gymnorhinus Pinyon jay ( G. cyanocephalus ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q25357 Wikispecies : Corvus corax ABA : comrav ADW : Corvus_corax ARKive : corvus - corax Avibase : B9B272F40EE1570F BirdLife : 22706068 BTO : RAVEN eBird : comrav EoL : 1177364 EPPO : CORVCR Fauna Europaea : 97146 Fossilworks : 133788 GBIF : 2482492 IBC : common - raven - corvus - corax iNaturalist : 8010 IRMNG : 10195300 ITIS : 179725 IUCN : 22706068 NBN : NHMSYS0000530313 NCBI : 56781 WoRMS : 159389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_raven&oldid=853486512 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Corvus ( genus ) Holarctic birds Ravens Talking birds Territorial symbols of Yukon Birds described in 1758 Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with short description Articles with ' species ' microformats Featured articles Taxonbars with 20 + taxon IDs Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018, at 03 : 44 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Common raven", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Common_raven&amp;oldid=853486512" }

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{ "text": "Criminal sentencing in the United states - wikipedia Criminal sentencing in the United states Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States, sentencing law varies by jurisdiction. Since the US Constitution is the supreme law of the land, all sentences in the United States must conform to the requirements of the Constitution, which sets basic mandates while leaving the bulk of policy - making up to the states. Despite the continued growth of federal criminal law, the vast majority of criminal sentencing takes place in state and local courts. Except for death penalty cases ( which are exceptionally rare ), juries generally have little involvement in sentencing, which is typically left to the discretion of the presiding judge. Sentences are typically pronounced by the judge in a separate hearing, after the jury ( or other finder of fact ) has issued findings of fact and a guilty verdict, and in some cases after the probation department has carried out a pre-sentence investigation. The structure and jurisdiction of courts within a state are typically governed by state law, as are sentences and sentencing guidelines and regimes. There is enormous substantive and procedural difference between the criminal laws of the fifty states and the various federal territories and enclaves. Each state is very different from every other state in terms of sentencing, and even what acts are crimes : Actions which might constitute a crime in one state would not necessarily constitute a crime in another state, or they might constitute a crime of a different severity. A 15 - year - old and a 17 - year - old having consensual sexual intercourse might constitute a crime in one state but not another. A person possessing cannabis, certain types of firearms, or exotic animals might be committing serious crimes in some states but are perfectly legal to possess in other states. A burglary might be completed only upon entry into a locked house in one state, but upon entry into an attached carport in another. States have different schemes for dividing up crimes by severity and these categories might have similar names across states, but different practical effects. For example, a `` 2nd degree felony '' in Florida is a category of crime punishable by up to 15 years in prison with no minimum while a `` 2nd degree felony '' in Texas is a category of crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison, with a mandatory minimum of 2 years incarceration. Many states have adopted sentencing guidelines which incorporate various factors into a single formula that may or may not constrain the judge 's sentencing discretion. The general purpose of these schemes is to produce uniform and fair sentencing within a jurisdiction. However, since views about the correct approach to criminal justice vary from state to state, these statutory schemes vary enormously. Many states have mandatory sentencing statutes which remove the judge 's discretion under certain circumstances. Mandatory sentencing schemes typically require minimum periods of incarceration for certain serious crimes and for individuals who have serious criminal records. The state typically has discretion to pursue or waive mandatory sentencing. The content of these mandatory sentencing statutes and the procedures required to bring them into play are different in each state. Some states have parole or early release from incarceration, while others do not. Many states have forms of punishment that are less severe than incarceration ( such as probation, time in a halfway house, community service, or house arrest ), but the exact form of these punishments, as well as which people can be sentenced under such alternatives, varies from state to state. Some prisoners are given life sentences. In some states, a life sentence means life, without the possibility of parole. In other states, people with life sentences are eligible for parole. In some cases, the death penalty may be applicable ; however, since the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Ring v. Arizona, a recommendation of the trial jury is required to impose a sentence of death. However, As one can be sentenced to Life without parole, Another way to be sentenced for life in prison is a minimum amount of years spent in jail depending on the life expectancy of the prisoner. Thus the prisoner will then spend the rest of his or her life in prison. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines prescribe a reduction of sentence time for most defendants who accept responsibility and plead guilty ; further discounts are available to some defendants through fact bargaining, substantial assistance, and so on. Federal court statistics from 2003 show that the average sentence given for offenses resolved by guilty plea was 54.7 months, while the average sentence for offenses resolved by trial was 153.7 months. Contents ( hide ) 1 Indeterminate sentencing 2 Determinate sentencing 3 Trends in sentencing law 4 Sentencing of Killers 5 Arizona 6 Florida 7 Hawaii 8 Louisiana 9 Michigan 10 Nevada 11 Washington 12 Massachusetts 13 See also 14 References Indeterminate sentencing ( edit ) In some states, a judge will sentence criminals to an indeterminate amount of time in prison for certain crimes. This period is often between 1 and 3 years ( on the short end ) and 5 -- 50 years on the upper end. The legislature generally sets a short, mandatory minimum sentence that an offender must spend in prison ( e.g. one - third of the minimum sentence, or one - third of the high end of a sentence ). The parole board then sets the actual date of prison release, as well as the rules that the parolee must follow when released. During a long sentence, an offender can take full advantage of the programs that the prison has, including rehab for drug abuse or alcohol abuse, anger management, mental health, and so on, so when the offender completes the rehab or program he may be released upon request from authorities with a lower risk of recidivism. This process tries to combat the tendency of prisoners leaving incarceration after a long sentence to go back to offending in short order, without any attempt at correcting their ways. Determinate sentencing ( edit ) Those given short sentences usually serve the full - time ( do `` day - for - day '' ) as imposed by the judge, or might receive time off for good behavior, based on state or local rules and regulations. In the mid-1970s, most state and federal prisons moved from long term to short term sentencing. Over time, though, state and federal authorities have gradually migrated their philosophies back toward long - term sentences. Many states use a mixture of the two ; e.g., some offenders may receive sentences reduced by several months due to rehabilitation, counseling, and other programs, as well as good time. Trends in sentencing law ( edit ) Since the 1840s, many jurisdictions, including the federal courts, have adopted a practice of having a probation officer prepare a presentence investigation report to inform the court as to the defendant 's characteristics, including his criminal record, if any. In the 1970s, the length of incarceration had increased in response to the rising of crime rates in the United States. By the 1980s, state legislatures began to reduce judicial discretion in sentencing terms and conditions. This was especially true in cases of life imprisonment, which between 1992 and 2003 increased by 83 % due to the implementation of three strikes laws. Short term sentencing, mandatory minimums, and guideline - based sentencing began to remove the human element from sentencing. They also required the judge to consider the severity of a crime in determining the length of an offender 's sentence. Sentencing of killers ( edit ) The United States does not have a specific guideline to sentencing murderers, including serial killers. When a killer is apprehended, he will be charged with murder, and if convicted can get life in prison or receive the death penalty, depending on in which state the murders took place. Generally speaking, each victim of a murder will merit a separate charge of murder against the offender, and as such, the killer could get a life sentence, a death sentence, or some other determinate or indeterminate sentence based upon the number of murders, the evidence presented, and any aggravating or mitigating circumstances present. Such a compounded sentence may be tailored to run consecutively, with one sentence beginning after completion of another, or concurrently, where all or most of several sentences is served together. Below are several examples of how a murderer may be sentenced, by state : Arizona ( edit ) In Arizona, a person is charged with murder if an offender knowingly and intentionally causes the death of a person or unborn child. The murder must be premeditated. If an individual is found guilty of murder, there are three possible sentences : 35 years to life, life without parole, or the death penalty. Florida ( edit ) In Florida, a person is guilty of first degree murder when it is perpetrated from a premeditated design to result in the death of a human being. Murder is categorized as a capital offense ; if convicted, the offender will receive either the death penalty or life in prison without parole. A unanimous vote of a twelve - person jury, is required to sentence a person to death if he is convicted of capital murder. Hawaii ( edit ) In Hawaii, a person is found guilty of second degree murder when they intentionally and knowingly cause the death of another person. If the person intentionally or knowingly kills more than one person, or kills a law enforcement officer, a judge, or a prosecutor in the line of, or as a result of, their duties, a witness to a crime, or a defendant to a corroborated crime, or if he hires another party to kill a certain individual, the person has met the criteria to be charged with first degree murder. The State of Hawaii has no death penalty. If they are found guilty, the maximum penalty is life imprisonment without parole. Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana states that homicide in the first degree is killing of a human being with intent. There are other specific circumstances that may contribute, such as killing a police officer or firefighter. Either of these offenses, or the killing of more than one person, is an automatic first degree charge. Louisiana provides for life imprisonment without parole or the death penalty for murder. Michigan ( edit ) In Michigan, a person is found guilty of first degree murder when murder is perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, or any other willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing. In Michigan, first degree murder carries an automatic life sentence without parole. Nevada ( edit ) In Nevada first degree murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied. If a killer is found guilty with aggravating circumstances, such as killing someone via torture or killing a stranger with no apparent motive, they may receive the death penalty, or life without parole. Washington ( edit ) In the State of Washington, a person is found guilty of first degree murder when there is a premeditated intent to cause the death of another person. Murder in the first degree is a class A felony. If a person is convicted of first degree murder, he or she will receive a life sentence. If an aggravating circumstance exists in addition to first degree murder, the defendant can be charged with aggravated first - degree murder, which carries only two possible sentences : death or life without parole. Aggravating factors include the killing of a law enforcement officer, murder for hire, or murder committed during the course of kidnapping, rape, robbery, burglary, or arson, or for multiple murders. Massachusetts ( edit ) In Massachusetts, first degree murder is defined as killing a person with premeditated intent to kill. The only possible sentence for first degree murder is life in prison without parole. Massachusetts does not have the death penalty. See also ( edit ) History of mandatory sentencing in the United States History of United States Prison Systems United States constitutional sentencing law Federal Sentencing Guidelines Taylor v. United States United States Sentencing Commission United States v. Booker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Zyl Smit, Dir ( 2002 ). Taking Life Imprisionment Seriously in National and International Law. The Hague : Brill. Jump up ^ Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics 70, 75 tbl. 5.3 ( 2003 ). Jump up ^ `` 13 - 1105 - First degree murder ; classification ''. Azleg.state.az.us. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ > 2009 - > Ch0782 - > Section % 2004 # 0782.04 `` The 2010 Florida Statutes ''. The Florida Senate. Retrieved 13 September 2010. Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes ''. flsenate.gov. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` House Bill ''. Capitol.hawaii.gov. 1987 - 01 - 01. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` PART II. OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON ''. Louisiana Legislature. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Michigan Legislature - Section 750.316 ''. Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` NRS : CHAPTER 200 - CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON ''. Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` RCW 9A. 32.030 : Murder in the first degree ''. Apps.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` RCW 9A. 32.040 : Murder in the first degree -- Sentence ''. Apps.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ `` RCW 10.95. 020 : Definition ''. Apps.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_sentencing_in_the_United_States&oldid=780112821 '' Categories : United States sentencing law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2017, at 01 : 40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Criminal sentencing in the United States", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Criminal_sentencing_in_the_United_States&amp;oldid=780112821" }

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{ "text": "Hardy -- Weinberg principle - wikipedia Hardy -- Weinberg principle Jump to : navigation, search Hardy -- Weinberg proportions for two alleles : the horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the expected genotype frequencies. Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes. The Hardy -- Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive. In the simplest case of a single locus with two alleles denoted A and a with frequencies f ( A ) = p and f ( a ) = q, respectively, the expected genotype frequencies under random mating are f ( AA ) = p for the AA homozygotes, f ( aa ) = q for the aa homozygotes, and f ( Aa ) = 2pq for the heterozygotes. In the absence of selection, mutation, genetic drift, or other forces, allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations, so equilibrium is reached. The principle is named after G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, who first demonstrated it mathematically. Hardy 's paper was focused on debunking the then - commonly held view that a dominant allele would automatically tend to increase in frequency ; today, confusion between dominance and selection is less common. Today, tests for Hardy - Weinberg genotype frequencies are used primarily to test for population stratification and other forms of non-random mating. Contents ( hide ) 1 Derivation 2 Deviations from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium 3 Sex linkage 4 Generalizations 4.1 Generalization for more than two alleles 4.2 Generalization for polyploidy 4.3 Complete generalization 5 Applications 5.1 Application to cases of complete dominance 6 Significance tests for deviation 6.1 Example χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test for deviation 6.2 Fisher 's exact test ( probability test ) 7 Inbreeding coefficient 8 History 8.1 Derivation of Hardy 's equations 8.2 Numerical example 9 Graphical representation 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Derivation ( edit ) Consider a population of monoecious diploids, where each organism produces male and female gametes at equal frequency, and has two alleles at each gene locus. Organisms reproduce by random union of gametes ( the `` gene pool '' population model ). A locus in this population has two alleles, A and a, that occur with initial frequencies f ( A ) = p and f ( a ) = q, respectively. The allele frequencies at each generation are obtained by pooling together the alleles from each genotype of the same generation according to the expected contribution from the homozygote and heterozygote genotypes, which are 1 and 1 / 2, respectively : f t ( A ) = f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) = f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ( 1 ) f t ( a ) = f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) = f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) Length of p, q corresponds to allele frequencies ( here p = 0.6, q = 0.4 ). Then area of rectangle represents genotype frequencies ( thus AA : Aa : aa = 0.36 : 0.48 : 0.16 ). The different ways to form genotypes for the next generation can be shown in a Punnett square, where the proportion of each genotype is equal to the product of the row and column allele frequencies from the current generation. Table 1 : Punnett square for Hardy -- Weinberg Females A ( p ) a ( q ) Males A ( p ) AA ( p ) Aa ( pq ) a ( q ) Aa ( qp ) aa ( q ) The sum of the entries is p + 2pq + q = 1, as the genotype frequencies must sum to one. Note again that as p + q = 1, the binomial expansion of ( p + q ) = p + 2pq + q = 1 gives the same relationships. Summing the elements of the Punnett square or the binomial expansion, we obtain the expected genotype proportions among the offspring after a single generation : f 1 ( AA ) = p 2 = f 0 ( A ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) f 1 ( Aa ) = p q + q p = 2 p q = 2 f 0 ( A ) f 0 ( a ) ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) = pq + qp = 2pq = 2f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) ) ( 4 ) f 1 ( aa ) = q 2 = f 0 ( a ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) These frequencies define the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium. It should be mentioned that the genotype frequencies after the first generation need not equal the genotype frequencies from the initial generation, e.g. f ( AA ) ≠ f ( AA ). However, the genotype frequencies for all future times will equal the Hardy -- Weinberg frequencies, e.g. f ( AA ) = f ( AA ) for t > 1. This follows since the genotype frequencies of the next generation depend only on the allele frequencies of the current generation which, as calculated by equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), are preserved from the initial generation : f 1 ( A ) = f 1 ( AA ) + 1 2 f 1 ( Aa ) = p 2 + p q = p ( p + q ) = p = f 0 ( A ) f 1 ( a ) = f 1 ( aa ) + 1 2 f 1 ( Aa ) = q 2 + p q = q ( p + q ) = q = f 0 ( a ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) & = f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) + pq = p ( p + q ) = p = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) \\ \\ f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) & = f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) + pq = q ( p + q ) = q = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the more general case of dioecious diploids ( organisms are either male or female ) that reproduce by random mating of individuals, it is necessary to calculate the genotype frequencies from the nine possible matings between each parental genotype ( AA, Aa, and aa ) in either sex, weighted by the expected genotype contributions of each such mating. Equivalently, one considers the six unique diploid - diploid combinations : ( ( AA, AA ), ( AA, Aa ), ( AA, aa ), ( Aa, Aa ), ( Aa, aa ), ( aa, aa ) ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ), ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ), ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ), ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ), ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ), ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ), ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ), ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ), ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ), ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ), ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ), ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) \\ right ) ) and constructs a Punnett square for each, so as to calculate its contribution to the next generation 's genotypes. These contributions are weighted according to the probability of each diploid - diploid combination, which follows a multinomial distribution with k = 3. For example, the probability of the mating combination ( AA, aa ) is 2 f ( AA ) f ( aa ) and it can only result in the Aa genotype : ( 0, 1, 0 ). Overall, the resulting genotype frequencies are calculated as : ( f t + 1 ( AA ), f t + 1 ( Aa ), f t + 1 ( aa ) ) = = f t ( AA ) f t ( AA ) ( 1, 0, 0 ) + 2 f t ( AA ) f t ( Aa ) ( 1 2, 1 2, 0 ) + 2 f t ( AA ) f t ( aa ) ( 0, 1, 0 ) + f t ( Aa ) f t ( Aa ) ( 1 4, 1 2, 1 4 ) + 2 f t ( Aa ) f t ( aa ) ( 0, 1 2, 1 2 ) + f t ( aa ) f t ( aa ) ( 0, 0, 1 ) = ( ( f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) 2, 2 ( f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) ( f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ), ( f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) 2 ) = ( f t ( A ) 2, 2 f t ( A ) f t ( a ), f t ( a ) 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) & \\ left ( f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ), f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ), f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) \\ right ) = \\ \\ & \\ qquad = f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) \\ left ( 1, 0, 0 \\ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ), ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ), 0 \\ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) \\ left ( 0, 1, 0 \\ right ) \\ \\ & \\ qquad \\ qquad + f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ), ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ), ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \\ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) \\ left ( 0, ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ), ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) + f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) \\ left ( 0, 0, 1 \\ right ) \\ \\ & \\ qquad = \\ left ( \\ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ), 2 \\ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ right ), \\ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) \\ \\ & \\ qquad = \\ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ), 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( A ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ), f_ ( t ) ( ( \\ text ( a ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) As before, one can show that the allele frequencies at time t + 1 equal those at time t, and so, are constant in time. Similarly, the genotype frequencies depend only on the allele frequencies, and so, after time t = 1 are also constant in time. If in either monoecious or dioecious organisms, either the allele or genotype proportions are initially unequal in either sex, it can be shown that constant proportions are obtained after one generation of random mating. If dioecious organisms are heterogametic and the gene locus is located on the X chromosome, it can be shown that if the allele frequencies are initially unequal in the two sexes ( e.g., XX females and XY males, as in humans ), f ′ ( a ) in the heterogametic sex ' chases ' f ( a ) in the homogametic sex of the previous generation, until an equilibrium is reached at the weighted average of the two initial frequencies. Deviations from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium ( edit ) The seven assumptions underlying Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium are as follows : organisms are diploid only sexual reproduction occurs generations are nonoverlapping mating is random population size is infinitely large allele frequencies are equal in the sexes there is no migration, mutation or selection Violations of the Hardy -- Weinberg assumptions can cause deviations from expectation. How this affects the population depends on the assumptions that are violated. Random mating. The HWP states the population will have the given genotypic frequencies ( called Hardy -- Weinberg proportions ) after a single generation of random mating within the population. When the random mating assumption is violated, the population will not have Hardy -- Weinberg proportions. A common cause of non-random mating is inbreeding, which causes an increase in homozygosity for all genes. If a population violates one of the following four assumptions, the population may continue to have Hardy -- Weinberg proportions each generation, but the allele frequencies will change over time. Selection, in general, causes allele frequencies to change, often quite rapidly. While directional selection eventually leads to the loss of all alleles except the favored one ( unless one allele is dominant, in which case recessive alleles can survive at low frequencies ), some forms of selection, such as balancing selection, lead to equilibrium without loss of alleles. Mutation will have a very subtle effect on allele frequencies. Mutation rates are of the order 10 to 10, and the change in allele frequency will be, at most, the same order. Recurrent mutation will maintain alleles in the population, even if there is strong selection against them. Migration genetically links two or more populations together. In general, allele frequencies will become more homogeneous among the populations. Some models for migration inherently include nonrandom mating ( Wahlund effect, for example ). For those models, the Hardy -- Weinberg proportions will normally not be valid. Small population size can cause a random change in allele frequencies. This is due to a sampling effect, and is called genetic drift. Sampling effects are most important when the allele is present in a small number of copies. Sex linkage ( edit ) Where the A gene is sex linked, the heterogametic sex ( e.g., mammalian males ; avian females ) have only one copy of the gene ( and are termed hemizygous ), while the homogametic sex ( e.g., human females ) have two copies. The genotype frequencies at equilibrium are p and q for the heterogametic sex but p, 2pq and q for the homogametic sex. For example, in humans red -- green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. In western European males, the trait affects about 1 in 12, ( q = 0.083 ) whereas it affects about 1 in 200 females ( 0.005, compared to q = 0.007 ), very close to Hardy -- Weinberg proportions. If a population is brought together with males and females with a different allele frequency in each subpopulation ( males or females ), the allele frequency of the male population in the next generation will follow that of the female population because each son receives its X chromosome from its mother. The population converges on equilibrium very quickly. Generalizations ( edit ) The simple derivation above can be generalized for more than two alleles and polyploidy. Generalization for more than two alleles ( edit ) Punnett square for three - allele case ( left ) and four - allele case ( right ). White areas are homozygotes. Colored areas are heterozygotes. Consider an extra allele frequency, r. The two - allele case is the binomial expansion of ( p + q ), and thus the three - allele case is the trinomial expansion of ( p + q+ r ). ( p + q + r ) 2 = p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2 p q + 2 p r + 2 q r ( \\ displaystyle ( p + q + r ) ^ ( 2 ) = p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + r ^ ( 2 ) + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr \\, ) More generally, consider the alleles A,..., A given by the allele frequencies p to p ; ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \\ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\, ) giving for all homozygotes : f ( A i A i ) = p i 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( A_ ( i ) A_ ( i ) ) = p_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \\, ) and for all heterozygotes : f ( A i A j ) = 2 p i p j ( \\ displaystyle f ( A_ ( i ) A_ ( j ) ) = 2p_ ( i ) p_ ( j ) \\, ) Generalization for polyploidy ( edit ) The Hardy -- Weinberg principle may also be generalized to polyploid systems, that is, for organisms that have more than two copies of each chromosome. Consider again only two alleles. The diploid case is the binomial expansion of : ( p + q ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( p + q ) ^ ( 2 ) \\, ) and therefore the polyploid case is the polynomial expansion of : ( p + q ) c ( \\ displaystyle ( p + q ) ^ ( c ) \\, ) where c is the ploidy, for example with tetraploid ( c = 4 ) : Table 2 : Expected genotype frequencies for tetraploidy Genotype Frequency AAAA p 4 ( \\ displaystyle p ^ ( 4 ) ) AAAa 4 p 3 q ( \\ displaystyle 4p ^ ( 3 ) q ) AAaa 6 p 2 q 2 ( \\ displaystyle 6p ^ ( 2 ) q ^ ( 2 ) ) Aaaa 4 p q 3 ( \\ displaystyle 4pq ^ ( 3 ) ) aaaa q 4 ( \\ displaystyle q ^ ( 4 ) ) Depending on whether the organism is a ' true ' tetraploid or an amphidiploid will determine how long it will take for the population to reach Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium. Complete generalization ( edit ) For n ( \\ displaystyle n ) distinct alleles in c ( \\ displaystyle c ) - ploids, the genotype frequencies in the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium are given by individual terms in the multinomial expansion of ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) c ( \\ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \\ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( c ) ) : ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) c = ∑ k 1,..., k n ∈ N : k 1 + ⋯ + k n = c ( c k 1,..., k n ) p 1 k 1 ⋯ p n k n ( \\ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \\ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( c ) = \\ sum _ ( k_ ( 1 ), \\ ldots, k_ ( n ) \\ \\ in \\ mathbb ( N ) : k_ ( 1 ) + \\ cdots + k_ ( n ) = c ) ( c \\ choose k_ ( 1 ), \\ ldots, k_ ( n ) ) p_ ( 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( 1 ) ) \\ cdots p_ ( n ) ^ ( k_ ( n ) ) ) Applications ( edit ) The Hardy -- Weinberg principle may be applied in two ways, either a population is assumed to be in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions, in which the genotype frequencies can be calculated, or if the genotype frequencies of all three genotypes are known, they can be tested for deviations that are statistically significant. Application to cases of complete dominance ( edit ) Suppose that the phenotypes of AA and Aa are indistinguishable, i.e., there is complete dominance. Assuming that the Hardy -- Weinberg principle applies to the population, then q ( \\ displaystyle q ) can still be calculated from f ( aa ) : q = f ( aa ) ( \\ displaystyle q = ( \\ sqrt ( f ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) ) ) ) and p ( \\ displaystyle p ) can be calculated from q ( \\ displaystyle q ). And thus an estimate of f ( AA ) and f ( Aa ) derived from p 2 ( \\ displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) ) and 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle 2pq ) respectively. Note however, such a population can not be tested for equilibrium using the significance tests below because it is assumed a priori. Significance tests for deviation ( edit ) Testing deviation from the HWP is generally performed using Pearson 's chi - squared test, using the observed genotype frequencies obtained from the data and the expected genotype frequencies obtained using the HWP. For systems where there are large numbers of alleles, this may result in data with many empty possible genotypes and low genotype counts, because there are often not enough individuals present in the sample to adequately represent all genotype classes. If this is the case, then the asymptotic assumption of the chi - squared distribution, will no longer hold, and it may be necessary to use a form of Fisher 's exact test, which requires a computer to solve. More recently a number of MCMC methods of testing for deviations from HWP have been proposed ( Guo & Thompson, 1992 ; Wigginton et al. 2005 ) Example χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test for deviation ( edit ) This data is from E.B. Ford ( 1971 ) on the Scarlet tiger moth, for which the phenotypes of a sample of the population were recorded. Genotype - phenotype distinction is assumed to be negligibly small. The null hypothesis is that the population is in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions, and the alternative hypothesis is that the population is not in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions. Table 3 : Example Hardy -- Weinberg principle calculation Phenotype White - spotted ( AA ) Intermediate ( Aa ) Little spotting ( aa ) Total Number 1469 138 5 1612 From this, allele frequencies can be calculated : p = 2 × o b s ( AA ) + o b s ( Aa ) 2 × ( o b s ( AA ) + o b s ( Aa ) + o b s ( aa ) ) = 1469 × 2 + 138 2 × ( 1469 + 138 + 5 ) = 3076 3224 = 0.954 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = ( 2 \\ times \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) \\ over 2 \\ times ( \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) + \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) ) ) \\ \\ \\ \\ & = ( 1469 \\ times 2 + 138 \\ over 2 \\ times ( 1469 + 138 + 5 ) ) \\ \\ \\ \\ & = ( 3076 \\ over 3224 ) \\ \\ \\ \\ & = 0.954 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) and q = 1 − p = 1 − 0.954 = 0.046 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) q& = 1 - p \\ \\ & = 1 - 0.954 \\ \\ & = 0.046 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) So the Hardy -- Weinberg expectation is : E x p ( AA ) = p 2 n = 0.954 2 × 1612 = 1467.4 E x p ( Aa ) = 2 p q n = 2 × 0.954 × 0.046 × 1612 = 141.2 E x p ( aa ) = q 2 n = 0.046 2 × 1612 = 3.4 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) & = p ^ ( 2 ) n = 0.954 ^ ( 2 ) \\ times 1612 = 1467.4 \\ \\ \\ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) & = 2pqn = 2 \\ times 0.954 \\ times 0.046 \\ times 1612 = 141.2 \\ \\ \\ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) & = q ^ ( 2 ) n = 0.046 ^ ( 2 ) \\ times 1612 = 3.4 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Pearson 's chi - squared test states : χ 2 = ∑ ( O − E ) 2 E = ( 1469 − 1467.4 ) 2 1467.4 + ( 138 − 141.2 ) 2 141.2 + ( 5 − 3.4 ) 2 3.4 = 0.001 + 0.073 + 0.756 = 0.83 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) & = \\ sum ( ( O-E ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ over E ) \\ \\ & = ( ( 1469 - 1467.4 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ over 1467.4 ) + ( ( 138 - 141.2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ over 141.2 ) + ( ( 5 - 3.4 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ over 3.4 ) \\ \\ & = 0.001 + 0.073 + 0.756 \\ \\ & = 0.83 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) There is 1 degree of freedom ( degrees of freedom for test for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions are # genotypes − # alleles ). The 5 % significance level for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84, and since the χ value is less than this, the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy -- Weinberg frequencies is not rejected. Fisher 's exact test ( probability test ) ( edit ) Fisher 's exact test can be applied to testing for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions. Since the test is conditional on the allele frequencies, p and q, the problem can be viewed as testing for the proper number of heterozygotes. In this way, the hypothesis of Hardy -- Weinberg proportions is rejected if the number of heterozygotes is too large or too small. The conditional probabilities for the heterozygote, given the allele frequencies are given in Emigh ( 1980 ) as prob ⁡ ( n 12 n 1 ) = ( n n 11, n 12, n 22 ) ( 2 n n 1, n 2 ) 2 n 12, ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( prob ) ( n_ ( 12 ) n_ ( 1 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ binom ( n ) ( n_ ( 11 ), n_ ( 12 ), n_ ( 22 ) ) ) ( \\ binom ( 2n ) ( n_ ( 1 ), n_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) 2 ^ ( n_ ( 12 ) ), ) where n, n, n are the observed numbers of the three genotypes, AA, Aa, and aa, respectively, and n is the number of A alleles, where n 1 = 2 n 11 + n 12 ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = 2n_ ( 11 ) + n_ ( 12 ) ). An example Using one of the examples from Emigh ( 1980 ), we can consider the case where n = 100, and p = 0.34. The possible observed heterozygotes and their exact significance level is given in Table 4. Table 4 : Example of Fisher 's exact test for n = 100, p = 0.34. Number of heterozygotes Significance level 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.000 8 0.000 10 0.000 12 0.000 14 0.000 16 0.000 18 0.001 20 0.007 22 0.034 34 0.067 24 0.151 32 0.291 26 0.474 30 0.730 28 1.000 Using this table, one must look up the significance level of the test based on the observed number of heterozygotes. For example, if one observed 20 heterozygotes, the significance level for the test is 0.007. As is typical for Fisher 's exact test for small samples, the gradation of significance levels is quite coarse. However, a table like this has to be created for every experiment, since the tables are dependent on both n and p. Inbreeding coefficient ( edit ) The inbreeding coefficient, F ( see also F - statistics ), is one minus the observed frequency of heterozygotes over that expected from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium. F = E ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ) − O ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ) E ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ) = 1 − O ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ) E ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ), ( \\ displaystyle F = ( \\ frac ( \\ operatorname ( E ) ( ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) - \\ operatorname ( O ) ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ( \\ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ) = 1 - ( \\ frac ( \\ operatorname ( O ) ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ( \\ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ), ) where the expected value from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium is given by E ⁡ ( f ( Aa ) ) = 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) = 2pq ) For example, for Ford 's data above ; F = 1 − 138 141.2 = 0.023. ( \\ displaystyle F = 1 - ( 138 \\ over 141.2 ) = 0.023. ) For two alleles, the chi - squared goodness of fit test for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions is equivalent to the test for inbreeding, F = 0. The inbreeding coefficient is unstable as the expected value approaches zero, and thus not useful for rare and very common alleles. For : E = 0, O > 0, F = − ∞ and E = 0, O = 0, F is undefined. History ( edit ) Mendelian genetics were rediscovered in 1900. However, it remained somewhat controversial for several years as it was not then known how it could cause continuous characteristics. Udny Yule ( 1902 ) argued against Mendelism because he thought that dominant alleles would increase in the population. The American William E. Castle ( 1903 ) showed that without selection, the genotype frequencies would remain stable. Karl Pearson ( 1903 ) found one equilibrium position with values of p = q = 0.5. Reginald Punnett, unable to counter Yule 's point, introduced the problem to G.H. Hardy, a British mathematician, with whom he played cricket. Hardy was a pure mathematician and held applied mathematics in some contempt ; his view of biologists ' use of mathematics comes across in his 1908 paper where he describes this as `` very simple '' : To the Editor of Science : I am reluctant to intrude in a discussion concerning matters of which I have no expert knowledge, and I should have expected the very simple point which I wish to make to have been familiar to biologists. However, some remarks of Mr. Udny Yule, to which Mr. R.C. Punnett has called my attention, suggest that it may still be worth making... Suppose that Aa is a pair of Mendelian characters, A being dominant, and that in any given generation the number of pure dominants ( AA ), heterozygotes ( Aa ), and pure recessives ( aa ) are as p : 2q : r. Finally, suppose that the numbers are fairly large, so that mating may be regarded as random, that the sexes are evenly distributed among the three varieties, and that all are equally fertile. A little mathematics of the multiplication - table type is enough to show that in the next generation the numbers will be as ( p + q ) : 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) : ( q + r ), or as p : 2q : r, say. The interesting question is : in what circumstances will this distribution be the same as that in the generation before? It is easy to see that the condition for this is q = pr. And since q = p r, whatever the values of p, q, and r may be, the distribution will in any case continue unchanged after the second generation The principle was thus known as Hardy 's law in the English - speaking world until 1943, when Curt Stern pointed out that it had first been formulated independently in 1908 by the German physician Wilhelm Weinberg. William Castle in 1903 also derived the ratios for the special case of equal allele frequencies, and it is sometimes ( but rarely ) called the Hardy -- Weinberg -- Castle Law. Derivation of Hardy 's equations ( edit ) Hardy 's statement begins with a recurrence relation for the frequencies p, 2q, and r. These recurrence relations follow from fundamental concepts in probability, specifically independence, and conditional probability. For example, consider the probability of an offspring from the generation t ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle t ) being homozygous dominant. Alleles are inherited independently from each parent. A dominant allele can be inherited from a homozygous dominant parent with probability 1, or from a heterozygous parent with probability 0.5. To represent this reasoning in an equation, let A t ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle A_ ( t ) ) represent inheritance of a dominant allele from a parent. Furthermore, let A A t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) and A a t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) represent potential parental genotypes in the preceding generation. p t = P ( A t, A t ) = P ( A t ) 2 = ( P ( A t A A t − 1 ) P ( A A t − 1 ) + P ( A t A a t − 1 ) P ( A a t − 1 ) ) 2 = ( ( 1 ) p t − 1 + ( 0.5 ) 2 q t − 1 ) 2 = ( p t − 1 + q t − 1 ) 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p_ ( t ) & = P ( A_ ( t ), A_ ( t ) ) = P ( A_ ( t ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ & = \\ left ( P ( A_ ( t ) AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) P ( AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) + P ( A_ ( t ) Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) P ( Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ & = \\ left ( ( 1 ) p_ ( t - 1 ) + ( 0.5 ) 2q_ ( t - 1 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ \\ & = \\ left ( p_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) The same reasoning, applied to the other genotypes yields the two remaining recurrence relations. Equilibrium occurs when each proportion is constant between subsequent generations. More formally, a population is at equilibrium at generation t ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle t ) when 0 = p t − p t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle 0 = p_ ( t ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) ), 0 = q t − q t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle 0 = q_ ( t ) - q_ ( t - 1 ) ), and 0 = r t − r t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle 0 = r_ ( t ) - r_ ( t - 1 ) ) By solving these equations necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium to occur can be determined. Again, consider the frequency of homozygous dominant animals. Equilibrium implies 0 = p t − p t − 1 = p t − 1 2 + 2 p t − 1 q t − 1 + q t − 1 2 − p t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) 0& = p_ ( t ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) \\ \\ & = p_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2p_ ( t - 1 ) q_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) First consider the case, where p t − 1 = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle p_ ( t - 1 ) = 0 ), and note that it implies that q t − 1 = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle q_ ( t - 1 ) = 0 ) and r t − 1 = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle r_ ( t - 1 ) = 1 ). Now consider the remaining case, where p t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle p_ ( t - 1 ) ) ≠ 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle 0 ) 0 = p t − 1 ( p t − 1 + 2 q t − 1 + q t − 1 2 / p t − 1 − 1 ) = q t − 1 2 / p t − 1 − r t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) 0& = p_ ( t - 1 ) ( p_ ( t - 1 ) + 2q_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) / p_ ( t - 1 ) - 1 ) \\ \\ & = q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) / p_ ( t - 1 ) - r_ ( t - 1 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Where the final equality holds because the allele proportions must sum to one. In both cases, q t − 1 2 = p t − 1 r t − 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = p_ ( t - 1 ) r_ ( t - 1 ) ). It can be shown that the other two equilibrium conditions imply the same equation. Together, the solutions of the three equilibrium equations imply sufficiency of Hardy 's condition for equilibrium. Since the condition always holds for the second generation, all succeeding generations have the same proportions. Numerical example ( edit ) An example computation of the genotype distribution given by Hardy 's original equations is instructive. The phenotype distribution from Table 3 above will be used to compute Hardy 's initial genotype distribution. Note that the p and q values used by Hardy are not the same as those used above. sum = o b s ( AA ) + 2 × o b s ( Aa ) + o b s ( aa ) = 1469 + 2 × 138 + 5 = 1750 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) ( \\ text ( sum ) ) & = ( \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( AA ) ) ) + 2 \\ times \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( Aa ) ) ) + \\ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \\ text ( aa ) ) ) ) = ( 1469 + 2 \\ times 138 + 5 ) \\ \\ & = 1750 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) p = 1469 1750 = 0.83943 2 q = 2 × 138 1750 = 0.15771 r = 5 1750 = 0.00286 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = ( 1469 \\ over 1750 ) = 0.83943 \\ \\ 2q& = ( 2 \\ times 138 \\ over 1750 ) = 0.15771 \\ \\ r& = ( 5 \\ over 1750 ) = 0.00286 \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) As checks on the distribution, compute p + 2 q + r = 0.83943 + 0.15771 + 0.00286 = 1.00000 ( \\ displaystyle p + 2q + r = 0.83943 + 0.15771 + 0.00286 = 1.00000 \\, ) and E 0 = q 2 − p r = 0.00382. ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( 0 ) = q ^ ( 2 ) - pr = 0.00382. \\, ) For the next generation, Hardy 's equations give q = 0.15771 2 = 0.07886 p 1 = ( p + q ) 2 = 0.84325 2 q 1 = 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) = 0.15007 r 1 = ( q + r ) 2 = 0.00668. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) q& = ( 0.15771 \\ over 2 ) = 0.07886 \\ \\ \\ \\ p_ ( 1 ) & = ( p + q ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0.84325 \\ \\ 2q_ ( 1 ) & = 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) = 0.15007 \\ \\ r_ ( 1 ) & = ( q + r ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0.00668. \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) Again as checks on the distribution, compute p 1 + 2 q 1 + r 1 = 0.84325 + 0.15007 + 0.00668 = 1.00000 ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) + 2q_ ( 1 ) + r_ ( 1 ) = 0.84325 + 0.15007 + 0.00668 = 1.00000 \\, ) and E 1 = q 1 2 − p 1 r 1 = 0.00000 ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( 1 ) = q_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - p_ ( 1 ) r_ ( 1 ) = 0.00000 \\, ) which are the expected values. The reader may demonstrate that subsequent use of the second - generation values for a third generation will yield identical results. Graphical representation ( edit ) A de Finetti diagram representing a distribution of genotype frequencies It is possible to represent the distribution of genotype frequencies for a bi-allelic locus within a population graphically using a de Finetti diagram. This uses a triangular plot ( also known as trilinear, triaxial or ternary plot ) to represent the distribution of the three genotype frequencies in relation to each other. It differs from many other such plots in that the direction of one of the axes has been reversed. The curved line in the diagram is the Hardy -- Weinberg parabola and represents the state where alleles are in Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium. It is possible to represent the effects of natural selection and its effect on allele frequency on such graphs. The de Finetti diagram has been developed and used extensively by A.W.F. Edwards in his book Foundations of Mathematical Genetics. See also ( edit ) Regression toward the mean Multinomial distribution ( Hardy -- Weinberg is a trinomial distribution with probabilities ( θ 2, 2 θ ( 1 − θ ), ( 1 − θ ) 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ theta ^ ( 2 ), 2 \\ theta ( 1 - \\ theta ), ( 1 - \\ theta ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term frequency usually refers to a number or count, but in this context, it is synonymous with probability. Jump up ^ Carr, Dr. Steven M. `` Hardy - Weinberg in dioecious organisms ''. www.mun.ca. Jump up ^ Hartl DL, Clarke AG ( 2007 ) Principles of population genetics. Sunderland, MA : Sinauer ^ Jump up to : Emigh, Ted H. ( 1980 ). `` A Comparison of Tests for Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium ''. Biometrics. 36 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 642. doi : 10.2307 / 2556115. JSTOR 2556115. Jump up ^ Yule, 1902 Jump up ^ Castle, 1903 Jump up ^ Pearson, 1903 Jump up ^ Hardy, 1908 Jump up ^ Crow, James F. ( 1999 ). `` Hardy, Weinberg and language impediments ''. Genetics. 152 ( 3 ) : 821 -- 825. PMC 1460671. PMID 10388804. Jump up ^ Stern, Curt ( 1962 ). `` Wilhelm Weinberg ''. Genetics. 47 : 1 -- 5. Jump up ^ Cannings, C. ; Edwards, A.W.F. ( 1968 ). `` Natural selection and the de Finetti diagram ''. Annals of Human Genetics. 31 : 421 -- 428. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.1968. tb00575. x. Jump up ^ See e.g. Ineichen & Batschelet 1975 Jump up ^ Edwards, 1977 Bibliography ( edit ) Castle, W.E. ( 1903 ). `` The laws of Galton and Mendel and some laws governing race improvement by selection ''. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 35 : 233 -- 242. Crow, Jf ( Jul 1999 ). `` Hardy, Weinberg and language impediments ''. Genetics. 152 ( 3 ) : 821 -- 5. ISSN 0016 - 6731. PMC 1460671. PMID 10388804. Edwards, A.W.F. 1977. Foundations of Mathematical Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ( 2nd ed., 2000 ). ISBN 0 - 521 - 77544 - 2 Emigh, T.H. ( 1980 ). `` A comparison of tests for Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium ''. Biometrics. 36 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 642. doi : 10.2307 / 2556115. JSTOR 2556115. Ford, E.B. ( 1971 ). Ecological Genetics, London. Guo, Sw ; Thompson, Elizabeth A. ( Jun 1992 ). `` Performing the exact test of Hardy -- Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles ''. Biometrics. Biometrics, Vol. 48, No. 2. 48 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 72. doi : 10.2307 / 2532296. ISSN 0006 - 341X. JSTOR 2532296. PMID 1637966. Hardy, G.H. ( Jul 1908 ). `` Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population '' ( PDF ). Science. 28 ( 706 ) : 49 -- 50. doi : 10.1126 / science. 28.706. 49. ISSN 0036 - 8075. PMID 17779291. Ineichen, Robert ; Batschelet, Eduard ( 1975 ). `` Genetic selection and de Finetti diagrams ''. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 2 : 33. doi : 10.1007 / BF00276014. Masel, Joanna ( 2012 ). `` Rethinking Hardy -- Weinberg and genetic drift in undergraduate biology ''. BioEssays. 34 ( 8 ) : 701 -- 10. doi : 10.1002 / bies. 201100178. PMID 22576789. Pearson, K. ( 1903 ). `` Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. XI. On the influence of natural selection on the variability and correlation of organs ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 200 ( 321 -- 330 ) : 1 -- 66. doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1903.0001. Stern, C. ( 1943 ). `` The Hardy -- Weinberg law ''. Science. 97 ( 2510 ) : 137 -- 138. doi : 10.1126 / science. 97.2510. 137. JSTOR 1670409. PMID 17788516. Weinberg, W. ( 1908 ). `` Über den Nachweis der Vererbung beim Menschen ''. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg. 64 : 368 -- 382. Wigginton, Je ; Cutler, Dj ; Abecasis, Gr ( May 2005 ). `` A Note on Exact Tests of Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium ''. American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 ( 5 ) : 887 -- 93. doi : 10.1086 / 429864. ISSN 0002 - 9297. PMC 1199378. PMID 15789306. Yule, G.U. ( 1902 ). `` Mendel 's laws and their probable relation to intra-racial heredity ''. New Phytol. 1 ( 193 -- 207 ) : 222 -- 238. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.1902. tb07336. x. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hardy -- Weinberg law. EvolutionSolution ( at bottom of page ) Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator genetics Population Genetics Simulator HARDY C implementation of Guo & Thompson 1992 Source code ( C / C++ / Fortran / R ) for Wigginton et al. 2005 Online de Finetti Diagram Generator and Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium tests Online Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium tests and drawing of de Finetti diagrams Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator ( hide ) Population genetics Key concepts Hardy - Weinberg law Genetic linkage Identity by descent Linkage disequilibrium Fisher 's fundamental theorem Neutral theory Shifting balance theory Price equation Coefficient of relationship Fitness Heritability Selection Natural Sexual Artificial Ecological Effects of selection on genomic variation Genetic hitchhiking Background selection Genetic drift Small population size Population bottleneck Founder effect Coalescence Balding -- Nichols model Founders R.A. Fisher J.B.S. Haldane Sewall Wright Related topics Evolution Microevolution Evolutionary game theory Fitness landscape Genetic genealogy Quantitative genetics Index of evolutionary biology articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardy -- Weinberg_principle&oldid = 803424320 '' Categories : Population genetics Classical genetics Statistical genetics Sexual selection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 13 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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{ "text": "Enter the Dragon - wikipedia Enter the Dragon For other uses, see Enter the Dragon ( disambiguation ). Enter the Dragon Traditional Chinese 龍爭虎鬥 Simplified Chinese 龙争虎斗 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Yale Romanization Lóng Zhēng Hǔ Dòu IPA ( lʊ̌ŋ ʈʂə́ŋ xù tôu ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Lùhng Jāng Fú Dau IPA Cantonese pronunciation : ( lʊ̏ŋ tsɐ́ŋ fǔː tɐ̄u ) Enter the Dragon Theatrical release poster Traditional 龍爭虎鬥 Simplified 龙争虎斗 Mandarin Lóng Zhēng Hǔ Dòu Cantonese Lung Zang Fu Dau Directed by Robert Clouse Produced by Fred Weintraub Paul Heller Raymond Chow Written by Michael Allin Starring Bruce Lee John Saxon Ahna Capri Bob Wall Shih Kien Jim Kelly Music by Lalo Schifrin Cinematography Gilbert Hubbs Edited by Kurt Hirschler George Watters Production company Warner Bros. Concord Production Inc. Distributed by Golden Harvest ( Hong Kong ) Warner Bros. ( International ) Release date 26 July 1973 ( 1973 - 07 - 26 ) ( Hong Kong ) 19 August 1973 ( 1973 - 08 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country Hong Kong United States Language English Cantonese Budget $850,000 Box office US $ 90 million ( worldwide ) HK $ 3,307,520.4 ( Hong Kong ) US $22 million ( USA ) Enter the Dragon is a 1973 martial arts action film starring Bruce Lee, John Saxon, and Jim Kelly. It would be Bruce Lee 's final completed film appearance before his death on 20 July 1973 at age 32. The film premiered in Hong Kong on 26 July 1973, six days after Lee 's death. The film, which was directed by Robert Clouse, is considered to be one of the greatest martial arts films of all time. In 2004 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. Among the first films to combine martial arts action with the emerging Blaxploitation genre, its success led to a series of similar productions combining both genres. The film 's themes have also generated scholarly debate about how they reflect the changes taking place within post-colonial Asian societies following the end of World War II. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Censorship 5.4 Legacy 6 Home media 6.1 DVD 6.2 Blu - ray 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Lee, a highly proficient Shaolin martial artist and instructor from Hong Kong, is approached by Braithwaite, a British intelligence agent investigating the suspected crime lord Han. Lee is persuaded to attend a high - profile martial arts competition on Han 's private island in order to gather evidence that will prove Han 's involvement in drug trafficking and prostitution. Shortly before his departure, Lee also learns that his sister 's killer, O'Hara, is working as Han 's bodyguard on the island. Also fighting in the competition are the indebted gambling addict Roper and fellow Vietnam war veteran Williams. At the end of the first day, Han gives strict orders to the competitors not to leave their rooms. Lee makes contact with undercover operative Mei Ling and sneaks into Han 's compound, looking for evidence. He is discovered by several guards but manages to escape. The next morning, Han orders his giant guard Bolo to kill the guards in public for failing their duties. After the execution, Lee faces O'Hara in the competition and ends up killing him. With the day 's competition over, Han confronts Williams, who had also left his room the previous night to exercise. Han believes Williams to be the intruder and beats him to death when he refuses to co-operate. Han then reveals his drug operation to Roper, hoping that he will join his organization. He also implicitly threatens to imprison Roper, along with all the other martial artists who joined Han 's tournaments in the past, if Roper ever refuses. Despite being initially intrigued, Roper refuses after learning of Williams ' fate. Lee sneaks out again that night and manages to send a message to Braithwaite, but he is finally captured after a protracted battle with the guards. The next morning, Han arranges for Roper to fight Lee, but Roper refuses. As a punishment, Roper has to fight Bolo instead, whom he manages to overpower and kill after a grueling encounter. Enraged by the unexpected failure, Han commands his remaining men to kill Lee and Roper. Facing insurmountable odds, they are soon aided by the island 's prisoners, who had been freed by Mei Ling. Han escapes and is pursued by Lee, who finally corners him in a hidden mirror room. The mirrors give Han an advantage, but Lee breaks all the room 's mirrors to reveal Han 's location, and eventually kills him. Lee returns outside to the main battle, which is now over. A bruised and bloodied Roper sits victorious while the military finally arrive to take control of the island. Cast ( edit ) Bruce Lee as Lee John Saxon as Roper Jim Kelly as Williams Ahna Capri as Tania Shih Kien as Han ( voice dubbed by Keye Luke ) Robert Wall as O'Hara ( as Bob Wall ) Angela Mao as Su Lin, Lee 's sister ( as Angela Mao Ying ) Betty Chung as Mei Ling Geoffrey Weeks as Braithwaite Bolo Yeung as Bolo ( as Yang Sze ) Peter Archer as Parsons Ho Lee Yan as Old Man Marlene Clark as Secretary Allan Kent as Golfer William Keller as L.A. Cop Mickey Caruso as L.A. Cop Pat E. Johnson as Hood Darnell Garcia as Hood Mike Bissell as Hood Jackie Chan as Han 's henchman Sammo Hung as Shaolin fighter Roy Chiao as Shaolin Abbott Paul Heller as Radio Operator Lam Ching Ying Tony Liu as Tournament fighter Alan Chui Chung - San as Tournament fighter Yuen Biao as Tournament fighter Yuen Wah as Tournament fighter Hidy Ochiai Wei Tung as Lao Tadashi Yamashita Mars as Guard Mang Hoi as Ship 's mate Production ( edit ) Due to the success with his earlier films, Warner Bros began helping Bruce Lee with the film in 1972. They brought in producers Fred Weintraub and Paul Heller. Writing ( edit ) The screenplay title was originally named Blood and Steel. The story features Asian, White and Black heroic protagonists because the producers wanted a film that would appeal to the widest possible international audiences. The scene in which Lee states that his style is `` Fighting Without Fighting '' is based upon a famous anecdote involving the 16th century samurai Tsukahara Bokuden. Casting ( edit ) John Saxon is a black belt in Judo and Shotokan Karate, who studied under grandmaster Hidetaka Nishiyama for three years. In negotiations, his agent told the film 's producers if they wanted him they would have to change the story, the character of Williams would be killed, not Roper. They agreed and the script was changed. Rockne Tarkington was originally cast in the role of Williams. However, he unexpectedly dropped out days before the production was about to begin in Hong Kong. Producer Fred Weintraub knew that karate world champion, Jim Kelly had a training dojo in Crenshaw, Los Angeles so he hastily arranged a meeting. Weintraub was immediately impressed with Kelly and he was cast in the film. The success of Kelly 's appearance launched his career as a star : after Enter the Dragon, he signed a three - film deal with Warner Bros and went on to make several martial arts - themed blaxploitation films in the 1970s. Jackie Chan appears as a guard during the underground lair battle scene and gets his neck snapped by Lee. He also performed several stunts for the film, including the scene where Lee 's character quickly climbs a rooftop at night. However, Yuen Wah was Lee 's main stunt double for the film. Sammo Hung appears in a brief fight scene against Lee at the start of the film. An urban legend surrounding the making of Enter The Dragon claims that actor Bob Wall did not like Bruce Lee and that their fight scenes were not choreographed. However, Wall has denied this stating he and Lee were actually good friends. Filming ( edit ) The film was shot on location in Hong Kong. All scenes were filmed without sound : dialogue and sound effects were added or dubbed in during post-production. Bruce Lee, after he had been goaded or challenged, fought several real fights with the film 's extras and some set intruders during filming. The scenes of Han 's Island were filmed at a residence known as Palm Villa near the coastal town of Stanley. Soundtrack ( edit ) Further information : Enter the Dragon ( soundtrack ) Argentinian musician Lalo Schifrin composed the film 's musical score. While Schifrin was widely known at the time for his jazz scores, he also incorporated funk and traditional film score elements into the film 's soundtrack. He composed the score by sampling sounds from China, Korea, and Japan. The soundtrack has sold over 500,000 copies, earning a gold record. Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Enter the Dragon was heavily advertised in the United States before its release. The budget for advertising was over $1,000,000. It was unlike any promotional campaign that had been seen before, and was extremely comprehensive. In order to advertise the film, the studio offered free Karate classes, produced thousands of illustrated flip books, comic books, posters, photographs, and organized dozens of news releases, interviews, and public appearances for the stars. Esquire, The Wall Street Journal, Time, and Newsweek all wrote stories on the film. The filmed grossed an estimated $21,483,063 in North America on its release in 1973, on a tight budget of $850,000. It was one of the most successful films of 1973. In Hong Kong, the film grossed HK $3,307,536 -- huge business for the time, but substantially less than Lee 's Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon. In India, the movie opened to full houses. Unfortunately, the Indian Censor Board found the film too violent and restricted it to ' Adults Only '. Even so, it ran four shows a day, with rampant blackmarketing of tickets. Worldwide, the film grossed $90 million, including $65 million outside of the United States. Critical reception ( edit ) The film was well received by critics and is regarded by many as one of the best films of 1973. Critics have referred to Enter the Dragon as `` a low - rent James Bond thriller '', a `` remake of Dr. No '' with elements of Fu Manchu. J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters wrote, `` Of course the real showcase here is the obvious star here, Bruce Lee, whose performance as an actor and a fighter are the most enhanced by the perfect sound and video transfer. While Kelly was a famous martial artist and a surprisingly good actor and Saxon was a famous actor and a surprisingly good martial artist, Lee proves to be a master of both fields. '' Many additional acclaimed newspapers and magazines reviewed the film as well. Variety complimented multiple aspects of the film, claiming that film was overall `` rich in the atmosphere '', the music score was `` a strong asset '' and the photography as interesting. Additionally, The New York Times gave the film a rave review. The review stated `` The picture is expertly made and well - meshed ; it moves like lightning and brims with color. It is also the most savagely murderous and numbing hand - hacker ( not a gun in it ) you will ever see anywhere. '' The film currently holds a 95 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, with 43 reviews counted and an average rating of 7.8 / 10. In 2004, the film was deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The film also ranks No. 474 on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. Censorship ( edit ) After its worldwide release in 1973, the full uncut film was unavailable in the United Kingdom because all scenes showing martial art weapons like chainsticks or throwing stars were cut by the British Board of Film Classification over concerns they promoted violence. Although some cuts were restored in 1988, when the film was first made available on VHS, scenes involving chainsticks remained banned. It was not until 2001, when the film was reclassified for video, that all previous cuts were fully restored. Legacy ( edit ) The film has been parodied and referenced in places such as the 1976 film The Pink Panther Strikes Again, the satirical publication The Onion, the Japanese game - show Takeshi 's Castle, and the 1977 John Landis comedy anthology film Kentucky Fried Movie ( in its lengthy `` A Fistful of Yen '' sequence, basically a comedic, note for note remake of Dragon ) and also in the film Balls of Fury. It was also parodied on television in That ' 70s Show during the episode `` Jackie Moves On '' with regular character Fez taking on the Bruce Lee role. Several clips from the film are comically used during the theatre scene in The Last Dragon. In August 2007, the now defunct Warner Independent Pictures announced that television producer Kurt Sutter would be remaking the film as a noir - style thriller entitled Awaken the Dragon with Korean singer - actor Rain starring. It was announced in September 2014 that Spike Lee would work on the remake. In March 2015, Brett Ratner revealed that he wanted to make the remake. In July 2018, David Leitch is in early talks to direct the remake. The little - known 1985 Nintendo arcade game Arm Wrestling contains voice leftovers from the film, as well as their original counterparts. The popular video game Mortal Kombat borrows multiple plot elements from Enter The Dragon. The popular 1980s martial arts video game Double Dragon features two enemies named Roper and Williams, a reference to the two characters Roper and Williams from Enter The Dragon. The sequel includes opponents named Bolo and O'Hara. Lee 's martial arts films were broadly lampooned in the recurring Almost Live! sketch Mind Your Manners with Billy Quan. Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DVD ( edit ) Universe ( Hong Kong ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) letterboxed Sound : Cantonese ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ), Mandarin ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : Traditional, Simplified Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malaysian, Thai, Vietnamese Supplements : Trailer, trailers for Way of the Dragon, The Big Boss, Game of Death, Legacy of Rage, star files All regions, NTSC Fortune Star -- Bruce Lee Ultimate DVD Collection ( Hong Kong ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) anamorphic Sound : Cantonese ( DTS 5.1 ), Cantonese ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ), Cantonese ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Mono ), Mandarin ( DTS 5.1 ), Mandarin ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : Traditional, Simplified Chinese, English Supplements : Original trailer, new trailer, still photos, slideshow of photos, celebrity interviews, unseen footage, Game of Death outtakes, Enter the Dragon alternative opening, 32 - page booklet Region 3, NTSC Zoke Culture ( China ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 40 : 1 ) anamorphic Sound : English ( DTS 5.1 ), English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ), Cantonese ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo ), Mandarin ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo ) Subtitles : Traditional, Simplified Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese, Indonesian, French Supplements : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, `` Blood and Steel : Making of Enter the Dragon '', `` Bruce Lee : In His Own Words '', Linda Lee Cadwell interview gallery, `` original '' 1973 making - of featurette, `` Backyard Workout with Bruce Lee '' All regions, NTSC Warner -- 30th Anniversary Special Edition ( America ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) anamorphic Sound : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ), English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Mono ) Subtitles : English, Spanish, French Supplements : Disc 1 : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, `` Blood and Steel : Making of Enter the Dragon '', `` Bruce Lee : In His Own Words '', Linda Lee Cadwell interview gallery, `` Location : Hong Kong with Enter the Dragon '' original 1973 documentary, `` Backyard Workout With Bruce Lee '' Disc 2 : `` Curse of the Dragon '' feature - length documentary, `` Bruce Lee : A Warrior 's Journey '' feature - length documentary, theatrical trailers, TV spots Region 1, NTSC Warner -- 25th Anniversary Special Edition ( America ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) anamorphic Sound : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English, Spanish, French Supplements : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, Isolated music score, an all - new introduction and interview with Linda Lee Cadwell, `` Location : Hong Kong with Enter the Dragon '' original 1973 documentary, `` Backyard Workout with Bruce '', `` Bruce Lee In His Own Words '', theatrical trailers, TV spots, cast and crew biographies, `` Significance of Belts in Martial Arts '' notes, `` Heir to the Throne '' -- Jackie Chan notes, retrospective of Hong Kong martial arts films notes and stills, behind - the - scenes notes, reel recommendations -- 16 movies Region 1, NTSC Warner -- Limited Edition ( United Kingdom ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) anamorphic Sound : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English Supplements : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, isolated music score, an all - new introduction and interview with Linda Lee Cadwell, `` Location : Hong Kong with Enter the Dragon '' original 1973 documentary, `` Backyard Workout with Bruce '', `` Bruce Lee : In His Own Words '', theatrical trailers, TV spots, cast and crew biographies, 10 exclusive Enter the Dragon postcards, 8 reproductions of original lobby cards, reproduction of the original press brochure Region 2, PAL Blu - ray ( edit ) Kam & Ronson ( Hong Kong ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 35 : 1 ) Sound : Cantonese ( DTS - HD Master Audio 7.1 ), Cantonese ( Dolby True HD 7.1 ), Mandarin ( Dolby Digital EX 6.1 ), Thai ( Dolby Digital EX 6.1 ) Subtitles : Traditional Chinese, English, Thai Supplements : `` Alternate opening credits '', trailer, photo gallery Region A Warner ( North America and South America ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 40 : 1 ) Sound : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ), Spanish ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ), French ( Dolby Digital 1.0 Mono ), Portuguese ( Dolby Digital 1.0 Mono ) Subtitles : English, Spanish, French, Portuguese Supplements : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, `` Blood and Steel : Making of Enter the Dragon '', `` Bruce Lee : In His Own Words '', Linda Lee Cadwell interview gallery, `` Location : Hong Kong with Enter the Dragon '' original 1973 documentary, `` Backyard Workout with Bruce Lee '', `` Curse of the Dragon '' feature - length documentary, `` Bruce Lee : A Warrior 's Journey '' feature - length documentary, theatrical trailers, TV spots All regions Warner ( 40th Anniversary Edition -- Remastered ) Aspect ratio : Widescreen ( 2 : 40 : 1 ) Sound : English ( DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ), French ( Dolby Digital Mono ), German ( Dolby Digital Mono ), Italian ( Dolby Digital Mono ), Japanese ( Dolby Digital Mono ), Japanese ( Dolby Digital 2.0 ), Spanish ( Dolby Digital Mono ), Spanish ( Dolby Digital 2.0 ), Polish ( Dolby Digital 2.0 ), Russian ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Japanese, German, Italian, Greek, Korean, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Turkish Supplements : Audio commentary by producer Paul M. Heller and screenwriter Michael Allin, `` No Way As Way '', `` Wing Chun '', `` Return to Han 's Island '', `` Blood and Steel : Making of Enter the Dragon '', `` Bruce Lee : In His Own Words '', Linda Lee Cadwell interview gallery, `` Location : Hong Kong with Enter the Dragon '' original 1973 documentary, `` Backyard Workout with Bruce Lee '', `` Curse of the Dragon '' feature - length documentary, theatrical trailers, TV spots All regions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/bruce-lees-enter-the-dragon-to-be-remade/ ^ Jump up to : `` Enter the Dragon ( 1973 ) - Financial Information ''. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 martial arts movies ''. The Guardian. December 6, 2013. Jump up ^ FLANIGAN, b.p. ( 1974 - 01 - 01 ). `` KUNG FU KRAZY : or The Invasion of the ' Chop Suey Easterns ' ''. Cinéaste. 6 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 11. doi : 10.2307 / 42683410. JSTOR 42683410. ^ Jump up to : Fu, Poshek. `` UI Press Edited by Poshek Fu China Forever : The Shaw Brothers and Diasporic Cinema ''. www.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ Kato, M.T. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ). `` Burning Asia : Bruce Lee 's Kinetic Narrative of Decolonization ''. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture. 17 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 99. JSTOR 41490933. Jump up ^ Ryfle, Steve ( 10 January 2010 ). `` DVD set is devoted to ' 70s martial arts star Jim Kelly ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Car Accident Claims Ahna Capri ''. Inside Kung Fu. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Lee 's Dragon co-star dies at 96 ''. BBC. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bob Wall Interview : `` Pulling No Punches '' ``. Black Belt. Retrieved 2 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` A King of Kung Fu Films Savors Work and Honors ''. The New York Times. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Jump up ^ Kim, Hyung - chan ( 1999 ). Distinguished Asian Americans : A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179. ISBN 9780313289026. Jump up ^ Locke, Brian ( 2009 ). Racial Stigma on the Hollywood Screen from World War II to the Present : The Orientalist Buddy Film. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 9780230101678. Jump up ^ `` Bruce Lee Said What? ''. Martialdirect.com. 12 August 2007. Jump up ^ `` Bully Busters Art of Fighting without Fighting ''. Nineblue.com. 12 August 2007. Jump up ^ Inc, Active Interest Media ( 1 August 1973 ). `` Black Belt ''. Active Interest Media, Inc. Retrieved 3 January 2018 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` New Bruce Lee Film on its way to American movie theatres ''. Black Belt. 11 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 12. April 1973. Jump up ^ Walker, David, Andrew J. Rausch, Chris Watson ( 2009 ). Reflections on Blaxploitation : Actors and Directors Speak. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780810867062. Jump up ^ Horn, John ( July 1, 2013 ), `` Jim Kelly, ' Enter the Dragon ' star, dies at 67 '', The Los Angeles Times, retrieved August 19, 2015 Jump up ^ Clary, David ( May 1992 ). Black Belt Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. pp. 18 -- 21. Jump up ^ Reflections on Blaxploitation : Actors and Directors Speak, 2009. pps. 129 - 130 Jump up ^ `` THOSE AMAZING BRUCE LEE FILM STUNTS ''. ringtalk.com. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Bob Wall Interview ''. www.cityonfire.com. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Thomas, Bruce ( 2008 ). Bruce Lee : Fighting Spirit. Pan Macmillan. p. 300. ISBN 9780283070662. Jump up ^ `` Enter the Dragon Movie Shooting Locations ''. www.filmapia.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Guarisco, Donald. `` Lalo Schifrin : Enter the Dragon ( Music from the Motion Picture ) -- Review ''. All Music Guide. Retrieved 17 November 2012. ^ Jump up to : Peirano, Pierre - François ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ). `` The Multiple Facets of Enter the Dragon ( Robert Clouse, 1973 ) ''. InMedia. The French Journal of Media and Media Representations in the English - Speaking World ( 3 ). ISSN 2259 - 4728. Jump up ^ Variety says the film earned $4.25 million in North American rentals in 1973. See `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '', Variety, 9 January 1974 p 19 Jump up ^ `` Enter The Dragon ( 1973 ) ''. IMDB. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon - 822544 - 2014 - 02 - 21 Jump up ^ http://www.worldwideboxoffice.com/movie.cgi?title=Enter%20the%20Dragon&year=1973 Jump up ^ Staff, Variety ( 31 July 1973 ). `` Review : ' Enter the Dragon ' ''. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1973 ''. AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1973 by Rank ''. Films101.com. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1973 ''. IMDb. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Jump up ^ Enter the Dragon, TV Guide Movie Review. TV Guide. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Jump up ^ The Fourth Virgin Film Guide by James Pallot and the editors of Cinebooks, published by Virgin Books, 1995 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Action Cinema by Bey Logan, published by Titan Books, 1995 Jump up ^ Maçek III, J.C. ( 21 June 2013 ). `` Tournament of Death, Tour de Force : ' Enter the Dragon : 40th Anniversary Edition Blu - Ray ' ''. PopMatters. Jump up ^ Staff, Variety ( 1973 - 07 - 31 ). `` Review : ' Enter the Dragon ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - - ' Enter Dragon, ' Hollywood Style : The Cast - NYTimes.com ''. www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Enter the Dragon Movie Reviews, Pictures ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Enter the Dragon : Award Wins and Nominations ''. IMDb. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time ''. Empire magazine. Retrieved 21 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Enter The Dragon ''. www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved March 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rumsfeld Hosts No - Holds - Barred Martial Arts Tournament At Remote Island Fortress ''. 17 March 2004. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( 9 August 2007 ). `` Warners to remake ' Enter the Dragon ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 12 August 2007. Jump up ^ CS ( August 5, 2009 ). `` Will Rain Awaken the Dragon? ''. ComingSoon.net. Jump up ^ Rich, Kathy ( November 13, 2009 ). `` Exclusive : Rain Confirms He 's Still Considering Enter The Dragon Remake ''. Cinema Blend. Jump up ^ Sternberger, Chad ( September 16, 2014 ). `` SPIKE LEE TO REMAKE ENTER THE DRAGON ''. The Studio Exec. Jump up ^ mrbeaks ( March 21, 2015 ). `` Brett Ratner Is Trying To Remake ENTER THE DRAGON ''. Ai n't It Cool News. Jump up ^ Mike Fleming, Jr ( July 23, 2018 ). `` Remake Of Bruce Lee 's ' Enter The Dragon ' Has ' Deadpool 2 's David Leitch In Talks ''. Deadline. External links ( edit ) Hong Kong portal Asia portal Film portal Martial arts portal 1970s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Enter the Dragon Enter the Dragon on IMDb Enter the Dragon at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase Enter the Dragon at AllMovie Enter the Dragon at Box Office Mojo Enter the Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Robert Clouse The Legend of Jimmy Blue Eyes ( 1964 ) Darker than Amber ( 1970 ) Dreams of Glass ( 1970 ) Enter the Dragon ( 1973 ) Black Belt Jones ( 1974 ) Golden Needles ( 1974 ) The Ultimate Warrior ( 1975 ) The Pack ( 1977 ) The Amsterdam Kill ( 1977 ) Game of Death ( 1978 ) The London Connection ( 1979 ) The Big Brawl ( 1980 ) Force : Five ( 1981 ) Deadly Eyes ( 1982 ) Gymkata ( 1985 ) China O'Brien ( 1990 ) China O'Brien II ( 1991 ) Ironheart ( 1992 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 7734475 - 3 LCCN : n87915272 VIAF : 225065748 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enter_the_Dragon&oldid=864498042 '' Categories : 1973 films 1970s action films 1970s martial arts films American martial arts films Bruce Lee English - language films Films about revenge Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Los Angeles Films set on islands Golden Harvest films Hong Kong films Hong Kong action films Kung fu films Jeet Kune Do films Hong Kong martial arts films Martial arts tournament films United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Robert Clouse Films scored by Lalo Schifrin Concord Production Inc. films Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018, at 16 : 38 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Philosophy of mind - wikipedia Philosophy of mind Jump to : navigation, search A phrenological mapping of the brain -- phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain although it is now largely discredited. Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind. The mind -- body problem is a paradigm issue in philosophy of mind, although other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness, and the nature of particular mental states. Aspects of the mind that are studied include mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, the ontology of the mind, the nature of thought, and the relationship of the mind to the body. Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind -- body problem, although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly. Dualism is seen even in the Eastern tradition, in the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, and Plato, but its entry into Western philosophy was thanks to René Descartes in the 17th century. Substance dualists like Descartes argue that the mind is an independently existing substance, whereas property dualists maintain that the mind is a group of independent properties that emerge from and can not be reduced to the brain, but that it is not a distinct substance. Monism is the position that mind and body are not ontologically distinct entities ( independent substances ). This view was first advocated in Western philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later espoused by the 17th century rationalist Baruch Spinoza. Physicalists argue that only entities postulated by physical theory exist, and that mental processes will eventually be explained in terms of these entities as physical theory continues to evolve. Physicalists maintain various positions on the prospects of reducing mental properties to physical properties ( many of whom adopt compatible forms of property dualism ), and the ontological status of such mental properties remains unclear. Idealists maintain that the mind is all that exists and that the external world is either mental itself, or an illusion created by the mind. Neutral monists such as Ernst Mach and William James argue that events in the world can be thought of as either mental ( psychological ) or physical depending on the network of relationships into which they enter, and dual - aspect monists such as Spinoza adhere to the position that there is some other, neutral substance, and that both matter and mind are properties of this unknown substance. The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been variations of physicalism ; these positions include behaviorism, the type identity theory, anomalous monism and functionalism. Most modern philosophers of mind adopt either a reductive or non-reductive physicalist position, maintaining in their different ways that the mind is not something separate from the body. These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences, especially in the fields of sociobiology, computer science, evolutionary psychology and the various neurosciences. Reductive physicalists assert that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states. Non-reductive physicalists argue that although the mind is not a separate substance, mental properties supervene on physical properties, or that the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations are indispensable, and can not be reduced to the language and lower - level explanations of physical science. Continued neuroscientific progress has helped to clarify some of these issues ; however, they are far from being resolved. Modern philosophers of mind continue to ask how the subjective qualities and the intentionality of mental states and properties can be explained in naturalistic terms. Contents ( hide ) 1 Mind -- body problem 2 Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem 2.1 Arguments for dualism 2.2 Interactionist dualism 2.3 Other forms of dualism 2.3. 1 Psychophysical parallelism 2.3. 2 Occasionalism 2.3. 3 Property dualism 2.3. 4 Dual aspect theory 2.3. 5 Experiential dualism 2.3. 6 Hylomorphism 3 Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem 3.1 Physicalistic monisms 3.1. 1 Behaviorism 3.1. 2 Identity theory 3.1. 3 Functionalism 3.1. 4 Non-reductive physicalism 3.1. 5 Weak emergentism 3.1. 6 Eliminative materialism 3.2 Non-physicalist monisms 3.2. 1 Idealism 3.2. 2 Neutral monism 4 Mysterianism 5 Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem 6 Externalism and internalism 7 Naturalism and its problems 7.1 Qualia 7.2 Intentionality 8 Philosophy of perception 9 Philosophy of mind and science 9.1 Neurobiology 9.2 Computer science 9.3 Psychology 9.4 Cognitive science 10 Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition 11 Mind in Eastern philosophy 11.1 Mind in Hindu philosophy 11.1. 1 Dualism 11.1. 2 Vedanta monistic idealism 11.1. 3 Materialism 11.2 Buddhist philosophy of mind 11.2. 1 Abhidharma theories of mind 11.2. 2 Indian Mahayana 11.2. 3 Tibetan Buddhism 11.2. 4 Zen Buddhism 12 Topics related to philosophy of mind 12.1 Free will 12.2 Self 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Mind -- body problem ( edit ) Main article : Mind -- body problem The mind -- body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states / processes, and how -- or even if -- minds are affected by and can affect the body. Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli that arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world, and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states, ultimately causing us to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone 's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is how someone 's propositional attitudes ( e.g. beliefs and desires ) cause that individual 's neurons to fire and muscles to contract. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes. Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter ( or body ). It begins with the claim that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical. One of the earliest known formulations of mind -- body dualism was expressed in the eastern Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy ( c. 650 BCE ), which divided the world into purusha ( mind / spirit ) and prakriti ( material substance ). Specifically, the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali presents an analytical approach to the nature of the mind. In Western Philosophy, the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans ' `` intelligence '' ( a faculty of the mind or soul ) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, their physical body. However, the best - known version of dualism is due to René Descartes ( 1641 ), and holds that the mind is a non-extended, non-physical substance, a `` res cogitans ''. Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self - awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. He was therefore the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it still exists today. Arguments for dualism ( edit ) The most frequently used argument in favor of dualism appeals to the common - sense intuition that conscious experience is distinct from inanimate matter. If asked what the mind is, the average person would usually respond by identifying it with their self, their personality, their soul, or some other such entity. They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic, or simply unintelligible. Many modern philosophers of mind think that these intuitions are misleading and that we should use our critical faculties, along with empirical evidence from the sciences, to examine these assumptions to determine whether there is any real basis to them. Another important argument in favor of dualism is that the mental and the physical seem to have quite different, and perhaps irreconcilable, properties. Mental events have a subjective quality, whereas physical events do not. So, for example, one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like, or what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person. But it is meaningless, or at least odd, to ask what a surge in the uptake of glutamate in the dorsolateral portion of the hippocampus feels like. Philosophers of mind call the subjective aspects of mental events `` qualia '' or `` raw feels ''. There is something that it is like to feel pain, to see a familiar shade of blue, and so on. There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical. David Chalmers explains this argument by stating that we could conceivably know all the objective information about something, such as the brain states and wavelengths of light involved with seeing the color red, but still not know something fundamental about the situation -- what it is like to see the color red. If consciousness ( the mind ) can exist independently of physical reality ( the brain ), one must explain how physical memories are created concerning consciousness. Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality. One possible explanation is that of a miracle, proposed by Arnold Geulincx and Nicolas Malebranche, where all mind -- body interactions require the direct intervention of God. Another possible argument that has been proposed by C.S. Lewis is the Argument from Reason : if, as monism implies, all of our thoughts are the effects of physical causes, then we have no reason for assuming that they are also the consequent of a reasonable ground. Knowledge, however, is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent. Therefore, if monism is correct, there would be no way of knowing this -- or anything else -- we could not even suppose it, except by a fluke. The zombie argument is based on a thought experiment proposed by Todd Moody, and developed by David Chalmers in his book The Conscious Mind. The basic idea is that one can imagine one 's body, and therefore conceive the existence of one 's body, without any conscious states being associated with this body. Chalmers ' argument is that it seems possible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe about a zombie must be true of it. Since none of the concepts involved in these sciences make reference to consciousness or other mental phenomena, and any physical entity can be by definition described scientifically via physics, the move from conceivability to possibility is not such a large one. Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent, or unlikely, concept. It has been argued under physicalism that one must either believe that anyone including oneself might be a zombie, or that no one can be a zombie -- following from the assertion that one 's own conviction about being ( or not being ) a zombie is a product of the physical world and is therefore no different from anyone else 's. This argument has been expressed by Dennett who argues that `` Zombies think they are conscious, think they have qualia, think they suffer pains -- they are just ' wrong ' ( according to this lamentable tradition ) in ways that neither they nor we could ever discover! '' See also the problem of other minds. Interactionist dualism ( edit ) Portrait of René Descartes by Frans Hals ( 1648 ) Interactionist dualism, or simply interactionism, is the particular form of dualism first espoused by Descartes in the Meditations. In the 20th century, its major defenders have been Karl Popper and John Carew Eccles. It is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states. Descartes ' famous argument for this position can be summarized as follows : Seth has a clear and distinct idea of his mind as a thinking thing that has no spatial extension ( i.e., it can not be measured in terms of length, weight, height, and so on ). He also has a clear and distinct idea of his body as something that is spatially extended, subject to quantification and not able to think. It follows that mind and body are not identical because they have radically different properties. At the same time, however, it is clear that Seth 's mental states ( desires, beliefs, etc. ) have causal effects on his body and vice versa : A child touches a hot stove ( physical event ) which causes pain ( mental event ) and makes her yell ( physical event ), this in turn provokes a sense of fear and protectiveness in the caregiver ( mental event ), and so on. Descartes ' argument crucially depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be `` clear and distinct '' ideas in his mind are necessarily true. Many contemporary philosophers doubt this. For example, Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one 's own ideas. Freud claimed that a psychologically - trained observer can understand a person 's unconscious motivations better than the person himself does. Duhem has shown that a philosopher of science can know a person 's methods of discovery better than that person herself does, while Malinowski has shown that an anthropologist can know a person 's customs and habits better than the person whose customs and habits they are. He also asserts that modern psychological experiments that cause people to see things that are not there provide grounds for rejecting Descartes ' argument, because scientists can describe a person 's perceptions better than the person herself can. Other forms of dualism ( edit ) Four varieties of dualism. The arrows indicate the direction of the causal interactions. Occasionalism is not shown. Psychophysical parallelism ( edit ) Psychophysical parallelism, or simply parallelism, is the view that mind and body, while having distinct ontological statuses, do not causally influence one another. Instead, they run along parallel paths ( mind events causally interact with mind events and brain events causally interact with brain events ) and only seem to influence each other. This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz. Although Leibniz was an ontological monist who believed that only one type of substance, the monad, exists in the universe, and that everything is reducible to it, he nonetheless maintained that there was an important distinction between `` the mental '' and `` the physical '' in terms of causation. He held that God had arranged things in advance so that minds and bodies would be in harmony with each other. This is known as the doctrine of pre-established harmony. Occasionalism ( edit ) Occasionalism is the view espoused by Nicholas Malebranche that asserts that all supposedly causal relations between physical events, or between physical and mental events, are not really causal at all. While body and mind are different substances, causes ( whether mental or physical ) are related to their effects by an act of God 's intervention on each specific occasion. Property dualism ( edit ) Property dualism is the view that the world is constituted of just one kind of substance -- the physical kind -- and there exist two distinct kinds of properties : physical properties and mental properties. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties ( such as beliefs, desires and emotions ) inhere in some physical bodies ( at least, brains ). How mental and physical properties relate causally depends on the variety of property dualism in question, and is not always a clear issue. Sub-varieties of property dualism include : Strong emergentism asserts that when matter is organized in the appropriate way ( i.e. in the way that living human bodies are organized ), mental properties emerge in a way not fully accountable for by physical laws. Hence, it is a form of emergent materialism. These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and can not be reduced to, or explained in terms of, the physical substrate from which they emerge. They are dependent on the physical properties from which they emerge, but opinions vary as to the coherence of top -- down causation, i.e. the causal effectiveness of such properties. A form of property dualism has been espoused by David Chalmers and the concept has undergone something of a renaissance in recent years, but was already suggested in the 19th century by William James. Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley. It consists of the view that mental phenomena are causally ineffectual, where one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states or mental phenomena are the effects, but not the causes, of physical phenomena. Physical events can cause other physical events and physical events can cause mental events, but mental events can not cause anything, since they are just causally inert by - products ( i.e. epiphenomena ) of the physical world. This view has been defended most strongly in recent times by Frank Jackson. Non-reductive Physicalism is the view that mental properties form a separate ontological class to physical properties : mental states ( such as qualia ) are not reducible to physical states. The ontological stance towards qualia in the case of non-reductive physicalism does not imply that qualia are causally inert ; this is what distinguishes it from epiphenomenalism. Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect, or, alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view. Superficially, it seems to be a form of property dualism, since it regards everything as having both mental and physical properties. However, some panpsychists say mechanical behaviour is derived from primitive mentality of atoms and molecules -- as are sophisticated mentality and organic behaviour, the difference being attributed to the presence or absence of complex structure in a compound object. So long as the reduction of non-mental properties to mental ones is in place, panpsychism is not a ( strong ) form of property dualism ; otherwise it is. Dual aspect theory ( edit ) Dual aspect theory or dual - aspect monism is the view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on, the same substance. ( Thus it is a mixed position, which is monistic in some respects ). In modern philosophical writings, the theory 's relationship to neutral monism has become somewhat ill - defined, but one proffered distinction says that whereas neutral monism allows the context of a given group of neutral elements and the relationships into which they enter to determine whether the group can be thought of as mental, physical, both, or neither, dual - aspect theory suggests that the mental and the physical are manifestations ( or aspects ) of some underlying substance, entity or process that is itself neither mental nor physical as normally understood. Various formulations of dual - aspect monism also require the mental and the physical to be complementary, mutually irreducible and perhaps inseparable ( though distinct ). Experiential dualism ( edit ) This is a philosophy of mind that regards the degrees of freedom between mental and physical well - being as not necessarily synonymous thus implying an experiential dualism between body and mind. An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is `` experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable -- for instance, while engaging in a strenuous physical workout -- while mentally cheerful ; conversely, one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort ''. Experiential dualism notes that our subjective experience of merely seeing something in the physical world seems qualitatively different than mental processes like grief that comes from losing a loved one. This philosophy also is a proponent of causal dualism which is defined as the dual ability for mental states and physical states to affect one another. Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa. However, unlike cartesian dualism or some other systems, experiential dualism does not posit two fundamental substances in reality : mind and matter. Rather, experiential dualism is to be understood as a conceptual framework that gives credence to the qualitative difference between the experience of mental and physical states. Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism. Madhayamaka Buddhism goes even further, finding fault with the monist view of physicalist philosophies of mind as well in that these generally posit matter and energy as the fundamental substance of reality. Nonetheless, this does not imply that the cartesian dualist view is correct, rather Madhyamaka regards as error any affirming view of a fundamental substance to reality. In denying the independent self - existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience, the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism -- namely, physicalism -- that is characteristic of modern science. The physicalism propounded by many contemporary scientists seems to assert that the real world is composed of physical things - in - themselves, while all mental phenomena are regarded as mere appearances, devoid of any reality in and of themselves. Much is made of this difference between appearances and reality. Indeed physicalism, or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality, is explicitly rejected by Buddhism. In the Madhyamaka view, mental events are no more or less real than physical events. In terms of our common - sense experience, differences of kind do exist between physical and mental phenomena. While the former commonly have mass, location, velocity, shape, size, and numerous other physical attributes, these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena. For example, we do not commonly conceive of the feeling of affection for another person as having mass or location. These physical attributes are no more appropriate to other mental events such as sadness, a recalled image from one 's childhood, the visual perception of a rose, or consciousness of any sort. Mental phenomena are, therefore, not regarded as being physical, for the simple reason that they lack many of the attributes that are uniquely characteristic of physical phenomena. Thus, Buddhism has never adopted the physicalist principle that regards only physical things as real. Hylomorphism ( edit ) Main article : Hylomorphism Hylomorphism is a theory that originates with Aristotelian philosophy, which conceives being as a compound of matter and form. `` Hylomorphism '' is a 19th - century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη hyle, `` wood, matter '', and μορφή, morphē, `` form ''. Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) In contrast to dualism, monism does not accept any fundamental divisions. The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia. In Indian and Chinese philosophy, monism is integral to how experience is understood. Today, the most common forms of monism in Western philosophy are physicalist. Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical, in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science. However, a variety of formulations ( see below ) are possible. Another form of monism, idealism, states that the only existing substance is mental. Although pure idealism, such as that of George Berkeley, is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy, a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism, according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties, has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin. Phenomenalism is the theory that representations ( or sense data ) of external objects are all that exist. Such a view was briefly adopted by Bertrand Russell and many of the logical positivists during the early 20th century. A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental. The mental and physical would then both be properties of this neutral substance. Such a position was adopted by Baruch Spinoza and was popularized by Ernst Mach in the 19th century. This neutral monism, as it is called, resembles property dualism. Physicalistic monisms ( edit ) Behaviorism ( edit ) Main article : Behaviorism Behaviorism dominated philosophy of mind for much of the 20th century, especially the first half. In psychology, behaviorism developed as a reaction to the inadequacies of introspectionism. Introspective reports on one 's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and can not be used to form predictive generalizations. Without generalizability and the possibility of third - person examination, the behaviorists argued, psychology can not be scientific. The way out, therefore, was to eliminate the idea of an interior mental life ( and hence an ontologically independent mind ) altogether and focus instead on the description of observable behavior. Parallel to these developments in psychology, a philosophical behaviorism ( sometimes called logical behaviorism ) was developed. This is characterized by a strong verificationism, which generally considers unverifiable statements about interior mental life pointless. For the behaviorist, mental states are not interior states on which one can make introspective reports. They are just descriptions of behavior or dispositions to behave in certain ways, made by third parties to explain and predict another 's behavior. Philosophical behaviorism has fallen out of favor since the latter half of the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of cognitivism. Cognitivists reject behaviorism due to several perceived problems. For example, behaviorism could be said to be counterintuitive when it maintains that someone is talking about behavior in the event that a person is experiencing a painful headache. Identity theory ( edit ) Main article : Type physicalism Type physicalism ( or type - identity theory ) was developed by John Smart and Ullin Place as a direct reaction to the failure of behaviorism. These philosophers reasoned that, if mental states are something material, but not behavioral, then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain. In very simplified terms : a mental state M is nothing other than brain state B. The mental state `` desire for a cup of coffee '' would thus be nothing more than the `` firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions ''. The classic Identity theory and Anomalous Monism in contrast. For the Identity theory, every token instantiation of a single mental type corresponds ( as indicated by the arrows ) to a physical token of a single physical type. For anomalous monism, the token -- token correspondences can fall outside of the type -- type correspondences. The result is token identity. Despite its initial plausibility, the identity theory faces a strong challenge in the form of the thesis of multiple realizability, first formulated by Hilary Putnam. It is obvious that not only humans, but many different species of animals can, for example, experience pain. However, it seems highly unlikely that all of these diverse organisms with the same pain experience are in the identical brain state. And if this is the case, then pain can not be identical to a specific brain state. The identity theory is thus empirically unfounded. On the other hand, even granted the above, it does not follow that identity theories of all types must be abandoned. According to token identity theories, the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state. The type -- token distinction can be illustrated by a simple example : the word `` green '' contains four types of letters ( g, r, e, n ) with two tokens ( occurrences ) of the letter e along with one each of the others. The idea of token identity is that only particular occurrences of mental events are identical with particular occurrences or tokenings of physical events. Anomalous monism ( see below ) and most other non-reductive physicalisms are token - identity theories. Despite these problems, there is a renewed interest in the type identity theory today, primarily due to the influence of Jaegwon Kim. Functionalism ( edit ) Main article : Functionalism ( philosophy of mind ) Functionalism was formulated by Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor as a reaction to the inadequacies of the identity theory. Putnam and Fodor saw mental states in terms of an empirical computational theory of the mind. At about the same time or slightly after, D.M. Armstrong and David Kellogg Lewis formulated a version of functionalism that analyzed the mental concepts of folk psychology in terms of functional roles. Finally, Wittgenstein 's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning, further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman. Another one, psychofunctionalism, is an approach adopted by the naturalistic philosophy of mind associated with Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn. What all these different varieties of functionalism share in common is the thesis that mental states are characterized by their causal relations with other mental states and with sensory inputs and behavioral outputs. That is, functionalism abstracts away from the details of the physical implementation of a mental state by characterizing it in terms of non-mental functional properties. For example, a kidney is characterized scientifically by its functional role in filtering blood and maintaining certain chemical balances. From this point of view, it does not really matter whether the kidney be made up of organic tissue, plastic nanotubes or silicon chips : it is the role that it plays and its relations to other organs that define it as a kidney. Non-reductive physicalism ( edit ) Main article : Physicalism Non-reductionist philosophers hold firmly to two essential convictions with regard to mind -- body relations : 1 ) Physicalism is true and mental states must be physical states, but 2 ) All reductionist proposals are unsatisfactory : mental states can not be reduced to behavior, brain states or functional states. Hence, the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism. Donald Davidson 's anomalous monism is an attempt to formulate such a physicalism. He `` thinks that when one runs across what are traditionally seen as absurdities of Reason, such as akrasia or self - deception, the personal psychology framework is not to be given up in favor of the subpersonal one, but rather must be enlarged or extended so that the rationality set out by the principle of charity can be found elsewhere. '' Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience : mental states supervene on physical states, but are not reducible to them. `` Supervenience '' therefore describes a functional dependence : there can be no change in the mental without some change in the physical -- causal reducibility between the mental and physical without ontological reducibility. Because non-reductive physicalist theories attempt to both retain the ontological distinction between mind and body and to try to solve the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' in some way ; critics often see this as a paradox and point out the similarities to epiphenomenalism, in that it is the brain that is seen as the root `` cause '' not the mind, and the mind seems to be rendered inert. Epiphenomenalism regards one or more mental states as the byproduct of physical brain states, having no influence on physical states. The interaction is one - way ( solving the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' ) but leaving us with non-reducible mental states ( as a byproduct of brain states ) -- causally reducible, but ontologically irreducible to physical states. Pain would be seen by epiphenomenaliasts as being caused by the brain state but as not having effects on other brain states, though it might have effects on other mental states ( i.e. cause distress ). Weak emergentism ( edit ) Main article : Emergentism Weak emergentism is a form of `` non-reductive physicalism '' that involves a layered view of nature, with the layers arranged in terms of increasing complexity and each corresponding to its own special science. Some philosophers hold that emergent properties causally interact with more fundamental levels, while others maintain that higher - order properties simply supervene over lower levels without direct causal interaction. The latter group therefore holds a less strict, or `` weaker '', definition of emergentism, which can be rigorously stated as follows : a property P of composite object O is emergent if it is metaphysically impossible for another object to lack property P if that object is composed of parts with intrinsic properties identical to those in O and has those parts in an identical configuration. Sometimes emergentists use the example of water having a new property when Hydrogen H and Oxygen O combine to form H O ( water ). In this example there `` emerges '' a new property of a transparent liquid that would not have been predicted by understanding hydrogen and oxygen as gases. This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state. Emergentists try to solve the notorious mind -- body gap this way. One problem for emergentism is the idea of `` causal closure '' in the world that does not allow for a mind - to - body causation. Eliminative materialism ( edit ) Main article : Eliminative materialism If one is a materialist and believes that all aspects of our common - sense psychology will find reduction to a mature cognitive neuroscience, and that non-reductive materialism is mistaken, then one can adopt a final, more radical position : eliminative materialism. There are several varieties of eliminative materialism, but all maintain that our common - sense `` folk psychology '' badly misrepresents the nature of some aspect of cognition. Eliminativists such as Patricia and Paul Churchland argue that while folk psychology treats cognition as fundamentally sentence - like, the non-linguistic vector / matrix model of neural network theory or connectionism will prove to be a much more accurate account of how the brain works. The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other, erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history. For example, Ptolemaic astronomy served to explain and roughly predict the motions of the planets for centuries, but eventually this model of the solar system was eliminated in favor of the Copernican model. The Churchlands believe the same eliminative fate awaits the `` sentence - cruncher '' model of the mind in which thought and behavior are the result of manipulating sentence - like states called `` propositional attitudes ''. Non-physicalist monisms ( edit ) Idealism ( edit ) Idealism is the form of monism that sees the world as consisting of minds, mental contents and or consciousness. Idealists are not faced with explaining how minds arise from bodies : rather, the world, bodies and objects are regarded as mere appearances held by minds. However, accounting for the mind -- body problem is not usually the main motivation for idealism ; rather, idealists tend to be motivated by skepticism, intentionality, and the unique nature of ideas. Idealism is prominent in Eastern religious and philosophical thought. It has gone through several cycles of popularity and neglect in the history of Western philosophy. Different varieties of idealism may hold that there are multiple minds ( pluralistic idealism ) only one human mind ( solipsism ) or a single Absolute, Anima Mundi, One or Over-soul. Neutral monism ( edit ) Neutral monism, in philosophy, is the metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the same elements, which are themselves `` neutral '', that is, neither physical nor mental. This view denies that the mental and the physical are two fundamentally different things. Rather, neutral monism claims the universe consists of only one kind of stuff, in the form of neutral elements that are in themselves neither mental nor physical. These neutral elements might have the properties of color and shape, just as we experience those properties. But these shaped and colored elements do not exist in a mind ( considered as a substantial entity, whether dualistically or physicalistically ) ; they exist on their own. Mysterianism ( edit ) Main article : New mysterianism Some philosophers take an epistemic approach and argue that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable, and perhaps will always remain unsolvable to human beings. This is usually termed New mysterianism. Colin McGinn holds that human beings are cognitively closed in regards to their own minds. According to McGinn human minds lack the concept - forming procedures to fully grasp how mental properties such as consciousness arise from their causal basis. An example would be how an elephant is cognitively closed in regards to particle physics. A more moderate conception has been expounded by Thomas Nagel, which holds that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable at the present stage of scientific development and that it might take a future scientific paradigm shift or revolution to bridge the explanatory gap. Nagel posits that in the future a sort of `` objective phenomenology '' might be able to bridge the gap between subjective conscious experience and its physical basis. Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Each attempt to answer the mind -- body problem encounters substantial problems. Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion. These philosophers, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and his followers in the tradition of linguistic criticism, therefore reject the problem as illusory. They argue that it is an error to ask how mental and biological states fit together. Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways -- for instance, in a mental and in a biological vocabulary. Illusory problems arise if one tries to describe the one in terms of the other 's vocabulary or if the mental vocabulary is used in the wrong contexts. This is the case, for instance, if one searches for mental states of the brain. The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary -- the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning. Today, such a position is often adopted by interpreters of Wittgenstein such as Peter Hacker. However, Hilary Putnam, the originator of functionalism, has also adopted the position that the mind -- body problem is an illusory problem which should be dissolved according to the manner of Wittgenstein. Externalism and internalism ( edit ) Where is the mind located? If the mind is a physical phenomenon of some kind, it has to be located somewhere. According to some, there are two possible options : either the mind is internal to the body ( internalism ) or the mind is external to it ( externalism ). More generally, either the mind depends only on events and properties taking place inside the subject 's body or it depends also on factors external to it. Proponents of internalism are committed to the view that neural activity is sufficient to produce the mind. Proponents of externalism maintain that the surrounding world is in some sense constitutive of the mind. Externalism differentiates into several versions. The main ones are semantic externalism, cognitive externalism and phenomenal externalism. Each of these versions of externalism can further be divided into whether they refer only to the content or to the vehicles of the mind. Semantic externalism holds that the semantic content of the mind is totally or partially defined by a state of affairs external to the body of the subject. Hilary Putnam 's Twin Earth thought experiment is a good example. Cognitive externalism is a very broad collection of views that suggests the role of the environment, of tools, of development, and of the body in fleshing out cognition. Embodied cognition, the extended mind, and enactivism are good examples. Phenomenal externalism suggests that the phenomenal aspects of the mind are external to the body. Authors who addressed this possibility are Ted Honderich, Edwin Holt, Francois Tonneau, Kevin O'Regan, Riccardo Manzotti, Teed Rockwell and Max Velmans. Naturalism and its problems ( edit ) The thesis of physicalism is that the mind is part of the material ( or physical ) world. Such a position faces the problem that the mind has certain properties that no other material thing seems to possess. Physicalism must therefore explain how it is possible that these properties can nonetheless emerge from a material thing. The project of providing such an explanation is often referred to as the `` naturalization of the mental ''. Some of the crucial problems that this project attempts to resolve include the existence of qualia and the nature of intentionality. Qualia ( edit ) Main article : Qualia Many mental states seem to be experienced subjectively in different ways by different individuals. And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality, e.g. of pain, that it hurts. However, the sensation of pain between two individuals may not be identical, since no one has a perfect way to measure how much something hurts or of describing exactly how it feels to hurt. Philosophers and scientists therefore ask where these experiences come from. The existence of cerebral events, in and of themselves, can not explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences. The puzzle of why many cerebral processes occur with an accompanying experiential aspect in consciousness seems impossible to explain. Yet it also seems to many that science will eventually have to explain such experiences. This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations. According to this view, if an attempt can be successfully made to explain a phenomenon reductively ( e.g., water ), then it can be explained why the phenomenon has all of its properties ( e.g., fluidity, transparency ). In the case of mental states, this means that there needs to be an explanation of why they have the property of being experienced in a certain way. The 20th - century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model, and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms. This is because, according to Heidegger, the nature of our subjective experience and its qualities is impossible to understand in terms of Cartesian `` substances '' that bear `` properties ''. Another way to put this is that the very concept of qualitative experience is incoherent in terms of -- or is semantically incommensurable with the concept of -- substances that bear properties. This problem of explaining introspective first - person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third - person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap. There are several different views of the nature of this gap among contemporary philosophers of mind. David Chalmers and the early Frank Jackson interpret the gap as ontological in nature ; that is, they maintain that qualia can never be explained by science because physicalism is false. There are two separate categories involved and one can not be reduced to the other. An alternative view is taken by philosophers such as Thomas Nagel and Colin McGinn. According to them, the gap is epistemological in nature. For Nagel, science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required. We are not even able to formulate the problem coherently. For McGinn, on other hand, the problem is one of permanent and inherent biological limitations. We are not able to resolve the explanatory gap because the realm of subjective experiences is cognitively closed to us in the same manner that quantum physics is cognitively closed to elephants. Other philosophers liquidate the gap as purely a semantic problem. This semantic problem, of course, led to the famous `` Qualia Question '', which is : Does Red cause Redness? Intentionality ( edit ) Main article : Intentionality John Searle -- one of the most influential philosophers of mind, proponent of biological naturalism ( Berkeley 2002 ) Intentionality is the capacity of mental states to be directed towards ( about ) or be in relation with something in the external world. This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values. When one tries to reduce these states to natural processes there arises a problem : natural processes are not true or false, they simply happen. It would not make any sense to say that a natural process is true or false. But mental ideas or judgments are true or false, so how then can mental states ( ideas or judgments ) be natural processes? The possibility of assigning semantic value to ideas must mean that such ideas are about facts. Thus, for example, the idea that Herodotus was a historian refers to Herodotus and to the fact that he was a historian. If the fact is true, then the idea is true ; otherwise, it is false. But where does this relation come from? In the brain, there are only electrochemical processes and these seem not to have anything to do with Herodotus. Philosophy of perception ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of perception Philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual objects, in particular how perceptual experience relates to appearances and beliefs about the world. The main contemporary views within philosophy of perception include naive realism, enactivism and representional views. Philosophy of mind and science ( edit ) Humans are corporeal beings and, as such, they are subject to examination and description by the natural sciences. Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes, the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind. There are many scientific disciplines that study processes related to the mental. The list of such sciences includes : biology, computer science, cognitive science, cybernetics, linguistics, medicine, pharmacology, and psychology. Neurobiology ( edit ) Main article : Neuroscience The theoretical background of biology, as is the case with modern natural sciences in general, is fundamentally materialistic. The objects of study are, in the first place, physical processes, which are considered to be the foundations of mental activity and behavior. The increasing success of biology in the explanation of mental phenomena can be seen by the absence of any empirical refutation of its fundamental presupposition : `` there can be no change in the mental states of a person without a change in brain states. '' Within the field of neurobiology, there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes : Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation. Cognitive neuroscience studies the correlations between mental processes and neural processes. Neuropsychology describes the dependence of mental faculties on specific anatomical regions of the brain. Lastly, evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and, in as much as this is the basis of the mind, also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages. Evolutionary biology furthermore places tight constraints on any philosophical theory of the mind, as the gene - based mechanism of natural selection does not allow any giant leaps in the development of neural complexity or neural software but only incremental steps over long time periods. Since the 1980s, sophisticated neuroimaging procedures, such as fMRI ( above ), have furnished increasing knowledge about the workings of the human brain, shedding light on ancient philosophical problems. The methodological breakthroughs of the neurosciences, in particular the introduction of high - tech neuroimaging procedures, has propelled scientists toward the elaboration of increasingly ambitious research programs : one of the main goals is to describe and comprehend the neural processes which correspond to mental functions ( see : neural correlate ). Several groups are inspired by these advances. Computer science ( edit ) Main article : Computer science Computer science concerns itself with the automatic processing of information ( or at least with physical systems of symbols to which information is assigned ) by means of such things as computers. From the beginning, computer programmers have been able to develop programs that permit computers to carry out tasks for which organic beings need a mind. A simple example is multiplication. It is not clear whether computers could be said to have a mind. Could they, someday, come to have what we call a mind? This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence ( AI ). Within AI, it is common to distinguish between a modest research program and a more ambitious one : this distinction was coined by John Searle in terms of a weak AI and strong AI. The exclusive objective of `` weak AI '', according to Searle, is the successful simulation of mental states, with no attempt to make computers become conscious or aware, etc. The objective of strong AI, on the contrary, is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings. The program of strong AI goes back to one of the pioneers of computation Alan Turing. As an answer to the question `` Can computers think? '', he formulated the famous Turing test. Turing believed that a computer could be said to `` think '' when, if placed in a room by itself next to another room that contained a human being and with the same questions being asked of both the computer and the human being by a third party human being, the computer 's responses turned out to be indistinguishable from those of the human. Essentially, Turing 's view of machine intelligence followed the behaviourist model of the mind -- intelligence is as intelligence does. The Turing test has received many criticisms, among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle. The question about the possible sensitivity ( qualia ) of computers or robots still remains open. Some computer scientists believe that the specialty of AI can still make new contributions to the resolution of the `` mind -- body problem ''. They suggest that based on the reciprocal influences between software and hardware that takes place in all computers, it is possible that someday theories can be discovered that help us to understand the reciprocal influences between the human mind and the brain ( wetware ). Psychology ( edit ) Main article : Psychology Psychology is the science that investigates mental states directly. It uses generally empirical methods to investigate concrete mental states like joy, fear or obsessions. Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism. An example of this is the psychology of perception. Scientists working in this field have discovered general principles of the perception of forms. A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other. This law describes a relation between visual input and mental perceptual states. However, it does not suggest anything about the nature of perceptual states. The laws discovered by psychology are compatible with all the answers to the mind -- body problem already described. Cognitive science ( edit ) Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does, and how it works. It includes research on intelligence and behavior, especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed ( in faculties such as perception, language, memory, reasoning, and emotion ) within nervous systems ( human or other animal ) and machines ( e.g. computers ). Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and education. It spans many levels of analysis, from low - level learning and decision mechanisms to high - level logic and planning ; from neural circuitry to modular brain organisation. Rowlands argues that cognition is enactive, embodied, embedded, affective and ( potentially ) extended. The position is taken that the `` classical sandwich '' of cognition sandwiched between perception and action is artificial ; cognition has to be seen as a product of a strongly coupled interaction that can not be divided this way. Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition ( edit ) Most of the discussion in this article has focused on one style or tradition of philosophy in modern Western culture, usually called analytic philosophy ( sometimes described as Anglo - American philosophy ). Many other schools of thought exist, however, which are sometimes subsumed under the broad ( and vague ) label of continental philosophy. In any case, though topics and methods here are numerous, in relation to the philosophy of mind the various schools that fall under this label ( phenomenology, existentialism, etc. ) can globally be seen to differ from the analytic school in that they focus less on language and logical analysis alone but also take in other forms of understanding human existence and experience. With reference specifically to the discussion of the mind, this tends to translate into attempts to grasp the concepts of thought and perceptual experience in some sense that does not merely involve the analysis of linguistic forms. Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason, first published in 1781 and presented again with major revisions in 1787, represents a significant intervention into what will later become known as the philosophy of mind. Kant 's first critique is generally recognized as among the most significant works of modern philosophy in the West. Kant is a figure whose influence is marked in both continental and analytic / Anglo - American philosophy. Kant 's work develops an in - depth study of transcendental consciousness, or the life of the mind as conceived through universal categories of consciousness. In Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 's Philosophy of Mind ( frequently translated as Philosophy of Spirit or Geist ), the third part of his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, Hegel discusses three distinct types of mind : the `` subjective mind / spirit '', the mind of an individual ; the `` objective mind / spirit '', the mind of society and of the State ; and the `` Absolute mind / spirit '', the position of religion, art, and philosophy. See also Hegel 's The Phenomenology of Spirit. Nonetheless, Hegel 's work differs radically from the style of Anglo - American philosophy of mind. In 1896, Henri Bergson made in Matter and Memory `` Essay on the relation of body and spirit '' a forceful case for the ontological difference of body and mind by reducing the problem to the more definite one of memory, thus allowing for a solution built on the empirical test case of aphasia. In modern times, the two main schools that have developed in response or opposition to this Hegelian tradition are phenomenology and existentialism. Phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, focuses on the contents of the human mind ( see noema ) and how processes shape our experiences. Existentialism, a school of thought founded upon the work of Søren Kierkegaard, focuses on Human predicament and how people deal with the situation of being alive. Existential - phenomenology represents a major branch of continental philosophy ( they are not contradictory ), rooted in the work of Husserl but expressed in its fullest forms in the work of Martin Heidegger, Jean - Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau - Ponty. See Heidegger 's Being and Time, Merleau - Ponty 's Phenomenology of Perception, Sartre 's Being and Nothingness, and Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex. Mind in eastern philosophy ( edit ) Mind in Hindu philosophy ( edit ) Dualism ( edit ) Substance Dualism is a common feature of several orthodox Hindu schools including the Sāṅkhya, Nyāya, Yoga and Dvaita Vedanta. In these schools a clear difference is drawn between matter and a non-material soul, which is eternal and undergoes samsara, a cycle of death and rebirth. The Nyāya school argued that qualities such as cognition and desire are inherent qualities which are not possessed by anything solely material, and therefore by process of elimination must belong to a non-material self, the atman. Many of these schools see their spiritual goal as moksha, liberation from the cycle of reincarnation. Vedanta monistic idealism ( edit ) Śaṅkara In the Advaita Vedanta of the 8th century Indian philosopher Śaṅkara, the mind, body and world are all held to be the same unchanging eternal conscious entity called Brahman. Advaita, which means non-dualism, holds the view that all that exists is pure absolute consciousness. The fact that the world seems to be made up of changing entities is an illusion, or Maya. The only thing that exists is Brahman, which is described as Satchitananda ( Being, consciousness and bliss ). Advaita Vedanta is best described by a verse which states `` Brahman is alone True, and this world of plurality is an error ; the individual self is not different from Brahman. '' Another form of monistic Vedanta is Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) as posited by the eleventh century philosopher Ramanuja. Ramanuja criticized Advaita Vedanta by arguing that consciousness is always intentional and that it is also always a property of something. Ramanuja 's Brahman is defined by a multiplicity of qualities and properties in a single monistic entity. This doctrine is called `` samanadhikaranya '' ( several things in a common substrate ). Materialism ( edit ) Arguably the first exposition of empirical materialism in the history of philosophy is in the Cārvāka school ( also called Lokāyata ). The Cārvāka school rejected the existence of anything but matter ( which they defined as being made up of the four elements ), including God and the soul. Therefore, they held that even consciousness was nothing but a construct made up of atoms. A section of the Cārvāka school believed in a material soul made up of air or breath, but since this also was a form of matter, it was not said to survive death. Buddhist philosophy of mind ( edit ) The Five Aggregates ( pañca khandha ) according to the Pali Canon. form ( rūpa ) 4 elements ( mahābhūta ) ↓ contact ( phassa ) ↓ ↑ consciousness ( viññāna ) → ← ← mental factors ( cetasika ) feeling ( vedanā ) perception ( sañña ) formation ( saṅkhāra ) Form is derived from the Four Great Elements. Consciousness arises from other aggregates. Mental Factors arise from the Contact of Consciousness and other aggregates. Source : MN 109 ( Thanissaro, 2001 ) diagram details Buddhist teachings describe that the mind manifests moment - to - moment as sense impressions and mental phenomena that are continuously changing. The moment - by - moment manifestation of the mind - stream has been described as happening in every person all the time, even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world, or analyses the material body including the organ brain. The manifestation of the mind - stream is also described as being influenced by physical laws, biological laws, psychological laws, volitional laws, and universal laws. A salient feature of Buddhist philosophy which sets it apart from Indian orthodoxy is the centrality of the doctrine of not - self ( Pāli. anatta, Skt. anātman ). The Buddha 's not - self doctrine sees humans as an impermanent composite of five psychological and physical aspects instead of a single fixed self. In this sense, what is called ego or the self is merely a convenient fiction, an illusion that does not apply to anything real but to an erroneous way of looking at the ever changing stream of five interconnected aggregate factors. The relationship between these aggregates is said to be one of dependent - arising ( pratītyasamutpāda ). This means that all things, including mental events, arise co-dependently from a plurality of other causes and conditions. This seems to reject both causal determinist and epiphenomenalist conceptions of mind. Abhidharma theories of mind ( edit ) Three centuries after the death of the Buddha ( c. 150 BCE ) saw the growth of a large body of literature called the Abhidharma in several contending Buddhist schools. In the Abhidharmic analysis of mind, the ordinary thought is defined as prapañca ( ' conceptual proliferation ' ). According to this theory, perceptual experience is bound up in multiple conceptualizations ( expectations, judgments and desires ). This proliferation of conceptualizations form our illusory superimposition of concepts like self and other upon an ever changing stream of aggregate phenomena. In this conception of mind no strict distinction is made between the conscious faculty and the actual sense perception of various phenomena. Consciousness is instead said to be divided into six sense modalities, five for the five senses and sixth for perception of mental phenomena. The arising of cognitive awareness is said to depend on sense perception, awareness of the mental faculty itself which is termed mental or ' introspective awareness ' ( manovijñāna ) and attention ( āvartana ), the picking out of objects out of the constantly changing stream of sensory impressions. Rejection of a permanent agent eventually led to the philosophical problems of the seeming continuity of mind and also of explaining how rebirth and karma continue to be relevant doctrines without an eternal mind. This challenge was met by the Theravāda school by introducing the concept of mind as a factor of existence. This `` life - stream '' ( Bhavanga - sota ) is an undercurrent forming the condition of being. The continuity of a karmic `` person '' is therefore assured in the form of a mindstream ( citta - santana ), a series of flowing mental moments arising from the subliminal life - continuum mind ( Bhavanga - citta ), mental content, and attention. Indian Mahayana ( edit ) The Sautrāntika school held a form of phenomenalism that saw the world as imperceptible. It held that external objects exist only as a support for cognition, which can only apprehend mental representations. This influenced the later Yogācāra school of Mahayana Buddhism. The Yogācāra school is often called the mind - only school because of its internalist stance that consciousness is the ultimate existing reality. The works of Vasubandhu have often been interpreted as arguing for some form of Idealism. Vasubandhu uses the dream argument and a mereological refutation of atomism to attack the reality of external objects as anything other than mental entities. Scholarly interpretations of Vasubandhu 's philosophy vary widely, and include phenomenalism, neutral monism and realist phenomenology. The Indian Mahayana schools were divided on the issue of the possibility of reflexive awareness ( svasaṃvedana ). Dharmakīrti accepted the idea of reflexive awareness as expounded by the Yogācāra school, comparing it to a lamp that illuminates itself while also illuminating other objects. This was strictly rejected by Mādhyamika scholars like Candrakīrti. Since in the philosophy of the Mādhyamika all things and mental events are characterized by emptiness, they argued that consciousness could not be an inherently reflexive ultimate reality since that would mean it was self - validating and therefore not characterized by emptiness. These views were ultimately reconciled by the 8th century thinker Śāntarakṣita. In Śāntarakṣita 's synthesis he adopts the idealist Yogācāra views of reflexive awareness as a conventional truth into the structure of the two truths doctrine. Thus he states : `` By relying on the Mind - Only system, know that external entities do not exist. And by relying on this Middle Way system, know that no self exists at all, even in that ( mind ). '' The Yogācāra school also developed the theory of the repository consciousness ( ālayavijñāna ) to explain continuity of mind in rebirth and accumulation of karma. This repository consciousness acts as a storehouse for karmic seeds ( bija ) when all other senses are absent during the process of death and rebirth as well as being the causal potentiality of dharmic phenomena. Thus according to B. Alan Wallace : No constituents of the body -- in the brain or elsewhere -- transform into mental states and processes. Such subjective experiences do not emerge from the body, but neither do they emerge from nothing. Rather, all objective mental appearances arise from the substrate, and all subjective mental states and processes arise from the substrate consciousness. Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) Tibetan Buddhist theories of mind evolved directly from the Indian Mahayana views. Thus the founder of the Gelug school, Je Tsongkhapa discusses the Yogācāra system of the Eight Consciousnesses in his Explanation of the Difficult Points. He would later come to repudiate Śāntarakṣita 's pragmatic idealism. According to the 14th Dalai Lama the mind can be defined `` as an entity that has the nature of mere experience, that is, ' clarity and knowing '. It is the knowing nature, or agency, that is called mind, and this is non-material. '' The simultaneously dual nature of mind is as follows : 1. Clarity ( gsal ) -- The mental activity which produces cognitive phenomena ( snang - ba ). 2. Knowing ( rig ) -- The mental activity of perceiving cognitive phenomena. The 14th Dalai Lama has also explicitly laid out his theory of mind as experiential dualism which is described above under the different types of dualism. Because Tibetan philosophy of mind is ultimately soteriological, it focuses on meditative practices such as Dzogchen and Mahamudra that allow a practitioner to experience the true reflexive nature of their mind directly. This unobstructed knowledge of one 's primordial, empty and non-dual Buddha nature is called rigpa. The mind 's innermost nature is described among various schools as pure luminosity or `` clear light '' ( ' od gsal ) and is often compared to a crystal ball or a mirror. Sogyal Rinpoche speaks of mind thus : `` Imagine a sky, empty, spacious, and pure from the beginning ; its essence is like this. Imagine a sun, luminous, clear, unobstructed, and spontaneously present ; its nature is like this. '' Zen Buddhism ( edit ) The central issue in Chinese Zen philosophy of mind is in the difference between the pure and awakened mind and the defiled mind. Chinese Chan master Huangpo described the mind as without beginning and without form or limit while the defiled mind was that which was obscured by attachment to form and concepts. The pure Buddha - mind is thus able to see things `` as they truly are '', as absolute and non-dual `` thusness '' ( Tathatā ). This non-conceptual seeing also includes the paradoxical fact that there is no difference between a defiled and a pure mind, as well as no difference between samsara and nirvana. In the Shobogenzo, the Japanese philosopher Dogen argued that body and mind are neither ontologically nor phenomenologically distinct but are characterized by a oneness called shin jin ( bodymind ). According to Dogen, `` casting off body and mind '' ( Shinjin datsuraku ) in zazen will allow one to experience things - as - they - are ( genjokoan ) which is the nature of original enlightenment ( hongaku ). Topics related to philosophy of mind ( edit ) There are countless subjects that are affected by the ideas developed in the philosophy of mind. Clear examples of this are the nature of death and its definitive character, the nature of emotion, of perception and of memory. Questions about what a person is and what his or her identity consists of also have much to do with the philosophy of mind. There are two subjects that, in connection with the philosophy of the mind, have aroused special attention : free will and the self. Free will ( edit ) Main article : Free will In the context of philosophy of mind, the problem of free will takes on renewed intensity. This is certainly the case, at least, for materialistic determinists. According to this position, natural laws completely determine the course of the material world. Mental states, and therefore the will as well, would be material states, which means human behavior and decisions would be completely determined by natural laws. Some take this reasoning a step further : people can not determine by themselves what they want and what they do. Consequently, they are not free. This argumentation is rejected, on the one hand, by the compatibilists. Those who adopt this position suggest that the question `` Are we free? '' can only be answered once we have determined what the term `` free '' means. The opposite of `` free '' is not `` caused '' but `` compelled '' or `` coerced ''. It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination. A free act is one where the agent could have done otherwise if it had chosen otherwise. In this sense a person can be free even though determinism is true. The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume. More recently, this position is defended, for example, by Daniel Dennett. On the other hand, there are also many incompatibilists who reject the argument because they believe that the will is free in a stronger sense called libertarianism. These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a ) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency, b ) determined by indeterministic natural law only, or c ) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency. Under Libertarianism, the will does not have to be deterministic and, therefore, it is potentially free. Critics of the second proposition ( b ) accuse the incompatibilists of using an incoherent concept of freedom. They argue as follows : if our will is not determined by anything, then we desire what we desire by pure chance. And if what we desire is purely accidental, we are not free. So if our will is not determined by anything, we are not free. Self ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of self The philosophy of mind also has important consequences for the concept of `` self ''. If by `` self '' or `` I '' one refers to an essential, immutable nucleus of the person, some modern philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett believe that no such thing exists. According to Dennett and other contemporaries, the self is considered an illusion. The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul. 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British Journal of Psychology. 47 : 44 -- 50. doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1956. tb00560. x. Jump up ^ Smart, J.J.C, `` Identity Theory '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2002 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) Jump up ^ Davidson, D. ( 2001 ). Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 88 - 7078 - 832 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Block, Ned. `` What is functionalism '' in Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, 2 vols. Vol 1. ( Cambridge : Harvard, 1980 ). Jump up ^ Armstrong, D., 1968, A Materialist Theory of the Mind, Routledge. Jump up ^ Di Francesco M. & Marraffa M. ( 2013 ). `` The Unconscious, consciousness, and the Self illusion '' ( PDF ). Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences. 6 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 22. Jump up ^ Stanton, W.L. ( 1983 ). `` Supervenience and Psychological Law in Anomalous Monism ''. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. 64 : 72 -- 9. Jump up ^ Jaegwon Kim, Philosophy of Mind, Westview Press ; 2 edition ( July 8, 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4269 - 4 Jump up ^ McGinn, Colin. `` Can We Solve the Mind -- Body Problem? '', Mind, New Series, Vol. 98, No. 391, July 1989 ( pp. 349 -- 366 ), p. 350. Reprinted in O'Connor, Timothy and Robb, David. `` Colin McGinn, Can We Solve the Mind -- Body Problem? '', Philosophy of Mind : Contemporary Readings. Routledge, 2003, p. 438ff. Jump up ^ `` Hard problem of Consciousness '', The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Josh Weisberg ^ Jump up to : Hacker, Peter ( 2003 ). Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Blackwel Pub. ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0838 - X. ^ Jump up to : Wittgenstein, Ludwig ( 1954 ). Philosophical Investigations. New York : Macmillan. ISBN 0 - 631 - 14660 - 1. Jump up ^ Putnam, Hilary ( 2000 ). The Threefold Cord : Mind, Body, and World. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 0 - 231 - 10286 - 0. Jump up ^ Hubert Dreyfus, `` Critique of Descartes I '' ( recorded lecture ), University of California at Berkeley, Sept. 18, 2007. Jump up ^ Joseph Levine, Materialism and Qualia : The Explanatory Gap, in : Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 4, October, 1983, 354 -- 361 Jump up ^ Jackson, F. ( 1986 ) `` What Mary did n't Know '', Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291 -- 295. Jump up ^ McGinn, C. `` Can the Mind - Body Problem Be Solved '', Mind, New Series, Volume 98, Issue 391, pp. 349 -- 366. a ( online ) Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Fodor, Jerry ( 1993 ). Psychosemantics. The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge : MIT Press. ISBN 0 - 262 - 06106 - 6. Jump up ^ Siegel, S. ( 2011 ). `` The Contents of Perception '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2011 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/perception-contents/. ^ Jump up to : Pinker, S. ( 1997 ) How the Mind Works. tr. It : Come Funziona la Mente. Milan : Mondadori, 2000. ISBN 88 - 04 - 49908 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Bear, M.F. et al. Eds. ( 1995 ). Neuroscience : Exploring The Brain. Baltimore, Maryland, Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3944 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Pinel, J.P.J ( 1997 ). Psychobiology. Prentice Hall. ISBN 88 - 15 - 07174 - 1. Jump up ^ Metzinger, Thomas ( 2003 ). Being No One -- The Self Model Theory of Subjectivity. Cambridge : MIT Press. pp. 349 -- 366. ISBN 0 - 262 - 13417 - 9. Jump up ^ Sipser, M. ( 1998 ). Introduction to the Theory of Computation. Boston, Mass. : PWS Publishing Co. ISBN 0 - 534 - 94728 - X. ^ Jump up to : Searle, John ( 1980 ). `` Minds, Brains and Programs ''. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences ( 3 ) : 417 -- 424. Jump up ^ Turing, Alan ( October 1950 ), `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '', Mind, LIX ( 236 ) : 433 -- 460, doi : 10.1093 / mind / LIX. 236.433, ISSN 0026 - 4423, retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Russell, S. & Norvig, R. ( 1995 ). Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, Inc. ISBN 0 - 13 - 103805 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Psychology ''. Jump up ^ Thagard, Paul, Cognitive Science, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ). Jump up ^ Mark Rowlands ( 2010 ). `` Chapter 3 : The mind embedded ''. The new science of the mind : From extended mind to embodied phenomenology. MIT Press. pp. 51 ff. ISBN 0262014556. Jump up ^ Dave Ward ; Mog Stapleton ( 2012 ). `` Es are good. Cognition as enacted, embodied, embedded, affective and extended ''. In Fabio Paglieri. Consciousness in Interaction : The role of the natural and social context in shaping consciousness. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 89 ff. ISBN 978 - 9027213525. On - line version here. ^ Jump up to : Dummett, M. ( 2001 ). Origini della Filosofia Analitica. Einaudi. ISBN 88 - 06 - 15286 - 6. Jump up ^ Hegel, G.W.F. Phenomenology of Spirit. ISBN 0 - 19 - 503169 - 5., translated by A.V. Miller with analysis of the text and foreword by J.N. Findlay ( Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 824597 - 1. Jump up ^ Husserl, Edmund. Logische Untersuchungen. ISBN 3 - 05 - 004391 - 1. trans. : Giovanni Piana. Milan : EST. ISBN 88 - 428 - 0949 - 7 Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nyāya, Matthew R. Dasti Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Advaita Vedanta, Sangeetha Menon Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Ramanuja, Shyam Ranganathan Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Lokāyata / Cārvāka -- Indian Materialism, Abigail Turner - Lauck Wernicki ^ Jump up to : Karunamuni N.D. ( May 2015 ). `` The Five - Aggregate Model of the Mind '' ( PDF ). SAGE open. 5 ( 2 ). doi : 10.1177 / 2158244015583860. ^ Jump up to : Coseru, Christian, `` Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) Jump up ^ Gold, Jonathan C., `` Vasubandhu '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) Jump up ^ Blumenthal, James, `` Śāntarakṣita '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2009 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) Jump up ^ B. Alan Wallace ; Mind in the Balance : Meditation in Science, Buddhism, and Christianity, p. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Sparham, Gareth, `` Tsongkhapa '', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2011 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) Jump up ^ Talk by His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Cambridge, MA USA, From MindScience, edited by Daniel Goleman and Robert F. Thurman, first in 1991 by Wisdom Publications, Boston, USA. ^ Jump up to : Zeuschner, Robert B., `` The Understanding of Mind in the Northern Line of Ch'an ( Zen ) '', Philosophy East and West, V. 28, No. 1 ( January 1978 ), pp. 69 -- 79, University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii, USA. Jump up ^ David E. Shaner, `` The bodymind experience in Dogen 's Shobogenzo : a phenomenological perspective '', Philosophy East and West 35, no. 1 ( January 1985 ), University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii, USA. ^ Jump up to : `` Philosopher Ted Honderich 's Determinism web resource ''. Jump up ^ Russell, Paul, Freedom and Moral Sentiment : Hume 's Way of Naturalizing Responsibility Oxford University Press : New York & Oxford, 1995. Jump up ^ Dennett, Daniel ( 1984 ). The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge MA : Bradford Books -- MIT Press. ISBN 0 - 262 - 54042 - 8. Jump up ^ Descartes, René ( 1649 ). Passions of the Soul. ISBN 0 - 87220 - 035 - 3. Jump up ^ Kane, Robert ( 2009 ). `` Libertarianism ''. Philosophical Studies. Springer Netherlands. 144 ( 1 ) : 39. doi : 10.1007 / s11098 - 009 - 9365 - y. Jump up ^ Dennett, C. & Hofstadter, D.R. ( 1981 ). The Mind 's I. Bantam Books. ISBN 0 - 553 - 01412 - 9. Jump up ^ Searle, John ( 1 November 2004 ). Mind : A Brief Introduction. Oxford University Press Inc, USA. ISBN 0 - 19 - 515733 - 8. Jump up ^ LeDoux, Joseph ( 2002 ). The Synaptic Self. New York : Viking Penguin. ISBN 88 - 7078 - 795 - 8. Further reading ( edit ) The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Philosophy of Mind AL Engleman `` Expressions : A Philosophy of Mind '' ( CafePress, 2005 ) Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature ( Princeton, 1980 ), p. 120, 125. Pedro Jesús Teruel, Mente, cerebro y antropología en Kant ( Madrid, 2008 ). ISBN 978 - 84 - 309 - 4688 - 4. David J. Ungs, Better than one ; how we each have two minds ( London, 2004 ). ISBN 978 - 1 - 78220 - 173 - 1 Alfred North Whitehead Science and the Modern World ( 1925 ; reprinted London, 1985 ), pp. 68 -- 70. Edwin Burtt The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science, 2nd ed. ( London, 1932 ), pp. 318 -- 19. Felix Deutsch ( ed. ) On the Mysterious Leap from the Mind to the Body ( New York, 1959 ). Herbert Feigl The `` Mental '' and the `` Physical '' : The Essay and a Postscript ( 1967 ), in H. Feigl et al., ( eds. ), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science ( Minneapolis, 1958 ), Vol. 2, pp. 370 -- 497, at p. 373. Nap Mabaquiao, Jr., Mind, Science and Computation ( with foreword by Tim Crane ). Manila : De La Salle University Publishing House, 2012. Celia Green The Lost Cause : Causation and the Mind -- Body Problem. ( Oxford : Oxford Forum, 2003 ). Applies a sceptical view on causality to the problems of interactionism. Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Understanding the Mind : The Nature and Power of the Mind, Tharpa Publications ( 2nd. ed., 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 948006 - 78 - 4 Gerhard Medicus. Being Human -- Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind. Berlin ( 2015 ) : VWB Scott Robert Sehon, Teleological Realism : Mind, Agency and Explanation. Cambridge : MIT University Press, 2005. External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Consciousness Studies Look up philosophy of mind in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of mind. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind at PhilPapers Philosophy of mind at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Theory of Mind ''. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Guide to Philosophy of Mind, compiled by David Chalmers. MindPapers : A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Mind and the Science of Consciousness, compiled by David Chalmers ( Editor ) & David Bourget ( Assistant Editor ). Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind, edited by Chris Eliasmith. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners. A list of online papers on consciousness and philosophy of mind, compiled by David Chalmers Field guide to the Philosophy of Mind Mind Field : The Playground of Gods, from the Indian Psychology series by Swami Veda Bharati. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "One of the earliest known formulations of mind -- body dualism was expressed in the eastern Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy ( c. 650 BCE ), which divided the world into purusha ( mind / spirit ) and prakriti ( material substance ). Specifically, the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali presents an analytical approach to the nature of the mind. In Western Philosophy, the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans ' `` intelligence '' ( a faculty of the mind or soul ) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, their physical body. However, the best - known version of dualism is due to René Descartes ( 1641 ), and holds that the mind is a non-extended, non-physical substance, a `` res cogitans ''. Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self - awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. He was therefore the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it still exists today. Arguments for dualism ( edit ) The most frequently used argument in favor of dualism appeals to the common - sense intuition that conscious experience is distinct from inanimate matter. If asked what the mind is, the average person would usually respond by identifying it with their" ], "id": [ "6831293356672197185" ], "short_answers": [ "René Descartes" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Phonetics - wikipedia Phonetics For other uses, see phonetics ( disambiguation ). Part of a series on Linguistics Outline History Index Subfields ( hide ) Acquisition Anthropological Applied Computational Discourse analysis Forensic Historical Lexicography Morphology Neurolinguistics Philosophy of language Phonetics Phonology Pragmatics Psycholinguistics Semantics Sociolinguistics Syntax Grammatical Theories ( hide ) Cognitive Constraint - based Dependency Functional Generative Stochastic Topics ( hide ) Descriptivism Etymology Internet linguistics LGBT linguistics Linguistic anthropology Origin of language Origin of speech Orthography Prescriptivism Second - language acquisition Structuralism Linguistics portal Phonetics ( pronounced / fəˈnɛtɪks / ) is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or -- in the case of sign languages -- the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs ( phones ) : their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs. In the case of oral languages, phonetics has three basic areas of study : Articulatory phonetics : the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds by the speaker. Acoustic phonetics : the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener. Auditory phonetics : the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener. Contents 1 History 2 Anatomy of the vocal system 2.1 Vocal tract 2.1. 1 Labial consonants 2.1. 2 Coronal consonants 2.1. 3 Dorsal consonants 2.2 The larynx 2.3 Pulmonary and subglottal system 3 Voicing and phonation types 4 Articulatory models 5 Subfields 5.1 Relation to phonology 6 Transcription 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The first known phonetic studies were carried out as early as the 6th century BCE by Sanskrit grammarians. The Hindu scholar Pāṇini is among the most well known of these early investigators, whose four part grammar, written around 350 BCE, is influential in modern linguistics and still represents `` the most complete generative grammar of any language yet written ''. His grammar formed the basis of modern linguistics and described a number of important phonetic principles. Pāṇini provided an account of the phonetics of voicing, describing resonance as being produced either by tone, when vocal folds are closed, or noise, when vocal folds are open. The phonetic principles in the grammar are considered `` primitives '' in that they are the basis for his theoretical analysis rather than the objects of theoretical analysis themselves, and the principles can be inferred from his system of phonology. Advancements in phonetics after Pāṇini and his contemporaries were limited until the modern era, save some limited investigations by Greek and Roman grammarians. In the millenia between Indic grammarians and modern phonetics the focus of phonetics shifted from the difference between spoken and written language, which was the driving force behind Pāṇini 's account, and began to focus on the physical properties of speech alone. Sustained interest in phonetics began again around 1800 CE with the term `` phonetics '' being first used in the present sense in 1841. With new developments in medicine and the development of audio and visual recording devices, phonetic insights were able to use and review new and more detailed data. This early period of modern phonetics included the development of an influential phonetic alphabet based on articulatory positions by Alexander Melville Bell. Known as visible speech, it gained prominency as a tool in the oral education of deaf children. Anatomy of the vocal system ( edit ) Speech sounds are generally produced by the modification of an airstream exhaled from the lungs. The respiratory organs used to create and modify airflow are divided into three regions : the vocal tract ( supralaryngeal ), the larynx, and the subglottal system. The airstream can be either egressive ( out of the vocal tract ) or ingressive ( into the vocal tract ). In pulmonic sounds, the airstream is produced by the lungs in the subglottal system and passes through the larynx and vocal tract. Glottalic sounds use an airstream created by movements of the larynx without airflow from the lungs. Clicks or lingual ingressive sounds create an airstream using the tongue. Vocal tract ( edit ) Further information : Place of articulation Passive and active places of articulation : ( 1 ) Exo - labial ; ( 2 ) Endo - labial ; ( 3 ) Dental ; ( 4 ) Alveolar ; ( 5 ) Post-alveolar ; ( 6 ) Pre-palatal ; ( 7 ) Palatal ; ( 8 ) Velar ; ( 9 ) Uvular ; ( 10 ) Pharyngeal ; ( 11 ) Glottal ; ( 12 ) Epiglottal ; ( 13 ) Radical ; ( 14 ) Postero - dorsal ; ( 15 ) Antero - dorsal ; ( 16 ) Laminal ; ( 17 ) Apical ; ( 18 ) Sub-apical or sub-laminal. Articulations take place in particular parts of the mouth. They are described by the part of the mouth that constricts airflow and by what part of the mouth that constriction occurs. In most languages constrictions are made with the lips and tongue. Constrictions made by the lips are called labials. The tongue can make constrictions with many different parts, broadly classified into coronal and dorsal places of articulation. Coronal articulations are made with either the tip or blade of the tongue, while dorsal articulations are made with the back of the tongue. These divisions are not sufficient for distinguishing and describing all speech sounds. For example, in English the sounds ( s ) and ( ʃ ) are both voiceless coronal fricatives, but they are produced in different places of the mouth. Additionally, that difference in place can result in a difference of meaning like in `` sack '' and `` shack ''. To account for this, articulations are further divided based upon the area of the mouth in which the constriction occurs. Labial consonants ( edit ) Main article : Labial consonants Articulations involving the lips can be made in three different ways : with both lips ( bilabial ), with one lip and the teeth ( labiodental ), and with the tongue and the upper lip ( linguolabial ). Depending on the definition used, some or all of these kinds of articulations may be categorized into the class of labial articulations. Ladefoged and Maddieson ( 1996 ) propose that linguolabial articulations be considered coronals rather than labials, but make clear this grouping, like all groupings of articulations, is equivocable and not cleanly divided. Linguolabials are included in this section as labials given their use of the lips as a place of articulation. Bilabial consonants are made with both lips. In producing these sounds the lower lip moves farthest to meet the upper lip, which also moves down slightly, though in some cases the force from air moving through the aperature ( opening between the lips ) may cause the lips to separate faster than they can come together. Unlike most other articulations, both articulators are made from soft tissue, and so bilabial stops are more likely to be produced with incomplete closures than articulations involving hard surfaces like the teeth or palate. Bilabial stops are also unusual in that an articulator in the upper section of the vocal tract actively moves downwards, as the upper lip shows some active downward movement. Labiodental consonants are made by the lower lip rising to the upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are most often fricatives while labiodental nasals are also typologically common. There is debate as to whether true labiodental plosives occur in any natural language, though a number of languages are reported to have labiodental plosives including Zulu, Tonga, and Shubi. Labiodental affricates are reported in Tsonga which would require the stop portion of the affricate to be a labiodental stop, though Ladefoged and Maddieson ( 1996 ) raise the possibility that labiodental affricates involve a bilabial closure like `` pf '' in German. Unlike plosives and affricates, labiodental nasals are common across languages. Linguolabial consonants are made with the blade of the tongue approaching or contacting the upper lip. Like in bilabial articulations, the upper lip moves slightly towards the more active articulator. Articulations in this group do not have their own symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, rather, they are formed by combining an apical symbol with a diacritic implicitly placing them in the coronal category. They exist in a number of languages indigenous to Vanuatu such as Tangoa, though early descriptions referred to them as apical - labial consonants. The name `` linguolabial '' was suggested by Floyd Lounsbury given that they are produced with the blade rather than the tip of the tongue. Coronal consonants ( edit ) Main article : Coronal consonants Coronal consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue and, because of the agility of the front of the tongue, represent a variety not only in place but in the posture of the tongue. The coronal places of articulation represent that areas of the mouth the tongue contacts or makes a constriction, and include dental, alveolar, and post-alveolar locations. Tongue postures using the tip of the tongue can be apical if using the top of the tongue tip or sub-apical if the tongue tip is curled back. A consonant made with the blade of the tongue is a laminal consonant. Coronals are unique as a group in that they can be of any manner of articulation. Australian languages are well known for the large number of coronal contrasts exhibited within and across languages in the region. Dental consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue and the upper teeth. They are divided into two groups based upon the part of the tongue used to produce them : apical dental consonants are produced with the tongue tip touching the teeth ; interdental consonants are produced with the blade of the tongue as the tip of the tongue sticks out in front of the teeth. No language is known to use both contrastively though they may exist allophonically. Alveolar consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth and can similarly be apical or laminal. Crosslinguistically, dental consonants and alveolar consonants are frequently contrasted leading to a number of generalizations of crosslinguistic patterns. The different places of articulation tend to also be contrasted in the part of the tongue used to produce them : most languages with dental stops have laminal dentals, while languages with apical stops usually have apical stops. Languages rarely have two consonants in the same place with a contrast in laminality, though Taa ( ǃXóõ ) is a counterexample to this pattern. If a language has only one of a dental stop or an alveolar stop, it will usually be laminal if it is a dental stop, and the stop will usually be apical if it is an alveolar stop, though for example Temne and Bulgarian do not follow this pattern. If a language has both an apical and laminal stop, then the laminal stop is more likely to be affricated like in Isoko, though Dahalo show the opposite pattern with alveolar stops being more affricated. Retroflex consonants have a number of different definitions depending on whether the position of the tongue or the position on the roof of the mouth is given prominence, though in general they represent a group of articulations in which the tip of the tongue is curled upwards to some degree. In this way, retroflex articulations can occur in a number of different locations on the roof of the mouth including alveolar, post-alveolar, and palatal regions. If the underside of the tongue tip makes contact with the roof of the mouth, it is sub-apical though apical post-alveolar sounds are also described as retroflex. Typical examples of sub-apical retroflex stops are commonly found in Dravidian languages, and in some languages indigenous to the southwest United States the contrastive difference between dental and alveolar stops is a slight retroflexion of the alveolar stop. Acoustically, retroflexion tends to affect the higher formants. Articulations taking place just behind the alveolar ridge, known as post-alveolar consonants, have been referred to using a number of different terms. Apical post-alveolar consonants are often called retroflex, while laminal articulations are sometimes called palato - alveolar ; in the Australianist literature, these laminal stops are often described as ' palatal ' though they are produced further forward than the palate region typically described as palatal. Because of individual anatomical variation, the precise articulation of palato - alveolar stops ( and coronals in general ) can very widely within a speech community. Dorsal consonants ( edit ) Main article : Dorsal consonants Dorsal consonants are those consonants made using the tongue body rather than the tip or blade. Palatal consonants are made using the tongue body against the hard palate on the roof of the mouth. They are frequently contrasted with velar or uvular consonants, though it is rare for a language to contrast all three simultaneously, with Jaqaru as a possible example of a three way contrast. Velar consonants are made using the tongue body against the velum. They are incredibly common crosslinguistically ; almost all languages have a velar stop. Because both velars and vowels are made using the tongue body, they are highly affected by coarticulation with vowels and can be produced as far forward as the hard palate or as far back as the uvula. These variations are typically divided into front, central, and back velars in parallel with the vowel space. They can be hard to distinguish phonetically from palatal consonants, though are produced slightly behind the area of prototypical palatal consonants. Uvular consonants are made by the tongue body contacting or approaching the uvula. They are rare, occuring in an estimated 19 percent of languages, and large regions of the Americas and Africa have no languages with uvular consonants. In languages with uvular consonants, stops are most frequent followed by continuants ( including nasals ). The larynx ( edit ) Further information : Larynx The larynx, commonly known as the `` voice box '' is a cartilaginous structure in the trachea responsible for phonation. The vocal folds ( chords ) are held together so that they vibrate, or held apart so that they do not. The positions of the vocal folds are achieved by movement of the arytenoid cartilages. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for moving the arytenoid cartilages as well as modulating the tension of the vocal folds. If the vocal folds are not close enough or not tense enough, they will vibrate sporadically ( described as creaky or breathy voice depending on the degree ) or not at all ( voiceless sounds ). Even if the vocal folds are in the correct position, there must be air flowing across them or they will not vibrate. The difference in pressure across the glottis required for voicing is estimated at 1 -- 2 cm H 0 ( 98.0665 - 196.133 pascals ). The pressure differential can fall below levels required for phonation either because of an increase in pressure above the glottis ( superglottal pressure ) or a decrease in pressure below the glottis ( subglottal pressure ). The subglottal pressure is maintained by the respiratory muscles. Supraglottal pressure, with no constrictions or articulations, is about atmospheric pressure. However, because articulations ( especially consonants ) represent constrictions of the airflow, the pressure in the cavity behind those constrictions can increase resulting in a higher supraglottal pressure. Pulmonary and subglottal system ( edit ) Further information : Breathing The lungs are the engine that drives nearly all speech production, and their importance in phonetics is due to their creation of pressure for pulmonic sounds. The most common kinds of sound across languages are pulmonic egress, where air is exhaled from the lungs. The opposite is possible, though no language is known to have pulmonic ingressive sounds as phonemes. Many languages such as Swedish use them for paralinguistic articulations such as affirmations in a number of genetically and geographically diverse languages. Both egressive and ingressive sounds rely on holding the vocal folds in a particular posture and using the lungs to draw air across the vocal folds so that they either vibrate ( voiced ) or do not vibrate ( voiceless ). Pulmonic articulations are restricted by the volume of air able to be exhaled in a given respiratory cycle, known as the vital capacity. The lungs are used to maintain two kinds of pressure simultaneously in order to produce and modify phonation. In order to produce phonation at all, the lungs must maintain a pressure of 3 -- 5 cm H 0 higher than the pressure above the glottis. However small and fast adjustments are made to the subglottal pressure to modify speech for suprasegmental features like stress. A number of thoracic muscles are used to make these adjustments. Because the lungs and thorax stretch during inhalation, the elastic forces of the lungs alone are able to produce pressure differentials sufficient for phonation at lung volumes above 50 percent of vital capacity. Above 50 percent of vital capacity, the respiratory muscles are used to `` check '' the elastic forces of the thorax to maintain a stable pressure differential. Below that volume, they are used to increase the subglottal pressure by actively exhaling air. During speech the respiratory cycle is modified to accommodate both linguistic and biological needs. Exhalation, usually about 60 percent of the respiratory cycle at rest, is increased to about 90 percent of the respiratory cycle. Because metabolic needs are relatively stable, the total volume of air moved in most cases of speech remains about the same as quiet tidal breathing. Increases in speech intensity of 18 dB ( a loud conversation ) has relatively little impact on the volume of air moved. Because their respiritory systems are not as developed as adults, children tend to use a larger proportion of their vital capacity compared to adults, with more deep inhales. Voicing and phonation types ( edit ) An important factor in describing the production of most speech sounds is the state of the glottis -- the space between the vocal folds. Muscles inside the larynx make adjustments to the vocal folds in order to produce and modify vibration patterns for different sounds. Two canonical examples are modal voiced, where the vocal folds vibrate, and voiceless, where they do not. Modal voiced and voiceless consonants are incredibly common across languages, and all languages use both phonation types to some degree. Consonants can be either voiced or voiceless, though some languages do not make distinctions between them for certain consonants. No language is known to have a phonemic voicing contrast for vowels, though there are languages, like Japanese, where vowels are produced as voiceless in certain contexts. Other positions of the glottis, such as breathy and creaky voice, are used in a number of languages, like Jalapa Mazatec, to contrast phonemes while in other languages, like English, they exist allophonically. Phonation types are modelled on a continuum of glottal states from completely open ( voiceless ) to completely closed ( glottal stop ). The optimal position for vibration, and the phonation type most used in speech, modal voice, exists in the middle of these two extremes. If the glottis is slightly wider, breathy voice occurs, while bringing the vocal folds closer together results in creaky voice. There are a number of ways to determine if a segment is voiced or not, the simplest being to feel the larynx during speech and note when vibrations are felt. More precise measurements can be obtained through acoustic analysis of a spectrogram or spectral slice. In spectrographic analysis, voiced segments show a voicing bar, a region of high acoustic energy, in the low frequencies of voiced segments. In examining a spectral splice, the acoustic spectrum at a given point in time a model of the vowel pronounced reverses the filtering of the mouth producing the spectrum of the glottis. A computational model of the unfiltered glottal signal is then fitted to the inverse filtered acoustic signal to determine the characteristics of the glottis. Visual analysis is also available using specialized medical equipment such as ultrasound and endoscopy. For the vocal folds to vibrate, they must be in the proper position and there must be air flowing through the glottis. The normal phonation pattern used in typical speach is modal voice, where the vocal folds are held close together with moderate tension. The vocal folds vibrate as a single unit periodically and efficiently with a full glottal closure and no aspiration. If they are pulled farther apart, they do not vibrate and so produce voiceless phones. If they are held firmly together they produce a glottal stop. If the vocal folds are held slightly further apart than in modal voicing, they produce phonation types like breathy voice ( or murmur ) and whispery voice. The tension across the vocal ligaments ( vocal cords ) is less than in modal voicing allowing for air to flow more freely. Both breathy voice and whispery voice exist on a continuum loosly characterized as going from the more periodic waveform of breathy voice to the more noisy waveform of whispery voice. Acoustically, both tend to dampen the first formant with whispery voice being more extreme deviations. Holding the vocal folds more tightly together results in creaky voice. The tension in across the vocal folds is less than in modal voice, but they are held tightly together resulting in only the ligaments of the vocal folds vibrating. The pulses are highly irregular, with low pitch and frequency amplitude. Articulatory models ( edit ) When producing speech, the articulators move through and contact particular locations in space resulting in changes to the acoustic signal. Some models of speech production take this as the basis for modeling articulation in a coordinate system which may be internal to the body ( intrinsic ) or external ( extrinsic ). Intrinsic coordinate systems model the movement of articulators as positions and angles of joints in the body. Intrinsic coordinate models of the jaw often use two to three degrees of freedom representing translation and rotation. These face issues with modeling the tongue which, unlike joints of the jaw and arms, is a muscular hydrostat like an elephant trunk that lacks joints. Because of the different physiological structures, movement paths of the jaw are relatively straight lines during speech and mastication, while movements of the tongue follow curves. Straight line movements have been used to argue articulations as planned in extrinsic rather than intrinsic space, though extrinsic coordinate systems also include acoustic coordinate spaces, not just physical coordinate spaces. Models which assume movements are planned in extrinsic space run into an inverse problem of explaining the muscle and joint locations which produce the observed path or acoustic signal. The arm, for example, has seven degrees of freedom and 22 muscles, so multiple different joint and muscle configurations can lead to the same final position. For models of planning in extrinsic acoustic space, the same one - to - many mapping problem applies as well, with no unique mapping from physical or acoustic targets to the muscle movements required to achieve them. Concerns about the inverse problem may be exagerated, however, as speech is a highly learned skill using neurological structures which evolved for the purpose. The equilibrium - point model proposes a resolution to the inverse problem by arguing that movement targets be represented as the position of the musle pairs acting on a joint. Importantly, muscles are modeled as springs, and the target is the equilibrium point for the modeled spring - mass system. By using springs, the equilibrium point model is able to easily account for compensation and response when movements are disrupted. They are considered a coordinate model because they assume that these muscle positions are represented as points in space, equilibrium points, where the spring - like action of the muscles converges. Gestural approaches to speech production propose that articulations are represented as movement patterns rather than particular coordinates to hit. The minimal unit is a gesture which represents a group of `` functionally equivalent articulatory movement patterns that are actively controlled with reference to a given speech - relevant goal ( e.g., a bilabial closure ). '' These groups represent coordinative structures or `` synergies '' which view movements not as individual muscle movements but as task - dependent groupings of muscles which work together as a single unit. This reduces the degrees of freedom in articulation planning, a problem especially in intrinsic coordinate models, which allows for any movement that achieves the speech goal, rather than encoding the particular movements in the abstract representation. Coarticulation is well described by gestural models as the articulations at faster speech rates can be explained as composites of the independent gestures at slower speech rates. Subfields ( edit ) Phonetics as a research discipline has three main branches : Articulatory phonetics is concerned with the articulation of speech : The position, shape, and movement of articulators or speech organs, such as the lips, tongue, and vocal folds. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with acoustics of speech : The spectro - temporal properties of the sound waves produced by speech, such as their frequency, amplitude, and harmonic structure. Auditory phonetics is concerned with speech perception : the perception, categorization, and recognition of speech sounds and the role of the auditory system and the brain in the same. Phonetic insight is used in a number of applied linguistic fields such as : Forensic phonetics : the use of phonetics ( the science of speech ) for forensic ( legal ) purposes. Speech recognition : the analysis and transcription of recorded speech by a computer system. Speech synthesis : the production of human speech by a computer system. Pronunciation : to learn actual pronunciation of words of various languages. Relation to phonology ( edit ) In contrast to phonetics, phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages, relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language. Phonetics deals with the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds, how they are produced, and how they are perceived. As part of this investigation, phoneticians may concern themselves with the physical properties of meaningful sound contrasts or the social meaning encoded in the speech signal ( socio - phonetics ) ( e.g. gender, sexuality, ethnicity, etc. ). However, a substantial portion of research in phonetics is not concerned with the meaningful elements in the speech signal. While it is widely agreed that phonology is grounded in phonetics, phonology is a distinct branch of linguistics, concerned with sounds and gestures as abstract units ( e.g., distinctive features, phonemes, morae, syllables, etc. ) and their conditioned variation ( via, e.g., allophonic rules, constraints, or derivational rules ). Phonology has been argued to relate to phonetics via the set of distinctive features, which map the abstract representations of speech units to articulatory gestures, acoustic signals or perceptual representations. Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription is a system for transcribing sounds that occur in a language, whether oral or sign. The most widely known system of phonetic transcription, the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ), provides a standardized set of symbols for oral phones. The standardized nature of the IPA enables its users to transcribe accurately and consistently the phones of different languages, dialects, and idiolects. The IPA is a useful tool not only for the study of phonetics, but also for language teaching, professional acting, and speech pathology. See also ( edit ) Experimental phonetics Index of phonetics articles International Phonetic Alphabet Speech processing Acoustics Biometric word list X-SAMPA ICAO spelling alphabet Buckeye Corpus SaypU ( Spell As You Pronounce Universally ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawaiian, for example, does not contrast voiced and voiceless plosives. Jump up ^ See # Articulatory models for further information on acoustic modeling. Jump up ^ See # The larynx for further information on anatomy of phonation. Jump up ^ See Feldman ( 1966 ) for the original proposal. Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Grady 2005, p. 15. Jump up ^ Trask 1996, p. 34. ^ Jump up to : Caffrey 2017. Jump up ^ Kiparsky 1993, p. 2918. Jump up ^ Kiparsky 1993, p. 2922 - 3. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2018. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2001, p. 5. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 9. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 16. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 43. Jump up ^ Maddieson 1993. Jump up ^ Fujimura 1961. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 16 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 17 - 18. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 17. Jump up ^ Doke 1926. Jump up ^ Guthrie 1948, p. 61. Jump up ^ Baumbach 1987. ^ Jump up to : International Phonetic Association 2015. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 18. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 19 - 31. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 28. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 19 - 25. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 20, 40 - 1. Jump up ^ Scatton 1984, p. 60. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 23. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 23 - 5. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 25, 27 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 27. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 27 - 8. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 32. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 35. Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 33 - 34. Jump up ^ Keating & Lahiri 1993, p. 89. Jump up ^ Maddieson 2013. Jump up ^ Ladefoged 2001, p. 123. Jump up ^ Seikel, Drumright & King 2016, p. 222. ^ Jump up to : Ohala 1997, p. 1. Jump up ^ Chomsky & Halle 1968, p. 300 - 301. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2001, p. 1. Jump up ^ Eklund 2008, p. 237. Jump up ^ Eklund 2008. Jump up ^ Seikel, Drumright & King 2016, p. 176. Jump up ^ Seikel, Drumright & King 2016, p. 171. Jump up ^ Seikel, Drumright & King 2016, p. 168 - 77. ^ Jump up to : Gordon & Ladefoged 2001. ^ Jump up to : Dawson & Phelan 2016. Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010, p. 388, et seq. Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010, p. 399. Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010, p. 400 - 401. Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010, p. 401. ^ Jump up to : Löfqvist 2010, p. 359. Jump up ^ Munhall, Ostry & Flanagan 1991, p. 299, et seq. Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010, p. 360. Jump up ^ Bizzi et al. 1992. Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010, p. 361. Jump up ^ Saltzman & Munhall 1989. Jump up ^ Mattingly 1990. Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010, p. 362 - 4. Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010, p. 364. Jump up ^ O'Connor 1973. Jump up ^ Kingston 2007. Jump up ^ Halle 1983. Jump up ^ Jakobson, Fant, and Halle 1976. Jump up ^ Hall 2001. ^ Jump up to : O'Grady 2005, p. 17. Jump up ^ International Phonetic Association 1999. ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2005. Jump up ^ Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996. References ( edit ) Abercrombie, D. ( 1967 ). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh. Baumbach, E.J. M ( 1987 ). Analytical Tsonga Grammar. Pretoria : University of South Africa. Bizzi, E. ; Hogan, N. ; Mussa - Ivaldi, F. ; Giszter, S. ( 1992 ). `` Does the nervouse system use equilibrium - point control to guie single and multiple joint movements? ''. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 15 : 603 -- 13. Caffrey, Cait ( 2017 ). `` Phonetics ''. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Salem Press. Catford, J.C. ( 2001 ). A Practical Introduction to Phonetics ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924635 - 9. Chomsky, Noam ; Halle, Morris ( 1968 ). Sound Pattern of English. Harper and Row. Dawson, Hope ; Phelan, Michael, eds. ( 2016 ). Language Files : Materials for an Introduction to Linguistics ( 12th ed. ). The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 5270 - 3. Doke, Clement M ( 1926 ). The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Bantu Studies. Johannesburg : Wiwatersrand University Press. Eklund, Robert ( 2008 ). `` Pulmonic ingressive phonation : Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech ''. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 324. doi : 10.1017 / S0025100308003563. Feldman, Anatol G. ( 1966 ). `` Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture, III : Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor task ''. Biophysics. 11 : 565 -- 578. Fujimura, Osamu ( 1961 ). `` Bilabial stop and nasal consonants : A motion picture study and its acoustical implications ''. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 4 : 233 -- 47. PMID 13702471. Gobl, Christer ; Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe ( 2010 ). `` Voice source variation and its communicative functions ''. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed. ). pp. 378 -- 424. Gordon, Matthew ; Ladefoged, Peter ( 2001 ). `` Phonation types : a cross-linguistic overview ''. Journal of Phonetics. 29 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 406. Guthrie, Malcolm ( 1948 ). The classification of the Bantu languages. London : Oxford University Press. Hall, Tracy Alan ( 2001 ). `` Introduction : Phonological representations and phonetic implementation of distinctive features ''. In Hall, Tracy Alan. Distinctive Feature Theory. de Gruyter. pp. 1 -- 40. Halle, Morris ( 1983 ). `` On Distinctive Features and their articulatory implementation ''. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 1 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105. Hardcastle, William ; Laver, John ; Gibbon, Fiona, eds. ( 2010 ). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed. ). Wiley - Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 14590 - 9. International Phonetic Association ( 1999 ). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. International Phonetic Association ( 2015 ). International Phonetic Alphabet. International Phonetic Association. Jakobson, Roman ; Fant, Gunnar ; Halle, Morris ( 1976 ). Preliminaries to Speech Analysis : The Distinctive Features and their Correlates. MIT Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 60001 - 9. Johnson, Keith ( 2011 ). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics ( 3rd ed. ). Wiley - Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 1 - 444 - 34308 - 3. Jones, Daniel ( 1948 ). `` The London school of phonetics ''. Zeitschrift für Phonetik. 11 ( 3 / 4 ) : 127 -- 135. ( Reprinted in Jones, W.E. ; Laver, J., eds. ( 1973 ). Phonetics in Linguistics. Longman. pp. 180 -- 186. ) Keating, Patricia ; Lahiri, Aditi ( 1993 ). `` Fronted Velars, Palatalized Velars, and Palatals ''. Phonetica. 50 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 101. doi : 10.1159 / 000261928. PMID 8316582. Kingston, John ( 2007 ). `` The Phonetics - Phonology Interface ''. In DeLacy, Paul. The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84879 - 4. Kiparsky, Paul ( 1993 ). `` Pāṇinian linguistics ''. In Asher, R.E. Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford : Pergamon. Ladefoged, Peter ( 2001 ). A Course in Phonetics ( 4th ed. ). Boston : Thomson / Wadsworth. ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 00688 - 9. Ladefoged, Peter ( 2005 ). A Course in Phonetics ( 5th ed. ). Boston : Thomson / Wadsworth. ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 00688 - 9. Ladefoged, Peter ; Maddieson, Ian ( 1996 ). The Sounds of the World 's Languages. Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19815 - 4. Löfqvist, Anders ( 2010 ). `` Theories and Models of Speech Production ''. Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed. ). pp. 353 -- 78. Maddieson, Ian ( 1993 ). `` Investigating Ewe articulations with electromagnetic articulography ''. Forschungberichte des Intituts für Phonetik und Sprachliche Kommunikation der Universität München. 31 : 181 -- 214. Maddieson, Ian ( 2013 ). `` Uvular Consonants ''. In Dryer, Matthew S. ; Haspelmath, Martin. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig : Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Mattingly, Ignatius ( 1990 ). `` The global character of phonetic gestures '' ( PDF ). Journal of Phonetics. 18 : 445 -- 52. Munhall, K. ; Ostry, D ; Flanagan, J. ( 1991 ). `` Coordinate spaces in speech planning ''. Journal of Phonetics. 19 : 293 -- 307. O'Connor, J.D. ( 1973 ). Phonetics. Pelican. pp. 16 -- 17. ISBN 978 - 0140215601. O'Grady, William ( 2005 ). Contemporary Linguistics : An Introduction ( 5th ed. ). Bedford / St. Martin 's. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41936 - 3. Ohala, John ( 1997 ). `` Aerodynamics of phonology '' ( PDF ). Proceedings of the Seoul Internation Conference on Linguistics. 92. `` Phonetics, n. ''. Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. 2018. Saltzman, Elliot ; Munhall, Kevin ( 1989 ). `` Dynamical Approach to Gestural Patterning in Speech Production '' ( PDF ). Ecological Psychology. 1 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 82. Scatton, Ernest ( 1984 ). A reference grammar of modern Bulgarian. Slavica. ISBN 978 - 0893571238. Seikel, J. Anthony ; Drumright, David ; King, Douglas ( 2016 ). Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing ( 5th ed. ). Cengage. ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 19824 - 8. Stearns, Peter ; Adas, Michael ; Schwartz, Stuart ; Gilbert, Marc Jason ( 2001 ). World Civilizations ( 3rd ed. ). New York : Longman. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 04479 - 2. Trask, R.L. ( 1996 ). A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Abingdon : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11261 - 1. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Phonetics. Collection of phonetics resources by the University of North Carolina `` A Little Encyclopedia of Phonetics '' by Peter Roach. Pink Trombone, an interactive articulation simulator by Neil Thapen. 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{ "text": "Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese footballer For the Brazilian footballer, see Ronaldo ( Brazilian footballer ). This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro. Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo with Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Juventus Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- 2018 Real Madrid 292 ( 311 ) 2018 -- Juventus ( 0 ) National team Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 154 ( 85 ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine 2016 France FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 25 August 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ), the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ), the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country. Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. After winning his first trophy, the FA Cup, during his first season in England, he helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2009, Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ). In Madrid, Ronaldo won 15 trophies, including two La Liga titles, two Copas del Rey, four UEFA Champions League titles, two UEFA Super Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups. Real Madrid 's all - time top goalscorer, Ronaldo scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks, including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons. After joining Madrid, Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times, behind Lionel Messi, his perceived career rival, before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014. After winning the 2016 and 2017 Champions Leagues, Ronaldo secured back - to - back Ballons d'Or again in 2016 and 2017. A historic third consecutive Champions League followed, making Ronaldo the first player to win the trophy five times. In 2018, he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth € 100 million, the highest fee ever paid for a player over 30 years old, and the highest ever paid by an Italian club. A Portuguese international, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015. He made his senior debut for Portugal in 2003 at age 18, and has since had over 150 caps, including appearing and scoring in eight major tournaments, becoming Portugal 's most capped player and his country 's all - time top goalscorer. He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final. He took over full captaincy in July 2008, leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament, before becoming the highest European international goalscorer of all - time. One of the most marketable athletes in the world, he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017, as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- 18 : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 2.4 Juventus 2.4. 1 2018 -- 19 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 07 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2007 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory, and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.3. 3 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Portugal 8.4. 5 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in São Pedro, Funchal, Portugal and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António, as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro, a cook, and José Dinis Aveiro, a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man. His second given name, `` Ronaldo '', was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan. He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia. His great - grandmother on his father 's side, Isabel da Piedade, was from São Vicente, Cape Verde. Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home, sharing a room with his brother and sisters. As a child, Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995, where his father was the kit man, and later spent two years with Nacional. In 1997, aged 12, he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP, who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500. He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete, near Lisbon, to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy. By age 14, Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally, and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football. While popular with other students at school, he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher, who he said had `` disrespected '' him. However, one year later, he was diagnosed with a racing heart, a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football. Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways, altering his resting heart rate. He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later. Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16, Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni, who was impressed with his dribbling. He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16, under - 17 and under - 18 teams, the B team, and the first team, all within a single season. A year later, on 7 October 2002, Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga, against Moreirense, and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win. Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season, his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta. Manager Arsène Wenger, who was interested in signing the winger, met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer. Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson, however, determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently, after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003. Initially, United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year. Having impressed the Manchester United players, however, they urged Ferguson to sign him. After the game, Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen. A decade after his departure from the club, in April 2013, Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member. Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season. His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him, at the time, the most expensive teenager in English football history. Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham. Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo. A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager, Alex Ferguson, of whom he later said, `` He 's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career. '' Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003, receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt. His performance earned praise from George Best, who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen. Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November. Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign, the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season, a match in which he also received his first red card. Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final, earning his first trophy. Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005, Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season, producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal. He played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal in the FA Cup final, which ended in a goalless draw, and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout. He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October, their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough. Midway through the season, in November, he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010. Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football, the Football League Cup, after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic. During his third season in England, Ronaldo was involved in several incidents. He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans, and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole. Ronaldo clashed with a teammate, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play. Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup, in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off, Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer, lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident. United, however, denied the possibility of him leaving the club. Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season, it proved to be his breakout year, as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title. An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen, who taught him to make himself more unpredictable, improve his teamwork, call for the ball, and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known. He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December, against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic, and Reading. Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December, becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours. 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League, Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition, finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma. He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan, which ended in a 3 -- 2 win, but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro. He also helped United reach the FA Cup final, but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat. Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years. As a result of his performances, he amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player, Fans ' Player, and Young Player of the Year awards, as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award, becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours. His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United. Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season, his most prolific campaign during his time in England. He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season, an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him. At the end of 2007, Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or, and came third, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi, in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award. Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008, bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table. A month later, on 19 March, he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton, and scored both goals of the match. His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign, which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season, thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder. His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot, as well as the European Golden Shoe, which made him the first winger to win the latter award. Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League, Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon, which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate, and, while playing as a striker, scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma. United advanced to the final against Chelsea in Moscow, where, despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty being saved in the shoot - out, Manchester United emerged victorious. As the Champions League top scorer, Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year. He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season. As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid, United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player, but they declined to take action. FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club, describing the situation as `` modern slavery ''. Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter, he remained at United for another year. Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season, on 7 July, he underwent ankle surgery, which kept him out of action for 10 weeks. Following his return, he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November, which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time. At the close of 2008, Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process. He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968, and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year. His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto, a 40 - yard strike, earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award, presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored. United advanced to the final in Rome, where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona. Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies, as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup. He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions, 16 goals fewer than the previous season, in four more appearances. His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford. Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time, of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ). His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause. At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli. Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7, the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United, Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt, which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano. As his usual number 7 was unavailable, Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid. Following Raúl 's departure, Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season. Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009, against Deportivo La Coruña, and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win. He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club, the first Madrid player to do so. His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich. His strong start to the season, however, was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty, which kept him sidelined for seven weeks. A week after his return, he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería. Midway through the season, Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona, Madrid 's historic rivals. He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions, including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010, his first in the Spanish competition. His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless. Following Raúl 's departure, Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season. His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when, for the first time in his career, he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October. His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga, one in the Champions League, and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals, the most he had scored in a single month. Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao, Levante, Villarreal, and Málaga. Despite his performance, he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010. During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011, Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season. Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals, he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final, winning his first trophy in Spain. Over the next two weeks, Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla, a hat - trick against Getafe, and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal, taking his league total to 38 goals, which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez. His two goals in the last match of the season, against Almería, made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals. In addition to the Pichichi Trophy, Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time, becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues. He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions. Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain. During the following campaign, the 2011 -- 12 season, Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions. His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España, though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate. He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium, as runner - up to Messi, after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Osasuna, and Sevilla, the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point. Despite two goals from Ronaldo, Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey. He again scored twice, including a penalty, in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich, resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw, but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer, leading to Madrid 's elimination. Ronaldo found greater team success in the league, as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years, with a record 100 points. Following a hat - trick against Levante, further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona, he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012, a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons, breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás. Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals, equalling his record of the previous season. His final league goal of the campaign, against Mallorca, took his total to 46 goals, four short of the new record set by Messi, and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga. Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España, his third trophy in Spain. With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese, Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona. Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club, prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid, his goalscoring rate did not suffer. After netting a hat - trick, including two penalties, against Deportivo La Coruña, he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax. Four days later, he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou. His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi. 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break, Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match, scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January. He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January, a match which also marked his 500th club appearance. Three days prior, he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe. Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla, he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga, reaching the landmark in 197 games. He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico, which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored, a Real Madrid record. In the final, he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid, but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct. Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title, finishing runners up to Barcelona. In the first knockout round of the Champions League, Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time. After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu, he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford, his first return to his former home ground. Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals, He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund, but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg, as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year. Ronaldo had scored 12 goals, finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career. Accounting for all competitions, he ended the season with a total of 55 goals. Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign. Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club. At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season, however, he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018, with a salary of € 17 million net, making him briefly the highest - paid player in football. He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale, whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior. Together with striker Karim Benzema, they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '', an acronym of Bale, Benzema, and Cristiano, and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster. After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign, Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career. By late November, he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country, including hat - tricks against Galatasaray, Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Northern Ireland, and Sweden. He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances, his highest year - end goal tally. His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, for the first time in his career. Concurrently with his individual achievements, Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date, as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima, their tenth European Cup. In the knockout phase of the competition, he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04, helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals. His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals, equalling the record Messi had set two years before. After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena, he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid, becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams. His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems, which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign. Ronaldo played the final against medical advice, later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks. '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time, with a record 17 goals, he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe. In the Copa del Rey, Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón, the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match. His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final, where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy. While Madrid were less successful in La Liga, finishing third, Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer. He scored 31 goals in 30 league games, which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe, receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez. Among his haul was his 400th career goal, in 653 appearances for club and country, which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio, who had died two days before. A last - minute, backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga. During the next campaign, the 2014 -- 15 season, Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions, starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup. He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign, with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga, including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao. His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga, scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December, made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league, as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game. After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco, again winning the Silver Ball, Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or, joining Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner. 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season. Following the winter break, Ronaldo 's form faltered, concurrently with a decline in performance by his team. A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015, despite his opening goal, ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions. Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy, earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe. In the latter competition, Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04, before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals. He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus, where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate. With 10 goals, he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season, alongside Messi and Neymar. In La Liga, where Madrid finished second, Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season. For the first time in his career, he scored five goals in one game, including an eight - minute hat - trick, in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April. His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano. Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol, and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31, surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles. As a result, Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals, two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season, despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player. In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi, he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time. At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid, the 2015 -- 16 campaign, Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer, first in the league and then in all competitions. His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games, surpassing the club 's previous recordholder, Raúl. A month later, on 17 October, he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals. Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk, having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals. A brace against Malmö FF, scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September, saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country. He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage, setting the record at 11 goals, including another four - goal haul against Malmö. By March 2016, Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer. Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams, with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö. However, during the second half of the season, his form gradually improved. By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016, Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi. After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April, he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat. The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals, making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season, and the fifth overall. Suffering apparent fitness issues, Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid, in a repeat of the 2014 final, though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima, Madrid 's 11th victory. For the sixth successive year, he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions. For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time. Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season, including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016. On 6 November, Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021. On 19 November, he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid, making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals. On 15 December, Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup. He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final. Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament. He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player, a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year, largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016. 2017 -- 18 : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid, Cristina Cifuentes, during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017, Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history. As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo, Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so. On 12 April, in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich, Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg. The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition. During the second leg of the quarter - finals, Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal, becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time. On 2 May, Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match, as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg. His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition. On 17 May, Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues, scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo. He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. In the 2017 final, he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season, and sixth overall, with 12 goals, while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal. Real Madrid 's title was its 12th, also known as La Duodécima, extending its record, and its third in four years. At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season, Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou. Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration, he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction. He was issued a five - match suspension following the match. In his 400th game for Real Madrid, Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League, taking his club tally to 411 goals. On 23 October, his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year. On 6 December, he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund. A day later, Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time, receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris. On 3 March 2018, he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe, his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance, making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi. On 18 March, he reached his 50th career hat - trick, scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona. Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final On 3 April, Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League, with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick. The goal, described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli, garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium, as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers, pundits and coaches. The goal was also his 119th in European competition, more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club, it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history. He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April. On 11 April, he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final, in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus, from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat, with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win. It was also his tenth goal against Juventus, a Champions League record against a single club. In the final of the tournament, on 26 May, Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1, winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph, becoming the first team to do so. He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season, ending the campaign with 15 goals. After the final, Ronaldo referred to his time with the Champions League winners in the past tense, sparking speculation that he could leave Real Madrid. Juventus 2018 -- 19 After a week of transfer speculation, on 10 July 2018, Ronaldo signed a four - year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a € 100 million transfer, plus solidarity contributions to Ronaldo 's youth clubs and an additional € 12 million in other fees. The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old, and the highest ever paid by an Italian club. Upon signing, Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Real Madrid. Ronaldo made his official debut for Juventus in their opening Serie A match on 18 August, a 3 -- 2 away win over Chievo. International career 2001 -- 07 : youth level and early international career Ronaldo began his international career with Portugal at the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival, debuting in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Finland. The following year he would represent his country under - 17 side at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship, where they failed to progress past the group stage. Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics, scoring one goal in the tournament, though the team was eliminated in the first round, finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica. During his international youth career, Ronaldo would go on to represent the under - 15 team, under - 17, under - 20, under - 21, and under - 23 national sides, amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall. At age 18, Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003. He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004, held in his home country, and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece. After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage, he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands, but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat. He was featured in the team of the tournament, having provided two assists in addition to his two goals. Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals. During the tournament, he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage. In the quarter - finals against England, his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction, the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal. Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals. Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France. FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany 's Lukas Podolski, citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision. Following the 2006 World Cup, Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008, scoring two goals in the process. 2007 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo, pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012, was made captain in 2008. One day after his 22nd birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007, as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier. Ahead of Euro 2008, he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time. While he scored eight goals in the qualification, the second - highest tally, he scored just one goal in the tournament, netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic ; in the same game, he also set - up Portugal 's third goal in injury time, which was scored by Quaresma, and was named man of the match for his performance. Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany. After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship, Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz, formerly the assistant manager at United. Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008. Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup, as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia. At the group stage of the World Cup, he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire, North Korea, and Brazil. His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea, which marked his first international goal in 16 months. Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16. Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012, including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs, to send Portugal into the tournament, where they were drawn in a `` group of death ''. After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany, he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark, missing two clear one - on - one chances. In the last group stage game against the Netherlands, Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory. He scored a header in the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1 -- 0 win. In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match. After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless, with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar, Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout. Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth, a decision that drew criticism. As the joint top scorer with three goals, alongside five other players, he was again included in the team of the tournament. 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals. A qualifying match on 17 October 2012, a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland, earned him his 100th cap. His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland, when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013. After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign, Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden, which ensured their place at the tournament. His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals, equaling Pauleta 's record. Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer. Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury, potentially risking his career. Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable. But we do n't. '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness, being forced to abort practice twice, Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany, though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat. After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States, he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana. His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups. Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference. Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal 's Euro 2016 quarter - final match against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals, including a hat - trick against Armenia, in the qualification for Euro 2016. With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014, he reached 23 goals in the European Championship, including qualifying matches, to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer. At the start of the tournament, however, Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria, despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal. In the latter match, he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance, which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half. With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage, a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships, having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament. Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland, his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format. In Portugal 's first knockout match, Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma, whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time. After his team progressed past Poland on penalties, Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales, equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals. In the final against hosts France, Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet. After multiple treatments and attempts to play on, he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma. During extra time, substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory. As team captain, Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament. He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer, with three goals and three assists, and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career. 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory, and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success, Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016. His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match. On 13 November, Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia, which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory. These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals, putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time. He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32, opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros. With the goal, he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football. In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June, Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw. Three days later, he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia. On 24 June, he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand, which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition. With his 75th international goal, Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time, behind only Ferenc Puskás. He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches. Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals, he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children. Therefore, he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time. On 31 August 2017, Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands, which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals. These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14, equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign, and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group, overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski. Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29, making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers, ahead of Andriy Shevchenko, and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined, with 32 goals, ahead of Miroslav Klose. Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory. Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup, Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia, Belgium and Algeria. Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance. On 15 June 2018, Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match, helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup. In doing so, he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total. His third goal saw him curl in a 30 yard free kick with two minutes remaining for the equaliser. His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time, with 84 international goals. In Portugal 's second game on 20 June, Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory against Morocco, breaking Puskás ' record. In the final group match against Iran on 25 June, Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1 -- 1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners - up behind Spain. On 30 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 2 -- 1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16. Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker, Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch, and, while ostensibly right - footed, is very strong with both feet. He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers, both with and without the ball. Tactically, Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career. While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United, he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield, where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area. In this position, he was able to use his pace and acceleration, agility, and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations. Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair, often displaying an array of tricks and feints, such as the step overs that became his trademark. Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería As Ronaldo matured, he underwent a major physical transformation, developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball. His strength, combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ), gives him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls. These attributes allow him to function as a target - man, and makes him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area ; consequently, many of his goals have been headers. Allied with his increased stamina and work - rate, his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks. He also increasingly played a creative role for his team, often dropping deep to pick up the ball, participate in the build - up of plays, and create chances for his teammates, courtesy of his good vision and passing ability. Pictured during El Clásico in 2011, Ronaldo in his familiar pose before striking a free kick In his final seasons at United, Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role, functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward, or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion. He developed into a prolific goalscorer, capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot, courtesy of his striking ability. An accurate penalty kick taker, he also became a set piece specialist, renowned for his powerful, bending free kicks, though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career. At Real Madrid, Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role, while his creative and defensive duties became more limited, although not entirely diminished. Initially deployed as a centre forward, he was later moved back onto the left wing, though in a free tactical role ; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score, or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit. Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player, as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats. However, while he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring, he also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role. From 2013 onwards, he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement, completing fewer dribbles and passes per game, and instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring. Since 2017, Ronaldo has adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free - roaming centre forward, a role in which he has continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record ; in this position, he has earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement, excellent positional sense, link - up play, clinical finishing, and opportunism, as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers, find space in the box, and score from few opportunities. Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him, you just saw his game grow all the time, and he was a fantastic player. Now you see the complete player. His decision - making, his maturity, his experience, plus all the great skills he has got, they all make him the complete player. '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson, January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Lionel Messi. Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s, featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s. However, after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23, the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history. Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability, he is considered a decisive player, who stands out in games and who can be a game changer, especially in important and high - pressured situations. Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic, elite body conditioning, and dedication to improvement on the training pitch, as well being regarded as a natural leader. His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring. Ronaldo has at times, however, been criticised for simulating when tackled. In addition to this, he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson, teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player. During his career, Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch, with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '', because of how he was portrayed in the media. He is often seen moaning, gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory, with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance. His managers, teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him. In 2014, Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011, `` People are jealous of me as I am young, handsome and rich '', adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better. Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva, Switzerland, on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season. Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football. It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis, and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing. `` It 's part of my life now. People are bound to compare us. He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team, as I do, and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent. '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi. Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two, while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character. In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high '', while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United, Alex Ferguson, opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best ''. Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was `` only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano ''. Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented, `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we do n't with a lot of other players '', before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it 's a good thing. '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game, El Clásico, which is among the world 's most viewed annual sporting events. In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013, when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo, Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo, claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other ''. Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology, and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla, after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch. Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum, CR7, in Funchal, Madeira. It was opened on 15 December 2013. Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United, Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products, including sportswear, football boots ( since November 2012 Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition ), soft drinks, clothing, automotive lubricants, financial services, electronics and computer video games. Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game 's promotion. He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer, appearing on the cover in 2008, 2012 and 2013. Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries, bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15. The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather, Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes. In 2016, he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes, with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16. He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17. Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012, and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013, with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists. Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014. He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100, Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world. ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media, he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram by June 2015. As of June 2015, he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010, and in October 2014, he became the first sportsperson, and the second person after Shakira, to reach 100 million followers. By June 2017, Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media. His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017. Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011, he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano, created by developer RockLive, and in December 2013, he launched Viva Ronaldo, a dedicated social networking website and mobile app. Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website, with Ronaldo 's name first on the list. Ronaldo statue in Madeira Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works. His autobiography, titled Moments, was published in December 2007. His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit, in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011. Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet, a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch, was released via Vimeo in June 2014. A documentary film about his life and career, titled Ronaldo, was released worldwide on 9 November 2015. Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke, the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer. Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira, Portugal, in 2006. Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008. In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai, Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line, released in November 2013. He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014. In September 2015, Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance, `` Legacy ''. Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In 2007, C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ). In December 2013, Ronaldo opened a museum, Museu CR7, in his hometown of Funchal, Madeira, to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira. At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014, President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry, `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally, contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations ''. A bronze statue of Ronaldo, designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso, was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014. In June 2010, during the build - up to the World Cup, Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard, Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London. Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013. In June 2015, astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo. On 23 July 2016, following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016, Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport. The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017, which included a bust of his head being presented. The bust and the name change were controversial, with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians, including Saturday Night Live, while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens, who even started a petition against the move, an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque. A year later, sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust. However, this bust was never used ; instead, a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor, shown to the public on 15 June 2018. Personal life Family and relationships Ronaldo 's children Via a surrogate mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father, José Dinis Aveiro, died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20. Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol, and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008. Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010, announcing that he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother. In January 2015, Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended. In June 2017, Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins, a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo. Five months later, his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina. Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career. Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction. After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira. In 2009, Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island. In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood, Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional. In 2012, Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer. In November 2012, Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza. In December 2012, Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction, HIV, malaria and obesity. In January 2013, Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity. In March, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia, an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation. In November 2014, Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world, including Neymar, Gareth Bale, Xavi and Didier Drogba. Under the slogan `` Together, we can beat Ebola '', FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts, with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it. He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015. In June 2016, Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League. In August 2016, Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie, a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses. In the app, fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses, and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies. Controversies In April 2017, a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo, stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into, resulting in the alleged charges being dropped. Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims, labelling them `` journalistic fiction '', with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex. Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial, alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations. According to Der Spiegel, the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement. In July 2017, Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014, a claim he denies. In May 2018, Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million. It was reported on 15 June, just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup, Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities. The sentence can be served under probation, without any jail time, so long as he does not reoffend. On 15 June 2018, Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time. The Spanish government would later reduce the amount by € 2 million. Career Statistics Club As of match played 25 August 2018 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 55 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 -- 13 15 44 44 Total 292 311 30 22 -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Juventus 2018 -- 19 Serie A 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 517 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 765 573 Notes Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal, FA Cup, Copa del Rey, and Coppa Italia Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League, unless where noted. Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield, Supercopa de España, Supercoppa Italiana, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad. Marca, which awards the Pichichi Trophy, attribute it to Ronaldo, while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe. ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in Supercopa de España, two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International For a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo, see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo. As of match played 30 June 2018 National team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Portugal 2003 0 0 0 0 11 7 5 0 16 7 2005 7 0 11 2006 10 14 6 2007 9 5 0 10 5 2008 5 0 8 2009 5 0 7 6 5 0 11 2011 6 5 8 7 2012 9 13 5 2013 6 7 9 10 2014 5 9 5 2015 0 5 2016 10 10 13 13 2017 10 10 11 11 2018 7 6 Total 107 68 47 17 154 85 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements, see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo. Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07, 2007 -- 08, 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06, 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12, 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11, 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012, 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14, 2015 -- 16, 2016 -- 17, 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014, 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014, 2016, 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016, 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014, 2016, 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04, 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016, 2017 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08, 2010 -- 11, 2013 -- 14, 2014 -- 15 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14, 2014 -- 15, 2015 -- 16, 2016 -- 17, 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004, 2012, 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07, 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07, 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06, 2006 -- 07, 2007 -- 08, 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Performances FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top goal scorer : 2016, 2017 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2007 -- 08, 2012 -- 13, 2013 -- 14, 2014 -- 15, 2015 -- 16, 2016 -- 17, 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2013 -- 14 UEFA European Championship top goalscorer : 2012 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11, 2013 -- 14, 2014 -- 15 Orders Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 14 July 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 398 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 158 goals Most goals scored in UEFA club competitions : 123 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship, including qualifying : 29 goals, for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008, 2014, 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Europe 's all - time leading international goalscorer : 85 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 61 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Portugal Portugal 's most capped player of all time : 154 caps Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer : 85 goals Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 451 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 311 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 105 goals Most assists in La Liga : 85 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 25 assists See also Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff, UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : `` Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 '' Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied. Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008, 2016, 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013, 2014 ), as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards. Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ), Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016, and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017. Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi, who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season. Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015. The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010, despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe. 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Jump up ^ Wilson, Paul ( 31 December 2006 ). `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades ''. inthenews.com. 11 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again ''. BBC Sport. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2010. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ). `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ Glendenning, Barry ( 24 April 2007 ). `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ). `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd ''. BBC Sport. 19 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007. Jump up ^ Wilson, Paul ( 6 May 2007 ). `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double ''. World Soccer. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2014. Jump up ^ Buckingham, Mark ( 4 May 2007 ). `` Writers award for Ronaldo ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double ''. BBC Sport. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2018. Jump up ^ Kay, Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ). `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 16 April 2007. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool ''. BBC Sport. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or ''. UEFA. 2 December 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way ''. FIFA. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007. Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle ''. BBC Sport. 12 January 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2008. Jump up ^ Kay, Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead ''. The Times. London. Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ). `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 April 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards ''. BBC Sport. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe ''. UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Brown, Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Herbert, Ian ( 2 April 2008 ). `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again ''. The Independent. Retrieved 28 August 2014. Jump up ^ Hodges, Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 22 May 2008 ). `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory ''. BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. UEFA. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year ''. BBC Sport. 27 April 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again ''. BBC Sport. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Gardner, Alan ( 16 June 2008 ). `` Fifa decline to take action against Real ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ Dall, James ( 10 July 2008 ). `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ). `` I am a slave, says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United ''. ESPN. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' ''. BBC Sport. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2010. Jump up ^ Hart, Simon ( 17 September 2008 ). `` Villarreal return to frustrate United ''. UEFA. Retrieved 18 September 2008. Jump up ^ Weaver, Paul ( 17 November 2008 ). `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack ''. The United Review. Manchester United. 70 ( 11 ) : 65. 15 November 2008. Jump up ^ Bailey, Richard ( 18 December 2008 ). `` United secure final date ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris ( 21 December 2008 ). `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd ''. BBC. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player ''. FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Roughley, Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ). `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 ''. BBC Sport. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible, fantastic ' goal ''. FIFA. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson ''. BBC Sport. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009. Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final ''. Sky Sports. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ Williams, Richard ( 27 May 2009 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Premier League. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) ''. BBC Sport. 1 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year ''. Sky Sports. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory ''. Sky Sports. 10 May 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark ( 11 June 2009 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 November 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal ''. BBC Sport. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling ''. The Guardian. London. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No. 9, Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 ''. whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report ''. goal.com. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game ''. BBC Sport. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real ''. BBC Sport. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review ''. BBC Sport. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009. Jump up ^ Glendenning, Barry ( 3 November 2009 ). `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings ''. UEFA. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory ''. BBC Sport. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 ''. BDFutbol. Retrieved 25 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail ''. The Guardian. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record ''. 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory ''. BBC. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy ''. CNN. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal ''. Eurosport. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 4 March 2011 ). `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Chadband, Ian ( 30 November 2015 ). `` Messi, Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees ''. Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 ''. BDFutbol. Retrieved 25 December 2013. Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla ''. CNN. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions ''. The Independent. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record ''. BBC. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe ''. UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 ''. ESPN. Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 -- 4, match report ''. The Telegraph. 29 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo ''. ESPN. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain ''. CNN. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 25 May 2013 ). `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious ''. ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers ''. BBC. 29 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team ''. footballzz.com. Retrieved 14 May 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened ''. The Guardian. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012. Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark ( 3 September 2012 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 August 2014. Jump up ^ Tynan, Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Jenson, Pete ( 8 October 2012 ). `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time ''. CNN. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Jump up ^ Marioni, Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ). `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Metro. UK. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 30 January 2013 ). `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal ''. Independent Online. South Africa. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo ''. The Guardian. London. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report ''. The Guardian. London. 10 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike ''. goal.com. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 26 February 2013 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid, 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset ''. sbnation.com. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up ^ Greenberg, Chris ( 17 May 2013 ). `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final, Gets Sent Off ''. HuffPost. Retrieved 24 May 2013. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 13 February 2013 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ). `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ Rigg, Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ). `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray ''. Aol.sportingnews.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) ''. The Guardian. London. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013. Jump up ^ Corrigan, Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ). `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby ''. ESPN FC. Retrieved 16 April 2014. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 30 April 2013 ). `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final, second leg match report ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Jump up ^ Purnell, Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ). `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 October 2013. Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam ( 16 September 2013 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return ''. The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury ''. The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ). 21 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC ''. Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life ''. Yahoo Sport. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 ''. Sky Sports. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil ''. ESPN. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray ''. Sky Sports. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller ''. CNN. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks ''. As.com. 9 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013, month by month ''. Marca. Spain. 31 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns ''. Inagist. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season ''. World Soccer Talk. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record ''. ESPN. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Jump up ^ Collett, Mike ( 24 May 2014 ). `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners ''. Reuters. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier ''. ESPN. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours ''. UEFA. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Oliver, Pete ( 23 April 2014 ). `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe ''. Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2016. After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco, Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record ''. Marca. Spain. 11 February 2014. Jump up ^ Treadaway, Dan ( 12 February 2014 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury ''. The Guardian. London. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid ''. BBC Sport. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo ''. ESPN. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo, winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' ''. LFP. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014. Jump up ^ Rigg, Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ). `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona ''. The Independent. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season ''. AS ( English ). 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla ''. The Guardian. London. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches, Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league ''. independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche ''. The Guardian. London. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid ''. BBC. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao ''. BBC News. 5 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record ''. ESPN FC. 6 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup ''. UEFA. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards ''. FIFA. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest ''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2015. adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo, Kessler, Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 ''. FIFA. Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon, Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension ''. France Football. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca ''. Reuters. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia ''. The Daily Telegraph. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign ''. ESPN FC. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal ''. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record ''. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart ''. ESPN FC. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Neymar, Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts ''. UEFA. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada ''. BBC. Retrieved 5 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid ''. BBC. 8 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid ''. BBC. 2 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal ''. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals ''. ESPN FC. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ). laliga.es. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record ''. ESPN. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante ''. BBC Sport. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record ''. Sky Sports. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar ''. Sky Sports. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal ''. ESPN FC. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl ''. The Guardian. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö ''. Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage ''. Reuters. 8 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar ''. BBC Sport. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' ''. The Guardian. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016. Jump up ^ Balague, Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved 21 April 2016. Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid ( 14 April 2016 ), `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '', World Soccer, retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark ''. FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid ''. 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished, now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick, to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw ''. 12 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again ''. UEFA. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ Jump up to : Stevens, Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph ''. The Independent. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Jump up ^ Delaney, Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best ''. ESPN FC. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe ''. UEFA. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury ''. sportskeeda. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Real Madrid C.F. Retrieved 6 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo, all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético ''. Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Following his hat - trick at the Calderón, the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético, surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ). Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history ''. fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal ''. ESPN FC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final ''. FIFA. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo, Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards ''. FIFA. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or ''. Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet ''. FIFA. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record ''. ESPN FC. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ). `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history, surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ). Punisher '' ( Tweet ). Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Leal, Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ). `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league ''. Real Madrid C.F. Retrieved 28 February 2017. The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal ''. Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017. Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal ''. Goal. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017. Jump up ^ UEFA.com. `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final ''. UEFA. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record ''. Sky Sports. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid, campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 ''. laliga.es. 21 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga ''. BBC. 21 May 2017. Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ). `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal, hails ' unique moment ' ''. espnfc.com. 3 June 2017. 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Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob ( 13 September 2011 ). `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best, but There Is Someone Better ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Brown, Brigid ( June 2014 ). `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary ''. BBC America. Retrieved 10 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere ''. Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham, Jess ( 10 June 2015 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board ''. Independent. Retrieved 2 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London ''. Football Shirt Culture. 10 October 2008. Jump up ^ Tilley, Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ). `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants ''. PR Week. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line ''. Complex. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion ''. Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances ''. Retrieved 28 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ''. CD Nacional. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Jump up ^ Jones, Alice ( 25 February 2014 ). `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' ''. The Independent. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira ''. Maisfutebol.iol.pt. Retrieved 24 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira ''. Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ''. El País. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum ''. CNN. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments ''. NDTV Sports. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair ''. BBC Sport. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy ''. Daily Express. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo ''. The World Game. Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 23 July 2016. ^ Jump up to : Corrigan, Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president ''. ESPN FC. Retrieved 11 March 2017. The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island. Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ). `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust -- SNL '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust ''. BBC News. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018. Jump up ^ Davies, Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ). `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon ''. New Statesman. Retrieved 18 July 2014. Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob ( 14 September 2005 ). `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story ''. USA Today. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts ''. CNN. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010. Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo ''. BBC Sport. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010. Jump up ^ Bergin, Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk ''. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk ''. Jump up ^ Sharland, Pete. `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins ''. Eurosport. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo, Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl ''. ESPN. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh ''. People 's Daily. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 2 April 2011. Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club ''. FIFA. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout ''. BBC News. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors ''. cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira ''. Reuters. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy ''. AS.com. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza ''. Russia : RT. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' ''. Marca. Spain. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition ''. Save the Children. 27 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove ''. The Jakarta Post. 17 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Top players, FIFA, CAF and health experts unite against Ebola ''. FIFA. Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity ''. The Independent. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016. Jump up ^ Griner, David ( 9 August 2016 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him, Topless or Otherwise ''. Adweek. Retrieved 11 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App, Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need ''. savethechildren.org. Save the Children. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret ''. Der Spiegel. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ Austin, Jack ( 15 April 2017 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' ''. Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose ''. The Guardian. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer ''. As. 31 May 2018. Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case ''. The Independent. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case ''. MSN. Retrieved 15 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Spain taxman knocks € 2 million off Cristiano Ronaldo tax settlement : Report ''. Channel News Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. footballzz.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Marca ( in Spanish ). Spain. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 ''. BDFutbol. Retrieved 25 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 ''. BDFutbol. Retrieved 25 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 ''. BDFutbol. Retrieved 27 August 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 8 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. fpf.pt. Portuguese Football Federation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2015. Jump up ^ Mamrud, Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances ''. Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 25 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ''. National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman. Retrieved 18 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview ''. Premier League. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) ''. Madrid : Real Madrid C.F. Retrieved 21 February 2017. Jump up ^ Hayward, Paul ( 12 January 2015 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or ''. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time ''. The Guardian. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or ''. Madrid, Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo ''. Soccerlens. 13 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year ''. Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year ''. UEFA. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year ''. UEFA. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards ''. World Soccer. Time ( UK ). 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career ''. cristianoronaldo.com. Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo. Retrieved 23 January 2017. Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player ''. Jump up ^ `` History ''. FIFA. Retrieved 24 May 2016. 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards ''. FIFA. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 ''. FIFA. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI ''. UEFA. 22 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced ''. UEFA. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season ''. UEFA. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014. Cristiano Ronaldo, who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign, is joined by Marco Reus, Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season ''. UEFA. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season ''. UEFA. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016. Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season, but who else has made the 18 - man selection? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 ''. Madrid, Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Carvajal, Ramos, Marcelo, Casemiro, Kroos, Modric, Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season ''. UEFA. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017. Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season, but who else has made the 18 - man selection? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season ''. UEFA. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018. UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League. Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed ''. UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ). 5 July 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament ''. UEFA. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed ''. UEFA. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed! ''. FIFA. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Jump up ^ White, Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ). `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year ''. BBC Sport. 23 April 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award ''. BBC Sport. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup statistics and leaders ''. Fox Sports. Retrieved 5 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` Champions League 2013 / 2014 '' Assists ``. WorldFootball. Retrieved 25 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics ''. UEFA. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ). Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' ''. Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito ''. Record.pt. Retrieved 10 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção ''. Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed ''. FIFA. Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches ''. FIFA. Retrieved 6 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records ''. Goal.com. 12 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record ''. Madrid, Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016. He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros... Following his two goals against Hungary, he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments. The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006, 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup. Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo ''. MSN News. Retrieved 15 March 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold? ''. UEFA. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold? ''. UEFA. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Portugal star Ronaldo becomes second leading international scorer with Morocco goal ''. Goal.com. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time -- Hat Tricks ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 29 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Spain '' Primera División '' All - time best penalty takers '' rank 1 -- 50 ``. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 27 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history ''. Real Madrid C.F. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Played for Portugal national team ''. EU-Football.info. Retrieved 15 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` Portugal national football team goal scorers ''. EU-Football.info. Retrieved 15 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER ''. Realmadrid.com. Real Madrid C.F. Retrieved 27 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 26 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 26 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 26 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists ''. Statbunker. Retrieved 26 April 2018. Further Reading Balagué, Guillem ( 2015 ). Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography. Orion. ISBN 978 - 1409155041. External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Juventus F.C. -- current squad 1 Szczęsny 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini ( c ) 4 Benatia 5 Pjanić 6 Khedira 7 Ronaldo 10 Dybala 11 Douglas Costa 12 Alex Sandro 14 Matuidi 15 Barzagli 16 Cuadrado 17 Mandžukić 18 Kean 19 Bonucci 20 Cancelo 21 Pinsoglio 22 Perin 23 Can 24 Rugani 30 Bentancur 33 Bernardeschi 37 Spinazzola Manager : Allegri Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=856964583 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Portuguese Second Division players Sporting CP B players Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Juventus F.C. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain Portuguese expatriates in Italy UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with short description UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 17 : 29 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&amp;oldid=856964583" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ), the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ), the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country. Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. After winning his first trophy, the FA Cup, during his first season in England, he helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first" ], "id": [ "3788990674639169104" ], "short_answers": [ "over 670" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Punjab, India - Wikipedia Punjab, India This article is about a state of India. For a geographical region, see Punjab. For other uses of the name, see Punjab ( disambiguation ). State in India Punjab State The only state in India with a majority Sikh population, Punjab contains the Golden Temple, amongst the most important sites in Sikhism Seal Location of Punjab in India Coordinates ( Chandigarh ) : 30 ° 47 ′ N 75 ° 50 ′ E  /  30.79 ° N 75.84 ° E  / 30.79 ; 75.84 Coordinates : 30 ° 47 ′ N 75 ° 50 ′ E  /  30.79 ° N 75.84 ° E  / 30.79 ; 75.84 Country India Capital Chandigarh Largest city Ludhiana Districts 22 Government Governor VP Singh Badnore Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh ( INC ) Legislature Unicameral ( 117 seats ) Parliamentary constituency 13 High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Area Total 50,362 km ( 19,445 sq mi ) Area rank 20th Highest elevation 551 m ( 1,808 ft ) Lowest elevation 150 m ( 490 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 27,704,236 Rank 16th Density 550 / km ( 1,400 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Punjabi GDP ( 2017 -- 18 ) Total ₹ 4.65 lakh crore ( US $69 billion ) Per capita ₹ 142,958 ( US $2,100 ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - PB HDI 0.6614 ( medium ) HDI rank 5th ( 2015 ) Official language Punjabi Website punjab.gov.in ^ † Joint Capital with Haryana. Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh. Symbols of Punjab Emblem Lion Capital of Ashoka with Wheat stem ( above ) and Crossed Swords ( below ) Language Punjabi Dance Bhangra, Giddha Animal Blackbuck Bird Baaz ( Accipiter gentilis ) Punjab ( / pʌnˈdʒɑːb / ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53 % of India 's total geographical area. It is the 20th - largest Indian state by area. With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Punjab is the 16th - largest state by population, comprising 22 districts. Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Punjabi Sikhs ( 57.7 % ) forming the demographic majority, followed by Hindus ( 38.5 % ). The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighboring state of Haryana. The five rivers from which the region took its name were Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum ; Sutlej, Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab. The Punjab region was home to the Indus Valley Civilization until 1900 BCE. The Punjab was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and was captured by Chandragupta Maurya. The Punjab was home to the Gupta Empire, the empire of the Alchon Huns, the empire of Harsha, and the Mongol Empire. Circa 1000, the Punjab was invaded by Muslims and was part of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. Sikhism originated in Punjab and resulted in the formation of the Sikh Confederacy after the fall of the Mughal Empire. The confederacy was united into the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The entire Punjab region was annexed by the British East India Company from the Sikh Empire in 1849. In 1947, the Punjab Province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. The western part was assimilated into new country of Pakistan while the east stayed in India. The Indian Punjab as well as PEPSU was divided into three parts on the basis of language in 1966. Haryanvi - speaking areas ( a dialect of Hindi ) were carved out as Haryana, while the hilly regions and Pahari - speaking areas formed Himachal Pradesh, alongside the current state of Punjab. The diverse cultures of the various rulers of Punjab have influenced Punjabi culture. Punjab 's government has three branches - executive, judiciary and legislative. Punjab follows the parliamentary system of government with the Chief Minister as the head of the state. Punjab is primarily agriculture - based due to the presence of abundant water sources and fertile soils. Other major industries include the manufacturing of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Minerals and energy resources also contribute to Punjab 's economy to a much lesser extent. Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are in `` Steel Town '' -- Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient history 2.2 Hindus in Punjab 2.3 Sikhs in Punjab 2.4 Cis - Sutlej states 2.5 Sikh Empire 2.6 Punjab Province ( British India ) 2.7 Independence and its aftermath 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Seasons 4.1 Summer 4.2 Rainy season 4.3 Winter 4.4 Post-Monsoon transitional season 4.5 Post-Winter transitional season 5 Rainfall 6 Flora and fauna 6.1 Animals and birds 7 Government and politics 8 Law & Order Set - Up 9 Administrative Set - Up 9.1 Majha 9.2 Doaba 9.3 Malwa 9.4 Poadh 10 Economy 11 Transport 12 Demographics 13 Education 14 Media 15 Digital library 16 Culture 16.1 Bhangra 16.2 Punjabi folklore 16.3 Literature 16.4 Music 16.5 Film industry 16.6 Cuisine 16.7 Festivals and traditions 17 Sports 18 Tourism 19 See also 20 References 21 Bibliography 22 External links Etymology The region was originally called Sapta Sindhu, the Vedic land of the seven rivers flowing into the ocean. The Sanskrit name for the region, as mentioned in the Ramayana and Mahabharata for example, was Panchanada which means `` Land of the Five Rivers '', and was translated to Persian as Punjab after the Muslim conquests. The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj ( five ) and āb ( waters ). Thus Panjāb roughly means `` the land of five rivers ''. The five rivers are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum ( also spelled Jhelum ). Traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i.e. `` The Punjab ''. The name is also sometimes spelled as `` Panjab ''. The Greeks called Punjab a pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers ; the name Punjab was given to the region by the Central Asian Turkic conquerors of India, and popularised by the Turco - Mongol Mughals. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the Punjab See also : Punjab ( region ) Ancient History During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800 -- 400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta and ruled by Katoch kings. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Ropar. The Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of northern India including Punjab. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was ruled by many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara - Pratiharas and Hindu Shahis. The furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Great 's exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. This resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences. Hindus in Punjab This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel ( 1989 ) ; realms or tribes are labelled black, foreign tribes mentioned in early Vedic texts purple, Vedic shakhas in green, rivers are labelled blue, the Thar desert is marked orange. The original Punjab region is now divided into several units : West Punjab ( now in Pakistan ), portions of Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa such as the Gandharar region, the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh and the Indian Union territory of Chandigarh. The regions of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and Jammu have also been historically associated with the Punjab. The Punjab is the ' Sapta Sindhu ' region mentioned in the Rig Veda, the seven rivers are : Saraswati ( thought to be the present day Ghaggar ), Satadru / Shutadri ( Sutlej ), Vipasa ( Beas ), Asikani, Chandrabhaga ( Chenab ), Iravati ( Ravi ), Vitasta / Vet ( Jhelum ) and Sindhu ( Indus ). Among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following. Rigveda Grammar of Sakatayana Ashtadhyayi of Pāṇini Nirukta of Yaska Charaka Samhita Mahabharata along with the Bhagavad Gita Brihatkatha of Gunadya Bakhshali Manuscript The world 's oldest university Takshashila flourished here, even before the Buddha 's birth. The Brahmins of this region are called ' Saraswata ' after the legendary Saraswati river region, once known for the ashramas of the rishis. Hinduism has been prevalent in Punjab since historical times before the arrival of Islam and birth of Sikhism in Punjab. Some of the influential Sikh figures such as Guru Nanak, Guru Angad Dev, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Banda Singh Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, all originated from Hindu families of Punjab. Many of Punjab 's Hindus converted to Sikhism. Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas. Many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore, Jalandhar, Chandigarh and so on. Examples of Punjabi Hindus include the former Prime ministers of India I.K. Gujral and Gulzari Lal Nanda and former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev and scientist Hargobind Khorana. Sikhs in Punjab This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sikhism originated in the Punjab Region during the 15th century. Approximately 75 % of the total Sikh population of the world lives in Punjab. Sikhism began at the time of the conquest of northern India by Babur. His grandson, Akbar, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das had a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and had a positive relationship with the Sikh Gurus until his death in 1605. His successor, Jahangir, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He arrested Guru Arjun Dev because of Sikh support for Khusrau Mirza and ordered him put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev 's martyrdom led to the sixth Guru, Guru Har Gobind, declaring Sikh sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and the establishment of a fort to defend Amritsar. Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by imprisoning Guru Har Gobind at Gwalior. He felt compelled to release him when he began to suffer premonitions of an early and gruesome death. The Guru refused to be released unless the dozens of Hindu princes imprisoned with him were also granted freedom, to which Jahangir agreed. Sikhism did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until Jahangir 's death in 1627. His successor, Shah Jahan, `` took offense '' at Guru Har Gobind 's sovereignty and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the Sivalik Hills. Guru Har Gobind 's successor, Guru Har Rai, maintained the guruship in the Sivalik Hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and taking a neutral role in the power struggle between Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh for control of the Timurid dynasty. The ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community to Anandpur and travelled extensively to visit and preach in Sikh communities in defiance of Mughal rule. He aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam and was arrested and confronted by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion or death, he chose to die and was executed. Guru Gobind Singh assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. He built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The Sikh community 's growing power alarmed Sivalik Hill Rajas, who attempted to attack the city, but the Guru 's forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal - backed claimants to the guruship. In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill Rajas and the Mughal army under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, was defeated by the Khalsa at the Battle of Muktsar. Banda Singh Bahadur was an ascetic who converted to Sikhism after meeting Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded. Shortly before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to uproot Mughal rule in Punjab and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor Sikh and Hindu peasants who farmed the land. Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at Samana and Sadhaura and it culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to Sikhs, and executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh 's sons, Baba Zorawar Singh and Baba Fateh Singh, after the Sikh victory at Sirhind. He ruled the territory between the Sutlej River and the Yamuna River, established a capital in the Himalayas at Lohgarh, and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. Cis - Sutlej states The Cis - Sutlej states were a group of states in modern Punjab and Haryana states lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. These states were ruled by the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire. Various Sikh sardars and other Rajas of the Cis - Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas until the Second Anglo - Maratha War of 1803 - 1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British. The Cis - Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot. Sikh Empire Main article : Sikh Empire Sikh Empire Darbar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, showing people of all religions Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Granth Sahib being recited near the Golden Temple, Amritsar The Sikh Empire ( 1801 -- 1849 ) was forged by Maharajah Ranjit Singh on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls, creating a unified political state. The empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The religious demography of the Sikh Empire was Muslim ( 70 % ), Sikh ( 17 % ), Hindu ( 13 % ). After his proclamation in 1801 as Maharajah, Ranjit Singh began the modernisation of the Punjab Army. All the Misl leaders who were affiliated with the Army had been nobility, usually with long and prestigious family histories in Punjab. Ranjit Singh introduced several new commanders, some of them European, and a further 52,000 well - trained and equipped professional - grade irregulars with a significant multi-religious component. In addition, the army was equipped with field artillery, turning it into a premier fighting force. After Ranjit Singh 's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British Empire to launch the Anglo - Sikh Wars. A series of betrayals of the Sikhs by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Raja Dhian Singh were the top generals of the army. The Sikh Empire was finally dissolved, after a series of wars with the British at the end of the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849, into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab, which were granted statehood. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown. Punjab province ( British India ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British Punjab Province, before 1947 The Cis - Sutlej states, including Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot, were under the suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the Second Anglo - Maratha War of 1803 - 1805, when Marathas lost this territory to the British. During the war, some of the states in the region gave their allegiance to British General Gerard Lake. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo - Maratha War, an 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought these states under formal British protection. Ranjit Singh 's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos, and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. By 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the Sutlej frontier to secure their northernmost possessions against the succession struggles in the Punjab. In late 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near Firozpur, beginning the First Anglo - Sikh War. The war ended the following year, and the territory between the Sutlej and the Beas was ceded to British Company rule in India, along with Kashmir, which was sold to Gulab Singh of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal. As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops, along with a resident political agent and other officials, were left in Punjab to oversee the regency of Maharaja Dhalip Singh, a minor. The Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out - of - work Sikh troops in Multan revolted, and a British official was killed. Within a few months, the unrest had spread throughout Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. The British prevailed in the Second Anglo - Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849, Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. Punjab became a province of British India, although a number of small states, most notably Patiala, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nabha, and Jind, retained local rulers in subsidiary alliances with the British, with the rulers retaining their own internal sovereignty but recognising British suzerainty. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the Indian National Congress proclaimed independence from Lahore. In March 1940, the All - India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India. This triggered bitter protests by the Sikhs in Punjab, who could not countenance living in a Muslim state. In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence erupted between Punjab 's Muslim majority and the Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Muslim League attacked the government of Unionist Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Akalis and the Congress and led to its downfall. Unwilling to be cowed, Sikhs and Hindus counterattacked, and the resulting bloodshed left the province in great disorder. Congress and League leaders agreed to partition Punjab along religious lines, a precursor to the wider partition of the country. Independence and its Aftermath This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1947 the Punjab Province of British India was partitioned along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. Huge numbers of people were displaced, and there was much intercommunal violence. Following independence, several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, acceded to the Union of India and were united into the PEPSU. In 1956 this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply `` Punjab ''. The undivided Punjab, of which Pakistani Punjab forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs until 1947, apart from the Muslim majority. Immediately following independence in 1947, and due to the ensuing communal violence and fear, most Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan migrated to India. Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab, which now forms part of India. More than seven million moved to Pakistan, and over six million settled in Punjab. In 1950, two new states were recognised by the Indian constitution : the Indian part of the former British province of Punjab became the state of East Punjab, while the princely states of the region were combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union ( PEPSU ). Himachal Pradesh was later created as a union territory from several princely states in the hills. Geography Punjab is in northwestern India and has a total area of 50,362 square kilometres ( 19,445 sq mi ). Punjab is bounded by Pakistan on the west, Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Himachal Pradesh on the northeast and Haryana and Rajasthan on the south. Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system. A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average elevation is 300 metres ( 980 ft ) above sea level, with a range from 180 metres ( 590 ft ) in the southwest to more than 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semiarid, eventually merging into the Thar Desert. The Shiwalik Hills extend along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences. Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis of soil types : southwestern, central, and eastern. Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low - damage risk zone ; zone III is considered a moderate - damage risk zone ; and zone IV is considered a high - damage risk zone. Climate Agricultural fields of Punjab during the monsoon The geography and subtropical latitudinal location of Punjab lead to large variations in temperature from month to month. Even though only limited regions experience temperatures below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ), ground frost is commonly found in the majority of Punjab during the winter season. The temperature rises gradually with high humidity and overcast skies. However, the rise in temperature is steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low. The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June. The temperature remains above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) in the entire region during this period. Ludhiana recorded the highest maximum temperature at 46.1 ° C ( 115.0 ° F ) with Patiala and Amritsar recording 45.5 ° C ( 113.9 ° F ). The maximum temperature during the summer in Ludhiana remains above 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) for a duration of one and a half months. These areas experience the lowest temperatures in January. The sun rays are oblique during these months and the cold winds control the temperature at daytime. Punjab experiences its minimum temperature from December to February. The lowest temperature was recorded at Amritsar ( 0.2 ° C ( 32.4 ° F ) ) and Ludhiana stood second with 0.5 ° C ( 32.9 ° F ). The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) for almost two months during the winter season. The highest minimum temperature of these regions in June is more than the daytime maximum temperatures experienced in January and February. Ludhiana experiences minimum temperatures above 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) for more than two months. The annual average temperature in the entire state is approximately 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ). Further, the mean monthly temperature range varies between 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in July to approximately 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in November. Seasons Punjab experiences three main seasons. They are : Hot Season ( mid-April to the end of June ) Rainy Season ( early July to the end of September ) Cold Season ( early December to the end of February ). Apart from these three, the state experiences transitional seasons like : Pre-summer season ( March to mid-April ) : This is the period of transition between winter and summer. Post-monsoon season ( September to end of November ) : This is the period of transition between monsoon and winter seasons. Summer Punjab starts experiencing mildly hot temperatures in February. However, the actual summer season commences in mid-April. The area experiences pressure variations during the summer months. The atmospheric pressure of the region remains around 987 millibar during February and it reaches 970 millibar in June. Rainy season The monsoon brings joy to the agricultural sector as farmers become very busy. Punjab 's rainy season begins in first week of July as monsoon currents generated in the Bay of Bengal bring rain to the region. Winter Temperature variation is minimal in January. The mean night and day temperatures fall to 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) and 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ), respectively. Post-monsoon transitional season The monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of September. This brings a gradual change in climate and temperature. The time between October and November is the transitional period between monsoon and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally fair and dry. Post-winter transitional season The effects of winter diminish by the first week of March. The hot summer season commences in mid-April. This period is marked by occasional showers with hail storms and squalls that cause extensive damage to crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last week of March, commencing the harvest period. Rainfall Monsoon Rainfall Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Punjab receives rainfall from the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current enters the state from the southeast in the first week of July. Winter Rainfall The winter season remains very cool with temperatures falling below freezing at some places. Winter also brings in some western disturbances. Rainfall in the winter provides relief to the farmers as some of the winter crops in the region of Shivalik Hills are entirely dependent on this rainfall. As per meteorological statistics, the sub-Shivalik area receives more than 100 millimetres ( 3.9 in ) of rainfall in the winter months. Flora and fauna This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Agriculture in Punjab The plains of Punjab do not have any thick forests. The only available flora are patches of grass, small bushes, and shrubs. In the southeastern part of Punjab and the areas of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Multan, mangoes are grown. Other varieties of fruit grown in abundance are oranges, apples, figs, quinces, almonds, pomegranates, peaches, mulberries, apricots and plums. Major cultivation of rich flora and fauna can be seen in the Shivalik ranges. Due its rich flora and fauna, it has been termed a micro-endemic zone of India. There is a wide variety of angiosperms in the area, including 355 types of herbs, 70 types of trees, 70 types of shrubs of all sizes, 19 types of climbers, and 21 types of twines. Besides angiosperms, the region is home to 31 kinds of pteridophytes and 27 kinds of bryophytes, while a special species of gymnosperm named Pinus roxburghii can be seen in the ranges of Punjab. The fauna of the area is rich, with 396 types of birds, 214 kinds of Lepidoptera, 55 varieties of fish, 20 types of reptiles, and 19 kinds of mammals. The state of Punjab has large wetland areas, bird sanctuaries that house numerous species of birds, and many zoological parks. Wetlands include the national wetland Hari - Ke - Pattan, the wetland of Kanjli, and the wetlands of Kapurthala Sutlej. Wildlife sanctuaries include the Harike in the district of Tarn Taran Sahib, the Zoological Park in Rupnagar, Chhatbir Bansar Garden in Sangrur, Aam Khas Bagh in Sirhind, Amritsar 's famous Ram Bagh, Shalimar Garden in Kapurthala, and the famous Baradari Garden in the city of Patiala. Animals and birds A few of the rivers in Punjab have dangerous species of crocodiles. The extraction of silk from silkworms is another industry that flourishes in the state. Production of bee honey is done in some parts of Punjab. The southern plains are desert land ; hence, camels can be seen. Buffaloes graze around the banks of rivers. The northeastern part is home to animals like horses. Wildlife sanctuaries have many more species of wild animals like the otter, wild boar, wildcat, fruit bat, hog deer, flying fox, squirrel and mongoose. Naturally formed forests can be seen in the Shivalik ranges in the districts of Ropar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur. Patiala is home to the Bir forest while the wetlands area in Punjab is home to the famous Mand forest. Botanical gardens exist throughout Punjab. There is a zoological park and a tiger safari park, as well as three parks dedicated to deer. The state bird is the baz ( northern goshawk ). ( Melierax poliopterus ), the state animal is the blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ), and the state tree is the shisham ( Dalbergia sissoo ). Government and politics This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Punjab Legislative Assembly building Main articles : Politics of Punjab ( India ), Government of Punjab ( India ), Punjab Legislative Assembly, and List of districts of Punjab ( India ) Punjab is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly elected Chief Minister who is vested with most of the executive powers. The term length of the government is five years. The state legislature, the Vidhan Sabha, is the unicameral Punjab Legislative Assembly, with 117 members elected from single - seat constituencies. The current Government was elected in the 2017 Assembly elections as Congress won 77 out of 117 Assembly seats and Amarinder Singh is the current Chief Minister. The state of Punjab is divided into five administrative divisions and twenty - two districts. The capital of Punjab is Chandigarh, which also serves as the capital of Haryana and is thus administered separately as a Union Territory of India. The judicial branch of the state government is provided by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Chandigarh. The main players in the politics of the state are the Indian National Congress and the Shiromani Akali Dal ( with alliance Bharatiya Janata Party ). The present government is headed by Amarinder Singh. President 's rule has been imposed in Punjab 8 times so far, since 1950, for different reasons. In terms of the absolute number of days, Punjab was under President 's rule for 3510 days, which is about 10 years. Much of this was in the 80s during the height of militancy in Punjab. Punjab was under President 's rule for 5 continuous years from 1987 to 1992. Law & order set - up Punjab state law and order is maintained by Punjab Police. Punjab police is headed by its DGP, Suresh Arora, and has 70,000 employees. It manages state affairs through 22 district heads known as SSP. Administrative set - up Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters, before 2007 Punjab has 22 districts which are geographically classified into Majha, Malwa, Doaba and Poadh regions. They are officially divided among 5 divisions : Patiala, Rupnagar, Jalandhar, Faridkot and Firozepur. Majha Amritsar Tarn Taran Gurdaspur Pathankot Doaba Hoshiarpur Kapurthala Jalandhar Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar ( Nawanshahr ) Malwa Barnala Bathinda Ferozepur Fazilka Faridkot Ludhiana Moga Mansa Muktsar Patiala Sangrur Poadh SAS Nagar ( Mohali ) Rupnagar Fatehgarh Sahib Each district under the administrative control of a District Collector. The districts are subdivided into 79 tehsils, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records comes under the administrative control of a Tehsildar. Each Tehsil consists of blocks which are total 143 in number. The blocks consist of revenue villages. There are total number of revenue villages in the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali. The capital and largest city of the state is Chandigarh. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48 % people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.48 percent. The major cities are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Bathinda, Sangrur, and SAS Nagar ( Mohali ). Economy Main article : Economy of Punjab ( India ) See also : Measurement of land in Punjab Burning of rice residues after harvest to quickly prepare the land for wheat planting, around Sangrur, Punjab Punjab 's GDP is ₹ 3.17 lakh crore ( US $47 billion ). Punjab is one of the most fertile regions in India. The region is ideal for wheat - growing. Rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the `` Granary of India '' or `` India 's bread - basket ''. It produces 10.26 % of India 's cotton, 19.5 % of India 's wheat, and 11 % of India 's rice. The Firozpur and Fazilka Districts are the largest producers of wheat and rice in the state. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2 % of the world 's cotton, 2 % of its wheat and 1 % of its rice. The largest cultivated crop is wheat. Other important crops are rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley and fruit. Rice and wheat are doublecropped in Punjab with rice stalks being burned off over millions of acres prior to the planting of wheat. This widespread practice is polluting and wasteful. In Punjab the consumption of fertiliser per hectare is 223.46 kg as compared to 90 kg nationally. The state has been awarded the National Productivity Award for agriculture extension services for ten years, from 1991 -- 92 to 1998 -- 99 and from 2001 to 2003 -- 04. In recent years a drop in productivity has been observed, mainly due to falling fertility of the soil. This is believed to be due to excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90 % of the agriculture depends ; alarming drops have been witnessed in recent years. By some estimates, groundwater is falling by a meter or more per year. According to the India State Hunger Index, Punjab has the lowest level of hunger in India. Transport Main articles : Punjab Roadways and PEPSU Road Transport Corporation Public transport in Punjab is provided by buses, auto rickshaws, Indian railways and an international rail connection to Pakistan ( Samjhauta Express ). The state has a large network of multi modal transportation systems. Punjab has six civil airports including two international airports : Amritsar International Airport and Chandigarh International Airport ; and four domestic airports : Bathinda Airport, Pathankot Airport, Patiala Airport, Sahnewal Airport. A DMU Train in Ludhiana The Indian Railways ' Northern Railway line runs through the state connecting most of the major towns and cities. The railway network in the state is controlled by Northern Railway zone divisional headquarter : Firozpur railway division and Ambala railway division. The Shatabdi Express, India 's fastest series of train connects Amritsar to New Delhi covering total distance of 449 km. Bathinda Junction is the largest railway station in the state. Punjab 's major railway stations are Ludhiana Junction ( LDH ), Jalandhar Cantonment ( JRC ), Firozpur Cantonment ( FZR ), Jalandhar City Junction ( JUC ), Pathankot Junction ( PTK ), Amritsar Junction ( ASR ), Patiala railway station ( PTA ), SAS Nagar Mohali ( SASN ), Moga railway station ( MOGA ), Gurdaspur railway station ( GSP ), and Phagwara railway station ( PGW ). The railway stations of Amritsar is included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world - class railway stations. The Samjhauta Express is a joint venture between Indian Railways and Pakistan Railways and runs from Attari railway station near Amritsar in India to Lahore Railway Station in Punjab, Pakistan. All the cities and towns of Punjab are connected by four - lane national highways. The Grand Trunk Road, also known as `` NH1 '', connects Kolkata to Peshawar, passing through Jalandhar and Amritsar. Another major national highway connects Punjab to Jammu, passing through Hoshiarpur and Pathankot. National highways passing through the state are ranked the best in the country with widespread road networks that serve isolated towns as well as the border region. Ludhiana and Amritsar are among several Indian cities that have the highest accident rates in India. There are also a bus rapid transit system Amritsar BRTS in the holy city of Amritsar, popularly known as ' Amritsar MetroBus ' The following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages : National Highway 1 National Highway 10 National Highway 15 National Highway 1A National Highway 20 National Highway 21 National Highway 22 National Highway 64 National Highway 70 National Highway 71 National Highway 95 Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Punjab ( India ) and List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population Located in Amritsar, Harmandir Sahib is the holiest shrine of Sikhism. show Population Growth Census Pop. % ± 1951 9,161,000 -- 1961 11,135,000 21.5 % 1971 13,551,000 21.7 % 1981 16,788,915 23.9 % 1991 20,281,969 20.8 % 24,289,296 19.8 % 2011 27,704,236 14.1 % source : Census of India Languages of Punjab ( 2001 ) Punjabi ( 91.69 % ) Hindi ( 7.60 % ) Tamil and Others ( 0.27 % ) Punjab is home to 2.30 % of India 's population ; with a density of 551 persons per km. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent ( 2011 ), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48 % people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.48 percent. Punjabi is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population ( 91.69 % ). Hindi is spoken by 7.6 % of the population. The 2011 census found OBC and Scheduled Castes to account for 22 % and 31 % of the population respectively. The Forward caste ( includes Jat Sikhs - 21 %, Brahmins, Khatris, Arains, Banias, Thakurs / Rajputs ) constitutes 41 % of the total population of Punjab. There has been a constant decline in the sex ratio of the state. The sex ratio in Punjab was 895 females per 1000 males, which was below the national average of 940. The literacy rate rose to 75.84 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 80.44 percent while female literacy is at 70.73 percent. In actual numbers, total literates in Punjab stands at 18,707,137 of which males were 10,436,056 and females were 8,271,081. Punjab has the largest population of Sikhs in India and is the only state where Sikhs form a majority with approximately 57.69 percent of the state population practicing Sikhism as of 2011. Hinduism is second most popular religion in state of Punjab with 38.49 % following it. Islam is followed by 1.93 %, Christianity by 1.26 %, Jainism by 0.16 %, Buddhism by 0.12 %. Around 0.04 % stated ' Other Religion ', approximately 0.32 % stated No Particular Religion. Sikhs form a majority in 18 districts out of the 22. Hindus constitute the majority in 4 districts : complete majority in Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr districts and a marginal majority in the Gurdaspur District. Malerkotla is the only city in Punjab with a Muslim majority. Religion in Punjab ( 2011 ) Sikhism ( 57.69 % ) Hinduism ( 38.49 % ) Islam ( 1.93 % ) Christianity ( 1.26 % ) Jainism ( 0.16 % ) Buddhism ( 0.12 % ) Other or not religious ( 0.36 % ) The Sikh shrine, Harmandir Sahib ( Golden Temple ), is in the city of Amritsar, which houses the SGPC, the top most Sikh religious body. The Sri Akal Takht Sahib, which is within the Golden Temple complex, is the highest temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the five Takhts ( Temporal Seats of religious authority ) of Sikhism, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama Sahib and Anandpur Sahib. At least one Sikh Gurdwara can be found in almost every village in the state, as well as in the towns and cities ( in various architectural styles and sizes ). Before the advent of Islam, and later birth of Sikhism, Hinduism was the main religion practised by the Punjabi people. Due to non-exclusive nature of their religion, a segment of Punjabis who are categorised as Punjabi Hindus continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the Sikh Gurus in private practice but also visits to Sikh Gurdwaras in addition to Hindu temples. Education This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research The Ranjit Singh Block at Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan at Punjabi University Main article : Education in Punjab ( India ) See also : Punjab School Education Board, Punjab State Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training, and List of institutions of higher education in Punjab Primary and Secondary education is mainly affiliated to Punjab School Education Board. Punjab is served by several institutions of higher education, including 23 universities that provide undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business. Punjab Agricultural University is a leading institution globally for the study of agriculture and played a significant role in Punjab 's Green Revolution in the 1960s -- 70s. Alumni of the Panjab University, Chandigarh include Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister of India, and Dr. Har Gobind Khorana, a biochemistry nobel laureate. One of the oldest institutions of medical education is the Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, which has existed since 1894. There is an existing gap in education between men and women, particularly in rural areas of Punjab. Of a total of 1 million 300 thousand students enrolled in grades five to eight, only 44 % are women. Punjab has 23 universities, of which 10 are private, 9 are state, 1 is central and 3 are deemed universities. Punjab has 1.04 lakh ( 104,000 ) engineering seats. Punjab also putting step in education of Yoga and Naturopathy. Its slowly being papular and student adopting these as their career. Board of Naturopathy and yoga science ( B.N.Y.S. ) Regional College Dinanagar is very first college opened in Dinanagar Town with the help of Dr Jawahar lal Raina and Dr Abhishek Gaur Media Main articles : List of Punjabi media and List of Punjabi - language newspapers Daily Ajit, Jagbani, Punjabi Tribune and The Tribune are the largest - selling Punjabi and English newspapers respectively. A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in Punjabi. Other main newspapers are Daily Punjab Times, Rozana Spokesman, Nawan Zamana, etc. Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Punjabi is dedicated to Punjabi. Prominent Punjabi channels include news channels like ABP Sanjha, Global Punjab TV, Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal, Day & Night News and entertainment channels like GET Punjabi, Zee ETC Punjabi, Chardikla Time TV, PTC Punjabi, JUS Punjabi MH1 and 9x Tashan. Punjab has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels, mainly in the cities of Jalandhar, Patiala and Amritsar, which has become hugely popular. There are govt. radio channels like All India Radio, Jalandhar, All India Radio, Bathinda and FM Gold Ludhiana. Private radio channels include Radio Mirchi, BIG FM 92.7, 94.3 My FM, Radio Mantra and many more. Digital Library See also : Sikh Reference Library Launched in 2003 under Nanakshahi Trust, the Punjab Digital Library was a result of the early phase of the digital revolution in Punjab. While most saw the Nanakshahi as a small digitisation organisation, or as an assemblage of some unknown youth working towards capturing some manuscripts on their digital cameras, its founders saw it as a cornerstone of a fundamentally new approach to preserving Punjab 's heritage for future generations. In the shadow of search engines, a Semantic Web approach conceived in the early 2003 reached maturity in 2006. This was when the organisation planned to expand its operations from a mere three - employee organisation to one of the leading NGOs working in the field of digital preservation all over India. Digitised collections include manuscripts held by the Punjab Languages Department, items from the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, Chief Khalsa Diwan, SGPC, DSGMC and manuscripts in the Jawahr Lal Nehru Library of Kurukshetra University. Hundreds of personal collections are also included. With over 5 million pages digitised, it is the biggest repository of digital data on Punjab. Culture Main articles : Punjabi culture, Punjabi people, Punjabi festivals, Punjabi clothing, and Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Women at cultural event The culture of Punjab has many elements including music such as bhangra, an extensive religious and non-religious dance tradition, a long history of poetry in the Punjabi language, a significant Punjabi film industry that dates back to before Partition, a vast range of cuisine, which has become widely popular abroad, and a number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as Lohri, Basant, Vaisakhi and Teeyan, all of which are celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India. Women using Charkha A kissa is a Punjabi language oral story - telling tradition that has a mixture of origins ranging from the Arabian peninsula to Iran and Afghanistan. Punjabi jutti Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Marriage ceremonies are known for their rich rituals, songs, dances, food and dresses, which have evolved over many centuries. Bhangra Main article : Folk dances of Punjab Bhangra ( Punjabi : ਭੰਗੜਾ ( Gurmukhi ) ; pronounced ( pɑ̀ŋɡɾɑ̀ː ) ) and Giddha are forms of dance and music that originated in the Punjab region. Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The folk dance has been popularised in the western world by Punjabis in England, Canada and the USA where competitions are held. It is seen in the West as an expression of South Asian culture as a whole. Today, Bhangra dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe -- including pop music, film soundtracks, collegiate competitions and cultural shows. Punjabi folklore Main articles : Punjabi folklore and Folk instruments of Punjab The folk heritage of the Punjab reflects its thousands of years of history. While Majhi and Doabi are considered to be the standard dialect of Punjabi language, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include Malwai and Pwadhi. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects. There are a number of folk tales that are popular in Punjab. These are the folk tales of Mirza Sahiban, Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnun, Jagga Jatt, Dulla Bhatti, Puran Bhagat, Jeona Maud etc. The mystic folk songs and religious songs include the Shalooks of Sikh gurus, Baba Farid and others. The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include Dhamaal, Bhangra, Giddha, Dhola, and Sammi and some other local folk dances. Punjabi culture Literature See also : Punjabi literature Most early Punjabi literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. Throughout its history, Punjabi literature has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the Shahmukhi, the Gurmukhī scripts are the most commonly used. Music See also : Music of Punjab, Folk music of Punjab, and Bhangra ( music ) Bhangra Dance Punjabi Folk Music is the traditional music on the traditional musical instruments of Punjab region. Bhangra music of Punjab is famous throughout the world. Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the Punjab gharana and Patiala gharana. Film industry See also : Cinema of Punjab Punjab is home to the Punjabi film industry, often colloquially referred to as ' Pollywood '. It is known for being the fastest growing film industry in India. It is based mainly around Chandigarh city. The first Punjabi film was made in 1936. Since the 2000s Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year with bigger budgets, homegrown stars, and Bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part. Cuisine Main articles : Punjabi cuisine and Punjabi dhabha Vegetarian Punjabi Thaali One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Home cooked and restaurant cuisine sometimes vary in taste. Restaurant style uses large amounts of ghee. Some food items are eaten on a daily basis while some delicacies are cooked only on special occasions. There are many regional dishes that are famous in some regions only. Many dishes are exclusive to Punjab, including sarson da saag, Tandoori chicken, Shami kebab, makki di roti, etc. Festivals and traditions See also : List of Sikh festivals and Punjabi festivals Punjabis celebrate a number of festivals, which have taken a semi-secular meaning and are regarded as cultural festivals by people of all religions. Some of the festivals are Bandi Chhor Divas ( Diwali ), Mela Maghi, Hola Mohalla, Rakhri, Vaisakhi, Lohri, Teeyan and Basant. Sports Main article : Sports in Punjab, India Kabbadi ( Circle Style ) PCA Stadium under lights at Mohali Kabbadi ( Circle Style ), a team contact sport originated in rural Punjab is recognised as the state game. Field hockey is also a popular sport in the state. Kila Raipur Sports Festival, popularly known as the Rural Olympics, is held annually in Kila Raipur ( near Ludhiana ). Competition is held for major Punjabi rural sports, include cart - race, rope pulling. Punjab government organises World Kabaddi League, Punjab Games and annual Kabaddi World Cup for Circle Style Kabbadi in which teams from countries like Argentina, Canada, Denmark, England, India, Iran, Kenya, Pakistan, Scotland, Sierra Leone, Spain and United States participated. Tourism Main article : List of Monuments of National Importance in Punjab Moti Bagh Palace in Patiala Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar is a major tourist destination in Punjab Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic palaces, battle sites, and the great Sikh architecture of the state and the surrounding region. Examples include various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, the ancient fort of Bathinda, the architectural monuments of Kapurthala, Patiala, and Chandigarh, the modern capital designed by Le Corbusier. The Golden Temple in Amritsar is one of the major tourist destinations of Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than the Taj Mahal, Lonely Planet Bluelist 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the world 's best spiritual sites. Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city that can be booked for overnight stays. Devi Talab Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Jalandhar. This temple is devoted to Goddess Durga and is believed to be at least 200 years old. Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri Anandpur Sahib where large number of tourists come to see the Virasat - e-Khalsa ( Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex ) and also take part in Hola Mohalla festival. Kila Raipur Sports Festival is also popular tourist attraction in Kila Raipur near Ludhiana. Shahpur kandi fort, Ranjit sagar lake and Muktsar Temple also popular attractions in Pathankot. 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Punjabi folk songs have been integral part of fertile provinces Jump up ^ Bhangra History Archived 17 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine... Bhangra.org. Retrieved on 18 January 2012. Jump up ^ Social control and deviance : a South Asian community in Scotland. Ashgate. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2007. The whole institution of the Bhangra and its related processes are clearly an expression of Indian / Pakistan culture in a Western setting. Jump up ^ Pakistan Punjab, Punjabilok.com ; retrieved 18 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Punjabi folk mingles with new - age music ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Revisiting Punjabi classics ''. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Tappa -- gift to Punjab 's classical music ''. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Globalisation of Bhangra Music ''. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Bhangra Breakdown -- June 2014 Edition ''. June 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Strange as it may sound, all art forms need political support to grow. The communal upheaval that engulfed the Punjab region in 1947 forced migration of the well - established Muslim artistes from this region. This resulted in i mpoverishment of the rich traditions of classical music ''. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` A Classical Rendition you Cannot Miss ''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` '' Pollywood Directory ``. The directory has the contact and other details of those related to Punjabi film industry. It is an initiative to organise Punjabi Cinema ''. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Punjabi film industry has come a long way and in recent times there has been a boom in the region ` s film industry ''. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` chandigarh - woman - architect - annu - bains - produces - punjabi - movie - qissa - panjab ''. Retrieved 3 January 2017. Jump up ^ `` Akshay 's journey begun with the Punjabi film Bhaji In Problem ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inside humble trappings, vivid expressions of Punjabi cuisine ''. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Punjabi Recipes ''. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Jump up ^ `` Eating Out Park Plaza brings you the hearty Punjabi flavours at its ongoing food festival ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bandi Chhor Divas Reflection : A Lesson In Selflessness ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Sikhs celebrate Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas at Ilford gurdwara ''. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. 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Jump up ^ `` the World Kabaddi League ( WKL ) was launched with the promoters -- Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal is the president of the league while former India hockey captain Pargat Singh is the league commissioner -- unveiling the eight teams, their owners and marquee players ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Day : 8 places to visit in Punjab ''. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Jump up ^ Punjab Archived 8 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine... Mapsofindia.com ; retrieved 18 January 2012. Jump up ^ Lonely Planet tips Mumbai as a must - see destination in 2008. ptinews.com, 9 November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pictures displayed at media centre attract visitors to ' Kila Raipur ' games ''. Jump up ^ `` Kila Raipur sports festival begins today ''. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kila Raipur sports festival concludes ''. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Bibliography Radhika Chopra. Militant and Migrant : The Politics and Social History of Punjab ( 2011 ) Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India : The Case of the Punjab ( Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia ) ( 2000 ) Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Encyclopedia of Jalandhar, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium ( 2005 ) Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium ( 2010 -- 11 ) J.S. Grewal. The Sikhs of the Punjab ( The New Cambridge History of India ) ( 1998 ) J.S. Grewal. Social and Cultural History of the Punjab : Prehistoric, Ancient and Early Medieval ( 2004 ) Nazer Singh. Delhi and Punjab : Essays in history and historiography ( 1995 ) Tai Yong Tan. The Garrison State : Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 -- 1947 ( Sage Series in Modern Indian History ) ( 2005 ) J.C. Aggarwal and S.P. Agrawal, eds. Modern History of Punjab : Relevant Select Documents ( 1992 ) R.M. Chopra, The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta. Zuhair Kashmeri ; Brian McAndrew ( 6 September 2005 ), Soft Target : The Real Story Behind the Air India Disaster - Second Edition, James Lorimer & Company, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55 - 028904 - 6 External links Find more aboutPunjab, Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Official website Official Tourism Site of Punjab, India General information Punjab, India Encyclopædia Britannica entry Punjab, India at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Punjab, India at OpenStreetMap Places adjacent to Punjab, India Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab, Pakistan Punjab Chandigarh, capital Rajasthan Haryana State of Punjab, India Capital : Chandigarh Topics Demographics Economy Education History King Porus People Tourism Music Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors Raj Bhavan Police Culture Cinema Cuisine Folk dances Bhangra Giddha Aawat pauni Folklore Punjabi folk religion Sanjhi Gugga Chhapar Mela Sakhi Sarwar Saint Punjabi fasts Bhangala Language Gurmukhī Music Bhangra Folk music Dress Salwar ( Punjabi ) Suit Punjabi ghagra Patiala salwar Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Phulkari Jutti Calendars Punjabi calendar Nanakshahi calendar Bikrami calendar Fairs and Festival of Punjab India Punjabi festivals Lohri Basant Kite Festival ( Punjab ) Maghi Holi, Punjab Teeyan Rakhri Vaisakhi Religious festivals Hindu Punjabi Festivals Sikh festivals Sports Kabaddi Kabaddi in India Kila Raipur Sports Festival Punjabi Kabaddi Punjabi Suba movement Regions Majha Malwa Doaba Powadh Districts SAS Nagar Sri Amritsar Barnala Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Sahib Fazilka Firozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Pathankot Patiala Sri Muktsar Sahib Rupnagar Sangrur Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Tarn Taran Sahib Major Cities Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar Patiala Bathinda Hoshiarpur Mohali Batala Pathankot Moga States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Punjab ( India ) portal India portal South Asia portal GND : 4044457 - 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{ "text": "Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun - Wikipedia Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Jump to : navigation, search Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Cover of the first volume featuring Umetarō Nozaki 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( Gekkan Shōjo Nozaki - kun ) Genre Romantic comedy Manga Written by Izumi Tsubaki Published by Square Enix English publisher Yen Press Magazine Gangan Online Original run August 25, 2011 -- present Volumes 9 ( List of volumes ) Audio drama Produced by Frontier Works Released June 26, 2013 Episodes Anime television series Directed by Mitsue Yamazaki Produced by Gekkan Shōjo Nozaki - kun Production Committee Written by Yoshiko Nakamura Music by Yukari Hashimoto Media Factory Studio Doga Kobo Licensed by Hanabee Sentai Filmworks MVM Films Original network TV Tokyo, TVO, TVA, TSC, TVh, TVQ, AT - X Original run July 7, 2014 -- September 22, 2014 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Original video animation Directed by Mitsue Yamazaki Studio Doga Kobo Licensed by Hanabee Sentai Filmworks MVM Films Released September 24, 2014 -- February 25, 2015 Runtime 3 minutes ( per episode ) Episodes 6 Anime and Manga portal Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( Japanese : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん, Hepburn : Gekkan Shōjo Nozaki - kun ) is an ongoing Japanese four - panel romantic comedy webcomic written and illustrated by Izumi Tsubaki. Its chapters are serialized in Gangan Online, have been published in both physical and digital releases of Shoujo Romance Girly and tankōbon volumes by Square Enix. An anime television series adaptation by Doga Kobo began airing in July 2014. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Let 's Fall in Love characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Volume list 3.2 Drama CD 3.3 Anime 3.3. 1 Episode list 4 Reception 5 Works cited 5.1 Manga volumes 5.2 Anime episodes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) High school student Chiyo Sakura has a crush on schoolmate Umetarō Nozaki, but when she confesses her love to him, he mistakes her for a fan and gives her an autograph. When she says that she always wants to be with him, he invites her to his house and has her help on some drawings. Chiyo discovers that Nozaki is actually a renowned shōjo manga artist working under the pen name Sakiko Yumeno. She then agrees to be his assistant in order to get closer to him. As they work on his manga Let 's Fall in Love ( 恋し よっ, Koi Shiyo, Let 's Have a Romance ), they encounter other schoolmates who assist them or serve as inspirations for characters in the stories. Characters ( edit ) The major characters of the series. From left to right : Wakamatsu, Seo, Sakura, Nozaki, Mikoshiba, Kashima, and Hori. Main characters ( edit ) Chiyo Sakura ( 佐倉 千代, Sakura Chiyo ) Voiced by : Ari Ozawa ( Japanese ) ; Juliet Simmons ( English ) Sakura is a high school girl with a crush on Nozaki, but when she incorrectly words her confessions, she ends up getting autographs, and when she says she wants to be with him, she ends up becoming Nozaki 's inker assistant. She is in class 2 - A and a member of the school 's art club. She is petite and notably wears two large ribbons that have a polka dot pattern ; the ribbon style is adapted by Nozaki for the lead heroine of his manga. Due to her enthusiasm on telling about Nozaki 's activities to her friends, almost all of her classmates know trivial things about Nozaki too. Umetarō Nozaki ( 野崎 梅太郎, Nozaki Umetarō ) Voiced by : Yuichi Nakamura ( Japanese ) ; Ty Mahany ( English ) The title character of the series, high school student Umetarō Nozaki is the object of Sakura 's affection. He is secretly a manga artist going by the pen name of Sakiko Yumeno ( 夢野 咲子, Yumeno Sakiko ), creator of the shōjo manga Let 's Fall in Love which is published in the magazine Monthly Girls ' Romance ( 月刊 少女 ロマンス, Gekkan Shōjo Romansu ). Despite making a romance - oriented manga, he has no personal experience in love ( as such, his story ideas are often ridiculous and farfetched ). He appreciates Sakura 's drawing ability but is oblivious to her feelings. He lives on his own, having convinced his father that he can cover expenses with his manga royalties, and that he can cook for himself. In middle school, he was captain of the school basketball team. He is now in class 2 - B. Mikoto Mikoshiba ( 御子柴 実 琴, Mikoshiba Mikoto ) Voiced by : Nobuhiko Okamoto ( Japanese ) ; Scott Gibbs ( English ) Mikoshiba, nicknamed Mikorin ( み こりん ), is one of Nozaki 's assistants. He is introduced to Sakura as a handsome guy with an aloof attitude. Despite being popular and flirtatious with the girls, he is shy and often hides in embarrassment shortly after making bold statements. Sakura learns that he is the inspiration for Nozaki 's heroine character Mamiko ( while Mikoshiba himself does not know ). His expertise is not in drawing single objects or characters, but in filling backgrounds with flowers to bring out a character 's charms. He is in class 2 - G. His hobbies include collecting bishōjo figurines. Three years prior, he could not talk well with real girls so he practiced with girls in dating simulation games. Yuzuki Seo ( 瀬尾 結 月, Seo Yuzuki ) Voiced by : Miyuki Sawashiro ( Japanese ) ; Joanne Bonasso ( English ) Sakura 's popular classmate and friend, Seo is often asked to help on various extracurricular activities. Her brash personality often offends others. Nozaki classifies her as `` KY '' ( 空気 を 読ま ない, Kūki o yomanai, oblivious, thick - skinned ) : she can not read the atmosphere or context. For instance, the basketball team has her practice with them so they can learn how to deal with selfish and difficult players. Despite her rude and tomboyish demeanor, she has an angelic singing voice and is nicknamed `` Choir Club 's Lorelei '' ( 声楽 部 の ローレライ, Seigaku - bu no Rorerai ). She enjoys pestering Wakamatsu, whom she calls `` Waka ''. Nozaki makes a male character based off her named Oze. Yū Kashima ( 鹿島 遊, Kashima Yū ) Voiced by : Mai Nakahara ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) Mikoshiba 's best friend and classmate. She is a tall girl who has a `` prince '' personality that makes girls fawn over her. Mikoshiba and Kashima considered each other rivals in their first year, although Kashima was clearly better in all aspects. She is dense and often gets wrong ideas regarding Hori, making her the target for Hori 's anger, but she often comically desires his attention. Due to her tendency to ditch, Kashima is often dragged by Hori to their club activities. Later, it is revealed that she is tone deaf, and that she asks Yuzuki to be her singing coach. Masayuki Hori ( 堀 政行, Hori Masayuki ) Voiced by : Yūki Ono ( Japanese ) ; Adam Noble ( English ) President of the school drama club and Nozaki 's assistant for background work, in exchange for Nozaki writing scenarios for him. Despite having incredible acting talent, he is conscious of his own short height and prefers to work on stage props instead of acting on stage. He reacts violently towards Kashima whenever she makes some inappropriate comments or disrupts the club. But despite all of that, he still favors her and somewhat acts like a doting parent to her. He is in class 3 - C. Hirotaka Wakamatsu ( 若松 博隆, Wakamatsu Hirotaka ) Voiced by : Ryōhei Kimura ( Japanese ) ; Cameron Bautsch ( English ) Wakamatsu is Nozaki 's junior from their basketball team in middle school. He joins Nozaki 's staff to do screentones. He has a bad experience when his basketball team had Seo participate. Due to stress caused by Seo 's behavior at the club, he suffers from insomnia, however when he hears Lorelei singing, he immediately falls asleep, which makes him fall in love with her despite being unaware of who Lorelei actually is. He is in class 1 - D. Nozaki makes a female character based off him named Waka and he enjoys giving screentones to Oze 's hair, still unaware who Oze is based from. Supporting characters ( edit ) Ken Miyamae ( 宮前 剣, Miyamae Ken ) Voiced by : Kenta Miyake ( Japanese ) ; Luis Galindo ( English ) Nozaki 's current editor. Although Miyamae appears as a grumpy overweight guy who wears glasses and sweats, Nozaki thinks he is very cool because he responds quickly in comparison to his previous editor. Miyamae is 28 years old ( 27 in the anime ), and although he is the same year as Maeno, he had to retake the college entrance exams and ended up being two years behind Maeno. It is revealed that his body became overweight whenever there 's Maeno. Mitsuya Maeno ( 前野 蜜 也, Maeno Mitsuya ) Voiced by : Daisuke Ono ( Japanese ) ; Ned Gayle ( English ) Nozaki 's former editor, Maeno is in charge of Miyako Yukari. He is a narcissist who is fond of cute characters such as tanukis. He and Miyamae have known each other since high school. He regularly posts on Monthly Girls ' Romance editor 's blog. He is careless in his actions, for example, he casually loses Yukari 's manuscript, and spills curry on another one. Yukari Miyako ( 都 ゆかり, Miyako Yukari ) Voiced by : Ayako Kawasumi ( Japanese ) ; Brittany Djie ( English ) Nozaki 's upstairs neighbor. She is a college student who is also a shōjo manga artist going by her real name. Her manga works feature a tanuki, mainly because her editor Maeno suggested it. By smiling often, she keeps her identity as a manga artist a secret from her schoolmates, who are regularly confused about her relationship status. Mayu Nozaki ( 野崎 真由, Nozaki Mayu ) Nozaki 's overly lazy younger brother. Because he was bullied when he was young, he rarely talks. He sometimes writes abbreviated phrases on what he wants to say, but will talk if it is quicker. The rare time when he puts in effort is when he captains his school 's judo club. In the earlier draft, Mayu was drawn as a girl, but the idea was scrapped due to some reasons including her comparability with other male characters. Ryōsuke Seo ( 瀬尾 遼介, Seo Ryōsuke ) Yuzuki 's older brother is a college student who has a crush on Yukari Miyako, his classmate. He works part - time in a cafe. His efforts to be closer to Yukari usually fail, and ended up mistaking Nozaki as her boyfriend. He knows that his younger sister is attracted to Wakamatsu, and thought the love is mutual when Wakamatsu states he is in love with the ' Lorelei '. Yumeko Nozaki ( 野崎 夢子, Nozaki Yumeko ) The younger sister to the Nozaki brothers. She is bad at drawing, and is the only one in the Nozaki family who does not know that Umetaro Nozaki is a manga artist, and refuses to believe that her big brother is the manga artist of Let 's Fall in Love. She loves the Suzuki character, and her ideal guy is a transfer student. Yumeko is originally drafted as a main character of the series, with her brother Umetarō as nothing but a support character. This idea was later scrapped and her and Umetarō 's role is reversed. Towa Sakura ( 佐倉 十 和, Sakura Towa ) Chiyo 's younger brother, Towa is a second year in junior high. He is a member of the Tennis Club. His first impression of Nozaki is that he is a model. Let 's Fall in Love characters ( edit ) Mamiko ( マミコ ) Voiced by : Marie Miyake ( Japanese ) ; Melissa Molano ( English ) Heroine of Nozaki 's ongoing manga. Her personality is modeled after Mikoshiba, while her appearance is based on Nozaki 's first meeting with Chiyo, when she gave one of her white - colored ribbons to him, and walked away with the other one in her hair, while in the anime Chiyo wears a single white colored ribbon, styled just like Mamiko 's. Saburo Suzuki ( 鈴木 三郎, Suzuki Saburō ) Voiced by : Mamoru Miyano ( Japanese ) ; Chris Patton ( English ) Hero of Nozaki 's ongoing manga. He is Mamiko 's love interest. Initially, he and his `` friend '' and `` rival '' all look the same, so Nozaki has Chiyo scout for other character designs. Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Izumi Tsubaki began serializing the manga in Square Enix 's online magazine Gangan Online on August 25, 2011. As of August 2017, the series has been collected into nine tankōbon volumes. Apart from the comics, an official fanbook and an anthology manga ( containing stories by Satsuki Yoshino ( Barakamon ), Yasunobu Yamauchi ( Daily Lives of High School Boys ), Tachibana Higuchi ( Gakuen Alice ), Shigeru Takao, and Dan Ichikawa ) have also been published, both on August 22, 2014. North American publisher Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura - Con in April 2015. Volume list ( edit ) No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 20, 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3566 - 4 November 17, 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31630947 - 9 November 22, 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3777 - 4 February 23, 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31639157 - 3 June 22, 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3985 - 3 May 24, 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31639158 - 0 January 22, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4203 - 7 August 30, 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31639160 - 3 5 July 22, 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4353 - 9 November 22, 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31639161 - 0 6 February 21, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4378 - 2 February 21, 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31639162 - 7 7 December 22, 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4830 - 5 May 23, 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31650271 - 9 8 August 22, 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4870 - 1 ( regular ed. ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4871 - 8 ( limited ed. ) July 18, 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31643999 - 2 9 August 22, 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5442 - 9 Drama CD ( edit ) Frontier Works released a drama CD on June 26, 2013 featuring the casts below which differ from the later produced anime. It reached number 32 on Oricon 's CD Album rankings. Chiyo Sakura : Asuka Nishi Umetarō Nozaki : Hiroki Yasumoto Mikoto Mikoshiba : KENN Yuzuki Seo : Miyuki Sawashiro Yū Kashima : Chie Matsuura Masayuki Hori : Junji Majima Hirotaka Wakamatsu : Daisuke Namikawa Mamiko : Yukari Tamura Saburō Suzuki : Daisuke Namikawa Tomoda : Takahiro Mizushima Anime ( edit ) Media Factory announced an anime adaptation on March 21, 2014 and the anime 's official website posted several videos, revealing key cast and staff members, which differ from the drama CD. The anime is produced by Doga Kobo and directed by Mitsue Yamazaki, who had worked on Hakkenden : Eight Dogs of the East and Durarara. Series composition is handled by Yoshiko Nakamura. Junichirō Taniguchi, who did the second season of Genshiken and the Puella Magi Madoka Magica film, is in charge of character design. It premiered on July 7, 2014 in TV Tokyo, followed by TV Osaka, TV Aichi, TSC, TV Hokkaido, TVQ, AT - X over the rest of the week. The opening theme, titled `` Kimi Janakya Dame Mitai '' ( 君 じゃ なきゃ ダメ みたい, lit. `` Seems It Ca n't Be Anyone Other Than You '' ) is composed and performed by Masayoshi Ōishi, and the ending theme `` Uraomote Fortune '' ( ウラオモテ ・ フォーチュン ) is performed by Ari Ozawa under her character name, Chiyo Sakura. On July 25, 2014, Sentai Filmworks announced it has licensed the series for home video release. Media Factory will be releasing it on Blu - ray and DVD formats in Japan starting on September 24, 2014 across six volumes. Mini-OVA specials bundled with each Blu - ray / DVD volume. Episode list ( edit ) No. Title Original airdate `` This Love Is Being Turned Into a Shojo Manga '' `` Sono Koi wa, Shōjo Mangaka Sarete yuku '' ( その 恋 は 、 少女 漫画 化 され て ゆく. ) July 7, 2014 Chiyo Sakura, age 16, tells her crush Umetaro Nozaki that she is his fan while trying to confess, and he responds by giving her his autograph. She then says she wants to always be with him, so Nozaki invites her home and gives her some `` beta work ; '' after several hours, she realizes she is doing inking for him. She realizes he is a shoujo manga artist who is published in a magazine she had bought. Later, they think of romantic ideas such as making a character a delinquent ( but they must obey the laws in the manga ) and taking a girl home with a bicycle. Nozaki invites Sakura home but he has a tandem bicycle, so they see if any of the situations are conducive to romance. After seeing him interact with some cats, Sakura tries to confess her love again, but gets another autograph. In the end, Nozaki introduces Sakura to his friend. `` Say Hello to the New Heroine '' `` Nyū Hiroin o Yoroshiku ne '' ( 新 ( ニュー ) ヒロイン を よろしく ね ♪ ) July 14, 2014 Nozaki introduces Sakura to his friend Mikoto Mikoshiba, a popular and flirtatious guy who Sakura soon learns is actually painfully shy and often embarrassed because of his own words. He spends a session at Nozaki 's place eagerly waiting for Sakura to ask him for help although he is too shy to prompt her. Sakura learns that Mikoshiba 's artistic specialty is adding background decorations such as flowers, and she discovers that Mikoshiba is Nozaki 's model for the heroine of his manga. Nozaki later asks Sakura if she has any friends who might fit in a shoujo manga. Sakura introduces them to Yuzuki Seo, a girl who the guys discover has a habit of being insensitive and oblivious ( not reading the atmosphere ). However, she has an angelic singing voice, because of which she is nicknamed the `` Glee Club 's Lorelei. '' `` Violence vs. the Prince '' `` Baiorensu bāsasu Purinsu '' ( バイオレンス VS プリンス ) July 21, 2014 Mikoshiba introduces to Sakura and Nozaki his best friend, Yū Kashima, who is known as the prince of the school but is actually a girl. She is a member of the acting club and really popular among the girls. However, she is a bit dense and acts idiotic sometimes, so her senior in the acting club Masayuki Hori often scolds and physically beats her. After helping Hori paint some sets, Sakura discovers that he is the one who does backgrounds for Nozaki 's manga. When Kashima sees Hori with Nozaki, she gets a bit jealous. Nozaki later has Hori and Sakura role - play some parts for an upcoming play, during which Mikoshiba also gets involved. `` There are Times When Men Must Fight '' `` Otoko ni wa, Tatakawaneba Naranai, Toki ga Aru. '' ( 男 に は 、 戦わ ねば ならない 、 時 が ある. ) July 28, 2014 Mikoshiba asks Nozaki if he can stay the night in order to seek his advice regarding girls. However, the `` girls '' turn out to be heroines of a dating simulation game. As Nozaki tries out the game, they realize that the protagonist 's best friend, Tomoda, has been caring for him throughout his adventures, which prompts Nozaki to make a story about their friendship that appears to Sakura to be a Boy 's Love - genre story. Later, Mikoshiba is invited to attend a mixer, but he is too shy to know what to do there, so Nozaki and Sakura practice with him, although they are n't much help at all. 5 `` The Man Who Envisions Love '' `` Koi o Omoi Egaku Danshi. '' ( 恋 を 「 思い 」 「 描く 」 男子. ) August 4, 2014 Nozaki frantically cleans his apartment for his editor, Ken Miyamae, who appears and leaves so quickly that Sakura thinks he does not like Nozaki. However, Nozaki praises him in comparison to his previous editor Maeno, with whom he had bad experiences. Sakura meets Nozaki 's neighbor, Yukari Miyako, who also draws manga in the same magazine, and later meets Maeno himself. When Ken tells Nozaki that the heroine of the manga should express more feelings, Nozaki pretends to act like the heroine for the day by giving lunches to his friends and carting Kashima away from a mob of livid girls. He concludes that he needs to study more as Mamiko and draws that into his storyboards. 6 `` I 'll Cast A Spell On You '' `` Mahō o Kakete Ageru '' ( 魔法 を かけ て 、 あ ・ げ ・ る ♡ ) August 11, 2014 Nozaki sees Hirotaka Wakamatsu, his junior from middle school when they were on the basketball club. Wakamatsu tells Nozaki about being stressed out and unable to sleep because of Seo 's antics, however, when he hears a recording of Lorelei 's singing, he immediately falls asleep and feels refreshed. Using Nozaki 's shōjo manga as a basis, he confronts Seo, but she interprets his actions as gestures of friendship. Later on, Nozaki gets a fever and sends the text message `` SOS '' to Hori, Sakura, and Wakamatsu. The three team up to help Nozaki with his manga, but are challenged with the task of applying screentones. 7 `` The Manga Artist 's Brain, Nozaki - kun '' `` Mangaka Nō Nozaki - kun '' ( 漫画 家 脳 野崎 くん ) August 18, 2014 When Nozaki agrees to go somewhere with Sakura on his day off, Sakura thinks of it is a date situation, but Nozaki uses the time to get more manga ideas. They go to the mall and encounter Mikoshiba at a doll store. Later on, Mikoshiba volunteers to model for the art club. 8 `` The Prince ( Girl ) of The School 's Problems '' `` Gakuen no Ōji - sama ( Joshi ) no Nayami '' ( 学園 の 王子 様 ( 女子 ) の 悩み ) August 25, 2014 Kashima has been driving Hori crazy with her antics, but she gets confused when she discovers that Hori and the guys have been reading Yumeno 's shojo manga and taking it rather seriously. Hori challenges Nozaki to do some backgrounds, but Nozaki frustrates him when he does not get the perspective right, placing boxes under his characters to compensate. Thinking Hori aspires to be a princess, Kashima replaces his clothes with something more feminine. When Hori collapses during a rehearsal, Kashima carries him to the nurse 's office while wearing a bull mask. 9 `` Do You Have Enough Excitement? '' `` Dokidoki, Tariteru? '' ( ドキドキ 、 たり てる? ) September 1, 2014 When Sakura and Nozaki both forget to bring umbrellas for a rainy day, Nozaki takes the opportunity to gather romance ideas about umbrella - sharing for his manga. After Seo gives them her umbrella, Chiyo cherishes the walk from school. Later, the two observe how Miyako deals with editor Maeno 's crazy recommendations and tell her to stand up to him. 10 `` What 's Strengthened Is Our Bond and Our Reins '' `` Tsuyomaru no wa, Kizuna to Tazuna '' ( 強まる の は 、 絆 と 手綱 ) September 8, 2014 Hoping for some ideas for his side characters, Nozaki has Wakamatsu accept a movie date with Seo. When Hori suggests doing a musical production, Kashima scrambles for help as she is tone - deaf and can not sing. During rehearsals, Hori duels Kashima, but when Mikoshiba is volunteered to do a part, Hori realizes he resembles Mamiko. 11 `` Let 's Rice '' `` Kome Shiyo '' ( 米 し よっ ♡ ) September 15, 2014 Nozaki wants to create some excitement within the manga 's story, and for reference, he tries a variety of strategies to surprise Sakura. Later, Mikoshiba, Hori, and Wakamatsu get caught in the rain, and all sleep over at Nozaki 's apartment for shelter. Nozaki begins to use the others as a reference point for another chapter of the manga. 12 `` If This Feeling Is n't Love, Then There Is No Love At All '' `` Kono Kimochi ga Koi Janai Nara, Kitto Sekai ni Koi wa Nai. '' ( この 気持ち が 恋 じゃ ない なら 、 きっと 世界 に 恋 は ない. ) September 22, 2014 Chiyo tries to advance her relationship with Nozaki when she finds that she still has not given him the chocolates she had for Valentine 's Day. Chiyo, Nozaki, and their friends attend a summer festival where Chiyo is reminded of the time she and Nozaki first met. During the fireworks display, Nozaki whispers something to Chiyo, but she does n't hear him. Reception ( edit ) The manga 's second volume reached number 18 on Oricon 's weekly manga chart, its third volume reached number 11, and its fourth volume debuted at number 5 with 117,310 copies. The fifth manga volume debuted at number 4, selling 185,392 copies. The series placed at number 3 on a list of top 15 manga recommended by bookstores in 2013, and ranked number 11 in the list of top 20 manga for female readers of the 2014 edition of Takarajimasha 's Kono Manga ga Sugoi! guidebook, which surveys manga industry professionals. It was a nominee for the 8th Manga Taishō. The official fan book reached number 14, and the anthology book reached number 17 on Oricon 's weekly best - sellers chart. Greg Smith of The Fandom Post found the anime adaptation to be a `` both a celebration and a send - up of shoujo manga at the same time ''. He found it to have a natural flow and enjoyed the emotions and expressions presented by the characters. He gave the series an A, noting it was one of the two consistently funny comedies of the season. He liked that `` there was in general a lack of meanness or malice ( except towards Maeno, which was quite well deserved ), '' and that it effectively showcased the absurdity of shojo tropes. Andy Hanley of UK Anime Network gave the series 7 out of 10, highlighting its charming and lovable cast as well as the show 's visuals, although he would not call it a comedy classic. Dee Hogan, in an article for The Mary Sue, found the show to be `` simultaneously very funny and sneakily brilliant '' and wrote about how the show `` manages the rare feat of a triple - reversal, and all three deal with our understanding of gender roles in fiction. '' The reviewers at Anime News Network listed the anime as one of the best of the year for 2014, with Amy McNulty and Theron Martin naming it their top pick. Kelly Quinn of Tor.com also listed it among her top 10 best shows of 2014. Works cited ( edit ) Manga volumes ( edit ) Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun manga volumes by Izumi Tsubaki. Published by Square Enix. Vol. 1 ( ch. 1 -- 10 ) : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( 1 ) ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 1 ) ) ( in Japanese ). April 2012. ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3566 - 4. Vol. 2 ( ch. 11 -- 20 ) : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( 2 ) ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 2 ) ) ( in Japanese ). November 2012. ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3777 - 4. Vol. 3 ( ch. 21 -- 30 ) : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( 3 ) ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 3 ) ) ( in Japanese ). June 2013. ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 3985 - 3. Vol. 4 ( ch. 31 -- 40 ) : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( 4 ) ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 4 ) ) ( in Japanese ). January 2014. ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4203 - 7. Vol. 5 ( ch. 41 -- 50 ) : 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( 5 ) ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 5 ) ) ( in Japanese ). July 2014. ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 4353 - 9. Anime Episodes ( edit ) EP 1 : `` This Love... Is Being Turned Into a Shojo Manga ''. EP 2 : `` Say Hello to the New Heroine ''. EP 3 : `` Violence vs. the Prince ''. EP 4 : `` There are Times When Men Must Fight ''. EP 5 : `` The Man Who Envisions Love ''. EP 6 : `` I 'll Cast a Spell on You ''. EP 7 : `` The Manga Artist 's Brain, Nozaki - kun ''. EP 8 : `` The Prince ( Girl ) of the School 's Problems ''. EP 9 : `` Do You Have Enough Excitement? ''. EP 10 : `` What 's Strengthened Is Our Bond and Our Reins ''. EP 11 : `` Let 's Rice ''. EP 12 : `` If This Feeling Is n't Love, Then There Is No Love in the World ''. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gangan Online - Shoujo Romance Web Girly ''. ganganonline.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Nozakikun.tv Domain Registered Under Kadokawa ''. Anime News Network. January 25, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Gekkan Shōjo Nozaki - kun Gets TV Anime in July - News ''. Anime News Network. March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Foronda, Anthony ( July 5, 2014 ). `` Anime Spotlight - Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( Gekkan Shojo Nozaki - kun ) ''. Anime News Network. Jump up ^ Let 's Fall in Love is the title for the comic that Nozaki makes according to the Crunchyroll translation. Let 's Have a Romance is the title as reported by Sentai Filmworks. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun English Dub Casts Juliet Simmons as Chiyo Sakura ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 「 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 」 公式 サイト '' ( TV Anime Monthly Girl Nozaki - kun official site ) ( in Japanese ). Nozakikun.tv. Retrieved March 29, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun English Dub Casts Ty Mahany as Nozaki ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun English Dub Casts Scott Gibbs as Mikorin ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun English Dub Casts Adam Noble, Joanne Bonasso, Cameron Bautsch ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved May 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun English Dub Casts Monica Rial as Kashima ''. Anime News Network. 2016 - 02 - 10. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Sentai Filmworks Licenses Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ''. Anime News Network. July 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Tsubaki, Izumi ( August 22, 2014 ). Gekkan Shōjo Nozaki - kun Official Fanbook. Square Enix. p. 83. ISBN 9784757544062. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Tsubaki, Izumi ( August 22, 2014 ). Gekkan Shō'jo Nozaki - kun Official Fanbook. Square Enix. pp. 44 -- 43. ISBN 9784757544062. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Jump up to : MediaFactory ( March 22, 2014 ). `` ( PV ) 「 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 」 アニメ 化 決定 PV 《 キャスト 公開 ver. 》 '' ( PV : Monthly Girl Nozak - kun anime cast announcement ( published cast ver. ) ) ( YouTube ). Retrieved March 29, 2014. Jump up ^ み こりん に 彼女 は 必要? 「 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 」 連載 5 周年 で グッズ 当たる 質問 企画. Natalie ( in Japanese ). August 4, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Yen Press Licenses Yowamushi Pedal, Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, 11 More Manga ''. Anime News Network. April 4, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Green, Scott ( August 22, 2014 ). `` '' Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun '' Anthology and Fan Book Published ``. Crunchyroll. Retrieved September 5, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 1 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 1 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 1 ''. Hachette Book Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 2 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 2 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 2 ''. Hachette Book Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 3 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 3 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 3 ''. Hachette Book Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 4 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 4 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 4 ''. Hachette Book Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 5 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 5 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 5 ''. Hachette Book Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 6 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 6 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 6 ''. Square Enix. Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 7 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 7 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 7 ''. Amazon. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 8 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 8 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 9, 2017. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 8 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 8 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 8 巻 初回 限定 特 装 版 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 8 First Press Limited Special Edition ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun, Vol. 8 ''. Amazon. Retrieved March 14, 2017. Jump up ^ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 9 巻 ( Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Volume 9 ). Square Enix ( in Japanese ). Retrieved September 9, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Gekkan Shojo Nozaki - Kun Drama CD '' ( in Japanese ). CD Japan. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ 「 月刊 少女 野崎 くん 」 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ). Nozakikun.tv. Retrieved August 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Media Factory Sets Japanese ' Gekkan Shoujo Nozaki - kun ' Anime DVD / BD Release With Promos ''. The Fandom Post. July 16, 2014. Jump up ^ `` テレビ 東京 ・ あにてれ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ''. 月刊 少女 野崎 くん. Retrieved May 23, 2016. Jump up ^ テレビ 東京 ・ あにてれ 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ( in Japanese ). Tv-tokyo.co.jp. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` 月刊 少女 野崎 くん ''. mediaarts-db.jp. Retrieved May 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking, November 19 -- 25 - News ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking, June 24 -- 30 - News ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking, January 20 -- 26 ''. Anime News Network. January 31, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking, July 21 -- 26 - News ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved August 3, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Bookstores Recommend 15 Top Manga of 2013 ''. Anime News Network. February 4, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2014 Voters ''. Anime News Network. December 9, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Akiko Higashimura 's Kakukaku Shikajika Wins 8th Manga Taisho Award ''. Anime News Network. March 24, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking : August 18 -- 24 ''. Anime News Network. August 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Smith, G.B. ( July 18, 2014 ). `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Episodes # 01 - 02 Anime Review ''. Fandom Post. Jump up ^ `` Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun Episode # 12 Anime Review ( Season Finale ) ''. The Fandom Post. September 22, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Hanley, Andy ( July 24, 2014 ). `` ANIME REVIEW : Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun - Eps. 1 - 3 ''. UK Anime Network. Jump up ^ `` Heroine Boys and Princely Girls : How Nozaki - kun is Challenging Gender Roles in Fiction ''. The Mary Sue. September 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lauren Orsini - Your Top 5 Anime of 2014 ( And Ours ) - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rose Bridges - Your Top 5 Anime of 2014 ( And Ours ) - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Paul Jensen - Your Top 5 Anime of 2014 ( And Ours ) - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amy McNulty - Your Top 5 Anime of 2014 ( And Ours ) - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Theron Martin - Your Top 5 Anime of 2014 ( And Ours ) - Anime News Network ''. Anime News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2015. Jump up ^ Kelly Quinn. `` Anime Year in Review : The Ten Best Shows of 2014 ''. tor.com. Retrieved April 4, 2015. External links ( edit ) Anime official website ( in Japanese ) Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun at Gangan Online ( in Japanese ) Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Gangan Comics Monthly Shōnen Gangan B. Ichi Blast of Tempest A Certain Magical Index Corpse Princess Doubt Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō Fullmetal Alchemist Guilty Crown Haré + Guu He Is My Master Hero Tales Heroman High School! Kimengumi Higurashi When They Cry Magical Circle Guru Guru Mamotte Shugogetten Material Puzzle Moribito : Guardian of the Spirit The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok Nagasarete Airantō Ninpen Manmaru O - Parts Hunter Pani Poni Papuwa Peacemaker Kurogane The Record of a Fallen Vampire Soul Eater Soul Eater Not! Spiral : The Bonds of Reasoning Star Ocean : The Second Story Today 's Cerberus Tokyo Underground Twin Signal UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Violinist of Hameln Watashi no Messiah - sama The World Ends with You Monthly GFantasy Aoharu x Machinegun Black Butler Cuticle Detective Inaba Dance with Devils Dazzle Devil Survivor 2 : The Animation Durarara!! E 's Gestalt Hakata Tonkotsu Ramens Hori - san to Miyamura - kun I, Otaku : Struggle in Akihabara The Irregular at Magic High School Kimi to Boku Nabari no Ou Nil Admirari no Tenbin : Teito Genwaku Kitan Pandora Hearts The Royal Tutor Saiyuki Samurai Flamenco Silent Möbius Tales Superior Switch Toward the Terra Yumekui Kenbun : Nightmare Inspector Zombie - Loan Young Gangan + Tic Elder Sister Arakawa Under the Bridge Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA Astro Fighter Sunred Baccano! Bamboo Blade Bitter Virgin Black God The Comic Artist and His Assistants Darker than Black Dimension W Ghost Slayers Ayashi Hanamaru Kindergarten Hōzuki Island I Could n't Become a Hero, So I Reluctantly Decided to Get a Job. Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? Knight 's & Magic Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne Mononoke Mōryō no Yurikago No - Rin Restaurant to Another World The Ryuo 's Work is Never Done! Saki Sekirei Space Dandy Sumomomo Momomo Übel Blatt Until Death Do Us Part Working!! Gangan Online Barakamon Chivalry of a Failed Knight Chronicles of the Going Home Club Daily Lives of High School Boys Day Break Illusion The Legend of the Legendary Heroes Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun The Morose Mononokean Tanaka - kun is Always Listless Undefeated Bahamut Chronicle Monthly Gangan Joker Akame ga Kill! Book Girl The Case Study of Vanitas Corpse Party Dusk Maiden of Amnesia Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash Gugure! Kokkuri - san Hanasaku Iroha The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Gaiden : Imōto ni Saenareba Ii! Inu x Boku SS Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? : Sword Oratoria Kakegurui -- Compulsive Gambler My Bride is a Mermaid Natsu no Arashi! One Week Friends Oreshura Sengoku Strays Shitsurakuen Umineko When They Cry WataMote Monthly Big Gangan ACCA : 13 - Territory Inspection Dept. Goblin Slayer High Score Girl My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected Re : Zero − Starting Life in Another World Rose Guns Days Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Scum 's Wish Servant × Service WIXOSS Discontinued Alice on Deadlines Dear Enchanter Juvenile Orion Kamui KimiKiss Mahoraba Tenka Musō Other List of Gangan Comics manga franchises Square Enix Enix ( hide ) Works by Doga Kobo Television series Myself ; Yourself ( 2007 ) Yakushiji Ryōko no Kaiki Jikenbo ( 2008 ) Koihime Musō ( 2008 ) Shin Koihime Musō ( 2009 ) 11eyes : Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Shōjo ( 2009 ) Shin Koihime Musō : Otome Tairan ( 2010 ) Hoshizora e Kakaru Hashi ( 2011 ) YuruYuri ( 2011 ) YuruYuri ♪ ♪ ( 2012 ) Natsuyuki Rendezvous ( 2012 ) Mangirl! ( 2013 ) GJ - bu ( 2013 ) Majestic Prince ( 2013 ) Love Lab ( 2013 ) Devils and Realist ( 2013 ) Lovely Movie : Lovely Muuuuuuuco! ( 2013 ) Engaged to the Unidentified ( 2014 ) Lovely Movie : Lovely Muuuuuuuco! Season 2 ( 2014 ) Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 2014 ) Laughing Under the Clouds ( 2014 ) Plastic Memories ( 2015 ) Mikagura School Suite ( 2015 ) Himouto! Umaru - chan ( 2015 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA ( 2015 ) Luck & Logic ( 2016 ) Three Leaves, Three Colors ( 2016 ) New Game! ( 2016 ) Touken Ranbu : Hanamaru ( 2016 ) Gabriel DropOut ( 2017 ) Hina Logi ~ from Luck & Logic ~ ( 2017 ) New Game!! ( 2017 ) Himouto! Umaru - chan R ( 2017 ) Zoku Touken Ranbu : Hanamaru ( 2018 ) Tada - kun wa Koi o Shinai ( 2018 ) Films A Certain Captain 's Life ( 2005 ) Touken Ranbu : Hanamaru ~ Makuai Kaisōroku ~ ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Space Family Carlvinson ( 1988 ) Memories Off # 5 : The Interrupted Film ( 2006 ) Hoshizora e Kakaru Hashi ( 2011 ) Engaged to the Unidentified ( 2014 ) GJ - bu ( 2014 ) Monthly Girls ' Nozaki - kun ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Himouto! Umaru - chan ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monthly_Girls%27_Nozaki-kun&oldid=825575569 '' Categories : Manga series 2011 manga 2014 anime television series 2014 anime OVAs 2010s webcomics Comedy webcomics Doga Kobo Gangan Online manga Romance webcomics Romantic comedy anime and manga Manga - themed anime and manga Sentai Filmworks TV Tokyo shows Webcomics in print Yonkoma Yen Press titles Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from April 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 05 : 07. 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{ "text": "2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase Jump to : navigation, search The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine, to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League. A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase. Times up to 24 March 2018 ( round of 16 ) are CET ( UTC + 1 ), thereafter ( quarter - finals and beyond ) times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Round and draw dates 2 Format 3 Qualified teams 4 Bracket 5 Round of 16 5.1 Summary 5.2 Matches 6 Quarter - finals 6.1 Summary 6.2 Matches 7 Semi-finals 7.1 Summary 7.2 Matches 8 Final 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Round and draw dates ( edit ) The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows ( all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland ). Round Draw First leg Second leg Round of 16 11 December 2017 13 -- 14 & 20 -- 21 February 2018 6 -- 7 & 13 -- 14 March 2018 Quarter - finals 16 March 2018 3 -- 4 April 2018 10 -- 11 April 2018 Semi-finals 13 April 2018 24 -- 25 April 2018 1 -- 2 May 2018 Final 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev Format ( edit ) The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners - up of each of the eight groups in the group stage. Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, is played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round. If the aggregate score is level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time is played. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out. In the final, which is played as a single match, if scores are level at the end of normal time, extra time is played, followed by penalty shoot - out if scores remain tied. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows : In the draw for the round of 16, the eight group winners are seeded, and the eight group runners - up are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association can not be drawn against each other. In the draws for the quarter - finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other. Qualified teams ( edit ) Group Winners ( seeded in round of 16 draw ) Runners - up ( unseeded in round of 16 draw ) Manchester United Basel Paris Saint - Germain Bayern Munich Roma Chelsea Barcelona Juventus Liverpool Sevilla Manchester City Shakhtar Donetsk Beşiktaş Porto Tottenham Hotspur Real Madrid Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final Sevilla 0 Manchester United 0 Sevilla 0 Bayern Munich 0 Bayern Munich 5 8 Beşiktaş 0 Bayern Munich Real Madrid Juventus Tottenham Hotspur Juventus 0 Real Madrid Real Madrid 5 Paris Saint - Germain Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Porto 0 0 0 Liverpool 5 0 5 Liverpool 5 Manchester City 0 Basel 0 Manchester City 5 Liverpool Roma Chelsea 0 Barcelona Barcelona 0 Roma ( a ) Shakhtar Donetsk 0 Roma ( a ) Round of 16 ( edit ) The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017, 12 : 00 CET. With five English teams in the round of 16, this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase. Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs were played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018. Team 1 Agg. Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Juventus 4 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Basel 2 -- 5 Manchester City 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool 0 -- 5 0 -- 0 Sevilla 2 -- 1 Manchester United 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 Real Madrid 5 -- 2 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 2 ( a ) Roma 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Chelsea 1 -- 4 Barcelona 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 Bayern Munich 8 -- 1 Beşiktaş 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 2 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur Higuaín 2 ', 9 ' ( pen. ) Report Kane 35 ' Eriksen 71 ' Juventus Stadium, Turin Attendance : 41,232 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 2 Juventus Son Heung - min 39 ' Report Higuaín 64 ' Dybala 67 ' Wembley Stadium, London Attendance : 84,010 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Juventus won 4 -- 3 on aggregate. 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Basel 0 -- 4 Manchester City Report Gündoğan 14 ', 53 ' B. Silva 18 ' Agüero 23 ' St. Jakob - Park, Basel Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Basel Gabriel Jesus 8 ' Report Elyounoussi 17 ' Lang 71 ' City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester Attendance : 49,411 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) Manchester City won 5 -- 2 on aggregate. 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool Report Mané 25 ', 53 ', 85 ' Salah 29 ' Firmino 69 ' Estádio do Dragão, Porto Attendance : 47,718 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 0 -- 0 Porto Report Anfield, Liverpool Attendance : 48,768 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Liverpool won 5 -- 0 on aggregate. 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 0 -- 0 Manchester United Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville Attendance : 39,725 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United 1 -- 2 Sevilla Lukaku 84 ' Report Ben Yedder 74 ', 78 ' Old Trafford, Manchester Attendance : 74,909 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sevilla won 2 -- 1 on aggregate. 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Paris Saint - Germain Ronaldo 45 ' ( pen. ), 83 ' Marcelo 86 ' Report Rabiot 33 ' Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid Attendance : 78,158 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 2 Real Madrid Cavani 71 ' Report Ronaldo 51 ' Casemiro 80 ' Parc des Princes, Paris Attendance : 46,585 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Real Madrid won 5 -- 2 on aggregate. 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 1 Roma Ferreyra 52 ' Fred 71 ' Report Ünder 41 ' Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv Attendance : 35,124 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Roma 1 -- 0 Shakhtar Donetsk Džeko 52 ' Report Stadio Olimpico, Rome Attendance : 47,693 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 2 -- 2 on aggregate. Roma won on away goals. 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea 1 -- 1 Barcelona Willian 62 ' Report Messi 75 ' Stamford Bridge, London Attendance : 37,741 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 3 -- 0 Chelsea Messi 3 ', 63 ' Dembélé 20 ' Report Camp Nou, Barcelona Attendance : 97,183 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Barcelona won 4 -- 1 on aggregate. 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 5 -- 0 Beşiktaş Müller 43 ', 66 ' Coman 53 ' Lewandowski 79 ', 88 ' Report Allianz Arena, Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 18 : 00 Beşiktaş 1 -- 3 Bayern Munich Vágner Love 59 ' Report Thiago 18 ' Gönül 46 ' ( o.g. ) Wagner 84 ' Vodafone Park, Istanbul Attendance : 36,885 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Bayern Munich won 8 -- 1 on aggregate. Quarter - finals ( edit ) The draw for the quarter - finals was held on 16 March 2018, 12 : 00 CET. Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018. Team 1 Agg. Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Barcelona 4 -- 4 ( a ) Roma 4 -- 1 0 -- 3 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 Juventus 3 -- 4 Real Madrid 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 Liverpool 5 -- 1 Manchester City 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 4 -- 1 Roma De Rossi 38 ' ( o.g. ) Manolas 55 ' ( o.g. ) Piqué 59 ' L. Suárez 87 ' Report Džeko 80 ' Camp Nou, Barcelona Attendance : 90,106 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Roma 3 -- 0 Barcelona Džeko 6 ' De Rossi 58 ' ( pen. ) Manolas 82 ' Report Stadio Olimpico, Rome Attendance : 56,580 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 4 -- 4 on aggregate. Roma won on away goals. 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich Sarabia 31 ' Report Navas 37 ' ( o.g. ) Thiago 68 ' Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville Attendance : 40,635 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 0 -- 0 Sevilla Report Allianz Arena, Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) Bayern Munich won 2 -- 1 on aggregate. 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 0 -- 3 Real Madrid Report Ronaldo 3 ', 64 ' Marcelo 72 ' Juventus Stadium, Turin Attendance : 40,849 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus Ronaldo 90 + 8 ' ( pen. ) Report Mandžukić 2 ', 37 ' Matuidi 61 ' Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid Attendance : 75,796 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Real Madrid won 4 -- 3 on aggregate. 4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Manchester City Salah 12 ' Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 ' Mané 31 ' Report Anfield, Liverpool Attendance : 50,685 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Liverpool Gabriel Jesus 2 ' Report Salah 56 ' Firmino 77 ' City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester Attendance : 53,461 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Liverpool won 5 -- 1 on aggregate. Semi-finals ( edit ) The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 13 : 00 CEST. For the first time since the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League, all the four teams at this stage represent different national associations. Summary ( edit ) The first legs will be played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018. Team 1 Agg. Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Bayern Munich Real Madrid 25 Apr 1 May Liverpool Roma 24 Apr 2 May Matches ( edit ) 25 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich Real Madrid Report Allianz Arena, Munich 1 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid Bayern Munich Report Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid 24 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool Roma Report Anfield, Liverpool 2 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 20 : 45 Roma Liverpool Report Stadio Olimpico, Rome Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 UEFA Champions League Final The final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018. The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw. 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Report NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakhtar Donetsk played their home match at Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv, instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena, Donetsk, due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 / 18 Champions League match and draw calendar ''. UEFA.com. 11 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ). UEFA.com. 4 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Round of 16 draw ''. UEFA.com. Jump up ^ `` Knockout stage first : five English clubs through ''. UEFA.com. 6 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Juventus v Tottenham Hotspur '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Tottenham Hotspur v Juventus '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Basel v Manchester City '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Basel '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Porto v Liverpool '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Liverpool v Porto '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Manchester United '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester United v Sevilla '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Real Madrid v Paris Saint - Germain '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Paris Saint - Germain v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Shakhtar Donetsk v Roma '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Roma v Shakhtar Donetsk '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Chelsea v Barcelona '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Barcelona v Chelsea '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Bayern Munich v Beşiktaş '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Beşiktaş v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` Quarter - final draw ''. UEFA.com. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League quarter - final draw ''. UEFA.com. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Barcelona v Roma '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Roma v Barcelona '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Bayern Munich v Sevilla '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Juventus v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Real Madrid v Juventus '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Liverpool v Manchester City '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Liverpool '' ( PDF ). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Semi-final and final draws ''. UEFA.com. Jump up ^ `` Champions League last four : which nations dominate? ''. UEFA.com. 12 April 2018. External links ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( official website ) ( hide ) 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase&oldid = 836338926 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League February 2018 sports events in Europe March 2018 sports events in Europe April 2018 sports events in Europe May 2018 sports events in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Dansk فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 04 : 42. About Wikipedia", "title": "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%9318_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase&amp;oldid=836338926" }

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{ "text": "Tyler Perry 's House of Payne - wikipedia Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Jump to : navigation, search Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Created by Tyler Perry Presented by Tyler Perry Starring Allen Payne LaVan Davis Cassi Davis Lance Gross Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw China Anne McClain Denise Burse Demetria McKinney Keshia Knight Pulliam Palmer Williams Jr. Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 254 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Camera setup Multiple Running time 20 to 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Georgia Media Distributor Debmar - Mercury 20th Television Release Original network TBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 6, 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) -- August 10, 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Paynes Meet the Browns Love Thy Neighbor External links Website Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright, director, and producer Tyler Perry. The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella. The show premiered in syndication on June 21, 2006, and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6, 2007, until August 10, 2012. While primarily a comedy sitcom, House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter, such as substance abuse and addiction. It also had elements of slapstick. The storyline of the show is serialized, with many references to past episodes, creating a continuing story arc. With a total of 254 episodes, House of Payne aired more episodes than any other television series with a predominantly African American cast, surpassing The Jeffersons with 253 episodes, Family Matters with 215 episodes, and The Cosby Show with 202 episodes. In 2017, the Oprah Winfrey Network ordered a spin - off series titled The Paynes, with 38 episodes and the original cast returning to reprise their roles. The series premiered on January 16, 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.2. 1 The Hernandez family 4 Setting 5 Other Cast 6 NAACP Image Awards & Nominations 7 Special appearances 8 Syndicated reruns 8.1 Madea connections 8.2 Meet the Browns crossovers 9 Releases 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) The sitcom ran in first - run syndication for 10 episodes during mid-2006 on the Atlanta - area broadcast of WPCH - TV, along with nine other broadcast outlets across the country, as a limited run, with additional episodes to be available for national distribution on TBS in June 2007. An order of 100 episodes was later requested by TBS. A cable record for sitcom airings was broken with 5.2 and 5.8 million for the two premiere episodes on TBS on June 6, 2007. However, the audience declined to 4.3 million as of the week ending September 30, 2007 and 2.260 and 2.099 as of May 19, 2010. The principal cast remained the same ( with the exception of Lance Gross being added ), led by LaVan Davis. The original format of the series centred around C.J. ( Allen Payne ) and his family moving in with his Aunt Ella and Uncle Curtis ( Cassi Davis and LaVan Davis ). Robinne Lee had a recurring guest stint in Season 1 -- 2 as Malik and Jazmine 's principal, Nicole Jamieson, whom C.J. soon began dating. Rochelle Aytes originally portrayed Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes as Malik 's math teacher. In the test run, Ella and Curtis were originally C.J. 's parents, but in its televised format, Calvin is their son and C.J. their nephew. Despite his top billing, Allen Payne is not considered the main actor of the series, especially due to his long absence in the fifth season. The show was recorded in front of a live studio audience but sometimes used a laugh track. At the beginning of the fifth season, China Anne McClain ( Jazmine ) and Denise Burse ( Claretha ) were removed from the series. The characters were written out, with Jazmine going away to a school for gifted children in North Carolina and Claretha marrying a prince and moving away. In real life, McClain and Burse left the series for undisclosed reasons. In the beginning of Season 6, both McClain and Burse returned. Some of the cast members of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne were on The Mo'Nique Show in October 2009. Beginning with the seventh season, China Anne McClain appeared infrequently due to her work schedule for A.N.T. Farm. Denise Burse was no longer credited as a regular cast member ; she appeared in a recurring role. Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw, who portrayed Malik, appeared infrequently after the sixth season. This was due to Shaw 's work schedules for The Suite Life on Deck and Pair of Kings. He remained a cast member throughout the series. Tyler Perry directed every episode of the first 5 seasons. Throughout Season 6, each episode was directed by actress Kim Fields or her mother Chip Hurd. Tyler Perry directed some of the episodes in seasons 7 and 8 while other episodes were directed by Kim Fields, Chip Hurd, and producer Roger M. Bobb. During the first 5 seasons, the show was rated TV - PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content ( particularly sexual ), later episodes are rated TV - 14. On September 28, 2011, TBS ordered 42 episodes. Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21, 2011 with season 8, and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes. The show aired its final two episodes on August 10, 2012. On January 30, 2017, a spin - off follow - up series entitled The Paynes was ordered by Oprah Winfrey Network. It will follow Ella and Curtis Payne as they enjoy retirement in Florida only to get caught in a real estate deal that will turn their lives upside down. The series was greenlighted for 38 episodes and premiered in early 2018. Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 37 June 6, 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) September 26, 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 22 December 5, 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) January 30, 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) 16 March 5, 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) April 23, 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) 25 June 4, 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) August 6, 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) 5 26 December 3, 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) June 3, 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 6 46 November 4, 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) January 19, 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 7 20 March 30, 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) June 15, 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) 8 62 October 21, 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) August 10, 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Cast ( edit ) House of Payne revolves around the Payne family who reside in the suburban Atlanta. It is noted that all main cast members are credited only for the episodes in which they appear. Actor Character Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 8 Allen Payne Clarence `` C.J. '' Payne, Jr Main Lavan Davis Curtis Booker T. Payne Main Cassi Davis Ella Williams - Payne Main Lance Gross Calvin Payne Main Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Malik Payne Main China Anne McClain Jazmine Sierra Payne Main Main Denise Burse Claretha Jenkins Main Recurring Demetria McKinney Janine Shelton - Payne Recurring Main Keshia Knight - Pulliam Miranda Lucas - Payne Guest Main Palmer Williams Jr. Floyd Jackson Recurring Main Main ( edit ) Curtis Payne ( LaVan Davis ) is the show 's main protagonist. He is often referred to as Uncle Curtis by his nephew C.J., his nephew 's wife Janine, and their children, Malik and Jazmine. Curtis is known for his hackneyed jokes, overly loud delivery, and acting like a negative racial stereotype. He is overweight and has fainted once from a blocked artery, but he ignored the diet his wife Ella set for him, and is unable to stay away from his usual fatty foods. A noticeable running gag is when he jokingly pushes Ella to the side with one arm when he wants to go by, she usually lands on the sofa. Despite his immaturity in this matter, his maturity and responsibility are apparent in his job as the chief of the local fire department. In one episode, his middle name was revealed as Booker T. In the sixth season, Curtis was forced to retire which left him depressed and humiliated for a period of time ; he eventually embraced it and his nephew C.J. took over his old job. LaVan Davis won an NAACP Image Awards in 2008 for Outstanding Actor In A Comedy Series for this role. In the first part of the series finale, `` The Call Back '', CJ asks Curtis to come out of retirement to oversee three stations that CJ runs. At first Curtis refuses to do it, and yells at CJ saying how they already forced him into retirement, and that he was n't going back, but at the end of the episode, after talking with Ella, he decided to return. Ella Payne ( née Ella Williams ) ( known as Ella Williams in episode `` Til Payne Do We Part '' ) ( Cassi Davis ), is Curtis 's wife. She is a stay - at - home mother and the voice of reason. Curtis has been known to take advantage of Ella 's good nature -- and to be punished for it. Ella is the family 's religious voice and the glue that holds it together. A good cook, she had a restaurant service in one episode. She is quick to offer emotional and moral support to everyone in the family, such as when Janine returned home. In the fifth season, she briefly worked in retail. In Season 6, she quits to go back to school. Ella graduated from college and finally got her degree in Season 7. It is revealed that her middle name is Naomi. She tries to keep the family at peace the best she can, whether it 's big or small. In the Season 8 episode `` RIP : Rest in Payne '', she keeps complete faith for her son Calvin, when she hears that he got shot in C.J. and Janine 's home. She loves her family and wants her husband to keep her safe and stand by her which he does. Clarence James ( C.J. ) Payne, Jr. ( Allen Payne ) is Curtis and Ella 's nephew. C.J. and his family moved into the home of his Uncle Curtis and Aunt Ella when their own house burned down after his wife Janine accidentally started a fire while under the influence of drugs. C.J. is the father of Malik, Jazmine, Jayden, and Hayden Payne. These last two are the twin son and daughter born to Janine and C.J. after they reconciled and remarried. In the fourth season, C.J. found out he was adopted. He works at the firehouse with Curtis. At the end of the fifth season, he, Janine, and the twins moved to Chicago, but they returned in the sixth season after he was offered Curtis ' job, and the family moved in next to Curtis and Ella. Despite being angry with and hostile towards Janine upon her return, C.J. never stopped loving her. In the early seasons, C.J. often has difficulty enforcing discipline with his children, but it is apparent that he is slightly more strict and hot - headed, often jumping to the wrong conclusions. In the Season 6 episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now? '', C.J. finally met his real father who happened to be white, making C.J. biracial. In the seventh season, he was promoted to fire chief commissioner, and also became the boss of Janine and Roland in the public relations department. C.J. was portrayed as Curtis and Ella 's son in the series ' original format, but his character was changed to being their nephew. Calvin Payne ( Lance Gross ) is Ella and Curtis 's college - age son who rarely attends the same courses Curtis often complains about financing. Calvin liked to think of himself as a player until he married Miranda. Like his cousin C.J., Calvin spends much time working with Curtis at the firehouse until he becomes a partner at the barbershop. In the fifth season, he gets a job working for the same company as Mercedes and she accidentally kisses him twice : once while they are chaperoning Malik and Alexandra 's date ; the other, after Calvin has a fight with Miranda. He finds out that he has a son, Calvin Jr., from his former girlfriend Tracy. He and Miranda are expecting a child when she decides they should separate, but they agree to try counseling. They get stuck in an elevator and solve their problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi, who turns out to be Dr. Marcos, the marriage - retreat counselor. Calvin was arrested for back child support, but was bailed out of jail before the birth of his child with Miranda in the episode Payneful Resolution Resolution. In the seventh season, Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket. He then started working in the public relations department with C.J., Janine and Roland in Season 8. Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show. In the season 8 episode `` God Bless the Paynes '', Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda. The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up. Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in `` Do or Die ''. He survives, but with serious injuries. In the series finale, `` All 's Well '', his wife, Miranda, demands a divorce. The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall, and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals. Malik Payne ( Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw ) is C.J. and Janine 's college - aged son. He is a young adult whose interest in young women in his class is so extreme that he 'll resort to desperate measures, such as trying out for the cheerleading squad, just to associate with them. Initially, he was often bullied in school as a result of his mother 's drug problems. As a result, he is reluctant to welcome her back to the household. It is hinted that he is allergic to peanuts and knows how to cut hair. Beginning with the sixth season, Malik has appeared infrequently, due to Larramie Shaw 's work schedule, as he also starred on The Suite Life on Deck on Disney Channel and Pair of Kings on Disney XD. His absence is incorporated into the storyline, as he goes to the ROTC during Season 6 and off to college during Season 7, which is a major continuity error as he advanced from elementary school to college in 4 years. As he prepared to go to college, C.J., Calvin, Curtis, and Floyd bought him three boxes of condoms because they were sure he would be experimenting with sex in college. His sister Jazmine was upset about him leaving for college. While in college, he dates a girl named Summer ( Makeda Declet ). Malik then marries Summer just that they can have sex. Summer then wants a divorce from Malik to transfer to a college in New England. But since Malik and Summer have only been married for a few weeks, they are qualified for an annulment and that 's how their marriage ended. ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) Jazmine Payne ( China Anne McClain ) is C.J. and Janine 's daughter. She constantly feels invisible and acts out to get her father 's attention while her mother is in rehab. At one point, Jazmine had a brief crush on Malik 's friend Kevin. Despite her apparent innocence and youth, throughout the series, she was known to act cruel and mean toward Malik and Kevin and schemed to make them miserable. She is also known to have sarcastic comments and sly plans to get what she wants. For undisclosed reasons, China Anne McClain was written out of the series during the fifth season, which made her the only cast member to not appear in Season 5. She was re-introduced into the series when she returned in the sixth season. It is hinted that she has a fear of mimes that wear hats. On the premiere of the seventh season, she is 12 years old, and Janine lets her wear lip gloss, and she falls in with the wrong crowd. Jazmine has made infrequent appearances since the seventh season, due to China Anne McClain 's work schedule, as she also starred in A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel. ( Seasons 1 -- 4, 6 -- 8 ) Janine Payne ( née Janine Shelton ) ( Demetria McKinney ), is C.J. 's wife and the mother of Malik, Jazmine, Jayden, and Hayden Payne. A seemingly responsible adult and mother at the very beginning of the series, she is later revealed to be a drug addict and the arsonist who burned down her and C.J. 's home. She and C.J. divorce after she leaves her family. Initially, she was only a recurring character and was rarely seen in the series except in episodes where she associates with Ella Payne, who helps her enter a rehab program and return to the family. Later in the series, she is often criticized by C.J., Curtis, and Malik for her irresponsible actions. She is apparently impregnated by her boyfriend, until an episode reveals that he 's sterile. Since C.J. is the only other person, she has had intercourse with ( in an earlier episode, where they were intimate when C.J. was drunk ), she realizes that C.J. is the father of the coming child. C.J. and Janine remarry at Calvin and Miranda 's wedding ; almost immediately, her water breaks and she gives birth to twins Jayden and Hayden Payne. Janine 's parents are Larry and Liz Shelton. She and C.J. now live in their own home with their four children. In seasons 6 - 7, her role in the series has grown more central as she focuses more on her career than her home life -- and becomes the target of romantic interest from her boss Roland until C.J. gets promoted to commissioner and becomes both Janine and Roland 's boss and makes them keep their relationship professional. From that point on, C.J. and Janine both have the same job together and are able focus on both their career and home life together. Miranda Payne ( née Miranda Lucas ) ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) is Calvin 's girlfriend - turned - wife. She was first introduced in Season 1 as a con artist who stole all of Calvin and Curtis ' money for an art gallery. The character returned eventually, but what she did to Calvin and Curtis is only very briefly mentioned. She and Calvin married in the Season 4 conclusion. Miranda has a very troubled and bratty nephew ; when Calvin was supposed to be in charge of the boy, it was actually the boy who ordered Calvin around. Miranda and Calvin began to have problems in the fifth season. In the beginning of the sixth season, a pregnant Miranda disappears ; a couple of episodes later, Miranda says there is no baby, making Calvin believe she had an abortion, but she did n't. She is actually thinking about giving the baby up for adoption. Then, while all three couples ( C.J and Janine, Curtis and Ella, Calvin and Miranda ) go to a marriage retreat, Miranda asks Calvin for a divorce. But when she and Calvin go to a divorce mediator and get stuck in an elevator, they resolve their marriage problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi who turns out to be Dr. Marcos, the marriage - retreat counselor. Calvin and Miranda had their baby in Season 7. In the series finale `` All 's Well ', Janine, Miranda, CJ, and Calivin celebrate their wedding anniversary, but Miranda and Calvin never show up. Then Calvin shows up at the Payne House to take Miranda to the anniversary dinner, with a dress and a vase of roses. She interrupts him, and demands a divorce, saying that she 'd been waiting for the right moment to tell him, but could n't find one. The very last scene shows Calvin throwing the vase of roses at the wall, and it shatters. The series ends with the camera zoomed in on the broken glass and rose petals. ( Seasons 3 - 8, guest star in Season 1 ) Claretha Jenkins ( Denise Burse ) is Ella 's friend and the Paynes ' former next - door neighbor. Curtis constantly jokes about her annoyance at his presence. Claretha has a big mouth ; she even rats out the family business to the media in a crime misconception. She is known for having a collection of wigs. She left at the beginning of Season 5 after marrying a `` prince. '' In Season 6, she suddenly leaves the prince and now goes out with Floyd. She has an exceedingly obese daughter named Huretha and was furious and disgusted when she went out with C.J. In the early seasons after Janine left, although Huretha was never seen on the show. In the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '', it is revealed that she has leukemia. Since Season 7, she is no longer credited as a regular cast member. She appeared in a recurring role. ( Seasons 1 -- 6, recurring role in Seasons 7 & 8 ) Floyd Jackson ( Palmer Williams Jr. ) is Curtis ' friend and the self - absorbed, proud owner of the Barber Shop. He shows little affection towards individual people, but in times of great need will come out and show affection. His first wife disappeared on him, but after he remarried, the first wife returned looking for a divorce. When he did sign the divorce papers, it turned out she 'd written a book, and since he 's divorced from her he gets nothing. He has a daughter named Olivia who was dating Zack, one of his barbers. In the sixth season, Floyd 's second wife kicks him out so he moves into Curtis and Ella 's back yard and started dating Claretha, until his second wife returned, having lost fifty pounds because she was depressed that they were splitting up. While Floyd had been hoping to string both along without either finding out about the other, until they bumped into each other in the Payne house and both subsequently broke up with him and Claretha kicked him out. Floyd 's middle name is revealed to be Stanley. He is the longest running recurring character on House of Payne. In mid Season 8, he joined the main cast. ( recurring role, Seasons 3 -- 7, main role in Season 8 ) Recurring ( edit ) Larry and Liz Shelton ( Dorian Harewood and Anne - Marie Johnson ) are Janine 's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series. Curtis hates their visits. They are upper - class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family. Upon their first appearance, Claretha identifies Janine 's father as a `` dancer '' known as Dimples, though no one believes her. Liz comes off as judgmental. Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested. In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house ; she annoys everyone, mostly Ella, Curtis, and Janine. In a later episode, she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine 's parenting skills, going as far as to try to change the babies ' names. When Janine finally confronts her, Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her. Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade 's child Eunice Williams ( Aloma Wright ) : is Ella 's mother who shows signs of Alzheimer 's during her visit with the family. She shows strong dislike toward Curtis, but takes a liking to everyone else. Her last name is only revealed in Season 6 when Ella 's maiden name is finally revealed. She reappeared in the Season 8 premiere episode `` A Mother 's Payne '', where Ella and her sister Evie decided to put her in a nursing home after a frightening episode resulting from her Alzheimer 's disease. It is then shown that she did take more favor for Ella over Evelyn after she leaves Ella a life insurance policy of $100,000 and Evelyn was going to be left with nothing. In the episode `` Amazing Matriarchs '', Eunice passes away offscreen. Though the cause of her demise is not mentioned, she most likely succumbed to Alzheimer 's. Ella fought off her grief until Eunice 's memorial service where she finally breaks down and is comforted by Curtis, as a silent Calvin looks on. Evelyn `` Evie '' Williams ( played by Janet Hubert - Whitten ) is Ella 's older sister who helps takes care of her sick mother and wants what 's best for her. Jeffrey and Sandra Lucas ( Wendell Pierce ) and ( Valarie Pettiford ) : Miranda 's wealthy parents who have appeared in Seasons 4 -- 7. Jeffrey is a doctor and Sandra is a lawyer. In season 6, Sandra thought Calvin had something to do with Miranda 's disappearance until she resurfaces. In the aftermath, she acts cold towards Calvin but Miranda makes her see reason and change her ways. Tracie Evans ( played by Eva Marcille ), is the mother of Calvin 's first son Calvin Jr. and Kyle 's aunt. Initially, C.J. developed a love interest in her shortly after his break up with Nicole. However, she later confessed to C.J. that she has been dating Calvin. She then breaks up with Calvin to reconcile with her old boyfriend. In Season 5, she returned and tells Calvin that they have a son named Calvin Jr., which upsets Miranda more when she already discovered that Calvin kissed Mercedes. In Season 6, she was in a car accident which claimed the life of her husband. She then asks Calvin and Miranda to take care of Calvin Jr. while she gets herself in order. Eventually she recuperated. She make a pass at Calvin on two occasions : once after Calvin and Miranda intervenes on her visiting unannounced ; and the other was in Calvin 's `` man shower '', indicating that she wanted him back. After Calvin pushes her away, she takes Calvin Jr. away from Calvin and Miranda. She then clears Calvin 's bank account for back child support, the latter of which Calvin then gets arrested for. Her son is with Calvin for the weekend and when he goes to work and Miranda is asleep, Calvin Jr. plays with matches and sets the condo on fire. Tracie shows up at the hospital, with her new boyfriend, after she gets a call and tells Calvin she 's getting full custody of their son and she attempts to fight Miranda and Janine. But soon her son wakes up from the coma, and she neutralizes her problems with Calvin. Until she checks him out and makes it difficult for Calvin to be a father to their son. Nicole Jamieson ( played by Robinne Lee ) was C.J. 's ex-girlfriend and Malik and Jazmine 's assistant principal. She first appeared in the Season 1 episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' where she visited the Payne household to bring back a hamster Jazmine took from the school. C.J. in the following episode went to the school to pick up the kids home from school only to find Nicole in her office telling him they already left. They were trapped inside the school building due to a storm that hit Atlanta. From there, sparks started to fly between her and C.J. Their relationship soon hit a bump when it is shown that Nicole is mentally unstable. It is most evident as she extremely jealous when C.J. speaks to another woman and even mentions another woman 's name. In one episode, it was shown she even gets upset when C.J. says Jazmine 's name while on the phone with her, which makes C.J. and Ella believes she is crazy. When C.J. breaks up with her after a huge argument, she gets destructive and breaks dishes at the Payne 's house, she even threatened to stab him. Nicole has not been seen since Season 2. In her last appearance, she revealed that she was dating Calvin but that was never addressed again, and she has n't mentioned since. In the test pilot episodes, Nicole Jamieson was originally portrayed by Rochelle Aytes, where she was Malik 's math teacher and was normal and rather soft - spoken. Kevin ( played by Kyre Batiste - Loftin ), was Malik 's best friend who was a recurring character from Seasons 1 -- 6. He was much like Malik in personality though slightly more dimwitted. He was very kind - hearted and generous despite the rare times he behaved selfishly. He often was involved in Malik 's crazy schemes to get girls. He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Drinking Game '' where he and Malik were drinking when they were left alone in the house. He has n't been seen or mentioned since. Pookie ( played by Quincy Bonds ), was one of Calvin 's closest friends since childhood ; he and his younger brother Peanut act nothing like Calvin as they are both ghetto and appear to be thugs. They are still friendly but can be rough at times. He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '', in which Curtis throws a `` man shower '' for Calvin. In the Meet The Browns series, Nurse Renee is seen talking on the phone to `` Pookie '' -- this is probably him because the Browns and the Paynes knew each other. Peanut ( played by Clayton English ), is Pookie 's younger brother ; unlike Pookie, Peanut actually has a real name, Clayton. He, along with Pookie, was last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers ''. He has n't been seen since. Kyle Thompson ( played by Dale Neal ), was Tracie 's nephew and Malik 's friend. He appeared from Seasons 1 -- 2. He is originally from Bronx, NY. Like Malik 's mother Janine, Kyle 's mother had a drug problem, and he was living with Aunt Tracie while his mother was battling her addiction. He and Malik stole Curtis ' motorcycle and Curtis pressed charges against both of them, later dropping the charges when he realized that they were too extreme. It is hinted that Kyle dropped out of school. He was last seen in the Season 2 episode `` It 's a Boy, '' playing video games with Malik. Tanya ( played by Robin Givens ) was C.J. 's girlfriend who appeared from Season 2 - 4. She started dating C.J. after running into each other in a mutual friend 's anniversary ( in the episode `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' ). C.J. found out that Tanya danced in an old rap music video when she was younger. Although C.J. and Janine had sex before he and Tanya became a couple, Tanya breaks up with C.J. after she found out he impregnated Janine. Bryan Dawson ( played by Michael Jai White ) was Janine 's boyfriend in the test pilot episodes and Season 3. He was a former star football player turned investment banker. His first appearance was in `` Stop Being All Funky '', when he was taking Janine out to dinner with Malik and Jazmine and tries to favor the kids, which irritates C.J. Originally, believed to be the father of Janine 's unborn child, Janine revealed that he is sterle which the baby is C.J. 's. Revealed by Janine, Bryan breaks up with her after learning that C.J. impregnated her. Calvin Jr. ( played by Cornelius Benton ) is the son of Calvin and Tracie, and half - brother to Christian. He was introduced in the Season 5 episode `` Surprise! ( Part 1 ) ''. In Season 6, he stayed with Calvin and Miranda while Tracie was recovering from an accident. However, Tracie takes him back home after Calvin rejected her advances. He returned in the Season 7 episode `` So Hard To Say Goodbye ''. He was playing with matches while Miranda was sleeping, which caused a fire in Calvin and Miranda 's condo. Tracie checked him out of the hospital when he awoke from his coma. Roland ( played by Rick Fox ) is Janine 's boss, and head of public relations for the fire department. He was introduced in Season 6. His romantic interest in Janine has caused some clashes between him and C.J. Then C.J. becomes his boss after receiving a promotion and after C.J. tells him to keep his relationship with Janine professional, he agrees to do so. C.J. also tells him to hire Calvin after finding out that he needs a new member of the department, but he starts to regret hiring Calvin after having to correct his mistakes, like sending out a press release revealing the wrong day of when the elementary schools are supposed to tour the fire house. It is revealed that Roland is a widower and a recovering alcoholic. Monica ( played by Essence Atkins ) is an old friend of Janine who appeared in 5 episodes of the 6th season. She first stayed at Curtis and Ella 's house when Ella bought her home from the help center. She was a victim of domestic abuse from her ex-husband. She then stayed with C.J. and Janine until she was able to get back on her feet. She was last seen in the Season 6 finale where she told C.J. she found a new job and moments later, C.J. kisses her just before Janine came home. Jayden Payne is the older twin brother of Hayden Payne, the younger son of C.J. and Janine. He was born 3 1 / 2 minutes before Hayden. In the later seasons after his birth, he has grown more than Hayden. He is seen more than Hayden. In Season 7, he is seen with Hayden where it was discovered that he may have autism. Hayden Payne is the younger twin sister of Jayden Payne, the younger daughter of C.J and Janine. She was born 3 1 / 2 minutes after Jayden. She was the baby of the Payne family until Miranda and Calvin 's baby was born. She is seen less than Jayden. In Season 7, she is seen with Jayden where she appears normal. Christian Payne is Calvin and Miranda 's newborn baby boy. He is also Calvin Jr. 's half - brother. His name was revealed in the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit ''. His name was not revealed when Miranda gave birth, but Calvin is heard saying his name when he tells Miranda that Christian is sleeping. Angel O. Reilz ( Joyce Giraud ) was the co-worker of Curtis, C.J., Calvin, Keenan, and Bart at the engine 5 company firehouse. Angel is the only female of the firehouse and at times get upset with the guys for being inconsiderate of that fact. At one point she got so upset that she thinks about switching to another engine company and suing them. Angel and Calvin had a tendency to argue all the time ; according to Calvin it was because she loved him. When Angel was upset she usually began to speak Spanish. Angel was also known as the best firefighter as evidenced by her several awards and medals. When the guys first meet her they assumed she was going to be a man ( Curtis had read the `` O '' of her middle name with Angel, making it appear as `` Angelo '' ) and threw water on her as a joke. The character has not been seen or mentioned since Season 4. Bart Holmes ( Bart Hansard ) was the co-worker of Curtis, C.J., Calvin, Keenan and Angel. He last appeared in the Season 6 episode `` How Do You Like Your Roast? '', in which he helped honor Curtis for his service as Fire Chief. The character has not been seen since. Keenan Jared ( Cedric Pendleton ) was the co-worker of Curtis, C.J., Calvin, Bart and Angel. He last appeared in the Season 8 episode `` Number Five 's Fight '', in which he protested against C.J. 's decision to close down engine 5 company firehouse. Delante ( Jason Dirden ) used to cut hair at the barbershop. He was also one of Calvin 's friends. In later episodes, Delante lived in the barbershop until Floyd found him and invited him to live with him. He had a brief relationship with Dana. He got married to some girl he met at the skating rink and moves away to Arizona at the beginning of Season 5. He has not been seen since. Kiki ( Bobbi Baker ) is a barber at the Barber Shop. She is n't afraid to ask questions that others are thinking and is very abrupt. In Season 5, she helped get her brother hired, but he turned out to be a drug dealer, dealing drugs in the Barber Shop. She finds out in a later episode that he was shot. Kiki has n't been seen or mentioned since Season 5, except for a brief appearance in the Season 6 episode `` Rehabilitation ''. Dana Carter ( Denyce Lawton ) has her own manicure stand at the Barber Shop. She is usually seen watching clients storm off angrily, not knowing what she said to anger them. In one episode her parents visited, thinking she was a doctor on vacation. She is of African American and Korean ethnicity. Dana has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5. Zack ( Gary Owen ) ( Season 5 ) is the white barber who replaced Delante. He is a nice guy but he has trouble fitting in with black people, although they do like him. It was revealed that he had a date with Kiki prior to working at the barber shop. He was interested in Floyd 's daughter Olivia. He is somewhat similar to Isaac Rosenberg ( Troy Garity ) in the films Barbershop and Barbershop 2 : Back in Business. Zack has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5. Deshawn Spears ( Bobb'e J. Thompson ) is Curtis and Ella 's recently acquired foster child. Deshawn comes from a broken home, and was initially hostile towards the Paynes, as he has had trouble with foster homes in the past. He later comes to accept that the Paynes are nice people that will take care of him. In the Season 8 episode `` Mentoring Paynes '', Curtis and Ella officially become his foster parents. However, in the episode `` In Payne '', he decides to live with his mother. The Hernandez family ( edit ) The Hernandez family were the Paynes ' new Hispanic next - door neighbors who move into Claretha 's old house, bringing their own family drama in the fifth season. Carlos Hernandez ( Mel Rodriguez ) is the patriarch of the family. He works as a police officer and he and Curtis often fight over petty things but eventually, the two began to bond and they show some similarities to each other. He was last seen in the episode `` I Do n't Know This Payne ''. Rosalita `` Rosie '' Hernandez ( Marlene Forte ) Carlos ' wife and the mother of Diego, Mercedes, and Alex. Her and Ella became friends and they briefly worked together in a boutique retail store called `` Ginger Pink ''. She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out ''. Consuela Hernandez ( Renee Victor ) Rosie 's mother and the grandmother of Diego, Mercedes, and Alex. She is usually seen drinking beer and watching TV, who shows some similarities to Curtis. In the episode `` Slightly Payneful Truth '', Curtis and Malik helped her get her citizenship. She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out ''. Diego Hernandez ( J.R. Ramirez ) is the eldest Hernandez child. He had problems with his father ; mainly due to his anger and depression from being in the war in Iraq. He also becomes a close friend to Calvin. He was last seen in the season 6 episode `` Seal of Approval '', giving advice to Malik about joining the ROTC. Alexandra `` Alex '' Hernandez ( Veronica Sixtos ) is the youngest Hernandez child, who Malik has a crush on. In the episode `` A Sister 's Payne '', Alex becomes Malik 's girlfriend. She was last seen in the episode `` A Grand Payne ''. Mercedes Hernandez ( Susie Castillo ) is the middle Hernandez child. She becomes a friend and confidant of Calvin when he was having marital issues with Miranda. She and Calvin becomes co-partners at business in marketing. Her and Calvin have their shared kisses with each other, keeping it from Miranda until Diego revealed the truth. She was last seen in the episode `` Surprise : ( Part 2 ) ''. Setting ( edit ) Locations in Atlanta, Georgia include the Payne 's home, a firehouse located across the street from the Paynes ' house, a barbershop, the help center, and the schools Malik and Jazmine attend. The Payne home is a one - story building, and 5 rooms are featured throughout the series : Curtis and Ella 's bedroom, Malik and Jazmine 's shared bedroom, the spare bedroom ( which was Calvin 's until he moved out ), the kitchen, and the living room, and the outside patio. Calvin, C.J. and Janine 's rooms were never seen. The only part of the firehouse seen on camera was its day room. The firehouse and its characters were phased out around Seasons 3 and 4. The barbershop is a setting often used from Seasons 2 - 5, and it is similar to that of Ice Cube 's Barbershop movies. Miranda and Calvin 's condo was added. The living room was the only room that was shown. C.J. and Janine 's house is another setting added on to the series. The kitchen and the living were always seen on camera. None of the bedrooms were ever shown. The university Malik attended was a more recent setting and various areas were shown. And C.J. 's office where him and Janine work was another setting that was added to the series. Also, the Help Center where Ella works was shown in various forms. Other Cast ( edit ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Eva Marcille as Tracie ( Seasons 1 -- 2 and Season 5 - 7 ) Bart Hansard as Bart Holmes ( Seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 ) Cedric Pendleton as Keenan Jared ( Seasons 1 -- 4, 6 and 8 ) Joyce Giraud as Angel ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Dorian Harewood as Larry Shelton ( Seasons 1, 3, and 5 ) Anne - Marie Johnson as Liz Shelton ( Seasons 1, 3, 5 and 6 ) Robinne Lee as Nicole Jamieson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rochelle Aytes as Nicole Jamieson ( 2006 Test Pilot episodes ) Sierra Aylina McClain as Jasmine ( Season 1 ) Katie Rowlett as Beverly ( Season 1 ) Arvell Poe as Fishbone ( Season 1 ) Quincy Bonds as Pookie ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Clayton English as Peanut ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Kyre Batiste - Loftin as Kevin ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jamie Moore as Walter ( Season 1 ) Dale Neal as Kyle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bill ( Season 1 ) Robin Givens as Tanya ( Seasons 2 -- 4 ) Michael Jai White as Bryan ( 2006 Test Pilot Episode and Season 3 ) Femi Emiola as Sheila ( Season 3 ) Jason Dirden as Delante ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Denyce Lawton as Dana Carter ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Bobbi Baker as KiKi ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Iona Morris as Bernice ( Season 3 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 -- 5, and 8 ) Demille Cole - Heard as Calvin Jr. ( Seasons 5 -- 8 ) Marlene Forte as Rosalita Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Mel Rodriguez as Carlos Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Renée Victor as Consuela Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Susie Castillo as Mercedes Hernandez ( Season 5 ) J.R. Ramirez as Diego Hernandez ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Veronica Sixtos as Alexandra Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Gary Owen as Zack ( Season 5 ) Roberto Roman as Andy Rodriguez ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Aloma Wright as Eunice ( Seasons 5 and 8 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Kinnik Sky as Nurse Jones ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Penny Johnson Jerald as Maxine Bannet ( Season 6 ) Essence Atkins as Monica ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 8 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Janet Hubert - Whitten as Evie ( Evelyn ) ( Season 8 ) Corey Holcomb as Damon ( Season 8 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T. as Mo Pex ( Season 8 ) Troy Winbush as Travis Harris ( Season 8 ) Makeda Declet as Summer ( Season 8 ) NAACP Image awards & nominations ( edit ) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 : Outstanding Comedy Series 2008, 2009 : Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lavan Davis ) ; nominated in 2010 and 2011. 2009, 2010, 2013 : Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cassi Davis ) ; nominated in 2011. 2009, 2010, 2012 : Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) ; nominated in 2011. 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013 : Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lance Gross ) ; nominated in 2011. Special appearances ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Madea ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) David Mann as Mr. Leroy Brown ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) Lamman Rucker as Will Brown ( Season 1 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 − 5, and 8 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Latimore as Dante ( Season 7 ) Shameik Moore as Andre ( Season 7 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T as himself ( Season 8 ) Syndicated reruns ( edit ) The CW began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on its CW Plus stations on September 22, 2008. This series reran in broadcast syndication on the Fox, My Network TV, and The CW affiliations. Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation, began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on CBC TV - 8, Barbados in 2012. House of Payne was the only situation comedy to be sold into broadcast syndication for the 2008 -- 2009 television season. BET began airing re-runs in November 2015. Madea connections ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's claim to fame is with the popularity of character Madea, who has appeared in numerous Tyler Perry plays and their film adaptations. When the series debuted on TBS in June 2007, Perry made a guest appearance as Madea. Actor David Mann reprised his Mr. Brown role, and Keke Palmer returned as Nikki, a bully who stole $20 worth of Malik 's lunch money over a period of time, money which Madea, Nikki 's foster mother, used at a casino. Perry returned as Madea for a Christmas episode of the show on December 5, 2007. Perry again returned as Madea to act as Curtis 's wife on March 5, 2008. She has appeared in one episode every season, save seasons 4 and 5. She is one of Curtis ' arch enemies. In the series, Janine 's drug problem and going to rehab are possible references to Diary of a Mad Black Woman. The events of the episodes `` Sad, Sad, Leroy Brown '' parts 1 and 2 came directly before the movie Meet the Browns, when Brown learns his father has died. The events of the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' happened somewhere in the middle, directly after the funeral and the reading of the will, where Brown found out that his father left him a broken - down house which Brown turned into a retirement home. Even though in the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '', the Paynes claim to have attended the funeral of Brown 's father, in Meet the Browns, they are nowhere to be seen. This may be because Lance Gross, who plays Calvin Payne in the series, plays a character named Michael in the film and LaVan Davis, who plays Curtis Payne, plays a bus driver. Curtis claimed Brown made them wait in the cemetery for two hours while he gave his father a tour of Atlanta ( his last request ), but in the movie, Brown stayed the entire time. The episodes serve as a backdoor pilot to Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns, a spin - off of the film and play as well as House of Payne. Meet the Browns crossovers ( edit ) There have been crossovers on House of Payne from Meet the Browns : In the episode `` I Can Cry If I Want To '', Brown attended Curtis 's 50th birthday party and stresses the Paynes out while he is there. In the episode `` Sad, Sad, Leroy Brown ( Part 1 ) '', when Brown 's house burnt down and he gets kicked out of Cora 's best friend 's house. He stays at the Paynes ' residence, much to Curtis 's dismay and soon becomes a pestering houseguest. In the episode `` Sad, Sad, Leroy Brown ( Part 2 ) '', when the Paynes tries to kick Brown out of the house, Brown claimed that Curtis broke his back, but Curtis knows the truth that Brown 's back was not in pain, and he only faked it to get the Paynes to let him stay with them. However, Ella believes Brown and insisted on him staying with them until his back gets better. In the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '', Brown, Cora, and Will come by the Paynes ' residence after Pop Brown 's funeral. Brown is upset because Pop Brown left him a run - down house which makes Brown think his daddy hates him until he realizes that Pop Brown wanted him to open up a retirement home. In the episode `` Meet the Christmas Spirit '' ( Meet the Browns ), Curtis and Ella Payne drop in for a visit at the hospital to put on a play for the children. In the episode `` Oh Christmas Payne '', Brown and Cora drop in for a visit. In the episodes `` What You Know About Me '' and `` Payneful Divorce '', Cora 's former high school student, Milo Jackson, attended the same college as Malik. Releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first 10 volumes on DVD in Region 1. It is unknown about the release of the two remaining volumes. According to listings of the previous volumes through Amazon.com, the series DVD releases has been put out of print. DVD Title Ep # Release Date Blu - ray Disc Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 1 1 -- 20 December 4, 2007 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 2 21 -- 40 July 1, 2008 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 3 41 -- 60 January 13, 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 4 61 -- 80 June 16, 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 5 81 -- 100 January 13, 2010 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 6 101 -- 124 February 8, 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 7 125 -- 148 April 5, 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 8 149 -- 172 June 14, 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 9 173 -- 192 June 19, 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 10 193 -- 212 March 5, 2013 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 11 213 -- 233 TBA Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 12 234 -- 254 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ' signs for distribution with TBS, FOX Station Group ''. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( June 13, 2007 ). `` How far will he push it? ''. Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Should the TV Series End? ''. tvseriesfinale.com. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( 30 January 2017 ). `` OWN Picks Up ' House Of Payne ' Spinoff From Tyler Perry, More ' Haves ' & ' If Loving You ', Ends ' Neighbor ' & ' Better or Worse ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved 7 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` House of Payne Scores Big for TBS ; CBS News ; More TubeTime and Fresh Prince News ''. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 20 ''. USATODAY.COM. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/01/30/house-of-payne-spinoff-the-paynes-tyler-perry-own/ Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne, Vol. 6 : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Movies & TV ''. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Delay for House of Payne - Volume 9 - TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. Retrieved 18 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Announcement for House of Payne - Volume 10 : Episodes 193 - 212 - TVShowsOnDVD.com ''. Retrieved 18 March 2016. External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on IMDb Tyler Perry 's House of Payne at TV.com Tyler Perry 's `` House of Payne '' on TBS Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo! A Madea Halloween Boo 2! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios TBS original programming Former 1970s debuts Best of World Championship Wrestling ( 1973 -- 87 ) Braves TBS Baseball ( 1973 -- 2007 ) Georgia Championship Wrestling ( 1972 -- 84 ) WCW Saturday Night ( 1971 -- 2000 ) 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch ( 1980 -- 85 ) The Catlins ( 1983 -- 85 ) College Football on TBS ( 1982 -- 2006 ) Clash of the Champions ( 1988 -- 97 ) Down to Earth ( 1984 -- 87 ) G - Force : Guardians of Space ( 1986 ) Kid 's Beat ( 1983 -- 97 ) NASCAR on TBS ( 1983 -- 2000 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1986 -- 99 ) NBA on TBS ( 1984 -- 2002 ) The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1986 -- 89 ) Night Tracks ( 1983 -- 92 ) Rocky Road ( 1985 -- 87 ) Safe at Home ( 1985 -- 88 ) Starcade ( 1982 -- 83 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( 1986 -- 95 ) Tush ( 1980 -- 81 ) WCW Main Event ( 1988 -- 98 ) WCW Power Hour ( 1989 -- 94 ) 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines ( 1991 -- 94 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) Monkey - ed Movies ( ( 1998 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Pro ( 1994 -- 98 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Tarantula ( 2017 ) Trust Me, I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Current American Dad! ( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Drop the Mic ( since 2017 ) Final Space ( since 2018 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) The Joker 's Wild ( since 2017 ) The Last O.G. ( since 2018 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) People of Earth ( since 2016 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&oldid=831246943 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American black sitcoms 2010s American black sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Atlanta Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018, at 15 : 56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Tyler Perry's House of Payne", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&amp;oldid=831246943" }

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{ "text": "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread - wikipedia Fools rush in where angels fear to tread Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The line For fools rush in where angels fear to tread was first written by Alexander Pope in his 1711 poem An Essay on Criticism. The phrase alludes to inexperienced or rash people attempting things that more experienced people avoid. It has since entered the general English lexicon as an idiom. The phrase, in full or in part, has been used multiple times since 1711. Contents ( hide ) 1 Full Line 2 First Half of Line Only 3 Second Half of Line Only 3.1 Novels and films 3.2 Music 4 References 5 External links Full line ( edit ) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used by Edmund Burke in his work Reflections on the Revolution in France ( 1790 ) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in Abraham Lincoln 's speech made at Peoria, Illinois October 16, 1854 `` Fools Rush In ( Where Angels Fear to Tread ) '', a 1940 song written by Johnny Mercer and Rube Bloom, sung by Frank Sinatra, Ricky Nelson, Bow Wow Wow and many others Cary Grant as the character Dudley changes the line in the movie The Bishop 's Wife to `` angels rush in where fools fear to tread ''. The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread appears in Bob Dylan 's song `` Jokerman '' The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread appears in the 1984 film Supergirl The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the film Afro Samurai : Resurrection ( 2009 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series Digimon The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series Ao no Exorcist ( episode 21 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used in the animated series One Piece ( episode 742 ) The line Fools rush in where angels fear to tread is used by the Indian social reformer B.R. Ambedkar in Who Were the Shudras? and in many places like Constitution Assembly debates also. The line is misquoted by Neil in The Young Ones, season 2, episode 5 episode entitled, `` Sick ''. The line is misquoted by Diane in Cheers, season 2, episode 1 entitled `` Power Play. '' First half of line only ( edit ) Fools Rush In ( 1949 film ), a British comedy film Fools Rush In ( 1973 film ), television documentary Fools Rush In ( 1997 film ), a romantic comedy film Fools Rush In, title of an All Grown Up! episode, 2004 Wise men say, only fools rush in, from Elvis Presley 's `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '', released in 1961. Fools rush in, so here I am, from Richard Rodger 's and Lorenz Hart 's `` Glad to Be Unhappy '', in the 1936 Musical On Your Toes, covered by multiple music artists including the Mamas & the Papas in 1967. Hey only fools rush in and only time will tell, from the Van Halen song, `` Why Ca n't This Be Love '', from the band 's 1986 album 5150. Fools Rush In, a 2004 non-fiction book by Nina Munk regarding the AOL / Time Warner merger in 2000. Fools rushing in, from the Atoms for Peace ( band ) song `` Ingenue '', from the band 's 2013 Album Amok ( Atoms for Peace album ). Second half of line only ( edit ) The video game Planetfall, originally packaged with a booklet titled `` Today 's Stellar Patrol : Boldly Going Where Angels Fear to Tread. '' In Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Captain James T. Kirk said : `` I 'm a great one for rushing in where angels fear to tread. '' In the Doctor Who episode `` The Satan Pit '', the Doctor uses this line while commenting on human curiosity. In the video game Borderlands 2, a mission toward the end of the main story is called `` Where Angels Fear to Tread. '' In the Deep Purple song `` You Keep On Moving '', written by David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes, released on the 1975 album Come Taste the Band. In the Inkubus Sukkubus song `` Vampyre Erotica, '' from the 1997 album of the same name. In his third lecture in the UCLA lecture series `` The Human Situation '' from 1959, Aldous Huxley claims that `` what has become abundantly clear is that man has rushed in where angels fear to tread '' in his intervention into nature. In the Symphony X song `` Legend '' from the 2015 album Underworld. `` Steal away through the land of the dead where angels fear to tread. '' In `` The Ballad of Thunder Road '' by Robert Mitchum there is a line `` The mountain boy took roads that even angels fear to tread. '' Novels and films ( edit ) Where Angels Fear to Tread, 1905 novel by E.M. Forster Where Angels Fear to Tread ( film ), 1991 adaptation of Forster 's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread, 2010 novel by Thomas E. Sniegoski Where Angels Fear, novel, spin - off from Doctor Who Angels Fear : Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred, ( 1987 ), Mary Catherine Bateson & Gregory Bateson Fear to Tread, a 2012 novel by James Swallow, Book 21 in the Horus Heresy book series Music ( edit ) `` Fools Rush In ( Where Angels Fear to Tread ) '', song written by Johnny Mercer and Rube Bloom, 1940 `` Angels Fear '', the main theme of Secret of Mana. It makes a `` cameo appearance '' in Seiken Densetsu 3 under the name `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '' Where Angels Fear to Tread ( Mink DeVille album ), 1983 Where Angels Fear to Tread ( Matt Redman album ) Where Angels Fear to Tread, album by Mentallo and the Fixer, 1994 `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '', song by Spin Doctors from the 1996 album You 've Got to Believe in Something `` Where Angels Fear to Tread '', a song written by Bryan Adams and released on his 1998 album On A Day Like Today `` Angels Fear To Tread '', song by Charles Manson, from the 2002 album One Mind `` Where Boys Fear to Tread '', song by The Smashing Pumpkins, from the 1995 album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness `` Fools Rush In '', song by Eliza Rickman, from the 2015 album `` Footnotes for the Spring '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' ' Fools rush in where angels fear to tread ' `` ''. Retrieved 20 September 2017. Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/music/preview/Tmzqbhxouspqdgtzgkkwabtznay?lyrics=1&pcampaignid=kp-lyrics Jump up ^ Huxley, Aldous. `` Lecture 3 -- More Nature in Art '', The Human Situation, UCLA, 2 March 1959. Retrieved on 4 September 2015. External links ( edit ) Look up fools rush in where angels fear to tread in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fools_rush_in_where_angels_fear_to_tread&oldid=814640226 '' Categories : Works by Alexander Pope Adages Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017, at 01 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fools_rush_in_where_angels_fear_to_tread&amp;oldid=814640226" }

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{ "text": "1992 Los Angeles riots - wikipedia 1992 Los Angeles riots 1992 Los Angeles riots 2,000 California Army National Guardsmen patrolled the city to restore order. Date April 29 -- May 4, 1992 Location Los Angeles County, California, U.S. Caused by Reaction to acquittal of four policemen on trial in beating of Rodney King ; death of Latasha Harlins Methods Widespread rioting, looting, assault, arson, protests, property damage, firefights, murder Parties to the civil conflict Rioters and looters primarily from the African American and Latino / Hispanic communities United States government 7th Infantry Division 1st Marine Division Federal Bureau of Investigation United States Marshal Service Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms United States Border Patrol Federal Bureau of Prisons Drug Enforcement Administration Government of California California Army National Guard California Highway Patrol County law enforcement ( show ) City of Los Angeles Los Angeles Police Department County of Los Angeles Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department City of Long Beach Long Beach Police Department City of Compton Compton Police Department City of Pasadena Pasadena Police Department City of Inglewood Inglewood Police Department Civilians mainly from Korean American and some other communities, acting as vigilantes in combating rioters and looters Casualties Death ( s ) 63 Injuries 2,383 Arrested 12,111 The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also known as the Rodney King riots, the South Central riots, the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance, the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest, the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising, and the Battle of Los Angeles, were a series of riots, lootings, arsons, and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County, California in April and May 1992. The unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29, after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of Rodney King, which had been videotaped and widely viewed in TV broadcasts. The rioting spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area, as thousands of people rioted over a six - day period following the announcement of the verdict. Widespread looting, assault, arson, and murder occurred during the riots, and estimates of property damage were over $1 billion. With local police overwhelmed in controlling the situation, Governor Pete Wilson sent in the California Army National Guard, and President George H.W. Bush deployed the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division. After that, order and peace were restored throughout L.A. County, but 63 people were killed, 2,383 people were injured, and more than 12,000 were arrested. LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates, who had already announced his resignation by the time of the riots, was attributed with much of the blame. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Charges and trial 2 Riots 2.1 First day ( Wednesday, April 29, 1992 ) 2.1. 1 Before the verdicts 2.1. 2 Verdicts announced 2.1. 3 Mayor Bradley speaks 2.1. 4 71st and Normandie 2.1. 5 Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie 2.1. 6 Attack on Reginald Denny 2.1. 7 Fidel Lopez attack 2.1. 8 Parker Center 2.1. 9 Lake View Terrace 2.2 Second day ( Thursday, April 30 ) 2.3 Third day ( Friday, May 1 ) 2.4 Fourth day ( Saturday, May 2 ) 2.5 Fifth day ( Sunday, May 3 ) 2.6 Sixth day ( Monday, May 4 ) and aftermath 3 Korean Americans during the riots 3.1 Preparations 3.2 Post-riots 4 Hispanics in the riots 5 Media coverage 5.1 Korean - American newspapers 5.2 American newspapers 5.3 Racism 5.4 Multiethnic struggle 6 Aftermath 6.1 Post-riot commentary 6.1. 1 Scholars and writers 6.1. 2 Politicians 6.2 Rodney King 6.3 Deaths and arrests 6.4 Rebuilding Los Angeles 6.5 Residential life 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Photography 9.3 Video and audio Background ( edit ) See also : Rodney King and Death of Latasha Harlins South Central Los Angeles, where much of the rioting took place On the evening of March 3, 1991, Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway ( I - 210 ) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. A high - speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ), along freeways and then through residential neighborhoods. When King stopped, CHP Officer Timothy Singer and CHP Officer Melanie Singer ( his wife ), arrested him and two occupants of the car. After the two passengers were placed in the patrol car, five white Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officers -- Stacey Koon, Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno, and Rolando Solano -- surrounded King, who came out of the car last. They tasered him, struck him dozens of times with side - handled batons, and tackled him to the ground before handcuffing him. Sgt. Koon later testified at trial that King resisted arrest, and that he believed King was under the influence of PCP at the time of the arrest, which caused him to be very aggressive and violent toward the officers. Video footage of the arrest showed that King attempted to get up each time he was struck, and that the police made no attempt to cuff him until he lay still. A subsequent test of King for the presence of PCP in his body at the time of the arrest was negative. Unknown to the police and King, the incident was captured on a camcorder by local civilian George Holliday from his nearby apartment. The tape was roughly 12 minutes long. While the tape was presented during trial, some clips of the incident were not released to the public. In a later interview, King, who was on parole for a robbery conviction and had past convictions for assault, battery and robbery, said that he had not surrendered earlier because he was driving while intoxicated under the influence of alcohol, which he knew violated the terms of his parole. The footage of King being beaten by police became an instant focus of media attention and a rallying point for activists in Los Angeles and around the United States. Coverage was extensive during the first two weeks after the incident : the Los Angeles Times published forty - three articles about it, The New York Times published seventeen articles, and the Chicago Tribune published eleven articles. Eight stories appeared on ABC News, including a sixty - minute special on Primetime Live. Upon watching the tape of the beating, LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates said : I stared at the screen in disbelief. I played the one - minute - 50 - second tape again. Then again and again, until I had viewed it 25 times. And still I could not believe what I was looking at. To see my officers engage in what appeared to be excessive use of force, possibly criminally excessive, to see them beat a man with their batons 56 times, to see a sergeant on the scene who did nothing to seize control, was something I never dreamed I would witness. Before the release of the Rodney King tape, minority community leaders in Los Angeles had repeatedly complained about harassment and excessive use of force by LAPD officers. An independent commission ( the Christopher Commission ) formed after the release of the tape concluded that a `` significant number '' of LAPD officers `` repetitively use excessive force against the public and persistently ignore the written guidelines of the department regarding force, '' and that bias related to race, gender, and sexual orientation were regularly contributing factors in use of excessive force. The commission 's report called for the replacement of both Chief Daryl Gates and the civilian Police Commission. Charges and trial ( edit ) The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers, including one sergeant, with assault and use of excessive force. Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County. The jury was composed of nine whites, one bi-racial male, one Latino, and one Asian American. The prosecutor, Terry White, was black. On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force. The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry, 13 - second segment of the videotape that, according to journalist Lou Cannon, had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts. The first two seconds of videotape, contrary to the claims made by the accused officers, show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell. During the next one minute and 19 seconds, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King prior to the starting point of the videotape, but King was able to physically throw them off. Afterward, the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost. Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered, county sheriff 's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car. Movie director John Singleton, who was in the crowd at the courthouse, predicted, `` By having this verdict, what these people done, they lit the fuse to a bomb. '' Riots ( edit ) The riots began the day the verdicts were announced, and peaked in intensity over the next two days. A dusk - to - dawn curfew and deployment by the California Army National Guard and federal troops from the 7th infantry Division and 1st Marine Division eventually controlled the situation. A total of 63 people died during the riots, including nine who were killed by law enforcement personnel and 1 who was killed by Guardsmen. As many as 2,383 people were reported injured. Estimates of the material losses vary between about $800 million and $1 billion. Approximately 3,600 fires were set, destroying 1,100 buildings, with fire calls coming once every minute at some points. Widespread looting also occurred. Rioters targeted stores owned by Koreans and other ethnic Asians, reflecting tensions between them and the African - American communities. Many of the disturbances were concentrated in South Central Los Angeles, where the population was majority African - American and Hispanic. Fewer than half of all the riot arrests and a third of those killed during the violence were Hispanic. First day ( wednesday, April 29, 1992 ) ( edit ) Before the verdicts ( edit ) In the week before the Rodney King verdicts were reached, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates set aside $1 million for possible police overtime. Even so, on the last day of the trial, two - thirds of the LAPD 's patrol captains were out of town in Ventura, California, on the first day of a three - day training seminar. At 1 : 00 pm on April 29, Judge Stanley Weisberg announced that the jury had reached its verdict, which would be read in two hours ' time. This was done to allow reporters, but also police and other emergency responders, time to prepare for the outcome, as unrest was feared if the officers were acquitted. The LAPD had activated its Emergency Operations Center, which the Webster Commission described as `` the doors were opened, the lights turned on and the coffee pot plugged in '', but taken no other preparatory action. Specifically, the people intended to staff that Center were not gathered until 4 : 45 pm. In addition, no action was taken to retain extra personnel at the LAPD 's shift change at 3 : 00 pm, as the risk of trouble was deemed low. Verdicts announced ( edit ) The acquittals of the four accused Los Angeles Police Department officers came at 3 : 15 pm local time. By 3 : 45, a crowd of more than 300 people had appeared at the Los Angeles County Courthouse protesting the verdicts. Meanwhile, at approximately 4 : 15 -- 4 : 20 pm, a group of people approached the Pay-Less Liquor and Deli on Florence Avenue just west of Normandie in South Central. A gang member in an interview said that the group `` just decided they were n't going to pay for what they were getting. '' The store owner 's son was hit with a bottle of beer, and two other youths smashed the glass front door of the store. Two officers from the 77th Street Division of the LAPD responded to this incident and, finding that the instigators had already left, completed a report. Mayor Bradley Speaks ( edit ) At 4 : 58 pm, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley held a news conference to discuss the verdicts. He both expressed anger about the verdicts and appealed for calm. Today, the jury told the world that what we all saw with our own eyes was not a crime. My friends, I am here to tell the jury... what we saw was a crime. No, we will not tolerate the savage beating of our citizens by a few renegade cops.... We must not endanger the reforms we have achieved by resorting to mindless acts. We must not push back progress by striking back blindly. -- Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, post-verdict press conference Assistant Los Angeles police chief Bob Vernon later said he believed Bradley 's remarks invited a riot, and were perhaps taken as a signal by some citizens. Vernon said that the number of police incidents rose in the hour after the mayor 's press conference. 71st and Normandie ( edit ) At Florence and Halldale, two officers issued a plea for assistance in apprehending a young suspect who had thrown an object at their car and whom they were pursuing on foot. Approximately two dozen officers, commanded by 77th Street Division LAPD officer Lieutenant Michael Moulin, arrived and arrested the youth, 16 - year old Seandel Daniels, forcing him into the back of a car. The rough handling of the young man, a minor who was well known in the community, further agitated an uneasy and growing crowd, who began taunting and berating the police. Among the crowd were Bart Bartholemew, a freelance photographer for The New York Times, and Timothy Goldman, who began to record events with a camcorder. The police formed a perimeter around the arresting officers as the crowd grew more hostile, leading to further altercations and arrests ( including that of Damian Williams ' older brother, Mark Jackson ). One member of the crowd stole the flashlight of an LAPD officer. Fearing police would resort to deadly force to repel the growing crowd, Lieutenant Moulin ordered officers out of the area altogether. Moulin later said that officers on the scene were outnumbered and unprepared to handle the situation because their riot equipment was stored at the police academy. Hey, forget the flashlight, it 's not worth it. It ai n't worth it. It 's not worth it. Forget the flashlight. Not worth it. Let 's go. -- Lieutenant Michael Moulin, bullhorn broadcast as recorded by the Goldman footage at 71st and Normandie Moulin made the call for reporting officers to retreat from the 71st and Normandie area entirely at approximately 5 : 50 pm. They were sent to an RTD bus depot at 54th and Arlington and told to await further instructions. The command post formed at this location was set up at approximately 6 : 00 pm, but had no cell phones or computers other than those in squad cars. It had insufficient numbers of telephone lines and handheld police radios to assess and respond to the situation. Finally, the site had no televisions, which meant that as live broadcasts of unrest began, command post officers could not see any of the coverage. Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie ( edit ) Emboldened by the retreat of officers at 71st and Normandie, many proceeded one block south to the intersection of Florence and Normandie. Just after 6 pm, a group of young men broke the padlock and windows to Tom 's Liquor, allowing a group of more than 100 people to raid the store and loot it. Concurrently, the growing crowd in the street began attacking motorists of Caucasian and Asian appearance by throwing debris at their cars or pulling them from their vehicles when they stopped. As Goldman continued to film the scene on his camcorder, the Los Angeles News Service team of Marika Gerrard and Robert Tur arrived in a news helicopter, broadcasting from the air. The LANS feed appeared live on numerous Los Angeles television venues. At approximately 6 : 15 pm, as reports of vandalism, looting, and physical attacks continued to come in, Moulin elected to `` take the information '', but not to respond with personnel to restore order or rescue people in the area. Moulin was relieved by a captain, ordered only to assess the Florence and Normandie area, and, again, not to attempt to deploy officers there. Meanwhile, Tur continued to cover the events in progress live at the intersection. From overhead, Tur described the police presence at the scene around 6 : 30 pm as `` none ''. At 6 : 43 pm, truck driver Larry Tarvin, driving down Florence, stopped at a red light at Normandie in a large white delivery truck. He was pulled from the truck by a group of men including Henry Watson, who proceeded to kick and beat him, before striking him unconscious with a fire extinguisher taken from his own vehicle. He lay unconscious for more than a minute as his truck was looted, before getting up and staggering back to his vehicle. With the help of an unknown African - American named Rodney, Tarvin drove his truck out of further harm 's way. Just before he did so, another truck, driven by Reginald Denny, entered the intersection. Attack on Reginald Denny ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Reginald Denny Looking northeast from the southwestern corner of Florence and Normandie, in March 2010 At 6 : 46 pm, Denny, a white truck driver who stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Florence and Normandie, was dragged from his semi-trailer truck and severely beaten by a mob of local black residents. The LANS news helicopter piloted by reporter Tur broadcast live footage of the attack. Damian Williams threw a brick at Denny that struck him in the skull, fracturing it in 91 places. Tur 's live reports resulted in Denny being rescued by Bobby Green Jr., a local black resident of South Central Los Angeles. After seeing the assault, Green rushed to the scene. He found Denny had climbed back into the cab of his truck and was trying to drive away, but was drifting in and out of consciousness. Green moved Denny out of the driver 's seat and drove him to Daniel Freeman Hospital in Inglewood. Upon arriving at the hospital, Denny went into a seizure. Fidel Lopez attack ( edit ) Around 7 : 40 pm, almost an hour after Denny was rescued, another beating was filmed on videotape in that location. Fidel Lopez, a self - employed construction worker and Guatemalan immigrant, was pulled from his GMC pickup truck and robbed of nearly $2,000. Rioters including Damian Williams smashed his forehead open with a car stereo and one tried to slice his ear off. After Lopez lost consciousness, the crowd spray - painted his chest, torso, and genitals black. He was eventually rescued by Rev. Bennie Newton, who told the rioters : `` Kill him, and you have to kill me too. '' Lopez survived the attack, but it took him years to fully recover and re-establish his business. Newton and Lopez became close friends. Sunset on the first evening of the riots was at 7 : 36 pm. The first call reporting a fire came in soon after, at approximately 7 : 45 pm. Police did not return in force to the Florence and Normandie area until 8 : 30 pm, by which time the intersection was in ruins and most rioters had left. Numerous factors were later blamed for the severity of rioting in the 77th Street Division on the evening of April 29. These included : No effort made to close the busy intersection of Florence and Normandie to traffic. Failure to secure gun stores in the Division ( one in particular lost 1,150 guns to looting on April 29 ). The failure to issue a citywide Tactical Alert until 6 : 43 pm, which delayed the arrival of other divisions to assist the 77th. The lack of any response -- and in particular, a riot response -- to the intersection, which emboldened rioters. Since attacks, looting, and arson were broadcast live, viewers could see that none of these actions were being stopped by police. Parker Center ( edit ) As noted, after the verdicts were announced, a crowd of protesters formed at the Los Angeles police headquarters at Parker Center in Downtown Los Angeles. The crowd grew as the afternoon passed, and became violent. The police formed a skirmish line to protect the building, sometimes moving as protesters advanced. In the midst of this, before 6 : 30 pm, police chief Daryl Gates left Parker Center, on his way to the neighborhood of Brentwood. There, as the situation in Los Angeles deteriorated, Gates attended a political fundraiser against Los Angeles City Charter Amendment F, intended to `` give City Hall more power over the police chief and provide more civilian review of officer misconduct ''. The amendment would limit the power and term length of his office. The Parker Center crowd grew riotous at approximately 9 : 00 pm, eventually making their way through the Civic Center, attacking law enforcement, turning over vehicles, setting objects ablaze, and blocking traffic on U.S. Route 101. Nearby firefighters were shot at while trying to put out a blaze set by looters. The mayor had requested the California Army National Guard from Governor Pete Wilson ; the first of these units, the 670th Military Police Company, had traveled almost 300 miles ( 480 kilometers ) from its main armory and arrived in the afternoon to assist local police. They were first deployed to a police command center, where they began handing out bulletproof vests to the firefighters after encountering the unit whose member had been shot. Later, after receiving ammunition from the L.A. Police Academy and a local gun store, the MPs deployed to hold the Martin Luther King Shopping Mall in Watts. Lake View Terrace ( edit ) In the Lake View Terrace district of Los Angeles, 200 - 400 protesters gathered about 9 : 15 pm at the site where Rodney King was beaten in 1991, near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area. The group marched south on Osborne Street to the LAPD Foothill Division headquarters. There they began rock throwing, shooting into the air, and setting fires. The Foothill division police used riot - breaking techniques to disperse the crowd and arrest those responsible for rock throwing and the fires. Second day ( Thursday, April 30 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley signed an order for a dusk - to - dawn curfew at 12 : 15 am for the core area affected by the riots. At 10 : 15 am, he expanded the area under curfew. By mid-morning, violence appeared widespread and unchecked as extensive looting and arson were witnessed across Los Angeles County. Rioting moved from South Central Los Angeles, going north through the neighborhoods of Central Los Angeles before reaching Hollywood. The looting and fires engulfed Hollywood Boulevard, before rioting erupted in the neighboring cities of Inglewood, Hawthorne, Compton and Long Beach. Korean Americans noted that law enforcement abandoned Koreatown, contrasting that with official defense lines for such wealthy white neighborhoods as Beverly Hills and West Hollywood. Subsequently, they organized their own armed security teams composed of store owners, who defended their businesses from assault. Open gun battles were televised, including an incident in which Korean shopkeepers armed with M1 carbines, Ruger Mini-14s, pump - action shotguns, and handguns exchanged gunfire with a group of armed looters, and forced their retreat. After Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda criticized rioters for burning down their own neighborhoods, he received death threats and was taken to the LAPD academy for protection. The 670th MP Company had been redeployed to reinforce police patrols and to guard the Korean Cultural Center and Embassy after events in Koreatown. The LAPD and the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department ( LASD ) organized response began to come together by mid-day. The Los Angeles Fire Department ( LAFD ) and Los Angeles County Fire Department ( LACFD ) began to respond backed by police escort ; California Highway Patrol reinforcements were airlifted to the city. U.S. President George H.W. Bush spoke out against the rioting, stating that `` anarchy '' would not be tolerated. The California Army National Guard, which had been advised not to expect civil disturbance and had, as a result, loaned its riot equipment out to other law enforcement agencies, responded quickly by calling up about 2,000 soldiers, but could not get them to the city until nearly 24 hours had passed. They lacked equipment and had to pick it up from the JFTB ( Joint Forces Training Base ), Los Alamitos, California, which at the time was predominately a mothballed former airbase. Air traffic control procedures at Los Angeles International Airport were modified, with all departures and arrivals routed to and from the west, over the Pacific Ocean, avoiding overflights of neighborhoods affected by the rioting. Popular comedian and actor Bill Cosby spoke on the local television station KNBC and asked people to stop the rioting and watch the final episode of his The Cosby Show. The U.S. Justice Department announced it would resume federal investigation of the Rodney King beating as a violation of federal civil rights law. Third day ( Friday, May 1 ) ( edit ) Rodney King gave an impromptu news conference in front of his lawyer 's office, tearfully saying, `` People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along? '' That morning, at 1 : 00 am, Governor Wilson had requested federal assistance. Upon request, Bush invoked the Insurrection Act with Executive Order 12804, federalizing the California Army National Guard and authorizing federal troops to help restore law and order. With Bush 's authority, the Pentagon activated Operation Garden Plot, placing the California Army National Guard and federal troops under the newly formed Joint Task Force Los Angeles ( JTF - LA ). The deployment of federal troops was not ready until Saturday, by which time the rioting and looting were under control. Meanwhile, the 40th Infantry Division ( doubled to 4,000 troops ) of the California Army National Guard continued to move into the city in Humvees ; eventually 10,000 Army National Guard troops were activated. In addition, the White House sent some 1,700 riot control - trained federal law enforcement officers from different agencies across California to L.A. to protect federal facilities and assist local police. Later that evening, Bush addressed the country, denouncing `` random terror and lawlessness ''. He summarized his discussions with Mayor Bradley and Governor Wilson, and outlined the federal assistance he was making available to local authorities. Citing the `` urgent need to restore order '', he warned that the `` brutality of a mob '' would not be tolerated, and he would `` use whatever force is necessary ''. He referred to the Rodney King case, describing talking to his own grandchildren and noting the actions of `` good and decent policemen '' as well as civil rights leaders. He said he had directed the Justice Department to investigate the King case, and that `` grand jury action is underway today '', and justice would prevail. By this point, many entertainment and sports events were postponed or canceled. The Los Angeles Lakers hosted the Portland Trail Blazers in an NBA playoff basketball game on the night the rioting started, but the following game was postponed until Sunday and moved to Las Vegas. The Los Angeles Clippers moved a playoff game against the Utah Jazz to nearby Anaheim. In baseball, the Los Angeles Dodgers postponed games for four straight days from Thursday to Sunday, including a whole 3 - game series against the Montreal Expos ; all were made up as part of doubleheaders in July. In San Francisco, a city curfew due to unrest forced the postponement of a May 1, San Francisco Giants home game against the Philadelphia Phillies. The horse racing venues Hollywood Park Racetrack and Los Alamitos Race Course were also shut down. L.A. Fiesta Broadway, a major event in the Latino community, was canceled. In music, Van Halen canceled two concert shows in Inglewood on Saturday and Sunday. Metallica and Guns N ' Roses moved their concert to the Rose Bowl as the Coliseum and its surrounding neighborhood were still damaged. Michael Bolton canceled his scheduled performance at the Hollywood Bowl Sunday. The World Wrestling Federation canceled events on Friday and Saturday in the cities of Long Beach and Fresno. Fourth day ( Saturday, May 2 ) ( edit ) Marines disembark in Compton from their Humvees and trucks on May 2, 1992 On the fourth day, 2,000 soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division from Fort Ord and 1,500 Marines of the 1st Marine Division from Camp Pendleton arrived to reinforce the National Guardsmen already in the city. The Marine Corps contingent included the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, commanded by John F. Kelly. It was the first significant military occupation of Los Angeles by federal troops since the 1894 Pullman Strike, and also the first time such forces were sent to an American city to quell a civil disorder since the 1968 King assassination riots. These federal military forces took 24 hours to deploy to Huntington Park, about the same time it took for the National Guardsmen. This brought total troop strength to 13,500. Federal troops and National Guardsmen directly supported local police in restoring order ; they contributed significantly to containing and stopping the violence. With most of the violence under control, 30,000 people attended an 11 : 00 am peace rally in Koreatown to support local merchants and racial healing. Fifth day ( Sunday, May 3 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley assured the public that the crisis was, more or less, under control as areas became quiet. Later that night, Army National Guardsmen shot and killed a motorist who tried to run them over at a barrier. In another incident, the LAPD and Marines intervened in a domestic dispute in Compton, in which the suspect held his wife and children hostage. As the officers approached, the suspect fired two shotgun rounds through the door, injuring some of the officers. One of the officers yelled to the Marines, `` Cover me, '' as per law enforcement training to be prepared to fire upon if necessary. However, per their military training, the Marines mistook the wording as providing cover while utilizing firepower, resulting in a total of 200 rounds being sprayed into the house. Remarkably, neither the suspect nor the woman and children inside the house were harmed. Sixth day ( monday, May 4 ) and aftermath ( edit ) Although Mayor Bradley lifted the curfew, signaling the official end of the riots, sporadic violence and crime continued for a few days afterward. Schools, banks, and businesses reopened. Federal troops did not stand down until May 9. The Army National Guard remained until May 14. Some National Guardsmen remained as late as May 27. Korean Americans during the riots ( edit ) See also : History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles Many Korean Americans in Los Angeles refer to the event as Sa - I - Gu, meaning `` four - two - nine '' in Korean, in reference to April 29, 1992, which was the day the riots started. The week of riots following the acquittal of the LAPD officers in the beating of Rodney King has been considered a major turning point for the development of a distinct Korean American identity and community. Over 2,300 mom - and - pop shops run by Korean business owners were damaged through ransacking and looting during the riots, sustaining close to $400 million in damages. Media coverage has framed the looting and destruction as a result of growing social and economic tensions between the Korean American and African American communities, with some attributing the tensions to the Middleman minority theory where friction arises when a minority group has a role as a `` middleman '' such as a retailer or business owner between a more dominant majority and another minority group. Korean Americans responded in various ways, including forming activist organizations such as the Association of Korean - American Victims and increasing efforts to build collaborative links with other ethnic groups through groups like the Korean American Coalition. During the riots, many Korean immigrants from the area rushed to Koreatown, after Korean - language radio stations called for volunteers to guard against rioters. Many were armed, with a variety of improvised weapons, shotguns, and semi-automatic rifles. According to Edward Park the 1992 violence stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean - Americans, but it also split them into two camps. The liberals sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The conservatives emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically African Americans. An article from the Los Angeles Times on June 18, 1991 highlights the growing violence prior to the riots. `` Other recent incidents include the May 25 shooting of two employees in a liquor store near 35th Street and Central Avenue. The victims, both recent emigrants from Korea, were killed after complying with robbery demands made by an assailant described by police as an African - American. Last Thursday, an African - American man suspected of committing a robbery in an auto parts store on Manchester Avenue was fatally wounded by his accomplice, who accidently fired a shotgun round during a struggle with the shop 's Korean - American owner. `` This violence is disturbing too, '' store owner Park said. `` But who cries for these victims? '' '' On March 16, 1991, a year prior to the Los Angeles riots, storekeeper Soon Ja Du physically confronted black ninth - grader Latasha Harlins, grabbing her sweater and backpack when she suspected she had been trying to steal a bottle of orange juice from Empire Liquor, the store Du 's family owned in Compton. After Latasha hit Du, Du shot her in the back of the head, killing her. ( Security tape showed the girl, already dead, was clutching $2 in her hand when investigators arrived. ) Du was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and forced to pay a fine of $500, but not sentenced to any prison time. Relations between the African - American and Korean communities significantly worsened after this, and the former became increasingly mistrustful of the criminal justice system. Racial tensions had been simmering for years between these groups. Many African Americans were angry toward a growing Korean migrant community in South Central Los Angeles earning a living in their communities, and felt disrespected and humiliated by many Korean merchants. Cultural differences and a language barrier further fueled tensions. The probation Du received for killing Latasha Harlins, combined with the acquittal of the four LAPD officers in Rodney King 's trial, resulted in the ensuing Los Angeles riots, with much anger directed at Koreans. Television coverage of two Korean merchants firing pistols repeatedly at roving looters was widely seen and controversial. The New York Times said `` that the image seemed to speak of race war, and of vigilantes taking the law into their own hands. '' The merchants were reacting to the shooting of Mr. Park 's wife and her sister by looters who had converged on the shopping center where the shops were located. Due to their low social status and the language barrier with immigrants, Korean Americans received very little if any aid or protection from police authorities. David Joo, a manager of the gun store, said, `` I want to make it clear that we did n't open fire first. At that time, four police cars were there. Somebody started to shoot at us. The LAPD ran away in half a second. I never saw such a fast escape. I was pretty disappointed. '' Carl Rhyu, also a participant in the Koreans ' armed response, said, `` If it was your own business and your own property, would you be willing to trust it to someone else? We are glad the National Guard is here. They 're good backup. But when our shops were burning we called the police every five minutes ; no response. '' At a shopping center several miles north of Koreatown, Jay Rhee, who said he and others fired five hundred shots into the ground and air, said, `` We have lost our faith in the police. Where were you when we needed you? '' Koreatown was isolated from South Central Los Angeles, yet despite this, it was the most severely damaged in the riots. Preparations ( edit ) One of the largest armed camps in Los Angeles 's Koreatown was at the California Market. On the first night after the officers ' verdicts were returned, Richard Rhee, the market owner, set up in the parking lot with about 20 armed employees. One year after the riots, fewer than one in four damaged or destroyed businesses had reopened, according to the survey conducted by the Korean - American Inter-Agency Council. According to a Los Angeles Times survey conducted eleven months after the riots, almost 40 % of Korean Americans said they were thinking of leaving Los Angeles. Before a verdict was issued in the new 1993 Rodney King federal civil rights trial against the four officers, Korean shop owners prepared for the worst. Gun sales went up, many to persons of Korean descent, some merchants at flea markets removed merchandise from shelves, and they fortified storefronts with extra Plexiglas and bars. Throughout the region, merchants readied to defend themselves. College student Elizabeth Hwang spoke of the attacks on her parents ' convenience store in 1992. She said at the time of the 1993 trial, they had been armed with a Glock 17 pistol, a Beretta, and a shotgun, and they planned to barricade themselves in their store to fight off looters. Some Koreans formed armed militia groups following the 1992 riots. Speaking just prior to the 1993 verdict, Yong Kim, leader of the Korea Young Adult Team of Los Angeles, which purchased five AK - 47s, said `` We made a mistake last year. This time we wo n't. I do n't know why Koreans are always a special target for African - Americans, but if they are going to attack our community, then we are going to pay them back. '' Post-riots ( edit ) Korean Americans not only faced physical damage to their stores and community surroundings, but they also suffered emotional, psychological, and economic despair. About 2,300 Korean - owned stores in Southern California were looted or burned, making up 45 percent of all damages caused by the riot. According to the Asian and Pacific American Counseling and Prevention Center, 730 Koreans were treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, which included symptoms such as insomnia, sense of helplessness, and muscle pain. In reaction, many Korean Americans worked to create political and social empowerment. The L.A. riots resulted in the development of new ethnic agendas and organization. A week after the riots, in the largest Asian - American protest ever held in a city, about 30,000 mostly Korean and Korean - American marchers walked the streets of L.A. Koreatown, calling for peace and denouncing police violence. This cultural movement was devoted to the protection of Koreans ' political rights, ethnic heritage, and political representation. New leaders arose within the community, and second - generation children spoke on behalf of the community. Korean Americans began to have different occupation goals, from storeowners to political leaders. Korean Americans worked to gain governmental aid to rebuild their damaged neighborhoods. Countless community and advocacy groups have been established to further fuel Korean political representation and understanding. After suffering from isolation, they worked to gain new understanding and connections. The representative voice that was created remains present in South Central Los Angeles, as such events as the riots contributed to the shaping of identities, perceptions and political and social representation. Edward Taehan Chang, a professor of ethnic studies and founding director of the Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies at the University of California, Riverside, has identified the LA riots as a turning point for the development of a Korean American identity separate from that of Korean immigrants and that was more engaged with other minority groups. `` What was an immigrant Korean identity began to shift. The Korean - American identity was born... They learned a valuable lesson that we have to become much more engaged and politically involved, and that political empowerment is very much part of the Korean - American future. '' Hispanics in the riots ( edit ) According to a report prepared in 1993 by the Latinos Futures Research Group for the Latino Coalition for a New Los Angeles, one third of those who were killed and one half of those who were arrested in the riots were Latino ; moreover, between 20 % and 40 % of the businesses that were looted were owned by Latino owners. Hispanics were considered a minority despite their increasing numbers, and thus lacked political support and were poorly represented. Their lack of knowledge, both socially and politically, within the area additionally silenced their acknowledgment of participation. Many of the individuals of the area were new immigrants ; they often did not speak English and were seen as unimportant and `` different '' from blacks. Gloria Alvarez claims the riots did not create social distance between Hispanics and black people, but rather united them. Although the riots were perceived in different aspects, Alvarez argues it brought a greater sense of understanding between Hispanics and blacks. Even though Hispanics now heavily populate the area that was once predominantly black, such transition has improved over time. The building of a stronger and more understanding community could help to prevent social chaos arising between the two groups. Hate crimes and widespread violence between the two groups continue to be a problem in the L.A. area, however. Media coverage ( edit ) Almost as soon as the disturbances broke out in South Central, local television news cameras were on the scene to record the events as they happened. Television coverage of the riots was near continuous, starting with the beating of motorists at the intersection of Florence and Normandie broadcast live by television news pilot / reporter Bob Tur and his camera operator Marika Gerrard. By virtue of their extensive coverage, mainstream television stations provided a vivid, comprehensive and valuable record of the violence occurring on the streets of Los Angeles. In part because of extensive media coverage of the Los Angeles riots, smaller but similar riots and other anti-police actions took place in other cities throughout the United States. The Emergency Broadcast System was also utilized during the rioting. Coverage came from the American media, which gave an extensive portrayal of the riots, Korean - American media, and Korea itself. One of the most prominent sources for news about the coverage came from the Korea Times, a Korean - American newspaper run entirely independently from American newspapers, such as The New York Times. Korean - American newspapers ( edit ) Articles presented from the Korean - American side stated that `` Korean American merchants were apparently targeted by looters during the LA. Riots, according to the FBI official who directed federal law enforcement efforts during the disturbance. '' The Korean American newspaper focused on the 1992 riots with Korean Americans being the center of the violence. Initial articles from late April and early May were about the stories depicting victims lives and the damage done to the LA Korean Community. Interviews with Koreatown merchants, such as Chung Lee, drew sympathy from its readers. Chung Lee, the model example of good merchant watched, helplessly, as his store was burned down. `` I worked hard for that store. Now I have nothing, '' said Lee. American newspapers ( edit ) While several articles included the minorities involved when citing damages or naming victims, few actually incorporated them as a significant part of the struggle. American news coverage was mainly directed at the oppression of African American citizens especially at white hands. One story framed the race riots as `` time when the wrath of blacks was focused on whites. '' They acknowledged that racism and stereotyped views contributed to the riots, the articles from American newspapers made the LA riots about black and whites struggling to coexist, rather than include all minorities involved. Racism ( edit ) While some news articles compared the LA riots to the Watts riots of the 1960s, many of them focused on the tension between black and white residents of America, drawing the history as far back as slavery and deep set racial divides. Multiethnic struggle ( edit ) The Korean - Americans and their stores throughout LA 's Korea town were hit the hardest by the riots, with an estimated $400 million done in damages. Despite claims that Koreatown had not been intentionally targeted during the riots, by Sunday, over 1,600 Korean - American owned stores had been completely destroyed. Hispanic owned stores and African - American owned stores were also destroyed during the riots. Because many ethnic groups were affected, the 1992 LA riots later were called `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots. ' '' A major criticism of the mainstream media coverage was the pitting of Koreans and against blacks one another and the framing of the LA riots has having been caused by a black - Korean conflict. As filmmaker Dai Sil Kim - Gibson, who created the 1993 documentary `` Sa - I - Gu '', described, `` Black - Korean conflict was one symptom, but it was certainly not the cause of that riot. The cause of that riot was black - white conflict that existed in this country from the establishment of this country. '' Aftermath ( edit ) Burned buildings in Los Angeles The rioting ended after numerous forces of the California Army National Guard, the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division were brought in to reinforce the local police. In total, 55 people were killed during the riots and more than 2,000 people were injured. After the riots subsided, an inquiry was commissioned by the city Police Commission, led by William H. Webster ( special advisor ), and Hubert Williams ( deputy special advisor, president of the Police Foundation ). The findings of the inquiry, The City in Crisis : A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles, also colloquially known as the Webster Report or Webster Commission, was released on October 21, 1992. LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates, who had seen his successor Willie L. Williams named by the Police Commission days before the riots, was forced to resign on June 28, 1992. Some areas of the city saw temporary truces between the rival gangs the Crips and the Bloods, which fueled speculation among LAPD officers that the truce was going to be used to unite them against the department. Post-riot Commentary ( edit ) Scholars and writers ( edit ) In addition to the catalyst of the verdicts in the excessive force trial, various other factors have been cited as causes of the unrest. In the years preceding the riots, several other highly controversial incidents involving alleged police brutality or other perceived injustices against minorities had been criticized by activists and investigated by media. Thirteen days after the beating of King was widely broadcast, African Americans were outraged when Latasha Harlins, a 15 - year - old black girl, was killed by a Korean - American shopkeeper in the course of an ostensible shoplifting incident. Soon Ja Du was sentenced to 5 years probation and 400 hours of community service but no jail time. Rioters targeted Korean - American shops in their areas, as there had been considerable tension between the two communities. Such sources as Newsweek and Time suggested that blacks thought Korean - American merchants were `` taking money out of their community '', that they were racist as they refused to hire blacks, and often treated them without respect. There were cultural and language differences, as some shopowners were immigrants. There were other factors for social tensions : high rates of poverty and unemployment among the residents of South Central Los Angeles, which had been deeply affected by the nationwide recession. Articles in the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times linked the economic deterioration of South Central to the declining living conditions of the residents, and reported that local resentments about these conditions helped to fuel the riots. Other scholars compare these riots to those in Detroit in the 1920s, when whites rioted against blacks. But instead of African - Americans as victims, the race riots `` represent backlash violence in response to recent Latino and Asian immigration into African - American neighborhoods. '' Social commentator Mike Davis pointed to the growing economic disparity in Los Angeles, caused by corporate restructuring and government deregulation, with inner city residents bearing the brunt of such changes. Such conditions engendered a widespread feeling of frustration and powerlessness in the urban populace. They reacted to the King verdicts with a violent expression of collective public protest. To Davis and other writers, the tensions between African - Americans and Korean - Americans had as much to do with the economic competition between the two groups caused by wider market forces as with either cultural misunderstandings, or blacks angered about the killing of Latasha Harlins. A Special Committee of the California Legislature also studied the riots, producing a report entitled To Rebuild is Not Enough. The Committee concluded that the inner city conditions of poverty, racial segregation, lack of educational and employment opportunities, police abuse and unequal consumer services created the underlying causes of the riots. It also noted that the decline of industrial jobs in the American economy and the growing ethnic diversity of Los Angeles had contributed to urban problems. Another official report, The City in Crisis, was initiated by the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners ; it made many of the same observations are as the Assembly Special Committee about the growth of popular urban dissatisfaction. In their study Farrell and Johnson found similar factors, which included the diversification of the L.A. population, tension between the successful Korean businesses and other minorities, use of excessive force on minorities by LAPD, and the effect of laissez - faire business on urban employment opportunities. Rioters were believed to have been motivated by racial tensions but these are considered one of numerous factors. Urban sociologist Joel Kotkin said, `` This was n't a race riot, it was a class riot. '' Many ethnic groups participated in rioting, not only African Americans. Newsweek reported that `` Hispanics and even some whites ; men, women and children mingled with African - Americans. '' `` When residents who lived near Florence and Normandie were asked why they believed riots had occurred in their neighborhoods, they responded of the perceived racist attitudes they had felt throughout their lifetime and empathized with the bitterness the rioters felt. Residents who had respectable jobs, homes, and material items still felt like second class citizens. A poll by Newsweek asked whether black people charged with crimes were treated more harshly or more leniently than other ethnicities ; 75 % of blacks responded `` more harshly '', versus 46 % of whites. In his public statements during the riots, Jesse Jackson, civil rights leader, sympathized with the anger of African - Americans about the verdicts in the King trial, and noted root causes of the disturbances. He repeatedly emphasized the continuing patterns of racism, police brutality, and economic despair suffered by inner city residents. Several prominent writers expressed a similar `` culture of poverty '' argument. Writers in Newsweek, for example, drew a distinction between the actions of the rioters in 1992 with those of the urban upheavals in the 1960s, arguing that `` ( w ) here the looting at Watts had been desperate, angry, mean, the mood this time was closer to a manic fiesta, a TV game show with every looter a winner. '' Meanwhile, in an article published in Commentary entitled `` How the Rioters Won '', conservative columnist Midge Decter referred to African - American city youths and asked `` ( h ) ow is it possible to go on declaring that what will save the young men of South Central L.A., and the young girls they impregnate, and the illegitimate babies they sire, is jobs? How is it possible to look at these boys of the underclass... and imagine that they either want or could hold on to jobs? '' Politicians ( edit ) Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton said that the violence resulted from the breakdown of economic opportunities and social institutions in the inner city. He also berated both major political parties for failing to address urban issues, especially the Republican Administration for its presiding over `` more than a decade of urban decay '' generated by their spending cuts. He maintained that the King verdicts could not be avenged by the `` savage behavior '' of `` lawless vandals ''. He also stated that people `` are looting because... ( t ) hey do not share our values, and their children are growing up in a culture alien from ours, without family, without neighborhood, without church, without support. '' While Los Angeles was mostly unaffected by the urban decay the other metropolitan areas of the nation faced since the 1960s, racial tensions had been present since the late 1970s, becoming increasingly violent as the 1980s progressed. Democrat Maxine Waters, the African - American Congressional representative of South Central Los Angeles, said that the events in L.A. constituted a `` rebellion '' or `` insurrection '', caused by the underlying reality of poverty and despair existing in the inner city. This state of affairs, she asserted, were brought about by a government that had all but abandoned the poor and failed to help compensate for the loss of local jobs, and by the institutional discrimination encountered by racial minorities, especially at the hands of the police and financial institutions. Conversely, President Bush argued that the unrest was `` purely criminal ''. Though he acknowledged that the King verdicts were plainly unjust, he said that `` we simply can not condone violence as a way of changing the system... Mob brutality, the total loss of respect for human life was sickeningly sad... What we saw last night and the night before in Los Angeles is not about civil rights. It 's not about the great cause of equality that all Americans must uphold. It 's not a message of protest. It 's been the brutality of a mob, pure and simple. '' Vice President Dan Quayle blamed the violence on a `` Poverty of Values '' -- `` I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure, personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society '' Similarly, the White House Press Secretary, Marlin Fitzwater, alleged that `` many of the root problems that have resulted in inner city difficulties were started in the ' 60s and ' 70s and... they have failed... ( N ) ow we are paying the price. '' Writers for former Congressman Ron Paul framed the riots in similar terms in the June 1992 edition of the Ron Paul Political Newsletter, billed as a special issue focusing on `` racial terrorism. '' `` Order was only restored in LA '', the newsletter read, `` when it came time for the blacks to pick up their welfare checks three days after rioting began... What if the checks had never arrived? No doubt the blacks would have fully privatized the welfare state through continued looting. But they were paid off and the violence subsided. '' Rodney King ( edit ) In the aftermath of the riots, public pressure mounted for a retrial of the officers. Federal charges of civil rights violations were brought against them. As the first anniversary of the acquittal neared, the city tensely awaited the decision of the federal jury. The decision was read in a court session on Saturday, April 17, 1993 at 7 : 00 am. Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon were found guilty, while officers Theodore Briseno and Timothy Wind were acquitted. Mindful of criticism of sensationalist reporting after the first trial and during the riots, media outlets opted for more sober coverage. Police were fully mobilized with officers on 12 hour shifts, convoy patrols, scout helicopters, street barricades, tactical command centers, and support from the Army National Guard, the active duty Army and the Marines. All four of these officers have since quit or have been fired from the LAPD. Briseno left the LAPD after being acquitted on federal charges. Wind, who was also acquitted, was fired after the appointment of Willie L. Williams as Chief of Police. Chief Williams ' tenure was short lived. The Los Angeles Police Commission declined to renew his contract, citing Williams ' failure to fulfill his mandate to create meaningful change in the department. Susan Clemmer, an officer who gave crucial testimony for the defense at first trial of officers, committed suicide in July 2009 in the lobby of a Los Angeles Sheriff 's Station. She had ridden in the ambulance with King and testified that he was laughing and spat blood on her uniform. She had remained in law enforcement and was a Sheriff 's Detective at the time of her death. Rodney King was awarded $3.8 million in damages from the City of Los Angeles. He invested most of this money in founding a hip - hop record label, `` Straight Alta - Pazz Records ''. The venture was unable to garner success and soon folded. King was later arrested at least eleven times on a variety of charges, including domestic abuse and hit and run. King and his family moved from Los Angeles to Rialto, California, a suburb in San Bernardino County, in an attempt to escape the fame and notoriety and to begin a new life. King and his family later returned to Los Angeles, where they ran a family owned construction company. Until his death on June 17, 2012, King rarely discussed the night of his beating by police or its aftermath, preferring to remain out of the spotlight. King died of an accidental drowning ; authorities said that he had alcohol and drugs in his body. Renee Campbell, his most recent attorney, described King as ``... simply a very nice man caught in a very unfortunate situation. '' Deaths and arrests ( edit ) On May 3, 1992, in view of the very large number of persons arrested during the riots, the California Supreme Court extended the deadline to charge defendants from 48 hours to 96 hours. That day, 6,345 people were arrested and 44 dead bodies were still being identified by the coroner using fingerprints, driver 's license, or dental records. By the end of the riot 63 people had died, including 35 from gunfire ( including eight shot by law enforcement officers and two by National Guardsmen ), six due to arson, two from attackers armed with sticks or boards, two from stabbings, six in car accidents ( including two hit - and - runs ), and one from strangling. Nearly one third of the rioters arrested were released because police officers were unable to identify individuals in the sheer volume of the crowd. In one case, officers arrested around 40 people stealing from one store ; while they were identifying them, a group of another 12 looters were brought in. With the groups mingled, charges could not be brought against individuals for stealing from specific stores, and the police had to release them all. In the weeks after the rioting, more than 11,000 people were arrested. Many of the looters in black communities were turned in by their neighbors, who were angry about the destruction of businesses who employed locals and providing basic needs such as groceries. Many of the looters, fearful of prosecution by law enforcement and condemnation from their neighbors, ended up placing looted items curbside in other areas to get rid of them. Rebuilding Los Angeles ( edit ) After three days of arson and looting, 3,767 buildings were burned and property damage was estimated at more than $1 billion. Donations were given to help with food and medicine. The office of State Senator Diane E. Watson provided shovels and brooms to volunteers from all over the community who helped clean. 13,000 police and military personnel patrolled the area, protecting intact gas stations and food stores ; they reopened along with other businesses areas such as the Universal Studios tour, dance halls, and bars. Many organizations stepped forward to rebuild Los Angeles ; South Central 's Operation Hope and Koreatown 's Saigu and KCCD ( Korean Churches for Community Development ), all raised millions to repair destruction and improve economic development. President George H.W. Bush signed a declaration of disaster ; it activated Federal relief efforts for the victims of looting and arson, which included grants and low - cost loans to cover their property losses. The Rebuild LA program promised $6 billion in private investment to create 74,000 jobs. The majority of the local stores were never rebuilt. Store owners had difficulty getting loans ; myths about the area arose discouraging investment in the area and preventing growth of employment. Few of the rebuilding plans were implemented, and business investors and some community members rejected South L.A. Residential life ( edit ) Many Los Angeles residents bought weapons for self - defense against further violence. The 10 - day waiting period in California law stymied those who wanted to purchase firearms while the riot was going on. In a survey of local residents in 2010, 77 % felt that the economic situation in Los Angeles had significantly worsened since 1992. From 1992 -- 2007, the black population dropped by 123,000, while the Latino population grew more than 450,000. According to the Los Angeles police statistics, violent crime fell by 76 % between 1992 and 2010, which has been a period of declining crime across the country. It was accompanied by lessening tensions between racial groups. 60 % of residents reported racial tension has improved in the past 20 years, and gang activity has decreased. See also ( edit ) African American portal Los Angeles portal 1990s portal 1992 Los Angeles riots in popular culture The Riot Within : My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption 2015 Baltimore protests List of riots List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Simultaneous 1992 riots : West Las Vegas riots Previous Los Angeles riots : Watts riots ( 1965 ) Zoot Suit Riots ( 1943 ) Ethnic groups : History of the African - Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles riots : Remember the 63 people who died ''. April 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Harris, Paul ( 1999 ). Black Rage Confronts the Law. NYU Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780814735923. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Rayner, Richard ( 1998 ). The Granta Book of Reportage. Granta Books. p. 424. ISBN 9781862071933. Retrieved October 25, 2017. 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( 2012 ). `` 3. `` Violence and Trauma as Constitutive Elements in Korean American Racial Identity Formation : The 1992 L.A. Riots / Insurrection / Saigu. '' ``. Ethnic & Racial Studies. 35 ( 11 ) : 1999 -- 2018. doi : 10.1080 / 01419870.2011. 602090. Retrieved November 8, 2012. Jump up ^ Pittman, Robert ( July 28, 1991 ). `` Cover Story -- The Man Behind the Monster ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 30, 2009. ^ Jump up to : Mydans, Seth ( April 10, 1993 ). `` Korean Shop Owners Fearful Of Outcome of Beating Trial ''. The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2016. Jump up ^ K. Connie Kang ( March 19, 1993 ). `` 40 % of Koreans in Poll Ponder Leaving : Riots : Survey of business owners finds deep concern. Blacks also voice fears but fewer want to relocate ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011. Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista, David E. ; Schink, Werner O. ; Hayes - Bautista, Maria ( November 1, 1993 ). `` Latinos and the 1992 Los Angeles riots : a behavioral sciences perspective ''. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 15 ( 4 ) : 427 -- 448. Jump up ^ Newman, Maria ( May 11, 1992 ). `` ' After the Riots : Riots Put Focus on Hispanic Growth and Problems in South Central Area ''. The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Alvarez, Gloria. `` 20 Year Ago : For Many Latinos, the L.A. Riots Were Not About Outrage ''. Eastern Group Publications. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Quinones, Sam ; Winton, Richard ; Mozingo, Joe ( January 25, 2013 ). `` Attack on family in Compton latest incident in wave of anti-black violence ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Jacobs, R : Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King, pages 81 -- 120. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Jump up ^ Erna Smith, Transmitting Race : the Los Angeles Riot in Television News, Research Paper, President of the Fellows of Harvard College, 1994. Jump up ^ Staten, Clark ( April 29, 1992 ). `` Three days of @ #! * % in Los Angeles ''. Emergencynet News Service ( ENN ). Archived from the original on July 20, 1997. Retrieved February 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 1992 : The LA riots ''. libcom.org. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Jump up ^ `` ' This is a test ' but is anyone listening? ''. The Hour. August 13, 1992. p. 31. ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/367711460 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/226263559 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/140745442 Jump up ^ Chang, Edward T. `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots ' '', The State of Asian America : Activism and Resistance in the 1990s, edited by Juan Karin Aguilar - San. Boston, MA : South End, 1994. 101 -- 17. Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen. `` ' Look what happens when we do n't talk to each other ' : Korean American filmmakers ' L.A. riots stories ''. latimes.com. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ `` The L.A. 53 ''. By Jim Crogan. LA Weekly. April 24, 2002. Jump up ^ `` Riot anniversary tour surveys progress and economic challenges in Los Angeles ''. By Stan Wilson. CNN. April 25, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Panel Said to Fault Los Angeles Riot Response ''. The New York Times. October 18, 1992. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved June 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` NCJRS Abstract -- National Criminal Justice Reference Service ''. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Jump up ^ CONNELL, RICH ; BRAUN, STEPHEN ( April 16, 1992 ). `` Philadelphia Chief to Head LAPD : Police : Willie L. Williams will be first black to head department and first outsider since 1949. ' He 's the best, ' Police Commission President Stanley Sheinbaum says ''. Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458 - 3035. Retrieved June 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Schneider, Keith ( April 16, 2010 ). `` Daryl F. Gates, L.A.P.D. Chief in Rodney King Era, Dies at 83 ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved June 6, 2015. Jump up ^ Terry, Don ( May 12, 1992 ). `` AFTER THE RIOTS ; Hope and Fear in Los Angeles As Deadly Gangs Call Truce ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved December 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` PressReader.com -- Connecting People Through News ''. www.pressreader.com. ^ Jump up to : Tom Mathews et al., `` The Siege of L.A. '', Newsweek, May 1992. Jump up ^ David Ellis, `` L.A. Lawless '', Time, May 1992. Jump up ^ `` The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 15, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Schoch, Deborah ; Lin II, Rong - Gong ( April 29, 2007 ). `` 15 years after L.A. riots, tension still high ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Jacqueline Jones, `` Forgotten Americans '', The New York Times, May 5, 1992. Jump up ^ Don Terry, `` Decades of Rage Created Crucible of Violence '', Time, May 3, 1992. Jump up ^ `` Tale of Two Cities : Rich and Poor, Separate and Unequal '', Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1992. Jump up ^ `` Globilization of Los Angeles : The First Multiethnic Riots '', Los Angeles Times, May 1992. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case, Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times, 1992. Jump up ^ Bergesen, Albert, and Max Herman. `` Immigration, Race, and Riot : The 1992 Los Angeles Uprising, '' in American Sociological Review 63.1 ( 1998 ) : 39 -- 54. Jump up ^ Mike Davis, `` In L.A., Burning All Illusions '', The Nation, June 1, 1992. Jump up ^ Mike Davis, `` The L.A. Inferno '', Socialist Review, January -- March 1992. Jump up ^ Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis, Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office, 1992. Jump up ^ Webster Commission, The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles, Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs, UCLA, 1992. Jump up ^ Farrell, Jr. Walter C. and James H. Johnson, James. 2001. `` Structural Violence as an Inducement to African American and Hispanic Participation in the Los Angeles Civil Disturbance of 1992. '' Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 4 ( 4 ) : 337. Retrieved November 10, 2012 Jump up ^ Hunt, Darnell. 2012. `` American Toxicity : Twenty Years After the 1992 Los Angeles ' Riots. ' '', Amerasia Journal. 38 : 1 : ix -- xviii. Retrieved November 10, 2012 ^ Jump up to : Dunn, Ashley and Shawn Hubler. 1992. `` Unlikely Flash Point for Riots '', Los Angeles Times, July 5. Retrieved November 9, 2012 Jump up ^ Jesse Jackson, `` A ' Terrible Rainbow of Protest ' '', Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1992. Jump up ^ Miles Colvin, `` Man with a Mission '', Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1992. Jump up ^ Midge Decter, `` How the Rioters Won '', Commentary, Vol. 94, July 1992. ^ Jump up to : Ronald Brownstein, `` Clinton : Parties Fail to Attack Race Divisions '', Los Angeles Times, Sunday Final Edition, May 3, 1992. Jump up ^ Douglas P. Shuit, `` Waters Focuses Her Rage at System '', The New York Times, Sunday, May 10, 1992. Jump up ^ Maxine Waters, `` Testimony Before the Senate Banking Committee '', in Don Hazen ( ed. ), Inside the L.A. Riots : What really happened -- and why it will happen again, Institute for Alternative Journalism, 1992, pp. 26 -- 27. Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Bush 's speech on the Los Angeles Riots : ' Need to Restore Order ', The New York Times, May 2, 1992. Jump up ^ `` The Vice President Speaks ''. Commonwealthclub.org. May 19, 1992. Archived from the original on August 18, 2003. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Michael Wines, `` White House Links Riots to Welfare '', The New York Times, May 5, 1992. Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul 's racist link ''. Los Angeles Times. December 21, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 10 Extreme Claims in Ron Paul 's Controversial Newsletters ''. Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Howard ( April 19, 1993 ). `` Los Angeles TV Shows Restraint ''. Chicago Sun - Times. p. 22. Jump up ^ Mydans, Seth ( April 19, 1993 ). `` Verdict in Los Angeles ; Fear Subsides With Verdict, But Residents Remain Wary ''. The New York Times. p. 11. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Jump up ^ Tisdall, Simon ; Christopher Reed ( April 19, 1993 ). `` All Quiet on the Western Front After King Verdicts ''. The Guardian. UK. p. 20. Jump up ^ Ayres Jr., B. Drummond ( March 11, 1997 ). `` Los Angeles Police Chief Will Be Let Go ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Official : L.A. Detective from King Trial Kills Self ''. Associated Press. July 7, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Deitz, Robert ( March 13, 1996 ). `` Willful Injustice : A Post-O.J. Look at Rodney King, American Justice, and Trial by Race ''. Regnery Pub. -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ LeDuff, Charlie ( September 19, 2004 ). `` 12 Years After the Riots, Rodney King Gets Along ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Jump up ^ SpotTelevision. `` Uprising : Hip Hop & The LA Riots -- SXSW 2012 Film ''. SpotTelevision.com. Retrieved November 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Crogan, Jim. `` The L.A. 53 ''. LA Weekly. Jump up ^ Seth Mydans ( June 3, 1992 ). `` Police Ca n't Identify Them, So Looting Suspects Go Free ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Oh, Hansook. `` Destruction in 1992 L.A. Upheaval : How law enforcement let the largest urban riot / rebellion rage on ''. Daily Sundial. Retrieved November 7, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Reinhold Jump up ^ `` Three black journalists talk about the L.A. riots, 24 years later ''. www.medium.com. Los Angeles Times. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Tomaszewski, Joseph A. `` Ethnic media discuss mainstream media 's coverage of LA riots ''. Daily Sundial. Retrieved November 19, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Alonso, Alex A. ( 1998 ). Rebuilding Los Angeles : A Lesson of Community Reconstruction ( PDF ). Los Angeles : University of Southern California. ^ Jump up to : Ramirez, Tanya. `` The LA Riots 20 years later ''. Daily Sundial. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Hayden, Tom. `` The Myth of the Super-Predator ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Jump up ^ McDonald, Patrick Range and Ted Soqui. `` Then & Now : Images from the same spot as the L.A. riots, 20 years later ''. LA weekly. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Larson, Tom and Miles Finney. `` Rebuilding South Central Los Angeles : Myths, Realities, and Opportunities. School of Business and Economics '' ( PDF ). California State University, Los Angeles. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 1, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2012. ^ Jump up to : McDonald Jump up ^ Jennings, Angel ( April 29, 2015 ). `` Street corner torched in L.A. riots may get new life, at long last ''. Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ Ron Soble ( August 17, 1992 ). `` Going Great Guns : Security : The L.A. riots trigger a firearms - buying spree in the county. First - time owners drive the boom in sales ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 12, 2011. Jump up ^ HeraldNet. `` 20 Years After L.A. riots, some tensions ease ''. The Herald Business Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Ramirez Further Reading ( edit ) Afary, Kamran, Performance and Activism : Grassroots Discourse After the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992, Lexington Books, 2009. Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis, Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office, 1992. Baldassare, Mark ( ed. ), The Los Angeles Riots : Lessons for the Urban Future, Boulder and Oxford : Westview Press, 1994. Cannon, Lou, Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD, Basic Books, 1999. Gibbs, Jewelle Taylor, Race and Justice : Rodney King and O.J. Simpson in a House Divided, San Francisco : Jossey - Bass, 1996. Gooding - Williams, Robert ( ed. ), Reading Rodney King, Reading Urban Uprising, New York and London : Routledge, 1993. Hazen, Don ( ed. ), Inside the L.A. Riots : What Really Happened -- and Why It Will Happen Again, Institute for Alternative Journalism, 1992. Jacobs, Ronald F., Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King, Cambridge University Press, 2000. Los Angeles Times, Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case, Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times, 1992. Song Hyoung, Min, Strange Future : Pessimism and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, Durham : Duke University Press, 2005. Wall, Brenda, The Rodney King Rebellion : A Psychopolitical Analysis of Racial Despair and Hope, Chicago : African American Images, 1992. Webster Commission, The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles, Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs, UCLA, 1992. External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) General ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1992 Los Angeles riots. Of the 63 people killed during ' 92 riots, 23 deaths remain unsolved -- artist Jeff Beall is mapping where they fell -- 25 Years After, an Artist 's Response -- LA Times, April 28, 2017. The L.A. Riots : 15 Years after Rodney King from Time.com. Flawed Emergency Response during the L.A. riots -- article by Taubman Center for State and Local Government. The L.A. 53 -- full listing of 53 known deaths during the riots, from the L.A. Weekly. L.A. 's darkest days -- Christian Science Monitor retrospective and interviews with victims and participants. `` Charting the Hours of Chaos ''. Los Angeles Times. April 29, 2002. 1992 : The LA riots -- an anarchist perspective characterizing the riots as political uprising. Of Illicit Appearance : The L.A. Riots / Rebellion as a Portent of Things to Come, Lewis Gordon, Truthout, May 12, 2012 20 Years After the L.A. Riots, Revisiting the Rationality of Revolt, Nigel Gibson, Truthout, May 12, 2012 The Untold Story of the LA Riot, David Whitman, U.S. News & World Report, May 23, 1993, with special emphasis on the riot 's first day Photography ( edit ) Urban Voyeur -- black and white photographs taken during the riots. Video and audio ( edit ) CBS News Special Report : Beyond the Rage ( aired May 1, 1992 ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire Part 1 ( news clips montage ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire part 3 ( raw news clips ) ABC News story including amateur video of beating incident with commentary on YouTube `` The Radio Show '' with Tom Snyder April 30 and May 1, 1992. ABC Nightline special Moment of Crisis : Anatomy of a Riot hide Los Angeles Police Department Facilities Highland Park Police Station LAPD Hooper Heliport Los Angeles Police Department Memorial for Fallen Officers Parker Center Divisions Air Support Division Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums Gangster Squad Metropolitan Division Rampart Division Units Los Angeles Police Department Mental Evaluation Unit Los Angeles Police Department Threat Management Unit Medals Los Angeles Police Medal of Valor Events The Onion Field 1992 Los Angeles riots North Hollywood shootout 2007 MacArthur Park rallies Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt Shooting of Ezell Ford Corruption / misconduct Operation Hammer Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department Rampart scandal Organizations Coalition Against Police Abuse Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners Los Angeles Police Protective League Los Angeles Police Department resources Related Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department List of Los Angeles Police Department officers killed in the line of duty LAPD radio alphabet Sig Alert Special Order 40 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Los_Angeles_riots&oldid=850468571 '' Categories : 1992 Los Angeles riots 1992 riots African - American -- Asian - American relations Anti-Korean sentiment Mass murder in 1992 African - American riots in the United States United States Marine Corps in the 20th century Law enforcement operations in the United States Post -- Civil Rights Era African - American history Crimes in Los Angeles Riots and civil disorder in California Arson in California Presidency of George H.W. Bush April 1992 events May 1992 events 1992 in Los Angeles United States military killing of American civilians Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 02 : 14 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Black ( TV series ) - wikipedia Black ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search Black Promotional poster Original title 블랙 Genre Romance Fantasy Thriller Horror Created by Studio Dragon Written by Choi Ran Directed by Kim Hong - sun Starring Song Seung - heon Go Ara Lee El Kim Dong - jun Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 18 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kim Jong - sik Song Jae - joon Production company ( s ) iWill Media Distributor OCN Netflix ( international ) Release Original network OCN Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release October 14 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) -- December 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) External links Website Black ( Hangul : 블랙 ; RR : Beullaek ) is a 2017 fantasy - thriller South Korean television series starring Song Seung - heon, Go Ara, Lee El and Kim Dong - jun. It aired on OCN from October 14 to December 10, 2017 on Saturdays and Sundays at 22 : 20 ( KST ) time slot. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 People around Moo - gang 2.2. 2 People around Ha - ram 2.2. 3 Grim Reaper 2.2. 4 People around Man - soo 2.2. 5 Other 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 5 Ratings 6 International broadcast 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story of a grim reaper who is forced to chase his runaway partner, and in the process, uncovers the truth about a set of cold - case murders which had occurred twenty years prior to the main storyline. Investigations of the murders complicates the reaper 's primary role of guiding the deceased to their respective afterlife, especially after he falls in love with a mortal woman leading him to break supernatural rules of disinvolvement with human affairs. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Song Seung - heon as Han Moo - gang ( Detective ) / Black ( Grim Reaper # 444 ) A grim reaper who has taken over the body of a detective named Han Moo - gang who was investigating the serial murders surrounding the death of his older brother Kim Joon. Towards the end of the series, the grim reaper is revealed to be the soul of Kim Joon who became a grim - reaper after being murdered by his adopted mother ( Moo - Gang 's biological mother ) after she mistook him for dead, and harvested his heart for his brother ( Moo - Gang ). After saving Kang Ha - ram by killing the masterminds behind the serial murders, Black commits suicide so that she can live a long and normal life. The grim reaper was later punished for his disobedience by erasing all of the actions he made while he was still living as Kim Joon. In the end, Black reunites with Kang Ha - ram to collect her soul after she had lived a peaceful life, and they are seen walking away hand in hand in the final scene Go Ara as Kang Ha - ram A woman who can foresee death as a dark shadow looming over someone which turns out to be a grim reaper following them to their moment of death. She initially is drawn to the detective Moo - Gang ( before his body is possessed ) since he tries to help her prevent death using her premonition skills, but later stays with Black in Moo - Gang 's body because she initially mistakes Moo - Gang for his brother Joon ( eventually falling in love with Black, who really is Joon ). She also unknowingly keeps a video tape revealing one of the masterminds behind the crimes and serial murders of the series. Her insecurities surrounding her supernatural abilities and broken childhood kept her socially isolated and caused her to easily misled by Black and Soo - Wan, as well as other minor characters. Lee El as Yoon Soo - wan A doctor who is in love with Han Moo - gan. She was adopted by Kim Joon 's family decades prior to the main storyline, and was the victim of several filmed sexual assaults by the perpetrators of the serial murders. Kim Dong - jun as Oh Man - soo A second generation chaebol Supporting ( edit ) People around Moo - Gang ( edit ) Kim Won - hae as Na Gwang - gyun / Crazy Dog Jung Suk - yong as Bong Man - shik Lee Chul - min as Oh Soo - tae Huh Jae - ho as Park Gwi - nam Ji Su - won as Seo Young - hwa She is the mother of Han Moo - gang and the adoptive mother of Kim Joon. She is a cardiologist who is also responsible for killing Kim Joon who she assumes he was dead as she harvested his heart for her son Moo - gang to live prior to the series. Towards the end of the series, she was confronted by her angered son Moo - gang who is possessed by the grim reaper which is the soul of Kim Joon after she murdered her older brother two decades ago. In the end of the series, she writes an suicidal note which she apologizes both Moo - gang and Kim Joon before she commits suicide from drug overdose. People around Ha - ram ( edit ) Kim Jung - young as Ha - ram 's mother She is the mother of Ha - ram who recognizes Han Moo - gang as the grim reaper when it glows orange on his neck and wants him to stay away from her daughter. Kim Hyung - min as Kang Soo - hyuk, Ha - ram 's father He is the father of Ha - ram who is the previous grim reaper being killed by an unknown assailant. Go Seung - bo as Hoon - seok, Ha - ram 's stepbrother Park Jung - hak as Ha - ram 's stepfather Grim Reaper ( edit ) Kim Tae - Woo as Grim Reaper # 444 Park Doo - sik as Je Soo - dong / Grim Reaper # 419 Jo Jae - yoon as Grim Reaper # 007 Lee Kyu - bok as Grim Reaper # 416 Jung Jun - won as Jang Hyun - soo, # 416 real form People around Man - soo ( edit ) Lee Do - kyung as Oh Chun - soo, Man - soo 's father Choi Min - chul as Oh Man - ho, Man - soo 's half - brother Choi Won - hong as Oh Sang - min, Man - ho 's son Kim Jae - young as Leo / Kim Woo - sik Oh Cho - hee as Tiffany / Lee Young - hee Kim Young - sun as Man - soo 's mother Other ( edit ) Lee Hae - young as Min Jae - hong Woo Hyun as Wang Yong - chun, man with spider tattoo Lee Kwan - hoon as Chen Bae Jung - hwa as Han Jin - sook Lee Hyo - je as Kim Joon / Han Moo - chan Kim Joon is the older brother of Han Moo - Gang, and is renamed Han Moo - chan after being adopted by Moo - Gang 's mother. Kim Joon is the only person to have witnessed all of the serial murders that happened two decade prior to the storyline. He was shot in the head by an unknown assailant shortly afterward, but survives to call his adoptive mother, Seo Young - hwa, for help. She eventually finds Joon unconscious, and assumed that he was on the brink of death, so she uses her skills as a cardiac surgeon to secretively harvests his heart to save Moo - Gang. To cover up his death from arousing suspicion due to his missing heart, she hides his body in a car and pushes it off of a cliff into the ocean. This incident leads Kim Joon to become a grim reaper, Black ( # 444 ), who then loses all of good memories from when he was living as Joon Kim. Black as a grim reaper is cold and collected, and prior to the events of the main storyline, is unswayed by the emotionally ridden nature of death, something unusual for grim reapers which he takes much pride in. Moo - Gang 's mother then moves to the US, where Moo - Gang is reared. Eventually, Moo - Gang returns to Korea to become a detective and investigate his brother 's mysterious death, running into Ha - ram when ordering dinner. Eventually, he discovers her ability of premonition and tries to save lives using her gift, but is himself killed in a mysterious hostage situation Meanwhile, Black is having issues training a new partner in the grim reaper work, and eventually is forced to find him when he goes missing. He discovers Moo - Gang 's corpse and inhabits it, and realizing his luck with finding a detective with deep connections to a person capable of seeing other grim reapers, lives as Moo - Gang to hunt down his missing comrade. No Tae - yeob as Steve Lee Jun - suk as Park Seung - chul Song Min - hyung as Woo Byung - sik Cha Chun - hwa as Clara Yeon Jae - wook as Lee Byung - tae Kim Ji - seok as Man with ' missing finger ' Production ( edit ) The script reading of the cast was held on July 24, 2017. The series was under negotiation with Netflix for a simultaneous streaming deal, and it is currently available on the streaming service. Original soundtrack ( edit ) Black Original soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Recorded 2017 Genre Soundtrack Language Korean English Label Universal Music Korea EL Wide OST Part 1 ( edit ) No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Take Me Out '' Nam Tae - hyun 4 : 31 2. `` Take Me Out '' ( Inst. ) Nam Tae - hyun 4 : 31 Total length : 9 : 02 OST Part 2 ( edit ) No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Like A Film '' leeSA ( 리싸 ) 3 : 37 2. `` Like A Film '' ( Inst. ) leeSA ( 리싸 ) 3 : 41 Total length : 7 : 18 OST Part 3 ( edit ) No. Title Artist Length 1. `` Another Me '' Han Min - Chae ( 민채 ) 4 : 35 2. `` Another Me '' ( Inst. ) Han Min - Chae ( 민채 ) 4 : 41 Total length : 9 : 16 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Ep. Broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen TNmS Nationwide Seoul October 14, 2017 2.141 % 2.416 % 2.0 % October 15, 2017 3.876 % 4.170 % 3.0 % October 21, 2017 3.963 % 4.715 % 2.7 % October 22, 2017 4.318 % 5.080 % 3.7 % 5 October 28, 2017 3.595 % 4.229 % 2.9 % 6 October 29, 2017 4.087 % 4.714 % 3.6 % 7 November 4, 2017 3.580 % 4.427 % 3.0 % 8 November 5, 2017 3.247 % 3.727 % 2.6 % 9 November 11, 2017 2.966 % 3.636 % 2.3 % 10 November 12, 2017 3.409 % 4.245 % 3.6 % 11 November 18, 2017 2.535 % 2.795 % 2.1 % 12 November 19, 2017 3.074 % 3.613 % 2.9 % 13 November 25, 2017 2.532 % 2.707 % 2.4 % 14 November 26, 2017 3.038 % 3.234 % 2.8 % 15 December 2, 2017 2.453 % 2.395 % 2.0 % 16 December 3, 2017 3.470 % 3.810 % 2.6 % 17 December 9, 2017 3.085 % 3.403 % 2.2 % 18 December 10, 2017 4.181 % 4.518 % 3.7 % Average 3.308 % 3.769 % 2.783 % This drama airs on a cable channel / Pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free - to - air TV / Public broadcasters ( KBS, SBS, MBC and EBS ). International broadcast ( edit ) In Malaysia and Singapore the drama aired within 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast on tvN Asia from October 15, 2017. In Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, it will premiere on Thrill with two back - to - back episodes. In the United Kingdom, the show aired via Netflix one week behind the original South Korean broadcast. In the Philippines, the series aired on ABS - CBN every weekdays at 10pm PST from January 8 to March 9, 2018. both Han Moo - gang and Kang Ha - ram are renamed as Marlon and Sara respectively. Internationally, the show is available on Netflix. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Song Sung - heon, Go A-ra cast in OCN drama ''. Korea JoongAng Daily. 5 August 2017. Jump up ^ Mukhopadhyay, Riddhiman. `` OCN 's Black : Go Ara and Song Seung Heon confirmed for grim reaper drama ''. IB Times. International Business Times, Singapore Edition. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Lee, Ye - eun. `` ( 단독 ) 송승헌 X 고아라, OCN 드라마 ' 블랙 ' 출연 확정... 하반기 방영 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). The Financial News. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Kim, Sol - ji. `` OCN 측 `` ' 블랙 ', 송승헌 고아라 출연 확정... 올 하반기 편성 '' ( 공식 ) ``. Naver ( in Korean ). MBN. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Choi, Na - young. `` ( 공식 입장 ) OCN ' 블랙 ', 송승헌 X 고아라 `` 긍정 검토 중 '' ``. Naver ( in Korean ). Osen. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 5 Korean Horror Dramas You Should Watch During Halloween Viu ''. Viu. 2017 - 10 - 16. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17. ^ Jump up to : `` < 블랙 > 송승헌 - 고아라 - 이엘 - 김동준, 대본 리딩 현장 공개! ''. iMBC ( in Korean ). iMBC. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Jo, Yoon - seon. `` ( 공식 ) 김동준, OCN ' 블랙 ' 출연 확정... 재벌 2 세 役 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). Sports Chosun. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Jo, Gyeong - yi. `` ( 단독 ) ' 귓속말 ' 허재호, 차기작 은 ' 블랙 '.. 송승헌 과 호흡 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). Osen. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Hong, Se - young. `` ( 단독 ) 박두식, ' 블랙 ' 전격 합류... 송승헌 고아라 와 호흡 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). Sports DongA. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Hong, Se - young. `` ( 단독 ) 송승헌 x 고아라, OCN ' 블랙 ' 캐스팅... 안방 복귀 하나 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). Sports DongA. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Kim, Na - hee. `` ( Oh! 쎈 톡 ) 송승헌 고아라 김동준, ' 블랙'으로 뭉친다... 오늘 대본 리딩 ''. Naver ( in Korean ). Osen. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Yun, Suh - young. `` K - drama industry finds new breakthrough with Netflix ''. KTimes. The Korea Times. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Chang, Dong - woo ; Youn, Go - eun. `` ( News Focus ) More TV shows turning to Netflix as China 's culture ban persists ''. Yonhap News. Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Black Netflix ''. Retrieved 7 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu ''. AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ). Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` TNMS 홈페이지 에 오신 것을 환영 합니다 ''. TNmS ( in Korean ). Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` tvN # 24hrExpressDrama ''. Facebook. tvN Asia. Retrieved October 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Kapamilya shows for 2018 ''. philstar.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10. External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) Black at Studio Dragon Black at iWill Media Black at HanCinema Black on IMDb Black at Daum ( in Korean ) OCN : Saturday -- Sunday dramas Previous program Black ( October 14 -- December 10, 2017 ) Next program Save Me ( August 5 -- September 24, 2017 ) Bad Guys : City of Evil ( December 16, 2017 -- February 18, 2018 ) OCN 's Saturday -- Sunday dramas Saturday -- Sunday dramas Someday Do n't Ask Me About the Past My Beautiful Bride Neighborhood Hero Voice Tunnel Duel Save Me Black Bad Guys : City of Evil Children of a Lesser God Mistress Life on Mars Voice 2 Saturday dramas Bad Guys Missing Noir M Sunday dramas Vampire Prosecutor Hero God 's Quiz Season 3 Vampire Prosecutor Season 2 Special Affairs Team TEN Season 2 Cheo Yong God 's Quiz Season 4 Reset Dr. Frost Cheo Yong Season 2 Vampire Detective Works by Studio Dragon As producer Another Miss Oh Dear My Friends 38 Revenue Collection Unit The Good Wife On the Way to the Airport Woman with a Suitcase Entourage Legend of the Blue Sea Circle My Golden Life Bravo My Life Drama Stage Children of a Lesser God Mr. Sunshine As creator / developer Hey Ghost, Let 's Fight Cinderella with Four Knights The K2 Guardian : The Lonely and Great God Voice Introverted Boss Tomorrow, With You The Liar and His Lover Tunnel Chicago Typewriter Duel Stranger The Bride of Habaek Criminal Minds Save Me Live Up to Your Name Argon Black Revolutionary Love Because This is My First Life Avengers Social Club The Most Beautiful Goodbye Bad Guys : City of Evil A Korean Odyssey Mother Cross Live My Mister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_(TV_series)&oldid=832355873 '' Categories : Orion Cinema Network television dramas Television series by Studio Dragon Korean - language television programs 2010s South Korean television series 2017 South Korean television series debuts 2017 South Korean television series endings South Korean thriller television series South Korean fantasy television series South Korean romance television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Korean - language external links Daum TV series ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 14 : 00. 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{ "text": "Della Reese - wikipedia Della Reese Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Della Reese Reese in 1961 Delloreese Patricia Early ( 1931 - 07 - 06 ) July 6, 1931 Detroit, Michigan, U.S. November 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) ( aged 86 ) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Education Wayne State University ( attended ) Occupation Singer actress producer minister Spouse ( s ) Vermont Taliaferro ( m. 1952 ; div. 1958 ) Leroy Basil Gray ( m. 1959 ; div. 1961 ) Mercer Ellington ( m. 1961 ; ann. 1961 ) Franklin Lett Jr. ( m. 1983 -- 2017 ) Children Musical career Genres Gospel Pop Jazz R&B Traditional pop Instruments Vocals Years active 1944 -- 2014 Labels Jubilee RCA Associated acts Mahalia Jackson Erskine Hawkins Albertina Walker Aretha Franklin Dorothy Norwood Cissy Houston Website dellareese.com Delloreese Patricia Early ( July 6, 1931 -- November 19, 2017 ), known professionally as Della Reese, was an American jazz and gospel singer, actress, and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades. Reese 's long career began as a singer, scoring a hit with her 1959 single `` Do n't You Know? ''. In the late -- 1960s, Reese hosted her own talk show, Della, which ran for 197 episodes. She also starred in films beginning in 1975, including playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights ( 1989 ), Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary ( 2010 ). She achieved continuing success in the television religious supernatural drama Touched by an Angel ( 1994 -- 2003 ), in which Reese played the leading role of Tess. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Musical career 3 Television and film career 3.1 Television guest appearances 3.2 Touched by an Angel 4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Marriages 4.3 Health 4.4 Ministry 5 Death 6 Discography 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television films 7.3 Television series 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Della Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6, 1931, in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, to Richard Thaddeus Early, an African American steelworker, and Nellie ( Mitchelle ), a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe. Her mother had had several children before Reese 's birth, none of whom lived with her ; hence, Reese grew up as an only child. At six years old, Reese began singing in church. From this experience, she became an avid gospel singer. On weekends in the 1940s, she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen. Afterwards, Reese would act out the scenes from the films. In 1944, she began her career directing the young people 's choir, after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent. She was often chosen, on radio, as a regular singer. At the age of 13, she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson 's gospel group. Delloreese entered Detroit 's popular Cass Technical High School ( where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly, later known as Ellen Burstyn ). She also continued with her touring with Jackson. With higher grades, she was the first in her family to graduate from high school in 1947, at only 15. Afterwards, she formed her own gospel group, the Meditation Singers. However, due in part to the death of her mother and her father 's serious illness, Reese had to interrupt her schooling at Wayne State University to help support her family. Faithful to the memory of her mother, Delloreese moved out of her father 's house when she disapproved of him taking up with a new girlfriend. She then took on odd jobs, such as truck driver, dental receptionist, and elevator operator, after 1949. Performing in clubs, Early soon decided to shorten her name from `` Delloreese Early '' to `` Della Reese ''. Musical career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese, circa 1961. Reese was discovered by the gospel singer Mahalia Jackson, and her big break came when she won a contest, which gave her a week to sing at Detroit 's well - known Flame Show Bar. Reese remained there for eight weeks. Although her roots were in gospel music, she now was being exposed to and influenced by such jazz artists as Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan and Billie Holiday. In 1953, she signed a recording contract with Jubilee Records, for which she recorded six albums. Later that year, she also joined the Hawkins Orchestra. Her first recordings for Jubilee were songs such as `` In the Still of the Night '' ( originally published in 1937 ), `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' and `` Time After Time '' ( 1947 ). The songs were later included on the album And That Reminds Me ( 1959 ). In 1957, Reese released a single called `` And That Reminds Me ''. After years of performing, she gained chart success with this song. It became a Top Twenty pop hit and a million - seller record. That year, Reese was voted by Billboard, Cashbox and various other magazines, as `` The Most Promising Singer ''. In 1959, Reese moved to RCA Records and released her first RCA single, called `` Do n't You Know?, '' which was adapted from Giacomo Puccini 's music for La bohème, specifically, the aria `` Quando m'en vo ' '' ( Musetta 's Waltz ). It became her biggest hit to date, reaching the number 2 spot on the pop charts and topping the R&B charts ( then called the `` Hot R&B Sides '' ) that year. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Eventually, the song came to be widely considered the signature song of her early career. She then released a successful follow - up single called `` Not One Minute More '' ( number 16 ). She remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with `` And Now '' ( number 69 ). In 1960 she released `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' ( number 56 ) which was drawn from her Grammy - nominated album Della. The album rose in the pop album charts to number 35. In November 1960, Reese appeared in advertisements in Ebony magazine for the newly launched AMI Continental jukebox. Reese recorded regularly throughout the 1960s, releasing singles and several albums. Two of the most significant were The Classic Della ( 1962 ) and Waltz with Me, Della ( 1963 ), which broadened her fan base internationally. She recorded several jazz - focused albums, including Della Reese Live ( 1966 ), On Strings of Blue ( 1967 ) and One of a Kind ( 1978 ). She also performed in Las Vegas for nine years and toured across the country. Reese continued to record albums in the following decades, receiving two more Grammy nominations in the gospel category for the album Della Reese and Brilliance ( 1991 ) and for the live recorded album, My Soul Feels Better Right Now ( 1999 ). Motown singer Martha Reeves cites Reese as a major influence and says she named her group The Vandellas after Van Dyke Street in Detroit and Della Reese. Television and film career ( edit ) Reese appearing in a Kraft Foods commercial, 1977. In 1969, Reese began a transition into acting work which would eventually lead to her highest profile. Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series, Della, which was cancelled after 197 episodes ( June 9, 1969 -- March 13, 1970 ). In 1970, Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries, was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B.A. Baracus in The A-Team episode `` Lease with an Option to Die ''. In 1991, she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom, The Royal Family, but his death halted production of the series for several months. Reese also did voice - over for the late 1980s Hanna - Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby - Doo on ABC. In 1989, she starred alongside Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights, in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy. Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the popular television game show Match Game. Television guest appearances ( edit ) Reese has had a wide variety of guest - starring roles, beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad. This led to other roles in such series as : The Bold Ones : The New Doctors, Getting Together, Police Woman, Petrocelli, Joe Forrester, Police Story, The Rookies, McCloud, Sanford and Son with old friend Redd Foxx, Vega $, Insight and two episodes of The Love Boat. She also had a recurring role on It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke, three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox, four episodes of Charlie & Co. opposite Flip Wilson, 227 with best friend Marla Gibbs, MacGyver, Night Court, Dream On, Designing Women, Picket Fences, Disney Channel 's That 's So Raven and The Young and the Restless. Touched by an Angel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After coping with the death of one of her best friends, Redd Foxx, in 1991, she was reluctant to play an older female lead in the inspirational television drama Touched by an Angel, but went ahead and auditioned for the role of Tess. She wanted to have a one - shot agreement between CBS and producer Martha Williamson, but ordered more episodes. Reese was widely seen as a key component of the show 's success. Already starring on Touched by an Angel was the lesser - known Irish actress Roma Downey, who played the role of case worker Tess 's angel / employee, Monica. In numerous interviews, there was an on - and off - screen chemistry between both Reese and Downey. The character of Tess was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God 's love, while at the same time, she was sassy and had a no - nonsense attitude. The show often featured a climactic monologue delivered by the angel Monica in which she reveals herself as an angel to a human with the words : `` I am an angel sent by God to tell you that He loves you. '' The character of Tess was portrayed by Reese as down - to - earth, experienced and direct. Reese also sang the show 's theme song, `` Walk with You '', and was featured prominently on the soundtrack album produced in conjunction with the show. During its first season in 1994, many critics were skeptical about the show, it being the second overtly religious prime - time fantasy series, after Highway to Heaven. The show had a rocky start, low ratings and was cancelled 11 episodes into the first season. However, with the help of a massive letter - writing campaign, the show was resuscitated the following season and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons. At the beginning of the fourth season in 1997, Reese threatened to leave the show because she was making less than her co-stars ; CBS ended up raising her salary. Touched by an Angel was cancelled in 2003, but it continued re-running heavily in syndication and on Ion Television ( formerly PAX - TV ), The Hallmark Channel, Up, and later MeTV. Roma Downey said of her on - and off - screen relationship with Reese : `` She 's very wise. She 's very loving. She can be a little gruff at times, but she 's always adoring and adorable. I lost my mother when I was very young, and during my whole adolescence and into my twenties, I 'd been looking for a mother figure, and I really think I can say with absolute truth and sincerity that I feel that I finally found her in Della Reese. '' Downey later also said : `` I think I 'll just always remember the feel of her neck against my cheek when she hugs me and the love I know that she has for me and the love that I feel for her and the love that she has for God. To know Della is to know that she loves God. '' Personal life ( edit ) In 2005, Reese was honored by Oprah Winfrey at her Legends Ball ceremony, along with 25 other black women. On July 6, 2011, Reese celebrated her 80th birthday at the Catalina Jazz Club in Los Angeles. In 2015, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her. Della Reese was the godmother of Roma Downey 's daughter Reilly Marie. Reese officiated at the marriage ceremony of Roma Downey and Mark Burnett in the absence of Downey 's late mother. Family ( edit ) Reese 's mother, Nellie Mitchelle Early, died in 1949 of an intracerebral hemorrhage. Reese 's father, Richard Early, died ten years later. Reese had an adoptive daughter whom she acquired from a family member unable to care for her, named Delorese Daniels Owens, in 1961. Owens died on March 14, 2002. She passed away from complications stemming from pituitary disease. Reese said about the painful experience, sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders : `` When it happened, I thought, ' It 's such an odd thing to die from, ' because pituitary problems are n't something you hear about. It makes it harder because you do n't understand what happened. It seemed so strange and hard to explain. It still is, to be honest. '' Marriages ( edit ) In 1952, Reese married factory worker Vermont Adolphus Bon Taliaferro, nineteen years her senior, and adopted the stage name Pat Ferro for a week, before introducing the stage name she used for the rest of her life -- though sources differ as to whether this was after the failure of the marriage, or simply a show - business decision. A second marriage ceremony, on December 28, 1959, to accountant Leroy Basil Gray, who had two children by a previous marriage, was kept secret for some time. This marriage either ended in divorce or was annulled on the basis that Gray 's previous divorce was invalid. Reese appears to have been briefly married to Mercer Ellington ( who was then her manager ) in 1961, before this was annulled later that year due to Ellington 's Mexican divorce being ruled invalid.In 1983, she married Franklin Thomas Lett, Jr., a concert producer and writer. Health ( edit ) In 1979, after taping a guest spot for The Tonight Show, she suffered a near - fatal brain aneurysm, but made a full recovery after two surgeries by neurosurgeon Charles Drake at University Hospital in London, Ontario. In 2016, shortly after her 85th birthday, Reese was said to be in poor health, and had undergone multiple surgeries. She further disclosed that she had neglected her health for years, which had contributed to her developing diabetes. After her last appearance on Signed, Sealed, Delivered, she had retired from acting. While Reese sometimes used a wheelchair, she avoided using one often, because it would make her condition worse. Ministry ( edit ) In the 1980s, Reese was ordained as a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity, after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church, Understanding Principles for Better Living. The `` Up Church '' is under Universal Foundation for Better Living, a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev. Johnnie Colemon, a close friend of Rev. Reese - Lett. As of 2009, they meet at First Lutheran Church in Inglewood, California. In her ministerial work, she was known as the Rev. Dr. Della Reese Lett. Death ( edit ) Reese died on November 19, 2017, at her Los Angeles, California, home at the age of 86. No cause was given, although she had suffered from Type 2 - diabetes.. Her representative Lynda Blensky told USA Today, `` We lost a magnificent woman who was a trailblazer in many ways. '' Longtime friends Roma Downey ( with whom she worked on Touched by an Angel ) and Jackee Harry ( with whom she worked on 227 and The Royal Family ) reflected on her death. Downey said, `` On behalf of her husband, Franklin Lett, and all her friends and family, I share with you the news that our beloved Della Reese has passed away peacefully at her California home last evening surrounded by love, '' She then said : `` She was an incredible wife, mother, grandmother, friend, and pastor, as well as an award - winning actress and singer. Through her life and work, she touched and inspired the lives of millions of people. She was a mother to me and I had the privilege of working with her side by side for so many years on Touched by an Angel. I know heaven has a brand new angel this day. Della Reese will be forever in our hearts. Rest In Peace, sweet angel. We love you. '' Harry tweeted, `` I am completely devastated by the loss of Della Reese. She was a great co-star, sparring partner, drinking buddy, and friend. She taught me the power of prayer and the importance of humility. I 'll be forever grateful to call her my friend. '' Discography ( edit ) Main article : Della Reese discography Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Psychic Killer Mrs. Gibson 1989 Harlem Nights Vera Walker Thin Line Between Love and Hate, AA Thin Line Between Love and Hate Ma Wright 2000 Dinosaur Eema ( voice ) 2005 Beauty Shop Mrs. Towner 2007 If I Had Known I Was a Genius Nana Expecting Mary Doris Dorkus 2012 Meant to Be Mave 2012 Me Again Muriel 2012 Christmas Angel Elsa Way Television films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Voyage of the Yes Opal Parker 1973 Daddy 's Girl Diane Twice in a Lifetime Flo Cop on the Beat Claudine 1976 Flo 's Place Flo 1976 Nightmare in Badham County Sarah 1990 Kid Who Loved Christmas, The The Kid Who Loved Christmas Alicia Slater 1992 You Must Remember This Ella DuChamps Voice 1997 Match Made in Heaven, AA Match Made in Heaven Katie Beale 1997 Miracle in the Woods Lilly Cooper 1998 Emma 's Wish Mona Washburn 1998 Mama Flora 's Family Nana Fleming 1999 Secret Path, The The Secret Path Honey 1999 Having Our Say : The Delany Sisters First 100 Years Martha Logan 1999 Anya 's Bell Anya Herpick 2000 Moving of Sophia Myles, The The Moving of Sophia Myles Sophia Myles 2011 Hallelujah Dulcie Prejean 2012 Christmas Angel Elsie Waybright 2013 Dear Secret Santa Linda 2013 Miracle at Gate 213 Alma Peddington Television series ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Reference 1968 Mod Squad, The The Mod Squad Paula Episode : `` Find Tara Chapman! '' 1970 Bold Ones : The New Doctors, The The Bold Ones : The New Doctors Grace Dayton Episode : `` Killer on the Loose '' Police Woman Tina Thompson Episode : `` Requiem for Bored Wives '' 1974 -- 1976 McCloud Police Sgt. Gladys Harris 2 episodes Petrocelli Angela Damon Episode : `` Once Upon a Victim '' Rookies, The The Rookies Landers Episode : `` Ladies Day '' Sanford and Son Herself Episode : `` Della, Della, Della '' 1975 -- 1978 Chico and the Man Della Rogers 27 episodes 1976 Medical Center Capt. Sykes Episode : `` Major Annie, MD '' 1979 Welcome Back, Kotter Mrs. Tremaine Episodes : `` Come Back, Little Arnold '', `` The Gang Show '' 1980 Insight Judge Roberta Lynn Episode : `` God in the Dock '' 1982 Love Boat, The The Love Boat Millie Washington 2 episodes 1982 -- 1983 It Takes Two Judge Caroline Phillips 5 episodes 1985 A-Team, The The A-Team Mrs. Baracus Episode : `` Lease with an Option to Die '' 1985 -- 1986 Crazy Like a Fox Nurse Flood 3 episodes 1986 Charlie & Co. Aunt Rachel 4 episodes 1986 ABC Afterschool Special Aunt Faith Episode : `` The Gift of Amazing Grace '' 1987 -- 1990 227 Grace / Rita Clark 2 episodes 1989 Night Court Aunt Ruth Episode : `` Auntie Maim '' 1990 Young Riders, The The Young Riders Stagecoach Sally Episode : `` Born to Hang '' 1990 -- 1991 MacGyver Mama Colton 2 episodes 1991 Married People Annette Episode : `` Dance Ten, Friends Zero '' 1991 -- 1992 Royal Family, The The Royal Family Victoria Royal 15 episodes 1992 Dream On Receptionist Episode : `` No Deposit, No Return '' 1993 Designing Women Mrs. Toussant Episode : `` Wedding Redux '' 1993 L.A. Law Lucille Lake Episode : `` Vindaloo in the Villows '' 1993 Picket Fences Naomi Grand Episode : `` The Lullaby League '' 1994 -- 2003 Touched by an Angel Tess 211 episodes NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) 1996 -- 1998 Promised Land Tess 6 episodes 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child The Blues Fairy ( voice ) Episode : `` Pinocchio '' 2006 That 's So Raven Miss Rhonnie Wilcox Episode : `` The Four Aces '' 2009 Young and the Restless, The The Young and the Restless Aunt Virginia 2 episodes Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 Lorraine Henderson Episode : `` Shelter '' 2014 Signed, Sealed, Delivered Cora Brandt 2 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1994 : Hollywood Walk of Fame : 7060 Hollywood Boulevard -- Television 1996 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2000 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2001 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2002 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel Nominations 1960 : Grammy Award -- Do n't You Know 1961 : Grammy Award -- Della ( Album ) 1997 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Made for TV Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Grammy Award -- My Soul Feels Better Right Now 2000 : Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting By a Female Performer in an Animated Feature -- Dinosaur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Della ( 1969 ) ''. Internet Movie Database. 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ ( Video ). Della Reese interview with Tavis Smiley. June 12, 2009. Tavis Smiley Late Night. PBS. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Biography ''. filmreference. 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Hilary de Vries ( June 14, 1998 ). `` Della Reese : Earning Her Wings ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Andrea LeVasseur ( 2009 ). `` Della Reese : Biography ''. All Movie Guide. MSN. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Murrells, Joseph ( 1978 ). The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed. ). London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 117. ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Music ''. dellareese.com. 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Della '' Talk Show on IMDb Retrieved February 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Presenting Her Accomplished 80 Years of Life in Song for ' I 'm Still Here ' Performance at Catalina Jazz Club `` 94.7 The WAVE ''. 947thewave.cbslocal.com. 2011 - 07 - 06. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ). Web.archive.org. October 13, 2012. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2017. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Della Reese, Touched by an Angel Star and Legendary Singer, Dead at 86 ''. E! News. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Deloreese Daniels Owens 's Story '', Cushing 's. ^ Jump up to : Jessie Carney Smith ( 1996 ). Notable Black American Women. VNR AG. p. 546. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 9177 - 2. Jump up ^ Joseph F. Clarke ( 1977 ). Pseudonyms. BCA. p. 138. Jump up ^ Jet, 25 August 1977, page 58 Jump up ^ Jet, 11 February 1960 Jump up ^ Andy Gregory ( 2002 ). The International Who 's Who in Popular Music 2002. Psychology Press. p. 425. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 161 - 2. Jump up ^ Victoria Uwumarogie ( August 31, 2016 ). `` Della Reese Reportedly in Bad Shape : `` I Do n't Have Type 2 Diabetes -- Type 2 Diabetes Has Me '' ``. Madamenoire. Retrieved September 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Radar Staff ( August 29, 2016 ). `` Calling All Angels! Sickly Della Reese Admits : ' My Life is at State ' ''. Radar Online. Retrieved September 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Local News Della Reese Is No Angel, But She 's Real Reverend -- In Dual Roles Of Minister And Actress, She Has A Big Following Seattle Times Newspaper ''. Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Ministry ''. dellareese.com. 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Ministry : Biography ''. Understanding Principles for Better Living Church. 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27. Jump up ^ Mazur, Marcia Levine ( July 1, 2004 ). `` Della Reese : `` Diabetes will not make me a victim. '' Della Reese has type 2 diabetes, but you 'll never hear her complain about her life ``. Diabetes Forecast. 57 ( 7 ) : 56 -- 60. PMID 15295806. Retrieved November 29, 2017 -- via PubMed. Jump up ^ Morris, Chris ( November 20, 2017 ). `` Della Reese, ' Touched by an Angel ' Star and R&B Singer, Dies at 86 ''. Variety. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese, star of TV 's ' Touched By An Angel, ' dies at 86 ''. USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese, singer and Touched by an Angel star, dies ''. EW.com. November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86, Actors Praise Exemplary Life ''. Christian Post.com. November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Filmography for Della Reese ''. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Scheib, Ronnie ( November 16, 2010 ). `` Expecting Mary ''. Variety. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Meant to Be ' - Chicago Tribune ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Interview With Della Reese : ' God 's Had a Bad Agent ' ''. The Christian Post. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` COP ON THE BEAT ''. Library of Congress. Jump up ^ `` HALLELUJAH ( 2011 ) ''. Library of Congress. Jump up ^ `` Dear Secret Santa ( TV ) ( 2013 ) ''. FilmAffinity. Jump up ^ Gates, Anita ( 20 November 2017 ). `` Della Reese, Singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' Star, Dies at 86 ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Biography.com Editors. `` Della Reese ''. The Biography.com website. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 20, 2017. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese, ' Touched By an Angel ' Star, Dies at 86 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese Biography ( 1931 - ) ''. filmreference.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` INSIGHT ''. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86 ''. billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` DETROIT 1 - 8 - 7 Preview : December 7 on ABC ''. Broadway World. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese, singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' star, dies at 86 ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Della Reese - Hollywood Walk of Fame ''. Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese - Awards & Nominations ''. Awards and Winners. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese ''. Grammy.com. May 14, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ News, A.B.C. ( November 20, 2017 ). `` ' Touched by an Angel ' star Della Reese has died ''. ABC News. Retrieved November 20, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations Search ''. Emmy Awards. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` CNN - Nominees for Golden Globe Awards - December 18, 1997 ''. CNN. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 4th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards ''. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards ''. Annie Awards. Retrieved November 20, 2017. External links ( edit ) Book : Della Reese Wikimedia Commons has media related to Della Reese. Official website Della Reese on IMDb Della Reese at the TCM Movie Database Della Reese Interview at The Archive of American Television Understanding Principles for Better Living Church Della Reese 's Tough TV Career Della Reese 's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project Appearances on C - SPAN ( hide ) Della Reese Studio albums Amen! What Do You Know About Love? The Story of the Blues Della Della by Starlight Della Della Cha - Cha - Cha The Classic Della Live albums Della Reese at Basin Street East Compilations The Best of Della Reese ( 1962 ) The Best of Della Reese ( 1972 ) Singles `` And That Reminds Me '' `` Do n't You Know? '' `` Not One Minute More '' `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' `` After Loving You '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Games People Play '' `` Compared to What '' Related articles Discography Touched by an Angel Book : Della Reese VIAF : 84975278 LCCN : no91017360 ISNI : 0000 0003 6846 8374 GND : 135244668 BNF : cb138374591 ( data ) MusicBrainz : f9328e7e - 889f - 4cc7 - b56a - 8d94cf0b8fe2 IATH : w6cr9sb7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Della_Reese&oldid=815372483 '' Categories : 1931 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American singers 20th - century Christians 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers 21st - century Christians 21st - century women writers Actresses from Detroit African - American actresses American actresses African - American Christians African - American female singers African - American musicians African - American television talk show hosts African - American writers American writers American Christian writers American evangelists American female jazz singers American film actresses American people of Native American descent American people of Cherokee descent American performers of Christian music American stage actresses American television actresses American television talk show hosts American voice actresses American women writers Cass Technical High School alumni Disease - related deaths in California Singers from Detroit American gospel singers Grammy Award winners Jubilee Records artists Musicians from Detroit New Thought writers Nondenominational Christianity RCA Victor artists Stroke survivors Traditional pop music singers Wayne State University alumni Writers from Michigan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 12 : 49. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "m. 1983 -- 2017 ) Children Musical career Genres Gospel Pop Jazz R&B Traditional pop Instruments Vocals Years active 1944 -- 2014 Labels Jubilee RCA Associated acts Mahalia Jackson Erskine Hawkins Albertina Walker Aretha Franklin Dorothy Norwood Cissy Houston Website dellareese.com Delloreese Patricia Early ( July 6, 1931 -- November 19, 2017 ), known professionally as Della Reese, was an American jazz and gospel singer, actress, and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades. Reese 's long career began as a singer, scoring a hit with her 1959 single `` Do n't You Know? ''. In the late -- 1960s, Reese hosted her own talk show, Della, which ran for 197 episodes. She also starred in films beginning in 1975, including playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights ( 1989 ), Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary ( 2010 ). She achieved continuing success in the television religious supernatural drama Touched by an Angel ( 1994 -- 2003 )" ], "id": [ "12724301261086831262" ], "short_answers": [ "Delloreese Patricia Early (July 6, 1931 – November 19, 2017), known professionally as Della Reese" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II - wikipedia Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Jump to : navigation, search Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre Part of the Second World War A map showing the territories held by Allied ( green ), Axis ( orange ), and neutral ( grey ) powers at the outbreak of hostilities in the Mediterranean Date 10 June 1940 -- 25 May 1945 ( 4 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Southern Europe, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, North Africa 35 ° N 18 ° E  /  35 ° N 18 ° E  / 35 ; 18 Coordinates : 35 ° N 18 ° E  /  35 ° N 18 ° E  / 35 ; 18 Result Allied victory Territorial changes Fall of the Italian Empire Belligerents Allies : United Kingdom Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 45 ) United States ( 1942 -- 45 ) India Free France Poland Australia Canada Greece ( 1940 -- 45 ) Yugoslavia ( 1941 -- 43 ) Yugoslavia ( 1943 -- 45 ) New Zealand South Africa Brazil ( 1942 -- 45 ) Italy ( 1943 -- 45 )... and others Axis Powers : Nazi Germany Italy ( 1940 -- 43 ) Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 45 ) Croatia ( 1941 -- 45 ) Bulgaria ( 1941 -- 44 ) Iraq ( 1941 )... and others Vichy France ( 1940 -- 1942 ) Iran ( 1941 ) Commanders and leaders Archibald Wavell Claude Auchinleck Harold Alexander Dwight D. Eisenhower Mark Wayne Clark Fyodor Tolbukhin Vladimir Zhdanov Josip Broz Tito Alexander Papagos Mascarenhas de Moraes Jean de Lattre de Tassigny Władysław Anders Adolf Hitler Albert Kesselring Erwin Rommel Wilhelm List Maximilian von Weichs Alexander Löhr Werner Junck Benito Mussolini Rodolfo Graziani Pietro Badoglio Ugo Cavallero † François Darlan Henri Dentz Rashid Ali Rezā Pahlavi Ali Mansur Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre Adriatic North Africa East Africa Mediterranean Sea Gibraltar Malta Bahrain Balkans Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Palestine Iran Sicily Italian mainland Dodecanese Corsica Dragoon Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion The Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Southern Europe. The fighting in this theatre lasted from 10 June 1940, when Italy entered the war on the side of Nazi Germany, until 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered. However, fighting would continue in Greece -- where British troops had been dispatched to aid the Greek government -- during the early stages of the Greek Civil War. The British referred to this theatre as the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre ( so called due to the location of the fighting and the name of the headquarters that controlled the initial fighting : Middle East Command ) while the Americans called the theatre of operations the Mediterranean Theater of War. The German official history of the fighting is dubbed The Mediterranean, South - East Europe, and North Africa 1939 -- 1942. Regardless of the size of the theatre, the various campaigns were not seen as neatly separated areas of operations but part of one vast theatre of war. Fascist Italy aimed to carve out a new Roman Empire, while British forces aimed initially to retain the status quo. Italy unsuccessfully invaded Greece, and not until the introduction of German forces were Greece and Yugoslavia overrun. Allied and Axis forces engaged in back and forth fighting across North Africa, with Axis interference in the Middle East causing fighting to spread there. With confidence high from early gains, German forces planned elaborate attacks to be launched to capture the Middle East and then to possibly attack the southern border of the Soviet Union. However, following three years of fighting, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and their interference in the Middle East was halted. Allied forces then commenced an invasion of Southern Europe, resulting in the Italians deposing Mussolini and joining the Allies. A prolonged battle for Italy took place between Allied and German forces. As the strategic situation changed in south - east Europe, British troops returned to Greece. The theatre of war had the longest duration of the Second World War, resulted in the destruction of the Italian Empire and altered the strategic position of Germany, resulting in German divisions being deployed to Africa and Italy and total losses ( including those captured upon final surrender ) being over half a million. Italian losses amounted to around 177,000 men with a further several hundred thousand captured during the process of the various campaigns. British losses amount to over 300,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, and total American losses in the region amounted to 130,000. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Italy 1.2 Britain 2 Initial military operations 3 Axis success 3.1 North Africa 3.2 Balkans 3.3 East Africa 4 Middle East operations 4.1 Iraq 4.2 Operation Exporter 4.3 Iran 5 Gibraltar and Malta 6 Allied reply 6.1 North Africa 6.2 US involvement 7 Southern Europe 7.1 Italian campaign 7.2 Dodecanese Campaign 7.3 Invasion of southern France 8 Post-war conflicts 8.1 Trieste 8.2 Greece 8.3 Syria 8.4 Palestine 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Italy ( edit ) Further information : Italian Empire Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. During the late 1920s, Benito Mussolini claimed that Italy needed an outlet for its `` surplus population '' and that it would be in other countries ' best interests to aid in this expansion. The regime wanted `` hegemony in the Mediterranean -- Danubian -- Balkan region '' and the gaining of world power by the conquest `` of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz ''. The Fascists had designs on Albania, Dalmatia, large parts of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Greece and harked back to the Roman empire. The regime also sought to establish protectorates with Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Covert motives were for Italy to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean, capable of challenging France or Britain and gaining access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. On 30 November 1938, Mussolini addressed the Fascist Grand Council on the goal of capturing Albania, Tunisia, Corsica, the Ticino canton of Switzerland and `` French territory east of the River Var ( to include Nice, but not Savoy ) ''. Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. Italy was a `` prisoner in the Mediterranean '' and had to break the chains of British and French control. Corsica, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, Suez and Tunisia would need to be taken and Egypt, France, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom had to be challenged. Through armed conquest, the north and east African colonies would be linked and this ' prison ' destroyed. Italy would be able to march `` either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa ''. On 2 October 1935, the Second Italo -- Ethiopian War began when Italian forces invaded Abyssinia. Mussolini lauded the conquest as a new source of raw materials and location for emigration and speculated that a native army could be raised there to `` help conquer the Sudan. `` Almost as soon as the Abyssinian campaign ended, Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War '' began. On 7 April 1939, Mussolini began the Italian invasion of Albania and within two days had occupied the country. In May 1939, Italy formally allied to Nazi Germany in the Pact of Steel. Italian foreign policy went through two stages during the Fascist regime. Until 1934 -- 35, Mussolini followed a `` modest... and responsible '' course and following that date there was `` ceaseless activity and aggression ''. `` Prior to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini had made military agreements with the French and formed a coalition with the British and French to prevent German aggression in Europe. '' The Ethiopian War `` exposed vulnerabilities and created opportunities that Mussolini seized to realise his imperial vision '' Britain ( edit ) Area of authority of Middle East Command At the Nyon Conference of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom `` disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations. '' Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement. In the aftermath of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, British and Italian forces in North Africa were reinforced. Due to various Italian moves, in July 1937, the British decided `` that Italy could not now be regarded as a reliable friend '' and preparations began to bring `` the defences of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ports up - to - date ''. In 1938, a weak armoured division was established in Egypt and further army and air force reinforcements were dispatched from Britain. With rising tension in Europe, in June 1939, the United Kingdom established Middle East Command ( MEC ) in Cairo to provide centralised command for British army units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. All three branches of the British military were made equally responsible for the defence of the area. The authority of MEC included Aden, British Somaliland, Cyprus, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Greece, Libya, Palestine, Iraq, Sudan, Tanganyika, Transjordan, Uganda and the shores of the Persian Gulf. If necessary, command would be exerted as far away as the Caucasus and the Indian Ocean. The purpose of the command was to be `` the western bastion of defence of India '', keep British supply lines open to India and the Far East, and keep the Middle Eastern oilfields out of Axis hands. Upon the establishment of MEC, it was ordered to co-ordinate with the French military in the Middle East and Africa as well as liaise with the Turkish General Staff and possibly the Greek General Staff. On 19 October 1939, the Treaty of Mutual Assistance was signed between the United Kingdom, France and Turkey and British military forces were authorised to begin discussions with the Turkish general staff ; a further conference was held during March 1940. Within a week of the Italian occupation of Albania, France and the United Kingdom `` announced they had promised to give all the help in their power if Greek and Romanian independence were threatened and if the Greek Government or Romanian Government considered it vital to resist. '' British forces in the Middle East were ordered to avoid provocation. Following the defeat of Poland, the threat of an Axis attack from the Balkans against British positions in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean region increased. In late 1939, with the assumption that Britain would soon be at war with Italy, planning began for attacks to capture Bardia and Jaghbub ( Giarabub ) in Libya and arrangements began in Egypt, to accommodate a much larger force. Preparations to reinforce the Iraqi army were made and Palestinian security forces were to be reduced to the minimum. British forces in East Africa were to study operations to destroy the Italian forces and support local risings, all in support of the main Allied offensive, which was planned to be launched from French Somaliland. Troops in Sudan were also asked to consider launching operations against Kufra in southern Libya. Initial Military operations ( edit ) On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom and next day the British Commonwealth declared war on Italy. The fleets of Italy, France and the United Kingdom began the hostilities of the Battle of the Mediterranean. The siege of Malta soon began, with first Italian air attack on 11 June. In the Western Desert, Royal Air Force ( RAF ) aircraft attacked Italian positions inside Libya. On 11 June, the Western Desert Campaign began, as the British launched minor raids and conducted patrols along the Libyan -- Egyptian border and on 17 June, Fort Capuzzo was captured. On 20 June, Mussolini began the Italian invasion of France, just before the end of the Battle of France. During June, the East African Campaign began with Italian attacks in East Africa, although ground combat did not start until July. The demarcation of France, following the two armistices coming into effect on 25 June. On 22 June, France signed an armistice at Compiegne with Germany and on 24 June, the Franco - Italian Armistice was signed. Italy gained a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) demilitarised zone inside France ( as well as similar zones where Italian and French colonies met ). Italian occupation forces took over an 832 km ( 321 sq mi ) area of France, which included 28,500 people and the town of Menton. The Royal Navy attacked the French fleet in the North African port of Mers - el - Kébir on 3 July 1940, after it refused to sail to Britain or the French West Indies and demobilise, as part of a larger plan to stop the French fleet from falling into German or Italian hands. When Italy entered the war, there were no plans for an invasion of Egypt while France was still able to resist. When France surrendered, Mussolini gave instructions for his generals to prepare an offensive. On 10 August, he instructed his forces to be prepared to attack in conjunction with the German invasion of the United Kingdom. While his generals did not believe they were prepared, they were ordered to push forward without any solid objectives. On 9 September, Italian aircraft start preparation bombardments for the invasion of Egypt. Four days later, Italian infantry attacked and advanced as far as Sidi Barrani before digging in, 80 mi ( 130 km ) west of the main British position at Mersa Matruh. In East Africa, after some initial offensive actions, the Italian conquest of British Somaliland began in August and annexed the colony. After crossing the Albanian border, Italian forces began the Greco - Italian War by invading Greece on 28 October. The Greek army repulsed the Italian attack and commenced a counter-offensive on 14 November, which pushed Italian forces back into Albania. The Royal Navy inflicted a major setback upon the Italian Royal Navy during the Battle of Taranto on the night of 12 / 13 November. After assembling enough forces the British launched a counter-attack upon the Italians in Egypt. Operation Compass drove the Italians out of Egypt and resulted in the destruction of the Italian 10th Army in February 1941. Following this success, British forces adopted a defensive position in North Africa and redeployed most troops to Greece in Operation Lustre, leaving a weak force garrisoning the gains made from Operation Compass. In March, the Battle of Kufra ended with the Italians losing the desert oasis of Kufra -- a vital link between Italian east and north Africa -- which was located in south - eastern Libya. Axis success ( edit ) North Africa ( edit ) Maximum area of Italian control in the Mediterranean theatre in summer -- fall 1942. The area controlled by Italian forces is outlined in green, that controlled by British forces is outlined in red In North Africa, the Italians responded to the defeat of their Tenth Army by dispatching armour and motorised divisions. Germany dispatched the Afrika Korps in Operation Sonnenblume, to bolster the Italians with a mission to block further Allied attempts to drive the Italians out of the region. However, its commanding officer -- Erwin Rommel -- seized on the weakness of his opponents and without waiting for his forces to fully assemble, rapidly went on the offensive. In March -- April 1941, he defeated the British forces facing him and forced the British and Commonwealth forces into retreat. The Australian 9th Infantry Division fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi ( 160 km ) east to Sollum on the Libyan -- Egyptian border. The Siege of Tobruk began by the main Axis force and a small German force pressed eastwards, retaking all territory lost to Operation Compass, and advanced into Egypt. By the end of April, Sollum had fallen and the important Halfaya Pass captured. General Ettore Bastico, Supreme Commander of Axis Forces in North Africa. Balkans ( edit ) In the Balkans, the Greeks had been reluctant to allow British troops into the country, because Britain could not spare enough forces to guarantee victory. They had, however, accepted aid from the RAF in their war with the Italians in Albania. As it became likely Germany would attack Greece, four British divisions were switched from North Africa to reinforce Greek Army. The advanced guards of these troops began arriving in March 1941, triggering the entry of German forces into Bulgaria, which made clear the German intent to invade Greece. Uprising in Yugoslavia 1941. In April 1941, Germans, Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians made quick work of the Royal Yugoslav army. They captured the country in 11 days and partitioned it among themselves and newly formed client states : Independent State of Croatia and Nedić 's Serbia. A complex guerilla uprising of communist - led Partisans, commanded by Josip Broz Tito, soon broke out. A more ambivalent, predominantly Serb paramilitary movement of royalist Chetniks both fought the occupying forces and collaborated with them against the communists. The Partisans eventually gained recognition from the Allies as the sole resistance movement. With help from both the Soviets and the Western Allies, they turned into a formidable fighting force and successfully liberated the country. Beginning on 6 April, in the ensuing invasion of Greece the Germans had been temporarily held at the border by the Greek defenders, yet after moving through south - eastern Yugoslavia they had been able to turn the Allied flank, cutting off Greek units in the east of the country. Greek forces in central Macedonia were subsequently isolated from the British Commonwealth forces moving up in an attempt stabilise the front, with the Germans then falling on the rear of the main Greek army facing the Italians in Macedonia. The German advance into Greece was made easier because the bulk of the Greek Army was engaged fighting the Italians on the Albanian front in the north of the country. The Greeks were forced to capitulate, ending resistance on the mainland by the end of the month. Abandoning most of its equipment, the British Commonwealth force retreated to the island of Crete. From 20 May, the Germans attacked the island by using paratroops to secure an air bridgehead despite suffering heavy casualties. They then flew in more troops and were able to capture the rest of the island by 1 June. With their victory in the Battle of Crete the Germans had secured their southern flank and turned their attention towards the Soviet Union. East Africa ( edit ) Duke Amedeo d'Aosta Main article : East African Campaign ( World War II ) In East Africa, the British launched a counter-attack against the Italians from Kenya Colony in February 1941. Landings were subsequently conducted in British Somaliland and Italian Ethiopia, while an expedition from the Sudan moved on Addis Ababa. The Italian Viceroy, Duke Amedeo d'Aosta, was forced to surrender by 18 May which effectively ended the campaign, allowing the Empire of Ethiopia to be re-established under Haile Selassie. A number of Italian garrisons continued to hold out, but the last of these, at Gondar, surrendered in November. Small groups of Italian troops carried out the Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia until October 1943. Middle East operations ( edit ) Iraq ( edit ) Main articles : Anglo - Iraqi War and Farhud When Italy entered the war the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany. The Italian Legation in Baghdad became the centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by Mohammad Amin al - Husayni, the British appointee as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who had fled from the British Mandate of Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. In January 1941, there was a political crisis within Iraq as Rashid Ali resigned as Prime Minister of Iraq and was replaced by Taha al - Hashimi ; civil war loomed. On 31 March, the Regent of Iraq, Prince ' Abd al - Ilah, learnt of a plot to arrest him and fled Baghdad for RAF Habbaniya, from whence he was flown to Basra and given refuge on the Insect class gunboat HMS Cockchafer. On 1 April, Rashid Ali, along with four senior Army and Air Force officers known as the `` Golden Square '', seized power via a coup d'état and Rashid Ali proclaimed himself Chief of the `` National Defence Government. '' The Golden Square deposed al - Hashimi and restored Rashid Ali. Ali did not overthrow the monarchy and named a new Regent to King Faisal II, Sherif Sharaf. The leaders of the `` National Defence Government '' proceeded to arrest many pro-British citizens and politicians but many escaped through Amman in Transjordan. The new regime planned to refuse further concessions to the United Kingdom, to retain diplomatic links with Fascist Italy and to expel the most prominent pro-British politicians. The plotters considered the United Kingdom to be weak and believed that its government would negotiate with their new government regardless of its legality. On 17 April, Rashid Ali, on behalf of the `` National Defence Government '' asked Germany for military assistance in the event of war with the British. Ali attempted to restrict British rights guaranteed under Article 5 of the 1930 Anglo - Iraqi Treaty, when he insisted that newly arrived British troops quickly be transported through Iraq and to Palestine. Before the coup, Rashid Ali 's supporters had been informed that Germany would recognise the independence of Iraq from the British Empire. There had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British. On 3 May, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop persuaded Adolf Hitler to secretly return Dr. Fritz Grobba to Iraq to lead a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime but the British quickly learned of the German arrangements through intercepted Italian diplomatic transmissions. On 6 May, in accordance with the Paris Protocols, Germany concluded a deal with the Vichy French government to release war materials, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in the French Mandate of Syria and transport them to Iraq. The French also agreed to allow passage of other weapons and material and loaned several airbases in northern Syria to Germany, for the transport of German aircraft to Iraq. Between 9 May and the end of the month, about 100 German and about 20 Italian aircraft landed on Syrian airfields. On 30 April, the Iraqi Army surrounded and besieged RAF Habbaniya ; the base had no operational aircraft but the RAF converted trainers to carry weapons and a battalion of infantry reinforcements was flown in. German and Italian aircraft supported the Iraqi army and British reinforcements were dispatched to Iraq from Transjordan and India. The larger but poorly trained Iraqi force was defeated and Baghdad and Mosul were captured. Ali and his supporters fled the country and an armistice was signed, restoring the monarchy of Faisal II, the Kingdom of Iraq and a pro-British government. The defeat of the rebellion saw the defeat of the German - Italian attempt to entrench an Axis state in Iraq and worsened relations between the UK and Vichy France, culminating in the Syria - Lebanon Campaign. Operation Exporter ( edit ) Main article : Syria -- Lebanon Campaign In Operation Exporter, Australian, Free French, British and Indian units invaded Syria and Lebanon from Palestine in the south on 8 June 1941. Vigorous resistance was met from the Vichy French but superior Allied training, equipment and numbers overwhelmed the defenders. More attacks were launched at the end of June and early July, from Iraq into northern and central Syria, by Iraqforce. By 8 July, north - east Syria had been captured and elements of Iraqforce had advanced up the river Euphrates towards Aleppo, the rear of the Vichy forces defending Beirut from the advance from the south. Negotiations for an armistice were started on 11 July and surrender terms signed on 14 July. Iran ( edit ) Main article : Operation Countenance Supplies to the Soviet Union had been sent via the North Cape to Murmansk and Archangel soon after the German invasion but the number of ships available was limited and convoys were vulnerable to German air and submarine attack. Supplies were also sent from American pacific ports to Vladivostok in Soviet - flagged ships and Allied planners wished to open another supply route through Iran. The Shah was pro-German and would not allow access and an Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran in August 1941 occupied Iran in Operation Countenance. The Shah was deposed, his son put on the throne, Iranian oil fields were secured and the line of supply to Russia established. Gibraltar and Malta ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of Gibraltar during World War II, Force H, Siege of Malta ( World War II ), and Mediterranean U-boat Campaign ( World War II ) Five Malta - based RAF pilots sitting in front of a Beaufighter and a Spitfire at RAF Luqa, January 1943 Gibraltar commanded the entrance to the Mediterranean and had been a British fortress since the early 18th century. The territory provided a strongly defended harbour, from which ships could operate in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Force H ( Vice-Admiral James Somerville ) was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the Malta. Malta was 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Sicily and one of the first targets of the Italian army and the Regia Aeronautica ; the air defence of Malta comprised six obsolescent Gloster Gladiator biplanes. After the first Italian air attacks it became clear that Malta could be defended and in early July, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve Hawker Hurricane fighters. The Kriegsmarine began operations in the Mediterranean with establishment of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla at a base on Salamis Island in Greece in September 1941. The flotilla was to operate against British supply convoys to Allied forces on Malta and in Tobruk. On 7 December, control of the 23rd Flotilla was transferred from Kernével to Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Commander in Chief South ( OB Süd ) in Italy. Additional bases were established in Pula in Croatia and La Spezia in northern Italy, as more U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean. Bombing and the naval blockade led to food and commodity shortages and rationing was imposed on the inhabitants. Luftwaffe reinforcements in the Mediterranean joined in the bombing but during a lull in early 1942, 61 Supermarine Spitfires were delivered, which very much improved the defensive situation, although food, ammunition, and fuel were still short. Supply runs during lulls in the bombing kept Malta in being but many ships like SS Ohio were damaged too severely to leave. The defence of the island ensured that the Allies had an advantage in the fight to control the Mediterranean and as the garrison recovered from periods of intense bombing, aircraft, submarines and light surface ships resumed attacks on Axis supply ships, leading to fuel and supply shortages for the Axis forces in Libya. Allied reply ( edit ) North Africa ( edit ) Main article : Western Desert Campaign During 1941, the British launched several offensives to push back the Axis forces in North Africa. Operation Brevity failed as did Operation Battleaxe but Operation Crusader, the third and larger offensive was launched at the end of the year. Over December 1941 into early 1942, Allied forces pushed the Italian - German forces back through Libya to roughly the limit of the previous Operation Compass advance. Taking advantage of the Allied position, German forces struck back and pushed the Allied to Gazala, west of Tobruk. As both sides prepared for offensives, the Axis forces struck first and inflicted a heavy defeat upon the Allied forces during the Battle of Gazala. The routed Allied forced retreated to Egypt where they commenced to make a stand at El Alamein. Following the First Battle of El Alamein, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, British forces went onto the offensive in October. The Second Battle of El Alamein marked a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign and turned the tide in the North African Campaign. It ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal, and of gaining access to the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. As the Eighth Army pushed west across the desert, capturing Libya, German forces occupied southern France and landed in Tunisia. On 8 November, Allied forces launched Operation Torch landing in various places across French North Africa. In December 1942, after a 101 - day British blockade, French Somaliland fell to the Allies. US involvement ( edit ) Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war. On 8 November 1942, American forces entered combat in the Mediterranean and Middle East, which `` transformed the Mediterranean from a British to an Allied theater of war '', `` succeeding operations in the Mediterranean area proved far more extensive than intended. One undertaking was to lead to the next ''. After liberating French North Africa and clearing the enemy from the Italian colonies, the Allies sought to bring the entire French empire effectively into the war against the Axis powers. They reopened the Mediterranean route to the Middle East. They went on from Africa to liberate Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. They caused Mussolini to topple from power, and they brought his successors to surrender. They drew more and more German military resources into a stubborn defence of the Italian peninsula, and helped the Yugoslavs to pin down within their spirited country thousands of Axis troops. Eventually, the Allies delivered a solid blow from southern France against the German forces which were opposing the Allied drive from the beaches of Normandy! They made Marseilles available for Allied use and they occupied northern Italy and Greece. '' Howe further notes that `` Hitler had always accepted the principle that the Mediterranean was an area of paramount Italian interest just as, farther north, German interests were exclusive. Allied forces were placed under the command of a Supreme Allied Commander AFHQ Mediterranean, General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Axis forces were caught between the Allied armies during the Tunisia Campaign but managed to delay the Allied advance by defensive operations, most notably with the Battle of the Kasserine Pass and a temporary defensive success at the Battle of the Mareth Line. After shattering the Axis defence on the Mareth Line, the Allies squeezed Axis forces into a pocket around Tunis. Axis resistance in Africa ended on 13 May 1943, with the unconditional surrender of nearly 240,000 men, who became prisoners of war. Southern Europe ( edit ) Italian Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Italian Campaign ( World War II ) Men of the 10th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, part of 168th Brigade of British 56th Division, climbing the heights of Calvi Risorta shortly after the invasion of Italy, October 1943. Following the Allied victory in North Africa the Allies invaded Sicily in Operation Husky on 10 July 1943, with amphibious and airborne landings. The Germans were unable to prevent the Allied capture of the island but evacuated most of their troops and equipment to the mainland before the Allies entered Messina on 17 August. On 25 July, the Italian government deposed Mussolini, the Italian leader, who was subsequently arrested. The new government announced that it would continue the war but secretly commenced negotiations with the Allies. The Allied invasion of Italy started when the British Eighth Army landed in the toe of Italy on 3 September 1943, in Operation Baytown. The Italian government signed the surrender the same day, believing they would be given time to make preparations against the anticipated German intervention. The Allies announced the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September and German forces implemented plans to occupy the Italian peninsula. On 9 September, American and British forces of the US Fifth Army landed at Salerno in Operation Avalanche and more British airborne troops landed at Taranto in Operation Slapstick. German forces which had escaped from Sicily were concentrated against Avalanche, while additional forces were brought in to occupy Rome and disarm the Italian Army in central and northern Italy. Brazilian soldiers celebrate the Brazilian Independence Day in Italy during World War II, September 1944. The Germans were unable to prevent the Italian fleet sailing to Malta, although the battleship Roma was sunk by the Luftwaffe on 9 September. In the occupied areas of southern Europe and the Mediterranean, German forces rapidly disarmed and captured Italian troops, putting down any resistance they offered in Yugoslavia, southern France and Greece. Meanwhile, on 16 September, a German airborne force led by Otto Skorzeny rescued Mussolini from the mountain resort in the Gran Sasso where he was being held. A puppet government headed by Mussolini was subsequently set up in northern Italy as the successor state to the former fascist government. As the campaign in Italy continued, the rough terrain prevented fast movement and proved ideal for defence, the Allies continued to push the Germans northwards through the rest of the year. The German prepared defensive line called the Winter Line ( parts of which were called the Gustav Line ) proved a major obstacle to the Allies at the end of 1943, halting the advance. Operation Shingle, an amphibious assault at Anzio behind the line was intended to break it, but did not have the desired effect. The line was eventually broken by frontal assault at the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino in the Spring of 1944 and Rome was captured in June. Following the fall of Rome, the Normandy landings ( 6 June 1944 ) that began Operation Overlord and the Red Army victories on the Eastern Front, the Italian campaign became of secondary importance to both sides. The Gothic Line north of Rome was not broken until the Spring offensive of 1945. From 1944 to the end of war, the Italian Front was made up of a multi-national Allied force of Americans ( including segregated African and Japanese - Americans ), Brazilians, British, Canadians, Czechs, French, Greeks, anti-fascist Italians, the 2nd New Zealand Division, Poles, South Africans and Rhodesians as well as members of the British and French empires, including the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division, Gurkhas, Indians, Moroccans and forces raised in Mandatory Palestine. On 1 May, SS General Karl Wolff and the Commander - in - Chief of the German 10th Army, General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, after Operation Sunrise ( protracted, clandestine, negotiations with the Allies ), ordered German armed forces in Italy to make an unconditional surrender to the Allies on 2 May 1945. Dodecanese Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Dodecanese Campaign The brief campaign in the Italian - held Dodecanese Islands resulted as both Germany and the Allies scrambled to occupy them after the surrender of Italy in early September 1943. The main island of Rhodes was swiftly secured by German forces, but British garrisons were established on most islands by mid-September. German air superiority, tactical prowess, and the absence of Allied reinforcements doomed the Allied effort, however. German forces, including paratroopers and Brandenburger commandos, launched a counter-offensive, capturing the island of Kos within two days in early October. A massive 50 - day - long aerial campaign was launched against the island of Leros defended by Italian troops commanded by Admiral Mascherpa, who resisted the German air offensive before the landing of British support troops, which was invaded by the Germans who landed by sea and air on 12 November and surrendered four days later. The remaining British garrisons were then evacuated to the Middle East. Invasion of southern France ( edit ) Main article : Operation Dragoon On 15 August 1944, in an effort to aid their operations in Normandy, the Allies launched Operation Dragoon -- the invasion of Southern France between Toulon and Cannes. The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and fanned out north and east to join up with the American 12th Army Group which was breaking out of the Normandy beachhead. In early September supreme command of the 6th Army Group moved from AFHQ to SHAEF and the 6th Army Group moved out of the Mediterranean Theatre and into the European Theatre fighting as one of three Allied army groups on the Western Front. Post-war conflicts ( edit ) Trieste ( edit ) At the end of the war in Europe, on 1 May 1945, troops of the 4th Army of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Slovene 9th Corpus NLA occupied the town of Trieste. The Germans surrendered to the Allies which entered the town the following day. The Yugoslavs had to leave the town some days after. Greece ( edit ) Allied forces which had been sent to Greece in October 1944 after the German withdrawal, were attacked by the leftist EAM - ELAS Resistance movement, resulting in clashes in Athens during December of that year, which began the Greek Civil War. Syria ( edit ) Further information : Levant Crisis In Syria, nationalist protests were on the rise at the continued occupation of the Levant by France in May 1945. French forces then tried to quell the protests but concern with heavy Syrian casualties forced Winston Churchill to oppose French action there. After being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle he ordered British forces under general Bernard Paget into Syria from Jordan with orders to fire on the French if necessary. A crisis began as British armoured cars and troops then reached the Syrian capital Damascus following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added the French ordered a ceasefire ; following which the French withdrew from Syria the following year. Palestine ( edit ) Further information : Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Prior to the war the British Mandate in Palestine was faced with ethnic violence between the Arab population of Palestine and Jewish settlers that carried over into the war. However after the war a civil war erupted in Mandatory Palestine between Arab forces, Jewish settlers, and the British administration that lasted until 1948 and later drew in neighboring nations into conflict causing the start of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War. See also ( edit ) World War II portal North African Campaign timeline List of World War II Battles Mediterranean U-boat Campaign ( World War II ) Military history of Gibraltar during World War II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 8 June -- 14 July 1941 ( Syria -- Lebanon Campaign ), and 8 -- 11 November 1942 ( operation Torch and Case Anton ). Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents. The cease fire and pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies during Torch convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state. Jump up ^ While the fighting around the Mediterranean formed the longest fought over theatre of war during the Second World War, the Battle of the Atlantic was fought from 1939 to 1945, the war 's longest continuous military campaign. Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clark, p. 1. Jump up ^ Germany unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945, however a German Wehrmacht column continued fighting until the end of the Battle of Poljana. The Independent State of Croatia would continue fighting until the end of the Battle of Odžak on 25 May 1945. Jump up ^ Blair ( 1996 ), p. xiii Jump up ^ Woodman ( 2004 ), p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Smith, p. 170 Jump up ^ Martel, p. 184, 198 Jump up ^ Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 467 ^ Jump up to : Bell, p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Salerno, pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Bell, pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Mallet, p. 9 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 21 Jump up ^ Bell, p. 70 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ). pp. 135 -- 6. Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 24 Jump up ^ Weinberg, p. 73 Jump up ^ Bell, p. 76 Jump up ^ Martel, pp. 178, 198 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Fraser, pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 12 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), pp. 31 -- 32, 459 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 33 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), pp. 31, 457 Jump up ^ Bilgin, p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Fraser, p. 114 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 458 Jump up ^ Playfair, pp. 51, 53 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 41 Jump up ^ Playfair, pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 54 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ) p. 53 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 100 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 109 Jump up ^ Wragg, p. 228. Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 112 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Overy, pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Jowett, p. 5. Jump up ^ Bell, p. 306 Jump up ^ Bulletin of International News, pp. 852 -- 854 Jump up ^ Rodogno, p. 9 Jump up ^ Maier, p. 311 Jump up ^ Weinberg, pp. 145 -- 146. Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), p. 207 Jump up ^ Macksey, p. 35 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1954 ), pp. 209 -- 210 Jump up ^ Carol, p. 12. ^ Jump up to : Weinberg, p. 210. Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1994 ), p. 108. Jump up ^ Bauer, p. 121 Jump up ^ Jentz, p. 82 Jump up ^ Rommel, p. 109 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 19 -- 40 Jump up ^ Latimer, pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 160 Jump up ^ Jentz, pp. 128 -- 129, 131 ^ Jump up to : Weinberg, p. 217. Jump up ^ Keegan, pp. 120 -- 121. Jump up ^ Overy, pp. 68 -- 71 Jump up ^ Stockings & Hancock, pp. 78 -- 82 Jump up ^ Weinberg, pp. 221 -- 222. Jump up ^ Keegan, pp. 129 -- 139. Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 148 -- 149. Jump up ^ Weinberg, p. 211. Jump up ^ Fage, Crowder & Oliver, p. 461. Jump up ^ Cernuschi, 1994, pp. 5 -- 74 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 177 Jump up ^ Churchill, p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Playfair ( 1956 ), p. 178 Jump up ^ Lyman, p. 12 Jump up ^ Lyman, p. 13 Jump up ^ Lyman, p. 16 Jump up ^ Lyman, p. 31 Jump up ^ Lyman, p. 63 Jump up ^ Playfair ( 1956 ), pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Churchill, p. 288 ^ Jump up to : Sturgeson, pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ `` 23rd Flotilla ''. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ Blair ( 1996 ), pp. 395 -- 404 Jump up ^ Overy, pp. 120 -- 121 ^ Jump up to : Overy, pp. 130 -- 131. Jump up ^ Overy, pp. 134 -- 137. Jump up ^ Weinberg, pp. 260 -- 263. ^ Jump up to : Howe, pp. 3 -- 10 Jump up ^ Overy, pp. 148 -- 149 Jump up ^ Keegan, pp. 288 -- 290. ^ Jump up to : Keegan, p. 291. Jump up ^ Sturgeson, pp. 212 -- 213. Jump up ^ Keegan, pp. 291 -- 292. Jump up ^ Keegan, p. 292. Jump up ^ Keegan, pp. 292 -- 293. ^ Jump up to : Clark, p. 3. Jump up ^ Ready ( 1985a ) Jump up ^ Ready ( 1985b ) Jump up ^ Corrigan ( 2011 ), p. 523 ^ Jump up to : Sturgeson, pp. 304 -- 305 Jump up ^ Sturgeson, pp. 274 -- 275 Jump up ^ Luce, Henry Robinson ( 1945 ). Time, Volume 45. Time Incorporated. pp. 25 -- 26. References ( edit ) Aly, Götz ; Chase, Jefferson ( 2008 ). Hitler 's Beneficiaries : Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. London : Picador. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8726 - 0. Bauer, Eddy ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ). Young, Peter, ed. The History of World War II ( rev. ed. ). London : Orbis. ISBN 1 - 85605 - 552 - 3. Bell, P.M.H. ( 1997 ) ( 1986 ). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe ( 2nd ed. ). London : Pearson. ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30470 - 3. Beevor, Antony ( 2006 ) ( 1982 ). The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939. First published as The Spanish Civil War. London : Weidenfield and Nicolson. ISBN 0 - 297 - 84832 - 1. Bideleux, Robert ; Jeffries, Ian ( 1998 ). A History of Eastern Europe : Crisis and Change. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16111 - 4. Bilgin, Pinar ( 2005 ). Regional Security in the Middle East. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32549 - 3. Blair, Clay ( 1996 ). Hitler 's U-Boat War : The Hunters 1939 -- 1942. New York : Random House. ISBN 0 - 394 - 58839 - 8. `` The Franco - Italian Armistice ''. Bulletin of International News. London : Royal Institute of International Affairs. 17 ( 14 ) : 852 -- 854. July 13, 1940. ISSN 0020 - 5850. JSTOR 25642819. OCLC 300290398. Carol, Steven ( 2012 ). From Jerusalem to the Lion of Judah and Beyond : Israel 's Foreign Policy in East Africa. Bloomington : IUniverse. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4697 - 6129 - 9. Cernuschi, Enrico ( December 1994 ). `` La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale '' ( The Unknown Resistance in East Africa ). Rivista Storica ( in Italian ). Rivista Italiana Difesa. OCLC 30747124. Retrieved 2 June 2015. Clark, Lloyd ( 2008 ). Crossing the Rhine : Breaking into Nazi Germany, 1944 and 1945 -- The Greatest Airborne Battles in History. New York, NY : Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 989 - 4. Corrigan, Gordon ( 2011 ). The Second World War : A Military History. London : St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 57709 - 4. Ehlers Jr., Robert S. ( 2015 ). The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KN : University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0 - 70062 - 075 - 3. Fage, J.D. ; Crowder, Michael ; Oliver, Roland ( 1984 ). The Cambridge History of Africa : From 1940 to 1975. VIII. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22409 - 3. Fraser, David ( 1999 ) ( 1983 ). And We Shall Shock Them : The British Army in the Second World War. London : Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0 - 304 - 35233 - 0. Howe, George F. ( 1993 ) ( 1957 ). Northwest Africa : Seizing the Initiative in the West. United States Army in World War II : The Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Washington DC : Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 256063428. Jentz, Thomas L. ( 1998 ). Tank Combat in North Africa : The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 -- June 1941. New York : Schiffer. ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0226 - 4. Jowett, Philip ( 2000 ). Italian Army, 1940 -- 1945. I. Osprey. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 864 - 8. Keegan, John ( 1997 ) ( 1989 ). The Second World War. London : Pimlico. ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7348 - 2. Latimer, Jon ( 2001 ). Tobruk 1941 : Rommel 's Opening Move. Osprey. ISBN 0 - 275 - 98287 - 4. Mack Smith, Denis ( 1982 ). Mussolini. Littlehampton Book Services. ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 78005 - 2. Macksey, Major Kenneth ( 1971 ). Beda Fomm : The Classic Victory. Ballantine 's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. Ballantine. OCLC 637460844. Mallett, Rovert ( 2003 ). Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933 -- 1940. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 74814 - 5. Maier, Klaus ( 1991 ). Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford : Clarendon Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1. Martel, Gordon, ed. ( 1999 ). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. London : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16325 - 5. Martel, André ( 1994 ). Histoire militaire de la France ( Military History of France ) ( in French ). Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2 - 13 - 046074 - 7. Overy, Richard ( 2014 ). Book of World War II. All About History. Imagine. ISBN 978 - 1910 - 155 - 295. Playfair, Major - General I.S.O. ; with Stitt RN, Commander G.M.S. ; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1st. pub. HMSO 1954 ). Butler, J.R.M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East : The Early Successes Against Italy ( to May 1941 ). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1 - 84574 - 065 - 3. Playfair, Major - General I.S.O. ; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C. ; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1st. pub. HMSO 1956 ). Butler, J.R.M., ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East : The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally ( 1941 ). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1 - 84574 - 066 - 1. Ready, J. Lee ( 1985 ). Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II : The European Theatre. I. McFarland. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 129 - 1. Ready, J. Lee ( 1985 ). Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II : The Asian Theatre. II. McFarland. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 117 - 8. Rodogno, Davide ( 2006 ). Fascism 's European Empire : Italian Occupation during the Second World War. New Studies in European History. trans. A. Belton. London : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84515 - 1. Rommel, Erwin ( 1982 ) ( 1953 ). Liddell - Hart, Basil, ed. The Rommel Papers. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80157 - 4. Salerno, Reynolds M. ( 2002 ). Vital Crossroads : Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935 -- 1940. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3772 - 4. Stockings, C. ; Hancock, E. ( 2013 ). Swastika over the Acropolis : Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II. Boston : BRILL. ISBN 978 - 9 - 00425 - 459 - 6. Sturgeson, Allison ( 2009 ). World War II : The Definitive Visual History. New York, NY : Dorling Kimberly. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4278 - 5. Weinberg, Gerhard L. ( 1994 ). A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44317 - 3. Wragg, David ( 2003 ). Malta : The Last Great Siege 1940 -- 1943. Barnsley : Pen & Sword. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 990 - 6. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mediterranean and the Middle East. Mediterranean sources and US Official accounts The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I The Early Successes against Italy ( to May 1941 ). 1954 The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume II The Germans come to the Help of their Ally ( 1941 ). 1956 World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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{ "text": "New Orleans Pelicans - wikipedia New Orleans Pelicans Jump to : navigation, search For the former minor league baseball team, see New Orleans Pelicans ( baseball ). New Orleans Pelicans 2017 -- 18 New Orleans Pelicans season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 2002 History New Orleans Hornets 2002 - 2013 New Orleans Pelicans 2013 -- present Arena Smoothie King Center Location New Orleans, Louisiana Team colors Navy blue, gold, red President Dennis Lauscha General manager Dell Demps Head coach Alvin Gentry Ownership Tom Benson Affiliation ( s ) None Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2008 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Website www.nba.com/pelicans Uniforms Home Away Third Smoothie King Center, home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division. The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ). The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets, George Shinn, relocated the franchise to New Orleans. Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City, where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets. The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season. On January 24, 2013, the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans, effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season. The Charlotte Hornets name, history and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise, which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets, starting May 20, 2014. In 14 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina, the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 528 -- 604, and has qualified for the playoffs six times. Their achievements include one playoff series victory and one division title. Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Relocation to New Orleans 1.2 2002 -- 2005 : Early years in New Orleans 1.3 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : CP3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era 1.5 2013 -- present : The Pelicans take flight 1.5. 1 2015 : Return to the playoffs 1.5. 2 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Players 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retained draft rights 3.3 Retired numbers 4 Franchise records 5 Seasons 5.1 Head coaches 6 Home arenas 7 Mascot 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New Orleans Pelicans Relocation to New Orleans ( edit ) While the Charlotte Hornets put a competitive team on the court throughout the 1990s, the team 's attendance began falling dramatically. Many attributed this lapse in popularity to the team 's owner, George Shinn, who was slowly becoming despised by the people of the city. In 1997, a Charlotte woman claimed that Shinn had raped her, and the resulting trial severely tarnished his reputation in the city. The consensus was that while Charlotte was as basketball - crazy as ever, fans took out their anger at Shinn on the team. Shinn had also become discontented with the Charlotte Coliseum, which, although considered state - of - the - art when it opened in 1988, had by then been considered obsolete due to a limited number of luxury boxes. On March 26, 2001, both the Hornets and the Vancouver Grizzlies applied for relocation to Memphis, Tennessee, which was ultimately won by the Grizzlies. Shinn issued an ultimatum : unless the city built a new arena at no cost to him, the Hornets would leave town. The city initially refused, leading Shinn to consider moving the team to either Norfolk, Louisville, or St. Louis. Of the cities in the running, only St. Louis had an NBA - ready arena ( Savvis Center, now known as Scottrade Center ) already in place and was a larger media market than Charlotte at the time ; also, it was the only one of the four to have previously hosted an NBA franchise -- the St. Louis Hawks, who moved to Atlanta in 1968. Finally, a new arena in Uptown, which would eventually become the Charlotte Bobcats Arena ( now known as Spectrum Center ), was included in a non-binding referendum for a larger arts - related package, and Shinn withdrew his application to move the team. Polls showed the referendum on its way to passage. However, just days before the referendum, Mayor Pat McCrory vetoed a living wage ordinance. The veto prompted many of the city 's black ministers to oppose the referendum ; they felt it was immoral for the city to build a new arena when city employees were n't paid enough to make a living. After the referendum failed, city leaders devised a plan to build a new arena in a way that did not require voter support, but made it known that they would not even consider building it unless Shinn sold the team. While even the NBA acknowledged that Shinn had alienated fans, league officials felt such a demand would anger other owners. The city council refused to remove the statement, leading the Hornets to request a move to New Orleans -- a move which would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979. Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs, the NBA approved the move. As part of a deal, the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team, which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats. In a 2008 interview with the Charlotte Observer, Shinn, who has not returned to Charlotte since the Hornets moved, admitted that the `` bad judgment I made in my life '' played a role in the Hornets ' departure. He also said that if he had it to do all over again, he would not have withdrawn from the public after the sexual assault trial. Shinn emphasized how he was making amends by committing to New Orleans saying, `` I 've made enough mistakes in my life. I 'm not going to make one here. This city needs us here. We 're going to make this ( New Orleans ) thing work. '' 2002 -- 2005 : early years in New Orleans ( edit ) The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30, 2002, against New Orleans ' original NBA franchise, the now - Utah Jazz. In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years, the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100 -- 75, and posthumously retired # 7 of `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich during halftime. The Hornets finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs. Following the season, the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Alan Bristow. The Hornets began the 2003 -- 04 season strong with a 17 -- 7 start but sputtered at the end and finished 41 -- 41. They lost to the Miami Heat in the first round of the 2004 playoffs. After the season, Floyd was fired and the team hired Byron Scott as its new head coach. During the first two seasons in New Orleans the Hornets competed in the NBA 's Eastern Conference. The 2004 -- 05 season saw the team moved to the Western Conference 's Southwest Division. In a season marred by injury to the team 's three all - stars, the team finished the year with a franchise - worst record of 18 -- 64. 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era ( edit ) In the subsequent draft, the Hornets used their first round pick to select point guard Chris Paul out of Wake Forest University. Chris Paul, selected by the Hornets as the 4th pick of the 2005 NBA draft Because of the catastrophic devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina upon the communities of southeastern Louisiana, the Hornets franchise temporarily relocated its base of operations to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07, posting records of 38 -- 44 and 39 -- 43 respectively. During this time, the franchise was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets. In these two seasons, most home games were played at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, while a few remained at New Orleans Arena. One year after the Hornets moved back to New Orleans permanently, the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder. The Hornets franchise returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season, with all 41 home games in the New Orleans Arena. The 2008 NBA All - Star Game and its accompanying festivities were awarded to New Orleans and a serious marketing campaign was commenced in February 2007. Healthier than previous seasons, the Hornets raced to a 29 -- 12 record at the halfway mark, completing the regular season with a record of 56 -- 26, making the season their most successful ever. The Hornets also won their first - ever division title, winning the Southwest Division. Having clinched the 2nd overall seed for the Western Conference in the 2008 playoffs, the Hornets beat the Dallas Mavericks in the first round but eventually lost to the defending - champion San Antonio Spurs in seven games in the conference semifinals. In August 2008 the Hornets unveiled a modified logo and new uniforms with the colors of Creole blue, purple, and Mardi Gras gold. Pinstripes were also added to the uniforms. The Hornets also introduced a new gold alternate uniform in 2010 which was used mostly in games played on Saturday at home and on the road. The Hornets finished the 2008 -- 09 season with a 49 -- 33 record. Paired up with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the 2009 NBA Playoffs, the Hornets were eliminated in five games. The Hornets started the 2009 -- 10 season in a disappointing fashion, and head coach Byron Scott was fired after a 3 -- 6 start to the season. General manager Jeff Bower took over the head coaching duties for the remainder of the season. The Hornets finished the season with a 37 -- 45 record, finishing last in the Southwest division they had won only two seasons before. Jeff Bower later resigned as head coach, and Monty Williams was brought in as new head coach. The team finished the 2010 -- 11 season with a 46 -- 36 record and qualified for the 2011 NBA Playoffs, where they lost to the Lakers 4 -- 2. In December 2010 the NBA purchased the Hornets from George Shinn for an estimated $300 million. 2011 -- 2013 : cp3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era ( edit ) Before the 2011 -- 12 NBA season, the Hornets were considering trade offers for Chris Paul. Paul eventually requested a trade to the New York Knicks. The Hornets looked at many teams, including the Boston Celtics and the Golden State Warriors as trade partners, but Paul had made it clear he wanted to be traded to New York or Los Angeles. A three - team trade involving the Los Angeles Lakers and the Houston Rockets was agreed upon, but commissioner David Stern vetoed the trade. On December 14, 2011, the Hornets agreed to a deal with the Los Angeles Clippers that would send Paul to L.A. in exchange for Eric Gordon, Chris Kaman, Al - Farouq Aminu, and a first - round draft pick acquired by the Clippers from a trade with the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2004. At the end of the 66 - game lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 NBA season, the Hornets had the worst record in the West, 21 -- 45. On April 13, 2012, it was announced that Tom Benson, owner of the New Orleans Saints, had purchased the franchise from the NBA for $338 million. In addition, Benson announced that he would change the team name to something that would better suit the region, fueling rumors that the Hornets name could one day return to Charlotte, where the Bobcats play. In June 2012, Benson appointed two senior Saints executives to supervise the Hornets as well : Saints general manager Mickey Loomis became head of basketball operations, overseeing general manager Dell Demps, and Saints business operations head Dennis Lauscha took on the same role with the Hornets. The Hornets traded Emeka Okafor and Trevor Ariza to the Wizards for Rashard Lewis, whom they bought out, and a draft pick. On May 30, 2012, the Hornets were awarded the first overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft and subsequently drafted Anthony Davis. They also drafted Austin Rivers with the 10th pick ( acquired from the Clippers as part of the Chris Paul trade ). On July 11, 2012, Ryan Anderson, 2012 's Most Improved Player and three - point field goals leader, was acquired in a sign - and - trade by the New Orleans Hornets, with the Orlando Magic, for Gustavo Ayón. 2013 -- present : the Pelicans take flight ( edit ) New owner Tom Benson had indicated early in his ownership that he wished to change the team 's name to something more local, even preferring that the Utah Jazz -- founded in New Orleans in 1974 and played there until 1979, give up the `` Jazz '' name. But the Jazz indicated they had no interest in returning the name due to over 30 years of history associated with it. Benson had also heavily favored the names `` Brass '' and `` Krewe ''. However, on December 4, 2012, it was reported that the Hornets would change their name to the New Orleans Pelicans beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season. The team name is inspired by Louisiana 's state bird, the brown pelican. The name `` Pelicans '' previously had been used by a minor - league baseball team that played in New Orleans from 1901 to 1957. The Hornets organization officially confirmed the name change in a press conference held on January 24, 2013, where officials unveiled the team 's new logos and navy blue -- gold -- red color scheme. On April 18, 2013, after the end of the team 's 2012 -- 13 season, the team 's name was officially changed to the Pelicans. Following the New Orleans franchise 's 2013 disestablishment of the `` Hornets '' name, on May 21, 2013, Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of his franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014 -- 15 NBA season pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas, on July 18, 2013. Then - NBA Deputy Commissioner and COO Adam Silver had previously pointed out the fact that the league owns the rights to the name Hornets and that could speed up the process. The NBA unanimously approved the name change starting with 2014 -- 15. On June 27, 2013, during the 2013 NBA draft, the Pelicans selected Nerlens Noel 6th overall, and traded him along with a 2014 protected first - round pick for All - Star point guard Jrue Holiday of the Philadelphia 76ers and the 42nd pick, Pierre Jackson. At a May 20, 2014 press conference announcing the Charlotte Bobcats ' official team name change to Hornets, it was also announced that the Pelicans agreed to transfer the records and statistics of the original Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) to the current Charlotte franchise, thus unifying all of Charlotte 's NBA basketball history under one franchise ; the team records and statistics since the 2002 move to New Orleans would be retained by the Pelicans, retroactively turning the Pelicans into a 2002 expansion team. To restate and clarify a confusing series of events : after the 2002 season, the original Hornets moved to New Orleans. In 2004, Charlotte was granted a new franchise, the Bobcats. After the 2013 -- 14 season, the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988 -- 2002 Hornets. As a result, the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004, while the Pelicans are now reckoned as having joined the league in 2002. 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) Alvin Gentry is the New Orleans Pelicans current head coach. For the first time under the name Pelicans, the team qualified for the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record as the number 8 seed in the Western Conference. They owned the tie - breaker over the Oklahoma City Thunder by winning the regular season head - to - head series 3 -- 1, and they faced the Golden State Warriors in the first round ; the Warriors swept the Pelicans in four games. After the season, the Pelicans fired coach Monty Williams despite qualifying for the playoffs. On May 31, 2015, the Pelicans hired Alvin Gentry as the franchise 's 6th head coach. 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era ( edit ) On February 20, 2017, Pelicans acquired DeMarcus Cousins in a trade with the Sacramento Kings when they traded Buddy Hield, Tyreke Evans, Langston Galloway, a 2017 1st round pick, and a 2017 2nd round pick in exchange for Cousins and Omri Casspi. Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The New Orleans Hornets were sold to Tom Benson on April 13, 2012. After purchasing the team, Benson indicated that he wanted to change the club 's nickname to something more regionally appropriate. On December 14, 2012, it was reported that the Hornets would change their nickname to the New Orleans Pelicans. On January 24, 2013, the team held a press conference, where it unveiled its new nickname, logos and colors. The name Pelicans is a reference to the brown pelican, the state bird of Louisiana. The team said in a press release that its colors would be navy, gold and red ; each color is represented in the city flag of New Orleans. The team formally adopted its new brand identity at the end of the 2012 -- 13 NBA season. On August 1, 2013, the Pelicans released their new uniforms. The ' New Orleans ' wordmark logo across the front of the jerseys is inspired by French Quarter street signs ; the Pelicans are one of three NBA teams to wear the city name across the front of both home and road jerseys. The partial logo is featured on the sides of the shorts, and the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo ( a combination mark of the pelican, fleur - de-lis and crescent basketball shape ) is featured on the back neck. NBA teams were not allowed to have alternate uniforms during their first season of operation. On September 23, 2014, the Pelicans unveiled a red alternate uniform for the 2014 -- 15 season that would be worn four times in the year. Prior to the red alternate uniform unveiling, the NBA announced that its league logo would be moved to the back neck of game jerseys for all 30 clubs ; as a result, the NBA league logo replaced the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo on the back neck. On September 17, 2015, the Pelicans unveiled a new alternate uniform, introduced as part of the NBA 's `` Pride '' uniforms for the 2015 -- 16 season. The short - sleeved uniforms feature Mardi Gras ' signature colors -- purple, green and gold. The tops are purple with green accents on the sleeves and sport ' NOLA ' ( a local acronym for New Orleans, Louisiana ) across the chest in the Pelicans ' signature font in gold letters trimmed in green. The Pelicans ' NO ' logo is featured at the bottom of the v - neck and the Crescent City basketball logo is on the left sleeve in Mardi Gras colors. Additionally, the trim around the neckline is purple, green and gold - striped. Additionally, on the back of the jersey, the players ' numbers will be gold with green trim, last name in white traditional lettering and the NBA logo will be featured at the base of the neck. The purple shorts will have green and gold stripes down the side with a small secondary logo -- the `` Bird - de-Lis '' in gold centered on the waistband. The Pelicans ' partial logo is on both sides of the shorts in Mardi Gras colors. Players ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans all - time roster See also : New Orleans Pelicans draft history Current roster ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ajinça, Alexis 7000218440000000000 ♠ 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1988 - 05 - 06 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Alexander, Cliff 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 11 -- 16 Kansas 2.5! G / F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Allen, Tony 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) 1982 - 01 - 11 Oklahoma State 6.0! C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık, Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 - 07 - 04 Turkey 1.5! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Clark, Ian 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 07 Belmont 1.5! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cooke, Charles ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 01 Dayton 4.0! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cousins, DeMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1990 - 08 - 13 Kentucky 1.5! G 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Crawford, Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1988 - 10 - 23 Xavier 4.0! F 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Cunningham, Dante 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1987 - 04 - 22 Villanova 5.5! F / C 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Davis, Anthony ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1993 - 03 - 11 Kentucky 4.0! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Diallo, Cheick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 09 - 13 Kansas 4.0! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Hill, Solomon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 18 Arizona 1.5! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Holiday, Jrue 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1990 - 06 - 12 UCLA 1.5! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jackson, Frank 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 - 05 - 04 Duke 4.0! F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Jones, Jalen ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 05 -- 27 Texas A&M 4.0! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones, Perry 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1991 -- 09 -- 24 Baylor 4.0! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Miller, Darius 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 21 Kentucky 1.5! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Moore, E'Twaun 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 191 lb ( 87 kg ) 1989 - 02 - 25 Purdue 1.5! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo, Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 - 02 - 22 Kentucky Head coach Alvin Gentry Assistant coach ( es ) Darren Erman Chris Finch Dave Hanners Kevin Hanson Robert Pack Fred Vinson Phil Weber Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 27 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pelicans hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends. This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams. Draft Round Pick Player Pos. Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Majok, Ater Ater Majok F / C Australia Free agent Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers ( via Chicago ) 48 Williams, Latavious Latavious Williams United States Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Acquired from the Miami Heat ( via Oklahoma City ) Retired numbers ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans retired numbers No. Player Position Tenure 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 The New Orleans Hornets retired Maravich 's number during their first game in New Orleans in honor of his basketball contributions to the state of Louisiana, both during his college career at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and his professional career with the city 's former NBA team, the New Orleans Jazz. Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans accomplishments and records Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans seasons Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans head coaches Name Tenure Totals Regular season Playoffs PCT PCT PCT Paul Silas 2002 -- 2003 88 49 39. 557 82 47 35. 573 6. 333 Tim Floyd 2003 -- 2004 89 44 45. 494 82 41 41. 500 7. 429 Byron Scott 2004 -- 2009 436 211 225. 484 419 203 216. 484 17 8 9. 471 Jeff Bower 2009 -- 2010 73 34 39. 487 73 34 39. 487 0 0 0 -- Monty Williams 2010 -- 2015 404 175 229. 433 394 173 221. 439 10 8. 200 Alvin Gentry 2015 -- present 164 64 100. 390 82 64 100. 390 0 0 0 -- Home arenas ( edit ) Smoothie King Center ( 2002 -- present ), formerly known as New Orleans Arena ( 2002 -- 2014 ) One other temporary facility due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina : Chesapeake Energy Arena ( Oklahoma City, formerly known as Ford Center ) ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Mascot ( edit ) Pierre the Pelican is the official mascot for the Pelicans. He was introduced on October 30, 2013, the opening night of regular season for the team at home against the Indiana Pacers. The name for the mascot was selected by the fans through an online poll on the team 's website. However, Pierre 's unconventional design frightened some fans. The mascot 's redesigned head was released on February 11. The Pelicans ' prior mascot was Hugo the Hornet, who was part of the organization from 2002 -- 13. Hugo returned as the mascot for the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas ''. NBA.com. National Basketball Association. May 20, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons ''. National Basketball Association. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ). Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17. National Basketball Association. September 23, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled ''. New Orleans Pelicans. January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous '' ( PDF ). New Orleans Pelicans 2016 - 17 Media Guide. NBA Properties, Inc. October 20, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Reproduction Guideline Sheet ''. NBA Properties, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Family Unveils New Orleans Pelicans Colors and Logos ''. New Orleans Pelicans. January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) ''. SportsECyclopedia.com. February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Hornets to apply for relocation to Memphis -- Monday March 26, 2001 05 : 47 PM ''. SportsIllustrated.CNN.com. March 26, 2001. Archived from the original on February 8, 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2012. Jump up ^ World Class City, Third World Paycheck. Creative Loafing, 2001 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com -- Council willing to amend ' new owner ' statement ''. ESPN.Go.com. Associated Press. 2002 - 02 - 16. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ Green, Ron Jr. Shinn : I messed up in Charlotte. Charlotte Observer, 2008 - 11 - 01. Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Eye for victory ''. ESPN.Go.com. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City ''. National Basketball Association. September 21, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2005. Jump up ^ Bennett, Dashiell ( January 7, 2011 ). `` Larry Ellison Confirms He Tried To Buy The New Orleans Hornets, But Was Beaten Back By The NBA ''. Business Insider. Retrieved January 7, 2011. Jump up ^ `` NBA completes Hornets purchase ''. National Basketball Association. December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010. Jump up ^ Beck, Howard ( 8 December 2011 ). `` N.B.A. Rejects Trade Sending Paul to Lakers ''. New York Times. ^ Jump up to : `` Saints owner Benson buys Hornets from NBA ''. National Basketball Association. Associated Press. April 13, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Smith, Jimmy ( April 13, 2012 ). `` New Orleans Hornets to be purchased by New Orleans Saints ' owner Tom Benson for $338 million ''. New Orleans Times - Picayune. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hornets seeking name change, set to build new practice facility ''. WWL - TV. 2012 - 04 - 16. Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ We Beelive : Charlotte... take back your Hornets! Facebook Page Jump up ^ `` Mickey Loomis takes on top New Orleans Hornets job ''. NFL.com. Associated Press. 19 June 2012. ^ Jump up to : Moore, Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ). `` Report : Hornets to change name to New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 - 14 ''. CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07. ^ Jump up to : `` List of Louisiana State symbols ''. Louisiana Division of Administration. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27. Jump up ^ Eichenhofer, Jim ( 27 September 2013 ). `` Pelicans nickname has century - plus history in New Orleans ''. New Orleans Pelicans. Retrieved 27 September 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled ''. New Orleans Pelicans. January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake ''. New Orleans Pelicans. April 18, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sports & Entertainment Applies to Change Team 's Name to Hornets ''. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Bobcats changing name to Hornets ''. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NBA approves Charlotte 's name change ''. NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013. Jump up ^ Keith Pompey ; Marc Narducci ( October 17, 2013 ). `` Holiday - Noel trade becomes official ''. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Name Alvin Gentry Head Coach ''. New Orleans Pelicans. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Uniform Unveiling ''. New Orleans Pelicans. August 1, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` NEW ORLEANS PELICANS UNVEIL NEW UNIFORMS '' ( Press release ). New Orleans Pelicans. August 1, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Creamer, Chris ( August 1, 2013 ). `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil New Uniforms ''. SportsLogos.net. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Jump up ^ Lukas, Paul ( August 1, 2013 ). `` Uni Watch on Pelicans ' jersey reveal ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil Alternate Red Uniform '' ( Press release ). New Orleans Pelicans. September 23, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` New NBA Swingman Jersey Features -- Guide to New 2014 -- 2015 Swingman Jerseys ''. National Basketball Association. December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014. Jump up ^ Lukas, Paul ( June 19, 2014 ). `` NBA to move league logo to back of jerseys ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Unveil Pride Uniforms in Celebration of the Spirit of Mardi Gras '' ( Press release ). New Orleans Pelicans. September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Coon, Larry. `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement ''. Retrieved April 13, 2014. If the player is already under contract to, or signs a contract with a non-NBA team, the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends. Essentially, the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA. Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS ''. NBA.com. July 7, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Acquire Ish Smith ''. NBA.com. February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Pierre the Pelican introduced in first quarter ''. New Orleans Pelicans. October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Golliver, Ben ( October 31, 2013 ). `` New Orleans Pelicans introduce new mascot ' Pierre ' as part of rebranding effort ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 6, 2013. Jump up ^ `` PIERRE THE PELICAN INJURY UPDATE '' ( Press release ). New Orleans Pelicans. February 11, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2016. Jump up ^ `` A Hornet Comes Home ''. Charlotte Hornets. June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Pelicans. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Website www.nba.com/pelicans Uniforms Home Away Third Smoothie King Center, home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division. The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ). The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets, George Shinn, relocated the franchise to New Orleans. Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City, where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets. The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season. On January 24, 2013, the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans, effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season. The Charlotte Hornets name, history and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise, which subsequently" ], "id": [ "3776185256029939122" ], "short_answers": [ "2002–03 season" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Newport News, Virginia - wikipedia Newport News, Virginia Jump to : navigation, search `` Newport News '' redirects here. For the shipyard, see Newport News Shipbuilding. For other uses, see Newport News ( disambiguation ). Newport News, Virginia Independent city City of Newport News The downtown Newport News skyline as seen from 26th Street and I - 664 overpass in August 2013 Seal Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Newport News, Virginia Location in the United States Coordinates : 37 ° 4 ′ 15 '' N 76 ° 29 ′ 4 '' W  /  37.07083 ° N 76.48444 ° W  / 37.07083 ; - 76.48444 Coordinates : 37 ° 4 ′ 15 '' N 76 ° 29 ′ 4 '' W  /  37.07083 ° N 76.48444 ° W  / 37.07083 ; - 76.48444 Country United States State Virginia Incorporated 1896 ; 122 years ago ( 1896 ) Government Mayor McKinley L. Price ( I ) Area Independent city 300 km ( 120 sq mi ) Land 180 km ( 69 sq mi ) Water 130 km ( 51 sq mi ) 42.4 % Elevation 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) Population ( 2013 ) Independent city 183,412 ( US : 135th ) Density 1,013 / km ( 2,623 / sq mi ) Urban 1,134,145 Metro 1,672,319 Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 23601 - 23609 Area code ( s ) 757 FIPS code 51 - 56000 GNIS feature ID 1497043 Website www.nnva.gov Newport News is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719. In 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the northern shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe 's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river 's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads. The area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, in 1634. The county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881, 15 years of explosive development began under the leadership of Collis P. Huntington, whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway from Richmond opened up transportation along the Peninsula and provided a new pathway for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping and worldwide export. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded. Within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County ( itself a separate city from 1952 to 1958 ), rejoining the two localities to approximately their pre-1896 geographic size. The more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginia 's third largest independent city in population. With many residents employed at the expansive Newport News Shipbuilding, the joint U.S. Air Force - U.S. Army installation at Joint Base Langley -- Eustis, and other military bases and suppliers, the city 's economy is very connected to the military. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its many miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east - west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, which crosses the harbor on two bridge - tunnels. Part of the Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 European settlement 2.2 Restoration 2.3 1900s 2.4 2000s 3 Geography 3.1 Cityscape 3.2 Neighborhoods 3.3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Crime 6 Economy 7 Culture 8 Sports 9 Parks and recreation 10 Media 11 Government 12 Education 13 Infrastructure 13.1 Transportation 13.2 Utilities 13.3 Healthcare 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621. The source of the name `` Newport News '' is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally. Probably the best - known explanation holds that when an early group of Jamestown colonists left to return to England after the Starving Time during the winter of 1609 -- 1610 aboard a ship of Captain Christopher Newport, they encountered another fleet of supply ships under the new Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr in the James River off Mulberry Island with reinforcements of men and supplies. The new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newport 's `` good news ''. Another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word `` news '' meaning `` new town ''. At least one source claims that the `` New '' arose from the original settlement 's being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the original name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce and the town 's place as a new seaport. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier and originally settled in Ireland. There he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres ( 1,012 ha ) of land. He died two days later. His brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given `` 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie. '' A partner Daniel Gookin completed founding the settlement. In his 1897 two - volume work Old Virginia and her Neighbors, American historian John Fiske writes :... several old maps where the name is given as Newport Ness, being the mariner 's way of saying Newport Point. The fact that the name formerly appeared as `` Newport 's News '' is verified by numerous early documents and maps, and by local tradition. The change to Newport News came about through usage, for by 1851 the Post Office Department sanctioned `` New Port News '' ( three words ) as the name of the first post office. In 1866 it approved the name as `` Newport News '', the current form. History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Newport News, Virginia ; Timeline of Newport News, Virginia ; and Warwick County, Virginia The newly constructed USS Birmingham is launched from the Newport News yards in 1942 European settlement ( edit ) During the 17th century, shortly after founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. In 1610, Sir Thomas Gates `` took possession '' of a nearby Native American village, which became known as Kecoughtan. At that time, settlers began clearing land along the James River ( the navigable part of which was called Hampton Roads ) for plantations, including the present area of Newport News. In 1619, the area of Newport News was included in one of four huge corporations of the Virginia Company of London. It became known as Elizabeth Cittie and extended west all the way to Skiffe 's Creek ( currently the border between Newport News and James City County ). Elizabeth Cittie included all of present - day South Hampton Roads. By 1634, the English colony of Virginia consisted of a population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. It was divided into eight shires of Virginia, which were renamed as counties shortly thereafter. The area of Newport News became part of Warwick River Shire, which became Warwick County in 1637. By 1810, the county seat was at Denbigh. For a short time in the mid-19th century, the county seat was moved to Newport News. Lee Hall, built in 1859 by Richard Lee. Restoration ( edit ) Newport News was a rural area of plantations and a small fishing village until after the American Civil War. Construction of the railroad and establishment of the great shipyard brought thousands of workers and associated development. It was one of only a few cities in Virginia to be newly established without earlier incorporation as a town. ( Virginia has had an independent city political subdivision since 1871. ) Walter A. Post served as the city 's first mayor. Warwick County ( shaded in orange on this 1895 map ) was originally one of the eight shires created in colonial Virginia in 1634. The area that formed the present - day southern end of Newport News had long been established as an unincorporated town. During Reconstruction, the period after the American Civil War, the new City of Newport News was essentially founded by California merchant Collis P. Huntington. Huntington, one of the Big Four associated with the Central Pacific Railroad, in California, formed the western part of the country 's First Transcontinental Railroad. He was recruited by former Confederate General Williams Carter Wickham to become a major investor and guiding light for a southern railroad. He helped complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway to the Ohio River in 1873. Huntington knew the railroad could transport coal eastbound from West Virginia 's untapped natural resources. His agents began acquiring land in Warwick County in 1865. In the 1880s, he oversaw extension of the C&O 's new Peninsula Subdivision, which extended from the Church Hill Tunnel in Richmond southeast down the peninsula through Williamsburg to Newport News, where the company developed coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads. His next project was to develop Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, which became the world 's largest shipyard. Opened as Chesapeake Dry Dock & Construction Company, the shipbuilding was intended to build boats to transition goods from the rails to the seas. With president Theodore Roosevelt 's declaration to create a Great White Fleet, the company entered the warship business by building seven of the first sixteen warships. Today, the shipyard holds a dominant position in the American warship construction business. 1900s ( edit ) In addition to Collis, other members of the Huntington family played major roles in Newport News. From 1912 to 1914, his nephew, Henry E. Huntington, assumed leadership of the shipyard. Huntington Park, developed after World War I near the northern terminus of the James River Bridge, is named for him. Collis Huntington 's son, Archer M. Huntington and his wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, developed the Mariners ' Museum beginning in 1932. They created a natural park and the community 's Lake Maury in the process. A major feature of Newport News, the Mariners ' Museum has grown to become one of the largest and finest maritime museums in the world. In 1958, the citizenry of the cities of Warwick and Newport News voted by referendum to consolidate the two cities, choosing to assume the better - known name of Newport News. The merger created the third largest city by population in Virginia, with a 65 square miles ( 168 km ) area. The boundaries of the City of Newport News today are essentially the boundaries of the original Warwick River Shire and the traditional one of Warwick County, with the exception of minor border adjustments with neighbors. Washington Avenue, downtown, in the 1940s The city 's original downtown area, on the James River waterfront, changed rapidly from a farm trading town to a new city in the last quarter of the 19th century. Development of the railroad terminal, with its coal piers, other harbor - related facilities, and the shipyard, brought new jobs and workers to the area. Although fashionable housing and businesses developed in downtown, the increase in industry and the development of new suburbs pushed and pulled retail and residential development to the west and north after World War II. Such suburban development was aided by national subsidization of highway construction and was part of a national trend to newer housing. In July 1989 the United States Navy commissioned the third naval vessel named after the city with the entry of the Los Angeles - class nuclear submarine USS NEWPORT NEWS ( SSN - 750 ), built at Newport News Shipbuilding, into active service. The ship was initially commanded by CDR. Mark B. Keef ; the city held a public celebration of the event, which was attended by Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle. In conjunction with this milestone, a song was written by a city native and formally adopted by Newport News City Council in July 1989. The lyrics appear with permission from the author : ( First verse ) : Harbor of a thousand ships / Forger of a nation 's fleet / Gateway to the New World / Where ocean and river meet ( Chorus ) : Strength wrought from steel / And a people 's fortitude / Such is the timeless legacy / Of a place called Newport News ( Second verse ) : Nestled in a blessed land / Gifted with a special view / Forever home for ev'ry man / With a spirit proud and true ( repeat chorus to fade ) 2000s ( edit ) Despite city efforts at large - scale revitalization, by the beginning of the 21st century the downtown area consisted largely of the coal export facilities, the shipyard, and municipal offices. It is bordered by some harbor - related smaller businesses and lower income housing. Newport News grew in population from the 1960s through the 1990s. The city began to explore New Urbanism as a way to develop areas midtown. City Center at Oyster Point was developed out of a small portion of the Oyster Point Business Park. It opened in phases from 2003 through 2005. The city invested $82 million of public funding in the project. Closely following Oyster Point, Port Warwick opened as an urban residential community in the new midtown business district. Fifteen hundred people now reside in the Port Warwick area. It includes a 3 - acre ( 1.2 ha ) city square where festivals and events take place. Geography ( edit ) Newport News, Hampton, Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia from space, July 1996 ( Newport News is seen in the upper left quadrant ) Newport News is located at 37 ° 4 ′ 15 '' N 76 ° 29 ′ 4 '' W  /  37.07083 ° N 76.48444 ° W  / 37.07083 ; - 76.48444 ( 37.071046, − 76.484557 ). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 120 square miles ( 310 km ), of which 69 square miles ( 180 km ) is land and 51 square miles ( 130 km ) ( 42.4 % ) is water. The city is located at the Peninsula side of Hampton Roads in the Tidewater region of Virginia, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area ( officially known as the Virginia Beach - Norfolk - Newport News, VA - NC MSA ) is the 37th largest in the nation with a 2014 population estimate of 1,716,624. The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Williamsburg, and the counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Mathews, Surry, and York, as well as the North Carolina counties of Currituck and Gates. Newport News serves as one of the business centers on the Peninsula. The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district, while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism. Newport News shares land borders with James City County on the northwest, York County on the north and northeast, and Hampton on the east. Newport News shares water borders with Portsmouth on the southeast and Suffolk on the south across Hampton Roads, and Isle of Wight County on the southwest and west and Surry County on the northwest across the James River. Cityscape ( edit ) Newport News Victory Arch, downtown Newport News The city 's downtown area was part of the earliest developed area which was initially incorporated as an independent city in 1896. The earlier city portions also included the `` Southeast '' community, which was predominantly African - American, the `` North End '' and the shipyard and coal piers. After World War II, public housing projects and lower income housing were built to improve housing in what came to be known as the East End or `` The Bottom '' by locals. The city expanded primarily westward where land was available and highways were built. While the shipyard and coal facilities, and other smaller harbor - oriented businesses have remained vibrant, the downtown area went into substantial decline. Crime problems have plagued the nearby lower - income residential areas. Original First Baptist Church in downtown Newport News West of the traditional downtown area, another early portion of the city was developed as Huntington Heights. In modern times been called the North End. Developed primarily between 1900 and 1935, North End features a wealth of architectural styles and eclectic vernacular building designs. Extending along west to the James River Bridge approaches, it includes scenic views of the river. A well - preserved community, the North End is an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register. The 1958 merger by mutual agreement with the City of Warwick removed the political boundary, which was adjacent to Mercury Boulevard. This major north - south roadway carries U.S. Route 258 between the James River Bridge and the Coliseum - Central area of adjacent Hampton. At the time, the county was mostly rural, although along Warwick Boulevard north of the Mercury Boulevard, Hilton Village was developed during World War I as a planned community. Beyond this point to the west, much of the city takes on a suburban nature. Many neighborhoods have been developed, some around a number of former small towns. Miles of waterfront along the James River, and tributaries such as Deep Creek and Lucas Creek, are occupied by higher - end single family homes. In many sections, wooded land and farms gave way to subdivisions. Even at the northwestern reaches, furthest from the traditional downtown area, some residential development has occurred. Much land has been set aside for natural protection, with recreational and historical considerations. Along with some newer residential areas, major features of the northwestern end include the reservoirs of the Newport News Water System ( which include much of the Warwick River ), the expansive Newport News Park, a number of public schools, and the military installations of Fort Eustis and a small portion of the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown. At the extreme northwestern edge adjacent to Skiffe 's Creek and the border with James City County is the Lee Hall community, which retains historical features including the former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway station which served tens of thousands of soldiers based at what became nearby Fort Eustis during World War I and World War II. The larger - than - normal rural two - story frame depot is highly valued by rail fans and rail preservationists. View along Town Center Drive at City Center at Oyster Point, October 2012 In downtown Newport News, the Victory Arch, built to commemorate the Great War, sits on the downtown waterfront. The `` Eternal Flame '' under the arch was cast by Womack Foundry, Inc. in the 1960s. It was hand crafted by the Foundry 's founder and president, Ernest D. Womack. The downtown area has a number of landmarks and architecturally interesting buildings, which for some time were mostly abandoned in favor of building new areas in the northwest areas of the city ( a strategy aided by tax incentives in the postwar years ). City leaders are working to bring new life into this area, by renovating and building new homes and attracting businesses. The completion of Interstate 664 restored the area to access and through traffic which had been largely rerouted with the completion of the Hampton Roads Bridge - Tunnel in 1958 and discontinuance of the Newport News - Norfolk ferry service at that time. The larger capacity Monitor - Merrimac Memorial Bridge - Tunnel and the rebuilt James River Bridge each restored some accessibility and through traffic to the downtown area. View across the fountain at City Center at Oyster Point. Much of the newer commercial development has been along the Warwick Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue corridors, with newer planned industrial, commercial, and mixed development such as Oyster Point, Kiln Creek and the City Center. While the downtown area had long been the area of the city that offered the traditional urban layout, the city has supported a number of New Urbanism projects. One is Port Warwick, named after the fictional city in William Styron 's novel, Lie Down in Darkness. Port Warwick includes housing for a broad variety of citizens, from retired persons to off - campus housing for Christopher Newport University students. Also included are several high - end restaurants and upscale shopping. City Center at Oyster Point, located near Port Warwick, has been touted as the new `` downtown '' because of its new geographic centrality on the Virginia Peninsula, its proximity to the retail / business nucleus of the city, etc. Locally, it is often called simply `` City Center ''. Nearby, the Virginia Living Museum recently completed a $22.6 million expansion plan. Newport News is also home to a small Korean ethnic enclave on Warwick Boulevard near the Denbigh neighborhood on the northern end of the city. Although it lacks the density and character of larger, more established enclaves, it has been referred to as `` Little Seoul '' -- being the commercial center for the Hampton Roads Korean community. Neighborhoods ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hilton Village Newport News has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries, including Brandon Heights, Brentwood, City Center, Colony Pines, Christopher Shores - Stuart Gardens, Denbigh, Glendale, East End, Hidenwood, Hilton Village, Hunter 's Glenn, Beaconsdale, Ivy Farms, North End Huntington Heights ( Historic District -- roughly from 50th to 75th street, along the James River ), Jefferson Avenue Park, Kiln Creek, Lee Hall, Menchville, Maxwell Gardens, Morrison ( also known as Harpersville and Gum Grove ), Newmarket Village, Newsome Park, Oyster Point, Parkview, old North Newport News ( Center Ave. area ), Port Warwick, Richneck, Riverside, Shore Park, Summerlake, Village Green, Windsor Great Park and Warwick. Some of these neighborhoods are located in the former City of Warwick and Warwick County. Climate ( edit ) Newport News is located in the humid subtropical climate zone, with cool to mild winters, and hot, humid summers. Due to the inland location, throughout the year, highs are 2 to 3 ° F ( 1.1 to 1.7 ° C ) warmer and lows 1 to 2 ° F ( 0.6 to 1.1 ° C ) cooler than areas to the southeast. Snowfall averages 5.8 inches ( 15 cm ) per season, and the summer months tend to be slightly wetter. The geographic location of the city, with respect to the principal storm tracks, favours fair weather, as it is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes, and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms. ( hide ) Climate data for Newport News, Virginia ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 86.2 ( 30.1 ) 89.6 ( 32 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 70.6 ( 21.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.33 ( 84.6 ) 3.01 ( 76.5 ) 3.44 ( 87.4 ) 3.33 ( 84.6 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 3.81 ( 96.8 ) 4.71 ( 119.6 ) 5.35 ( 135.9 ) 4.79 ( 121.7 ) 3.47 ( 88.1 ) 3.08 ( 78.2 ) 3.38 ( 85.9 ) 45.44 ( 1,154.3 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.4 ( 6.1 ) 2.1 ( 5.3 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 5.8 ( 14.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.4 9.5 10.6 10.1 10.6 9.9 11.1 10.1 8.8 7.6 8.5 9.8 116.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.6 1.3 0.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 170.5 178.0 229.4 252.0 272.8 279.0 279.0 260.4 231.0 207.7 177.0 161.2 2,698 Source : NOAA ( temperature and total precipitation normals at Newport News Int'l, all others at Norfolk Int'l ), HKO ( sun only 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop. % ± 1890 4,449 -- 1900 19,635 341.3 % 1910 20,205 2.9 % 1920 35,596 76.2 % 1930 34,417 − 3.3 % 1940 37,067 7.7 % 1950 42,358 14.3 % 1960 113,662 168.3 % 1970 138,177 21.6 % 1980 144,903 4.9 % 170,045 17.4 % 2000 180,150 5.9 % 180,719 0.3 % Est. 2016 181,825 0.6 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2013 Estimate Map of racial distribution in Newport News, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people : White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) As of the census of 2010, there were 180,719 people, 69,686 households, and 46,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,637.9 people per square mile ( 1,018.5 / km2 ). There were 74,117 housing units at an average density of 1,085.3 per square mile ( 419.0 / km2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 49.0 % White, 40.7 % African American, 0.5 % Native American, 2.7 % Asian, 0.2 % Pacific Islander, 2.7 % from other races, and 4.3 % from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5 % of the population ( 2.5 % Puerto Rican, 2.5 % Mexican, 0.4 % Cuban, 0.3 % Panamanian, 0.2 % Dominican, 0.2 % Guatemalan, 0.2 % Honduran ). There were 69,686 households out of which 35.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6 % were married couples living together, 17.9 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5 % were non-families. 27.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04. The age distribution is : 27.5 % under the age of 18, 11.5 % from 18 to 24, 32.2 % from 25 to 44, 18.8 % from 45 to 64, and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $36,597, and the median income for a family was $42,520. Males had a median income of $31,275 versus $22,310 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,843. About 11.3 % of families and 13.8 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6 % of those under age 18 and 9.8 % of those age 65 or over. Crime ( edit ) Crime ( per 100,000 people ) Newport News, Virginia ( 2007 ) National average Murder 15.8 5.6 Rape 51.3 32.2 Robbery 288.9 195.4 Assault 336.2 340.1 Burglary 892.1 814.5 Automobile theft 377.4 526.5 Newport News experienced 20 murders giving the city a murder rate of 10.8 per 100,000 people in 2005. In 2006, there were 19 murders giving the city a rate of 10.5 per 100,000 people. In 2007 the city had 28 murders with a rate of 15.8 per 100,000 people. The total crime index rate for Newport News is 434.7 ; the United States average is 320.9. According to the Congressional Quarterly Press ' `` 2008 City Crime Rankings : Crime in Metropolitan America, '' Newport News ranked as the 119th most dangerous city larger than 75,000 inhabitants. The neighborhood with the highest crime rates in Newport News is the East End. Economy ( edit ) Miss USA 2005 Chelsea Cooley at the christening of the USS North Carolina submarine in 2005. George W. Bush at the christening of the USS George H.W. Bush supercarrier in 2006. Among the city 's major industries are shipbuilding, military, and aerospace. Newport News Shipbuilding, owned by Huntington Ingalls Industries, and the large coal piers supplied by railroad giant CSX Transportation, the modern Fortune 500 successor to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ( C&O ). Miles of the waterfront can be seen by automobiles crossing the James River Bridge and Monitor - Merrimac Memorial Bridge - Tunnel, which is a portion of the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, linking the city with each of the other major cities of Hampton Roads via Interstate 664 and Interstate 64. Many U.S. defensive industry suppliers are based in Newport News, and these and nearby military bases employ many residents, in addition to those working at the shipyard and in other harbor - related vocations. Newport News plays a role in the maritime industry. At the end of CSX railroad tracks lies the Newport News Marine Terminal. Covering 140 acres ( 0.57 km ), the Terminal has heavy - lift cranes, warehouse capabilities, and container cranes. Newport News ' location next to Hampton Roads along with its rail network has provided advantages for the city. The city houses two industrial parks which enabled manufacturing and distribution to take root in the city. As technology - oriented companies flourished in the 1990s, Newport News became a regional center for technology companies. Additional companies headquartered out of Newport News include Ferguson Enterprises and L - 3 Flight International Aviation. Newport News Shipbuilding serves as the city 's largest employer with over 15,000 employees. Fort Eustis employs over 10,000, making it the second largest employer in the city. Newport News School System creates over 5000 jobs and acts as the city 's third largest employer. Established during World War I at historic Mulberry Island, the large base at Fort Eustis in modern times hosts the U.S. Army 's Transportation Corps and other important activities. In adjacent localities, other U.S. military facilities include Fort Monroe, Langley Air Force Base, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, and Camp Peary. Across the harbor in South Hampton Roads, the world 's largest naval base, the Naval Station Norfolk and other installations are also located. Research and education play a role in the city 's economy. The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility ( TJNAF ) is housed in Newport News. TJNAF employs over 675 people and more than 2,000 scientists from around the world conduct research using the facility. Formerly named the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility ( CEBAF ), its stated mission is `` to provide forefront scientific facilities, opportunities and leadership essential for discovering the fundamental structure of nuclear matter ; to partner in industry to apply its advanced technology ; and to serve the nation and its communities through education and public outreach. '' Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Newport News, Virginia The Mariners ' Museum As with most of Virginia, Newport News is most often associated with the larger American South. People who have grown up in the Hampton Roads area have a unique Tidewater accent which sounds different from a stereotypical Southern accent. Vowels have a longer pronunciation than in a typical southern accent. Near the city 's western end, a historic C&O railroad station, as well as American Civil War battle sites near historic Lee Hall along U.S. Route 60 and several 19th century plantations have all been protected. Many are located along the roads leading to Yorktown and Williamsburg, where many sites of the Historic Triangle are of both American Revolutionary War and Civil War significance. The first modern duel of ironclad warships, the Battle of Hampton Roads, took place not far off Newport News Point in 1862. Recovered artifacts from USS Monitor are displayed at the Mariners ' Museum, one of the more notable museums of its type in the world. The museum 's collection totals approximately 32,000 artifacts, international in scope, which include ship models, scrimshaw, maritime paintings, decorative arts, figureheads and engines. The museum also owns and maintains a 550 - acre park on which is located the Noland Trail, and the 167 - acre Lake Maury. The Virginia War Museum covers American military history. The museum 's collection includes, weapons, vehicles, artifacts, uniforms and posters from various periods of American history. Highlights of the Museum 's collection include a section of the Berlin Wall and the outer wall from Dachau Concentration Camp. The Peninsula Fine Arts Center contains a rotating gallery of art exhibits. The Center also maintains a permanent `` Hands on For Kids '' gallery designed for children and families to interact in what the Center describes as `` a fun, educational environment that encourages participation with art materials and concepts. '' A C - 7 Caribou in the U.S. Army Transportation Museum, Fort Eustis, Virginia The U.S. Army Transportation Museum is a United States Army museum of vehicles and other U.S. Army transportation - related equipment and memorabilia. Located on the grounds of Fort Eustis, The museum reflects the history of the Army, especially of the United States Army Transportation Corps, and includes close to 100 military vehicles such as land vehicles, watercraft and rolling stock, including stock from the Fort Eustis Military Railroad. It is officially dedicated to General Frank S. Besson, Jr., who was the first four - star general to lead the transportation command, and extends over 6 acres ( 24,000 m ) of land, air and sea vehicles and indoor exhibits. The exhibits cover transportation and its role in US Army operations, including topic areas from the American Revolutionary War through operations in Afghanistan. The Ferguson Center for the Arts is a theater and concert hall on the campus of Christopher Newport University. The complex fully opened in September 2005 and contains three distinct, separate concert halls : the Concert Hall, the Music and Theatre Hall, and the Studio Theatre. The Port Warwick area hosts the annual Port Warwick Art and Sculpture Festival where art vendors gather in Styron Square to show and sell their art. Judges have the chance to name art work best of the Festival. The Virginia Living Museum is an outdoor living museum combining aspects of a native wildlife park, science museum, aquarium, botanical preserve, and planetarium. Sports ( edit ) Newport News has been the home to sports franchises, including the semi-pro football Mason Dixon League 's Peninsula Pirates and Peninsula Poseidons and now the Virginia Crusaders. The Christopher Newport University Captains field fourteen sports and compete in the Capital Athletic Conference in Division III of the NCAA. High school sports ( especially football ) play a large role in the city 's culture. Sporting stars such as Michael Vick, Mike Tomlin, Al Toon, Aaron Brooks, Antoine Bethea and NBA Hall of Fame star Allen Iverson are from Newport News. The city 's stadium, John B. Todd Stadium, houses five high schools ' worth of football games usually spread over Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights. The stadium also holds the schools ' track and field meets. Additional sports options can be found just outside Newport News. On the collegiate level, the College of William and Mary, Hampton University, Norfolk State University and Old Dominion University offer NCAA Division I athletics. Virginia Wesleyan College also provides sports at the NCAA Division III level. The Peninsula Pilots play just outside the city limits at War Memorial Stadium in Hampton. The Pilots play in the Coastal Plain League, a summer baseball league. In Norfolk, the Norfolk Tides of the International League and the Norfolk Admirals of the American Hockey League. In Virginia Beach, the Hampton Roads Piranhas field men 's and women 's professional soccer teams. The Atlantic 10 Conference has been headquartered in Newport News since 2009. Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Main articles : List of parks in Newport News, Virginia and Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Fort Fun in Huntington Park Newport News Parks is responsible for the maintenance of 32 city parks. The smallest is less than half an acre ( 2,000 m2 ). The largest, Newport News Park, is 8,065 acres ( 32.64 km ), the second - largest city park in the United States. They are scattered throughout the city, from Endview Plantation in the northern end of the city to King - Lincoln Park in the southern end near the Monitor - Merrimac Memorial Bridge - Tunnel. The parks offer services to visitors, ranging from traditional park services like camping and fishing to activities like archery and disc golf. Newport News Park is in the northern part of the city. The city 's golf course lies in the park along with camping and outdoor activities. There are over 30 miles ( 48 km ) of trails in the Newport News Park complex. It has a 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) multi-use bike path. The park offers bicycle and helmet rental, and requires helmet use by children under 14. Newport News Park offers an archery range, disc golf course, and an `` aeromodel flying field '' for remote - controlled aircraft, complete with a 400 ft ( 120 m ) runway. The city supplies two public boat ramps for its citizens : Denbigh Park Boat Ramp and Hilton Pier / Ravine. Denbigh Park allows access into the Warwick River, a tributary of the James River. Denbigh Park also offers a small fishing pier. Hilton Pier offers a small beach in addition to a ravine. Croaker and trout are the fish primarily caught during the summer months and the pier is accessible to visitors in wheelchairs. Media ( edit ) Newport News 's daily newspaper is the Daily Press. Other papers include the Port Folio Weekly, the New Journal and Guide, the Hampton Roads Business Journal, and the James River Journal. Christopher Newport University publishes its own newspaper, The Captain 's Log. Hampton Roads Magazine serves as a bi-monthly regional magazine for Newport News and the Hampton Roads area. Hampton Roads Times serves as an online magazine for all the Hampton Roads cities and counties. Newport News is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area. Newport News is also served by several television stations. The Hampton Roads designated market area ( DMA ) is the 43rd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes ( 0.64 % of the total U.S. ). The major network television affiliates are WTKR - TV 3 ( CBS ), WAVY 10 ( NBC ), WVEC - TV 13 ( ABC ), WGNT 27 ( CW ), WTVZ 33 ( MyNetworkTV ), WVBT 43 ( Fox ), and WPXV 49 ( ION Television ). The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO - TV 15. Newport News residents also can receive independent stations, such as WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from the Outer Banks of North Carolina and WGBS - LD broadcasting on channel 11 from Hampton. Government ( edit ) Map showing the results of the 2016 presidential election in Newport News, Virginia by Precinct. Presidential Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 33.7 % 25,468 60.3 % 45,618 6.0 % 4,551 2012 34.3 % 27,230 64.3 % 51,100 1.4 % 1,114 2008 35.3 % 28,667 63.9 % 51,972 0.8 % 656 47.4 % 32,208 52.0 % 35,319 0.6 % 425 2000 46.7 % 27,006 51.5 % 29,779 1.8 % 1,040 42.5 % 23,072 51.0 % 27,678 6.5 % 3,538 43.8 % 26,779 42.1 % 25,743 14.0 % 8,569 59.9 % 32,570 39.4 % 21,413 0.8 % 412 1984 60.4 % 33,614 39.2 % 21,834 0.5 % 250 1980 47.7 % 22,423 47.0 % 22,066 5.3 % 2,493 1976 47.0 % 20,914 51.8 % 23,058 1.2 % 520 1972 67.4 % 27,169 30.4 % 12,233 2.3 % 910 1968 34.5 % 12,774 36.1 % 13,370 29.5 % 10,925 1964 40.9 % 10,584 59.1 % 15,296 0.1 % 14 1960 53.6 % 10,098 46.0 % 8,678 0.4 % 79 1956 53.3 % 3,779 43.3 % 3,069 3.5 % 247 1952 40.5 % 2,769 59.2 % 4,051 0.3 % 23 1948 27.7 % 1,453 65.3 % 3,420 7.0 % 366 1944 23.3 % 1,237 76.3 % 4,051 0.4 % 21 1940 18.0 % 863 81.4 % 3,907 0.6 % 29 1936 18.5 % 919 81.0 % 4,021 0.4 % 22 1932 35.2 % 1,515 62.8 % 2,703 2.0 % 86 1928 61.5 % 3,118 38.5 % 1,951 1924 33.0 % 917 56.6 % 1,574 10.5 % 292 1920 45.3 % 1,450 53.2 % 1,703 1.6 % 50 1916 31.7 % 465 64.1 % 939 4.2 % 61 1912 7.5 % 100 70.6 % 938 21.9 % 291 Federal Building and Main Post Office, West Ave. Newport News is an independent city with services that counties and cities in Virginia provide, such as a sheriff, social services, and a court system. Newport News operates under a council - manager form of government, which consists of a city council with representatives from three districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity, as well as a popularly elected, at - large mayor. The city manager serves as head of the executive branch and supervises all city departments and executing policies adopted by the council. Citizens in the three wards elect two council representatives each to serve a four - year term. The city council meets at City Hall twice a month and, as of April 2017, consisted of Mayor McKinley L. Price, Vice Mayor Tina L. Vick, Herbert H. Bateman Jr., Sharon P. Scott, Dr. Patricia `` Pat '' Woodbury, Saundra Nelson Cherry, D. Min., and Marcellus L. Harris III. The city manager is Cindy Rohlf. Newport News has a federal courthouse for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. A new courthouse will be constructed in the future. Additionally, Newport News has its own General District and Circuit Courts which convene downtown. The city is in the Virginia 's 3rd congressional district, served by U.S. Representative Robert C. Scott. Education ( edit ) The David Student Union at Christopher Newport University The main provider of primary and secondary education in the city is Newport News Public Schools. The school system includes many elementary schools, six middle schools, and the high schools, Denbigh High School, Heritage High School, Menchville High School, Warwick High School, An Achievable Dream Middle / High School, and Woodside High School. All middle, high schools, and elementary schools are fully accredited. Dutrow Elementary is an example of an elementary school that offers a Talented And Gifted program for fifth graders, or rising sixth graders. Crittenden Middle School offers a STEM magnet program to students throughout the district, preparing them for careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Warwick High School is widely known for its IB program to prepare students at all grade levels for college course levels of thinking. Several private schools are located in the area, including Denbigh Baptist Christian School, Hampton Roads Academy, Peninsula Catholic High School, Trinity Lutheran School, and Warwick River Christian School. The city contains Christopher Newport University, a public university. Other nearby public universities include Old Dominion University, Norfolk State University and The College of William and Mary. Hampton University, a private university, also sits a few miles from the city limits. Newport News Shipbuilding operates The Apprentice School, a vocational school teaching various shipyard and related trades. Thomas Nelson Community College serves as the community college. Located in neighboring Hampton and in nearby Williamsburg, Thomas Nelson offers college and career training programs. Most institutions in the Hampton Roads areas are home to a variety of students but commuter students make up a large portion. Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) See also : Newport News ( Amtrak station ) A C&O coaling tower can be seen behind the locomotive. James River Bridge, viewed from Huntington Park Beach Newport News has an elaborate transportation network, including interstate and state highways, bridges and a bridge - tunnel, freight and passenger railroad service, local transit bus and intercity bus service, and a commercial airport. There are miles of waterfront docks and port facilities. Newport News is served by three airports. Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport, in Newport News ; Norfolk International Airport, in Norfolk ; and Richmond International Airport all of which cater to passengers from Hampton Roads. The primary airport for the Virginia Peninsula is the Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport. As of 2011, it was experiencing a 5th year of record, double - digit growth, making it one of the fastest growing airports in the country. In January 2006, the airport reported having served 1,058,839 passengers. On February 4, 2010, the airport announced a new airline, Frontier Airlines, with direct flights to Denver, Colorado. It is also undergoing a $23 million expansion project. In 2012, Newport News became home to its own airline, PeoplExpress, which launched with headquarters at the Newport News / Williamsburg airport. Its inaugural first flights took place June 30, 2014 and now includes more than seven destinations. ( IATA : PHF, ICAO : KPHF, FAA LID : PHF ), Norfolk International Airport ( IATA : ORF, ICAO : KORF, FAA LID : ORF ) also serves the region. The airport is near the Chesapeake Bay, along the city limits of Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Seven airlines provide nonstop services to 25 destinations. ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities. The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is on the other side of the Hampton Roads Harbor. Amtrak serves the city with four trains a day. The line runs west along the Virginia Peninsula to Richmond and points beyond. Connecting buses are available to Norfolk and Virginia Beach. A high - speed rail connection at Richmond to the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor is under study. HRT Bus on US Route 258 Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines ( Carolina Trailways ). The bus station is on Warwick Boulevard in the Denbigh area. Transportation in the city, as well as with other major cities of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service, Hampton Roads Transit. A connecting service for local routes serving Williamsburg, James City County, and upper York County is operated by Williamsburg Area Transit Authority at Lee Hall. Utilities ( edit ) Skiffe 's Creek Reservoir of the Newport News Waterworks, located at border of James City County and the City The Newport News Waterworks was begun as a project of Collis P. Huntington as part of the development of the lower peninsula with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads, and massive shipyard which were the major sources of industrial growth which helped found Newport News as a new independent city in 1896. It included initially an impoundment of the Warwick River in western Warwick County. Later expansions included more reservoirs, including one at Skiffe 's Creek and another at Walker 's Dam on the Chickahominy River. A regional water provider, in modern times it is owned and operated by the City of Newport News, and serves over 400,000 people in the cities of Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson, and portions of York County and James City County. The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants. Healthcare ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Newport News is served by two acute care hospitals. The largest facility is Riverside Regional Medical Center ( a part of the Riverside Health System ) and the second is Mary Immaculate Hospital ( a part of the Bon Secours Hampton Roads Health System ). Riverside Hospital also known as Riverside Regional Medical Center ( a Regional Referral Hospital ), began serving the Virginia Peninsula community in 1916. In 1963 the Riverside Hospital was moved to the present 56 - acre location in Newport News on J. Clyde Morris Boulevard in the heart of the city of Newport News. It completed a $104 million expansion and improvement project in 2011. In 1952, Mary Immaculate Hospital opened its doors in the only faith - based hospital on the Peninsula. The Mary Immaculate Hospital is an acute care hospital, and was relocated to the Denbigh area of the city and offers a wide range of services, including minimally invasive surgery, orthopedic services, The Liver Institute of Virginia, and women 's services. Sister cities ( edit ) Newport News has three sister cities : Neyagawa, Osaka - fu, Japan Taizhou, Jiangsu, People 's Republic of China Greifswald, Germany See also ( edit ) List of famous people from Hampton Roads List of Mayors of Newport News, Virginia National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport News, Virginia Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Newport News Sheriff 's Office Warwick County, Virginia ( defunct ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` article name needed ''. Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names ''. United States Geological Survey. 2007 - 10 - 25. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014. 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Jump up ^ Newport News, Virginia ( VA ) profile : population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, sex offenders... Jump up ^ CQ Press : City Crime Rankings 2008 Archived June 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Overview Northrop Grumman Newport News Shipbuilding. Accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Newport News Marine Terminal Virginia Port Authority. Accessed April 2, 2008 Jump up ^ Economy -- Economic Base Newport News Economic Development Authority. Accessed April 30, 2008. Jump up ^ About Us Ferguson Enterprises Accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ L - 3 Flight International Aviation L - 3 Accessed April 3, 2008 Jump up ^ Economy -- Largest Employers Newport News City Economic Development Authority. Accessed April 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Fort Eustis Home Page Archived April 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Army. Accessed April 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Fort Monroe official website Archived July 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Army. Accessed April 4, 2008. Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org : Langley AFB Accessed April 4, 2008. Jump up ^ NWS Yorktown U.S. Navy. Accessed April 4, 2008 Jump up ^ Ware, Linda ( September 26, 2005 ). `` Jefferson Lab scientists set to test germ - killing fabrics ''. Press Release PR - JLAB - 05 - 4. Argonne, IL : Lightsources.org. Retrieved October 3, 2005. Jump up ^ Citation Needed Jump up ^ * Milton, Keith. `` Duel at Hampton Roads. '' Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3 : 38 -- 45, 97 ( Ironclads C.S.A. Virginia ( also known as Merrimack ) versus the Union Monitor of the Civil War ). Jump up ^ The Mariners ' Museum `` Museum History '' Jump up ^ Exhibits Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Virginia War Museum. Accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Hands on For Kids Gallery Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Peninsula Fine Arts Center. Accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Frank Besson page ''. U.S. Army Transportation Museum site. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ `` main page ''. U.S. Army Transportation Museum site. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05. Jump up ^ Our Mission The Ferguson Center of the Arts ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ About Port Warwick Art and Sculpture Festival Port Warwick Art and Sculpture Festival ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` About Us ''. The Virginia Living Museum. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01. Jump up ^ About Us Mason Dixon Football League Jump up ^ CNU Athletics Christopher Newport University ; accessed February 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Todd Stadium 2005 Schedule Newport News Public Schools. Accessed April 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Athletics, Newport News Public Schools, sbo.nn.k12.va.us ; accessed April 17, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Admirals ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Norfolk Tides ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` ODU Monarchs ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` NSU Spartans ''. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` VWC Marlins ''. Archived from the original on January 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` W&M Tribe ''. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Peninsula Pilots ''. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Piranhas ''. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 19. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04. Jump up ^ Parks, Squares, and Plazas Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Newport News Park Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Hilton Pier Dedicated, '' Daily Press ( Newport News, VA ) July 10, 2005, B1 - B2 Jump up ^ Parks Division Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads News Links ''. abyznewslinks.com. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Magazine ''. Hampton Roads Magazine. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Radio Links ''. ontheradio.net. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06. Jump up ^ Holmes, Gary. `` Nielsen Reports 1.1 % increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006 -- 2007 Season '', Nielsen Media Research, September 23, 2006. Retrieved on September 28, 2007. Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS Jump up ^ `` City Council -- City of Newport News ''. Newport News City Council. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17. Jump up ^ U.S. Courts -- Newport News courthouse. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Newport News Circuit Court City of Newport News ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Virginia Accreditation Status '' ( PDF ). Newport News Public Schools. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ About CNU, cnu.edu ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ About W&M College of William and Mary ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ About ODU Old Dominion University. Accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ About NSU Archived December 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., nsu.edu ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Hampton Facts, hamptonu.edu ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ Why TNCC?, tncc.edu ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport ''. Newport News / Williamsburg International Airport. Archived from the original on 2000 - 12 - 04. Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Norfolk International Airport Mission and History ''. Norfolk International Airport. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Norfolk International Airport Statistics '' ( PDF ). Norfolk International Airport. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Regional Airport ''. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Passenger Trains for the VA Peninsula 7 - 17 - 09 '' ( PPT ). The Hampton Roads Partnership. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29. Jump up ^ Amtrak Newport News Station, amtrak.com ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Southeast High Speed Rail ''. Southeast High Speed Rail. Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15. Jump up ^ Greyhound Lines / Carolina Trailways webpage ; greyhound.com ; accessed July 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Routes ''. Hampton Roads Transit. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Jump up ^ Williamsburg Area Transit Authority webpage ; accessed November 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Waterworks City of Newport News website ; accessed April 3, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Hampton Roads Sanitation District ''. Hampton Roads Sanitation District. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08. Jump up ^ Sister Cities designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. ( SCI ) Archived May 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved on August 18, 2006. External Links ( edit ) Find more aboutNewport News, Virginiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Hampton Roads Economic Development Alliance -- serving Newport News Virginia Architecture Today North Huntington Heights Preservation Association Newport News Digital Library - NNPLS James River Journal Places adjacent to Newport News, Virginia James City County York County Surry County James River Newport News Hampton Isle of Wight County Suffolk Portsmouth City of Newport News Topics History Timeline Culture People Education Economy Mayors Former Warwick County Parks Causey 's Mill Park Newport News Park Lake Maury King - Lincoln Park Hilton Pier / Ravine Denbigh Park Boat Ramp Endview Plantation Military Fort Eustis Joint Base Langley -- Eustis Naval Weapons Station Yorktown Neighborhoods City Center Colony Pines Christopher Shores - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Newport News, Virginia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Newport_News,_Virginia&amp;oldid=828309342" }

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{ "text": "Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast - wikipedia Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast Jump to : navigation, search `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' Single by Wayne Newton from the album Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast B - side `` Echo Valley 2 - 6809 '' ( U.S. ) `` Walking in the Sand '' ( Intl. ) Released April 8, 1972 Genre Pop Length 3 : 18 Label Chelsea Records 0100 Songwriter ( s ) Peter Callander, Geoff Stephens Producer ( s ) Wes Farrell Wayne Newton singles chronology `` I Ai n't That Easy to Lose '' ( 1971 ) `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' ( 1972 ) `` Ca n't You Hear the Song? '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ai n't That Easy to Lose '' ( 1971 ) `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' ( 1972 ) `` Ca n't You Hear the Song? '' ( 1972 ) `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' is a song written by Peter Callander and Geoff Stephens and performed by Wayne Newton. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in July 1972. The song reached number 3 on the adult contemporary chart, and number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song spent one week at number 1 on the Cashbox chart on August 5, 1972, one week at number 1 in Canada, and spent three weeks at number 1 in Australia. The song appeared on Newton 's 1972 album, Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast. The song was produced by Wes Farrell and arranged by Mike Melvoin. The song was ranked number 10 on Billboard magazine 's Top Hot 100 songs of 1972. The song also was ranked number 7 on the Kent Music Report 's 25 songs of 1972. Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Other versions 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia Canada US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Country 55 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Other versions ( edit ) Daniel Boone released the original version of the song as his debut single in 1971. It reached # 1 in New Zealand and # 17 on the UK Singles Chart. It was featured on his 1971 album, Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast. nl : Herman van Keeken made a Dutch version of this song in 1971, called `` Pappie loop toch niet zo snel ''. Henson Cargill released a version as the B - side of his February 1972 single, `` I Ca n't Face the Bed Alone ''. It was featured on his 1972 album, On the Road. Frank Ifield released a version on June 15, 1972 in Australia. Ace Cannon released a version on his 1973 album, Baby Dont Get Hooked on Me. Roy Clark released a version on his 1973 album, Come Live with Me. Tony Christie The Ray Conniff singers Sven Libaek Orchestra Lou Pride Charlie Rich The Sensations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murrells, Joseph ( 1978 ). The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed. ). London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 317. ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Daddy, Do n't You Walk So Fast ( song by Wayne Newton ) ''. Musicvf.com. 1972 - 04 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, August 5, 1972 Jump up ^ `` Wayne Newton - Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast ( Vinyl, LP, Album ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Wayne Newton - Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast / Echo Valley 2 - 6809 - Chelsea - USA - 78 - 0100 ''. 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Daddy, Do n't You Walk So Fast ( song by Wayne Newton ) ''. Musicvf.com. 1972 - 04 - 22. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03. Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, August 5, 1972 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 ''. Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts, December 30, 1972 ''. tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast ( song by Daniel Boone ) ''. Musicvf.com. 1971 - 08 - 14. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone - Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast ( Vinyl, LP ) ''. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Henson Cargill - I Ca n't Face The Bed Alone / Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast - Mega - USA - 615 - 0060 ''. 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` On the Road - Henson Cargill Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Frank Ifield - Daddy, Do n't You Walk So Fast / Beautiful Love - MAM - Australia - MAM - 9914 ''. 45cat.com. 1972 - 06 - 15. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Baby Dont Get Hooked on Me - Ace Cannon Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ Greg Adams. `` Come Live With Me - Roy Clark Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` The Very Best of Tony Christie - Tony Christie Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Complete Ray Conniff And His Orchestra, Vol. 1 - Ray Conniff Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Nadia 's Theme - Sven Libaek Orchestra Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` The Best of Charlie Rich ( Epic ) - Charlie Rich Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. 1939 - 07 - 12. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Ai n't No More Love in This House - Lou Pride Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. Jump up ^ Steve Leggett ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ). `` Trojan Seventies - Various Artists Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Wayne Newton Singles `` Danke Schoen '' `` Shirl Girl '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Summer Wind '' `` Remember When ( We Made These Memories ) '' `` Summer Colors '' `` Love of the Common People '' `` Dreams of the Everyday Housewife '' `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' `` Ca n't You Hear the Song? '' `` Years '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy_Don%27t_You_Walk_So_Fast&oldid=783665756 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Peter Callander Songs written by Geoff Stephens Wayne Newton songs Henson Cargill songs Roy Clark songs Charlie Rich songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Debut singles Song recordings produced by Wes Farrell Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017, at 21 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Daddy_Don%27t_You_Walk_So_Fast&amp;oldid=783665756" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "4367095814107777935" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Kit Kat - wikipedia Kit Kat Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Kit Kat ( disambiguation ). Kit Kat International Kit Kat logo United States Kit Kat logo 4 - fingered Kit Kat split in half Product type Confectionery Owner Nestlé ( Worldwide ) The Hershey Company ( US ) Country United Kingdom Introduced 29 August 1935 ; 82 years ago ( 1935 - 08 - 29 ) Markets World Previous owners Rowntree ( 1935 - 1988 ) Tagline `` Have a break... Have a Kit Kat! '' ( Worldwide ) `` Gimme a break, Gimme a break, Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat Bar! '', `` Break time, anytime '' ( US only ) Website kitkat.com Kit Kat is a chocolate - covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree 's of York, United Kingdom, and is now produced globally by Nestlé, which acquired Rowntree in 1988, with the exception of the United States where it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy Company, a division of The Hershey Company. The standard bars consist of two or four fingers composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. There are many different flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Global confection 3 Design 4 Marketing and promotion 4.1 Association with Android 4.2 Fairtrade 4.3 Golden ticket draw 5 Varieties 5.1 Flavours 5.2 Forms 6 Chocolatory Melbourne 7 Criticism and controversy 8 Ingredients 8.1 Europe 8.2 United States 8.3 Canada 8.4 Asia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Use of the name Kit Kat or Kit Cat for a type of food goes back to the 18th century, when mutton pies known as a Kit - Kat were served at meetings of the political Kit - Cat Club in London owned by pastry chef Christopher Catling. The origins of what is now known as the Kit Kat brand go back to 1911, when Rowntree 's, a confectionery company based in York in the United Kingdom, trademarked the terms Kit Cat and Kit Kat. The names were not used immediately and Kit Kat first appeared in the 1920s, when Rowntree 's launched a brand of boxed chocolates entitled Kit Cat. This continued into the 1930s, when Rowntree 's shifted focus and production onto its Black Magic and Dairy Box brands. With the promotion of alternative products the Kit Cat brand decreased and was eventually discontinued. The original four - finger bar was developed after a worker at Rowntree 's York Factory put a suggestion in a recommendation box for a snack that `` a man could take to work in his pack ''. The bar launched on 29 August 1935, under the title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp ( priced at 2d ), and was sold in London and throughout Southern England. The product 's official title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was renamed Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp in 1937, the same year that Kit Kat began to incorporate `` Break '' into its recognisable advertising strategy The colour scheme and first flavour variation to the brand came in 1942, owing to World War II, when food shortages prompted an alteration in the recipe. The flavour of Kit Kat was changed to dark chocolate ; the packaging abandoned its Chocolate Crisp title, and was adorned in blue. After the war the title was altered to Kit Kat and resumed its original milk recipe and red packaging. 4 - finger US Kit Kat Following on from its success in the United Kingdom, in the 1940s Kit Kat was exported to Canada, South Africa, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1958, Donald Gilles, the executive at JWT Orland, created the iconic advertising line `` Have a Break, Have a Kit Kat ''. The brand further expanded in the 1970s when Rowntree created a new distribution factory in Germany to meet European demand, and established agreements to distribute the brand in the USA and Japan through the Hershey and Fujiya companies, respectively. In June 1988, Swiss company Nestlé acquired Kit Kat through the purchase of Rowntree 's. This gave Nestlé global control over the brand, except in the US, and production and distribution increased with new facilities in Japan and additional manufacturing operations set up in Malaysia, India and China. The Hershey Company has a licence to produce Kit Kat bars in the United States which dates from 1970, when Hershey executed a licensing agreement with Rowntree. Nestlé, which has a substantial presence in the US, had to honour the licensing agreement when it bought Rowntree in 1988 which allowed Hershey to retain the Kit Kat licence so long as Hershey was not sold. As Kit Kat is one of Hershey 's top five brands in the US market, the Kit Kat licence was a key factor in Hershey 's failed attempt to attract a serious buyer in 2002. Variants in the traditional chocolate bar first appeared in 1996 when Kit Kat Orange, the first flavour variant, was introduced in the United Kingdom. Its success was followed by several varieties including mint and caramel, and in 1999 Kit Kat Chunky was launched and received favourably by international consumers. Variations on the traditional Kit Kat have continued to develop throughout the 2000s. In 2000, Nestlé acquired Fujiya 's share of the brand in Japan, and also expanded its marketplace in Japan, Russia, Turkey, and Venezuela, in addition to markets in Eastern and Central Europe. Throughout the decade Kit Kat has introduced dozens of flavours and line extensions within specific consumer markets, and celebrated its 75th anniversary on 10 October 2009. The traditional bar has four fingers which each measure approximately 1 centimetre ( 0.4 in ) by 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ). A two - finger bar was launched in the 1930s, and has remained the company 's best - selling biscuit brand ever since. The 1999 Kit Kat Chunky ( known as Big Kat and Kit Kat Extra Crispy in the US ) has one large finger approximately 2.5 centimetres ( 1 in ) wide. Kit Kat bars contain varying numbers of fingers depending on the market, ranging from the half - finger sized Kit Kat Petit in Japan, to the three - fingered variants in Arabia, to the twelve - finger family - size bars in Australia and France. Kit Kat bars are sold individually and in bags, boxes and multi-packs. In Ireland, France, the UK and America Nestlé also produces a Kit Kat ice cream, and in Australia and Malaysia, Kit Kat Drumsticks. In 2010, a new £ 5 million manufacturing line was opened by Nestlé in York. This will produce more than a billion Kit Kat bars each year. Global confection ( edit ) Countries where Kit Kat is marketed. Kit Kat bars are produced in 16 countries by Nestlé : Brazil, Mexico, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, Russia, Japan, China, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Bulgaria and Algeria. Kit Kat bars in the United States are produced under licence by The Hershey Company, a Nestlé competitor, due to a prior licensing agreement with Rowntree. The year 2003 was a turning point for the Kit Kat bar as well as the confectionery industry in general. The popularity of low carb diets and the push to healthier eating stifled sales growth in many parts of the world. In addition, fierce competition from Cadbury 's newly formed Dairy Milk superbrand also contributed to sales of the Kit Kat decreasing considerably in its home market of the UK, and threatened to depose it from its No. 1 position. The solution adopted by Nestlé and others was to increase dramatically the number of new and unique variations of their confections and market them as limited or special editions, whereby they would usually only be available for a few months at a time so as not to impact the sales of their permanent edition counterparts. The strategy initially reversed the decline of the Kit Kat and has been adopted worldwide by Nestlé, Hershey, Mars and others with similar success. This has resulted in many new flavours and varieties of the Kit Kat and other confections appearing globally since then. While some flavours have been hits, many have flopped, alienating some consumers in the process, causing Nestlé to scale back on new releases. In September 2006, Nestlé announced that they would be cutting 645 jobs in their York factory and moving Smarties production to their Hamburg factory in which two thirds of production was already taking place. They stated that this move would allow for a £ 20 million investment to modernise the antiquated York factory and improve Kit Kat production. As dark chocolate has seen increased demand and favour worldwide because of its purported health benefits, September 2006 saw the launch of the four - finger Kit Kat Fine Dark in the United_Kingdom as a permanent edition, as well as new packaging for the entire brand. Hershey had sold the four - finger Kit Kat Dark in the US several years previously as a limited edition, and has begun doing so again. Nestlé now manufactures two finger Kit Kats with natural flavourings, and for the first time, Kit Kats in this format are suitable for vegans. It is not known at this date whether or not other varieties will follow suit. In 2014, Kit Kat was ranked the third best selling chocolate bar in the United_Kingdom, after Dairy Milk and Galaxy. Design ( edit ) The US packaging When first introduced, the original Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp bar had a red wrapper, which briefly became blue between 1945 -- 1947. As a result of milk shortages after the end of World War II, the milk chocolate coating was suspended and a dark chocolate was used instead during that period. Since its introduction in the 1970s, the Hershey 's Kit Kat packaging and advertising in the United States differed from the branding used in every other country where it was sold. In 2002, Hershey Kit Kats adopted the slanted ellipse logo used worldwide by Nestlé, though the ellipse was red and the text white. The US version of `` Kit Kat Chunky '' is known as `` Big Kat ''. In the United Kingdom, the product has traditionally been wrapped in silver foil and an outer paper band. In 2001, flow wrap plastic was substituted as the confectionery 's packaging. In Norway, a similar product is manufactured by Mondelēz International and sold as Kvikk Lunsj ; Kvikk Lunsj XXL is similar to a Kit Kat Chunky. Marketing and promotion ( edit ) After launching in the 1930s, Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was originally advertised as `` the biggest little meal '' and `` the best companion to a cup of tea ''. During World War II, Kit Kat was depicted as a valuable wartime foodstuff, with the slogan `` what active people need ''. ' Kitty the Kat ' arrived in the late 1940s to emphasise the `` rich full cream milk '' qualities of the bar and, thanks to contemporary improvements in production methods, also highlighted the new and improved ' snap ' by responding to a biscuit being broken off screen. The first Kit Kat poster appeared in 1951, and the first colour TV advertisement appeared in 1969. Since 1958, the slogan for the Kit Kat in the UK and elsewhere has been `` Have a break... have a Kit Kat ''. However, in 1995, Nestlé sought to trademark the `` Have a break '' portion. After a ten - year legal battle, which was contested by rival Mars, the European Court of Justice ruled on 7 July 2005 to send the case back to the British courts. In 2004, Nestlé UK used the slogan `` Make the most of your break '', but later returned to the original slogan. The United States also used the short - lived slogan, `` Tastes So Good, You 'll Roar '', in the early 1980s. The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat bars in a grocery store, and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently, knocking items from the shelves. Another short - lived US slogan was `` That 's What You Want '', whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses, before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat. The `` classic '' American version of the `` Gimme a Break '' Kit Kat jingle ( in use in the US since 1986 ) was written by Ken Shuldman ( copy ) and Michael A. Levine ( music ) for the DDB Advertising Agency. Versions of the original have been covered by Carrie Underwood, Shawn Colvin, and many studio singers, as well as people who have appeared on - camera in the commercials. The jingle was cited in a study by University of Cincinnati researcher James J. Kellaris as one of the top ten `` earworms '' -- bits of melody that become stuck in your head. Another version of the advertising jingle ' Gimme a break ' created for Kit Kat `` Factory '' commercial in the US was an original recording by Andrew W.K. W.K. was hired to write a new musical version for their `` Gimme a break '' slogan. Variations on the Andrew W.K. advertisement included executive dance routines in corporate offices and a network newsroom. However, the `` classic '' song has also been used again since the newer version first aired in 2004. A 1989 United Kingdom advertisement for Kit Kat, in which a zoo photographer `` takes a break '' from waiting for pandas to appear in an enclosure and misses them performing a dance routine, came in 30th in Channel 4 's `` 100 Greatest Adverts '' poll in 2000. The Maltese tour boat MV Lady Davinia had a distinctive red and white Kit Kat paint scheme before she sank in 2008. In late 2004 through to the end of 2006, Nestlé Rowntree sponsored the English football club York City F.C.. As a result, the club 's home - ground, Bootham Crescent, was renamed to KitKat Crescent. In a 2012 advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland, several new flavours of Chunky Kit Kat were marketed, with consumers being asked to vote for their favourite. Selecting from white chocolate, double chocolate, peanut butter, and orange, Peanut butter was the winner by having 47 % of votes. A similar campaign occurred in 2013 with mint, coconut, hazelnut and chocolate fudge. Association with Android ( edit ) In September 2013, it was announced that version 4.4 of Google 's Android mobile operating system would be named `` KitKat ''. Google licensed the name from Nestlé, with no money changing hands. A promotion ran in numerous countries with specially branded Android Kit Kat bars to win Nexus 7 devices and Google Play Store credit. A Kitkat bar statue in Googleplex Headquarters Fairtrade ( edit ) In December 2009, it was announced that the four finger variety of Kit Kat would use Fairtrade chocolate ( at least in Britain and Ireland ) from January 2010. It has also been announced that the Fairtrade Kit Kat promotion will be extended to the finger edition as of January 2010. Golden ticket draw ( edit ) During the first three weeks of Big Brother Series 7, Channel 4 conducted a promotion in conjunction with Nestlé to distribute 100 `` golden tickets '' randomly throughout Kit Kats, in a style reminiscent of the story Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Members of the public finding these tickets were permitted to use them to give themselves a chance to become a Big Brother housemate and bypass the standard auditions process. Golden ticket holders were invited to a television show where one of them, Susie Verrico, was chosen to enter the House by Aisleyne Horgan - Wallace, picking a ball out of a machine at random. This contest caused some controversy, with the Advertising Standards Authority saying that the terms and conditions of the draw should have been made clearer in related advertisements, and that an independent adjudicator should have been present before and during the draw. Varieties ( edit ) Flavours ( edit ) Kit Kat Matcha Many varieties of Kit Kat have existed, either permanently or as limited editions, such as those sold to commemorate festivals such as St. Valentine 's Day. In Japan, Nestlé has introduced over 200 different flavours since 2000, including ginger ale, soy sauce, creme brulee, green tea, sake, and banana. The flavours are designed to appeal to younger buyers, and are often bought as good - luck gifts as the brand name echoes the Japanese phrase `` Kitto Katsu '', roughly translating as `` surely win. '' The Kit Kat Orange was the first flavour variant to be introduced in the United Kingdom, in 1996 and 1998 in Ireland. It was followed in 1997 by the Kit Kat Dark and Kit Kat Mint. All three were available as permanent editions of the two - finger multipack in the United Kingdom, along with the Kit Kat Original, the Kit Kat White, and from 2012 the Kit Kat Cookies & Cream. A wide variety of promotional items exist, ranging from traditional merchandise ( such as mugs, pens, oven gloves and tea - towels ) to less common items such as coats for small dogs. Recently in Japan, Kit Kats have come packaged with CD singles, and a special limited edition double pack of Kit Kat Crispy Monogatari came bundled with a mini book featuring six short stories, one of which was written by Koji Suzuki, author of the Ring cycle series. In Japan, Kit Kats are also available in jars that are dispensed from vending machines. Forms ( edit ) Kit Kat varieties : Pop Choc, regular and Chunky ( or Big Kat ) The ' standard ' Kit Kat finger bars can come in a variety of presentations and nutritional values. The bars can come in a miniature form of two finger mini bars, or a larger standard four, or in some cases, three, fingered bars. The standard size has been upgraded in several cases up to a ' monster Size ' bar, which can include up to five or eight fingers. Large single - fingered `` Chunky Kit Kats '' were launched in the United Kingdom in 1998 and have been sold in a variety of flavours. The market for Chunky Kit Kats has also expanded to Canada. Other forms and shapes include `` Choc'n'Go '' individually wrapped fingers from France, a twelve - finger `` Family Block which is available in New Zealand, '' in Australia, round bite - sized `` Pop Choc '' pieces, square `` Kubes '', praline - filled `` Senses '', a yoghurt with Kit Kat pieces, and a Kit Kat ice cream cone. In the 1980s, a Kit Kat with five shorter fingers was sold in vending machines in the UK. The Japanese Bake ' N Tasty Mini Kit Kats Custard Pudding Flavour was launched in 2014. The bar must be baked in an oven before consumption, and the surface sugar caramelises in the process. In 2015, a new luxury and giftable variant of Kit Kat called Kit Kat Rubies was launched in Malaysia. Comes with the box of 20 small bars, the Kit Kat Rubies bar made with the premium chocolate truffle cream and imported roasted hazelnut pieces. As of 2017, U.S. variants include the standard and king - size four - finger bars, standard bars covered with white or dark chocolate, snack - size orange - covered bars for Halloween, bagged wrapped one - finger miniatures ( original and assorted ), unwrapped minis, a redesigned Big Kat, and a king - size Big Kat ( two of the new Big Kat bars ). Chocolatory Melbourne ( edit ) Kit Kat has opened a Chocolatory in the Melbourne Central Shopping Centre in Melbourne, Australia. The dedicated shop allows customers to use touch screens to craft their own Kit Kat from a selection of chocolates and ingredients which are then created for them on site while they wait. Criticism and controversy ( edit ) In March 2010, Kit Kat was targeted for a boycott by Greenpeace for using palm oil, which the environmental organisation claimed resulted in destruction of forest habitats for orangutans in Indonesia. A YouTube video by Greenpeace went viral and Nestlé announced a partnership with The Forest Trust to establish `` responsible sourcing guidelines '' and ensure that its products did not have a deforestation footprint. They aimed to achieve a fully sustainable method of palm oil harvesting by 2015. Kit Kat Milk Chocolate is made for the North American market with the ingredient PGPR ( polyglycerol polyricinoleate, E476, AKA Palsgaard PGPR 4150 ), which is used to reduce the amount of cocoa butter needed and as an emulsifier. The FDA has determined it to be safe for humans in amounts up to 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. `` Liver and kidney enlargement was noticed at much higher doses. '' Ingredients ( edit ) Original Kit Kat ingredients unless otherwise stated, listed by decreasing weight : milk chocolate ( sugar, milk ingredients, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, whey powder, lactose, soya lecithin, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, natural flavour ), wheat flour, sugar, modified palm oil, cocoa, sodium bicarbonate, soya lecithin, yeast, and natural flavour. Europe ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( 66 % ) ( sugar, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, dried whole milk, cocoa mass, lactose and proteins from whey, whey powder, emulsifier ( sunflower lecithin ), butterfat, flavouring ), wheat flour, sugar, vegetable fat, cocoa mass, yeast, raising agent ( sodium bicarbonate ), salt, emulsifier ( soya lecithin ), flavourings. In 2006, the UK four - finger Kit Kat contained 233 dietary calories ( kcal ) ( 975 kilojoules ). In 2009, the two - finger Kit Kat contained 107 calories. In 2013, the UK Kit Kat Chunky contained 247 calories which reduced to 207 calories in 2015. This correlated to a reduction in weight by 19 % from 48 g to 40 g. United States ( edit ) Hershey 's Kit Kat Crisp Wafers in Chocolate ( 1 oz ) Sugar, wheat flour, cocoa butter, nonfat milk, chocolate, refined palm kernel oil, lactose ( milk ), milk fat, contains 2 % or less of : soy lecithin, PGPR ( emulsifier ), yeast, artificial flavor, salt, and sodium bicarbonate. Canada ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( sugar, modified milk ingredients, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, whey powder, lactose, soya lecithin, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, natural flavour ), wheat flour, sugar, modified palm oil, cocoa, sodium bicarbonate, soya lecithin, yeast, Natural Flavour. Dark chocolate ( sugar, unsweetened chocolate, cocoa butter, milk ingredients, soya lecithin, salt, artificial flavour ), wheat flour, sugar, modified palm oil, unsweetened chocolate or cocoa powder, sodium bicarbonate, soya lecithin, artificial flavour. May contain salt and / or yeast. Asia ( edit ) Nestlé has factories in various locations in China, to supply to China and Hong Kong. During the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, where melamine was found to have tainted some milk suppliers in China, importers in Hong Kong chose to import bars manufactured in the United Kingdom. See also ( edit ) Kit Kats in Japan Kvikk Lunsj References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nestlé UK Website - History of Rowntree ''. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2007. 1988 -- Nestlé SA buys Rowntree plc. Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the name Kit Kat ''. Nestlé. Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew ( 31 January 2013 ). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. OUP USA. ISBN 9780199734962. ^ Jump up to : `` Happy 75th birthday Kit Kat ) Nestlé ''. Archived from the original on 15 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` KitKat 's 75th anniversary heralded ''. The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand : Fairfax Media. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Kit Kat ''. Nestlé. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Turns 75 ''. Stevenage, England : Popsop. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Celebrates Its 75th Anniversary ''. Net News Publisher. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nestlé quiet on Hershey sale ''. Confectionery News. William Reed Business Media. 5 August 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross ( 27 August 2002 ). `` Possible buyers, seller far apart on Hershey sale / Price and politics are obstacles ''. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco : Hearst Communications. New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nestlé 's new UK wafer line to boost Kit Kat production ''. Nestlé. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Fat profits : Choc tactics ''. BBC News. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Consumers ' snub unhealthy brands ' ''. BBC News. London : British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 December 2003. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ Uhlig, Robert ( 19 February 2004 ). `` Cheesecake Kit Kat? Give us a break ''. The Telegraph. London : Telegraph Group. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lemon Yoghurt Boosts Kit Kat '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ). Jump up ^ `` Limited Editions Are Latest Candy Craze ''. ABC News. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ Abelson, Jenn ( 2 May 2005 ). `` Limited - edition candies sweeten the marketplace ''. The Boston Globe. Boston : The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 May 2013. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 645 jobs lost as Nestlé ships Smarties abroad ''. The Guardian. 21 September 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hersheys Product Locator ''. The Hershey Company. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 selling chocolate bars in the UK ''. Wales Online. Retrieved 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ Suzy Bashford `` BRAND HEALTH CHECK : Kit kat '', Marketing, 14 June 2001 Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat slogan dispute sent back to U.K. courts ''. International Herald Tribune. La Défense, France : The New York Times Company. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Marinovich, Slaven ( 6 June 2005 ). `` Kit Kat barred ''. Brand Channel. Interbrand. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` City stadium takes sponsor 's name ''. BBC News. London : British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Android KitKat ''. Jump up ^ Kelion, Leo ( 3 September 2013 ). `` Android KitKat unveiled in Google surprise move ''. BBC News Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2013. ' This is not a money - changing - hands kind of deal, ' John Lagerling, director of Android global partnerships, told the BBC. Jump up ^ `` Google : Next Android mobile software version dubbed ' KitKat ' ''. Press Trust of India. San Francisco : The Hindu. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2015. Jump up ^ Wallop, Harry ( 7 December 2009 ). `` Nestlé 's Kit Kat goes Fairtrade ''. The Telegraph. London : Telegraph Group. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Chambers, Andrew ( 12 December 2009 ). `` Not so fair trade ''. The Guardian. London : Guardian News & Media. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contest slammed again ''. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2006. ^ Jump up to : Ivine, Dean ( 2 February 2013 ). `` How did Kit Kat become king of candy in Japan? ''. cnn.com. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill ( 10 May 2010 ). `` Kit Kat Kaleidoscope : Far - Out Flavours From Japan ''. npr.com. Washington, D.C. : NPR. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Ryall, Julian ( 2 February 2005 ). `` Exam fever gives Japan a craving for Kit Kat ''. The Telegraph. London : Telegraph Group. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ben Viveur : Tuck Off ''. Ben Viveur. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014. Jump up ^ Lam, Charles. `` Kit Kats You Can Bake Coming to... Japan ''. ocweekly.com. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Jump up ^ Tey, Kelly ( 3 January 2015 ). `` Rolling out delicious ' rubies ' ''. thestar.com.my. Retrieved 5 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Products ''. Hershey.com. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.kitkat.com.au/ Jump up ^ Poynton, Scott ( 18 March 2011 ). `` Dancing With Devils ''. The Huffington Post. New York : AOL. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ Armstrong, Paul ( 2 March 2013 ). `` Greenpeace, Nestlé in battle over Kit Kat viral ''. cnn.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nestlé committed to traceable sustainable palm oil to ensure no - deforestation ''. Nestlé. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Milk Chocolate ''. Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers overlook cocoa butter savings '' ( PDF ). Jump up ^ `` GRAS Notice 000466 : polyricinoleic acid '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 9 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Collection ''. Nestlé. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` A low calorie treat from KitKat ''. Easier. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Kat. Nestlé : Kit Kat The Hershey Company : Kit Kat Nestlé Brands Appliances BabyNes Dolce Gusto Nescafé Alegria Nescafé Barista Nespresso Special. 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Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Currently manufactured by General Mills in the United States and Canada. Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere. Brand owned by General Mills ; US and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license. US production rights owned by The Hershey Company. Canadian production rights owned by The Hershey Company. US rights and production owned by Smarties Candy Company, with a different product. US rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé ; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods. Produced by Cereal Partners, branded as Nestlé. Produced by Cereal Partners, and Branded Nestlé in The United Kingdom, and Ireland. Produced by Post Foods, elsewhere. Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation. Used only in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia. Used only in the Philippines. Used only in Brazil. 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Hershey Medical Center Hershey, PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Kat&oldid=843598200 '' Categories : Brand name biscuits ( British style ) Brand name confectionery British confectionery Nestlé brands The Hershey Company brands Products introduced in 1935 Rowntree 's brands Yorkshire cuisine Fair trade brands Kosher food Candy bars Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from December 2017 EngvarB from October 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 05 : 38. 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{ "text": "Indian Civil Service ( British India ) - Wikipedia Indian Civil Service ( British India ) The Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service, was the elite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947. Its members ruled more than 300 million people in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma ( then comprising British Raj ). They were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII of the Government of India Act 1858, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The ICS was headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet. At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS, known as `` Civilians '', were British, and had been educated in the best British schools. By 1905, five per cent were from Bengal. In 1947 there were 322 Indians and 688 British members ; most of the latter left at the time of partition and independence. Until the 1930s the Indians in the service were very few and were not given high posts by the British. Wainwright notes that by the mid-1880s, `` the basis of racial discrimination in the sub-continent had solidified ''. At the time of the birth of India and Pakistan in 1947, the outgoing Government of India 's ICS was divided between India and Pakistan. Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary Civil Services of India, the Central Superior Services of Pakistan, Bangladesh Civil Service and Myanmar Civil Service are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the Indian Army, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India. Contents ( hide ) 1 Civil service 1.1 Origins and history 1.1. 1 Entry and setting 1.2 Uniform and Dressing 1.3 Nature and role 2 Salary and posts 2.1 Ranks / Posts of the Indian ( Imperial ) Civil Service 3 Changes after 1912 4 From the 1935 Government of India act to Independence 5 Independence of India 6 Support and criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Civil Service ( edit ) Origins and History ( edit ) Main articles : Civil Service in early India and British Raj From 1858, after the demise of the East India Company 's rule in India, the British civil service took on its administrative responsibilities. The change in governance came about due to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which came close to toppling British rule in the country. Entry and setting ( edit ) Main articles : Aitchison Commission and Early Nationalists Up to 1853, the Directors of the British East India Company made appointments of covenanted civil servants by nominations. This nomination system was abolished in 1855 by the Parliament in England and it was decided that the induction would be through competitive examinations of all British subjects, without distinction of race. Th examination for admission to the service was first held only in London in the month of August of each year. All candidate also had to pass a compulsory horse riding test. `` An appointment to the civil service of the Company will not be a matter favour but a matter of right. He who obtains such an appointment will owe it solely to his own abilities and industry. It is undoubtedly desirable that the civil servants of the Company should have received the best, the most finished education that the native country affords ( the Report insisted that the civil servants of the Company should have taken the first degree in arts at Oxford or Cambridge Universities ). '' -- Macaulay Committee Report The competitive examination for entry to the civil service was combined for the Diplomatic, the Home, the Indian, and the Colonial Services. Candidates had to be aged between 21 and 24, which gave everyone three chances for entry. The total marks possible in the examination were 1,900. Successful candidates underwent one or two years probation in England, according to whether they had taken the London or the Indian examination. This period was spent at the University of Oxford ( Indian Institute ), the University of Cambridge, colleges in the University of London ( including School of Oriental Studies ) or Trinity College, Dublin, where a candidate studied the law and institutions of India, including criminal law and the Law of Evidence, which together gave knowledge of the revenue system, as well as reading Indian history and learning the language of the Province to which they had been assigned. The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, worked for several implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission and a resolution of the House of Commons ( 1893 ) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India. By 1920, there were five methods of entry into the higher civil service : firstly, the open competitive examinations in London ; secondly, separate competitive examinations in India ; thirdly, nomination in India to satisfy provincial and communal representation ; fourthly, promotion from the Provincial Civil Service and lastly, appointments from the bar ( one - fourth of the posts in the ICS were to be filled from the bar ). Uniform and dressing ( edit ) Sir Henry Edward Stokes and Sir Gabriel Stokes in the uniform of the Indian Civil Service. Queen Victoria had suggested that the civil servants in India should have an official dress uniform, as did their counterparts in the Colonial Service. However, the Council of India decided that prescribing a dress uniform would be an undue expense for their officials. Although no uniform was prescribed for the Indian Civil Service until the early twentieth century. The only civilians allowed a dress uniform by regulations were those who had distinct duties of a political kind to perform, and who are thereby brought into frequent and direct personal intercourse with native princes. This uniform included a blue coat with gold embroidery, a black velvet lining, collar and cuffs, blue cloth trousers with gold and lace two inches wide, a beaver cocked hat with black silk cockade and ostrich feathers, and a sword. Nature and role ( edit ) Main article : Aitchison Commission The civil services were divided into two categories -- covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of only white British civil servants occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was solely introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of the administration. Salary and posts ( edit ) After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the pay scales were drawn up. Assistant Commissioners started out in their early twenties on around £ 300 a year. The governorship of a British province was the highest post an ICS officer could aspire for. The Governors at the top of the pyramid got £ 6,000 and allowances. All ICS officers retired on the same pension £ 1,000. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the imbalance in salaries and emoluments was so great that 8,000 British officers earned £ 13,930,554, while 130,000 Indians in government service were collectively paid a total of £ 3,284,163. They served a minimum of twenty five and a maximum of thirty five years service. ICS officers served as political officers in the Indian Political Department and also were given fifty percent judgeship in the state high court and rest were generally elevated from the high court bar. The tenure of ICS officers serving as judges of the high court and Supreme Court was determined by the retirement age fixed for judges. Ranks / Posts of the Indian ( Imperial ) Civil Service ( edit ) Central Government Secretary to Government of India Joint Secretary to Government of India Deputy Secretary Additional Deputy Secretary Under Secretary Assistant Secretary to Government of India Courts Judge of State High Court District Judge State Government Chief Secretary ( British Empire ) Secretary to State Government Divisional Commissioner Deputy Commissioner / District Collector Changes after 1912 ( edit ) `` If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better. Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced... '' -- Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services, Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms With the passing of the Government of India Act 1919, the Imperial Services headed by the Secretary of State for India, were split into two -- All India Services and Central Services. Prior to the First World War, 95 % of ICS officers were Europeans ; after the war, the British government faced growing difficulties in recruiting British candidates to the service. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, mainly due to the decreased levels of compensation to be had compared to other careers. Confronted with numerous vacancies, the government resorted to direct appointments ; between 1915 and 1924, 80 % of new British ICS candidates entered the service in this way. During the same period, 44 % of new appointments to the ICS were filled by Indians. In 1922, Indian candidates were permitted to sit the ICS examinations in Delhi ; in 1924, the Lee Commission, chaired by Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham ( which eventually led to the foundation of the Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act, 1935 ) made several recommendations : ICS officers should receive increased and more comprehensive levels of compensation, future batches of ICS officers should be composed of 40 % Europeans and 40 % Indians, with the remaining 20 % of appointments to be filled by direct promotion of Indians from the Provincial Civil Services ( PCS ) and the examinations in Delhi and London were to produce an equal number of ICS probationers. In addition, under - representation of candidates from Indian minority groups ( Muslims, Burmese and so on ) would be corrected by direct appointments of qualified candidates from those groups, while British candidates would continue to have priority over Indians for ICS appointments. While initially successful, the expansion of the Indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in a hardening of Indian attitudes against European officers, and furthered distrust of Indian ICS appointments amongst Indians. This resulted in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity. The All India and class 1 Central Services were designated as Central Superior Services as early as 1924. From 1924 to 1934, Administration in India consisted of `` ten '' All India Services and five central departments, all under the control of Secretary of State for India, and 3 central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control. From the 1935 government of India Act to independence ( edit ) The finances of India under British rule depended largely on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The suppression of civil disobedience by the British after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents, but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress - controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. The outbreak of the Second World War strengthened them again, but in the face of the Quit India movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force, and by 1946 -- 47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside. The outbreak of war in 1939 had immediate consequences for recruitment to the ICS. The examinations in London were suspended after that year 's batch ( 12 British and eight Indian examinees ) had qualified. In 1940 and 1941, 12 and four British candidates, respectively, were nominated to the ICS ; the following year, the final London - nominated ICS candidates, both of whom were Indian, entered the service. Examinations continued to be held in Delhi for Indian candidates until 1943, when the last seven ICS officers ( seven examinees, two nominated ) joined. By this time, the British government felt it could no longer rely unambiguously on the complete loyalty of its Indian officers. During the period of the Interim Government of India ( 1946 - 1947 ), a few British candidates were given emergency appointments in the ICS, though ultimately none of them ever served in India. Independence of India ( edit ) At the time of the partition of India and departure of the British, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new Dominions of India and Pakistan. The part which went to India was named the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ), while the part that went to Pakistan was named the `` Civil Service of Pakistan '' ( CSP ). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 were Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two depressed classes / Scheduled Castes, five domiciled Europeans and Anglo - Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Parsis, 10 Sikhs and four other communities. Most European officers left India at Partition, while many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states. Despite offers from the new Indian and Pakistani governments, virtually all of the European former ICS officers left following partition, with the majority of those who did not opt for retirement continuing their careers either in the British Home Civil Service or in another British colonial civil service. A few British ex-ICS officers stayed on, notably those who had selected the `` judicial side '' of the ICS. The last British former ICS officer still serving in the subcontinent, Justice Donald Falshaw ( ICS 1928 ), retired as Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court ( now the Punjab and Haryana High Court ) in 1966, receiving a knighthood in the British 1967 New Year Honours upon his return to England. Justice William Broome ( ICS 1932 ), a district and sessions judge at the time of Independence in 1947, remained in Indian government service as a judge. Having married an Indian, Swarup Kumari Gaur, in 1937, with whom he raised a family, he eventually renounced his British citizenship in 1958 and became an Indian citizen with the personal intervention of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, himself a former barrister who regarded Broome as a distinguished jurist and as `` much as Indian as anybody can be who is not born in India. '' Upon his retirement on 18 March 1972 from the Allahabad High Court as its seniormost puisne judge, Broome was the last former ICS officer of European origin serving in India. Nirmal Kumar Mukarji ( ICS 1943 ), a member of the final batch recruited to the ICS and who retired as Cabinet Secretary in April 1980, was the last Indian administrative officer who had originally joined as an ICS. The last former ICS officer to retire, Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi ( also a member of the final ICS batch of 1943 ), retired as Chairman of the Pakistan Board of Investment in 1994. As of 2018, some former ICS officers remain alive, notably V.K. Rao ( born 1914 ; ICS 1937 ) a retired Chief Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, who is the oldest former ICS officer on record. Support and criticism ( edit ) `` If you take that steel frame out of the fabric, it would collapse. There is one institution we will not cripple, there is one institution we will not deprive of its functions or of its privileges ; and that is the institution which built up the British Raj -- the British Civil Service of India. '' -- David Lloyd George, then Prime Minister of United Kingdom on the Imperial Civil Service Dewey has commented that `` in their heyday they ( Indian Civil Service officers ) were mostly run by Englishmen with a few notable sons of Hindus and even a fewer Muslims were the most powerful officials in the Empire, if not the world. A tiny cadre, a little over a thousand strong, ruled more than 300 million Indians. Each Civilian had an average 300,000 subjects, and each Civilian penetrated every corner of his subjects ' lives, because the Indian Civil Service directed all the activities of the Anglo - Indian state. '' The ICS had responsibility for maintaining law and order, and often were at loggerheads with the freedom fighters during the Independence movement. Jawaharlal Nehru often ridiculed the ICS for its support of British policies. He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, `` with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service ''. As Prime Minister, Nehru retained the organisation and its top people, albeit with a change of title to the `` Indian Administrative Service ''. It continued its main roles. Nehru appointed long - time ICS officials Chintaman Deshmukh as his Finance Minister, and K. P. S. Menon as his Foreign Minister. Sardar Patel appreciated their role in keeping India united after Partition, and noted in Parliament that without them, the country would have collapsed. See also ( edit ) List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service Civil Services of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dewey, Clive. Anglo - Indian Attitudes : Mind of the Indian Civil Service. A&C Black, 1993. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3254 - 4. Jump up ^ `` The Indian Civil Service ''. Retrieved 18 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Administering India : The Indian Civil Service ''. Retrieved 18 September 2014. Jump up ^ Blunt, ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Surjit Mansingh, The A to Z of India ( 2010 ), pp 288 -- 90 Jump up ^ Michael J. Nojeim ( 2004 ). Gandhi and King : The Power of Nonviolent Resistance. Greenwood. p. 50. Jump up ^ A. Martin Wainwright ( 2008 ). ' The better class ' of Indians : social rank, imperial identity, and South Asians in Britain, 1858 -- 1914. Manchester U.P. Jump up ^ Ramesh Kumar Arora and Rajni Goyal, Indian public administration : institutions and issues ( 1995 ) p. 42 ; Ranbir Vohra, The making of India : a historical survey ( 2001 ) p 185 Jump up ^ Naithani, Sadhana ( 2006 ). In quest of Indian folktales : Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke. Indiana University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34544 - 8. Jump up ^ Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances ( 8 June 2011 ). `` History of civil services in India and Reforms '' ( PDF ). New Delhi : Government of India. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` The Colonial Service Training Courses : Professionalizing the Colonial Service ''. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Jump up ^ Ralhan, Om Prakash, ed. ( 1995 ). Encyclopedia of Political Parties -- India -- Pakistan -- Bangladesh -- National -- Regional -- Local. 23. Moderate phrase in India. New Dehli : Anmol Publications. pp. 29 -- 36. The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists. Jump up ^ Porter, Robin J. ( 2001 ). `` Imperial India, 1858 -- 1914 ''. Oxford History of the British Empire : The Nineteenth Century. pp. 345, 434. Jump up ^ Ramesh Kumar Arora and Rajni Goyal, Indian public administration : Institutions and Issues ( 1995 ) p 43 ^ Jump up to : Cohn, Bernard S. ( 1996 ). Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge : The British in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00043 - 5. Jump up ^ Meghna Sabharwal, Evan M. Berman `` Public Administration in South Asia : India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan ( Public Administration and Public Policy, '' ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Service ''. The British Library. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Archive : The men who ran the Raj ''. Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Un-Indian Civil Service ''. OPEN. Retrieved 18 May 2017. Jump up ^ P.N., Chopra ( 2003 ). A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2506 - 5. Jump up ^ Goel, S.L. Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice. Deep and Deep Publications, 2008. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 395 - 2. ^ Jump up to : David C. Potter, `` Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism : The Case of Indian Civil Service, '' Modern Asian Studies, ( Jan 1973 ) 7 # 1 pp 47 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Maheshwari, Shriram. Problems and Issues in Administrative Federalism. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7023 - 342 - 8. Jump up ^ Simon Epstein, ' District Officers in Decline : The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947 ' in Modern Asian Studies, ( May 1982 ) 16 # 3, pp 493 -- 518 Jump up ^ Wilson, John ( 2016 ). The Chaos of Empire : the British Raj and the Conquest of India. New York : PublicAffairs. p. 492 - 494. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 293 - 8. ^ Jump up to : McDonald, Douglas ( 2015 ). `` Becoming Indian : William Broome and Colonial Continuity in Post-Independence India ''. Indian Historical Review. 42 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 331. doi : 10.1177 / 0376983615597167. Jump up ^ The India Office and Burma Office List : 1947. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1947. p. 241. Jump up ^ Bali, H.N ( 2013 ). One Who Forged India 's Steel Frame. Boloji. Jump up ^ Dewey, Clive ( 1993 ). Anglo - Indian attitudes : the mind of the Indian Civil Service. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 097 - 5. Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru, Glimpses of world history : being further letters to his daughter ( Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1949 ), p. 94 Notes Jump up ^ ICS members in Pakistan was originally administering equally both West Pakistan and East Pakistan. However Pakistan was split into two. West Pakistan is now renamed to Islamic Republic of Pakistan and East Pakistan is now renamed to People 's Republic of Bangladesh. Jump up ^ As per published records and book named `` The India List and India Office List 1905 '' as published by India Office and India Office Records. Jump up ^ As per published records and book named `` The India List and India Office List 1905 '' as published by India Office and India Office Records. Jump up ^ As per Warrant or Precedence of 1905. Further reading ( edit ) Blunt, Edward. The I.C.S. : the Indian civil service ( 1937 ) Burra, Arudra. `` The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement : neutrality, politics and continuity, '' Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Nov 2010, 48 # 4 pp 404 -- 432 Dewey, Clive. Anglo - Indian attitudes : the mind of the Indian Civil Service ( 1993 ) Ewing, Ann. `` Administering India : The Indian Civil Service, '' History Today, June 1982, 32 # 6 pp 43 -- 48, covers 1858 -- 1947 Gilmour, David. The Ruling Caste : Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Gould, William. `` The Dual State : The Unruly ' Subordinate ', Caste, Community and Civil Service Recruitment in North India, 1930 -- 1955, '' Journal of Historical Sociology, Mar - June 2007, Vol. 20 Issue 1 / 2, pp 13 -- 43 Krishna, Anirudh. `` Continuity and change : the Indian administrative service 30 years ago and today, '' Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Nov 2010, 48 # 4 pp 433 -- 444 MacMillan, Margaret. Women of the Raj : The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India ( 2007 ) Masani, Zareer. Indian Tales of the Raj ( 1990 ), interviews with retired ICS officers about pre-1947 days Potter, David C. India 's Political Administrators, 1919 -- 1983 ( 1987 ) 289pp ; the standard scholarly history Potter, David C. `` The Last of the Indian Civil Service, '' South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies ( Apr 1979 ), Vol. 2 Issue 1 / 2, pp 19 -- 29 Potter, David C. `` Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism : The Case of Indian Civil Service, '' Modern Asian Studies, ( Jan 1973 ) 7 # 1 pp 47 -- 73 in JSTOR Sharma, Malti. Indianization of the civil services in British India, 1858 -- 1935 ( 2001 ) Thakur, R.N. The All India services : a study of their origin & growth ( 1969 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Civil Service officers. The Indian Civil Service hide Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)&oldid=842908309 '' Categories : Indian Civil Service History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी 日本 語 Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 14 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Indian Civil Service (British India)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)&amp;oldid=842908309" }

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{ "text": "Bell Witch - wikipedia Bell Witch For other uses, see Bell Witch ( disambiguation ). The Bell Witch William Porter Attempts to Burn the Witch ( Illus. 1894 ) Grouping Legendary creature Sub grouping Spirit Similar creatures Poltergeist, Jinn, Demon, Goblin Mythology American folklore Other name ( s ) Kate Country United States Region Middle Tennessee, Pennyroyal Plateau, Panola County, Mississippi Habitat Cave Part of a series on the Paranormal Main articles ( show ) Astral projection Astrology Aura Bilocation Clairvoyance Close encounter Cold spot Conjuration Cryptozoology Demonic possession Demonology Ectoplasm Electronic voice phenomenon Exorcism Extrasensory perception Forteana Ghost hunting Indigo children Magic Mediumship Occult Orb Paranormal fiction Paranormal television Precognition Preternatural Psychic Psychic reading Psychokinesis Psychometry Remote viewing Retrocognition Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Spiritualism Stone Tape Supernatural Telepathy Ufology Reportedly haunted locations : United Kingdom United States World Skepticism ( show ) Cold reading Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Debunking Hoax James Randi Educational Foundation Magical thinking Prizes for evidence of the paranormal Pseudoskepticism Scientific skepticism Related ( show ) Anomalistics Argument from ignorance Argumentum ad populum Bandwagon effect Begging the question Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty Urban legend Parapsychology ( show ) Death and culture Parapsychology Scientific literacy The Bell Witch or Bell Witch Haunting is a legend from Southern American folklore, centered on the 19th - century Bell family of northwest Robertson County, Tennessee. John Bell Sr., who made his living as a farmer, resided with his family along the Red River in an area currently near the town of Adams. According to legend, from 1817 - 1821, his family and the local area came under attack by a mostly invisible entity that was able to speak, affect the physical environment, and shapeshift. Some accounts record the spirit also to have been clairvoyant and capable of crossing long distances with superhuman speed ( and / or of being in more than one place at a time ). In 1894, newspaper editor Martin V. Ingram published his Authenticated History of the Bell Witch. The book is widely regarded as the first full - length record of the legend and a primary source for subsequent treatments. The individuals recorded in the work were known historical personalities. In modern times, some skeptics have regarded Ingram 's efforts as a work of historical fiction or fraud. Other researchers consider Ingram 's work a nascent folklore study and an accurate reflection of belief in the region during the 19th century. While not a fundamental element of the original recorded legend, the Bell Witch Cave in the 20th century became a source of continuing interest, belief, and generation of lore. Contemporary artistic interpretations such as in film and music have expanded the reach of the legend beyond the regional confines of the Southern United States. Contents 1 Legend Synopsis 2 Early written sources 2.1 The Saturday Evening Post 2.2 Clinard and Burgess Trial, 1868 2.3 Haunted House, 1880 2.4 Nashville Centennial Exposition 2.5 Goodspeed 's History of Tennessee 2.6 Accounts from 1890 3 Martin Van Buren Ingram 3.1 Biography 3.2 An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch 3.2. 1 Andrew Jackson 4 Legend in the 20th Century 5 Skeptical evaluation 6 Bell Witch in culture 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Music and Theater 6.4 Selected Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links 9.1 Audio 9.2 Text Legend synopsis ( edit ) An artist 's sketching of the Bell home, originally published in 1894 In his book An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch, author Martin Van Buren Ingram published that the poltergeist 's name was Kate, after the entity claimed at one point to be `` Old Kate Batts ' witch, '' and continued to respond favorably to the name. The physical activity centered on the Bells ' youngest daughter, Betsy, and her father, and ' Kate ' expressed particular displeasure when Betsy became engaged to a local named Joshua Gardner. The haunting began sometime in 1817 when John Bell witnessed the apparition of a strange creature resembling a dog. Bell fired at the animal but it disappeared. John 's son Drew Bell approached an unknown bird perched on a fence that flew off and was of `` extraordinary size. '' The daughter Betsy observed a girl in green dress swinging from the limb of an oak tree. Dean, a slave of the Bell family, reported being followed by a large black dog on evenings he visited his wife. Activity moved to the Bell household with knocking heard along the door and walls. The family heard sounds of gnawing on the beds, invisible dogs fighting, and chains along the floor. About this time John Bell began experiencing paralysis in his mouth. The phenomena grew in intensity as sheets were pulled from beds when the children slept. Soon the entity pulled hair and scratched the children with particular emphasis on Betsy who was slapped, pinched and stuck with pins. The Bells turned to a family friend James Johnston for help. After retiring for the evening at the Bell home, Johnston was awakened that night by the same phenomena. That morning he told John Bell it was a `` spirit, just like in the Bible. '' Soon word of the haunting spread with some traveling great distances to see the witch. The apparition began to speak out loud and was asked, `` Who are you and what do you want? '' and the voice answered feebly, `` I am a spirit ; I was once very happy but have been disturbed. '' The spirit offered diverse explanations of why it had appeared, tying its origin to the disturbance of a Native American burial mound located on the property, and sent Drew Bell and Bennett Porter on a unproductive search for buried treasure. With the emergence of full conversations, the spirit repeated word for word two sermons given 13 miles apart at the same time. The entity was well acquainted with Biblical text and appeared to enjoy religious arguments. As another amusement, the witch shared gossip about activities in other households, and at times appeared to leave for brief moments to visit homes after an inquiry. John Johnston, a son of James, devised a test for the witch, something no one outside his family would know, asking the entity what his Dutch step - grandmother in North Carolina would say to the slaves if she thought they did something wrong. The witch replied with his grandmother 's accent, `` Hut tut, what has happened now? '' In another account, an Englishman stopped to visit and offered to investigate. On remarking on his family overseas, the witch suddenly began to mimic his English parents. Again at early morning, the witch woke him to voices of his parents worried as they had heard his voice as well. The Englishman quickly left that morning and later wrote to the Bell family that the entity had visited his family in England. He apologized for his skepticism. At times, the spirit displayed a form of kindness, especially towards Lucy, John Bell 's wife, `` the most perfect woman to walk to earth. '' The witch would give Lucy fresh fruit and sing hymns to her, and showed John Bell Jr. a measure of respect. Referring to John Bell Sr. as `` Old Jack, '' the witch claimed she intended to kill him and signaled this intention through curses, threats and afflictions. The story climaxes with the Bell patriarch being poisoned by the witch. Afterward the entity interrupted the mourners by singing drinking songs. In 1821, as a result of the witch 's entreatment, Betsy Bell called off her engagement to Joshua Gardner. Subsequently, the entity told the family it was going to leave, but return in seven years in 1828. The witch returned on time to Lucy and her sons Richard and Joel with similar activities as before, but they chose not to encourage it, and the witch appeared to leave again. Several accounts say that during his military career, Andrew Jackson was intrigued with the story and his men were frightened away after traveling to investigate. In an independent oral tradition recorded in the vicinity of Panola County, Mississippi, the witch was the ghost of an unpleasant overseer John Bell murdered in North Carolina. In this tradition, the spirit falls in love with the central character ' Mary ', leading to her death. This account is reminiscent of vampire lore. The supernatural powers attributed to the Tennessee spirit have also been compared to that of jinn in mythology. In the manuscript attributed to Richard Williams Bell, he wrote that the spirit remained a mystery : Whether it was witchery, such as afflicted people in past centuries and the darker ages, whether some gifted fiend of hellish nature, practicing sorcery for selfish enjoyment, or some more modern science akin to that of mesmerism, or some hobgoblin native to the wilds of the country, or a disembodied soul shut out from heaven, or an evil spirit like those Paul drove out of the man into the swine, setting them mad ; or a demon let loose from hell, I am unable to decide ; nor has any one yet divined its nature or cause for appearing, and I trust this description of the monster in all forms and shapes, and of many tongues, will lead experts who may come with a wiser generation, to a correct conclusion and satisfactory explanation. -- Williams Bell, An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch : Chapter 8 Early written sources ( edit ) The Saturday evening Post ( edit ) An artist 's drawing of Betsy Bell, originally published in 1894 The publications New England Farmer of Boston and the Green Mountain Freeman of Vermont in January and February 1856 published an article regarding the Bell Witch legend and the publications ascribed the origin of the text to the Saturday Evening Post. The Farmer was a weekly agricultural journal. The Freeman was affiliated with the abolitionist Liberty Party. The unidentified author described the apparition as the ' Tennessee Ghost ' or ' Bell Ghost, ' and stated the event occurred 30 years or more from the time the article was written. There are three human characters in the account, Mr. Bell, his daughter Betsey Bell, and Joshua Gardner. The author stated that the voice, which spoke freely about the house from all directions, would not manifest itself until the lights were extinguished at night. The phenomenon attracted wide interest. The author claimed to have become well acquainted with Mr. Gardner. When the ghost was asked how long it would remain, it replied, `` until Joshua Gardner and Betsey Bell get married. '' The author goes on to state that Betsey Bell had fallen in love with Joshua Gardner and had discovered the skill of ' ventriloquism '. The author states that Ms. Bell then used her skill to attempt to convince Joshua Gardner to marry her. When they did not marry, the apparition disappeared. M.V. Ingram, in his An Authenticated History Of The Bell Witch, wrote that a Saturday Evening Post article regarding the Bell Witch had been retracted : About 1849 the Saturday Evening Post, published either at Philadelphia or New York, printed a long sketch of the Bell Witch phenomenon, written by a reporter who made a strenuous effort in the details to connect her with the authorship of the demonstrations. Mrs. Powell was so outraged by the publication that she engaged a lawyer to institute suit for libel. The matter, however, was settled without litigation, the paper retracting the charges, explaining how this version of the story had gained credence, and the fact that at the time the demonstrations commenced Betsy Bell had scarcely advanced from the stage of childhood and was too young to have been capable of originating and practicing so great a deception. The fact also that after this report had gained circulation, she had submitted to any and every test that the wits of detectives could invent to prove the theory, and all the stratagems employed, served only to demonstrate her innocence and utter ignorance of the agency of the so - called witchery, and was herself the greatest sufferer from the affliction. -- Martin V. Ingram, An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch : Chapter 9 Clinard and Burgess trial, 1868 ( edit ) In September 1868, an article was published entitled `` Witchcraft and Murder : Hobgoblins and Old Gray Horses the Incentive to Crime. '' Tom Clinard and Dick Burgess were arrested for the murder of Mr. Smith. The article reported that Smith claimed the powers of witchcraft while working near Adam 's Station, chopping wood on a farm with the defendants. The article stated that Smith claimed to use these occult powers on Clinard and Burgess, leading to the conflict between them. The identity of the decedent was reported variously as James or Charles Smith. The jury of State vs. Clinard and Burgess returned a not guilty verdict. Ingram published an interview with Lucinda E. Rawls, of Clarksville, Tennessee, daughter of Alexander Gooch and Theny Thorn, both reported as close friends of Betsy Bell. Rawls testified that the Bell Witch was a frequent topic of conversation during her lifetime and pointed to a murder of a man for witchcraft as evidence for this claim. The Bell Witch was, and is still, a great scapegoat. Every circumstance out of the regular order of things is attributed to the witch. It has not been long since a man claiming to be the witch was waylaid and murdered by two men who were cleared, on the plea that the murdered man had bewitched them. -- Lucinda Rawls, An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch : Chapter 12 Ingram appended a date of 1875 or 1876 to the bloodshed, but connected the Rawls recollection with the death of Smith : Smith came into the community a stranger, and was employed by Mr. Fletcher, where Clinard and Burgess were also engaged on the farm. Smith professed to be something of a wizard, or rather boasted of his power to hypnotize and lay spells on people, subjecting any one who came under his influence to his will, and it was reported that he claimed to have derived this power from the mantle of the Bell Witch. However, the writer interviewed Hon. John F. House, who was council for the defense, on the subject, who says that no such evidence was produced in the trial, but that the lawyers handled the Bell Witch affair for all that it was worth in the defense of their clients, presenting the analogy or similarity of circumstances with good effect on the jury. -- Martin V. Ingram, An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch : Chapter 12 Haunted house, 1880 ( edit ) On April 24, 1880 an article was published regarding a ' haunted house ' in Springfield, Tennessee where knocking underneath the floor was heard. The fourth night of knockings began at 10 : 30 p.m. and ended at 4 a.m. with the home surrounded by 10 - 12 persons working in an effort to discover the origin of the sound. In a follow up report from April 26, 1880, the writer reported that several hundred people had visited the home attempting to witness the phenomenon with many camped out over night despite the home owners asking them to leave. On Wednesday night, April 28, 1880, the family were reported to have left the home for the night and a smaller group of investigators around the home heard knocking from fifty yards away. During the events, the journalist took the opportunity to mention the Bell Witch legend : It is an actual fact that several hundred intelligent people of Springfield and vicinity have been so excited over the noise as to go night after night to listen to it... About thirty years ago Robertson county had a sensation similar to this known as the `` Bell Witch, '' and people came from all parts of the country, even as far as New York, to hear or see her. The Springfield floor knocking occurred at the residence of John W. Nuckolls, a prominent physician. Nuckolls was recently married to Laura Hopkins Jones, a union opposed by her family. The phenomenon created a domestic disturbance between the couple, as a local carpenter, Gill Walling, accused Laura Nuckolls of creating the noise with an iron ball attached to a rubber belt hidden under her clothes. Robertson County historian Yolanda Reid states, `` they came to the conclusion that the wife was tying it into the bottom of her skirt to make the sounds, nobody ever proved it. '' The couple separated in May, 1880. That August, John Nuckolls retrieved his infant child from his wife, running through town with his estranged wife following in anguish. Afterward the child was returned to Laura Nuckolls who was living with her father, Asa Hopkins. John Nuckolls, in February 1882, confronted Laura 's father, over his desire to see the child, and threatened his father - in - law 's life. During the argument, the subject of ' ghosts ' between the men was reported by an eyewitness as Nuckolls attempted to shoot Hopkins but was restrained. The next day, as a result of this confrontation, Nuckoll 's brother - in - law, S.B. Hopkins, traveled from Nashville and shot John W. Nuckolls with a double - barreled shotgun, causing his death. The circumstances of the shooting were contested and S.B. Hopkins was acquitted of murder. The journal Studies in Philology, in 1919, published a study of witchcraft in North Carolina by folklorist Tom Peete Cross. Cross cites a column from the Nashville Banner where it mentions the paper had sent a reporter to Robertson County in the 1880s, John C. Cooke, to investigate reports of the possible reemergence of the Bell Witch phenomenon. Nashville Centennial Exposition ( edit ) The death of John Bell, December, 1820. Illustration first published in 1894. A several page account of the Bell Witch legend was included in a sketch of Robertson County and was reportedly written for Nashville 's Centennial Exposition in 1880. The sketch was published in 1900 by the Tennessee Historical Society. The author of the sketch is unknown and the article is undated. Dates in the sketch end at 1880. The writer stated the source of the first portion of the narrative from `` F.R. Miles, William Pride, W.J. Gooch, Ben. B. Batts, and many others. '' The author identified the burial disturbance as skull bones previously located in a `` mound nearby on the river bluff. '' The return of the remains did not placate the spirit. The witch could speak in several languages and would `` set the dogs '' on unsuspecting victims. In the Centennial account, the Bell entity did not explicitly poison John Bell. At one time a vial of poison was found in the flue of the chimney, and being taken down, Dr. George B. Hopson gave one drop to a cat, causing its death in seven seconds. The witch claimed to have put the poison there for the purpose of killing Mr. Bell. Being asked how it was going to administer the poison, it said by pouring it into the dinner pot. It is remarkable that, although he enjoyed good health up to the time of this event, Mr. Bell died within ( ) days after the vial was found, being in a stupor at the time of his death. From this time the people visited the house less frequently, although the witch would now and then be heard. In the Ingram account, attributed to Richard Williams Bell, John Bell was already suffering from an unknown affliction and bedridden for some time. John Bell 's son, John Bell Jr., found the vial in the cupboard after his father did not wake. The family called for Dr. Hopson, while the Bell Witch exclaimed she had fed the poison to John Bell. Alex Gunn and John Bell Jr. tested the poison on the cat with a straw, which `` died very quick. '' John Bell died the next day on December 20, 1820. The Centennial sketch stated the witch could appear as a rabbit, bear or black dog, and imitate various animal sounds. The sketch described the entity as one of seven spirits with three names given by the author : Three Waters, Tynaperty, and Black Dog. The Ingram account also described a family of spirits. In addition to Kate, the other members of the ' witch family ' had the names of Blackdog, Mathematics, Cypocryphy, and Jerusalem. Blackdog was described as the apparent leader of the group. Goodspeed 's History of Tennessee ( edit ) Goodspeed Brothers ' 1886 History of Tennessee, recorded a short account of the legend that identified the spirit as female and stated that interest in the phenomenon was widespread in the region at the time. A remarkable occurrence, which attracted wide - spread interest, was connected with the family of John Bell, who settled near what is now Adams Station about 1804. So great was the excitement that people came from hundreds of miles around to witness the manifestations of what was popularly known as the `` Bell Witch. '' This witch was supposed to be some spiritual being having the voice and attributes of a woman. It was invisible to the eye, yet it would hold conversation and even shake hands with certain individuals. The freaks it performed were wonderful, and seemingly designed to annoy the family. It would take the sugar from the bowls, spill the milk, take the quilts from the beds, slap and pinch the children, and then laugh at the discomfiture of its victims. At first it was supposed to be a good spirit, but its subsequent acts, together with the curses with which it supplemented its remarks, proved the contrary. A volume might be written concerning the performances of this wonderful being, as they are now described by contemporaries and their descendants. That all this actually occurred will not be disputed, nor will a rational explanation be attempted. It is merely introduced as an example of superstition, strong in the minds of all but a few in those times, and not yet wholly extinct. Accounts from 1890 ( edit ) Nashville Obituary for Joel Egbert Bell ( 1813 - 1890 ). Bell was the youngest and last surviving child of John and Lucy Bell Sr. An article was published February 3, 1890 describing a series of events from Adam 's Station, Tennessee. At dusk, January 27, 1890, Mr. Hollaway reported watching two unknown women arrive at his home and dismount from their horses as he was feeding cattle. When he arrived at the house, the horses and women were gone. Mr. Hollaway 's wife reported seeing the women in the yard as well. That week, Mr. Rowland attempted to place a sack of corn on his horse 's back and it fell off. He again attempted to place the sack of corn on the horse 's back several more times, but each time the sack fell off. Joe Johnson arrived and held on to the sack as Mr. Rowland mounted his horse. They witnessed the sack floating away for 20 yards where it settled down at the fence. When the men went to retrieve the sack, a voice was heard, `` You wo n't touch this sack anymore. '' A follow up report was published on February 18, 1890 with the title, `` A Weird Witch : More Tales of a Mulhattanish Flavor from Adams Station. '' In the late 19th century, Joseph Mulhattan was a known hoaxer of newspaper articles. The article was republished a few days later with the subtitle `` More Tales of a Fishy Flavor. '' In the account, the entity was referred to only as the witch. The article reports that Mr. Johnson was visiting Buck Smith and were discussing a recent visitation of the ghost at his home. They heard a knocking at the door, and when they opened the door, the knocking began at another door. They sat down and the dog began to fight with something invisible. Two minutes later, the door flew open and fire spread across the room blown by a cyclonic wind with the coals disappearing as they tried to put it out. That evening Mr. Johnson started home on his horse and something jumped on the back grabbing his shoulder as he tried to restrain the horse. He felt it jump off as he neared his home and move in the leaves into the woods. Mr. Winters reported taking a peculiar bird while hunting with great difficulty. After he returned home, he opened the game - bag to discover the bird had disappeared and in place was a rabbit which then also disappeared. While burning vegetation outdoors, Mr. Rowland described a visit at 9 p.m. of a half clothed black man with one eye in his forehead that directed Mr. Rowland to follow him and dig at a large rock. The figure then disappeared. Mr. Rowland dug that night until exhaustion. He received help the next morning from Bill Burgess and Mr. Johnson and discovered something described as a `` kettle turned bottom upward. '' They were unable to remove it as the soil began moving back into the hole faster than the men could remove the soil. The report concludes saying that many people were visiting to see the witch. Martin Van Buren Ingram ( edit ) Biography ( edit ) Born near Guthrie, Kentucky, June 20, 1832, Martin Van Buren Ingram took over responsibility of the family farm at the age of 17. A member of Hawkins ' Nashville Battalion during the Civil War, he was discharged for disability after the Battle of Shiloh. Ingram began his editing and publishing career in April 1866 with the Robertson Register with no previous experience. October 1868, Ingram moved the paper to Clarksville and began issuing the Clarksville Tobacco Leaf in February 1869. Ingram continued an ownership association with the Leaf until about 1881. The consequences of poor health, family tragedy and fire limited his continuing interest in the newspaper industry. On the occasion of Ingram 's death in October 1909, editor of the Clarksville Leaf Chronicle, W.W. Barksdale, wrote of his friend and colleague : We doubt exceedingly if there ever lived a man who performed as much self - sacrificing labor to further the interests of the community in which he lived. He became a citizen of Clarksville forty years ago and from that time practically until the day of his death his greatest concern was the advancement and welfare of his adopted town and county... A man of true mold, he despised all deceit, trickery, and littleness, and with a courage which nothing could daunt, he laid on the journalistic lash unsparingly whenever he thought the occasion required. Naturally, his was not a pathway strewn with roses -- his was an aggressive nature, a fact which often brought him into serious collision with those with whom he took issue. Time, however, usually justified him in the positions which he assumed. -- W.W. Barksdale, Clarksville Leaf Chronicle An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch ( edit ) Authenticated History of the Bell Witch, Rare Book Reprints, 1961. Also known as `` The Red Book. '' The week of January 24, 1890, Ingram was suffering from a `` severe case of la grippe. '' February, 1890 Ingram resigned as editor of the Clarksville Chronicle. A month later, the Chronicle was purchased by the Leaf, and Ingram joined the new editorial staff. On July 13, 1892, a report in the Leaf - Chronicle was published of Ingram 's travels to Adams Station and Cedar Hill with John Allen Gunn, `` for the purpose of viewing the grounds where historic and most intensely thrilling events were enacted seventy - five years ago, '' and interviewing individuals, who `` were then living and familiar with the wonderful phenomena that awakened such a widespread sensation. '' In the report, Mahala Darden, age 85, related memory of Lafayette 's visit to Clarksville in 1825. A follow up report was published July 19, 1892, recording a visit to Nancy Ayers, daughter of John Johnston. Ingram left the editorial position with the Leaf - Chronicle the same month. Ingram subsequently traveled to Chicago in October 1893, while editor of the Progress - Democrat, in an attempt to publish his manuscript, An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch. The Wonder of the 19th Century, and Unexplained Phenomenon of the Christian Era. The Mysterious Talking Goblin that Terrorized the West End of Robertson County, Tennessee, Tormenting John Bell to His Death. The Story of Betsy Bell, Her Lover and the Haunting Sphinx. Ingram left the Progress - Democrat to complete his book in February 1894. At the end of March, it was announced publisher W.P. Titus of Clarksville would print the work. The publisher reported a delay in printing after the witch visited one night in early May. Titus stated the witch demonstrated with maniacal singing, laughter, prayers, moaning, clapping, and rattling of the roof. The phenomena caused the printers to evacuate. By July 1894, the book was in print and a review from the newspaper in Hopkinsville presented the work as a factual account. In the introduction to the book, Ingram published a letter dated July 1, 1891 from former TN State Representative James Allen Bell of Adairville, Kentucky. J.A. Bell, a son of Richard Williams Bell and a grandson of John Bell Sr., explained that his father had met with his brother John Bell Jr. before his death and they agreed no material he had collected should be released until the last immediate family member of John Bell Sr. had died. The last immediate member of the family and youngest child of John Bell Sr., Joel Egbert Bell died in 1890 at the age of 77. Now, nearly seventy - five years having elapsed, the old members of the family who suffered the torments having all passed away, and the witch story still continues to be discussed as widely as the family name is known, under misconception of the facts, I have concluded that in justice to the memory of an honored ancestry, and to the public also whose minds have been abused in regard to the matter, it would be well to give the whole story to the World. -- J.A. Bell, 1891 Letter, An Authenticated History of the Bell Witch J. Allen Bell expressed the belief that his father 's manuscript was written when he was 35 years old in 1846. He stated his father gave him the manuscript and family notes shortly before his death in 1857. Richard Williams Bell was roughly 6 to 10 years of age during the initial manifestations of the Bell Witch phenomenon and 17 at the occurrence of the spirit 's return in 1828. The reported contributions of Richard Williams Bell, approximately 90 pages in length, are recorded in Chapter 8 of Ingram 's work, entitled Our Family Trouble. According to Brian Dunning no one has ever seen this diary, and there is no evidence that it ever existed : `` Conveniently, every person with firsthand knowledge of the Bell Witch hauntings was already dead when Ingram started his book ; in fact, every person with secondhand knowledge was even dead. '' Dunning also concluded that Ingram was guilty of falsifying another statement, that the Saturday Evening Post had published a story in 1849 accusing the Bells ' daughter Elizabeth of creating the witch, an article which was not found at the time. Joe Nickell argues the chapter includes the use of Masonic themes and anachronism which impacts credibility. Jim Brooks, native of Adams, writes in his work Bell Witch Stories You Never Heard, that Bell family descendants report that Ingram did not return the manuscript to the family. Brooks explores the possibility that Ingram would have had an enhanced opportunity to modify the story by not returning the papers. Keith Cartwright of the University of North Florida compares Ingram 's work with Uncle Remus folklore as recorded by Joel Chandler Harris and also as an expression of the psychological shame of slavery and Native American removal. The slaves in the account are regarded as experts on the witch, with Uncle Zeke identifying the witch as, `` dat Injun spirit... the Injuns was here fust, and we white fokes driv em out, all but dem whar wur dead and cudent go, an da 's here yit, in der spirit. '' The figure of `` progress '' Gen. Andrew Jackson was brought nearly to heel and the master, John Bell, was dead. The role of the trickster not played by the Br'er Rabbit but the witch - rabbit, the spirit 's common animal form. The displaced, blacks, widows and girls, act as witness to a force polite society can not comprehend. The witch, `` appears as a catch - all for every remainder of resistant agency. '' Among those who were alive during the haunting, Ingram conducted interviews with Ibby Gunn, born in 1806, a daughter of Uncle Zeke and the sister - in - law of Dean, as well as Mahala Byrns Darden, born circa 1807, daughter of James Byrns. Ibby Gunn shared some experiences of Dean including the creation of a witch ball made of hair by her sister Kate for her husband Dean, the use of which appeared to anger the entity. Mahala Darden detailed what she understood family and friends were experiencing at the time of the haunting, expressed her great fear the witch would come visit her home and also related the spirit sang drinking songs at John Bell 's graveside. Andrew Jackson ( edit ) The account of General Andrew Jackson 's visit is confined to Chapter 11 of Ingram 's work. The chapter is a letter from Thomas L. Yancey, an attorney in Clarksville, dated January 1894. Yancey explained that his grandfather, Whitmel Fort, was a witness to phenomena at the Bell homestead and Fort had related the story of Jackson 's visit which was undated in the letter. Yancey described his grandfather 's account as, `` quite amusing to me. '' The Bell household was strained of resources from visitors and Jackson brought a wagon load of supplies with his men. Nearing the Bell homestead, the wagon stopped and appeared fastened to its position despite considerable effort by Jackson 's men to free it. Jackson exclaimed, `` By the eternal, boys, it is the witch. '' A metallic voice was heard in the vegetation, `` All right General, let the wagon move on, I will see you again tonight. '' The horses began moving again. Instead of camping out, the party stayed at the Bell home that evening. Among the Jackson party was a ' witch layer ' who boasted of his supernatural exploits. Tiring of the bravado, Jackson whispered, `` By the eternals, I do wish the thing would come, I want to see him run. '' The entity arrived and taunted the witch layer to shoot her. The man 's gun would not fire. The witch countered, `` I 'll teach you a lesson, '' and appeared to beat the man and led him out the door by his nose. Jackson exclaimed, `` By the eternal, boys, I never saw so much fun in all my life. This beats fighting the British. '' The witch told Jackson she would uncover another rascal the next night. That morning Jackson 's men chose to leave for home as they were apprehensive as to who was next. Paranormal investigator Benjamin Radford, as well as Brian Dunning, conclude that there is no evidence that Andrew Jackson visited the Bell family home. During the years in question, Jackson 's movements were well documented, and nowhere in history or his writings is there evidence of his knowledge of the Bell family. According to Dunning, `` The 1824 Presidential election was notoriously malicious, and it seems hard to believe that his opponent would have overlooked the opportunity to drag him through the mud for having lost a fight to a witch. '' Carl Lindahl, affiliated with the University of Houston, writes that the Andrew Jackson encounter is an example of how belief and history mix together in the formation of legend. Such legends, which may persist in a locale for generations, upon receiving a media treatment can spread far outside of the area where the legend originated. Legend in the 20th century ( edit ) Tennessee Historical Commission marker along U.S. Route 41 in Adams, Tennessee. A prophecy was reported by May 1903 that the witch could return on the centennial of the Bell family arrival in Tennessee. In response to an August 1903 article from Memphis, The Springfield Herald expressed that no one in the local area was concerned with a return of the Bell Witch and made a charge of plagiarism towards the Memphis paper. The Herald also stated the copyright for Ingram 's work had passed to his son Tolbert who was working at The Denver Times. By September, the local paper was again incredulous as the spirit was not reported to have returned in August. Charles Bailey Bell, a grandson of John Bell Jr., and neurologist in Nashville, published a book entitled The Bell Witch : A Mysterious Spirit in 1934. In the work, he recounted stories he stated were told to him by his great aunt Betsy later in her life. This included another account of Andrew Jackson 's visit and of a boy trapped in the Bell Witch Cave and pulled out of the cave feet first by the witch. Bell also detailed a series of prophecies he stated were given to his ancestors in 1828 by the spirit, including a declaration the witch was set to return again in 1935, 107 years after her last visit to the Bell family. In 1937, there were reports of quirky events. Louis Garrison, owner of the farm that included the Bell Witch Cave, heard unexplained noises coming from inside. Bell descendants described the sound of something rubbing against a house, a paper like object that flew out the door and reentered through a side door, and faint music heard from a piano. A group from the local Epworth League were reported to have attended a wiener roast in a rock quarry near the Bell Witch Cave on July 29, 1937. The group were joking about the legend when they saw a figure of a woman sitting on top of the cliff over the cave causing many to flee. According to the newspaper, a minister in the group later claimed to have investigated and discovered it was moonlight on a rock. The second report concluded with a weather report that the moon was barely noticeable that night. Jim Brooks published in 2015 that his mother was in attendance at the roast, and relates that the minister caught up to the youth on the road to town after discovering no explanation for the figure. In November 1965, an article was published involving an antique oak rocking chair said to have been previously owned by attorney Charlie Willett, a Bell descendant. The rocking chair was acquired in Willett 's estate sale by Mrs. J.C. Adams, owner of an antique store on U.S. 41. A customer sat down in the chair, after learning it was not for sale, and while rocking in the chair asked Mrs. Adams if she believed in the supernatural. Two weeks later, the customer 's daughter visited the home of Mrs. Adams and said after her mother had left and visited the Bell cemetery a voice told her to `` stand up and look around, you will find something of much value. '' After some car trouble, the woman walked out into a field and found a black iron kettle turned over. She turned the kettle over and found a pearl buckle in the grass. The woman 's daughter reported a jeweler estimated the buckle to be 160 to 200 years old. Attorney Charles Romaine Willett ( 1886 - 1963 ), son of Sarah Elizabeth Bell, began an interest in the newspaper business at the age of 16. After some time playing professional baseball and working at other newspapers, Willett became the first managing editor of the Nashville Tennessean in 1907 while teaching himself law. A mayor of Adams, and member of the State legislature, Charlie Willett was known for his reliability. Every Sunday, Willett would accompany his sweetheart, Miss Jerry Cullom Gardner, for ice cream in Clarksville and dinner at Richardson 's Restaurant on the return home. According to community lore, the couple never married so as not to tempt fate as they descended from the Bell and Gardner families respectively. Jim Brooks relates that a family member detailed familial obligations as the likely explanation. Brooks inquired what the couple thought about the rumor in the early 1960s. Jerry Gardner explained if Charlie Willet ever asked her to marry him, she would assent. When Brooks related this to Charlie Willett, he immediately smiled, pulled his thumbs through his suspenders and said, `` Oh, she said that, did she? '' Bonnie Haneline, in 1977, recounted a time during her childhood in 1944 when she was exploring the cave. She left English class, playing ' hooky, ' and borrowed a lantern from Mrs. Garrison, the cave owner. She reported to have explored the cave with her friends for several years. While she was inside, her lantern blew out despite no breeze inside the cave. She managed to relight the lantern and it blew out again. Terrified, she crawled along the water path of the cave in the dark until she reached the entrance where she saw an opened can of pork and beans and marshmallows. Later that evening, she learned law enforcement discovered two escaped fugitives in the back of the cave. She credited the witch with helping her avoid them. A visit in 1977 was reported of five soldiers from nearby Fort Campbell to the Bell Witch Cave. One of the soldiers was sitting on a rock and expressed skepticism of the legend when something invisible grabbed him around the chest. In 1986, staff writer David Jarrard for The Tennessean and photographer Bill Wilson, the latter also a member of the National Speleological Society, were given permission to sleep in the cave over night. While in the first cave room they heard a noise from deeper in the cave Jarrard estimated at 30 yards. Subsequently, an `` unwavering groan '' repeated again with greater volume and accompanied by several loud thumps. When it began a third time, the men retreated to the gate entrance. They explored the wiring to the lights looking for a reason for the noises. They went back to the first cave room but heard a rumble near the entrance. Walking back to the entrance they discovered the rumble was noise from a jet. As they reached the gate, a loud, high pitched scream emanated from inside the cave. The journalists left and did not spend the night. In 1987, H.C. Sanders, owner of a nearby gas station, reported 20 years earlier he ran out of gas at night near the Red River across from the Bell Witch Cave. He began to walk towards town when a rabbit came out of the woods and began to follow him. Sanders walked faster, but the rabbit kept pace even as he broke out into a run. After a mile, Sanders sat down on a log to catch his breath. The rabbit hopped up on the other side of the log looked at him and said, `` Hell of a race we had there, was n't it? '' Skeptical evaluation ( edit ) According to Radford, the Bell Witch story is an important one for all paranormal researchers : `` It shows how easily legend and myth can be mistaken for fact and real events and how easily the lines are blurred '' when sources are not checked. Dunning wrote that there was no need to discuss the supposed paranormal activity until there was evidence that the story was true. `` Vague stories indicate that there was a witch in the area. All the significant facts of the story have been falsified, and the others come from a source of dubious credibility. Since no reliable documentation of any actual events exists, there is nothing worth looking into. '' Dunning concludes, `` I chalk up the Bell Witch as nothing more than one of many unsubstantiated folk legends, vastly embellished and popularized by an opportunistic author of historical fiction. '' Radford reminds readers that `` the burden of proof is not on skeptics to disprove anything but rather for the proponents to prove... claims ''. Joe Nickell has written that many of those who knew Betsy suspected her of fraud and the Bell Witch story `` sounds suspiciously like an example of `` the poltergeist - faking syndrome '' in which someone, typically a child, causes the mischief. '' Amy Fluker, a researcher of the Mississippi version of the legend while affiliated with the University of Mississippi, has expressed the Bell Witch legend has other value. `` As a historian of collective memory, it matters very little to my research if hauntings are real or not. It does matter that people believe they are. As a result, they can help us understand the perspectives, in this case, of 19th and 20th century Americans. '' Bell Witch in Culture ( edit ) Signs at the entrance to the Bell Witch Cave promote ghost tourism in Adams, Tennessee. Film ( edit ) There have been several movies based, at least in part, on the Bell Witch legend. Roger Clarke, former film critic for The Independent, argues the legend has also had a measurable influence on cinema such as in the Poltergeist film series, the found footage Paranormal Activity film series, The Witch released in 2015, the trope of burial ground disturbance in The Amityville Horror, and the apport of cherries to the children in Mama released in 2013. Year Title Genre Director Citation 1999 The Blair Witch Project Found footage horror Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez Bell Witch Haunting Supernatural horror Ric White 2005 An American Haunting Supernatural horror Courtney Solomon 2007 Bell Witch : The Movie Supernatural horror Shane Marr 2008 The Bell Witch Legend Documentary Zac Adams 2013 The Bell Witch Haunting Found footage horror Glenn Miller Television ( edit ) The American television series Ghost Adventures filmed an episode at the Bell Witch Cave. An American television series -- Cursed : The Bell Witch -- based on descendants of the Bell family trying to end the curse. The series premiered October 2015 on the A&E Network. Music and Theater ( edit ) Charles Faulkner Bryan, as apart of a Guggenheim Fellowship, composed The Bell Witch, a cantata which premiered in Carnegie Hall in 1947 with Robert Shaw conducting the Juilliard Chorus and Orchestra. Nashville music group The Shakers released Living In The Shadow Of A Spirit in 1988 on vinyl record EP. Ann Marie DeAngelo and Conni Ellisor choreographed and composed a ballet entitled The Bell Witch for the Nashville Ballet. Nashville Children 's Theatre premiered Our Family Trouble : The Legend of the Bell Witch in 1976. The play was written by Audrey Campbell. A play by Ric White, The Bell Witch Story. First performed in 1998 by the Sumner County Players. And performed again in 2008 by the Tennessee Theater Company. A play by David Alford, Spirit : The Authentic Story of the Bell Witch of Tennessee, performed in Adams, TN during the Bell Witch Fall Festival in late October. The Danish metal band Mercyful Fate released a song titled `` The Bell Witch '' on their 1993 album In the Shadows. Seattle - based doom metal band Bell Witch took their name from this legend. Merle Kilgore recorded a song titled `` The Bell Witch '' in 1964. Madeline recorded a song titled `` The Legend of the Bell Witch '' in 2014. Selected bibliography ( edit ) Year Title Author Publisher ASIN / ISBN Note 1894 An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch Ingram, Martin V. W.P. Titus ( 1894 ) ; Rare Book Reprints ( 1961 ) Variable by reprint First known full length account. 1930 The Bell Witch of Tennessee Miller, Harriet Parks Leaf - Chronicle Publishing Local historian from Port Royal, Tennessee. 1934 The Bell Witch : A Mysterious Spirit Bell, Charles Bailey Lark Bindery B000887W6Y Author a descendant of the Bell family. 1969 The Bell Witch at Adams Barr, Gladys David Hutchinson Publishing B003ZFNLS0 Children 's Literature. 1979 Echoes of the Bell Witch in the Twentieth Century Brehm, H.C. Brehm, H.C. B0006EKRKS Eden family anecdotes ( Bell Witch Cave ). The Bell Witch : An American Haunting Monahan, Brent St. Martin 's Press 031215061X Novel. Basis for the 2005 film, An American Haunting. 1999 Season of the Witch Taylor, Troy Whitechapel Productions 1892523051 Author founder of the American Ghost Society. 2000 The Bell Witch : The Full Account Fitzhugh, Pat Armand Press 097051560X Tennessee based paranormal author and historian. 2002 All That Lives : A Novel of the Bell Witch Sanders - Self, Melissa Warner Books 0446526916 Novel. 2008 Bell Witch : The Truth Exposed Headley, Camille Moffitt Bell Witch Truth 0615222617 With Kirby family ( Bell Witch Cave ). 2013 The Bell Witch Taff, John F.D. Books of the Dead 1927112192 Novel. St. Louis based horror author. 2015 Bell Witch Stories You Never Heard Brooks, Jim McClanahan Publishing House 1934898546 Native of Adams, Tennessee. Descendant of John Johnston. 2015 Little Sister Death Gay, William Dzanc Books 1938103130 Novel. Tennessee Author. Published posthumously. 2016 Our Family Trouble : A Domestic Thriller Winston, Don Tigerfish 0692838082 Novel. Author Nashville native. See also ( edit ) List of ghost films List of ghosts Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 8, Part 3 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 19 March 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2016. Jump up ^ Christopher R. Fee ; Jeffrey B. Webb ( 31 August 2016 ). American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales : An Encyclopedia of American Folklore ( 3 Volumes ). ABC - CLIO. pp. 99 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 568 - 8. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 2 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 7 March 2003. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Jump up ^ Alan Brown ( 26 February 2009 ). Haunted Tennessee : Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Volunteer State. Stackpole Books. pp. 72 --. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 4648 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Mark Moran ; Mark Sceurman ( 1 May 2009 ). Weird U.S. : Your Travel Guide to America 's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 254 -- 55. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6688 - 6. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 8, Part 1 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 7 March 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 8, Part 2 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 19 March 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2018. Jump up ^ Pat Fitzhugh ( 1 October 2000 ). The Bell Witch : The Full Account. The Armand Press. pp. 57, 65. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9705156 - 0 - 5. Jump up ^ Charles Edwin Price ( January 1994 ). The Infamous Bell Witch of Tennessee. The Overmountain Press. pp. 38 -- 40. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57072 - 008 - 6. Jump up ^ `` TSLA : : '' Tennessee Myths and Legends `` ''. share.tn.gov. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Jump up ^ McClure 's Magazine. S.S. McClure, Limited. 1922. pp. 114 --. Jump up ^ McCormick, James ; Macy Wyatt ( 2009 ). Ghosts of the Bluegrass. University Press of Kentucky. p. 94. Jump up ^ Hudson, Arthur Palmer ; Pete Kyle McCarter ( January -- March 1934 ). The Bell Witch of Tennessee and Mississippi : A folk legend. The Journal of American Forklore. pp. 45 -- 63. Jump up ^ Rosemary Ellen Guiley ; Philip J. Imbrogno ( 8 July 2011 ). The Vengeful Djinn : Unveiling the Hidden Agenda of Genies. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 101 -- 05. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2881 - 0. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 8, Part 6 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 17 January 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` The Tennessee Ghost ''. New England Farmer ( Volume 11, Number 4 ). January 26, 1856. p. 4. Retrieved May 20, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to : `` The Tennessee Ghost ''. Green Mountain Freeman ( Volume 13, Number 7 ). February 7, 1856. p. 1. Retrieved 1 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` New England farmer ''. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ Abby Maria Hemenway ; Eliakim Persons Walton ( 1882 ). The History of the Town of Montpelier, Including that of the Town of East Montpelier, for the First One Hundred and Two Years... Vermont Historical Gazetteer. 4. Vermont Watchman and State Journal Press. p. 312. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 9 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 10 March 2003. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Witchcraft and Murder : Hobgoblins and Old Gray Horses the Incentive to Crime ''. The Courier - Journal. September 21, 1868. p. 1. Retrieved November 30, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Clinard - Burgess ''. Nashville Union and American. March 20, 1869. p. 4. Retrieved November 30, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ Robertson Co, TN. Turner Publishing Company. 1996. p. 75. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 305 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 12 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 7 March 2003. Retrieved 30 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` A Real Ghost Story : Springfield Terribly Excited Over Mysterious Manifestations ''. The Daily American. April 27, 1880. p. 3. Retrieved June 12, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to : `` Springfield 's Ghost ''. The Daily American. April 28, 1880. p. 1. Retrieved November 28, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` The Springfield Spook Sensation ''. The Daily American. April 30, 1880. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ Highland, Deborah ( October 30, 1996 ). `` Local Legends and Halloween Lore ''. The Tennessean. Jump up ^ `` The Springfield Homicide ''. The Daily American. July 1, 1882. p. 4. Retrieved June 12, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to : Goodspeed 's History of Tennessee : The History of Robertson County. Nashville TN : The Goodspeed Publishing Co. 1886. p. 828. Retrieved 29 November 2016. Jump up ^ Tom Peete Cross ( 1919 ). Studies in Philology. University of North Carolina Press. p. 240. ^ Jump up to : Duggan, W.L. ( 1 January 1900 ). `` Sketches of Sevier and Robertson Counties ''. The American Historical Magazine. 5 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 25. JSTOR 42657394. Jump up ^ `` A Rural Fake : A Mulhattanism from Adam 's Station Creating Some Excitement ''. The Daily American. February 3, 1890. p. 2. Retrieved June 28, 2017 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Hoaxes of Joseph Mulhattan ''. Museum of Hoaxes. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` A Weird Witch : More Tales of a Fishy Flavor from Adam 's Station, TN ''. The Courier - Journal. February 21, 1890. p. 6. Retrieved November 28, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to : `` A Weird Witch : More Tales of a Mulhattanish Flavor from Adams Station ''. The Daily American. February 18, 1890. p. 2. Retrieved November 28, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Drop Stitches ''. The Nashville Tennessean ( Vol. 16, No. 41 ). July 20, 1924. ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren Ingram ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. 1894. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Veteran Journalist Dies in Clarksville ''. The Tennessean. October 6, 1909. p. 9. Retrieved December 1, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Ingram Health Report ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. January 24, 1890. p. 1. Retrieved June 17, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Clarksville Retirement ''. The Daily American. February 19, 1890. p. 4. Retrieved November 29, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Newspaper Announcement ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. March 6, 1890. p. 2. Retrieved June 17, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` An Interesting Trip an Its Incidents ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. July 13, 1892. p. 2. Retrieved June 9, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Season Over-The Old People and Their Hospitality ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. July 19, 1892. p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Ingram Announcement ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. March 21, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved June 17, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` A Clarksville Author ''. The Daily American. October 29, 1893. p. 10. Retrieved November 29, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` City and Suburban ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. February 9, 1894. p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` A `` Witch '' Story ``. The Daily American. March 31, 1894. p. 5. Retrieved November 29, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Bell Witch Loose : Printer Titus Now Believes the Story True ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. 9 May 1894. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2017 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` A Bell Witch ''. Hopkinsville Kentuckian. July 3, 1894. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 1 ''. The Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 3 March 2003. Retrieved 29 November 2016. Jump up ^ Jeff Hockenheimer ( 3 February 2014 ). The Secrets of the Bell Witch. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 78 --. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4931 - 5952 - 9. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 8, Our Family Trouble ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 10 March 2003. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : Dunning, Brian. `` Skeptoid # 118 : Demystifying the Bell Witch ''. Skeptoid. Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28. ^ Jump up to : Nickell, Joe. `` The ' Bell Witch ' Poltergeist ''. Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved September 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Brooks, Jim ( 2015 ). Bell Witch Stories You Never Heard. McClanahan Publishing House. p. 80. ISBN 1934898546. Jump up ^ Cartwright, Keith ( 5 January 2016 ). `` Jackson 's Villes, Squares, and Frontiers of Democracy ''. In Fred Hobson, Barbara Ladd. The Oxford Handbook of the Literature of the U.S. South. Oxford University Press. pp. 91 -- 92. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 045511 - 8. Retrieved 19 December 2016. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 10 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 17 September 2002. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Jump up ^ Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 13 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ Jump up to : Ingram, Martin ( 1894 ). `` An Authenticated History of the Famous Bell Witch : Chapter 11 ''. Bell Witch Folklore Center. Phil Norfleet. Archived from the original on 3 October 2002. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ Jump up to : Radford, Benjamin ( January -- February 2012 ). `` The Bell Witch Mystery ''. Skeptical Inquirer. 36 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 33. Jump up ^ Glenn Hinson ; William Ferris ( 1 January 2010 ). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Volume 14 : Folklife. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 149. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 9855 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Will Tennessee 's Terrible `` Bell Witch '' Keep It 's promise ``. The Cincinnati Enquirer ( Volume 9, Number 130 ). May 10, 1903. Jump up ^ `` The Bell Witch Up Again ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. August 14, 1903. Retrieved 21 May 2018 -- via Newspapers.com. Jump up ^ `` Report from Springfield Herald ''. Hopkinsville Kentuckian ( Volume 25, Number 73 ). September 15, 1903. Jump up ^ Burns, Charles ( September 29, 1935 ). `` Famed ' Ghost ' Due Back in ' 35 After 107 Year Absence ''. The Des Moines Register ( Volume 87, Number 100 ). Jump up ^ Tucker, Jack ( August 1, 1937 ). `` Something Goes on at Adams ; It May Be Kate, the Bell Witch ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 32, Number 154 ). Jump up ^ Tucker, Jack ( August 4, 1937 ). `` Form Lately Appears on Cliff Overlooking Bell Witch Cave ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 82, Number 159 ). Jump up ^ `` Minister 's Probe Reveals Rock Leaguers Mistook for Old Kate ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 32, Number 163 ). August 6, 1937. Jump up ^ Brooks, Jim ( 2015 ). Bell Witch Stories You Never Heard. McClanahan Publishing House. p. 182. ISBN 1934898546. Jump up ^ Preston, Bill ( November 28, 1965 ). `` Has Bell Witch Returned Home? ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 60, Number 211 ). Jump up ^ Patch, Rubya ( October 26, 2014 ). `` REMEMBER WHEN : The inimitable Charlie Willett ''. The Leaf - Chronicle. Retrieved 14 June 2018. Jump up ^ Brooks, Jim ( 2015 ). Bell Witch Stories You Never Heard. McClanahan Publishing House. pp. 175 -- 176. ISBN 1934898546. Jump up ^ McCampbell, Candy ( October 30, 1977 ). `` Is the Bell Witch a Mean Spirit? ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 72, Number 205 ). Jump up ^ Wick, Don ( October 26, 1986 ). `` Witch bothers, bewilders ''. The Clarion - Ledger ( Volume 33, Number 109 ). Jump up ^ Jarrard, David ( October 27, 1986 ). `` Bell Witch Cave too much ' story ' for brave staffers ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 81, Number 222 ). Jump up ^ Maines, John ( October 27, 1987 ). `` Thar 's gold in them thar witch 's chills ''. The Clarion - Ledger ( Volume 151, Number 180 ). Jump up ^ Swartzfager, Megan ( 31 October 2017 ). `` Visiting professor to deliver lecture on ' The Bell Witch of Mississippi ' ''. The Daily Mississippian. Retrieved 24 May 2018. Jump up ^ Clarke, Roger ( Dec 1, 2017 ). `` An American Haunting : in search of Tennessee 's Bell Witch ''. www.pressreader.com. Fortean Times. Retrieved 9 June 2018. Jump up ^ Rose, Lloyd ( 1 August 1999 ). `` NIGHT OF THE HAUNTER ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bell Witch Haunting ( 2004 ) ''. IMDB. Retrieved 23 May 2018. Jump up ^ Lee, Nathan ( 5 May 2006 ). `` An American Haunting - Review ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2018. Jump up ^ Lefevre, Tracey ( 16 September 2005 ). `` TTU student featured in Bell Witch film ''. Tech Times. Cookeville, TN : Tennessee Tech University. Retrieved 23 May 2018. Jump up ^ Pattee, Steve. `` The Bell Witch Legend ''. www.horrortalk.com. Retrieved 22 May 2018. Jump up ^ Miller, Glenn ( 5 November 2013 ). `` The Bell Witch Haunting ''. IMDB. Retrieved 23 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Investigate Bell Witch Cave With Ghost Adventures ''. Travel Channel. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Jump up ^ Young, Nicole ( October 20, 2015 ). `` A&E examines history behind Tennessee 's Bell Witch ''. USA Today. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Jump up ^ Livingston, Carolyn ( 1 January 1990 ). `` Charles Faulkner Bryan and American Folk Music ''. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education. 11 ( 2 ) : 76 -- 92. JSTOR 40214764. Jump up ^ `` The Shakers -- Living In The Shadow Of A Spirit ''. Discogs. Retrieved 5 December 2016. Jump up ^ Brady, Martin ( October 9, 2008 ). `` Multidimensional Dance : The Bell Witch and The Four Temperaments at TPAC 's Polk Theater ''. Nashville Scene. Retrieved 30 June 2018. Jump up ^ Hieronymous, Clara ( October 31, 1976 ). `` Bell Witch Legend : Spooky But True ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 71, Number 206 ). Jump up ^ Peebles, Jennifer ( October 11, 1998 ). `` Witch Story a Bell wringer ''. The Tennessean. Jump up ^ `` Halloween Happenings ''. The Tennessean. October 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Herndon, Carleen ( October 26, 2016 ). `` Bell Witch back in town ''. The Tennessean. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Mercyful Fate -- In the Shadows ''. Encyclopaedia Metallum. Jump up ^ Davis, Cody ( 18 May 2016 ). `` Former BELL WITCH Drummer / Vocalist, Adrian Guerra, Passes Away -- Metal Injection ''. Metal Injection. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Merle Kilgore -- The Bell Witch ''. 45cat. Retrieved 10 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Madeline Live at Caledonia Lounge on 2014 - 11 - 22 ''. Internet Archive. Sloan Simpson. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Bell Witch ' Author Dies at Port Royal ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 29, Number 428 ). February 4, 1935. Jump up ^ `` Promised Return of Bell Witch Recalls Sensational Stories ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 29, Number 532 ). April 1, 1935. Jump up ^ `` Christ the King Salutes Children 's Book Week ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 63, Number 208 ). November 21, 1968. Jump up ^ Walker, Hugh ( April 22, 1979 ). `` The Bell Witch Strikes Again ''. The Tennessean ( Volume 74, Number 14 ). Jump up ^ Germain, David ( May 4, 2006 ). `` Haunting Creepy But Too Noisy ''. The Anniston Star. Jump up ^ Carton, Nicole ( Oct 22, 2001 ). `` Do you believe in the Bell Witch? ''. The Tennessean. Jump up ^ Darnell, Mark ( Nov 3, 2015 ). `` Bell Witch Author to Visit Thomas House Hotel in RBS ''. Macon County Chronicle. Retrieved 22 May 2018. Jump up ^ Watson, Chris ( June 16, 2002 ). `` Witch Legend Makes for Gripping Story ''. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Festival of Books ''. The Tennessean. October 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Garrison, Chad. `` Meet John Taff ; St. Louis Horror Writer with `` Weakest Stomach Imaginable '' ``. Riverfront Times. Retrieved 22 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Dr. James Brooks to Reveal Never - Before - Told Bell Witch Stories ''. Westview ( The Nashville Ledger ) ( Volume 31, Number 35 ). August 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Akbar, Arifa ( 1 October 2015 ). `` Little Sister Death by William Gay, book review : Writer 's deal with the devil ''. The Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Jump up ^ Cartwright, Keith Ryan. `` Bell Witch legend meets modern day Nashville in new thriller ''. The Tennessean. Retrieved 29 June 2017. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bell Witch. Audio ( edit ) The Bell Witch of Tennessee A MonsterTalk episode on the Bell Witch. The Bell Witch, a WSM Tall Tales radio broadcast October 6, 1953. Episode Eighteen : The One about the Bell Witch, an Encounters podcast featuring Brandon Barker, Visiting Lecturer in Folkloristics at Indiana University Bloomington, who explores a modern connection to Bloody Mary folklore. Ep 85 : The Bell Witch Part 1 ; Ep 86 : The Bell Witch Part 2 Two episode Astonishing Legends podcast. The second episode includes an interview with David Britton, Tennessee State Park Ranger. Text ( edit ) Tennessee Myths and Legends : Bell Witch Tennessee State Library and Archives Exhibition. The Bell Witch by paranormal author and historian Pat Fitzhugh. The Historic Bell Witch Cave Proprietary website for recreational and tourist information. Prairie Ghosts -- The Bell Witch Cave Paranormal webpage includes additional cave detail. `` A Witch As Was A Witch '' Article by Irvin S. Cobb for McClure 's, published in 1922. Includes a family anecdote that his great grandfather witnessed the haunting and was convinced of the legitimacy. Bell Witch Fall Festival Destination site for annual Robertson County theater events organized by the non-profit Community Spirit, Inc. American folklore and tall tales Folkloric figures Alfred Bulltop Stormalong Annie Christmas Br'er Rabbit Brother Jonathan Casey at the Bat Casey Jones Cordwood Pete Evangeline Feathertop Febold Feboldson Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox Ichabod Crane Joe Magarac John Henry Johnny Kaw Mose Humphrey Ola Värmlänning Ole Pete Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox Pecos Bill Rip Van Winkle Santa Claus Tony Beaver Uncle Sam Windwagon Smith Fearsome critters Agropelter Axehandle hound Ball - tailed cat Cactus cat Fur - bearing trout Glawackus Hidebehind Hodag Hoop snake Jackalope Jersey Devil Joint snake Sidehill gouger Skunk ape Snallygaster Splintercat Squonk Teakettler Wampus cat Ghosts & Witches Bell Witch Lincoln 's ghost White Lady Legends Bloodstopping Confederate gold Fountain of Youth Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Madstone Seven Cities of Gold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_Witch&oldid=861645641 '' Categories : 1810s in Tennessee 1820s in Tennessee American folklore Curses Folklore of the Southern United States American ghosts Robertson County, Tennessee Supernatural legends Witchcraft Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018, at 23 : 15 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bell Witch", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bell_Witch&amp;oldid=861645641" }

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{ "text": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory - wikipedia 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory Jump to : navigation, search 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory Studio album by Dropkick Murphys Released January 6, 2017 Recorded 2016 El Paso, TX Genre Celtic punk folk punk Length 38 : 40 Label Born & Bred Producer Ted Hutt Dropkick Murphys chronology Rose Tattoo : For Boston Charity ( 2013 ) 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ( 2017 ) Deluxe Edition cover 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory : Deluxe Edition Singles from 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory `` Blood '' Released : November 3, 2016 `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Released : December 2, 2016 `` Paying My Way '' Released : December 16, 2016 `` Until the Next Time '' Released : June 6, 2017 Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 76 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Newsday ( A ) PopMatters 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory is the ninth studio album by American band Dropkick Murphys and was released on January 6, 2017, on the band 's Born & Bred Records label. It was the band 's first studio album in four years since 2013 's Signed and Sealed in Blood. The album made its debut at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 200 album charts giving the band their second highest debuting album of their career behind 2011 's Going Out in Style which made its debut at number 6. The album is also the first since 2003 's Blackout to not feature bagpipe player Scruffy Wallace who left the band in 2015. While not an official member, Lee Forshner plays bagpipes on the album and also serves as the band 's touring bagpipe player. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 3.1 Dropkick Murphys 3.2 Additional musicians 4 Charts 5 References Background ( edit ) In May 2016, the band started posting videos from the recording of the album in El Paso, Texas which they said expected to have released by the end of the year or early 2017. `` To me, the whole journey starts with the fact we actually agreed to go -- and then went -- to Texas. Because we 've never left home to make a record. As everyone 's lives have become crazier and busier with kids and families, it 's gotten harder to buckle down at home. We decided to leave Boston, go down to literally the middle of nowhere and lock ourselves in a room '' Ken Casey said. 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory was officially announced as the album 's title on November 3, 2016, and a video for the song `` Blood '' was released on the same day. `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' and `` Paying My Way '', which also had a music video, followed as singles. All three songs were given away as digital downloads to people who pre-ordered the album. The album was influenced the band 's work with The Claddagh Fund, a charity the band established in 2009 to help support addiction recovery as well as children 's and veterans ' organizations. `` Rebels with a Cause '' was written about kids who are given up on, and left behind by a system that has written them off as hopeless. `` Paying My Way '' is about the way up and out of addiction and the dream of bigger and better things in life. `` 4 - 15 - 13 '' pays homage to the victims of the Boston Marathon Bombing, most of whom the band grew to know personally after visits to their hospital rooms in the aftermath. `` Since that day, we felt like not taking the challenge to write a song about what we all went through would be taking the coward 's way out. We put more importance on writing that piece of music than anything we 've ever done, because if you 're going to touch that day, it has to be done right. We went through so many emotions with that whole experience, as did everyone in Boston. It changed the city forever, '' Casey said. Tim Brennan said of the album `` we 've stayed true to what the band is and has always been. And we 're still expanding on our sound and lyrical content. '' In a December 2, 2016 video, Ken Casey discussed the reasons behind the band covering `` You 'll Never Walk Alone ''. `` As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in ( the Boston ) area. I 've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al 's lost a brother in law. It 's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad, but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone. I hope you like our version '' Casey said. Track listing ( edit ) No. Title Length 1. `` The Lonesome Boatman '' 2 : 42 2. `` Rebels with a Cause '' 3 : 00 3. `` Blood '' 4 : 01 4. `` Sandlot '' 3 : 44 5. `` First Class Loser '' 2 : 55 6. `` Paying My Way '' 3 : 54 7. `` I Had a Hat '' 3 : 02 8. `` Kicked to the Curb '' 3 : 26 9. `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( Rodgers and Hammerstein ) 3 : 22 10. `` 4 - 15 - 13 '' 4 : 47 11. `` Until the Next Time '' 3 : 47 Total length : 38 : 40 Deluxe edition bonus disc No. Title Length 1. `` Blood '' 2. `` Sandlot ( Acoustic ) '' The deluxe edition of the album is limited to 5,000 copies and includes a 26 - page book featuring the band 's hand - written lyrics, behind the scenes photos, guitar tabs, bagpipe notation and a 2 - song picture disc featuring `` Blood '' and an exclusive acoustic version of `` Sandlot ''. The album is also available on Kelly Green vinyl which is limited to 1,000 copies. A limited edition yellow & blue splatter version of the album on vinyl was also released as an exclusive to Newbury Comics. Personnel ( edit ) Dropkick Murphys ( edit ) Al Barr -- lead vocals Tim Brennan -- guitars, accordion, Mellotron, tin whistle, vocals Ken Casey -- lead vocals, bass guitar Jeff DaRosa -- banjo, bouzouki, mandolin, harmonica, acoustic guitars, vocals Matt Kelly -- drums, percussion, vocals James Lynch -- guitars, vocals Additional musicians ( edit ) Ted Hutt -- percussion Lee Forshner -- bagpipes ( tracks 3, 9, and 11 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 15 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 22 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 59 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 21 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 36 French Albums ( SNEP ) 71 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 36 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Albums ( OCC ) 68 US Billboard 200 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory by Dropkick Murphys ''. Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory - Dropkick Murphys - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic ''. AllMusic. Jump up ^ `` The Dropkicks ' ' 11 Short Stories ' a potent album ''. Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys : 11 Short Stories of Pain and Glory ''. Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory by Dropkick Murphys on Apple Music ''. Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ Lambert, Lane. `` For Dropkick Murphys, Kennedy award is ' an extreme honor ' ''. The Hingham Journal. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys announce 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory ''. TeamRock.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ `` DROPKICK MURPHYS Announce New Album and Brixton Academy Show ''. PlanetMosh.com. 2015 - 05 - 03. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories Of Pain And Glory Deluxe LP ( Green ) & Album T - Shirt ( Blue ) Bundle - The Official Dropkick Murphys Webstore ''. Kingsroadmerch.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05. Jump up ^ `` The Dropkick Murphys 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory Exclusive LP Newbury Comics ''. Newbury Comics. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in German ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in French ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` On the Charts This Week ''. FYIMusicNews. Retrieved January 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in Dutch ). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Fusionnes - SNEP ( Week 2, 2017 ) '' ( in French ). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved January 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in German ). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart ''. Recorded Music NZ. January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ''. Hung Medien. Retrieved January 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys Artist Official Charts ''. UK Albums Chart. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Soundtrack Dances to No. 2 on Billboard 200 Chart, The Weeknd Spends Third Week at No. 1 ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2017. ( hide ) Dropkick Murphys Ken Casey Matt Kelly Al Barr James Lynch Tim Brennan Jeff DaRosa Current touring members Lee Forshner Past members Mike McColgan Rick Barton Jeff Erna Marc Orrell Robbie `` Spicy McHaggis '' Mederios Ryan Foltz Scruffy Wallace Past touring members Joe Delaney Stephanie Dougherty Studio albums Do or Die ( 1998 ) The Gang 's All Here ( 1999 ) Sing Loud, Sing Proud! ( 2001 ) Blackout ( 2003 ) The Warrior 's Code ( 2005 ) The Meanest of Times ( 2007 ) Going Out in Style ( 2011 ) Signed and Sealed in Blood ( 2013 ) 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ( 2017 ) EPs Boys on the Docks ( 1997 ) Tessie ( 2004 ) Rose Tattoo : For Boston Charity ( 2013 ) Compilation albums The Early Years ( 1998 ) The Singles Collection, Volume 1 ( 2000 ) Singles Collection, Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Live albums Live on St. Patrick 's Day from Boston, MA ( 2002 ) Live on Lansdowne, Boston MA ( 2010 ) Live at Fenway ( 2012 ) Split releases / other Dropkick Murphys / Ducky Boys Split 7 inch ( 1996 ) Anti-Heros vs Dropkick Murphys ( 1997 ) Tattoos and Scally Caps ( 1997 ) Fire and Brimstone ( 1997 ) The Bruisers / Dropkick Murphys Split 7 inch ( 1997 ) German Lager vs. Irish Stout ( 1998 ) Curse of a Fallen Soul ( 1998 ) Mob Mentality ( 1999 ) Unity ( 1999 ) Live on a Five ( 2000 ) This Is the East Coast (... Not L.A. ) ( 2000 ) Back on the Streets ( 2000 ) Face to Face vs. Dropkick Murphys ( 2002 ) Back to the Hub ( 2003 ) Fat City Presents... One For the Ages! ( 2003 ) Time to Go ( Boston Bruins promotional CD ) ( 2003 ) Fields of Athenry : Andrew Farrar Memorial ( 2005 ) Video albums On the Road with the Dropkick Murphys ( 2004 ) Give ' Em the Boot ( 2005 ) Singles `` 10 Years of Service '' ( 1999 ) `` Good Rats '' ( 2000 ) `` The Spicy McHaggis Jig '' ( 2001 ) `` The Gauntlet '' ( 2001 ) `` The Wild Rover '' ( 2002 ) `` Walk Away '' ( 2003 ) `` The Fields of Athenry '' ( 2004 ) `` Tessie '' ( 2004 ) `` Sunshine Highway '' ( 2005 ) `` The Warrior 's Code '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' ( 2006 ) `` The State of Massachusetts '' ( 2008 ) `` Surrender '' ( 2008 ) `` Johnny I Hardly Knew Ya '' ( 2008 ) `` Going Out in Style '' ( 2011 ) `` Memorial Day '' ( 2011 ) `` Sunday Hardcore Matinee ( Live ) '' ( 2012 ) `` Rose Tattoo '' ( 2012 ) `` The Season 's Upon Us '' ( 2012 ) `` The Boys Are Back '' ( 2013 ) `` Rose Tattoo ( featuring Bruce Springsteen ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Out of Our Heads '' ( 2013 ) `` Blood '' ( 2016 ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( 2016 ) `` Paying My Way '' ( 2016 ) Discography The Outlets The Bruisers The Ducky Boys Everybody Out! Street Dogs The Mahones Danny O'Connor Spike O'Sullivan Patriots Day Book : Dropkick Murphys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11_Short_Stories_of_Pain_%26_Glory&oldid=822810187 '' Categories : 2017 albums Dropkick Murphys albums Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018, at 16 : 59. About Wikipedia", "title": "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=11_Short_Stories_of_Pain_%26_Glory&amp;oldid=822810187" }

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{ "text": "Bulgaria - wikipedia Bulgaria This article is about the country. For other uses, see Bulgaria ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 42 ° 45 ′ N 25 ° 30 ′ E  /  42.750 ° N 25.500 ° E  / 42.750 ; 25.500 Republic of Bulgaria Република България ( Bulgarian ) Republika Bǎlgariya Flag Coat of arms Motto : Съединението прави силата ( Bulgarian ) `` Sǎedinenieto pravi silata '' ( transliteration ) `` Unity makes strength '' Anthem : Мила Родино ( Bulgarian ) Mila Rodino ( transliteration ) Dear Motherland Location of Bulgaria ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Sofia 42 ° 41 ′ N 23 ° 19 ′ E  /  42.683 ° N 23.317 ° E  / 42.683 ; 23.317 Official languages Bulgarian Official script Cyrillic Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 84.8 % Bulgarians, 8.8 % Turks, 4.9 % Romani, 0.7 % others Demonym Bulgarian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Rumen Radev Prime Minister Boyko Borisov Legislature National Assembly Formation First Bulgarian Empire 681 -- 1018 Second Bulgarian Empire 1185 -- 1396 Principality of Bulgaria 3 March 1878 Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire 5 October 1908 Area Total 110,993.6 km ( 42,854.9 sq mi ) ( 103rd ) Water ( % ) 0.3 Population 31 December 2017 estimate 7,050,034 ( 103rd ) Density 64 / km ( 165.8 / sq mi ) ( 155th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $152.374 billion ( 76th ) Per capita $21,578 ( 62nd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $55.954 billion ( 81st ) Per capita $7,924 ( 75th ) Gini ( 2017 ) 40.2 medium HDI ( 2016 ) 0.794 high 56th Currency Lev ( BGN ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 359 ISO 3166 code BG Internet TLD. bg Bulgaria ( / bʌlˈɡɛəriə, bʊl - / ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България, tr. Bǎlgariya ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgariya, IPA : ( rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ) ), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ), Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th - largest country. Organised prehistoric cultures appeared in Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. In Antiquity, the region was a battleground for Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonian Greeks until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD. The Eastern Roman Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde, which founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD. It dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavs during the Middle Ages. After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. The Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 Bulgaria became a one - party socialist state and part of the Soviet - led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market - based economy. Since the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991, Bulgaria has functioned as a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. Most commercial and administrative activities are concentrated in its capital and largest city of Sofia. The predominantly urbanised population of seven million people mainly inhabits the primary cities of the 28 provinces. Bulgaria 's market economy is part of the European Single Market and is largely based on services, agriculture, and a sizeable industrial sector focused on mining and machine building. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe ; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times. It is also notable for its biodiversity, its achievements in sports and science, particularly space exploration, and its historical influence on Slavic cultures through its Medieval literary schools and the Cyrillic script. However, it continues to struggle with crippling corruption and severe demographic decline. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity 2.2 First Bulgarian Empire 2.3 Second Bulgarian Empire 2.4 Ottoman rule 2.5 Third Bulgarian state 3 Geography 3.1 Biodiversity and environment 4 Politics 4.1 Legal system 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations and security 5 Economy 5.1 Sectors 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Infrastructure 6 Demographics 7 Culture 7.1 Sports 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology The name Bulgaria is derived from the Bulgars, a tribe of Turkic origin that established the country. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD, but it is possibly derived from the Proto - Turkic word bulģha ( `` to mix '', `` shake '', `` stir '' ) and its derivative bulgak ( `` revolt '', `` disorder '' ). The meaning may be further extended to `` rebel '', `` to incite '', or `` to produce a state of disorder '', i.e. the `` disturbers ''. `` To mix '' or `` of mixed stock '' is a disputed interpretation of the word referring to the supposed mixing of the Oghurs and the Huns that initiated the Bulgars ' ethnogenesis. Such mixing, however, may have occurred earlier. Scholar Sanping Chen has noted analogous groups in Inner Asia, with phonologically similar names, who were frequently described in similar terms : during the 4th century, the Buluoji, a component of the `` Five Barbarian '' groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a `` mixed race '' and `` troublemakers ''. Alternate etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto - Turkic bel ( `` five '' ) and gur ( `` arrow '' in the sense of `` tribe '' ), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ( `` ten tribes '' ). History Main article : History of Bulgaria Prehistory and Antiquity Further information : Neolithic Europe, Odrysian kingdom, Thracians, and Slavs Thracian golden wreath in the National Historical Museum Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic. Organised agricultural societies, like the Vinča culture, arose in the Neolithic. The eneolithic Varna culture ( fifth millennium BC ) is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation. The associated Varna Necropolis treasure contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years. The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies. One of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians were the Thracians, who appeared in the region during the Iron Age. The Persians conquered most of present - day Bulgaria in the 6th century BC and retained control over the region until 479 BC. The bulk of the Thracian tribes united under king Teres to form the Odrysian kingdom in the 470s BC. It was weakened and vassalised by Philip II of Macedon in 341 BC, attacked by Celts in the 3rd century, and finally became a province of the Roman Empire in 45 AD. After the split of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD the area fell under Byzantine control. By this time, Christianity had already spread in the region. Wulfila 's Bible, the first book written in a Germanic language, was created by bishop Wulfila in the small Gothic community at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the 4th century. The first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria. The partly Romanised or Hellenised Thracians were assimilated by the South Slavs, who gradually settled in the region in the 6th century. First Bulgarian Empire Main article : First Bulgarian Empire Khan Krum feasts with his nobles after the battle of Pliska. His servant ( far right ) brings the wine - filled skull cup of Nicephorus I. The area between the lower Danube and the Balkan Mountains was again invaded in 680, this time by the Bulgar horde of Khan Asparukh, a remnant of Old Great Bulgaria. A peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire was signed the following year, and the First Bulgarian Empire was established. The Bulgars gradually mixed with the local population, forging a common language based on Slavic dialects. Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. Krum introduced a written code of law and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the Battle of Pliska where Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I was killed. Boris I abolished paganism in favour of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 864. The conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet developed at the capital of Preslav. The new religion and script strengthened central authority and helped the Slavs and Bulgars fuse into a unified people. A cultural golden age began during the 34 - year rule of Simeon the Great, who also oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state. After Simeon 's death, wars with Magyars and Pechenegs and the spread of the Bogomil heresy weakened Bulgaria. Preslav was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive Rus ' and Byzantine invasions. Under Samuil, the empire briefly recovered from the attacks, but this recovery ended when Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army at Klyuch in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle, and by 1018 the Byzantines had ended the First Bulgarian Empire. Second Bulgarian Empire Main article : Second Bulgarian Empire After the conquest of Bulgaria, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing payment in kind instead. The Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced to an archbishopric, but retained its autocephalous status and its dioceses. Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil 's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, the largest being led by Peter Delyan. In 1185 Asen dynasty nobles Ivan Asen I and Peter IV organised a major uprising which resulted in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as the capital. The walls of Tsarevets fortress in Veliko Tarnovo, the capital of the second empire Kaloyan, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to Belgrade and Ohrid. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the pope and received a royal crown from a papal legate. The empire reached its zenith under Ivan Asen II ( 1218 -- 1241 ), when its borders expanded as far as Albania and Epirus while commerce and culture flourished. Tarnovo became a `` Third Rome '' because of its influence in commercial and religious matters, overshadowing a declining Constantinople. The Asen dynasty 's downfall in 1257 was followed by internal conflicts, incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and Mongol suzerainty. In 1277, swineherd Ivaylo led a great peasant revolt that chased the Mongols out of Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor. Ivaylo was overthrown in 1280 by the feudal landlords, whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century. These fragmented rump states -- two tsardoms at Vidin and Tarnovo and the Despotate of Dobrudzha -- became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast : the Ottoman Turks. Ottoman rule Main article : Ottoman Bulgaria Fragmentation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 14th century The Ottomans were employed as mercenaries by the Byzantines in the 1340s but later became invaders in their own right. Sultan Murad I took Adrianople from the Byzantines in 1362 ; Sofia fell in 1382, followed by Shumen in 1388. The Ottomans completed their conquest of Bulgarian lands in 1393 when Tarnovo was sacked after a three - month siege, and then the Battle of Nicopolis which brought about the fall of the Vidin Tsardom in 1396. Bulgarian nobility was subsequently eliminated and the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman masters, while much of the educated clergy fled to other countries. Christians were considered an inferior class of people under the Ottoman system. Bulgarians were thus subjected to heavy taxes ( including devshirme, or blood tax ), their culture was suppressed, and they experienced partial Islamisation. Ottoman authorities established a religious administrative community called the Rum Millet, which governed all Orthodox Christians regardless of their ethnicity. Most of the local population then gradually lost its distinct national consciousness, identifying only by its faith. However, the clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive, enabling its survival in remote rural areas, and in the militant Catholic community in the northwest of the country. As Ottoman power began to wane, Habsburg Austria and Russia saw Bulgarian Christians as potential allies. The Austrians first backed an uprising in Tarnovo in 1598, then a second one in 1686, the Chiprovtsi Uprising in 1688 and finally Karposh 's Rebellion in 1689. The Russian Empire also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774. The Russo - Bulgarian defence of Shipka Pass The Western European Enlightenment in the 18th century influenced the initiation of a national awakening of Bulgaria. It restored national consciousness and provided an ideological basis for the liberation struggle, resulting in the 1876 April Uprising. Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the Great Powers to take action. They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the Crimean War. In 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of Bulgarian rebels, particularly during the crucial Battle of Shipka Pass. Third Bulgarian state Main articles : History of Bulgaria ( 1878 -- 1946 ), People 's Republic of Bulgaria, and History of Bulgaria since 1989 The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and included a provision to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests. It was superseded by the Treaty of Berlin, signed on 13 July, which provided for a much smaller state comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia, leaving large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country. This significantly contributed to Bulgaria 's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century. The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908. In the years following independence, Bulgaria increasingly militarised and was often referred to as `` the Balkan Prussia ''. It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918 -- two Balkan Wars and World War I. After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000 - strong army and achieving several decisive victories at Doiran and Monastir, the country capitulated in 1918. The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed. More than 253,000 refugees from the lost territories immigrated to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929, placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy. Tsar Boris III The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III ( 1918 -- 1943 ). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps. The sudden death of Boris III in the summer of 1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944. The communist - dominated Fatherland Front took power, ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended. Bulgaria suffered little war damage and the Soviet Union demanded no reparations ; however, all wartime gains, with the notable exception of Southern Dobrudzha, were lost. The left - wing uprising of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of monarchic rule, but it was not until 1946 that a one - party people 's republic was established. It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov ( 1946 -- 1949 ). He laid the foundations of a rapidly industrialising Stalinist state which saw the executions of thousands of war criminals and dissidents. By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly and political repressions were lessened. The Soviet - style planned economy saw some market - oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under Todor Zhivkov ( 1954 -- 1989 ). Both national and per capita GDPs quadrupled by the 1980s, although severe debt spikes took place in 1960, 1977 and 1980. Zhivkov 's daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide. Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, in 1984 Zhivkov 's government forced the minority ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them. These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey. The Communist Party gave up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989. Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy. The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Communist Party, now rebranded as the Bulgarian Socialist Party. A new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991. The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth -- the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s. A 1997 reform package restored economic growth, but living standards continued to suffer. After 2001 economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly, and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003. It became a member of NATO in 2004 and participated in the War in Afghanistan. After several years of reforms it joined the European Union and single market in 2007 despite concerns about government corruption. Bulgaria hosted the 2018 Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Geography Main article : Geography of Bulgaria Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula, bordering five countries -- Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north. The land borders have a total length of 1,808 kilometres ( 1,123 mi ), and the coastline has a length of 354 kilometres ( 220 mi ). Its total area of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) ranks it as the world 's 105th - largest country. Bulgaria 's geographic coordinates are 43 ° N 25 ° E. The most notable topographical features are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope Mountains. The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the Danube defines the border with Romania. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast. Left : Pirin Mountain in western Bulgaria Right : Maslen nos on the Black Sea coast The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country. The mountainous southwest has two distinct alpine ranges -- Rila and Pirin, which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east. Musala peak, at 2,925 metres ( 9,596 ft ), is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkan peninsula, and the Black Sea coast is the country 's lowest point. Plains occupy about one - third of the territory, while plateaus and hills occupy 41 per cent. The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of which are relatively small and with low water levels. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 kilometres ( 229 mi ). Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa in the south. Bulgaria has a dynamic climate, which results from its being positioned at the meeting point of Mediterranean and continental air masses and the barrier effect of its mountains. Northern Bulgaria averages 1 ° C ( 1.8 ° F ) cooler and registers 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) more precipitation annually than the regions south of the Balkan mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. The lowest recorded temperature is − 38.3 ° C ( − 36.9 ° F ), while the highest is 45.2 ° C ( 113.4 ° F ). Precipitation averages about 630 millimetres ( 24.8 in ) per year, and varies from 500 millimetres ( 19.7 in ) in Dobrudja to more than 2,500 millimetres ( 98.4 in ) in the mountains. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter. Biodiversity and Environment Lacerta viridis in Ropotamo, one of Bulgaria 's 16 biosphere reserves The interaction of climatic, hydrological, geological and topographical conditions have produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species. Bulgaria 's biodiversity, one of the richest in Europe, is conserved in three national parks, 11 nature parks, 16 biosphere reserves and 565 protected areas. More than 35 per cent of its land area is covered by forests, where some of the oldest trees in the world, such as Baikushev 's pine and the Granit oak, grow. Most of the plant and animal life is central European, although representatives of Arctic and alpine species are present at high altitudes. Flora includes more than 3,800 vascular plant species of which 170 are endemic and 150 are considered endangered. A checklist of larger fungi of Bulgaria reported that more than 1,500 species occur in the country. Fauna is primarily represented by owls, rock partridges, wallcreepers, red deer, pheasants and jackals. In 1998, the Bulgarian government approved the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. Bulgaria has some of the largest Natura 2000 areas in Europe covering 33.8 per cent of its territory. It also adopted the Kyoto Protocol and achieved its objective of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 30 per cent from 1990 to 2009. However, pollution from factories and metallurgy works and severe deforestation continue to cause major problems to the health and welfare of the population. Particulate matter levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal - based power stations. One of these, the lignite - fired Maritsa Iztok - 2 station, is causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment in the entire European Union. Pesticide usage in the agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution with chemicals and detergents. Over 75 per cent of surface rivers meet the standards for good quality. An improvement of water quality began in 1998 and has maintained a sustainable trend of moderate improvement. According to Yale University 's 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Bulgaria is a `` modest performer '' in protecting the environment. Politics Main article : Politics of Bulgaria The National Assembly in Sofia Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy where the prime minister is the most powerful executive position. The political system has three branches -- legislative, executive and judicial, with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old. The Constitution of Bulgaria also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national referenda. Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election. Normally, the prime minister -- elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections, although this is not always the case. Political parties gather in the National Assembly, a body of 240 deputies elected to four - year terms by direct popular vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. The president serves as the head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote of all members of parliament. Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments. Rumen Radev President of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov is serving his third term as prime minister since 2009, when his centre - right, pro-EU party GERB won the general election and ruled as a minority government with 117 seats in the National Assembly. However, his first government resigned on 20 February 2013 after nationwide protests caused by high costs of utilities, low living standards, corruption and the failure of the democratic system. The protest wave was notable for self - immolations, spontaneous demonstrations and a strong sentiment against political parties. The subsequent snap elections in May resulted in a narrow win for GERB, but the Bulgarian Socialist Party eventually formed a government led by Plamen Oresharski after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support. The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing large - scale protests. A caretaker government took over and called the October 2014 elections which resulted in a third GERB victory, but a total of eight parties entered parliament. Borisov 's party formed a coalition with several right - wing parties. Borisov resigned again after the candidate backed by his party failed to win the 2016 Presidential election. The March 2017 snap election was again won by GERB, but with 95 seats in Parliament. They formed a coalition with the far - right United Patriots, who hold 27 seats. Freedom House has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009, citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government. Bulgaria is still listed as `` Free '', with a political system designated as a semi-consolidated democracy, albeit with deteriorating scores. The Democracy Index defines it as a `` Flawed democracy ''. Legal system Bulgaria has a typical civil law legal system. The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts. The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. The legal system is one of Europe 's most inefficient, and the lack of transparency and corruption are pervasive. Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. The General Directorate of National Police ( GDNP ) combats general crime and maintains public order. GDNP fields 26,578 police officers in its local and national sections. The bulk of criminal cases are transport - related, followed by theft and drug - related crime ; homicide rates are low. The Ministry of the Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the National Gendarmerie -- a specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security, established in 2008. Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Bulgaria and Municipalities of Bulgaria Bulgaria is a unitary state. Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26. Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces ( oblasti, singular oblast ). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system. It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province ( Sofia - Grad ). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities. Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four - year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly centralised state where the Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding. Blagoevgrad Burgas Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Kardzhali Kyustendil Lovech Montana Pazardzhik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad Ruse Shumen Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia Province Stara Zagora Targovishte Varna Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa Yambol Foreign relations and Security Main articles : Foreign relations of Bulgaria and Military of Bulgaria Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003. It was also among the founding nations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) in 1975. Euro - Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of Communism, although the Communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by 1987. Bulgaria signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005, and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007. In addition, it has a tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece, good ties with China and Vietnam and a historical relationship with Russia. Mikoyan MiG - 29 jet fighters of the Bulgarian Air Force Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet - allied countries like Nicaragua and Libya during the Cold War. The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001, when the country hosted six KC - 135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan. International military relations were further expanded with accession to NATO in March 2004 and the US - Bulgarian Defence Cooperation Agreement signed in April 2006. Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos subsequently became joint military training facilities cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries. Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all - volunteer Bulgarian army, branched into land forces, navy and an air force. The land forces consist of two mechanised brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions ; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases, and the navy operates various ships, helicopters and coastal defence weapons. Active troops dwindled from 152,000 in 1988 to 31,300 in 2017, supplemented by 3,000 reservists and 16,000 paramilitary. The inventory consists mostly of Soviet equipment like Mikoyan MiG - 29 and Sukhoi Su - 25 jets, S - 300PT air defence systems and SS - 21 Scarab short - range ballistic missiles. Economy Main article : Economy of Bulgaria Economic growth ( green ) and unemployment ( blue ) statistics since 2001 Bulgaria has an open, upper middle income range market economy where the private sector accounts for more than 70 % of GDP. From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities. The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent `` shock therapy '' of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997. The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later, but the average salary of 1,036 leva ( € 529 ) per month remains the lowest in the EU. More than a fifth of the labour force are employed on a minimum wage of € 1 per hour. A balanced budget was achieved in 2003 and the country began running a surplus the following year. Expenditures amounted to $21.15 billion and revenues were $21.67 billion in 2017. Most government spending on institutions is earmarked for security. The ministries of defence, the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least amount of funding. Taxes form the bulk of government revenue at 30 per cent of GDP. Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10 per cent rate. The tax system is two - tier. Value added tax, excise duties, corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are defined by local authorities. Bulgaria also has the third - lowest public debt in the Union at 28.7 per cent of GDP in 2016. Strong economic performance in the early 2000s reduced government debt from 79.6 per cent in 1998 to 14.1 per cent in 2008. The Yugozapaden planning area is the most developed region with a per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $26,580 in 2016. It includes the capital city and the surrounding Sofia Province, which alone generate 42 per cent of national gross domestic product. PPP GDP per capita and the cost of living in 2017 stood at 49 and 48.4 per cent of the EU average, respectively. National PPP GDP was estimated at $143.1 billion in 2016, with a per capita value of $20,116. Economic growth statistics take into account illegal transactions from the informal economy, which is the largest in the EU as a percentage of economic output. The Bulgarian National Bank issues the national currency, lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа per euro. After several consecutive years of high growth, repercussions of the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 resulted in a 3.6 per cent contraction of GDP in 2009 and increased unemployment. Industrial output declined 10 per cent, mining by 31 per cent, and ferrous and metal production marked a 60 per cent drop. Positive growth was restored in 2010 but intercompany debt exceeded € 51 billion, meaning that 60 per cent of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted. By 2012, it had increased to € 83 billion, or 227 per cent of GDP. The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results, but the social consequences of these measures have been `` catastrophic '' according to the International Trade Union Confederation. Siphoning of public funds to the families and relatives of politicians from incumbent parties has also resulted in fiscal and welfare losses to society. Bulgaria ranks 71st in the Corruption Perceptions Index and experiences the worst levels of corruption in the European Union, a phenomenon that remains a source of profound public discontent. Along with organised crime, corruption has led to a rejection of the country 's Schengen Area application and withdrawal of foreign investment. Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement, influence trading, government procurement violations and bribery with impunity. Government procurement in particular is a critical area in corruption risk. An estimated 10 billion leva ( $5.99 billion ) of state budget and European cohesion funds are spent on public tenders each year ; nearly 14 billion ( $8.38 billion ) were spent on public contracts in 2017 alone. A large share of these contracts are awarded to a few politically connected companies amid widespread irregularities, procedure violations and tailor - made selection or award criteria. Despite repeated criticism from the European Commission, EU institutions abstain from taking measures against Bulgaria because it is not seen by Brussels as a `` problem country '' like Poland or Hungary. Sectors The labour force is 3.36 million people, of whom 6.8 per cent are employed in agriculture, 26.6 per cent are employed in industry and 66.6 per cent are employed in the services sector. Extraction of metals and minerals, production of chemicals, machine building, steel, biotechnology, tobacco and food processing and petroleum refining are among the major industrial activities. Mining alone employs 24,000 people and generates about five per cent of the country 's GDP ; the number of employed in all mining - related industries is 120,000. Bulgaria is Europe 's fifth - largest coal producer. Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors. Two - thirds of food and agricultural exports go to OECD countries. Although cereal and vegetable yields dropped by 40 per cent between 1990 and 2008, output has since increased, and the 2016 - 2017 season registered the biggest grain yields in a decade. Maize, barley, oats and rice are also grown. Quality Oriental tobacco is a significant industrial crop. Bulgaria is also the largest producer globally of lavender and rose oil, both widely used in fragrances. Of the services sector, tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth. Bulgaria has emerged as a travelling destination with its inexpensive resorts and beaches outside the reach of the tourist industry. Most of the visitors are Romanian, German, Turkish, British and Russian. Sofia, Plovdiv, Veliko Tarnovo, coastal resorts Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko, Pamporovo and Borovets are some of the locations most visited by tourists. Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in Bulgaria Spending on research and development amounts to 0.78 per cent of GDP, and the bulk of public R&D funding goes to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ( BAS ). Private businesses accounted for more than 73 per cent of R&D expenditures and employed 42 per cent of Bulgaria 's 22,000 researchers in 2015. The same year, Bulgaria ranked 39th out of 50 countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the highest score being in education ( 24th ) and the lowest in value - added manufacturing ( 48th ). Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria. The launch of BulgariaSat - 1 by SpaceX using a B1029 reusable booster, 2017 Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, materials science and physics remains strong. Three per cent of economic output is generated by the information and communication technologies sector where 40,000 to 51,000 software engineers are employed. More than a quarter of them are women, the highest percentage of females in ICT in any EU country. High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Soviet era, when the country was known as a `` Communist Silicon Valley '' due to its key role in COMECON computing technology production. Bulgaria is also a regional leader in high performance computing and operates Avitohol, the most powerful supercomputer in Southeast Europe. Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to space exploration. These include two scientific satellites, more than 200 payloads and 300 experiments in Earth orbit, as well as two cosmonauts since 1971. Bulgaria was the first country to grow wheat and vegetables in space with its Svet greenhouses on the Mir space station. It was involved in the development of the Granat gamma - ray observatory and the Vega program, particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance algorithms for both Vega probes. Bulgarian instruments have been used in the exploration of Mars, including a spectrometer that took the first high quality spectroscopic images of Martian moon Phobos with the Phobos 2 probe. Cosmic radiation en route to and around the planet has been mapped by Liulin - ML dosimeters on the ExoMars TGO. Variants of these instruments have also been fitted to the Chandrayaan - 1 lunar probe and the International Space Station. Bulgaria 's first geostationary communications satellite -- BulgariaSat - 1 -- was launched by SpaceX in June 2017. Infrastructure Main articles : Energy in Bulgaria and Transport in Bulgaria Trakia motorway Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions. Vivacom ( BTC ) serves more than 90 per cent of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with A1 and Telenor. Internet penetration stood at 66 per cent, or 4.66 million users, in late 2017. Bulgaria 's strategic geographic location and well - developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits. Coal accounts for 40 % of national energy production, followed by nuclear power from the Kozloduy reactors ( 35 % ) and renewable sources ( 20 % ). Biomass has become the primary source of renewable power after more than a decade of growth in the sector. The national road network has a total length of 19,512 kilometres ( 12,124 mi ), of which 19,235 kilometres ( 11,952 mi ) are paved. Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres ( 3,876 mi ) of railway track and currently a total of 81 kilometres ( 50 miles ) of high - speed lines are in operation. Rail links are available with Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia, and express trains serve direct routes to Kiev, Minsk, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Sofia and Plovdiv are the country 's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports. Demographics Main article : Demographics of Bulgaria Population trend since 1961 The population of Bulgaria is 7,364,570 people according to the 2011 national census. The majority of the population, or 72.5 percent, reside in urban areas. As of 2017, Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,325,429 people, followed by Plovdiv ( 345,000 ), Varna ( 344,000 ), Burgas ( 209,000 ) and Ruse ( 160,000 ). Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and comprise 84.8 percent of the population. Turkish and Roma minorities comprise 8.8 and 4.9 percent, respectively ; some 40 smaller minorities comprise 0.7 percent, and 0.8 percent do not self - identify with an ethnic group. Former Statistics head Reneta Indzhova has disputed the 2011 census figures, suggesting the actual population is smaller than reported and a higher percentage of citizens are of Romani origin. The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11 per cent of the population. Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis. It has had negative population growth since the early 1990s, when the economic collapse caused a long - lasting emigration wave. Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people -- mostly young adults -- left the country by 2005. The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated at 1.46 children born per woman in 2017. The majority of children are born to unmarried women. Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5 percent of families do not have children under the age of 16. The resulting birth rates are among the lowest in the world while death rates are among the highest. More than 80 % of all deaths are due to cancer and cardiovascular conditions. Mortality rates may be amenable with timely, adequate health care, which the current system fails to provide fully. Although healthcare in Bulgaria is universal, out - of - pocket expenses account for nearly half of all healthcare spending, and significantly limit access to medical care. Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under - equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured. The Rectorate of Sofia University Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well. Educational standards were once high, but have deteriorated significantly over the past decade. Bulgarian students were among the highest - scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts ; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. The PISA study of 2015 found 41.5 % of pupils in the 9th grade to be functionally illiterate in reading, maths and science. Average literacy stands at 98.4 % with no significant difference between sexes. The Ministry of Education and Science partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. Education in primary and secondary public schools is free. The process spans through 12 grades, where grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level. Higher education consists of a 4 - year bachelor degree and a 1 - year master 's degree. Bulgaria 's highest - ranked higher education institution is Sofia University. All ethnic groups speak Bulgarian, either as a first or as a second language. Bulgarian is the only language with official status and native for 85.2 percent of the population. The oldest written Slavic language, Bulgarian is distinguishable from the other languages in this group through certain grammatical peculiarities such as the lack of noun cases and infinitives, and a suffixed definite article. More than three - quarters of Bulgarians subscribe to Eastern Orthodoxy. Sunni Muslims are the second - largest community and constitute 10 percent of the religious makeup, although a majority of them are not observant and find the use of Islamic veils in schools unacceptable. Less than three percent are affiliated with other religions, 11.8 percent do not self - identify with a religion and 21.8 percent refused to state their beliefs. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church gained autocephalous status in 927 AD, and currently has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests. Bulgaria is a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom by constitution, but Orthodoxy is designated as a `` traditional '' religion. Culture Main article : Culture of Bulgaria Kuker in Lesichovo Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends a formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule, and millennium - old folk traditions. An essential element of Bulgarian folklore is fire, used to banish evil spirits and illnesses. Many of these are personified as witches, whereas other creatures like zmey and samodiva ( veela ) are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters. Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably kukeri and survakari. Martenitsa is also widely celebrated. Nestinarstvo, a ritual fire - dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Nine historical and natural objects have been inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve, the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Rila Monastery, the Boyana Church, the Rock - hewn Churches of Ivanovo and the ancient city of Nesebar. The Rila Monastery was established by Saint John of Rila, Bulgaria 's patron saint, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times. The Middle Ages were marked by the literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid. These were essentially the first Slavic scholarly institutions, and their establishment in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature. This emphasis on Christian scholarship made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavic peoples under the influence of Christianity and providing them with a written language. Its alphabet, Cyrillic script, was developed by the Preslav Literary School. The Tarnovo Literary School, on the other hand, is associated with a Silver age of literature defined by historical and mystical themes under the Asen and Shishman dynasties. Many literary and artistic masterpieces were destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the National Revival in the 19th century. Ivan Vazov 's enormous body of work covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society, bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly - established state. Notable later works are Bay Ganyo by Aleko Konstantinov, the Nietzschean poetry of Pencho Slaveykov, the Symbolist poetry of Peyo Yavorov and Dimcho Debelyanov, the Marxist - inspired works of Geo Milev and Nikola Vaptsarov, and the Socialist realism novels of Dimitar Dimov and Dimitar Talev. Tzvetan Todorov is a notable contemporary author, while Bulgarian - born Elias Canetti was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981. Christo 's Mastaba in Hyde Park, London А religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes, murals and icons, many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School. Like literature, it was not until the National Revival when Bulgarian visual arts began to reemerge. Zahari Zograf was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era. After the Liberation, Ivan Mrkvička, Anton Mitov, Vladimir Dimitrov, Tsanko Lavrenov and Zlatyu Boyadzhiev introduced newer styles and substance, depicting scenery from Bulgarian villages, old towns and historical subjects. Christo is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century, known for his outdoor installations. Folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes. Bulgarian folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gadulka, gaida, kaval and tupan. A distinguishing feature is extended rhythmical time, which has no equivalent in the rest of European music. The State Television Female Vocal Choir won a Grammy Award in 1990 for its performances of Bulgarian folk music. Written musical composition can be traced back to the works of Yoan Kukuzel ( c. 1280 -- 1360 ), but modern classical music began with Emanuil Manolov, who composed the first Bulgarian opera in 1890. Pancho Vladigerov and Petko Staynov further enriched symphony, ballet and opera, which singers Ghena Dimitrova, Boris Hristov and Nikolay Gyaurov elevated to a world - class level. Bulgarian performers have also gained acclaim in other genres like electropop ( Mira Aroyo ), jazz ( Milcho Leviev ) and blends of jazz and folk ( Ivo Papazov ). Cultural events are advertised in the largest media outlets, including the Bulgarian National Radio, and daily newspapers Trud, Dnevnik and 24 Chasa. Bulgarian media were described as generally unbiased in their reporting in the early 2000s and print media had no legal restrictions. Since then, freedom of the press has deteriorated to the point where Bulgaria scores 111th globally in the World Press Freedom Index, lower than all European Union members and membership candidate states. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased. Collusion between politicians, oligarchs and the media is widespread. Bulgarian cuisine is similar to those of other Balkan countries and demonstrates a strong Turkish and Greek influence. Yogurt, lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best - known local foods. Oriental dishes such as moussaka, gyuvech, and baklava are also present. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a notable preference for a large variety of salads. Bulgaria was the world 's second - largest wine exporter until 1989, but has since lost its positions. The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine, of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania, Poland and Russia. Mavrud, Rubin, Shiroka melnishka, Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine. Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy which was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century. Sports Main article : Sport in Bulgaria Grigor Dimitrov at the 2015 Italian Open Bulgaria 's first Olympic appearance was at the 1896 games, when it was represented by Charles Champaud. Since then, its athletes have won 52 gold, 89 silver, and 83 bronze models, ranking 25th in the all - time medal table. Weight - lifting is a signature sport for Bulgaria. Coach Ivan Abadjiev was instrumental in developing innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in the sport since the 1980s. Bulgarian athletes have also excelled in wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, volleyball and tennis. Stefka Kostadinova is the reigning world record holder in the women 's high jump at 2.09 metres ( 6 feet 10 inches ), achieved during the 1987 World Championships. Grigor Dimitrov is the only Bulgarian player to have reached the ATP Rankings Top 10. Football is by far the most popular sport. A semi-final at the 1994 FIFA World Cup remains the best performance of the national football team, then spearheaded by forward Hristo Stoichkov. Stoichkov is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time, a winner of the Golden Boot, the Golden Ball and considered one of the best in the world while playing for FC Barcelona in the 1990s. CSKA and Levski, both based in Sofia, are the most successful clubs domestically and long - standing rivals. Ludogorets is remarkable for having advanced from the local fourth division to the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League group stage in a mere nine years. Placed 39th in 2018, it is Bulgaria 's highest - ranked club in UEFA. See also Outline of Bulgaria International rankings of Bulgaria List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria Footnotes Jump up ^ These figures have been disputed due to methodological and procedural flaws reported in the 2011 census. In particular, the number of Romani citizens may be significantly lower than the actual number. See Demographics. Jump up ^ 19 February in the Julian calendar used at the time. Jump up ^ 22 September in the Julian calendar used at the time. References ^ Jump up to : Penin, Rumen ( 2007 ). Природна география на България ( in Bulgarian ). Bulvest 2000. p. 18. ISBN 978 - 954 - 18 - 0546 - 6. ^ Jump up to : NSI Census data 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria ''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 15 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) ''. Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 31 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2015 '' ( PDF ). HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Jump up ^ Golden 1992, p. 103 -- 104. Jump up ^ Bowersock, Glen W. ( 1999 ). Late Antiquity : a Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. p. 354. ISBN 0 - 674 - 51173 - 5. Jump up ^ Chen 2012, p. 97. Jump up ^ Petersen, Leif Inge Ree ( 2013 ). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States ( 400 - 800 AD ) : Byzantium, the West and Islam. Brill. p. 369. ISBN 9789004254466. Jump up ^ Golden 1992, p. 104. Jump up ^ Karatay 2003, p. 25. Jump up ^ Chen 2012, p. 92 -- 95, 97. Jump up ^ Karatay 2003, p. 28. Jump up ^ `` History ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Chapman, John ( 2000 ). Fragmentation in Archaeology : People, Places, and Broken Objects. Routledge. p. 239. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15803 - 9. Jump up ^ Roberts, Benjamin W. ; Thornton, Christopher P. ( 2009 ). `` Development of metallurgy in Eurasia ''. Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum. p. 1015. Retrieved 28 July 2018. In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria ( Renfrew 1986 ; Highamet al. 2007 ). In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel ( Golden 2009 ), suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short - lived one. Jump up ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de ( 1996 ). History of Humanity : From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC. UNESCO / Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 102811 - 3. Retrieved 8 June 2012. The first major gold - working centre was situated at the mouth of the Danube, on the shores of the Black Sea in Bulgaria... Jump up ^ Grande, Lance ( 2009 ). Gems and gemstones : Timeless natural beauty of the mineral world. The University of Chicago Press. p. 292. ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 30511 - 0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old ( radiocarbon dated between 4,600 BC and 4,200 BC ). Jump up ^ Anthony ( ed ), David W. ; Chi ( ed. ), Jennifer ( 2010 ). The Lost World of Old Europe : The Danube Valley, 5000 - 3500 BC. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 39, 201. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14388 - 0. Retrieved 25 July 2018... grave 43 at the Varna cemetery, the richest single grave from Old Europe, dated about 4600 - 4500 BC. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Gumelnita Culture ''. Government of France. Retrieved 4 December 2011. The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria Factbook ''. United States Central Command. December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Jump up ^ Schoenberger, Erica ( 2015 ). Nature, Choice and Social Power. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83386 - 8. Retrieved 25 July 2018. The graves at Varna range from poor to richly endowed, suggesting a rather high degree of social differentiation. Their discovery has led to a re-evaluation of the form of social organization characteristic of the Varna culture and of the onset of social stratification in Neolithic cultures. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgar ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Boardman, John ; Edwards, I.E.S. ; Sollberger, E. ( 1982 ). The Cambridge Ancient History -- part1 : The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0521224969. Yet we can not identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto - Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age... Jump up ^ Kidner, Frank ; et al. ( 2013 ). Making Europe : The Story of the West. Cengage Learning. p. 57. ISBN 978 - 1111841317. (... ) In addition, the Persians gained Thrace ( modern - day Bulgaria ) Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 135 -- 138, 343 -- 345. Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington, pp. 135 -- 138, 343 -- 345. Jump up ^ Nagle, D. Brendan ( 2006 ). Readings in Greek History : Sources and Interpretations. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0 - 19 - 517825 - 4. However, one of the Thracian tribes, the Odrysians, succeeded in unifying the Thracians and creating a powerful state Jump up ^ Ashley, James R. ( 1998 ). The Macedonian Empire : The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359 - 323 B.C. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 139 -- 140. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1918 - 0. Retrieved 25 July 2018. Jump up ^ O Hogain, Daithi ( 2002 ). The Celts : A History. The Boydell Press. pp. 69 -- 71. ISBN 1 - 903464 - 21 - 8. Retrieved 25 July 2018. Jump up ^ Gagarin, Michael, ed. ( 2010 ). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ Jump up to : Ivanov, Lyubomir ( 2007 ). Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 2. Retrieved 20 December 2011. In particular, in the mid-4th century a group of Goths settled in the region of Nikopolis ad Istrum ( present Nikyup near Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria ), where their leader Bishop Wulfila ( Ulfilas ) invented the Gothic alphabet and translated the Holy Bible into Gothic to produce the first book written in Germanic language. Jump up ^ Hock, Hans Heinrich ; Joseph, Brian D. ( 1996 ). Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship : an introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 49. ISBN 3 - 11 - 014784 - X. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The oldest extensive text is a Gothic Bible translation produced by the Gothic bishop Wulfilas ( meaning ' Little Wolf ' ) in the 4th century Jump up ^ `` The monastery in the village of Zlatna Livada -- the oldest in Europe '' ( in Bulgarian ). LiterNet. 30 April 2004. Retrieved 30 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Formation of the Bulgarian Nation ''. Наука и изкуство, `` Векове ''. 1971. pp. 409 -- 410. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert ( 1988 ). Byzantium and Bulgaria. Studia Slavico - Byzantina et Mediaevalia Europensia. I. pp. 32 -- 36. Jump up ^ Trever, Albert Augustus. History of Ancient Civilization. Harcourt, Brace. p. 571. The Thracian interior, however, was never really Romanized or even Hellenized Jump up ^ Zlatarski, Vasil ( 1938 ). History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Period of Hunnic - Bulgarian domination ( 679 -- 852 ) ( in Bulgarian ). p. 188. Retrieved 23 May 2012. Jump up ^ Runciman, Steven ( 1930 ). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell and Sons. p. 26. ISBN 0 - 404 - 18916 - 4. Jump up ^ Vlasto, Alexis P. ( 1970 ). The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom : An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780521074599. Retrieved 27 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Krum ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Spread of Christianity ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Although Boris 's baptism was into the Eastern church, he subsequently wavered between Rome and Constantinople until the latter was persuaded to grant de facto autonomy to Bulgaria in church affairs. Jump up ^ Crampton, R.J. ( 2007 ). Bulgaria. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4. ^ Jump up to : `` Reign of Simeon I ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Bulgaria 's conversion had a political dimension, for it contributed both to the growth of central authority and to the merging of Bulgars and Slavs into a unified Bulgarian people. Jump up ^ Crampton, R.J. ( 2007 ). Bulgaria. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4. No single act did more, in the long run, to weld Christian Slav and Proto - Bulgar into a Bulgarian people than the conversion of 864. Jump up ^ The First Golden Age. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert ( 1975 ). Byzantium and Bulgaria. Temple Smith. pp. 194 -- 5. ISBN 0 - 85117 - 064 - 1. Jump up ^ `` Samuel ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2012. Jump up ^ Scylitzae, Ioannis ( 1973 ). Synopsis Historiarum. Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae ( Hans Thurn ed. ). p. 457. ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 002285 - 8. Jump up ^ Plamen Pavlov ( 2005 ). `` The plots of ' master Presian the Bulgarian ' ''. Rebels and adventurers in medieval Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian ). LiterNet. Retrieved 20 December 2011. And, in the Spring of 1018, `` the party of capitulation '' prevailed and Basil II freely entered the then capital of Bulgaria Ochrid. ^ Jump up to : Ostrogorsky, Georgije ( 1969 ). History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press. p. 311. ISBN 9780813511986. Jump up ^ Cameron, Averil ( 2006 ). The Byzantines. Blackwell Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9833 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Second Bulgarian Empire ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Jump up to : James David Bourchier ( 1911 ). `` History of Bulgaria ''. Encyclopædia Britannica 1911. Retrieved 9 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Golden Horde ''. Library of Congress Mongolia country study. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011. The Mongols maintained sovereignty over eastern Russia from 1240 to 1480, and they controlled the upper Volga area, the territories of the former Volga Bulghar state, Siberia, the northern Caucasus, Bulgaria ( for a time ), the Crimea, and Khwarizm ^ Jump up to : Martin, Michael ( 2017 ). City of the Sun : Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West. Algora Publishing. p. 344. ISBN 9781628942798. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Ottoman rule ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 December 2011. With the capture of a rump Bulgarian kingdom centred at Bdin ( Vidin ) in 1396, the last remnant of Bulgarian independence disappeared... The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed -- its members either perished, fled, or accepted Islam and Turkicization -- and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters. ^ Jump up to : Jireček, K.J. ( 1876 ). Geschichte der Bulgaren ( in German ). Nachdr. d. Ausg. Prag. ISBN 3 - 487 - 06408 - 1. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Minkov, Anton ( 2004 ). Conversion to Islam in the Balkans : Kisve Bahası -- Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670 -- 1730. BRILL. p. 193. ISBN 90 - 04 - 13576 - 6. Jump up ^ Detrez, Raymond ( 2008 ). Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans. Peter Lang Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 90 - 5201 - 374 - 8. Jump up ^ Fishman, Joshua A. ( 2010 ). `` Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, '' Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 276. ISBN 0 - 19 - 537492 - 4. There were almost no remnants of a Bulgarian ethnic identity ; the population defined itself as Christians, according to the Ottoman system of millets, that is, communities of religious beliefs. The first attempts to define a Bulgarian ethnicity started at the beginning of the 19th century. Jump up ^ Roudometof, Victor ; Robertson, Roland ( 2001 ). Nationalism, globalization, and orthodoxy : the social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 68 -- 71. ISBN 0 - 313 - 31949 - 9. Jump up ^ Crampton, R.J. ( 1987 ). Modern Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0 - 521 - 27323 - 4. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Jump up ^ Carvalho, Joaquim ( 2007 ). Religion and Power in Europe : Conflict and Convergence. Edizioni Plus. p. 261. ISBN 88 - 8492 - 464 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Ottoman administration ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ Jump up to : The Final Move to Independence. Jump up ^ `` Reminiscence from Days of Liberation * ''. Novinite. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : San Stefano, Berlin and Independence. Jump up ^ Blamires, Cyprian ( 2006 ). World Fascism : A historical encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. p. 107. ISBN 1 - 57607 - 941 - 4. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The `` Greater Bulgaria '' re-established in March 1878 on the lines of the medieval Bulgarian empire after liberation from Turkish rule did not last long. Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Bulgaria -- A chronology of key events ''. BBC News. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Historical Setting. Jump up ^ Crampton, R.J. ( 2007 ). Bulgaria. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4. Jump up ^ Dillon, Emile Joseph ( 1920 ). The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. Harper. p. Not available. ISBN 978 - 3 - 8424 - 7594 - 6. Retrieved 20 December 2011. The territorial changes which the Prussia of the Balkans was condemned to undergo are neither very considerable nor unjust. Jump up ^ Pinon, Rene ( 1913 ). L'Europe et la Jeune Turquie : les aspects nouveaux de la question d'Orient ( in French ). Perrin et cie. p. 411. ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 41381 - 9. Retrieved 20 December 2011. On a dit souvent de la Bulgarie qu'elle est la Prusse des Balkans Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C ; Wood, Laura ( 1996 ). The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 173. ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 8. 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Bulgaria, for example, had a net surplus of refugees and was faced with the daunting task of absorbing thousands of Bulgarian refugees from Greece over a relatively short period. While international loans from the Red Cross and other organizations helped to defray the substantial costs of accommodating surplus populations, it placed a strenuous financial burden on states that were still recovering from the war an experiencing economic downturn as well as political upheaval. Jump up ^ Bulgaria in World War II : The Passive Alliance. Jump up ^ Wartime Crisis. Jump up ^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ( 2008 ). Hitler 's new disorder : the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Columbia University Press. pp. 238 -- 240. ISBN 0 - 231 - 70050 - 4. Retrieved 20 December 2011. When Bulgaria switched sides in September... ^ Jump up to : The Soviet Occupation. Jump up ^ Crampton, R.J. ( 2005 ). A concise history of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9. 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Jump up ^ Bohlen, Celestine ( 17 October 1991 ). `` Vote Gives Key Role to Ethnic Turks ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2011. in 1980s... the Communist leader, Todor Zhivkov, began a campaign of cultural assimilation that forced ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names, closed their mosques and prayer houses and suppressed any attempts at protest. One result was the mass exodus of more than 300,000 ethnic Turks to neighboring Turkey in 1989 Jump up ^ `` Cracks show in Bulgaria 's Muslim ethnic model ''. Reuters. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011. Jump up ^ Government and Politics. Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Politicians Discuss First Democratic Elections 20y After ''. Novinite. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Prodanov, Vasil ( 1 October 2007 ). `` The destructive Bulgarian transition ''. Le Monde diplomatique ( in Bulgarian ). Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ex-King Simeon II named new prime minister of Bulgaria ''. 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Geography of Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian ). Ciela. p. 68. ISBN 954 - 649 - 717 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Extreme temperature records worldwide ''. MeteorologyClimate. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Climate. Jump up ^ `` Характеристика на флората и растителността на България ''. Bulgarian - Swiss program by biodiversity. Retrieved 21 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Видово разнообразие на България '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian ). UNESCO report. 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Jump up ^ NSI Brochure 2018, p. 29. Jump up ^ `` The future of Bulgaria 's natural parks and their administrations ''. Gora Magazine. June 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Europe & North America : 297 biosphere reserves in 36 countries ''. UNESCO. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Environmental Summary, UNData, United Nations ''. United Nations. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 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For many reasons, including economic necessity, a common culture and deep historical ties... Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria torn between Russia and the West ''. Deutsche Welle. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria - Russia Relations ''. GlobalSecurity. Retrieved 21 July 2018. Jump up ^ Arms Sales. Jump up ^ Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Factbook ''. Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` US, Bulgaria sign defence co-operation agreement ''. Southeast European Times. 28 April 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Development Plan '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Defence of Bulgaria. 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2012. Jump up ^ Military Personnel. Jump up ^ Hackett, James, ed. ( 2017 ). The Military Balance 2017. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978 - 1857439007. 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In 1948 approximately 80 percent of the population drew their living from the soil, but by 1988 less than one - fifth of the labour force was engaged in agriculture, with the rest concentrated in industry and the service sector. ^ Jump up to : `` The economies of Bulgaria and Romania ''. European Commission. January 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ OECD Economic Surveys. OECD. 1999. p. 24. The previous 1997 Economic Survey of Bulgaria documented how a combination of difficult initial conditions, delays in structural reforms,... culminated in the economic crisis of 1996 -- 97. Jump up ^ `` Average monthly wages and salaries in March 2017 ''. BTV. Retrieved 15 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` One out of six employees in the EU27 was a low - wage earner in 2010 '' ( PDF ). Eurostat. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ Jump up to : Hawkesworth, Ian ( 2009 ). `` Budgeting in Bulgaria '' ( PDF ). OECD Journal on Budgeting. 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Jump up ^ `` Mining Industry Accounts for 5 % of Bulgaria 's GDP -- Energy Minister ''. Novinite. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria 's ore exports rise 10 % in H1 2011 -- industry group ''. The Sofia Echo. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Total Primary Coal Production ( Thousand Short Tons ) ''. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Resource Base. Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Policies in non-OECD countries : Monitoring and Evaluation '' ( PDF ). OECD. 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Natural conditions, farming traditions and agricultural structures ''. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Economic Summary, UNData, United Nations ''. United Nations. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 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Retrieved 15 June 2018. Jump up ^ `` The trains from Plovdiv to Dimitrovgrad now with 160 km / h ''. Dariknews. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria to Turkey wiring underway ''. Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bozhkov is building the `` Maritsa '' high - speed rail line ``. Standart. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Plovdiv - Burgas train will travel with 200 km / h ''. Snews.bg. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` Trains in Bulgaria ''. EuRail. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ NSI Census data 2011, p. 3. Jump up ^ NSI Census data 2011, p. 4. Jump up ^ `` Census results : population by residence, ethnic group and age ''. National Statistical Institute. 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` NSI : The 2011 census is incorrect, a new one needed ''. Vesti. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Scandalous claims of inaccuracies in the 2011 census ''. Bulgarian National Television. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Ethnic Groups ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 21 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` World Bank : The demographic crisis is Bulgaria 's most serious problem ''. Klassa. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening ''. Bulgarian National Radio. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria 's Population Even More? ''. Deutsche Welle. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2016. Jump up ^ Roth, Klaus ; Lauth Bacas, Jutta ( 2004 ). Migration In, From, and to Southeastern Europe. The British Library. ISBN 9783643108968. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Total Fertility Rate ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Eurostat -- Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table ''. Eurostat. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Population growth rate ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Birth rate ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Death rate ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 April 2013. Jump up ^ Country Health Profile, p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : Health Care & Long - Term Care Systems '' ( PDF ). European Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ Georgieva, Lidia ; Salchev, Petko ( 2007 ). `` Bulgaria Health system review '' ( PDF ). Health Systems in Transition. European observatory on health systems and policies. 9 ( 1 ) : xvi, 12. ISSN 1817 - 6127. Jump up ^ Country Health Profile, p. 7 Jump up ^ Country Health Profile, pp. 8, 11, 12. Jump up ^ `` The Bulgaria 2012 Review : Health and Healthcare ''. Novinite. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Education in Bulgaria '' ( PDF ). UNICEF. 2007. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2013. ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006, p. 6. Jump up ^ `` International study : 40 % of Bulgarian ninth - graders functionally illiterate in science, maths and reading ''. The Sofia Globe. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Literacy ''. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Structure of the Education System in Bulgaria ''. Ministry of Education, Youth and Science of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : University Ranking ''. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Study in Bulgaria ''. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ Paul Robert Magocsi ( 1999 ). Encyclopedia of Canada 's peoples. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Jump up ^ James David Bourchier ( 1911 ). `` Bulgaria -- Language ''. Encyclopædia Britannica 1911. Retrieved 4 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : NSI Census data 2011, p. 5. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Muslims not deeply religious : study ''. Hürriyet Daily News. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Kiminas, D. ( 2009 ). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 15. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4344 - 5876 - 6. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Carvalho, Joaquim ( 2007 ). Religion and power in Europe : conflict and convergence. Pisa University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978 - 88 - 8492 - 464 - 3. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Orthodox Church ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Constitution ''. Parliament of Bulgaria. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- The arts ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best - known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures Jump up ^ MacDermott, Mercia ( 1998 ). Bulgarian folk customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 64 -- 70. ISBN 1 - 85302 - 485 - 6. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Jump up ^ Creed, Gerald W. ( 2011 ). Masquerade and Postsocialism : Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria. Indiana University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22261 - 9. Retrieved 29 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Tradition of Martenitsa ''. Bulgarian National Television. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ MacDermott, Mercia ( 1998 ). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 226. ISBN 1 - 85302 - 485 - 6. Retrieved 20 December 2011. While dancing round fires and jumping over fires forms part of many Slav customs, dancing on fire does not, and it is therefore likely that nestinarstvo was inherited by the Bulgarians from the Hellenized Thracians who inhabited the land before them. Jump up ^ `` Nestinarstvo, messages from the past : the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari ''. UNESCO. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Profile ''. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgarian Literature ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 July 2018. Jump up ^ Giatzidis, Emil ( 2002 ). An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria : Political, economic and social transformation. Manchester University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6094 - X. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture Jump up ^ Riha, Thomas ( 1964 ). Readings in Russian Civilization. University of Chicago press. p. 214. ISBN 0 - 226 - 71853 - 0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres. Jump up ^ McNeill, William Hardy ( 1963 ). The Rise of the West. The University of Chicago Press. p. 49. ISBN 0 - 226 - 56141 - 0. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity ( after 865 ), bringing massive Slavic - speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use. Jump up ^ Ertl, Alan W ( 2008 ). Toward understanding Europe : A political précis of continental integration. Universal Publishers, Inc. p. 436. ISBN 1 - 59942 - 983 - 7. Retrieved 20 December 2011. At the beginning of the 10th century a new alphabet -- the Cyrillic alphabet -- was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. Jump up ^ `` French - Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award ''. Novinite. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Lorenz, Dagmar C.G. ( 17 April 2004 ). `` Elias Canetti ''. Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company Limited. 1.4. 1. ISSN 1747 - 678X. Jump up ^ Grabar, André ( 1928 ). La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie. P. Geuthner. p. 95. ASIN : B005ZI4OV8 Jump up ^ Kremenliev, Boris A. ( 1952 ). Bulgarian - Macedonian Folk Music. University of California Press. p. 52. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Bulgaria 's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences... first, Oriental scales ; second, church modes : the osmoglasie... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe... Among the scales which have comes to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests... Jump up ^ `` 32nd Grammy Awards Winners ''. Grammy Awards. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Jump up ^ Lang, David Marshall ( 1976 ). The Bulgarians : from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest. Westview Press. p. 145. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89158 - 530 - 5. John Kukuzel, the eminent Bulgarian / born reformer of Byzantine music. Jump up ^ `` The 2011 / 2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House ''. Bulgarian National Radio. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Ghena Dimitrova ''. The Telegraph. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Forbes, Elizabeth ( 29 June 1993 ). `` Obituary : Boris Christoff ''. The Independent. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Kozinn, Allan ( 29 June 1993 ). `` Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79 ; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ Midgette, Anne ( 3 June 2004 ). `` Nicolai Ghiaurov, Operatic Bass, Dies at 74 ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Media Landscape -- Bulgaria ''. European Journalism Centre. Retrieved 2 May 2014. Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2006, pp. 18, 23. Jump up ^ Media Landscape -- Bulgaria, European Journalism Centre Archived 22 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria ''. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Why Bulgaria is the EU 's lowest ranked country on press freedom index ''. The Guardian. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ Jump up to : Albala, Ken ( 2011 ). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37626 - 9. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Bounces Back ''. Novinite. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria ranks 22nd in wine ''. Novinite. 21 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria wine production 2016 ''. See news. 14 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Wines of Bulgaria ''. Chicago Now. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Archeological Find Proves Rakia Is Bulgarian Invention ''. Novinite. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Athens 1896 ''. Bulgarian Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria ''. Official website of the Olympic movement. Retrieved 4 December 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria - Sport and recreation ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018. In international sports competition, Bulgarians have excelled in tennis, wrestling, boxing, and gymnastics, but the country 's greatest repute may be in weight - lifting... Fans of football ( soccer ), the most popular sport in Bulgaria, were buoyed by the success of the national team in the 1994 World Cup, when it advanced to the semi-final match under the leadership of forward Hristo Stoichkov. The premier league in Bulgaria has 16 teams, of which four play in Sofia : CSKA, Levski, Slavia, and Lokomotiv. Jump up ^ `` Highest high jump ( female ) ''. The Guinness World Records. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Grigor Dimitrov : Bulgaria 's best in men 's tennis making waves ''. Lob and Smash. December 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov ''. FC Barcelona. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov -- Bulgarian League Ambassador ''. Professional Football Against Hunger. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` Eternal + Derby '' `` Levski, CSKA Score Emphatic Wins Before `` Eternal Derby '' ``. Novinite. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Plucky Ludogorets ' rise to the Champions League group stage ''. ESPN. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Club Coefficients ''. UEFA. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Bibliography `` Population by Province, Municipality, Address and Sex as of 31.12. 2017 '' ( in Bulgarian ). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2018. `` Final Results of the 2011 census '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian ). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2018. `` Bulgaria 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian and English ). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. Chen, Sanping ( 2012 ). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812206282. Crampton, R.J. ( 2005 ). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9... Bell, John ( 1998 ). Bulgaria in Transition : Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Westview. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 9010 - 9. Ghodsee, Kristen R. ( 2011 ). Lost in Transition : Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism. Duke University Press. ISBN 978 - 0822351023. Ghodsee, Kristen R. ( 2009 ). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe : Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton University Press. ASIN B015X41JMA. Ghodsee, Kristen R. ( 2005 ). The Red Riviera : Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Duke University Press. ISBN 978 - 0822336624. Golden, Peter Benjamin ( 1992 ). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples : ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742. Karatay, Osman ( 2003 ). In Search of the Lost Tribe : The Origins and Making of the Croation Nation. Ayse Demiral. ISBN 9789756467077. Country Profile : Bulgaria ( PDF ). Library of Congress Country Studies. Library of Congress. 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2016. Curtis, Glenn E. ; Mitova, Pamela ; Marsteller, William ; Soper, Karl Wheeler ( 1992 ). Country Study : Bulgaria. Library of Congress Country Studies. Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 August 2018. `` Historical Setting ''. Chapter 1. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` The First Golden Age ''. Chapter 1. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2012. `` The Final Move to Independence ''. The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence ''. The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Bulgaria in World War II : The Passive Alliance ''. World War II. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Wartime Crisis ''. World War II. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` The Soviet Occupation ''. World War II. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2018. `` After Stalin ''. Communist Consolidation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2012. `` Domestic Policy and Its Results ''. Communist Consolidation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s ''. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s ''. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Bulgaria in the 1980s ''. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2018. `` Topography ''. The Society and its Environment. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Climate ''. The Society and its Environment. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` The Economy ''. Chapter 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Resource Base ''. The Economy. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Government and Politics ''. Chapter 4. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Arms Sales ''. National Security. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011. `` Military Personnel ''. National Security. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011. Roisman, Joseph ; Worthington, Ian ( 2011 ). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978 - 14 - 4435 - 163 - 7. `` State of Health in the EU. Country Health Profile : Bulgaria 2017 '' ( PDF ). European Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2018. External links Find more aboutBulgariaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Bulgaria at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Bulgaria at UCB Libraries GovPubs. 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Organization Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique Agence universitaire de la Francophonie Secretaries - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali Abdou Diouf Michaëlle Jean Culture French language UN French Language Day International Francophonie Day Jeux de la Francophonie Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie Senghor University AFFOI TV5Monde LGBT rights Category Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( BSEC ) Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Georgia Greece Moldova Romania Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine Bulgaria portal NATO portal European Union portal Europe portal Geography portal BIBSYS : 90661486 BNE : XX451182 BNF : cb118661130 ( data ) CiNii : DA12139121 GND : 4008866 - 2 HDS : 3350 ISNI : 0000 0001 2325 4108 LCCN : n81032254 NARA : 10045352 NDL : 00561080 NLA : 35734063 SUDOC : 02725058X VIAF : 157021581 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&oldid=854088233 '' Categories : Bulgaria Balkan countries Former empires Member states of NATO Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations Republics Slavic countries and territories States and territories established in the 680s States and territories established in 1908 Hidden categories : CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use dmy dates from September 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La. lojban. 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{ "text": "Evolution of fish - wikipedia Evolution of fish Jump to : navigation, search Fish Fossil range : Mid Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg The Devonian period 419 -- 359 Ma ( Age of Fishes ) saw the development of early sharks, armoured placoderms and various lobe - finned fishes including the tetrapod transitional species Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish † Spiny sharks Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Ray - finned fish Lobe - finned fish Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel - like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct ; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans. The first jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period. They are first represented in the fossil record from the Silurian by two groups of fish : the armoured fish known as placoderms, which evolved from the ostracoderms ; and the Acanthodii ( or spiny sharks ). The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared in late Silurian : the Chondrichthyes ( or cartilaginous fish ) and the Osteichthyes ( or bony fish ). The bony fish evolved into two separate groups : the Actinopterygii ( or ray - finned fish ) and Sarcopterygii ( which includes the lobe - finned fish ). During the Devonian period a great increase in fish variety occurred, especially that of the ostracoderms and placoderms, as well as lobe - finned fish and early sharks. This has led to the Devonian being known as the age of fishes. It was from the lobe - finned fish that the tetrapods evolved, the four - limbed vertebrates, represented today by amphibians, mammals, reptiles and birds. Transitional tetrapods first appeared during the early Devonian, and by the late Devonian the first tetrapods appeared. The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth ; but it is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, or a combination of factors. Fish do not represent a monophyletic group, but a paraphyletic one, as they exclude the tetrapods. Fish, like many other organisms, have been greatly affected by extinction events throughout natural history. The Ordovician -- Silurian extinction events led to the loss of many species. The late Devonian extinction led to the extinction of the ostracoderms and placoderms by the end of the Devonian, as well as other fish. The spiny sharks became extinct at the Permian -- Triassic extinction event ; the conodonts became extinct at the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event. The Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event, and the present day Holocene extinction, have also affected fish variety and fish stocks. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Jawless fish 2.1 Conodonts 2.2 Ostracoderms 3 Jawed fish 3.1 Placoderms 3.2 Spiny sharks 3.3 Cartilaginous fishes 3.4 Bony fishes 3.4. 1 Lobe - finned fishes 3.4. 2 Ray - finned fishes 4 Timeline 4.1 Pre Devonian : Origin of fish 4.2 Devonian : Age of fishes 4.3 Fish to tetrapods 4.4 Post Devonian 5 Prehistoric fish 6 Living fossils 7 Fossil sites 8 Fossil collections 9 Paleoichthyologists 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Vertebrate classes Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes. The diagram is based on Michael Benton, 2005. Conventional classification has living vertebrates as a subphylum grouped into eight classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. In turn, these classes are grouped into the vertebrates that have four limbs ( the tetrapods ) and those that do not : fishes. The extant vertebrate classes are : Fish : jawless fishes ( Agnatha ) cartilaginous fishes ( Chondrichthyes ) ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) lobe - finned fishes ( Sarcopterygii ) Tetrapods : amphibians ( Amphibia ) reptiles ( Reptilia ) birds ( Aves ) mammals ( Mammalia ) In addition to these are two classes of extinct jawed fishes, the armoured placoderms and the spiny sharks. Further information : Vertebrate paleontology and List of transitional fossils § Invertebrates to Fish Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral - like sea squirt ( a tunicate ), whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood ( as some sea squirts do today ), although this path can not be proven. Vertebrates, among them the first fishes, originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The lancelet, a small, translucent, fish - like animal, is the closest living invertebrate relative of the olfactoreans ( vertebrates and tunicates ). The early vertebrate Haikouichthys, from about 518 million years ago in China, may be the `` ancestor to all vertebrates '' and is one of the earliest known fish. Somewhat dated view of continuous evolutionary gradation ( click to animate ) The first ancestors of fish, or animals that were probably closely related to fish, were Pikaia, Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia. These three genera all appeared around 530 Ma. Pikaia had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan : a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well - defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. These were followed by indisputable fossil vertebrates in the form of heavily armoured fishes discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period 500 -- 430 Ma. The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the `` Age of Fishes ''. The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians. The colonisation of new niches resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size. The Devonian Period ( 395 to 345 Ma ) brought in such giants as the placoderm Dunkleosteus, which could grow up to seven meters long, and early air - breathing fish that could remain on land for extended periods. Among this latter group were ancestral amphibians. The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic, while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant. The later radiations, such as those of fish in the Silurian and Devonian periods, involved fewer taxa, mainly with very similar body plans. The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods. Some fish had lungs and strong, bony fins and could crawl onto the land also. Jawless fish ( edit ) A modern jawless fish, the lamprey, attached to a modern jawed fish Lamprey mouth Main article : Agnatha Jawless fishes belong to the superclass Agnatha in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata. Agnatha comes from the Greek, and means `` no jaws ''. It excludes all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes. Although a minor element of modern marine fauna, jawless fish were prominent among the early fish in the early Paleozoic. Two types of Early Cambrian animal apparently having fins, vertebrate musculature, and gills are known from the early Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China : Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia. They have been tentatively assigned to Agnatha by Janvier. A third possible agnathid from the same region is Haikouella. A possible agnathid that has not been formally described was reported by Simonetti from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathians were armoured with heavy bony - spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans -- the Ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods ( including humans ) -- are known from the middle Ordovician, and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. Most of the ostracoderms, such as thelodonts, osteostracans, and galeaspids, were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans, known as cyclostomes. Cyclostomes apparently split from other agnathans before the evolution of dentine and bone, which are present in many fossil agnathans, including conodonts. Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered. The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic, because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes. Recent molecular data, both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the theory that living agnathans, known as cyclostomes, are monophyletic. In phylogenetic taxonomy, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks, but illustrated as a nested `` family tree '' known as a cladogram. Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another, rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone. This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy, in a practice known as evolutionary taxonomy. Evolution of jawless fishes. The diagram is based on Michael Benton, 2005. The cladogram below for jawless fish is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project. ( † = group is extinct ) Jawless fish Hyperoartia ( lampreys )? † Euconodonta ( eel like animals ) unnamed † Pteraspidomorphi ( jawless fishes )? † Thelodonti ( jawless fishes with scales ) unnamed? † Anaspida ( jawless ancestors of lampreys ) unnamed † Galeaspida ( jawless fishes with bone head shields ) unnamed? † Pituriaspida ( armoured jawless fishes with large rostrums ) † Osteostraci ( bony armoured jawless fish with bone head shields ) Jawed vertebrates → continued in section below Conodonts ( edit ) Conodonts ( extinct ) resembled primitive jawless eels Conodonts resembled primitive jawless eels. They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma. Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements. These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array ''. Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum. Their large eyes had a lateral position, which makes a predatory role unlikely. The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed. In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron - shaped muscles and notochord. Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys, though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups. Ostracoderms ( edit ) Ostracoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawless fishes Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are armoured jawless fishes of the Paleozoic. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and has no phylogenetic meaning. However, the term is still used informally to group together the armoured jawless fishes. The ostracoderm armour consisted of 3 -- 5 mm polygonal plates that shielded the head and gills, and then overlapped further down the body like scales. The eyes were particularly shielded. Earlier chordates used their gills for both respiration and feeding, whereas ostracoderms used their gills for respiration only. They had up to eight separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. Unlike invertebrates that use ciliated motion to move food, ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow moving prey into their mouths. The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms. The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature. He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeons but later realizing that they had no movable jaws, classified them in 1844 into a new group `` ostracoderms ''. Ostracoderms existed in two major groups, the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids. Later, about 420 million years ago, the jawed fish evolved from one of the ostracoderms. After the appearance of jawed fish, most ostracoderm species underwent a decline, and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the Devonian period. Jawed fish ( edit ) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External video Evolution Of Jaws 1 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 2 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 3 of 5 Animal Planet Further information : Jawed fish and Evolution of jaws The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish, which further diversified in the Devonian. The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch, respectively. The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. Already long assumed to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to more derived gnathostomes, the discovery of Entelognathus suggests that placoderms are directly ancestral to modern bony fish. As in most vertebrates, fish jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically, comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw. The jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. The skull of the last common ancestor of today 's jawed vertebrates is assumed to have resembled sharks. It is thought that the original selective advantage garnered by the jaw was not related to feeding, but to increased respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the buccal pump ( observable in modern fish and amphibians ) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws ( to humans ), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified their jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved. Jawed vertebrates and jawed fish evolved from earlier jawless fish, and the cladogram below for jawed vertebrates is a continuation of the cladogram in the section above. ( † = group is extinct ) Jawed vertebrates † Placodermi ( armoured fishes ) unnamed Acanthodians and Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Bony fishes Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) < dominant class of fish today Lobe - finned fishes? † Onychodontiformes ( lobe - finned ) Actinistia ( coelacanths ) unnamed † Porolepiformes ( lobe - finned ) Dipnoi ( lungfishes ) unnamed † Rhizodontimorpha ( predatory lobe - finned ) † Tristichopteridae ( tetrapodomorphs ) Tetrapods ( four - legged animals ) Placoderms ( edit ) Evolution of the ( now extinct ) placoderms. The diagram is based on Michael Benton, 2005. Placoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawed fishes ( compare with the ostracoderms above ) Further information : Placodermi and List of placoderms Placoderms, class Placodermi ( plate skinned ), are extinct armoured prehistoric fish, which appeared about 430 Ma in the Early to Middle Silurian. They were mostly wiped out during the Late Devonian Extinction event, 378 Ma, though some survived and made a slight recovery in diversity during the Famennian epoch before dying out entirely at the close of the Devonian, 360 mya ; they are ultimately ancestal to modern vertebrates. Their head and thorax were covered with massive and often ornamented armoured plates. The rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. The armour shield was articulated, with the head armour hinged to the thoratic armour. This allowed placoderms to lift their heads, unlike ostracoderms. Placoderms were the first jawed fish ; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. The chart on the right shows the rise and demise of the separate placoderm lineages : Acanthothoraci, Rhenanida, Antiarchi, Petalichthyidae, Ptyctodontida and Arthrodira. Spiny sharks ( edit ) Spiny sharks ( extinct ) were the earliest known jawed fishes. They resembled sharks and were indeed ancestral to them. Further information : Acanthodii and List of acanthodians Spiny sharks, class Acanthodii, are extinct fishes that share features with both bony and cartilaginous fishes, though ultimately more closely related to and ancestral to the latter. Despite being called `` spiny sharks '', acanthodians predate sharks, though they gave rise to them. They evolved in the sea at the beginning of the Silurian Period, some 50 million years before the first sharks appeared. Eventually competition from bony fishes proved too much, and the spiny sharks died out in Permian times about 250 Ma. In form they resembled sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteans ( gars, bowfins ). Cartilaginous fishes ( edit ) Radiation of cartilaginous fishes, derived from work by Michael Benton, 2005. Further information : List of transitional fossils § Chondrichthyes, and List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish Cartilaginous fishes, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian, evolving from acanthodians. The class contains the sub classes Holocephali ( chimaera ) and Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ). The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa : Cladoselache, Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea. Bony fishes ( edit ) Further information : Osteichthyes, List of transitional fossils § Bony fish, and List of prehistoric bony fish External video Chordate Evolution and Bony Fish YouTube Bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, are characterised by bony skeleton rather than cartilage. They appeared in the late Silurian, about 419 million years ago. The recent discovery of Entelognathus strongly suggests that bony fishes ( and possibly cartilaginous fishes, via acanthodians ) evolved from early placoderms. A subclass of the Osteichthyes, the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ), have become the dominant group of fishes in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species. The bony ( and cartilaginous ) fish groups that emerged after the Devonian, were characterised by steady improvements in foraging and locomotion. Lobe - finned fishes ( edit ) Further information : Sarcopterygii and List of lobe - finned fishes The Queensland lungfish is a lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil. Lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs. They developed the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ), and have remained virtually the same for over 100 million years. Phylogenomic analysis has shown that `` the closest living fish to the tetrapod ancestor is the lungfish, not the coelacanth ''. Lobe - finned fishes, fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii, are mostly extinct bony fishes, basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, cosmoid scales and internal nostrils. Their fins are fleshy, lobed, paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe - finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. The pectoral and pelvic fins are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to. The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of ray - finned fish. The braincase of lobe - finned fishes primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe - finned fishes have a symmetrical tail. All lobe - finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel. Lobe - finned fishes, such as coelacanths and lungfish, were the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian. Taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping Tetrapoda within the Sarcopterygii, and the tetrapods in turn include all species of four - limbed vertebrates. The fin - limbs of lobe - finned fishes such as the coelacanths show a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs. The lobe - finned fish apparently followed two different lines of development and are accordingly separated into two subclasses, the Rhipidistia ( including the lungfish, and the Tetrapodomorpha, which include the Tetrapoda ) and the Actinistia ( coelacanths ). The first lobe - finned fishes, found in the uppermost Silurian ( ca 418 Ma ), closely resembled spiny sharks, which became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. In the early -- middle Devonian ( 416 - 385 Ma ), while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas, some lobe - finned fishes came into freshwater habitats. The coelacanth is another lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil. It is thought to have evolved into roughly its current form about 408 million years ago, during the early Devonian, and has not essentially evolved further from its ancient form. In the Early Devonian ( 416 - 397 Ma ), the lobe - finned fishes split into two main lineages -- the coelacanths and the rhipidistians. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 Ma, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic ; coelacanths still live today in the oceans ( genus Latimeria ). The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries, migrated into freshwater habitats. They in turn split into two major groups : the lungfish and the tetrapodomorphs. The lungfish 's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period ; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs ; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ). The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch ( 385 - 359 Ma ), with the appearance of tetrapods ( four - legged vertebrates ). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian. Lobe - finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the Permian - Triassic extinction event ( 251 Ma ). Ray - finned fishes ( edit ) Ray - finned fishes, class Actinopterygii, differ from lobe - finned fishes in that their fins consist of webs of skin supported by spines ( `` rays '' ) made of bone or horn. There are other differences in respiratory and circulatory structures. Ray - finned fishes normally have skeletons made from true bone, though this is not true of sturgeons and paddlefishes. Ray - finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group, containing half of all known vertebrate species. They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea, coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes, and are a major source of food for humans. Timeline ( edit ) Preceded by Proterozoic Eon Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 4ry Pre Devonian : origin of fish ( edit ) Cambrian Cambrian ( 541 -- 485 Ma ) : The beginning of the Cambrian was marked by the Cambrian explosion, the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla ( molluscs, jellyfish, worms and arthropods, such as crustaceans ) in great abundance. The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which were subsequently greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian. Pikaia External video Pikaia gracilens animation The Burgess Shale Pikaia, along with Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis immediately below, are all candidates in the fossil record for the titles of `` first vertebrate '' and `` first fish ''. Pikaia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life. Pikaia gracilens ( pictured ) is a transitional fossil between invertebrates and vertebrates, and may be the earliest known chordate. In this sense it may have been the original ancestor of fishes. It was a primitive creature with no evidence of eyes, without a well defined head, and less than 2 inches ( 5 centimetres ) long. Pikaia was a sideways - flattened, leaf - shaped animal that swam by throwing its body into a series of S - shaped, zig - zag curves, similar to movement of snakes. Fish inherited the same swimming movement, but they generally have stiffer backbones. It had a pair of large head tentacles and a series of short appendages, which may be linked to gill slits, on either side of its head. Pikaia shows the essential prerequisites for vertebrates. The flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks, seen as faint vertical lines. The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail. Haikouichthys Haikouichthys ( fish from Haikou ) is another genus that also appears in the fossil record about 530 Ma, and also marks the transition from invertebrate to vertebrates. Haikouichthys are craniates ( animals with backbones and distinct heads ). Unlike Pikaia, they had eyes. They also had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate, and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate ; but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group. Myllokunmingia Myllokunmingia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma. It is a chordate, and it has been argued that it is a vertebrate, It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high, and is among the oldest possible craniates. Conodont Conodonts ( cone - teeth ) resembled primitive eels. They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma. Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements. These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array ''. Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum. Their large eyes had a lateral position of which makes a predatory role unlikely. The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed. In 2012 researchers classify the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron - shaped muscles and notochord. Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys, though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups. Ostracoderms Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are any of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates. They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. Initially Ostracoderms had poorly formed fins, and paired fins, or limbs, first evolved within this group. They were covered with a bony armour or scales and were often less than 30 cm ( 0.98 ft ) long. Ordov - ician Ordovician ( 485 -- 443 Ma ) : Fish, the world 's first true vertebrates, continued to evolve, and those with jaws ( Gnathostomata ) may have first appeared late in this period. Life had yet to diversify on land. Arandaspis Arandaspis are jawless fish that lived in the early Ordovician period, about 480 -- 470 Ma. It was about 15 cm ( 6 in ) long, with a streamlined body covered in rows of knobbly armoured scutes. The front of the body and the head were protected by hard plates with openings for the eyes, nostrils and gills. Although it was jawless, Arandaspis might have had some moveable plates in its mouth, serving as lips, sucking in food particles. The low position of its mouth suggests it foraged the ocean floor. It lacked fins and its only method of propulsion was its horizontally flattened tail. As a result, it probably swam in a fashion similar to a modern tadpole. Astraspis Astraspis ( star shield ) is an extinct genus of primitive jawless fish related to other Ordovician fishes, such as Sacabambaspis and Arandaspis. Fossils show clear evidence of a sensory structure ( lateral line system ). The arrangement of these organs in regular lines allows the fish to detect the direction and distance from which a disturbance in the water is coming. Arandaspis are thought to have had a mobile tail covered with small protective plates and a head region covered with larger plates. A specimen described by Sansom et al. had relatively large, lateral eyes and a series of eight gill openings on each side. Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish. The fossils show extensive shielding of the head. Many had hypocercal tails to generate lift to increase ease of movement through the water for their armoured bodies, which were covered in dermal bone. They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in fresh water. Thelodonts Thelodonts ( nipple teeth ) are a class of small, extinct jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armour. There is debate over whether these represent a monophyletic grouping, or disparate stem groups to the major lines of jawless and jawed fish. Thelodonts are united by their characteristic `` thelodont scales ''. This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry, as it may have been evolved independently by different groups. Thus the thelodonts are generally thought to represent a polyphyletic group. If they are monophyletic, there is no firm evidence on what their ancestral state was. These scales were easily dispersed after death ; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time. The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments, first appearing during the Ordovician, and perishing during the Frasnian -- Famennian extinction event of the Late Devonian. They were predominantly deposit - feeding bottom dwellers, although some species may have been pelagic. The Ordovician ended with the Ordovician -- Silurian extinction event ( 450 -- 440 Ma ). Two events occurred that killed off 27 % of all families, 57 % of all genera and 60 % to 70 % of all species. Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth 's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct. Silurian Silurian ( 443 -- 419 Ma ) : Many evolutionary milestones occurred during this period, including the appearance of armoured jawless fish, jawed fish, spiny sharks and ray - finned fish. While it is traditional to refer to the Devonian as the age of fishes, recent findings have shown the Silurian was also a period of considerable diversification. Jawed fish developed movable jaws, adapted from the supports of the front two or three gill arches Anaspida Anaspida ( without shield ) is an extinct class of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods. They are classically regarded as the ancestors of lampreys. Anaspids were small, primarily marine agnathans that lacked heavy bony shield and paired fins, but have highly exaggerated hypocercal tails. They first appeared in the early Silurian, and flourished until the Late Devonian extinction, where most species, save for lampreys, became extinct. Unusually for an agnathan, anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armour. The head is instead covered in an array of smaller, weakly mineralised scales. Osteostraci Osteostraci ( `` bony shields '' ) was a class of bony - armored jawless fish that lived from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian. Anatomically speaking, the osteostracans, especially the Devonian species, were among the most advanced of all known agnathans. This is due to the development of paired fins, and their complicated cranial anatomy. The osteostracans were more similar to lampreys than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear, as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates. Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield, but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced, thinner, and often micromeric dermal skeleton. They were probably relatively good swimmers, possessing dorsal fins, paired pectoral fins, and a strong tail. Spiny sharks Spiny sharks, more formally called `` Acanthodians '' ( having spines ), constitute the class Acanthodii. They first appeared by the late Silurian ~ 420 Ma, and were among the first fishes to evolve jaws. They share features with both cartilaginous fish and bony fish, but they are not true sharks, though leading to them. They became extinct before the end of the Permian ~ 250 Ma. However, scales and teeth attributed to this group, as well as more derived jawed fish, such as cartilaginous and bony fish, date from the Ordovician ~ 460 Ma. Acanthodians were generally small shark - like fishes varying from toothless filter - feeders to toothed predators. They were once often classified as an order of the class Placodermi, but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern cartilaginous fish. They are distinguished in two respects : they were the earliest known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout spines supporting all their fins, fixed in place and non-movable ( like a shark 's dorsal fin ), an important defensive adaptation. Their fossils are extremely rare. Placoderms Placoderms, ( plate - like skin ), are a group of armoured jawed fishes, of the class Placodermi. The oldest fossils appeared during the late Silurian, and became extinct at the end of the Devonian. Recent studies suggest that the placoderms are possibly a paraphyletic group of basal jawed fishes, and the closest relatives of all living jawed vertebrates. Some placoderms were small, flattened bottom - dwellers, such as antiarchs. However many, particularly the arthrodires, were active midwater predators. Dunkleosteus, which appeared later in the Devonian below, was the largest and most famous of these. The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull, but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region. This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and, in arthrodires, allowed them to take larger bites. Guiyu oneiros Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish. It has the combination of both ray - finned and lobe - finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe - finned fish. Andreolepis The extinct genus Andreolepis includes the earliest known ray finned fish Andreolepis hedei, which appeared in the late Silurian, around 420 Ma. Devonian : Age of fishes ( edit ) Events of the Devonian Period view discuss edit - 420 -- -- - 415 -- -- - 410 -- -- - 405 -- -- - 400 -- -- - 395 -- -- - 390 -- -- - 385 -- -- - 380 -- -- - 375 -- -- - 370 -- -- - 365 -- -- - 360 -- -- - 355 -- l o z o i Silurian o n i n Carboniferous r l y i d d l Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian ← Rhynie chert ← Hangenberg event ; last placoderms disappear ← Kellwasser event ( s ) ← first tetrapods ← most jawless fish disappear ← Hunsrück fauna Key events of the Devonian Period. Axis scale : millions of years ago. The Devonian Period is broken into the Early, Middle and Late Devonian. By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya, jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades : the placoderms and spiny sharks, both of which are now extinct, and the cartilaginous and bony fishes, both of which are still extant. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Both the cartilaginous and bony fishes may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks. A subclass of bony fishes, the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ), have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species. Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods, the enigmatic hederelloids, microconchids and corals. Lily - like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish ( ostracoderms ) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish ( gnathostomes ) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water. Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Osteichthyes ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name `` The Age of Fish '' in popular culture. The first ray - finned and lobe - finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. However, another subclass of Osteichthyes, the Sarcopterygii, including lobe - finned fishes including coelacanths and lungfish ) and tetrapods, was the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian. Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils, lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, and cosmoid scales. During the Middle Devonian 393 -- 383 Ma, the armoured jawless ostracoderm fishes were declining in diversity ; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater. The shallow, warm, oxygen - depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time. Cartilaginous fishes, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs ( see Tiktaalik ). In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first ammonite mollusks appeared. Trilobites, the mollusk - like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common. The Late Devonian extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Famennian faunal stage, ( the Frasnian - Famennian boundary ), about 372.2 Ma. Many fossil agnathan fishes, save for the psammosteid heterostracans, make their last appearance shortly before this event. The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community, and selectively affected shallow warm - water organisms rather than cool - water organisms. The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef - builders of the great Devonian reef - systems. A second extinction pulse, the Hangenberg event closed the Devonian period and had a dramatic impact on vertebrate faunas. Placoderms mostly became extinct during this event, as did most members of other groups including lobe - finned fishes, acanthodians and early tetrapods in both marine and terrestrial habitats, leaving only a handful of survivors. This event has been related to glaciation in the temperate and polar zones as well as euxinia and anoxia in the seas. Devonian ( 419 -- 359 mya ) : The start of Devonian saw the first appearance of lobe - finned fish, precursors to the tetrapods ( animals with four limbs ). Major groups of fish evolved during this period, often referred to as the age of fishes. See Category : Devonian fish. o n i n Early Devonian Early Devonian ( 419 -- 393 Ma ) : Psarolepis Psarolepis ( speckled scale ) is a genus of extinct lobe - finned fish that lived around 397 to 418 Ma. Fossils of Psarolepis have been found mainly in South China and described by paleontologist Xiaobo Yu in 1998. It is not known for certain which group Psarolepis belongs, but paleontologists agree that it probably is a basal genus and seems to be close to the common ancestor of lobe - finned and ray - finned fishes. Holoptychius Holoptychius is an extinct genus from the order of porolepiform lobe - finned fish, extant from 416 to 359 Ma. It was a streamlined predator about 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) long ( though it could grow up to 2.5 m ), which fed on other bony fish. Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey. Similar to other rhipidistians, it had fang - like teeth on its palate in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws. Its asymmetrical tail sported a caudal fin on its lower end. To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement, Holoptychius 's pectoral fins were placed high on the body. Ptyctodontida The ptyctodontids ( beak - teeth ) are an extinct monotypic order of unarmored placoderms, containing only one family. They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian. With their big heads, big eyes, and long bodies, the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras ( Holocephali ). Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck. Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids, and the living and unrelated holocephalians, most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish. Petalichthyida The Petalichthyida was an order of small, flattened placoderms that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian. They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour. They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world. Because they had compressed body forms, it is supposed they were bottom - dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish. Their diet is not clear, as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts. Laccognathus Laccognathus ( pitted jaw ) was a genus of amphibious lobe - finned fish that existed 398 -- 360 Ma. They were characterized by the three large pits ( fossae ) on the external surface of the lower jaw, which may have had sensory functions. Laccognathus grew to 1 -- 2 metres ( 3 -- 7 ft ) in length. They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads, less than one - fifth the length of the body. The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone. This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers -- so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely. Rather, the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water. Middle Devonian Middle Devonian ( 393 -- 383 Ma ) : Cartilaginous fishes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared about 395 Ma. Dipterus Dipterus ( two wings ) is an extinct genus of lungfish from 376 -- 361 Ma. It was about 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) long, mostly ate invertebrates, and had lungs, not an air bladder. Like its ancestor Dipnorhynchus it had tooth - like plates on its palate instead of real teeth. However, unlike its modern relatives, in which the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin are fused into one, its fins were still separated. Otherwise Dipterus closely resembled modern lungfish. Cheirolepis Cheirolepis ( hand fin ) was a genus of ray - finned fishes. It was among the most basal of the Devonian ray - finned fishes and is considered the first to possess the `` standard '' dermal cranial bones seen in later ray - finned fish. It was a predatory freshwater fish about 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) long, and based on the size of its eyes it hunted by sight. Cladoselache Cladoselache was the first abundant genus of primitive shark, appearing about 370 Ma. It grew to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) long, with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks. It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales, with five to seven gill slits and a short, rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull. It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern - day sharks, but it compensated for that with very strong jaw - closing muscles. Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth - edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing. Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole. It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior. This combination helped with its speed and agility, which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armoured 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus. Coccosteus Coccosteus ( seed bone ) is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm. The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments, though they may have been able to enter saltwater. They grew up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long. Like all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull. In addition, it also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull, allowing it to open its mouth even wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey. As with all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak. The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other. Bothriolepis External video Bothriolepis -- Animal Planet Bothriolepis ( pitted scale ) was the most successful genus of antiarch placoderms, if not the most successful genus of any placoderm, with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent. Pituriaspida Pituriaspida ( hallucinogenic shield ) is a class containing two bizarre species of armoured jawless fishes with tremendous nose - like rostrums. They lived in estuaries around 390 Ma. The paleontologist Gavin Young, named the class after the hallucinogenic drug pituri, since he thought he might be hallucinating upon viewing the bizarre forms. The better studied species looked like a throwing - dart - like, with an elongate headshield and spear - like rostrum. The other species looked like a guitar pick with a tail, with a smaller and shorter rostrum and a more triangular headshield. Late Devonian extinction : 375 -- 360 Ma. A prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19 % of all families, 50 % of all genera and 70 % of all species. This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period. Late Devonian Late Devonian ( 383 -- 359 Ma ) : Dunkleosteus External video Dunkleosteus -- Animal Planet Dunkleosteus is a genus of arthrodire placoderms that existed from 380 to 360 Ma. It grew up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long and weighed up to 3.6 tonnes. It was a hypercarnivorous apex predator. Apart from its contemporary Titanichthys ( below ), no other placoderm rivalled it in size. Instead of teeth, Dunkleosteus had two pairs of sharp bony plates, which formed a beak - like structure. Apart from megalodon, it had the most powerful bite of any fish, generating bite forces in the same league as Tyrannosaurus rex and the modern crocodile. Titanichthys Titanichthys is a genus of giant, aberrant marine placoderm that lived in shallow seas. Many of the species approached Dunkleosteus in size and build. Unlike its relative, however, the various species of Titanichys had small, ineffective - looking mouth - plates that lacked a sharp cutting edge. It is assumed that Titanichthys was a filter feeder that used its capacious mouth to swallow or inhale schools of small, anchovy - like fish, or possibly krill - like zooplankton, and that the mouth - plates retained the prey while allowing the water to escape as it closed its mouth. Materpiscis External video The mother fish -- Nature Materpiscis ( mother fish ) is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from about 380 Ma. Known from only one specimen, it is unique in having an unborn embryo present inside, and with remarkable preservation of a mineralised placental feeding structure ( umbilical cord ). This makes Materpiscis the first known vertebrate to show viviparity, or giving birth to live young. The specimen was named Materpiscis attenboroughi in honour of David Attenborough. Hyneria Hyneria is a genus of predatory lobe - finned fish, about 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) long, that lived 360 million years ago. Rhizodonts Rhizodonts were an order of lobe - finned fish that survived to the end of the Carboniferous, 377 -- 310 Ma. They reached huge sizes. The largest known species, Rhizodus hibberti grew up to 7 metres in length, making it the largest freshwater fish known. Fish to tetrapods ( edit ) Further information : Tetrapod § Evolution, and List of transitional fossils § Fish to Tetrapods A cladogram of the evolution of tetrapods showing some of the best - known transitional fossils. It starts with Eusthenopteron at the bottom, indisputably still a fish, through Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega and Ichthyostega to Pederpes at the top, indisputably a tetrapod ( show ) From fins to limbs Illustration showing shows how much the hindlimb attachments in lobe - finned fishes need to change in transitioning from lobe - finned fishes ( A ) to early tetrapods ( B ) if the fish was to become a terrestrial animal. Comparison between the fins of lobe - finned fishes and the legs of early tetrapods : 1. Tiktaalik 2. Panderichthys 3. Eusthenopteron 4. Acanthostega 5. Ichthyostega ( hindleg ) The first tetrapods are four - legged, air - breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended, including humans. They evolved from lobe - finned fish of the clade Sarcopterygii, appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian, and giving rise to the first amphibians. The group of lobe - finned fishes that were the ancestors of the tetrapod are grouped together as the Rhipidistia, and the first tetrapods evolved from these fish over the relatively short timespan 385 -- 360 Ma. The early tetrapod groups themselves are grouped as Labyrinthodontia. They retained aquatic, fry - like tadpoles, a system still seen in modern amphibians. From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land, possibly so they could go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper. However, in 1987, nearly complete fossils of Acanthostega from about 363 Ma showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills, but could never have survived on land : its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight ; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight ; its fish - like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground. The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega, which was about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) long, was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water. Its skeleton differed from that of most fish, in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged, including : its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air ; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together, providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head ; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck. Until the 1980s early transitional lobe - finned fishes, such as the Eusthenopteron shown here, were depicted as emerging onto land. Paleontologists now widely agree this did not happen, and they were strictly aquatic. External video Tetrapod Evolution Animal Planet 1 2 3 4 5 Evolution fish with fingers Transitional fossils -- YouTube The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air - breathing would have been an advantage : leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation ; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them ; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish ; air - breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen. There are three major hypotheses as to how tetrapods evolved their stubby fins ( proto - limbs ). The traditional explanation is the `` shrinking waterhole hypothesis '' or `` desert hypothesis '' posited by the American paleontologist Alfred Romer. He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up. The second hypothesis is the `` inter-tidal hypothesis '' put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water. Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million - year - old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie, Poland, the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods. The third hypothesis, the `` woodland hypothesis '', was proposed by the American paleontologist Gregory J. Retallack in 2011. He argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water in woodlands as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation. He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded floodplains. Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods, animals similar to Acanthostega, were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land. This is in contrast to the earlier view that fish had first invaded the land -- either in search of prey ( like modern mudskippers ) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out -- and later evolved legs, lungs, etc. Two ideas about the homology of arms, hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years. First that digits are unique to tetrapods and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early sarcopterygian fish. Until recently it was believed that `` genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties ''. However new research that created a three - dimensional reconstruction of Panderichthys, a coastal fish from the Devonian period 385 million years ago, shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates. For example, they had radial bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm - like base of their fins. Thus there was in the evolution of tetrapods a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits. This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of actinopterygians, sharks and lungfish that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish. Controversy still exists since Tiktaalik, a vertebrate often considered the missing link between fishes and land - living animals, had stubby leg - like limbs that lacked the finger - like radial bones found in the Panderichthys. The researchers of the paper commented that it `` is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is autapomorphic, that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent, or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik. At any rate, it demonstrates that the fish -- tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures. ''. From the end of the Devonian to the Mid Carboniferous a 30 million year gap occurs in the fossil record. This gap, called Romer 's gap, is marked by the absence of ancestral tetrapod fossils and fossils of other vertebrates that look well - adapted for life on land. Transition from lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods ~ 385 Ma Eusthenopteron External video Eusthenopteron -- Animal Planet Genus of extinct lobe - finned fishes that has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to tetrapods. Early depictions of this animal show it emerging onto land, however paleontologists now widely agree that it was a strictly aquatic animal. The genus Eusthenopteron is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period, about 385 Ma. It was the object of intense study from the 1940s to the 1990s by the paleoichthyologist Erik Jarvik. Gogonasus Gogonasus ( snout from Gogo ) was a lobe - finned fish known from 3 - dimensionally preserved 380 million - year - old fossils found in the Gogo Formation. It was a small fish reaching 30 -- 40 cm ( 0.98 -- 1.31 ft ) in length. Its skeleton shows several tetrapod - like features. They included the structure of its middle ear, and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones, the radius and ulna. Researchers believe it used its forearm - like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey. Gogonasus was first described in 1985 by John A. Long. For almost 100 years Eusthenopteron has been the role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods. Gogonasus now replaces Eusthenopteron in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy. ~ 385 Ma Panderichthys Adapted to muddy shallows, and capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion. Had the ability to prop itself up. They had large tetrapod - like heads, and are thought to be the most crownward stem fish - tetrapod with paired fins. ~ 375 Ma Tiktaalik A fish with limb - like fins that could take it onto land. It is an example from several lines of ancient sarcopterygian fish developing adaptations to the oxygen - poor shallow - water habitats of its time, which led to the evolution of tetrapods. Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ( fish ) such as Panderichthys, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to characterize Tiktaalik as a `` fishapod ''. 365 Ma Acanthostega A fish - like early labyrinthodont that occupied swamps and changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods. It had eight digits on each hand ( the number of digits on the feet is unclear ) linked by webbing, it lacked wrists, and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land. Subsequent discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish - like animals. 374 -- 359 Ma Ichthyostega External video Ichthyostega -- Animal Planet Pierce et al. Vertebral Architecture 1 2 3 4 5 -- YouTube Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century, Ichthyostega stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods, combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs. It possessed lungs and limbs with seven digits that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps. 359 -- 345 Ma Pederpes Pederpes is the earliest known fully terrestrial tetrapod. It is included here to complete the transition of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods, even though Pederpes is no longer a fish. By the late Devonian, land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats, allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop, with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities. Freshwater habitats were not the only places to find water filled with organic matter and choked with plants with dense vegetation near the water 's edge. Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons and large brackish river deltas also existed at this time, and there is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved. Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments, and because fossils of primitive tetrapods in general are found scattered all around the world, they must have spread by following the coastal lines -- they could not have lived in freshwater only. Fossil Illuminates Evolution of Limbs from Fins Scientific American, 2 2 April 2004. Post Devonian ( edit ) The Mesozoic Era began about 250 million years ago in the wake of the Permian - Triassic event, the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history, and ended about 66 million years ago with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction that killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. It is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time. The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses. The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods ; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today. Carbon - iferous Carboniferous ( 359 -- 299 Ma ) : Sharks underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous. It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches. Coastal seas during the Carboniferous c. 300 Ma The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils. This gap in the fossil record, is called Romer 's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer. While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event, recent work indicates the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels, indicating some sort of ecological collapse. The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish - like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts, and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna. The Carboniferous seas were inhabited by many fish, mainly Elasmobranchs ( sharks and their relatives ). These included some, like Psammodus, with crushing pavement - like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods, crustaceans, and other marine organisms. Other sharks had piercing teeth, such as the Symmoriida ; some, the petalodonts, had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth. Most of the sharks were marine, but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps. Among the bony fish, the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers. Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent, and one group, the Rhizodonts, reached very large size. Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. Freshwater fish were abundant, and include the genera Ctenodus, Uronemus, Acanthodes, Cheirodus, and Gyracanthus. Stethacanthidae As a result of the evolutionary radiation, carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes -- including sharks of the family Stethacanthidae, which possessed a flat brush - like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top. Stethacanthus ' unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals. Apart from the fins, Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus ( below ). Falcatus Falcatus is a genus of small cladodont - toothed sharks that lived 335 -- 318 Ma. They were about 25 -- 30 cm ( 10 -- 12 in ) long. They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads. Orodus Orodus is another shark of the Carboniferous, a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma. It grew to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) in length. Permian Permian ( 298 -- 252 Ma ) : Acanthodes Acanthodes are an extinct genus of spiny shark. It had gills but no teeth, and was presumably a filter feeder. Acanthodes had only two skull bones and were covered in cubical scales. Each paired pectoral and pelvic fins had one spine, as did the single anal and dorsal fins, giving it a total of six spines, less than half that of many other spiny sharks. Acanthodians share qualities of both bony fish ( osteichthyes ) and cartilaginous fish ( chondrichthyes ), and it has been suggested that they may have been stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes. The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology : the Permian - Triassic extinction event. 90 % to 95 % of marine species became extinct, as well as 70 % of all land organisms. It is also the only known mass extinction of insects. Recovery from the Permian - Triassic extinction event was protracted ; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover, and marine ecosystems took even longer. Triassic Triassic ( 252 -- 201 Ma ) : The fish fauna of the Triassic was remarkably uniform, reflecting the fact that very few families survived the Permian extinction. A considerable radiation of ray - finned fishes occurred during the Triassic, laying the foundation for many modern fishes. See Category : Triassic fish. Perleidus Perleidus was a ray - finned fish from the Early Triassic. About 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) in length, it was a freshwater predatory fish with jaws that hung vertically under the braincase, allowing them to open wide. Perleidus had highly flexible dorsal and anal fins, with a reduced number of fin rays, which would have made the fish more agile in the water. Pachycormiformes Pachycormiformes are an extinct order of ray - finned fish that existed from the Middle Triassic to the K - Pg extinction ( below ). They were characterized by serrated pectoral fins, reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum. Their relations with other fish are unclear. Pholidophorus Pholidophorus was an extinct genus of teleost, around 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long, from about 240 -- 140 Ma. Although not closely related to the modern herring, it was somewhat like them. It had a single dorsal fin, a symmetrical tail, and an anal fin placed towards the rear of the body. It had large eyes and was probably a fast swimming predator, hunting planktonic crustaceans and smaller fish. A very early teleost, Pholidophoris had many primitive characteristics such as ganoid scales and a spine that was partially composed of cartilage, rather than bone. The Triassic ended with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event. About 23 % of all families, 48 % of all genera ( 20 % of marine families and 55 % of marine genera ) and 70 % to 75 % of all species became extinct. Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments, while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments. Jurassic Jurassic ( 201 -- 145 Ma ) : During the Jurassic period, the primary vertebrates living in the seas were fish and marine reptiles. The latter include ichthyosaurs who were at the peak of their diversity, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs, and marine crocodiles of the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae. Numerous turtles could be found in lakes and rivers. See Category : Jurassic fish. Leedsichthys Along with its close pachycormid relatives Bonnerichthys and Rhinconichthys, Leedsichthys is part of a lineage of large - sized filter - feeders that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous period. Pachycormids might represent an early branch of Teleostei, the group most modern bony fishes belong to ; in that case Leedsichthys is the largest known teleost fish. In 2003, a fossil specimen 22 meters ( 72 feet ) long was unearthed. Ichthyodectidae This fossil Ichthyodectidae from the Lower Jurassic is one of the best conserved fossil fishes worldwide The family Ichthyodectidae ( literally `` fish - biters '' ) was a family of marine actinopterygian fish. They first appeared 156 Ma during the Late Jurassic and disappeared during the K - Pg extinction event 66 Ma. They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period. Sometimes classified in the primitive bony fish order Pachycormiformes, they are today generally regarded as members of the `` bulldog fish '' order Ichthyodectiformes in the far more advanced Osteoglossomorpha. Most ichthyodectids ranged between 1 and 5 meters ( 3.3 and 16.4 ft ) in length. All known taxa were predators, feeding on smaller fish ; in several cases, larger Ichthyodectidae preyed on smaller members of the family. Some species had remarkably large teeth, though others, such as Gillicus arcuatus, had small ones and sucked in their prey. The largest Xiphactinus was 20 feet long, and appeared in the Late Cretaceous ( below ). Cret - aceous Cretaceous ( 145 -- 66 Ma ) : See Category : Cretaceous fish. Sturgeon True sturgeons appear in the fossil record during the Upper Cretaceous. Since that time, sturgeons have undergone remarkably little morphological change, indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as living fossils. This is explained in part by the long generation interval, tolerance for wide ranges of temperature and salinity, lack of predators due to size, and the abundance of prey items in the benthic environment. Cretoxyrhina Cretoxyrhina mantelli was a large shark that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago, during the mid Cretaceous period. It is commonly known as the Ginsu Shark. This shark was first identified by a famous Swiss Naturalist, Louis Agassiz in 1843, as Cretoxyhrina mantelli. However, the most complete specimen of this shark was discovered in 1890, by the fossil hunter Charles H. Sternberg, who published his findings in 1907. The specimen consisted of a nearly complete associated vertebral column and over 250 associated teeth. This kind of exceptional preservation of fossil sharks is rare because a shark 's skeleton is made of cartilage, which is not prone to fossilization. Charles dubbed the specimen Oxyrhina mantelli. This specimen represented a 20 - foot - long ( 6.1 m ) shark. Enchodus Enchodus is an extinct genus of bony fish. It flourished during the Upper Cretaceous and was small to medium in size. One of the genus ' most notable attributes are the large `` fangs '' at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, `` the saber - toothed herring ''. These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest Enchodus was a predatory species. Xiphactinus External video Xiphactinus -- YouTube Xiphactinus is an extinct genus of large predatory marine bony fish of the Late Cretaceous. They grew more than 4.5 metres ( 15 feet ) long. Ptychodus Ptychodus is a genus of extinct hybodontiform shark that lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene. Ptychodus mortoni ( pictured ) was about 32 feet ( 9.8 metres ) long and was unearthed in Kansas, United States. The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( K - Pg extinction ). There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K -- T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 80 % of the sharks, rays, and skates families survived the extinction event, and more than 90 % of teleost fish ( bony fish ) families survived. There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K -- T boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K -- Pg extinction event. However, the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event, and evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the extinction, apparently due to the elimination of their ammonite competitors ( there was no similar change in shark populations across the boundary ). Cenozoic Era Cenozoic Era ( 66 Ma to present ) : The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes. Over half of all living vertebrate species ( about 32,000 species ) are fishes ( non-tetrapod craniates ), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world 's aquatic ecosystems, from snow minnows ( Cypriniformes ) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres ( 15,100 feet ) to flatfishes ( order Pleuronectiformes ) in the Challenger Deep, the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres ( 36,000 feet ). Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world 's water bodies, both freshwater and marine. Amphistium Amphistium is a 50 - million - year - old fossil fish that has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head. Megalodon External video Megalodon Giant Shark -- National Geographic ( full documentary ) Megalodon battle History Channel The Nightmarish Megalodon Discovery Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma. It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark, but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres ( 67 ft ). Found in all oceans it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history, and probably had a profound impact on marine life. Prehistoric fish ( edit ) See also : Lists of prehistoric fish External video Fossil Fishes American Museum of Natural History Prehistoric fish are early fish that are known only from fossil records. They are the earliest known vertebrates, and include the first and extinct fish that lived through the Cambrian to the Tertiary. The study of prehistoric fish is called paleoichthyology. A few living forms, such as the coelacanth are also referred to as prehistoric fish, or even living fossils, due to their current rarity and similarity to extinct forms. Fish that have become recently extinct are not usually referred to as prehistoric fish. Living fossils ( edit ) The jawless hagfish is a living fossil that essentially has not changed for 300 million years. Bony fishes Arowana and Arapaima Bowfin Coelacanth Gar Queensland lungfish Sturgeons and paddlefish Bichir Polypterus retropinnis Sharks Blind shark Bullhead shark Elephant shark Frilled shark Goblin shark Gulper shark Jawless fishes Hagfish Northern brook lamprey Eels Protoanguilla palau The coelacanth was thought to have gone extinct 66 million years ago, until a living specimen belonging to the order was discovered in 1938 Fossil sites ( edit ) Miguasha National Park : outcrop of Devonian beds rich in fossil fish See also : List of fossil sites Some fossil sites that have produced notable fish fossils Abbey Wood SSSI Bracklesham Beds Bear Gulch Limestone Burgess Shale Canowindra Crato Formation Dura Den Feltville Formation Fossil Butte National Monument Fur Formation Gogo Formation Green 's Creek Green River Formation Kakwa Provincial Park Land Grove Quarry Maotianshan Shales Matanuska Formation McAbee Fossil Beds Miguasha National Park MoClay Monte Bolca Mount Ritchie Orcadian Basin Portishead Pier to Black Nore SSSI Santana Formation Southerham Grey Pit Thanet Formation Towaco Formation Weydale Zhoukoudian Fossil collections ( edit ) Part of a series on Paleontology Fossils ( show ) Fossilization Trace fossil Index fossil List of fossils List of fossil sites Lagerstätte fossil beds List of transitional fossils List of human evolution fossils Natural history ( show ) Biogeography Extinction event Geochronology Geologic time scale Geologic record History of life Origin of life Timeline of evolution Transitional fossil Organs and processes ( show ) Avian flight Cells Multicells Eyes Flagella Hair Mammalian auditory ossicles Mosaic evolution Nervous systems Sex Evolution of various taxa ( show ) Birds Butterflies Cephalopods Cetaceans Dinosaurs Fishes Fungi Humans Insects Mammals Molluscs Plants Reptiles Sea cows Spiders Tetrapods Evolution ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Phylogeny Cladistics Biological classification History of paleontology ( show ) History of paleontology Timeline of paleontology Branches of paleontology ( show ) Biostratigraphy Ichnology Invertebrate paleontology Micropaleontology Molecular paleontology Palaeoxylology Paleobiology Paleobotany Paleoecology Paleogenetics Paleolimnology Paleopedology Paleotempestology Paleozoology Palynology Sclerochronology Taphonomy Vertebrate paleontology Paleontology Portal Category Some notable fossil fish collections. Fossil fish collection Natural History Museum, Britain. Collection and expertise Museum für Naturkunde, Germany. Fossil fishes The Field Museum, United States. Paleoichthyologists ( edit ) Paleoichthyology is the scientific study of the prehistoric life of fish. Listed below are some researchers who have made notable contributions to paleoichthyology. Louis Agassiz Mary Anning Michael Benton Derek Briggs Hans C. Bjerring John Samuel Budgett Frederick Chapman Jenny Clack Ted Daeschler Bashford Dean Robert Dick Philip Grey Egerton Edwin Sherbon Hills Jeffrey A. Hutchings Thomas Henry Huxley Johan Aschehoug Kiær Philippe Janvier Erik Jarvik George V. Lauder John A. Long Hugh Miller Charles Moore Paul E. Olsen Heinz Christian Pander Elizabeth Philpot Jean Piveteau Colin Patterson Alfred Romer Ira Rubinoff Neil Shubin Franz Steindachner Erik Stensiö Ramsay Heatley Traquair Thomas Stanley Westoll Tiberius Cornelis Winkler Arthur Smith Woodward See also ( edit ) Evolutionary biology portal Fish portal Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution in fish Evolution of paired fins Ichthyolith List of years in paleontology Old Red Sandstone Parodies of the ichthys symbol Prehistoric life Walking fish - fish with tetrapod - like features Vertebrate paleontology References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lecointre & Le Guyader 2007 Jump up ^ Benton, M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology John Wiley, 3rd edition, page 14. ISBN 9781405144490. Jump up ^ Romer 1970. ^ Jump up to : Dawkins 2004, p. 357. Jump up ^ Gewin, V ( 2005 ). `` Functional genomics thickens the biological plot ''. PLOS Biology. 3 ( 6 ) : e219. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030219. PMC 1149496. PMID 15941356. 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Adams ( 2013 ) `` Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid Leedsichthys problematicus ( Osteichthyes : Actinopterygii ). '' in G. Arratia, H.P. Schultze and M.V.H. Wilson ( Eds ) Mesozoic Fishes 5 -- Global Diversity and Evolution, : Pages 145 - 175, F. Pfeil. ISBN 9783899370539. Jump up ^ `` Biggest Fish Ever Found '' Unearthed in U.K. National Geographic News, 1 October 2003. Jump up ^ B.G. Gardiner ( 1984 ) Sturgeons as living fossils. Pp. 148 -- 152 in N. Eldredge and S.M. Stanley, eds. Living fossils. Springer - Verlag, New York. Jump up ^ Krieger J. ; Fuerst P.A. ( 2002 ). `` Evidence for a Slowed Rate of Molecular Evolution in the Order Acipenseriformes ''. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 ( 6 ) : 891 -- 897. doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a004146. PMID 12032245. Jump up ^ Rafferty, John P ( 2010 ) The Mesozoic Era : Age of Dinosaurs Page 219, Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9781615301935. Jump up ^ Fossils ( Smithsonian Handbooks ) by David Ward ( Page 200 ) Jump up ^ The paleobioloy Database Ptychodus entry accessed on 8 / 23 / 09 Jump up ^ `` BBC - Earth News - Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas '' Jump up ^ MacLeod, N, Rawson, PF, Forey, PL, Banner, FT, Boudagher - Fadel, MK, Bown, PR, Burnett, JA, Chambers, P, Culver, S, Evans, SE, Jeffery, C, Kaminski, MA, Lord, AR, Milner, AC, Milner, AR, Morris, N, Owen, E, Rosen, BR, Smith, AB, Taylor, PD, Urquhart, E & Young, JR ( 1997 ). `` The Cretaceous -- Tertiary biotic transition ''. Journal of the Geological Society. 154 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 292. doi : 10.1144 / gsjgs. 154.2. 0265. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Patterson, C ( 1993 ). Osteichthyes : Teleostei. In : The Fossil Record 2 ( Benton, MJ, editor ). Springer. pp. 621 -- 656. ISBN 0 - 412 - 39380 - 8. 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Bibcode : 2008Natur. 454... 209F. doi : 10.1038 / nature07108. PMID 18615083. ^ Jump up to : Wroe, S. ; Huber, D.R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T.L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M.N. ; Summers, A.P. ( 2008 ). `` Three - dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics : how hard can a great white bite? '' ( PDF ). Journal of Zoology. 276 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 342. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2008. 00494. x. Jump up ^ Pimiento, Catalina ; Dana J. Ehret ; Bruce J. MacFadden ; Gordon Hubbell ( May 10, 2010 ). Stepanova, Anna, ed. `` Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama ''. PLoS ONE. Panama : PLoS.org. 5 ( 5 ) : e10552. Bibcode : 2010PLoSO... 510552P. doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0010552. PMC 2866656. PMID 20479893. Retrieved 12 May 2010. Jump up ^ Lambert, Olivier ; Giovanni Bianucci ; Klaas Post ; Christian de Muizon ; Rodolfo Salas - Gismondi ; Mario Urbina ; Jelle Reumer ( 1 July 2010 ). `` The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru ''. Nature. Peru. 466 ( 7302 ) : 105 -- 108. Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466... 105L. doi : 10.1038 / nature09067. PMID 20596020. Jump up ^ Myxini - University of California Museum of Paleontology Bibliography ( edit ) Ahlberg, Per Erik ( 2001 ). Major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and development. Washington, DC : Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0 - 415 - 23370 - 4. Benton, Michael J ( 2005 ) : Vertebrate Palaeontology Benton, Michael ( 2009 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology Edition 3, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405144490. Berg, Linda R. ; Eldra Pearl Solomon ; Diana W. Martin ( 2004 ). Biology. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 49276 - 2. Haines, Tim ; Chambers, Paul ( 2005 ). `` The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life ''. Firefly Books. Cloudsley - Thompson, J.L. ( 2005 ). Ecology and behaviour of Mesozoic reptiles. 9783540224211 : Springer. Dawkins, Richard ( 2004 ). The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0 - 618 - 00583 - 8. Donoghue, P.C., P.L. Forey & R.J. Aldridge ( 2000 ). `` Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny ''. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 251. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1999. tb00045. x. PMID 10881388. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1954 ). Encyclopædia Britannica : A new survey of universal knowledge. 17. Forey, Peter L ( 1998 ) History of the Coelacanth Fishes. London : Chapman & Hall. Hall, Brian Keith ; Hanken, James ( 1993 ). The Skull. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 31568 - 1. Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW ( 2009 ) The Diversity of Fishes : Biology, Evolution, and Ecology Wiley - Blackwell. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2494 - 2 Janvier, Philippe ( 2003 ). Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 852646 - 9. Lecointre, G ; Le Guyader, H ( 2007 ). `` The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification ''. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 Nelson, Joseph S. ( 2006 ). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7. Palmer, D., ed. ( 1999 ). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London : Marshall Editions. p. 26. ISBN 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9. Palmer, D. ( 2000 ). `` The Atlas of the Prehistoric World ''. Philadelphia : Marshall Publishing Ltd. Patterson, Colin ( 1987 ). Molecules and morphology in evolution : conflict or compromise?. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 32271 - 5. Sarjeant, William Antony S. ; L.B. Halstead ( 1995 ). Vertebrate fossils and the evolution of scientific concepts : writings in tribute to Beverly Halstead. ISBN 978 - 2 - 88124 - 996 - 9. Romer, AS ( 1970 ). `` The Vertebrate Body '' ( 4 ed. ). London : W.B. Saunders. Turner, S. ( 1999 ). `` Early Silurian to Early Devonian thelodont assemblages and their possible ecological significance ''. In A.J. Boucot ; J. Lawson. Palaeocommunities, International Geological Correlation Programme 53, Project Ecostratigraphy, Final Report. Cambridge University Press. Further reading ( edit ) External video Feeding Mechanism of Conodonts -- YouTube Chordate evolution -- YouTube Benton MJ ( 1998 ) `` The quality of the fossil record of the vertebrates '' Pages 269 -- 303 in Donovan, SK and Paul CRC ( eds ), The adequacy of the fossil record. Wiley. ISBN 9780471969884. Cloutier R ( 2010 ). `` The fossil record of fish ontogenies : Insights into developmental patterns and processes '' ( PDF ). Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 21 ( 4 ) : 400 -- 413. doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2009.11. 004. Janvier, Philippe ( 1998 ) Early Vertebrates, Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 854047 - 7 Long, John A. ( 1996 ) The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 McKenzie DJ, Farrell AP and Brauner CJ ( 2011 ) Fish Physiology : Primitive Fishes Academic Press. ISBN 9780080549521. Maisey JG ( 1996 ) Discovering fossil fishes Holt. ISBN 9780805043662. Near, T.J. ; Dornburg, A. ; Eytan, R.I. ; Keck, B.P. ; Smith, W.L. ; Kuhn, K.L. ; Moore, J.A. ; Price, S.A. ; Burbrink, F.T. ; Friedman, M. ( 2013 ). `` Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny - rayed fishes ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 ( 31 ) : 12738 -- 12743. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1304661110. PMC 3732986. PMID 23858462. Shubin, Neil ( 2009 ) Your inner fish : A journey into the 3.5 - billion - year history of the human body Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307277459. Introduction to the Vertebrates Museum of Palaeontology, University of California. External links ( edit ) Fossil Fish Origins of Fish Overview of evolution -- Carl Sagan The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner, iBioSeminars. 150 Million Years of Fish Evolution in One Handy Figure ScientificAmerican, 29 August 2013. Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists... Category Portal WikiProject ( hide ) Evolution of fish Forerunners Cephalochordate † Pikaia † Cathaymyrus Lancelet Olfactores † Haikouella Tunicate † Myllokunmingiidae? † Zhongxiniscus? Jawless fish Cyclostomata Hagfish Hyperoartia † Haikouichthys Lamprey † Conodonts † Protoconodonta? † Paraconodontida † Prioniodontida † Promissum † Ostracoderms † Pteraspidomorphi † Thelodonti † Anaspida † Cephalaspidomorphi † Galeaspida † Pituriaspida † Osteostraci Jawed fish † Placoderms † Antiarchi † Arthrodira † Brindabellaspida † Petalichthyida † Phyllolepida † Ptyctodontida † Rhenanida † Acanthothoraci † † Pseudopetalichthyida? † Stensioellida? † Spiny sharks † Climatiiformes † Ischnacanthiformes Cartilaginous Elasmobranchii Holocephali Bony Lobe - finned † Onychodontida Actinistia Coelacanth Dipnomorpha † Porolepiformes Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha Ray - finned Cladistii Chondrostei Neopterygii † Semionotiformes Holostei Teleostei Lists Lists of prehistoric fish spiny sharks placoderms cartilaginous bony lobe - finned List of transitional fossils Related Prehistoric life Transitional fossils Vertebrate paleontology † extinct Evolutionary biology Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of common descent Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Prehistoric Autopsy Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Category Commons Portal WikiProject Fins, limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe - finned fish Ray - finned fish Pectoral fins Pelvic fin Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_fish&oldid=841438947 '' Categories : Evolution of vertebrates Prehistoric fish Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018, at 21 : 12. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "- finned fishes including the tetrapod transitional species Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish † Spiny sharks Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Ray - finned fish Lobe - finned fish Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel - like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct ; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans. The first jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period. They are first" ], "id": [ "18021637188197624174" ], "short_answers": [ "the Cambrian explosion" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani - Wikipedia Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Jump to : navigation, search Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Theatrical release poster Directed by Rajkumar Santoshi Produced by Ramesh S Taurani Written by Rajkumar Santoshi K. Rajeshwar Screenplay by Rajkumar Santoshi Starring Katrina Kaif Ranbir Kapoor Upen Patel Music by Songs : Pritam Background score : Salim - Sulaiman Cinematography Tirru Distributed by UTV Motion Pictures Release date 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) Running time 161 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.8 million ) Box office ₹ 134 crore ( US $21 million ) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( English : Unique Prem 's ( Love 's ) Amazing Story ) is a 2009 Indian romantic comedy film. It stars Katrina Kaif and Ranbir Kapoor. Salman Khan and director Rajkumar Santoshi appear in cameo roles. It is a remake of the 2005 Telugu movie Soggadu. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a reporter entering into a small town that looks abandoned, with a statue ( Ranbir Kapoor ). The reporter asks, where are the people of the town, the statue then narrates the story behind it. Prem ( also Ranbir Kapoor ) is a free - loader who, while helping his friend elope, meets Jenny ( Katrina Kaif ). They both share the trait of stammering when they are emotional. In such a moment, the stammering Jenny induces a spontaneous stammer in Prem, which she misunderstands for mockery. Although this makes her dislike Prem initially, when she finds out his stammer is authentic, the two become friends. Prem eventually falls in love with Jenny, although she is oblivious to this and only considers him as a friend. When he tries to tell Jenny his feelings, he finds out that Jenny is in love with her college friend Rahul ( Upen Patel ). He then meets Rahul and finds out that Rahul loves Jenny more than his family, so helps them board a train to escape. However, Rahul disappears at the train station, and Jenny returns to Prem so Prem can help her find Rahul. As Rahul 's father does not like Jenny and completely opposes relationship between Jenny and Rahul, mainly due to the religious barrier, Jenny being a Christian and Rahul a Hindu, when Prem visits Rahul 's house for Jenny 's proposal with Rahul, he is insulted by Rahul 's father. Prem convinces his mother to let Jenny hide in their house while Rahul 's family search for her, but they are eventually caught by the police. After that, Jenny lies to the police, claiming that she and Prem are in love, to save Rahul 's name. While Prem corroborates Jenny 's lie, he gets emotional and spurts out his true feelings for Jenny, which Jenny mistakes for over-acting. Prem and Jenny successfully go to the club to get reunited with Rahul. Rahul tells Prem that he ( Rahul ) and Jenny are going to prepare the wedding in two days. Unfortunately, a day before the wedding, Jenny gets kidnapped by Sajid Don ( Zakir Hussain ) who is seeking a ransom from Rahul 's father in exchange for her. Prem and his buddies find her in Sajid Don 's warehouse. A hilarious fight ensues between Prem and Sajid Don 's gang. Prem 's father ( Darshan Jariwala ) joins the fight, too. Later on, Sajid Don, a wanted criminal, gets arrested. Rahul and his father, who 's running for the elections, tell the media that it was they who were the ones involved in the fight with Sajid Don, intending to buy a good name for Rahul 's father before the elections. On Jenny and Rahul 's wedding day, Jenny finds out that Prem actually gave consent to Rahul and his father to publicize their false story. This and past recollections of Prem 's selfless caring for her, makes her realize that she truly loves Prem and that Rahul and his family are actually very selfish, and prompts her to become a runaway bride. Meanwhile, Prem, who is about to leave the town is stopped by an stage actor ( Behzaad Khan ), who asks him to guide to an address, further driving him back to the church, where he finds Jenny as the actor disappears and it is revealed that he was actually Jesus Christ. She is united with Prem and the two happily get married, in a small celebration at a marriage registration office. The statue in the beginning reveals that entire town is attending their wedding and asks the reporter to visit the registration office. Cast ( edit ) Ranbir Kapoor as Prem Shankar Sharma and a statue ( dual role ) Katrina Kaif as Jennifer Pinto ( Jenny ) Salman Khan as Himself Upen Patel as Rahul Jalan Darshan Jariwala as Shiv Shankar Sharma ( Prem 's father ) Mithilesh Chaturvedi as Mr Pinto ( Jenny 's father ) Navneet Nishan as Mrs Pinto ( Jenny 's mother ) Smita Jaykar as Sharda Sharma ( Prem 's mother ) Shyam Mashalkar as Raju Akul Tripathi as Kunnu Khurshed Lawyer as David Ameya Hunaswadkar as Lakhan Pradeep Kharb as Tony Braganza Sanatan Modi as Tony 's father Govind Namdeo as Pitambar Jalan Dolly Bindra as Pitambar Jalan 's wife Mohan V. Ram as Pitambar Jalan 's PA Sheshadri Abhay Bhargava as Terror Tej Singh Rati Shankar Tripathi as Bhairon Singh Zakir Hussain as Sajid Don Delhi Ganesh as Temple priest Behzaad Khan as Lord Jesus ( Special appearance ) Crew ( edit ) Director - Rajkumar Santoshi Producer - Ramesh S Taurani Screenplay - Rajkumar Santoshi, RD Tailang Cinematographer - Tirru Creative Producer - Jay Shewakramani Production Designer - Nitish Roy Music - Pritam Chakraborty Choreographer - Ahmed Khan First Assistant Director - Manish Harishankar Editor - Steven Bernard Background Score - Salim - Sulaiman Lyricist - Irshad Kamil, Ashiesh Pandit, Hard Kaur Action - Abbas Ali Moghul, Tinu Verma Sound Engineer - Rakesh Ranjan Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani received generally positive reviews. Subhash K. Jha ( film critic and author of The Essential Guide to Bollywood ) states : `` If you 've ever wondered what on earth is on - screen chemistry here 's your one - stop all - purpose encyclopedia on celluloid magic. Fasten your ' see ' - it belts, as veteran filmmaker Rajkumar Santoshi sheds all his Lajja, and pulls out all stops to do a wacky goofy edgeless weightless comedy of characters who walk in and walk out of frames leaving behind fumes of old - fashioned funnies. Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani is an airtight trapeze down that familiar romantic lane. '' Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave it four stars out of five and states : `` The newly formented Ranbir - Katrina chemistry sets the screen on fire in this mad hatter 's tea party. Adding to this is Pritam 's peppy music score with Neeraj Shridhar, Atif Aslam, Hard Kaur, Sunidhi Chauhan and Mika raising a toast to high - spirited song and dance and Raj Kumar Santoshi penning some of the funniest dialogues in recent times and you have a great escape awaiting you at your favourite audi this weekend. Go, have a ball. '' Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film four out of five stars arguing that it `` entertains majorly '' and that `` the romantic moments are endearing. Most importantly, the on - screen chemistry is electrifying. Ranbir and Katrina look great together! '' Noyon Jyoti Parasara of AOL India gave 3 out of 5 stars saying, `` Its strong point, apart from Ranbir, happens to be its clichéd settings. '' Omar Qureshi of Zoom gave 3.5 out of five stars saying that `` The main point to be noted in the film is that, the film is totally dedicated to love and all the things that are related to love and so, it will leave an ever lasting impression on youth. '' Minty Tejpal of Mumbai Mirror gave 3.5 out of five stars, saying that `` It seems that Ranbir Kapoor can do nothing wrong. He is just fantastic through the film. '' Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave one star and said that `` The film has no comic bone at all. There is certainly no romance either. '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave it two stars and said that `` Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani is a silly comedy that goes for slapstick gags and juvenile jokes that are hard to appreciate. '' Box office ( edit ) The film grossed Rs 920 million in India and 1.34 billion worldwide at the box - office. The film was a major commercial success. Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack was composed by Pritam while lyrics were penned by Irshad Kamil and Ashish Pandit. The songs are remixed by DJ Suketu and arranged by Aks. Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Soundtrack album by Pritam Released 2009 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 72 minutes Label Tips Music Films Producer Pritam Pritam chronology Ek : The Power of One ( 2009 ) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) Love Aaj Kal ( 2009 ) Track listing ( edit ) No. Title Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` Main Tera Dhadkan Teri '' K.K, Sunidhi Chauhan & Hard Kaur 4 : 33 2. `` Tu Jaane Na '' Atif Aslam 5 : 41 3. `` Oh By God '' Mika & Sunidhi Chauhan 4 : 58 4. `` Tera Hone Laga Hoon '' Joi Barua, Alisha Chinai, Atif Aslam 4 : 56 5. `` Prem Ki Naiyya '' Neeraj Shreedhar & Suzzane D'Mello 4 : 06 6. `` Aa Jao Meri Tamanna '' Javed Ali & JOJO 4 : 02 7. `` Follow Me '' Hard Kaur 2 : 52 8. `` Tu Jaane Na - Reprise '' Soham, Rana Mazumdar & Ashish Pandit 5 : 43 9. `` Main Tera Dhadkan Teri - Remix '' KK, Sunidhi Chauhan & Hard Kaur 5 : 04 10. `` Tu Jaane Na - Remix '' Atif Aslam 6 : 06 11. `` Prem Ki Naiyya - Remix '' Neeraj Shreedhar & Suzanne D'Mello 4 : 31 12. `` Tera Hone Laga Hoon - Remix '' Joi Barua, Alisha Chinai, Atif Aslam 4 : 46 13. `` Aa Jao Meri Tamanna - Remix '' Javed Ali & JOJO 3 : 44 14. `` Tu Jaane Na - Unplugged Version '' Kailash Kher, Paresh, Naresh 5 : 33 Reception ( edit ) The soundtrack received generally favorable reviews from critics. Samir Dave of Planet Bollywood gave it a rating of 7.5 / 10 and said, `` If you are looking for an enjoyable potpourri of different musical styles, and melody, then you will love what Pritam has served up for, `` Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ''. It deserves to be at the top of the charts ``. Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama rated it 3.5 / 5 and praised the music composer saying, `` This is Pritam 's year, delivering chartbusters by dozens all through the year, he can now look forward to another bountiful of hit songs up his sleeves with Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani. Also, Ranbir and Katrina can enjoy a hugely popular track for themselves in the form of ' Main Tera Dhadkan Teri '. Go, pick this one up from the shelves! ''. The songs ' Tu Jaane Na ', ' Tera Hone Laga Hoon ', ' Prem Ki Naiya ' and ' Mein Tera Dhadkan Teri ' became chartbusters. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref. Filmfare Awards Best Actor ( Critics ) Ranbir Kapoor ( also for Wake Up Sid and Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ) Won Best Actor Ranbir Kapoor Nominated Best Music Director Pritam Chakraborty Nominated Best Playback Singer - Male Atif Aslam ( for the song `` Tu Jaane Na '' ) Nominated Best Playback Singer - Female Alisha Chinai ( for the song `` Tera Hone Laga '' ) Nominated Screen Awards Best Actor Ranbir Kapoor Nominated Best Music Pritam Nominated Best Choreography Ahmed Khan ( for the song `` Prem Ki Naiyya '' ) Nominated Stardust Awards Superstar of Tomorrow - Male Ranbir Kapoor ( also for Wake Up Sid ) Won Star of the Year - Female Katrina Kaif ( also for New York ) Won Dream Director Rajkumar Santoshi Nominated Best Film of the Year - Comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Nominated Producers Guild Film Awards Best Actor in a Comic Role Darshan Jariwala Nominated Best Supporting Actress Smita Jaykar Nominated Best Music Director Pritam Nominated Best Dialogue Rajkumar Santoshi Nominated Best Art Direction Nitish Roy Nominated International Indian Film Academy Awards Best Playback Singer - Male Atif Aslam ( for the song `` Tu Jaane Na '' ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Filmycinema.com. Filmycinema.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide ( IND Rs ) ''. Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011. Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's cameo in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ''. Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 20 March 2008. Jump up ^ http://filmigirl.blogspot.com/2009/11/ajab-prem-ki-ghazab-kahani-sweet-love.html Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha speaks about Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Jump up ^ Times of India review Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama review Jump up ^ AOL review Jump up ^ `` Chocolate boy to desi Corleone, Kapoor scion grows up ''. Zoomtv.in. Retrieved 10 June 2010. Jump up ^ Minty Tejpal ( 7 November 2009 ). `` Zany and funny ''. Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009. Jump up ^ Hindustan Times review Jump up ^ Masand review Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== Jump up ^ `` Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani - Movie - Box Office India ''. www.boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani : Music review ''. Retrieved 4 July 2010. Jump up ^ Joginder Tuteja ( 12 October 2009 ). `` Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani : Music Review ''. Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 ''. 2010 - 03 - 05. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Stardust Awards 2010 : Winners List ''. www.merinews.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` Stardust awards 2010 : Nominees complete list ''. www.merinews.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` IIFA Awards 2010 Nominations announced - bollywood news : glamsham.com ''. www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29. External links ( edit ) Official website Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani on IMDb ( hide ) Films of Rajkumar Santoshi Ghayal ( 1990 ) Damini ( 1993 ) Andaz Apna Apna ( 1994 ) Barsaat ( 1995 ) Ghatak : Lethal ( 1996 ) China Gate ( 1998 ) Pukar ( 2000 ) Lajja ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Khakee ( 2004 ) Family - Ties of Blood ( 2006 ) Halla Bol ( 2008 ) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) Phata Poster Nikhla Hero ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajab_Prem_Ki_Ghazab_Kahani&oldid=842862973 '' Categories : 2009 films Hindi - language films 2000s romantic comedy films Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi Films shot in Ooty 2000s Hindi - language films Indian films Films featuring songs by Pritam Indian romantic comedy films Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 05 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ajab_Prem_Ki_Ghazab_Kahani&amp;oldid=842862973" }

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{ "text": "Death of the Virgin ( Caravaggio ) - wikipedia Death of the Virgin ( Caravaggio ) Jump to : navigation, search Death of the Virgin Italian : Morte della vergine, Italian : Transito della Madonna Artist Caravaggio Year 1604 - 1606, 1602 Medium Oil on canvas 369 cm × 245 cm ( 145 in × 96 in ) Location Louvre, Paris Death of the Virgin ( 1606 ) is a painting completed by the Italian Baroque master Caravaggio. It is a near contemporary with Caravaggio 's Madonna with Saint Anne now at the Musée du Louvre. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Composition 2.2 Use of light and shadow 3 Treatment of the subject 4 Influence 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) When he painted The Death of the Virgin ( c. 1601 - 6 ), Caravaggio had been working in Rome for fifteen years. The painting was commissioned by Laerzio Cherubini, a papal lawyer, for his chapel in the Carmelite church of Santa Maria della Scala in Trastevere, Rome, the painting could not have been finished before 1605 - 1606. The depiction of the Death of the Virgin caused a contemporary stir, and was rejected as unfit by the parish. Giulio Mancini thought Caravaggio modelled a prostitute, possibly his mistress, as the Virgin. Giovanni Baglione and Gian Pietro Bellori attributed the rejection to the appearance of the Virgin. The breach of decorum led to a rejection of the painting by the fathers of Santa Maria della Scala and its replacement by a picture by Carlo Saraceni, a close follower of Caravaggio. Upon the recommendation by Peter Paul Rubens, who praised it as one of Caravaggio 's best works, the painting was bought by Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Giovanni Magni, the duke 's ambassador, briefly exhibited the painting in his house on the Via del Corso, between 1 and 7 April 1607. Copying was absolutely forbidden. The duke 's collection was to be sold to Charles I of England in 1627. After his execution the English Commonwealth put his collection up for sale in 1649, and the painting was bought by Everhard Jabach, who in 1671 sold it to Louis XIV for the French Royal Collection, which after the French Revolution became the property of the state. Today it hangs in the Louvre. Prior to leaving Rome, it was shown at the Academy of Painters for under two weeks. However, by then, Caravaggio had fled Rome, never to publicly return. During one of his frequent brawls in Rome, the mercurial and impulsive Caravaggio killed a man, Ranuccio Tomassoni, during a sword fight after a tennis game. Carlo Saraceni, Death of the Virgin, 459 x 273 cm, Santa Maria della Scala, Rome Description ( edit ) External video Smarthistory - Caravaggio 's Death of the Virgin The painting recalls Caravaggio 's Entombment in the Vatican in scope, sobriety, and the photographic naturalism. The figures are nearly life - sized. Mary lies reclined, clad in a simple red dress. The lolling head, the hanging arm, the swollen, spread feet depict a raw and realistic view of the Virgin 's mortal remains. Caravaggio completely abandons the iconography traditionally used to indicate the holiness of the Virgin. In this cast - off body, nothing of the respectful representation found in devotional paintings remains. Composition ( edit ) The composition is arranged around the Virgin, the painting 's central theme. Surrounding the Virgin are overcome Mary Magdalen and apostles. Others shuffle in behind them. The compact mass of the assemblage and the posturing of the figures guide the viewer 's eye toward the abandoned body. He expresses the greater grief of the former not by a more emotive face, but by hiding their faces. Caravaggio, master of stark and dark canvases, is not interested in a mannerist exercise that captures a range of emotions. In some ways this is a silent grief, this is no wake for wailers. The sobbing occurs in faceless emotional silence. The holiness of the Virgin is discerned by her thread - like halo. Suppressing all anecdotal detail, Caravaggio invests this subdued scene with extraordinary monumentality through the sole presence of these figures and the intensity of their emotions. The theatrical drape of blood - red cloth looms in the upper portion of the canvas ; a common motif in deposition painting, here used to heighten the scene 's dramatic effect. Use of light and shadow ( edit ) The painter makes use of the nuances of light and shadow to model the volumes of the objects, figures, and clothing. But above all he accentuates, through this process, the physical presence of the Virgin, struck by a dazzling light. The artist creates the illusion of depth through a series of lighter areas : from the back of Mary Magdalene 's neck in the foreground, the eye penetrates further into the painting, passing from Mary 's face to the hands and heads of the apostles. Treatment of the subject ( edit ) This painting was completed at a time when the dogma of the Assumption of Mary was not yet formally enunciated ex cathedra by the pope, but had been gaining ground for some centuries. Pope Pius XII, in his Apostolic constitution, Munificentissimus Deus ( 1950 ), which dogmatically defined the Assumption, left open the question of whether or not Mary actually underwent death in connection with her departure, but alludes to the fact of her death at least five times. The New Testament does not mention the matter at all. How she passed from this world is and was therefore not a matter of Catholic dogma, although by the 17th century, the conventional belief among Catholics was that she was assumed alive, as shown in the great majority of contemporary paintings of the subject. By then most believed that she felt no pain or disease, and that she was assumed in healthy if aged body and soul prior to `` death ''. However, during a General Audience on 25 June 1997, Pope John Paul II affirmed that Mary did indeed experience natural death prior to her assumption into Heaven. Caravaggio 's painting is the last major Catholic work of art in which Mary is clearly dead. Caravaggio does not depict an assumption but her death. The figure, like that in nearly all Renaissance and Baroque Assumptions, looks much younger than a woman some 50 or more years old ; medieval depictions of the death were often more realistic in this respect. Influence ( edit ) This painting illustrates the iconographic and formal revolution that Caravaggio instigated in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Distancing himself from the precious, affected mannerist vogue, the artist inaugurated a frank, robust, energetic style. He took on the task of translating people 's reality and emotions without worrying about the conventions of representations of the sacred. His impact on the evolution of pictorial conceptions in the 17th century was considerable. See also ( edit ) Other Madonnas by Caravaggio : Madonna of Loreto Madonna and Child with St. Anne ( Dei Palafrenieri ) Madonna of the Rosary Other images of the Death of the Virgin : Death of the Virgin ( Anonymous ) Death of the Virgin ( Mantegna ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` One can see how much wrong the moderns do : if they decide to depict the Virgin, Our Lady, they portray her like some filthy whore from the slums. '', 59v, 152r - v, 160v Jump up ^ `` For the Madonna della Scala in Trastevere, Caravaggio painted the Death of the Madonna. But because he so disrespectfully ( con poco decoro ) made the Madonna swollen - up and with bare legs, it was removed, and bought by the Duke of Mantua to be placed in his splendid gallery. '' Jump up ^ `` The same fate ( of being refused ) met the Death of the Virgin in the church of the Scala, removed because the Virgin had been made to look too much like the swollen corpse of an ordinary dead woman. '' Jump up ^ By the conventional chronology, Mary was about 48 at Pentecost, her last appearance in scripture. She was generally thought to have lived on for some years after this, though there was no generally accepted tradition for how long. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parks, N. Randolph ( July 1985 ). `` On Caravaggio 's ' Dormition of the Virgin ' and Its Setting ''. The Burlington Magazine. 127 ( 988 ) : 438 -- 448. Retrieved 30 August 2014. Jump up ^ Askew, Pamela ( 1990 ). Caravaggio 's Death of the Virgin. Princeton New Jersey : Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691039836. Jump up ^ Langdon, Helen ( 2000 ). Caravaggio : A Life. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813337944. ^ Jump up to : Alfandari, Agnes. `` Death of the Virgin ''. Louvre. Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ Jump up to : Friedlaender, Walter ( 1955 ). Caravaggio Studies ( 1974 ed. ). Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. pp. 195 -- 197. ISBN 0691003084. Jump up ^ Baglione, Giovanni ( 1642 ). Le Vite De ' Pittori, Scultori Et Architetti ( in Italian ). Rome : Nella stamperia d'Andrea Fei. p. 138. Jump up ^ Bellori, Giovanni Pietro ( 1672 ). Vite de'Pittori, Scultori et Architetti Moderni, Parte Prima. Rome : Mascardi. p. 213. Jump up ^ Hibbard, Howard ( 1985 ). Caravaggio. Oxford : Westview Press. pp. 198 -- 206. ISBN 9780064301282. Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon, Andrew ( 2011 ). Caravaggio : A Life Sacred and Profane. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780241954645. Jump up ^ Vodret, Rossella ; Belinda Granata ( 2012 ). `` Not Only Caravaggio ''. In Rossella Vodret. Caravaggio 's Rome : 1600 - 1630. Essays. Milan : Skira Editore S.p.A. p. 64. ISBN 9788857213873. Jump up ^ `` Caravaggio 's Death of the Virgin ''. Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved December 21, 2012. Jump up ^ General Audience - 25 June 1997, sections 3 and 4 External links ( edit ) Media related to The Death of the Virgin by Caravaggio at Wikimedia Commons Works by Caravaggio 1593 -- 1594 Boy Peeling Fruit ( c. 1592 ) Young Sick Bacchus ( c. 1593 ) Boy with a Basket of Fruit The Fortune Teller ( Buona ventura ) ( c. 1594 ) Cardsharps ( I bari ) ( c. 1594 ) 1595 -- 1599 Del Monte paintings The Musicians ( c. 1595 ) Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy ( c. 1595 ) Boy Bitten by a Lizard ( c. 1596 ) The Lute Player ( c. 1596 ) Bacchus ( c. 1596 ) Penitent Magdalene ( c. 1597 ) Rest on the Flight into Egypt ( c. 1597 ) Medusa ( c. 1597 ) Portrait of a Courtesan ( Fillide Melandroni ) ( c. 1597 ) Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto ( c. 1597 ) Saint Catherine of Alexandria ( c. 1598 ) The Sacrifice of Isaac ( Princeton version ) ( c. 1598 ) John the Baptist ( c. 1598 ) Martha and Mary Magdalene ( c. 1598 ) Portrait of Maffeo Barberini ( 1598 ) Basket of Fruit ( c. 1599 ) Judith Beheading Holofernes ( c. 1599 ) David and Goliath ( c. 1599 ) Narcissus ( c. 1599 ) 1600 -- 1606 Most famous painter in Rome The Calling of Saint Matthew ( 1599 -- 1600 ) The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew ( 1599 -- 1600 ) The Conversion of Saint Paul ( 1600 ) The Crucifixion of Saint Peter ( 1601 ) The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Road to Damascus ( 1601 ) Supper at Emmaus ( London ) ( 1601 ) The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew Amor Victorious ( 1602 ) Saint Matthew and the Angel ( 1602 ) The Inspiration of Saint Matthew ( 1602 ) The Incredulity of Saint Thomas ( c. 1602 ) The Taking of Christ ( 1602 ) The Entombment of Christ ( c. 1603 ) Madonna of Loreto ( Madonna dei Pellegrini, Pilgrims ' Madonna ) ( c. 1604 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( Prato ) ( 1604 ) The Death of the Virgin ( 1604 ) Saint Francis in Meditation ( c. 1603 ) Christ on the Mount of Olives ( 1605 ) Ecce Homo ( c. 1605 ) Saint Jerome in Meditation ( c. 1605 ) Saint Jerome Writing ( Borghese ) ( c. 1605 ) Portrait of Pope Paul V ( 1605 ) Still Life with Fruit ( 1605 ) Madonna and Child with St. Anne ( Madonna de Palafrenieri, Grooms ' Madonna ) ( 1606 ) 1606 -- 1608 Naples and Malta Mary Magdalen in Ecstasy ( 1606 ) Saint Francis in Prayer ( Cremona ) ( 1606 ) Supper at Emmaus ( Milan ) ( 1606 ) The Seven Works of Mercy ( 1606 ) The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew ( 1607 ) David with the Head of Goliath ( Vienna ) ( 1607 ) Madonna of the Rosary ( 1607 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( Vienna ) ( 1607 ) The Flagellation of Christ ( c. 1607 ) Christ at the Column ( c. 1607 ) Salome with the Head of John the Baptist ( London ) ( c. 1607 ) Saint Jerome Writing ( Valletta ) ( 1607 ) Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt and his Page ( 1607 -- 1608 ) Portrait of Fra Antionio Martelli ( 1608 ) The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist ( 1608 ) Sleeping Cupid ( 1608 ) 1608 -- 1610 Sicily and Naples The Annunciation ( 1608 ) Burial of St. Lucy ( 1608 ) The Raising of Lazarus ( 1609 ) Adoration of the Shepherds ( 1609 ) Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence ( 1609 ) Salome with the Head of John the Baptist ( Madrid ) ( 1609 ) Denial of Saint Peter ( 1610 ) The Martyrdom of Saint Ursula ( 1610 ) David with the Head of Goliath ( Rome ) ( 1610 ) Paintings attributed to Caravaggio BNF : cb12199256t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_the_Virgin_(Caravaggio)&oldid=808394457 '' Categories : 1600s paintings Paintings by Caravaggio Paintings of the Louvre Paintings of the Virgin Mary Paintings about death Christian art about death Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Latina Lietuvių Polski Português Русский Slovenčina ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 16 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Death of the Virgin (Caravaggio)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Death_of_the_Virgin_(Caravaggio)&amp;oldid=808394457" }

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{ "text": "List of All England men 's singles champions - wikipedia List of All England men 's singles champions Below is the list of the winners at the All England Open Badminton Championships. Between 1915 - 1919 the All England was cancelled because of World War I. Between 1940 - 1946 the All England was cancelled because of World War II. Year Champion Runner - up Score 1900 Sydney Howard Smith D. Oakes 1901 H.W. Davies Ralph George Watling 1902 Ralph Watling E. Young 1903 Ralph Watling Henry Norman Marrett 1904 Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas 1905 Henry Norman Marrett Ralph George Watling 15 - 6, 15 - 2 1906 Norman Wood Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 8, 18 - 13 1907 Norman Wood Frank Chesterton 1908 Henry Norman Marrett Arthur M. Cave 12 - 15, 18 - 14, 15 - 9 1909 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 8, 8 - 15, 15 - 10 1910 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15 - 4, 15 - 10 1911 Guy A. Sautter J.H. Colin Prior 15 - 6, 15 - 11 1912 Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter 15 - 10, 15 - 13 1913 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15 - 7, 15 - 8 1914 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15 - 4, 15 - 10 1915 1919 No competition 1920 George Alan Thomas W.M. Swinden 15 - 9, 14 - 17, 15 - 5 1921 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15 - 7, 8 - 15, 15 - 3 1922 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15 - 14, 15 - 5 1923 George Alan Thomas Herbert Uber 15 - 10, 15 - 10 1924 Gordon ' Curly ' Mack George Alan Thomas 17 - 15, 9 - 15, 15 -- 6 1925 Frank Devlin Frank Hodge 11 - 15, 15 - 7, 18 - 15 1926 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 7 - 15, 15 - 5, 15 - 6 1927 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15 - 3, 15 - 7 1928 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15 - 10, 15 - 6 1929 Frank Devlin Donald C. Hume 15 - 4, 15 - 1 1930 Donald C. Hume Alan Titherley 15 - 12, 15 - 12 1931 Frank Devlin T.P. Dick 3 - 15, 15 - 10, 15 - 3 1932 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 5 - 15, 15 - 11, 18 -- 16 1933 Raymond White Donald C. Hume 1934 Ralph C.F. Nichols T.P. Dick 15 - 11, 15 - 8 1935 Raymond White Ralph C.F. Nichols 15 - 10, 15 - 7 1936 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 18 -- 16, 17 -- 18, 15 -- 10 1937 Ralph C.F. Nichols T.P. Dick 15 - 8, 15 - 7 1938 Ralph C.F. Nichols Jesper Bie 15 - 4, 15 - 5 1939 Tage Madsen Ralph C.F. Nichols 10 -- 15, 18 -- 13, 15 -- 7 1940 1946 No competition 1947 Conny Jepsen Prakash Nath 15 - 7, 15 - 11 1948 Jørn Skaarup Poul Holm 15 -- 3, 15 -- 13 1949 Dave G. Freeman Ooi Teik Hock 15 -- 1, 15 -- 6 1950 Wong Peng Soon Poul Holm 15 -- 7, 15 -- 10 1951 Wong Peng Soon Ong Poh Lim 15 -- 18, 18 -- 14, 15 -- 7 1952 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15 -- 11, 18 -- 13 1953 Eddy B. Choong Heah Hock Aun 15 -- 4, 15 -- 4 1954 Eddy B. Choong Donald Smythe 15 -- 5, 15 -- 6 1955 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15 -- 7, 14 -- 17, 15 -- 10 1956 Eddy B. Choong Finn Kobberø 11 -- 15, 15 -- 3, 15 -- 11 1957 Eddy B. Choong Erland Kops 15 -- 9, 15 -- 3 1958 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15 -- 10, 8 -- 15, 15 -- 8 1959 Tan Joe Hok Ferry Sonneville 15 -- 8, 10 -- 15, 15 -- 3 1960 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15 -- 11, 11 -- 15, 15 -- 6 1961 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15 -- 10, 15 -- 6 1962 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15 -- 10, 15 -- 5 1963 Erland Kops Channarong Ratanaseangsuang 15 -- 7, 15 -- 7 1964 Knud Aage Nielsen Henning Borch 8 -- 15, 17 -- 14, 15 -- 4 1965 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 13, 15 -- 12 1966 Tan Aik Huang Masao Akiyama 15 -- 7, 15 -- 4 1967 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 12, 15 -- 10 1968 Rudy Hartono Tan Aik Huang 15 -- 12, 15 -- 9 1969 Rudy Hartono Darmadi 15 -- 1, 15 -- 3 1970 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15 - 7, 15 - 1 1971 Rudy Hartono Muljadi 15 - 1, 15 - 5 1972 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15 - 9, 15 - 4 1973 Rudy Hartono Christian Hadinata 15 -- 4, 15 -- 2 Rudy Hartono Punch Gunalan 8 -- 15, 15 -- 9, 15 -- 10 Svend Pri Rudy Hartono 15 -- 11, 17 -- 14 1976 Rudy Hartono Liem Swie King 15 - 7, 15 - 6 1977 Flemming Delfs Liem Swie King 15 - 18, 15 - 11, 15 - 8 1978 Liem Swie King Rudy Hartono 15 - 10, 15 - 3 1979 Liem Swie King Flemming Delfs 15 - 7, 15 - 8 1980 Prakash Padukone Liem Swie King 15 - 3, 15 - 10 1981 Liem Swie King Prakash Padukone 11 - 15, 15 - 4, 15 - 6 1982 Morten Frost Luan Jin 11 - 15, 15 - 2, 15 - 7 Luan Jin Morten Frost 15 - 2, 13 - 15, 15 - 4 1984 Morten Frost Liem Swie King 9 - 15, 15 - 10, 15 - 10 1985 Zhao Jianhua Morten Frost 6 - 15, 15 - 10, 18 - 15 1986 Morten Frost Misbun Sidek 15 - 2, 15 - 8 Morten Frost Icuk Sugiarto 15 - 10, 15 - 0 1988 Ib Frederiksen Morten Frost 8 - 15, 15 - 7, 15 - 10 1989 Yang Yang Morten Frost 15 - 6, 15 - 7 1990 Zhao Jianhua Joko Suprianto 15 - 4, 15 - 1 1991 Ardy Wiranata Foo Kok Keong 15 - 12, 15 - 10 1992 Liu Jun Zhao Jianhua 15 - 13, 15 - 13 1993 Heryanto Arbi Joko Suprianto 15 - 7, 4 - 15, 15 - 11 1994 Heryanto Arbi Ardy Wiranata 15 - 12, 17 - 14 1995 Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Heryanto Arbi 17 - 16, 15 - 6 Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Rashid Sidek 15 - 7, 15 - 6 1997 Dong Jiong Sun Jun 15 - 9, 15 - 5 1998 Sun Jun Ong Ewe Hock 15 - 1, 15 - 7 1999 Peter Gade Taufik Hidayat 15 - 11, 7 - 15, 15 - 10 2000 Xia Xuanze Taufik Hidayat 15 - 6, 15 - 13 2001 Pullela Gopichand Chen Hong 15 - 12, 15 - 6 2002 Chen Hong Budi Santoso 7 - 4, 7 - 5, 7 - 1 2003 Muhammad Hafiz Hashim Chen Hong 17 - 14, 15 - 10 Lin Dan Peter Gade 9 - 15, 15 - 5, 15 - 8 2005 Chen Hong Lin Dan 8 - 15, 15 - 5, 15 - 2 2006 Lin Dan Lee Hyun - il 15 - 7, 15 - 7 2007 Lin Dan Chen Yu 21 - 13, 21 - 12 2008 Chen Jin Lin Dan 22 - 20, 25 - 23 2009 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21 - 19, 21 - 12 Lee Chong Wei Kenichi Tago 21 - 19, 21 - 19 2011 Lee Chong Wei Lin Dan 21 - 17, 21 - 17 2012 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21 - 19, 6 - 2 2013 Chen Long Lee Chong Wei 21 - 17, 21 - 18 2014 Lee Chong Wei Chen Long 21 - 13, 21 - 18 2015 Chen Long Jan O Jorgensen 15 -- 21, 21 -- 17, 21 -- 15 2016 Lin Dan Tian Houwei 21 - 9, 21 - 10 2017 Lee Chong Wei Shi Yuqi 21 - 12, 21 - 10 2018 Shi Yuqi Lin Dan 21 - 19, 16 - 21, 21 - 9 Contents 1 Number of titles by country 2 List of badminton players with most titles 3 Trivia 4 References Number of titles by country ( edit ) Rank Country No. of Titles First title Last title First champion Last champion England 27 1900 1938 Sydney Howard Smith Ralph C.F. Nichols Denmark China 20 1939 1999 2018 Tage Madsen Luan Jin Peter Gade Shi Yuqi Indonesia 15 1959 1994 Tan Joe Hok Heryanto Arbi 5 Malaysia 14 1950 2017 Wong Peng Soon Lee Chong Wei 6 Ireland 7 1924 1931 Gordon ' Curly ' Mack Frank Devlin 7 India 1980 2001 Prakash Padukone Pullela Gopichand 8 Sweden United States 1947 1949 1947 1949 Conny Jepsen Dave G. Freeman Conny Jepsen Dave G. Freeman List of badminton players with most titles ( edit ) Bold indicates active players. Rank Name Country No. of Titles First title Last title Rudy Hartono Indonesia 8 1968 1976 Erland Kops Denmark 7 1958 1967 Frank Devlin Lin Dan Ireland China 6 1925 1931 2016 5 Ralph C.F. Nichols England 5 1932 1938 6 George Alan Thomas Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong Morten Frost Lee Chong Wei England Malaysia Malaysia Denmark Malaysia 1920 1950 1953 1982 1923 1955 1957 2017 11 Henry Norman Marrett Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter Liem Swie King England England England Indonesia 1904 1909 1911 1978 1908 1912 1914 1981 15 Ralph Watling Norman Wood Raymond White Zhao Jianhua Heryanto Arbi Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Chen Hong Chen Long England England England China Indonesia Denmark China China 1902 1906 1933 1985 1993 1995 2002 2013 1903 1907 1935 1990 1994 2005 2015 Trivia ( edit ) In 1913 & 1914 Guy Sautter competed under the alias of U.N. Lappin and in 1920 George Thomas played under the alias of George Allen. Between 2003 & 2018 either or both Lin Dan and Lee Chong Wei have contested the final with the exception of the final in 2015, which saw Lin eliminated in the semi-finals and Lee unable to compete due to a doping ban. References ( edit ) All England Champions 1899 - 2007 BadmintonEngland.co.uk badmintoneurope.com Pat Davis : The Encyclopaedia of Badminton. Robert Hale, London, 1987, ISBN 0 - 7090 - 2796 - 6 All England Open Badminton Championships 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's Singles -- Women 's Singles -- Men 's Doubles -- Women 's Doubles -- Mixed Doubles Jump up ^ `` Lin loses for 1st time to Chen in All - England Open semis ''. China Daily. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018. Jump up ^ `` Badminton player Lee Chong Wei given backdated eight - month doping ban ''. The Guardian. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_All_England_Men%27s_Singles_champions&oldid=866110160 '' Categories : All England Open Badminton Championships Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 09 : 14 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of All England Men's Singles champions", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_All_England_Men%27s_Singles_champions&amp;oldid=866110160" }

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{ "text": "Faith No More - Wikipedia Faith No More Jump to : navigation, search Faith No More Faith No More performing in Portugal in 2009 Background information Also known as Faith No Man Sharp Young Men Origin San Francisco, California, United States Genres Alternative metal funk metal experimental rock Years active 1979 -- 1998 2009 -- present Labels Slash London Mordam Reclamation! Ipecac Associated acts Mr. Bungle Pop - O - Pies Website fnm.com Members Mike Bordin Roddy Bottum Billy Gould Mike Patton Jon Hudson Past members List of Faith No More band members Faith No More ( sometimes abbreviated as FNM ) is an American rock band from San Francisco, California, formed in 1979. Before settling on their current name in 1982, the band performed under the names Sharp Young Men and later Faith No Man. Bassist Billy Gould and drummer Mike Bordin are the longest remaining members of the band, having been involved with Faith No More since its inception. The band underwent several lineup changes early in their career, along with some major changes later on. The current lineup of Faith No More consists of Gould, Bordin, keyboardist / rhythm guitarist Roddy Bottum, lead guitarist Jon Hudson and vocalist / lyricist Mike Patton. After releasing six studio albums, including their best - selling records The Real Thing ( 1989 ) and Angel Dust ( 1992 ), Faith No More officially announced their breakup on April 20, 1998. They have since reunited, embarked on The Second Coming Tour from 2009 to 2012, and released their seventh studio album, Sol Invictus, in May 2015. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) 1.2 We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) 1.3 Mike Patton joins and The Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) 1.4 Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) 1.5 King for a Day..., Album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 1.6 Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.7 Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 3.1 Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers 4 Concert tours 5 Members 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Vocalist Chuck Mosley joined Faith No More in 1983, and during his five - year tenure with the band, he appeared on their first two studio albums. Faith No More was originally formed as Sharp Young Men in 1979 by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, vocalist Mike Morris, and keyboardist Wade Worthington. Mike Morris described the name as `` a piss - take on all the ' elegant ' groups at the time. '' Later on, Morris proposed the name Faith In No Man, but, eventually, the band settled on Bordin 's suggestion Faith No Man ( stylized as Faith. No Man ). The band 's classic logo, used on their 1985 debut We Care a Lot. It was originally designed by Billy Gould as an homage to the Symbol of Chaos. They recorded `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '', released in 1983. The songs were recorded in Matt Wallace 's parents ' garage, where Wallace had set up and been running a recording studio while the band was still recording under the name Sharp Young Men, with Mike Morris, Billy Gould, Mike Bordin and Wade Worthington. Worthington left shortly thereafter. They changed their name to Faith No Man for the release of the single, which featured two of the three songs recorded in Wallace 's garage, and hired Roddy Bottum to replace Worthington. Bottum, Gould and Bordin quit the band shortly after and formed Faith No More. They chose the name to accentuate the fact that `` The Man '' ( Mike Morris ) was `` No More ''. They did n't have any constant guitarists or vocalists until they eventually settled on Chuck Mosley in 1983 and later Jim Martin. We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After the name change, the band initially started recording We Care a Lot without backing from a record label and, after pooling their money, recorded five songs. This gained the attention of Ruth Schwartz, who was then forming the independent label Mordam Records, under which the band, after getting the necessary financial support, finished and released the album. It was the first official release for both the band and the label. `` Why Do You Bother '' ( 1985 ) 30 second sample of the We Care a Lot song `` Why Do You Bother ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. In late 1986, Faith No More was signed to Los Angeles label Slash Records by Anna Statman. The label had recently been sold to the Warner Music Group subsidiary London Records, ensuring a widespread release for the band 's following albums. Introduce Yourself was released in 1987, and a revamped version of their debut album 's title track `` We Care a Lot '' saw minor success on MTV. Mosley 's behaviour had started to become increasingly erratic, particularly during a troubled tour of Europe in 1988. Incidents include him allegedly punching Billy Gould on stage, the release party for the album Introduce Yourself -- during which he fell asleep on stage -- and one of Mosley 's roadies getting into a fist fight with guitarist Jim Martin during the European tour. Mosley was eventually fired after the band returned home from Europe. Billy Gould reflected `` There was a certain point when I went to rehearsal, and Chuck wanted to do all acoustic guitar songs. It was just so far off the mark. The upshot was that I got up, walked out and quit the band. I Just said : ' I 'm done -- I ca n't take this any longer. It 's just so ridiculous '. The same day, I talked to Bordin, and he said : ' Well, I still want to play with you '. Bottum did the same thing. It was another one of these ' firing somebody without firing them ' scenarios. '' Faith No More in a promotional photo for The Real Thing, c. 1989 - 1990 Mike Patton joins and the Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Chuck Mosley was replaced with singer Mike Patton in 1988. Patton, who was singing with his high school band, Mr. Bungle, was recruited at Martin 's suggestion after he heard a demo of Mr. Bungle. According to Patton, he first met the band during a 1986 gig at `` a pizza parlour '' in his hometown of Eureka, California. Two weeks after joining Faith No More, he had written all the lyrics for the songs that would make up the Grammy award - nominated The Real Thing. `` Epic '' ( 1989 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` Epic ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. `` Epic '' was released in January 1990 and was a top 10 hit. The music video for `` Epic '' received extensive airplay on MTV in 1990, despite anger from animal rights activists for a slow motion shot of a fish flopping out of water. That same year, Faith No More performed at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards ( September 6 ) and on the 293rd episode of Saturday Night Live ( December 1 ) `` From Out of Nowhere '' and `` Falling to Pieces '' saw releases as singles, and a cover of Black Sabbath 's `` War Pigs '' was also produced for non-vinyl releases. In 1990, the band went on an extensive US tour, sending The Real Thing to Platinum status in Canada, the US, and South America. The album also had big sales numbers in Australia, UK, and the rest of Europe, pushing the total sales well above 4 million worldwide. Vocalist Mike Patton joined Faith No More in 1988, replacing Chuck Mosley. In February 1991, Faith No More released their only official live album, Live at the Brixton Academy. The album also included two previously unreleased studio tracks, `` The Grade '' and `` The Cowboy Song ''. That same year, the band contributed a track for the motion picture soundtrack to Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey with the song `` The Perfect Crime ''. Jim Martin also made a brief cameo in the film as `` Sir James Martin '' as the head of the `` Faith No More Spiritual and Theological Center ''. Mike Patton 's original band Mr. Bungle would go on to sign with Slash / London 's parent label Warner Bros. Records in 1991, following the worldwide success of The Real Thing. Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Faith No More displayed an even more experimental effort on their next album, Angel Dust. One critic writes that the album is `` one of the more complex and simply confounding records ever released by a major label '' and another writes that the single `` ' A Small Victory ', which seems to run Madame Butterfly through Metallica and Nile Rodgers (... ) reveals a developing facility for combining unlikely elements into startlingly original concoctions. '' Aside from `` A Small Victory '' ( which received a nomination for Best Art Direction at the MTV Video Music Awards ), the tracks `` Midlife Crisis '' and `` Everything 's Ruined '' were also released as singles. The album included a re-recording of the theme to the film Midnight Cowboy, and later pressings included a cover of The Commodores `` Easy '', which in some parts of the world became the band 's biggest hit. Angel Dust, though not as successful as The Real Thing in the US, sold 665,000 copies there, and managed to outsell The Real Thing in many other countries. In Germany, the record was certified Gold for sales of more than 250,000 copies. The album also matched the sales of The Real Thing in Canada ( Platinum ), Australia ( Gold ), and surpassed it in the Netherlands, France, Russia, and the UK. Worldwide sales are around 3.1 million copies. `` Midlife Crisis '' ( 1992 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` MidLife Crisis ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. After touring to support Angel Dust in the summer of 1993, long - time guitarist Jim Martin left the band due to internal conflicts. He was reportedly unhappy with the band 's change in musical direction on Angel Dust, describing it as `` gay disco ''. According to Roddy Bottum, Martin was fired via fax. However, Martin himself states it was his decision to leave. Both Godflesh guitarist Justin Broadrick and Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker were reportedly offered to join Faith No More after Martin 's departure, but declined to join. The position was filled by Mike Patton 's bandmate from Mr. Bungle, Trey Spruance, who left soon after recording 1995 's King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime and just before the band was to begin their world tour. Spruance was replaced by Dean Menta, the band 's keyboard tech. King for a Day..., album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) The alternate `` barking dog logo '', based on the artwork for Faith No More 's 1995 album King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime 1995 's King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime varies greatly from song to song in style ; post-hardcore / punk, country, jazz, bossa nova, thrash metal, gospel music, along with other signature FNM elements, are woven together throughout the album. Singles included `` Digging the Grave '', `` Evidence '', and `` Ricochet ''. The album featured Mr. Bungle 's Trey Spruance on guitar. The record went Gold in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands and Germany, which gave the album a respectable sales figure of around 1.5 million copies ; this was significantly lower than sales of their previous albums. A 7 x 7 - inch box set of singles was released, which included the B - sides and some interviews between the songs. Album of the Year was released in 1997 and featured yet another new guitarist, Jon Hudson, who was a former roommate of Billy Gould. The album debuted much higher than expected in some countries ( for example, in Germany, the album debuted at No. 2 and stayed in the chart for 5 months ). In Australia, Album of the Year went to No. 1 and was certified Platinum. The album charted in many countries in Europe. To date, Album of the Year has sold around 2 million copies worldwide. The singles `` Ashes to Ashes '' and `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' had minimal success ( notably, the music video for `` Last Cup of Sorrow '', which featured actress Jennifer Jason Leigh, was inspired by the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo ). `` Stripsearch '' was released as a single in various countries ( excluding the US and UK ). The album received largely negative reviews from US - based critics at the time. Rolling Stone magazine wrote in their original review `` ( They ) are floundering around desperately, groping for a sense of identity and direction in a decade that clearly finds them irrelevant '', while Pitchfork Media stated `` Album Of The Year leaves one feeling like waking up and finding last night 's used condom -- sure, the ride was fun while it lasted, but what remains is just plain icky. And you definitely do n't want it in your CD player. '' `` Helpless '' ( 1997 ) 30 second sample of the Album of the Year song `` Helpless ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. In early 1998, rumors of Faith No More 's imminent demise began. Starting with a rumor posted to the Faith No More newsgroup alt. music. faith - no - more claiming Mike Patton had quit the band in favor of side projects, this rumor, although denied at the time, proved to be at least partly true. Faith No More played their last show in Lisbon, Portugal on April 7, 1998. The band cancelled their planned support tour for Aerosmith and on April 20, Billy Gould released a statement by email and fax, saying `` ( T ) he decision among the members is mutual '' and `` the split will now enable each member to pursue his individual project ( s ) unhindered. '' The band `` thank ( ed ) all of those fans and associates that have stuck with and supported the band throughout its history. '' Immediately after the dissolution of Faith No More, the members went on to numerous different projects. Mike Patton notably co-founded the supergroups Fantômas and Tomahawk in 1998 - 99, as well as continuing his original band Mr. Bungle, who were still signed with Warner Bros. Records. The sound of Tomahawk in particular has often been compared to Faith No More 's mid-late 1990s output. When Faith No More was brought up in a 1999 interview with The A.V. Club, Patton ( then fronting Mr. Bungle ) stated `` I 'm definitely glad it 's over : It was a great thing while it lasted, but it really had to end. I think if it had continued it would have gotten really ugly. No fistfights or bloody noses or anything like that, but the music would have been substandard. So the line must be drawn there. '' In another interview from 2001, he similarly stated that the band had broken up `` because we were starting to make bad music. '' However, Gould did not share the same sentiment as Patton on the quality of the band 's late material, stating in 1998 `` However many records we sold or did n't, we maintained over a long period of time a high standard of music that we 're proud of, and we never sucked. Whatever shit that happened to us on the way, thank God it did n't get in the way of the music. '' Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Rumours that Faith No More would reunite for shows in the UK in the summer of 2009 were circulating in late November 2008, but were originally dismissed by bassist Billy Gould. He explained : `` If anything like this were to happen, it would have to come from the band, and I have n't spoken with any of them in over a year. So as far as I know, there is n't anything to talk about, and I 'm pretty sure that if you were to contact Patton, he would tell you the same thing. '' However, on February 24, 2009 after months of speculation and rumors, Faith No More announced they would be reforming with a line - up identical to the Album of the Year era, embarking on a reunion tour called The Second Coming Tour. To coincide with the band 's reunion tour, Rhino released the sixth Faith No More compilation, The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection, a double album that includes their hit singles and b sides & rarities, in the UK on June 8. Faith No More then played in major European festivals including Download Festival in the UK in June, Hurricane and Southside festivals in Germany, Greenfield Festival in Switzerland, Hove Festival in Norway and Roskilde Festival in Denmark, among other dates. The tour continued into 2010 with appearances at the Soundwave Festival in Australian cities throughout February and March. During their tour, the band added covers to their repertoire including `` Switch '' by Siouxsie and the Banshees. After an eleven - month hiatus, Faith No More played four shows in South America in November 2011. On the first date ( November 8, 2011 ), the band played a `` mystery song, '' which led to speculation of new material. They played Sonisphere France on July 7, 2012. Following several more shows in Europe during 2012, Faith No More became temporarily inactive again. Mike Patton spent 2013 touring with his reformed rock supergroup Tomahawk, while the band 's other members also pursued their own side projects. In July 2013, Billy Gould confirmed that the band 's hiatus would not be permanent, saying `` We will do something again only when all members are with the focus on that, and ready for the challenge. This is not the time... yet. '' Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) `` Black Friday '' ( 2015 ) 30 second sample of the Sol Invictus song `` Black Friday ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. On May 29, 2014, Faith No More posted a message ( along with a photograph of Mike Patton ) on their Twitter account, saying that `` the reunion thing was fun, but now it 's time to get a little creative. '' On July 4, Faith No More played their first show in two years at Hyde Park in London, supporting Black Sabbath. At that show, Faith No More debuted two new songs `` Motherfucker '' and `` Superhero '' ( also known by fans as `` Leader of Men '' ). On August 20, the band posted `` The Reunion Tour is over ; in 2015 things are going to change. '' These tweets led to speculation that the band was working on new material. On August 30, Gould said that the band is `` considering doing something new '', and may begin work on a new studio album at some point in the not - too - distant future, explaining, `` to do something creative would be a really good thing to do. '' On September 2, Bill Gould revealed to Rolling Stone that the band had begun work on a new album. Faith No More headlined the final edition of Australia 's Soundwave in February and March 2015. The band released their seventh studio album, Sol Invictus, in May 2015. The songs on the album were influenced by The Cramps, Link Wray and Siouxsie and the Banshees. Speaking to Revolver, Gould described the song `` Cone of Shame '' as `` blues - based rock and roll ''. Describing the song `` Matador '', he said : `` parts of it remind me of the first Siouxsie and the Banshees album. We used real pianos and that brings this organic quality to it to the music ''. The second single from the album, `` Superhero '', was shared by the band on March 1, 2015. In a June 2016 interview, guitarist Jon Hudson stated that he has been `` working on a few ideas '' for the next Faith No More album, and added that `` it 's something that ( he ) wanted to focus on after the tour ended. '' When asked about the prospect of more music from Faith No More, Patton told Australian newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald, `` I do n't know whether or not we 're going to attack it, but there is some stuff we wrote around the time of the last one and said, ' Why do n't we save this for the next record? '. So we 'll see. '' In August 2016, the band performed two concerts with former lead singer Chuck Mosley to celebrate the reissue of their debut album We Care a Lot. The band was billed as `` Chuck Mosley & Friends '' for the two shows and featured the lineup of Mosley, Mike Bordin, Billy Gould, Jon Hudson and Roddy Bottum. In a September 2017 interview on Full Metal Jackie Radio, Patton revealed that Faith No More has been `` on an extended break. '' He added that he does not rule out more shows with the band, explaining, `` If something happens, it 'll happen organically and naturally. But I kind of do n't think it will. I kind of feel like we 've tipped the scales a little bit. But we 'll see. Who knows? I 've learned my lesson not to say ' no. ' '' Former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley died on November 9, 2017, due to `` the disease of addiction. '' He was 57 years old. Musical style and influences ( edit ) While Faith No More 's music is generally considered as alternative metal, experimental rock, and funk metal, as Faith No Man, their sound was described as post-punk. The band 's first single from 1983, `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '', was labelled as a `` solid post-punk / pre-goth single. '' During their tenure with Chuck Mosley in the mid-1980s, Billy Gould stated the band were in a `` weird spot '', as their eclectic sound did n't fit in with the burgeoning hardcore punk and alternative rock movements of the era. Upon Mike Patton 's arrival in 1989, the band began to expand their sound range even further, merging disparate genres such as synthpop, thrash metal and carousel music on The Real Thing. Rolling Stone states that during the 1990s, the band were `` too heavy for the post-grunge pop hits of The Verve and Third Eye Blind ( and ) too arty to work comfortably with the nu metal knuckle - draggers they spawned. '' Over the course of their career, they have experimented with heavy metal, funk, hip hop, progressive rock, alternative rock, hardcore punk, polka, easy listening, jazz, samba, ska, bossa nova, hard rock, pop, soul, gospel, and lounge music. `` Ugly in the Morning '' ( 1995 ) 30 second sample of the King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime song `` Ugly in the Morning ''. It is one of many Faith No More songs predominantly influenced by heavy metal. Problems playing this file? See media help. Faith No More 's lyrics have been described as `` bizarrely humorous ''. When interviewed about his lyrics, Patton responded, `` I think that too many people think too much about my lyrics. I am more a person who works more with the sound of a word than with its meaning. Often I just choose the words because of the rhythm, not because of the meaning ''. Bordin acknowledged certain bands as early influences, including Killing Joke, PiL, Black Sabbath, and Theatre of Hate, and upon reforming, Faith No More returned to their early post-punk / goth influences on Sol Invictus. Legacy ( edit ) In a 2015 article by Artistdirect, Duff McKagan, Chino Moreno, Serj Tankian, Corey Taylor, Max Cavalera and Jonathan Davis praised the band for their significance and influence. Nirvana bassist, and co-founder, Krist Novoselic cited Faith No More as a band that `` paved the way for Nirvana '' in the late 1980s. Robert Plant, singer of Led Zeppelin, mentioned the then Chuck Mosley - led Faith No More as one of his current favorite bands in a 1988 interview with Rolling Stone. Plant and Faith No More subsequently toured together following The Real Thing 's release. Scott Ian of Anthrax has also named Faith No More as one of his favorite bands. Corey Taylor ( frontman for both Slipknot and Stone Sour ) told Loudwire in 2015 that if it was n't for Faith No More, he `` would n't be here today. '' While recovering from an attempted suicide at his grandmother 's house, he saw the band perform `` Epic '' live on the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards and the performance inspired him to begin writing and performing music again. They were voted No. 52 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock ''. The band is credited for inventing the alternative metal genre which began in the 1980s and that fuses metal with other genres, including alternative rock. Tim Grierson of About.com said the band `` helped put alternative metal on the map. '' Faith No More has also been credited for influencing nu metal bands, such as Limp Bizkit, Korn, and Sevendust, primarily due to the popularity of `` Epic '', and other early material that featured rap and rock crossovers. Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, a self - confessed fan of the band, stated in a 2015 interview `` They fused some of that hip - hop and rock together. They were one of the earliest bands to do that, and definitely pioneers to a whole genre. If you listen to Korn, if you listen to how the bass and the drums lock up, it 's quite similar to how Faith No More was doing it in their early years. '' Faith No More have been covered by prominent metal acts such as 36 Crazyfists, Apocalyptica, Atreyu, Between the Buried and Me, Disturbed, Five Finger Death Punch, Helloween, Ill Niño, Korn, Machine Head, Papa Roach, Redemption, Revocation, Sentenced, Slaves on Dope and Trail of Tears. In 2002, a tribute album titled Tribute of the Year ( a reference to Faith No More 's Album of the Year ) was released by Underground Inc. It featured 30 Faith No More songs covered by mostly unknown independent hardcore, industrial and alternative metal acts. The band and their 1989 single `` Epic '' have frequently been cited as an example of an ' 80s or ' 90s one - hit wonder. Flavorwire stated in 2014 `` Although the band always had a loyal fan base and Patton remains an indie hero, they only cracked the Billboard Hot 100 once, with Epic. '' Others have noted that after `` Epic '' 's success, the band still managed to remain highly popular in regions outside North America : including Australia, South America, Europe and the UK. The band 's original final record Album of the Year notably experienced high sales in countries such as Australia ( where it went platinum ), New Zealand and Germany, while being deemed a critical and commercial failure in their native USA. Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers ( edit ) Main article : Anthony Kiedis § Feud with Mike Patton After the release of The Real Thing, Faith No More developed somewhat of a rivalry with fellow Californian funk rock group Red Hot Chili Peppers, whom they had previously played with on The Uplift Mofo Party Tour. Singer Anthony Kiedis accused Mike Patton of stealing his `` style '' in the `` Epic '' music video. He told Kerrang! magazine `` My drummer says he 's gon na kidnap ( Patton ), shave his hair off and cut off one of his feet, just so he 'll be forced to find a style of his own ''. In a separate interview, he clarified his comment, remarking `` I love The Real Thing, and I liked his vocals on that record. I mean, when I heard the record I noticed subtle similarities, but when I saw that video it was like, ' Wait a second here, what the fuck?. ' '' Roddy Bottum responded by saying `` To me, our band sounds nothing like Red Hot Chili Peppers. If you 're talking about long hair, rapping with his shirt off, then yeah, I can see similarities. But beyond that, I ca n't see any. I have n't talked to them since this whole thing started. We 're really good friends with that band and i 'd like to think they 're doing it... like as a favour ''. Mike Patton finally addressed the allegations from Kiedis in 1990, commenting that `` It just kind of came out of the blue. It does n't bother me a bit. I got a real big kick out of it to tell you the truth. I mean, if he 's gon na talk about me in interviews, that 's fine - it 's free press! Either he 's feeling inadequate or old or I do n't know, but I have no reason to talk shit about him. '' Later in 2001, Patton also theorized that `` I think Anthony, deep down, feels like I 'm a better dancer than he is. I think I shake my booty just a little bit fresher than he does. And if he would stop doing drugs I think he could outdance me. Maybe one day we 'll have a breakoff, just breakdance. '' Following a period of silence, the feud between Patton and Kiedis quickly escalated again in 1999 with Patton 's other band Mr. Bungle, culminating in an infamous Halloween show during 1999 in which Patton ( dressed as Kiedis ) and his bandmates parodied the Red Hot Chili Peppers and their hit singles. The performance was in response to getting kicked off a series of lucrative festival gigs shared with Red Hot Chili Peppers, due to Kiedis 's staunch refusal to perform with Mike Patton. Despite this, other members of both groups appear to have remained on good terms since the initial controversy. Regarding the perceived conflict, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea stated `` There was never any fight between us, that was a bunch of bullshit created by the media. I mean I think they 're a good band. Maybe there was some things said between Anthony and the singer ( Patton ), but it all means nothing to me. Those guys in the band are nice people and there 's no fight. '' At a 2014 show in Brooklyn, the band also notably covered a portion of the Chuck Mosley - era song `` We Care a Lot ''. Fox News commentator Greg Gutfeld attracted media attention in 2016 when he stated `` You 're either a Faith No More fan, or a Red Hot Chili Peppers fan. You can not love Mike Patton and Anthony Kiedis, because they are two different people. You have to love Mike Patton, you can not love Anthony Kiedis. So that is why the Red Hot Chili Peppers are the worst band in the universe, because Faith No More is the greatest band in the universe. '' Concert tours ( edit ) 1979 -- 1984 : Early shows 1985 -- 1986 : We Care a Lot Tour 1987 -- 1988 : Introduce Yourself Tour 1989 -- 1991 : The Real Thing Tour 1992 -- 1993 : Angel Dust Tour 1995 : King for a Day Tour 1997 -- 1998 : Album of the Year Tour 2009 -- 2012 : The Second Coming Tour 2015 : Soundwave Tour 2015 : Sol Invictus Tour Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Faith No More band members Current members Mike Bordin -- drums, percussion, backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Billy Gould -- bass, backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Roddy Bottum -- keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Mike Patton -- lead vocals ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Jon Hudson -- lead guitar, backing vocals ( 1996 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Timeline Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` The Real Thing '' Best Metal Performance Nominated 1991 `` Epic '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated 1993 `` Angel Dust '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` Epic '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Visual Effects in a Video Won 1993 `` A Small Victory '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated Discography ( edit ) Main article : Faith No More discography Studio albums We Care a Lot ( 1985 ) Introduce Yourself ( 1987 ) The Real Thing ( 1989 ) Angel Dust ( 1992 ) King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime ( 1995 ) Album of the Year ( 1997 ) Sol Invictus ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Faith No More List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area List of alternative metal artists List of funk rock bands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Greatest Lefties in Hard Rock + Heavy Metal ''. VH1 News. Retrieved 10 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Faith No Man Biography ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA ''. RIAA.com. Retrieved September 15, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook ''. Facebook.com. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Morris, Mike. `` Faith No Man bio by Mike Morris ''. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Faith No More logo ''. faithnoman.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Jump up ^ Chirazi 1994, p. 22 Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska. `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions ''. Fnm.com. Retrieved November 5, 2011. 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Greenfieldfestival.ch. 2015 - 05 - 13. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Confirmed For Denmark 's Roskilde Festival ''. Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 04 - 30. Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 04. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More, Jane 's Addiction, Him Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave Festival ''. Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 08 - 13. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Switch and Stripsearch Live Melbourne 25 / 02 / 2010 ''. YouTube.com. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Performs Mystery Song In Argentina ( Video ) ''. Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2011 - 11 - 09. Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 14. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Duane Denison ( of Tomahawk ) ''. Consequence of Sound. 29 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Could there be more? ~ Faith No More Blog ''. Faithnomoreblog.com. Retrieved December 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` NME News Black Sabbath to headline Barclaycard British Summer Time ''. Nme.com. 2014 - 03 - 30. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Debuts New Music At London 's Hyde Park ; Video Available ''. Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 07 - 04. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Perform Two New Songs in Concert ''. Loudwire.com. 2014 - 07 - 06. Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Is Faith No More Gearing Up For A New Album? ''. Bloody-disgusting.com. 2014 - 05 - 30. Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Official Faith No More Twitter feed ''. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Is ' Considering Doing Something New, ' Says Bassist Billy Gould ''. Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 31. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Release First Album in 18 Years, Plot U.S. Tour ''. Rollingstone.com. 2014 - 09 - 02. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Faith No More Begins Recording First Studio Album ''. Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 09 - 02. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Slipknot, Faith No More, Judas Priest, Soundgarden Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave ''. Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 20. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23. ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn, Jon ( 4 November 2014 ). `` Interview : Faith No More Give Update from the Studio ''. Revpmver. Retrieved 12 November 2014. Jump up ^ Coughlan, Jamie. `` Faith No More Share `` Superhero '' ``. overblown.co.uk. Overblown. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson : ' I 'm Working On A Few Ideas Right Now ' ''. Theprp.com. June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson working on fresh material ''. Teamrock.com. June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Major Update On Faith No More 's Next Album ''. Alternativenation.net. June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Ross, Annabel ( 19 September 2016 ). `` Mike Patton speaks about his latest project, tetema, and hints at new Faith No More album ''. Smh.com.au. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More reuniting with original singer Chuck Mosley for pair of shows ''. Consequence of Sound. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Reunite with Original Singer Chuck Mosley for Two Shows ''. Diffuser.fm. Retrieved 11 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` MIKE PATTON Does n't Rule Out More FAITH NO MORE Shows : ' If Something Happens, It 'll Happen Organically And Naturally ' ''. Blabbermouth.net. September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Former FAITH NO MORE Singer CHUCK MOSLEY Dead At 57 ''. Blabbermouth.net. November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Page 9 of Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back - Rolling Stone ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 17 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` New Music : Hear Faith No More 's Brand New Single `` Superhero '' ``. Rolling Stone India. Retrieved 17 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More preview new album at Soundwave ''. Rockhampton Morning Bulletin. Retrieved 17 May 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Plant : The Rolling Stone Interview ''. Jump up ^ Darzin, Daina ; Spencer, Lauren ( January 1991 ). `` The Thrash - Funk scene proudly presents Primus, along with a host of others. Go for the funk, do n't get your dreds stomped in the metal mosh pit ''. Spin. 6 ( 10 ) : 39. ISSN 0886 - 3032. Jump up ^ Rotondi, James ( July 2000 ). `` Sacramento Kings -- the deftones rule ''. CMJ New Music Monthly ( 83 ) : 46. ISSN 1074 - 6978. Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir ; Woodstra, Chris ; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas ( 2001 ). All Music Guide : The Definitive Guide to Popular Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 145. ISBN 9780879306274. Jump up ^ Wurtzel, Elizabeth ( September 3, 1990 ). `` Sounds : The Rap of the New ''. New York Magazine. 23 ( 34 ) : 46. ISSN 0028 - 7369. Jump up ^ Blush, Steven ( August 1990 ). `` Obscure No More ''. Spin. Vol. 6 no. 5. p. 16. ISSN 0886 - 3032. Jump up ^ Torreano, Bradley. `` Song of Liberty / All Quiet in Heaven -- Overview ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More founding member Bill Gould talks about We Care A Lot ''. Independent.co.uk. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017. Jump up ^ Gittins, Ian ( 2015 ). The Periodic Table of Heavy Rock. Random House. ISBN 978 - 1 - 78503 - 165 - 6. Jump up ^ Thomas, Stephen. `` Faith No More Biography on Yahoo! Music ''. Music.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15. With their fusion of heavy metal, funk, hip - hop, and progressive rock, Faith No More has earned a substantial cult following. Jump up ^ Neil Strauss ( April 23, 1998 ). `` The Pop Life ; Horde Festival Offers a Surprise ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18. Faith No More, the 15 - year - old San Francisco rock band known for its energetic mix of punk, jazz, heavy metal, alternative rock, samba, polka and easy - listening, has broken up. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Sol Invictus - Album Review - Slant Magazine ''. Slantmagazine.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017. Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska ( ed. ). `` Faith No More Frequently Asked Questions ''. Old.fnm.com. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ Greg Prato. `` Album of the Year review ''. Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14. Outstanding tracks blend hard rock and pop melodicism the way only FNM can. Album of the Year was a fitting way for one of alternative rock 's most influential and important bands to end its career. Jump up ^ `` Evidence is the quiet moment, a piece of easy listening and soul masterfully played ( Translated from Spanish ) ''. Hoyesarte.com. June 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ Greg Prato. `` King for a Day, Fool for a Lifetime -- Faith No More ''. Allmusic. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24. Jump up ^ Ned Raggett. `` The Real Thing - Faith No More Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ Samborska, Agatha ( ed. ). `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions ''. Retrieved July 8, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Zildjian Artists Mike Bordin Artist Page ''. Zildjian.com. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. ( ed. ). `` Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back ''. Retrieved January 24, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Get Praise from Deftones, Slipknot, System of a Down and More @ ARTISTdirect ''. Artistdirect.com. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ Published Wednesday, Mar 11 2009, 2 : 50pm EDT ( 2009 - 03 - 11 ). `` Novoselic : ' FNM paved way for Nirvana ' -- Music News ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Roddy Bottum Fan Q and A - The Answers ''. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Scott Ian ( Anthrax ) ''. Wikimetal.com.br. Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19. Jump up ^ `` SKY magazine December 1992 ''. Negele.org. 2001 - 07 - 13. 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Jump up ^ `` 5 One - Hit Wonders Who Deserve Your Respect ''. cracked.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Best One - Hit Wonders of the ' 90s ''. flavorwire.com. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Return of the Unique One - Hit Wonder Stories ''. lyricinterpretations.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Albums ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008. Jump up ^ Apter, Jeff. Fornication : The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 065 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Kangas, Chaz ( 21 April 2015 ). `` Do Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers Still Hate Each Other? ''. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Bungle Frequently Asked Questions ''. bunglefever.com. Retrieved September 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Kerrang magazine ( August 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` FAITH NO MORE VS RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS ''. faithnomorefollowers.com. Retrieved February 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Penny L ( September 20, 2013 ). `` Mike Patton ( Fantômas ) on Anthony Kiedis ''. YouTube. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Flea. `` Flea talks about Faith No More ''. M6. Retrieved 15 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers now called `` worst band in the universe '' by FOX News - News - Alternative Press ``. Retrieved 25 January 2017. Jump up ^ Buchanan, Brett ( 25 August 2016 ). `` Fox News Debates Red Hot Chili Peppers Vs. Faith No More : ' You Ca n't Love Kiedis & Patton ' ''. Retrieved 9 January 2017. Jump up ^ Needham, Alex ( 5 August 2017 ). `` Bigfoot and me : Roddy Bottum on his avant garde monster opera ''. Theguardian.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017. Notes ( edit ) 1. The song was recorded in 1988 and first appeared on 1989 's The Real Thing, although it gained popularity after being released as a single in 1990. Bibliography ( edit ) Chirazi, Steffan ( 1994 ). Faith No More : The Real Story. Penguin USA. ISBN 1 - 8981411 - 5 - 0. Prato, Greg ( 2013 ). The Faith No More & Mr. Bungle Companion. Createspace. ISBN 1 - 4936966 - 6 - 1. External links ( edit ) Media related to Faith No More at Wikimedia Commons Official website Faith no More in Concert ( hide ) Faith No More Mike Bordin Billy Gould Roddy Bottum Mike Patton Jon Hudson Mike Morris Wade Worthington Chuck Mosley Jim Martin Trey Spruance Dean Menta Studio albums We Care a Lot Introduce Yourself The Real Thing Angel Dust King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime Album of the Year Sol Invictus Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Compilations Who Cares a Lot? This Is It : The Best of Epic and Other Hits The Platinum Collection The Works The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection Singles `` Quiet in Heaven '' / `` Song of Liberty '' ( as Faith No Man ) `` We Care a Lot '' `` Anne 's Song '' `` From Out of Nowhere '' `` Epic '' `` Falling to Pieces '' `` Midlife Crisis '' `` A Small Victory '' `` Everything 's Ruined '' `` ( I 'm ) Easy '' `` Another Body Murdered '' `` Digging the Grave '' `` Ricochet '' `` Evidence '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' `` Stripsearch '' `` I Started a Joke '' `` Motherfucker '' Other songs `` New Improved Song '' `` The World Is Yours '' Videos You Fat Bastards : Live at the Brixton Academy Video Croissant Who Cares a Lot? : The Greatest Videos You Fat Bastards / Who Cares a Lot? ( DVD ) Related bands Brujeria Dead Cross Fantômas General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners Imperial Teen Mr. Bungle Ozzy Osbourne Peeping Tom Primitive Race Tomahawk Related articles Discography Songs recorded Members Tribute of the Year : A Tribute to Faith No More The Second Coming Tour Book VIAF : 145554794 LCCN : n91127579 ISNI : 0000 0001 2177 9453 GND : 10291326 - 2 SUDOC : 160202620 BNF : cb13903420k ( data ) MusicBrainz : b15ebd71 - a252 - 417d - 9e1c - 3e6863da68f8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faith_No_More&oldid=824901034 '' Categories : Faith No More American alternative metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from California American funk metal musical groups American experimental rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1998 Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from San Francisco Slash Records artists Ipecac Recordings artists Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Mission District, San Francisco Musical quintets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018, at 06 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Faith No More", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Faith_No_More&amp;oldid=824901034" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "two shows and featured the lineup of Mosley, Mike Bordin, Billy Gould, Jon Hudson and Roddy Bottum. In a September 2017 interview on Full Metal Jackie Radio, Patton revealed that Faith No More has been `` on an extended break. '' He added that he does not rule out more shows with the band, explaining, `` If something happens, it 'll happen organically and naturally. But I kind of do n't think it will. I kind of feel like we 've tipped the scales a little bit. But we 'll see. Who knows? I 've learned my lesson not to say ' no. ' '' Former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley died on November 9, 2017, due to `` the disease of addiction. '' He was 57 years old. Musical style and influences ( edit ) While Faith No More 's music is generally considered as alternative metal, experimental rock, and funk metal, as Faith No Man, their sound was described as post-punk. The band 's first single from 1983, `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '', was labelled as a `` solid post-punk / pre-goth single. '' During their tenure with Chuck Mosley in the mid-1980s, Billy Gould stated the band were in a `` weird spot '', as their eclectic sound did n't fit in with the" ], "id": [ "1771324001140717725" ], "short_answers": [ "singer Chuck Mosley" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Social Security Trust Fund - wikipedia Social Security Trust Fund The Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund ( collectively, the Social Security Trust Fund or Trust Funds ) are trust funds that provide for payment of Social Security ( Old - Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance ; OASDI ) benefits administered by the United States Social Security Administration. The Social Security Administration collects payroll taxes and uses the money collected to pay Old - Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance benefits by way of trust funds. When the program runs a surplus, the excess funds increase the value of the Trust Fund. At the end of 2014, the Trust Fund contained ( or alternatively, was owed ) $2.79 trillion, up $25 billion from 2013. The Trust Fund is required by law to be invested in non-marketable securities issued and guaranteed by the `` full faith and credit '' of the federal government. These securities earn a market rate of interest. Excess funds are used by the government for non-Social Security purposes, creating the obligations to the Social Security Administration and thus program recipients. However, Congress could cut these obligations by altering the law. Trust Fund obligations are considered `` intra-governmental '' debt, a component of the `` public '' or `` national '' debt. As of June 2015, the intragovernmental debt was $5.1 trillion of the $18.2 trillion national debt. According to the Social Security Trustees, who oversee the program and report on its financial condition, program costs are expected to exceed non-interest income from 2010 onward. However, due to interest ( earned at a 3.6 % rate in 2014 ) the program will run an overall surplus that adds to the fund through the end of 2019. Under current law, the securities in the Trust Fund represent a legal obligation the government must honor when program revenues are no longer sufficient to fully fund benefit payments. However, when the Trust Fund is used to cover program deficits in a given year, the Trust Fund balance is reduced. By 2034, the Trust Fund is expected to be exhausted. Thereafter, payroll taxes are projected to only cover approximately 79 % of program obligations. There have been various proposals to address this shortfall, including reducing government expenditures, such as by raising the retirement age ; tax increases ; and borrowing. Contents 1 Structure 2 Governance 3 History 4 Recent activity and financial status 5 Recent attention 5.1 Under George W. Bush 5.2 Under Barack Obama 6 An economic perspective 6.1 Overview 6.2 Commentary 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The `` Social Security Trust Fund '' comprises two separate funds that hold federal government debt obligations related to what are traditionally thought of as Social Security benefits. The larger of these funds is the Old - Age and Survivors Insurance ( OASI ) Trust Fund, which holds in trust special interest - bearing federal government securities bought with surplus OASI payroll tax revenues. The second, smaller fund is the Disability Insurance ( DI ) Trust Fund, which holds in trust more of the special interest - bearing federal government securities, bought with surplus DI payroll tax revenues. The trust funds are `` off - budget '' and treated separately in certain ways from other federal spending, and other trust funds of the federal government. From the U.S. Code : EXCLUSION OF SOCIAL SECURITY FROM ALL BUDGETS Pub. L. 101 -- 508, title XIII, Sec. 13301 ( a ), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388 - 623, provided that : Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the receipts and disbursements of the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund shall not be counted as new budget authority, outlays, receipts, or deficit or surplus for purposes of - ( 1 ) the budget of the United States Government as submitted by the President, ( 2 ) the congressional budget, or ( 3 ) the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. The trust funds run surpluses in that the amount paid in by current workers is more than the amount paid out to current beneficiaries. These surpluses are given to the U.S. Treasury ( and thus become part of the general federal budget ) in exchange for special U.S. government securities, which are deposited into the trust funds. If the trust funds begin running deficits, meaning more in benefits are paid out than contributions paid in, the Social Security Administration is empowered to redeem the securities and use those funds to cover the deficit. Governance ( edit ) The Board of Trustees of the Trust Funds is composed of 6 members : Secretary of the Treasury ( the Managing Trustee ), Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Commissioner of Social Security, and 2 members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Board of Trustees holds the trust funds. The Managing Trustee is responsible for investing the funds, which has been delegated to the Bureau of the Fiscal Service. History ( edit ) The Social Security system is primarily a pay - as - you - go system, meaning that payments to current retirees come from current payments into the system. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter and the 95th Congress increased the FICA tax to fund Social Security, phased in gradually into the 1980s. In the early 1980s, financial projections of the Social Security Administration indicated near - term revenue from payroll taxes would not be sufficient to fully fund near - term benefits ( thus raising the possibility of benefit cuts ). The federal government appointed the National Commission on Social Security Reform, headed by Alan Greenspan ( who had not yet been named Chairman of the Federal Reserve ), to investigate what additional changes to federal law were necessary to shore up the fiscal health of the Social Security program. The Greenspan Commission projected that the system would be solvent for the entirety of its 75 - year forecast period with certain recommendations. The changes to federal law enacted in 1983 and signed by President Reagan ( 2 ) and pursuant to the recommendations of the Greenspan Commission advanced the time frame for previously scheduled payroll tax increases ( though it raised slightly the payroll tax for the self - employed to equal the employer - employee rate ), changed certain benefit calculations, and raised the retirement age to 67 by the year 2027. As of the end of calendar year 2010, the accumulated surplus in the Social Security Trust Fund stood at just over $2.6 trillion. Social Security benefits are paid from a combination of social security payroll taxes paid by current workers and interest income earned by the Social Security Trust Fund. According to the projections of the Social Security Administration, the Trust Fund will continue to show net growth until 2022 because the interest generated by its bonds and the revenue from payroll taxes exceeds the amount needed to pay benefits. After 2022, without increases in Social Security taxes or cuts in benefits, the Fund is projected to decrease each year until being fully exhausted in 2034. At this point, if legislative action is not taken, the benefits would be reduced. Recent activity and financial status ( edit ) The Social Security Trust Fund will be depleted by 2034, based on current law projections. Payments to beneficiaries thereafter will be limited to program tax receipts. Source : 2015 OASDI Trustees Report. U.S. Social Security Trust Fund : Payroll taxes and revenues add to the fund, while expenses ( payouts ) reduce it. The 2015 Trustees Report Press Release ( which covered 2014 statistics ) stated : `` Income including interest to the combined OASDI Trust Funds amounted to $884 billion in 2014. ( $756 billion in net contributions, $30 billion from taxation of benefits, $98 billion in interest, and less than $1 billion in reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury -- almost exclusively resulting from the 2012 payroll tax legislation ) Total expenditures from the combined OASDI Trust Funds amounted to $859 billion in 2014. Non-interest income fell below program costs in 2010 for the first time since 1983. Program costs are projected to exceed non-interest income throughout the remainder of the 75 - year period. The asset reserves of the combined OASDI Trust Funds increased by $25 billion in 2014 to a total of $2.79 trillion. During 2014, an estimated 166 million people had earnings covered by Social Security and paid payroll taxes. Social Security paid benefits of $848 billion in calendar year 2014. There were about 59 million beneficiaries at the end of the calendar year. The cost of $6.1 billion to administer the program in 2014 was 0.7 percent of total expenditures. However, because the dollar value of the expenditures is so large this percentage is actually very high. The combined Trust Fund asset reserves earned interest at an effective annual rate of 3.6 percent in 2014. '' Some basic equations for understanding the fund balance include : Fund ending balance for a given year = Fund starting balance + program revenues + interest - program payouts Program annual surplus ( or deficit if negative ) = program revenues + interest - program expenses Program annual cash surplus ( or deficit if negative ) = program revenues - program expenses `` Program revenues '' has several components, including payroll tax contributions, taxation of benefits, and an accounting entry to reflect recent payroll tax cuts during 2011 and 2012, to make the fund `` whole '' as if these tax cuts had not occurred. These all add to the program revenues. During 2016, the initial balance as of January 1 was $2,780 billion. An additional $710 billion in payroll tax revenue and $87 billion in interest added to the Fund during 2016, while expenses of $776 billion were removed from the Fund, for a December 31, 2016 balance of $2,801 billion ( i.e., $2,780 + $710 + $87 - $776 = $2,801 ). Recent attention ( edit ) Under George W. Bush ( edit ) On February 2, 2005, President George W. Bush made Social Security a prominent theme of his State of the Union Address. One consequence was increased public attention to the nature of the Social Security Trust Fund. Unlike a typical private pension plan, the Social Security Trust Fund does not hold any marketable assets to secure workers ' paid - in contributions. Instead, it holds non-negotiable United States Treasury bonds and U.S. securities backed `` by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government ''. The trust funds have been invested primarily in non-marketable Treasury debt, first, because the Social Security Act prohibits `` prefunding '' by investment in equities or corporate bonds and, second, because of a general desire to avoid large swings in the Treasuries market that would otherwise result if Social Security invested large sums of payroll tax receipts in marketable government bonds or redeemed these marketable government bonds to pay benefits. The Office of Management and Budget has described the distinction as follows : These ( Trust Fund ) balances are available to finance future benefit payments and other Trust Fund expenditures -- but only in a bookkeeping sense... They do not consist of real economic assets that can be drawn down in the future to fund benefits. Instead, they are claims on the Treasury that, when redeemed, will have to be financed by raising taxes, borrowing from the public, or reducing benefits or other expenditures. The existence of large Trust Fund balances, therefore, does not, by itself, have any impact on the Government 's ability to pay benefits. -- from FY 2000 Budget, Analytical Perspectives, p. 337 Other public officials have argued that the trust funds do have financial or moral value, similar to the value of any other Treasury bill, note or bond. This confidence stems largely from the `` full faith and credit '' guarantee. `` If one believes that the trust fund assets are worthless, '' argued former Representative Bill Archer, then similar reasoning implies that `` Americans who have bought EE savings bonds should go home and burn them because they 're worthless because the money has already been spent. '' At a Senate hearing in July 2001, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan was asked whether the trust fund investments are `` real '' or merely an accounting device. He responded, `` The crucial question : Are they ultimate claims on real resources? And the answer is yes. '' Like other U.S. government debt obligations, the government bonds held by the trust funds are guaranteed by the `` full faith and credit '' of the U.S. government. To escape paying either principal or interest on the `` special '' bonds held by the trust funds, the government would have to default on these obligations. This can not be done by executive order or by the Social Security Administration. Congress would have to pass legislation to repudiate these particular government bonds. This action by Congress could involve some political risk and, because it involves the financial security of older Americans, seems unlikely. An alternative to repudiating these bonds would be for Congress to simply cap Social Security spending at a level below that which would require the bonds to be redeemed. Again, this would be politically risky, but would not require a `` default '' on the bonds. From the point of view of the Social Security trust funds, the holdings of `` special '' government bonds are an investment that returned 5.5 % to the trust funds in 2005. The trust funds can not resell these `` special '' government bonds on the secondary bond market, although the interest rate is determined based on market interest rates. Instead, the `` specials '' can be sold back to the government at face value, which is an advantage when interest rates are rising. The week after his State of the Union speech, Bush downplayed the importance of the Trust Fund : Some in our country think that Social Security is a trust fund -- in other words, there 's a pile of money being accumulated. That 's just simply not true. The money -- payroll taxes going into the Social Security are spent. They 're spent on benefits and they 're spent on government programs. There is no trust. These comments were criticized as `` lay ( ing ) the groundwork for defaulting on almost two trillion dollars ' worth of US Treasury bonds ''. However, even right - leaning politicians have been inconsistent with the language they use when referencing Social Security. For example, Bush has referred to the system going `` broke '' in 2042. That date arises from the anticipated depletion of the Trust Fund, so Bush 's language `` seem ( s ) to suggest that there 's something there that goes away in 2042. '' Specifically, in 2042 and for many decades thereafter, the Social Security system can continue to pay benefits, but benefit payments will be constrained by the revenue base from the 12.4 % FICA ( Social Security payroll ) tax on wages. According to the Social Security trustees, continuing payroll tax revenues at the rate of 12.4 % will enable Social Security to pay about 74 % of promised benefits during the 2040s, with this ratio falling to about 70 % by the end of the forecast period in 2080. Under barack obama ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012, the federal government temporarily extended the reduction in the employees ' share of payroll taxes from 6.2 % to 4.2 % of compensation. The resulting shortfall was appropriated from the general Government funds. This increased public debt, but did not advance the year of depletion of the Trust Fund. An economic perspective ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Trust Fund represents a legal obligation of the federal government to program beneficiaries. The government has borrowed nearly $2.8 trillion as of 2014 from the Trust Fund and used the money for other purposes. Under current law, when the program goes into an annual cash deficit, the government has to seek alternate funding beyond the payroll taxes dedicated to the program to cover the shortfall. This reduces the trust fund balance to the extent this occurs. The program deficits are expected to exhaust the fund by 2034. Thereafter, since Social Security is only authorized to pay beneficiaries what it collects in payroll taxes dedicated to the program, program payouts will fall by an estimated 21 %. Gross federal debt consists of debt held by the public and debt issued to government accounts ( for example, the Social Security trust funds ). The latter type of debt does not directly affect the economy and has no net effect on the budget. -- Congressional Budget Office The trust fund is expected to peak in 2021 at approximately $3.0 trillion. If the parts of the budget outside of Social Security are in deficit, which the Congressional Budget Office and multiple budget expert panels assume for the foreseeable future, there are several implications : Additional debt must be issued to investors to obtain the funding necessary to pay this obligation. This will increase `` debt held by the public '' while simultaneously reducing the `` intragovernmental debt '' represented by the trust fund. CBO reported in 2015 that : `` Continued growth in the debt might lead investors to doubt the government 's willingness or ability to pay its obligations, which would require the government to pay much higher interest rates on its borrowing. '' Other parts of the budget may be modified, with higher taxes and lower expenditures in other areas to fund Social Security. Debate regarding whether the proper debt - to - GDP ratio for evaluating U.S. credit risk is the `` debt held by the public '' or `` total debt '' ( i.e., debt held by the public plus intragovernmental debt ) will be rendered moot, as the amounts will converge substantially. On the other hand, if other parts of the budget are in surplus and program recipients can be paid from the general fund, then no additional debt need be issued. However, this scenario is highly unlikely. Commentary ( edit ) Some commentators believe that whether the trust fund is a fact or fiction comes down to whether the trust fund contributes to national savings or not. If $1 added to the fund increases national savings, or replaces borrowing from other lenders, by $1, the trust fund is real. If $1 added to the fund does not replace other borrowing or otherwise increase national savings, the trust fund is not `` real ''. Some economic research argues that the trust funds have led to only a small to modest increase in national savings and that the bulk of the trust fund has been `` spent ''. Others suggest a more significant savings effect. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Social Security Administration. `` Old - Age & Survivors Insurance Trust Fund ''. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20. ^ Jump up to : Social Security Administration. `` Disability Insurance Trust Fund ''. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20. Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 401 Jump up ^ Social Security Trustees Report - Press Release - July 2015 Jump up ^ Social Security Administration - What are the Trust Funds? - Retrieved July 21, 2015 Jump up ^ U.S. Treasury Direct - Statement of the Public Debt - June 2015 Jump up ^ Social Security Trustees Report Press Release - July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Old - Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund ''. Social Security Administration. November 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ `` Disability Insurance Trust Fund ''. Social Security Administration. November 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 401 ( c ). `` (... ) there is hereby created a body to be known as the Board of Trustees of the Trust Funds ( hereinafter in this subchapter called the `` Board of Trustees '' ) (... ) It shall be the duty of the Board of Trustees to -- ( 1 ) Hold the Trust Funds ; (... ) Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 401 ( d ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Fiscal Service. `` Trust Fund Management Program ''. Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Presidential Statements Jimmy Carter ''. Ssa.gov. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28. ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 - 96 Advisory Council ''. Social Security Administration. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28. Jump up ^ SUMMARY of P.L. 98 - 21, ( H.R. 1900 ) Social Security Amendments of 1983 - Signed on April 20, 1983 Jump up ^ `` Social Security Administration Trust Fund Data ''. Social Security Administration. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21. ^ Jump up to : http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/index.html Jump up ^ Social Security Administration - Summary of the 2012 Annual Reports - Retrieved April 2012 Jump up ^ Social Security Board of Trustees Annual Report - Press Release - July 27, 2015 Jump up ^ The 2017 OASDI Trustees Report - Retrieved January 25, 2018 Jump up ^ McCormally, Kevin ( March 1999 ). `` The Truth is Out There ''. Kiplinger 's Personal Finance : 98 -- 101. Jump up ^ Berry, John M. ( August 17, 2001 ). `` Decisions on Social Security Loom ''. The Washington Post. p. E01. Jump up ^ pp. 4 - 5. Jump up ^ `` President Participates in Class - Action Lawsuit Reform Conversation '' ( Press release ). Office of the Press Secretary. February 9, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2011. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Froomkin, Dan ( February 11, 2005 ). `` The Amazing Disappearing Trust Fund ''. The Washington Post. Jump up ^ `` 2006 OASDI Trustees Report ''. Social Security Administration. Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Payroll Tax Cut Temporarily Extended into 2012 ''. IRS. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, sec. 601 ( e ) '' ( PDF ). January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ^ Jump up to : CBO. `` The Budget and Economic Outlook 2015 - 2025 '' ( PDF ). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved July 21, 2015. Jump up ^ Social Security Trustees - 2012 Report Summary - April 2012 ^ Jump up to : Nataraj, Sita ; John B. Shoven ( 2004 ). `` Has the Unified Budget Undermined the Federal Government Trust Funds ''. NBER Working Paper No. 10953. doi : 10.3386 / w10953. Jump up ^ Samwick, Andrew A. ( 2000 ). `` Social Security Reform in the United States ''. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 233130. Jump up ^ Feldstein, Martin S. ; Jeffrey B. Liebman ( 2001 ). `` Social Security ''. National Bureau of Economic Research Working paper 8451 ( September ). Jump up ^ Greenspan, Alan ( March 2, 2005 ). `` Economic Outlook and Current Fiscal Issues ''. Testimony before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives. Jump up ^ Diamond, Peter A. ; Peter R. Orszag ( 2004 ). Saving Social Security : A Balanced Approach. Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1838 - 1. Further reading ( edit ) Mamta Murthi, J. Michael Orszag, and Peter R. Orszag, `` The Charge Ratio on individual accounts : Lessons from the UK Experience, '' Birkbeck College Working Paper 99 - 2. March 1999 External links ( edit ) Social Security : The Trust Fund Congressional Research Service Social Security Trust Fund Cash Flows and Reserves Social Security Bulletin Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_Trust_Fund&oldid=853661519 '' Categories : Social Security ( United States ) Public pension funds in the United States Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 05 : 43 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Social Security Trust Fund", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Social_Security_Trust_Fund&amp;oldid=853661519" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "5508200996025840270" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of past Coronation Street characters - wikipedia List of past Coronation Street characters Coronation Street is a British television soap opera. It was first broadcast on 9 December 1960. The following is a list of all the former characters and the actors who portrayed them in alphabetical order. Contents J O Q U V Y Z See also Character Actor Duration Gary Adams Samuel Kane 2001 Joan Akers Anna Cropper 1962 Naveen Alahan Parvez Qadir 2002, 2003 Ranjiv Alahan Raad Rawi 2001 Madhav Sharma Sunita Alahan Shobna Gulati 2001 -- 2006, 2009 -- 2013 Umed Alahan Harish Patel 2009 Urmila Alahan Souad Faress 2001 Jamila Massey Mrs Allen Caroline Strong 2000, 2003 Sid Altree Michael J. Jackson 2012, 2013, 2014 Chris Anderton Oliver Walker 2017 Ben Andrews Burn Gorman 1998 Christine Appleby Christine Hargreaves 1960 -- 1961, 1962 -- 1963 Colin Appleby Lawrence James 1962 Keith Appleyard Ian Redford 2005 -- 2006 Sandra Arden Kathy Jamieson 1990, 1991 Tim Arden John Flanagan 1990 Lucy Armitage Charmayne Golaub 1988 -- 1989 Shirley Armitage Lisa Lewis 1983 -- 1989 Brad Armstrong Caleb Flanagan 1997 Carl Armstrong Jim Millea 1994, 1996 Jamie Armstrong Joseph Gilgun 1994 -- 1997 Katy Armstrong Georgia May Foote 2010 -- 2015 Owen Armstrong Ian Puleston - Davies 2010 -- 2015 Tricia Armstrong Tracy Brabin 1994 -- 1997 John Arnley Paul Warriner 2002 -- 2003 Vinny Ashford Ian Kelsey 2016, 2017 Ted Ashley Jerold Wells 1964 Harry Ashton Keith Marsh 1988 Luke Ashton John O'Neill 2001 -- 2002 Dr. Aston Aleksander Browne 1963, 1964, 1965 Ruth Audsley Maggie Fox 2001 Character Actor Duration Eric Babbage Timothy West 2013 Gary Bailey Warren Clarke 1968 Harry Bailey Ray Mort 1960 -- 1961, 1962, 1964 Janice Baker Jane Hollowood 1994 Carol Baldwin Lynne Pearson 2005 -- 2006 Danny Baldwin Bradley Walsh 2004 -- 2006 Frank `` Frankie '' Baldwin Sam Kydd 1980 -- 1982 Frankie Baldwin Debra Stephenson 2004 -- 2006 Jamie Baldwin Rupert Hill 2004 -- 2008, 2011 Linda Baldwin Jacqueline Pirie 1998 -- 2001 Mike Baldwin Johnny Briggs 1976 -- 2006 Viv Baldwin Patricia Brake 2005, 2006 Warren Baldwin Danny Young 2004 -- 2006 Wally Bannister Bernard Cribbins 2003 Vivian Barford Paula Tilbrook 1991, 1993 David Barlow Alan Rothwell 1960 -- 1961, 1963, 1964 -- 1968 Deirdre Barlow Anne Kirkbride 1972, 1973 -- 1993, 1994 -- 2014 Frank Barlow Frank Pemberton 1960 -- 1964, 1967, 1971 Ida Barlow Noel Dyson 1960 -- 1961 Irma Barlow Sandra Gough 1964 -- 1968, 1969, 1970 -- 1971 Janet Barlow Judith Barker 1969, 1971, 1973 -- 1974, 1975, 1977 Lucy Barlow Katy Carmichael 2002 -- 2003 Susan Barlow Katie Heannau 1965 -- 1970 Wendy Jane Walker 1970 -- 1971, 1973, 1974, 1985 -- 1987 Suzy Paterson 1979 -- 1980, 1981 Joanna Foster 2001 Susie Barlow Uncredited 2018 Valerie Barlow Anne Reid 1961, 1962 -- 1971 Colin Barnes Ian Embleton 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000 Dave Barnes Russell Dixon 1978 -- 1979 Des Barnes Philip Middlemiss 1990 -- 1998 Karen Barnes Catherine Neilson 1978 -- 1979 Natalie Barnes Denise Welch 1997 -- 2000 Steph Barnes Amelia Bullmore 1990 -- 1991, 1992, 1995 Kasia Barowicz Irena Rodic 2007 Kathy Barrett Cheryl Prime 1982 Dave Barton David Beckett 1990 Peggy Barton Lois Dane Reg Barton Brian Peck 1968 Jeff Bateman Peter Dean 1980 Harry Bates William Simons 1972 Ted Bates William Wymar 1965 Terry Bates John Barratt 1972, 1973, 1977 Janice Battersby Vicky Entwistle 1997 -- 2011 Les Battersby Bruce Jones 1997 -- 2007 Cilla Battersby - Brown Wendi Peters 2003 -- 2007, 2014 Simon Beatty Peter Gowen 1991, 1992 Andrea Beckett Hayley Tamaddon 2013 -- 2015 Neil Beckett William Travis 2014 Mrs Bennett Claire Rushbrook 1999 Ian Bentley Jonathan Guy Lewis 1999 Sharon Bentley Tracie Bennett 1982, 1983 -- 1984, 1999 Sir Julius Berlin Leonard Sachs Lorraine Binks Linda Cunningham 1971, 1972, 1973 Suzie Birchall Cheryl Murray 1977 -- 1979, 1983 Emily Bishop Eileen Derbyshire 1961 -- 2016 Ernest Bishop Stephen Hancock 1967, 1969 -- 1971, 1972 -- 1978 Bill Blakely Alan Gerrard 1969 Natasha Blakeman Rachel Leskovac 2008 -- 2010 Denise Bolton Valerie Grieves 1966 Fred Bolton Donald Morley Tony Bolton Terence McCarthy Mrs Bolton Frances Cox 1980 Mario Bonarti Frank Coda 1961 Rose Bonetti Lila Kaye 1966 Dave Bonsall Kieran Cunningham Jerry Booth Graham Haberfield 1962 -- 1968, 1971 -- 1975 Myra Booth Susan Jameson 1963 -- 1964, 1968 Rodney Bostock Colin Prockter 1995 Wilf Bottomley Bud Ralston 1971, 1978, 1983 Sgt Bowden James Beck 1964 -- 1967 Jamie Bowman James Atherton 2015 -- 2016 Charlie Bracewell Peter Bayliss 1989 Malcolm Bradford Ian Kershaw 1998 Derek Hicks 1998 Alan Bradley Mark Eden 1986 -- 1989 Frank Bradley Tommy Boyle 1970 Bob Bradshaw David Roper 2000 Terry Bradshaw Bob Mason 1976 Vernon Bradshaw Antony Bessick 2001, 2002 Phil Braithwaite Brian Dean 1961 Craig Brennan Mark Simpkin 2000 Don Brennan Geoffrey Hinsliff 1987 -- 1997 DC Dave Brett Paul Gabriel 2002, 2003 PC Brewer Chris Jack 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016 DI Sam Brewster Norman Jones 1973, 1978, 1979 Percy Bridge Jack Smethurst 1967 Vicki Bright Clare Sutcliffe 1972 Darren Briscoe Andy Hill 1976 -- 1977 Luke Britton Dean Fagan 2014 -- 2018 Steph Britton Tisha Merry 2013 -- 2017, 2018 Sarah Brookes Zulema Dene 1992 Hazel Broughton Fiona McArthur 1993 Joe Broughton John Wheatley 1993 -- 1994 Jonathan Broughton Tom Lewis 1993 Billy Brown Jay Martin 2005 Debs Brownlow Gabrielle Glaister 2000 Lorraine Brownlow Holly Newman 1997, 1998 -- 1999 Ted Brownlow Barrie Cookson 1977 Finlay Bryant Ramone Quinn 2007 -- 2008 Teresa Bryant Karen Henthorn 2007, 2008, 2009 -- 2010 Sam Bryce Amy Dolan 2018 Leah Buckley Molly McGlynn 2017 Alice Burgess Avis Bunnage 1961 Freda Burgess Ali Briggs 2005, 2006, 2009 -- 2010 Ronnie Burgess Ian Burns 1981 PC Burke Giles Ford 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Carole Burns Irene Skillington 1988 Danny Burrows Ian Liston Amy Burton Fanny Carby 1987 -- 1988 Bernard Butler Gorden Kaye 1969 -- 1970 Sandra Butler Patricia Fuller 1969 -- 1970 Walter Byford Vincent Worth 1999 Character Actor Duration Minnie Caldwell Margot Bryant 1960 -- 1976 Colin Callen Jim Moir 2017 DS Phil Campbell Gary Cargill 2006, 2007, 2008 Lynette Campion Colette Stevenson 1991 DC Cannon Andrew Readman 1995 -- 1996 Carlos Malcolm Hebden 1974 -- 1975 Julie Carp Katy Cavanagh 2008 -- 2015 Paula Carp Sharon Duce 2009 DS Max Carr Joe Duttine PC Carson Amy Searles 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 Casey Carswell Zoe Henry 2007 Avril Carter Jean Rimmer Joe Carter Jonathan Wrather 2002 -- 2003 Matt Carter Oliver Mellor 2010 -- 2013 Andy Carver Oliver Farnworth 2014 -- 2017 Mark Casey Stuart Wolfenden 1989 -- 1991 Tom Casey Edward Clayton 1989 -- 1990 Yvonne Casey Yvonne O'Grady 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 DCI Castle Hugh Cross 1967 -- 1968, 1970 Fiona Cavanagh Sharon Muircroft 1988 Nick Cavanagh George Irving 1988 DC Simon Cavanagh John Griffin 2000 Alf Chadwick Eddie King 1964 -- 1965, 1968 Jesse Chadwick John Thomson 2008, 2009 -- 2010 Minnie Chandra Poppy Jhakra 2008 -- 2009 Fred Chapman Harry Littlewood 1971 Harold Chapman Frank Crompton 1972, 1976, 1978, 1980 Toby Chapman Andrew Dowbiggin 2016 -- 2017 Yvonne Chappell Alex Marshall 1971 Charlie James Coupe Les Charlton Graham Fellows 1982 Will Chatterton Leon Ockenden 2016, 2017 Ivan Cheveski Ernst Walder 1960 -- 1961, 1962 -- 1963, 1966, 1967 Linda Cheveski Anne Cunningham 1960 -- 1961, 1962 -- 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1984 Martin Cheveski Jonathan Caplan 1980 Paul Cheveski Victoria Elton 1961, 1962 Marcus Saville 1966, 1967 Nigel Greaves 1972 Jasmine Choong Lucille Soong 1969 Alex Christie Gavin Richards 1994 Cilla Christie Cleo Sylvestre 1966 Christina Sarah - Jayne Steed 2009 Josie Clarke Ellie Haddington 1995 -- 1996 Olive Clarke Joan Scott 1993 Andrea Clayton Caroline O'Neill 1985, 2000, 2001 Connie Clayton Susan Brown 1985 Irene Skillington 2000 Harry Clayton Johnny Leeze 1985 Jimmy Clayton David Crellin 2005 Louise Clayton Janet Rawson 1980 Paul Clayton Lee Booth 2000, 2001 Tom Hudson 2007 -- 2008 Ronnie Clayton Emma Stansfield 2005 -- 2006 Sue Clayton Jane Hazlegrove 1985 Caroline Clegg Elaine Donnelly 1982 Sarah Thurstan 1995, 2002 Gordon Clegg Bill Kenwright 1968 -- 1969, 1974 -- 1975, 1976, 1982, 1995, 2012 Geoffrey Leesley 2002, 2004 Les Clegg John Sharp 1968 Ramsay Clegg Andrew Sachs 2009 Eugene Clelland Fine Time Fontayne 2014 Kayla Clifton Mollie Winnard 2018 Neil Clifton Ben Cartwright 2017, 2018 Bernard Clough Jeffrey Longmore 1981 -- 1982 Ida Clough Helene Palmer 1978, 1979 -- 1980, 1981 -- 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1995, 1996 -- 1997, 1998 Muriel Clough Angela Catherall 1978 Lynn Clucus Jane Cunliffe Dawn Coghill Emma Hartley - Miller Dr Cole Laurence Kennedy 1998 Chris Collins Matthew Marsden 1997 -- 1998 Gill Collins Rachel Ambler 1982, 1984 Naomi Collins Andrea Lowe 2009 Diggory Compton Eric Potts 2005 -- 2006 Aidan Connor Shayne Ward 2015 -- 2018 Barry Connor Frank Grimes 2008, 2009, 2013, 2015 Helen Connor Sorcha Cusack 2008 Dearbhla Molloy 2009, 2015 Liam Connor Rob James - Collier 2006 -- 2008 Paul Connor Sean Gallagher 2006 -- 2007 Paul Connor Jr. Unknown 2008 Jim Conran Cyril Appleton 1978 PC Jimmy Conway Colin Edwynn 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1976 Albert Cook Barry Stanton 1967 Arthur Cook Graham Weston 1967 Mrs Cook Jessie Evans 1967 Maggie Cooke Irene Sutcliffe 1968 -- 1975 Ron Cooke Eric Lander 1972, 1974 Helen Cooper Deborah Chad 2000, 2001 Joan Corrie Maureen O'Reilly 1966 Michael Courtney John Kelly 1961 Archie Crabtree John Stratton 1972 Norman Crabtree Stan Stennett 1976 Kelly Crabtree Tupele Dorgu 2004 -- 2010 Detective Sargeant Crichton James Vaughan 1989 Aiden Critchley Dean Ashton 2002 -- 2003 Ben Critchley Allan Surtees 1981 Bob Critchley Glenn Cunningham 2002, 2003 Robert Croft Martin Shaw 1967 -- 1968 Roger Crompton Donald Gee 1994 Hayley Cropper Julie Hesmondhalgh 1998 -- 2007, 2008 -- 2014 Neil Crossley Geoffrey Matthews 1963, 1966 Sheila Crossley Eileen Mayers 1961, 1962 -- 1963, 1966, 1969, 1974 Enid Crump June Broughton Jeff Cullen Steven Houghton 2011 Tony Cunliffe Jack Carr 1984 James Cunningham James Roache 2010, 2011 Lawrence Cunningham Linus Roache Sheila Cunningham Rebecca Lamb 2002 Susan Cunningham Patricia Shakesby 1960 -- 1961 Nathan Curtis Christopher Harper 2016 -- 2018 Lara Cutler Niamh Blackshaw 2017 Character Actor Duration Arthur Dabner Michael Sheard 1989 Lisa Dalton Ruth Alexandra Rubin 2008 -- 2009 Wiki Dankowska Wanda Opalinska 2007 -- 2009 Ian Davenport Philip Bretherton 2004 -- 2005 Justine Davenport Sophie James 2004 -- 2005 Gordon Davies Calvin Malone 1961 Gwen Davies Annie Hulley 1999 -- 2000 Joan Davies June Barry 1961, 1963 -- 1964 Dorothy White 1978 Matt Davis Christopher Colquhoun 2009 -- 2010 Joe Dawson Peter Schofield 1978, 1980 Tommy Deakin Paddy Joyce 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974 Trevor Dean Steve Jackson 2010, 2011 Renee Delafonte Wendy Marshall 1973 Carol Delaney Niamh Daly 1997 -- 2000 Lily Dempsey Thelma Ruby Janet Dent Linda Clark 2012 Marcus Dent Charlie Condou 2007 -- 2008, 2011 -- 2014 Ron Dent Stephen Greif 2012 Vince Denton Mike Hayward Constantin de Goguel 1977 Derek David Hounslow 2007 Maya Desai Indira Joshi 2000 Nita Desai Rebecca Sarker 1999 -- 2000 Ravi Desai Saeed Jaffrey 1999 Vikram Desai Chris Bisson 1999 -- 2002 Ritchie de Vries Robin Askwith 2013 -- 2014 Arthur Dewhurst Robin Wentworth 1961 Harold Dewhurst Stuart Saunders 1971 Julie Dewhurst Su Elliott 1991 -- 1992 Sonny Dhillon Pal Aron 2006 -- 2007 George Dickenson Stan Jay 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968 Tony Ditchburn Barry Stanton 1981 George Dixon Stephen MacKenna 1997 Darren Dobbs James McMartin 1999 Jackie Dobbs Margi Clarke 1998 -- 1999, 2008, 2009, 2010 Molly Dobbs Vicky Binns 2005 -- 2010 Dobber Dobson John Donnelly 1998 Norman Dobson Alan Holden 1961 Jimmy Dockerson Robert Beck 2008, 2009 Maurice Dodds Gilbert Wynne 1981 Renee Dodds Christine Cox 1990 Joe Donnelli Shane Rimmer 1967, 1968, 1970 Rob Donovan Marc Baylis 2012 -- 2014, 2015 -- 2016, 2017 Martin Downes Louis Selwyn Jo Doyle Neve Taylor 2001 Stuart Draper George Innes Clifford Duckworth Dave King 1994 -- 1995 Elsie Duckworth Ursula Jones 1995 Jack Duckworth Bill Tarmey 1979, 1981 -- 2010 Lisa Duckworth Caroline Milmoe 1992 -- 1993 Terry Duckworth Nigel Pivaro 1983 -- 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 -- 2002, 2008, 2012 Tommy Duckworth Darryl Edwards 1992 -- 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 Joseph Aston 2000 Chris Fountain 2011 -- 2013 Vera Duckworth Liz Dawn 1974, 1976 -- 2008, 2010 Sharon Duffy Susan Littler 1972 Mrs Dumbarton Diana Coupland 1961, 1962 Eddie Duncan Del Henney 1971 Alison Dunkley Maggie Saunders 1995 -- 1996 Brian Dunkley Benny Young 1995 -- 1996 Cyrille Durand Pierre Martin 2003 Laurie Dyson Andrew Dunn 2003 Winnie Dyson June Ellis 1991 Character Actor Duration George Eastham Kevin McGowan 2011 Eve Elliott Melanie Kilburn 2000 -- 2002 Fred Elliott John Savident 1994, 1995 -- 1996, 1997 -- 2006 Carole Evans Debbie Arnold 2012 Character Actor Duration Samantha Failsworth Tina Hobley 1996 -- 1998 Len Fairclough Peter Adamson 1961 -- 1983 Stanley Fairclough Peter Noone 1961 Ronald Cunliffe 1967 Jonathan Coy 1977 Milton Fanshaw Robert Vaughn 2012 Christine Farrar Jennifer Moss 1960 Linda Farrell Rosie Kerslake 1988 Ted Farrell Gerald Sim 1982 Wayne Farrell Ray Polhill 1992, 1993, 1994 Brenda Fearns Julia Deakin 2003 -- 2004 Neil Fearns Paul Holowaty 2000 Doreen Fenwick Barbara Young 2323 Elaine Fenwick Pippa Hinchley 1993 -- 1994 Duggie Ferguson John Bowe 1999 -- 2002 Lorna Ferguson Annie Hulley 1980 Tom Ferguson Tom Wisdom 1999 -- 2000 Ben Fielding Dominic Gately Brendan Finch Ted Robbins 2015 -- 2016 Carmel Finnan Catherine Cusack 1992 -- 1993 Eric Firman Malcolm Terris 1994, 1998 Leo Firman John Elmes 1995 Paul Fisher Niven Boyd 1997 -- 1998 Steve Fisher Laurence Mullins 1977 -- 1979 Colin Fishwick David Crellin Joy Fishwick Doreen Mantle 2010 -- 2011 Richie Fitzgerald Shaun Dooley 1997 -- 1998 Harry Flagg Iain Rogerson 2002 -- 2004 Audrey Fleming Gillian McCann 1968 -- 1970 Dickie Fleming Nigel Humphreys 1968 -- 1970 Gina Fletcher Deirdre Costello 1971 Walter Fletcher Donald Morley 1961 Gregg Flint Bill Nagy 1967, 1968, 1970 Roger Floriot Benjamin Feitleson 1977 -- 1978 Brian Foley Denis Holmes 1961 Rachel Forbes Lisa Shingler 1997 -- 1998 Clifford Ford Mike Walling 2006 Jacko Ford Robert Keegan 1972 -- 1973 Norma Ford Diana Davies 1972 -- 1973, 1974 Arthur Forsythe - Jones Ian Colin 1963 Anne Foster Gwen Taylor 2011 -- 2012 Des Foster Neil Phillips Edith Foster Linda Beckett Frank Foster Andrew Lancel 2011 -- 2012 Karl Foster Chris Finch 2003 -- 2004 Sam Foster Paul Clayton 2011 Tina Fowler Michelle Holmes 1989 -- 1990 Glenda Fox Hazel Clyne 1981 Malcolm Fox Glyn Pritchard Mavis Fox Maureen Davis 1963 Lucy Foyle Andrea Blidgeon Vernon Foyle Paul Blidgeon Laurie Fraser Stanley Meadows 1963 -- 1964 Martha Fraser Stephanie Beacham 2009 Rosemary Fraser Clare Owen 1964 Jimmy Frazer John Barrie 1972 Angie Freeman Deborah McAndrew 1990 -- 1993, 1996, 1997 -- 1998 Dulcie Froggatt Margi Campi 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 Lyn Fullwood Susan McArdle Character Actor Duration Eric Garside Peter Kay Handel Gartside Harry Markham 1970, 1976 Wilf Gaskell James Garbutt 1996 -- 1997 Christian Gatley Andrew Turner 2007, 2013 Edna Gee Mavis Rogerson 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 Eunice Gee Meg Johnson 1981 -- 1982, 1999 Fred Gee Fred Feast 1975, 1976 -- 1984 Monkey Gibbons Arthur Kelly 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982 Gilbert John Owens 2009 Alec Gilroy Roy Barraclough 1972, 1975, 1986, 1987 -- 1992, 1995, 1996 -- 1998 Glynis Anna Gymer 1961 DC Glynn Philip Rowson Kath Goodwin Lori Wells Keefe 1984 Sylvia Goodwin Stephanie Cole 2011 -- 2013 Terry Goodwin Terence Hillyer Lindsey Gordon Susie Amy 2007 Pat Gordon Jamie Lee 2008 Tony Gordon Gray O'Brien 2007 -- 2009, 2010 Amy Goskirk Jayne Ashbourne 2000 Adrian Gosthorpe Philip Brook 1991 Talisa Grady Samantha Power 2015 Colette Graham Susanna Shelling 2000 David Graham Roger Adamson 1964 Dr Graham Fulton Mackay 1961 Jimmy Graham Colin George PC Gran Clifford Barry 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 DC Grant Orlessa Altass 2012 Kirsten Grant Vicky Connett 2000 Cheryl Gray Holly Quin - Ankrah 2010 -- 2011 Chris Gray Will Thorp 2010 -- 2011 Russ Gray Finton Flynn 2010 -- 2011 Simon Green Lee Battle 2000 -- 2001 Dot Greenhalgh Joan Francis 1961 -- 1969 Walter Greenhalgh Derek Benfield 1967 George Greenwood Arthur Pentelow 1968, 1971 Bill Gregory Jack Watson 1961, 1962, 1970, 1983 -- 1984 Geena Gregory Jennifer James 2000 -- 2002 Gill Gregory Michelle Newell 2001 -- 2002 Maurice Gregory Keith Drinkel 2001 -- 2002 Phyllis Gregory Mary Quinn 1962 Marjorie Griffin Marjie Lawrence 1968 -- 1969 Mr Griffin Roger Morlidge 2006, 2007, 2009, 2016 Toni Griffiths Tara Moran 2013 Maud Grimes Elizabeth Bradley 1993 -- 1999 Colin Grimshaw Edward de Souza 2008 -- 2009 Holly Grimshaw Niamh Earnnshaw 2006 -- 2007 Jason Grimshaw Ryan Thomas 2000 -- 2016 Todd Grimshaw Bruno Langley 2001 -- 2004, 2007, 2011, 2013 -- 2017 DS Groves Annie Fitzmaurice 2001 Kathleen Gutteridge Elizabeth Rider 1999 Character Actor Duration Lily Haddon Stephanie Bidmead 1964 Sandra Haddon Jennifer Moss 1960 Wilf Haddon Henry Livings 1964 Alma Halliwell Amanda Barrie 1981, 1982, 1988, 1989 -- 2001 Caz Hammond Rhea Bailey 2015 -- 2016 Linda Hancock Jacqueline Leonard 2015 Molly Hardcastle Jacqueline Kingston 2000 -- 2002 Nathan Harding Ray Fearon 2005 -- 2006 May Hardman Joan Heath 1960 Phil Hardwick Richard Sargent 2007, 2008, 2009 Danny Hargreaves Richard Standing 1999 -- 2001 Kieran Hargreaves Robert Weatherby 1999, 2000, 2001 Jake Harman Kenny Doughty 2009 Karl Harper Anthony Barclay 2001 -- 2002 Angela Harris Kathryn Hunt 2002 -- 2005 Craig Harris Richard Fleeshman 2002 -- 2006 Father Harris Paul Seed 1979, 1981 Jean Harris Sue Wallace 2005 Katy Harris Lucy - Jo Hudson 2002 -- 2005 Tommy Harris Thomas Craig 2002 -- 2005 Peter Hartnell Eamonn Riley 2000 -- 2001 Arthur Harvey Henry Moxon 1973 -- 1974 Colin Harvey Paul Moriarty 1971 Frank Harvey Nick Stringer 1984 -- 1985 Nellie Harvey Mollie Sugden 1965, 1971 -- 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976 Barry Hawkins James Foster 2012 Angela Hawthorne Diane Fletcher 1994, 1995, 2005 Neville Hawthorne Mark Chatterton 1986, 2005, 2007 Esther Hayes Daphne Oxenford 1960 -- 1961, 1962 -- 1963, 1971, 1972 Sheila Hayes Jeni Williams 2001 Tom Hayes Dudley Foster 1961 Wayne Hayes Gary Damer 2000 -- 2001 Lindsay Hayward Eleni Foskett 2012 Louise Hazel Nora Jane Noone 2005 Maddie Heath Amy James - Kelly 2013 -- 2015 Derek Heavey Richard Albrecht 1999, 2002, 2003 Doreen Heavey Prunella Gee 1999, 2002 -- 2003, 2004 Pat Hegherty Tony Barton 1998, 1999 -- 2000, 2001 Fraser Henderson Glyn Grain 1996 -- 1997 George Hepworth Richard Moore 1984 Christopher Hewitt Victoria Baker 1962 -- 1964 Stephen Ward 1967, 1975 Harry Hewitt Ivan Beavis 1960 -- 1964, 1965, 1967 Lucille Hewitt Jennifer Moss 1960 -- 1961, 1962 -- 1969, 1970 -- 1974 Daisy Hibbert Pearl Hackney 1978, 1980 Sylvie Hicks Debbie Arnold 1981 -- 1982 Mark Hillkirk Mark Adshead 1972, 1973 Patricia Hillman Annabelle Apsion 2002 Richard Hillman Brian Capron 2001 -- 2003 Stacy ' Orchid ' Hilton Casey - Lee Jolleys 2004, 2006 Alec Hobson Tom Price 1982 Pam Hobsworth Kate Anthony 2008 -- 2010, 2011, 2012 Greig Hodge Stuart Wolfenden 2015 Josie Hodge Una McNulty 2015 Stuart Hodges Vernon Joyner 1964, 1965 Suzanne Holbrook Olivia Carruthers 2011 Reg Holdsworth Ken Morley 1989 -- 1995 Erica Holroyd Claire King 2014 -- 2017 DC Hooch Dominic Carter 2008, 2009 Idris Hopkins Richard Davies 1974 -- 1975 Jerry Hopkins Ken Christiansen 1999 -- 2000 Megan Hopkins Jesse Evans 1974 -- 1975 Rebecca Hopkins Jill Halfpenny 1999 -- 2000 Tricia Hopkins Kathy Jones 1973, 1974 -- 1976 Vera Hopkins Kathy Staff 1973 -- 1975 Mick Hopwood Ian Gain 2002 -- 2003 Tom Hopwood Len Marten 1986 -- 1987 Nick Horrocks William Ilkley 1997, 2000 Tony Horrocks Lee Warburton 1995 -- 1997, 1998 Doreen Horton Annie Raitt 1992 -- 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 Geoff Horton Dicken Ashworth 1992 -- 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 Alan Howard Alan Browning 1969 -- 1974 Mark Howard Nicholas Jones 1970 Alan Hoyle John Woodvine Michael McStay 2011 Charlotte Hoyle Becky Hindley Dorothy Hoyle Jean Fergusson 2010, 2011 Eileen Hughes Prunella Scales 1961 Blanche Hunt Patricia Cutts Maggie Jones 1974 -- 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1996, 1997, 1998 -- 2009 Sandy Hunter James Murray 1998 Mel Hutchwright Ian McKellen 2005 Character Actor Duration Jackie Ingram Shirin Taylor 1990 -- 1991, 1992 Peter Ingram Tony Osoba 1990 Mr Ironfield Anthony Dutton 1968 -- 1969 Dazz Isherwood Paul Elsam 1984 J ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Ed Jackson Dave Parke 1978 Chris Walker 2005 -- 2006 Fred Jackson Joe Gladwin 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966 Jessie Jackson Nailah Cumberbatch 2005 -- 2006 Joanne Jackson Zaraah Abrahams 2005 -- 2007 Linda Jackson Kazia Pelka Merle Jackson Nicky Ladanowski 2003 Peter Jackson Ian Mercer Reverend James Eric Dodson 1968, 1969 Thelma James Mary Healey 1977 Sue Jeffers Romy Baskerville 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996 -- 1997 Ron Jenkins Ben Kingsley 1966 -- 1967 Phil Jennings Tommy Boyle 1990 -- 1991 Jo Emma Pike 2006 Joan Maggie Tagney 2009 Dan Johnson Richard Shaw 1980 Johnny Johnson Vincenzo Ricotta 1990 Robert Gwilym Judd Johnson Neil Kennedy 1970 Lynn Johnson Ann Kennedy Miss Johnson Barbara Dryhurst 2001, 2002 Roy Johnson Roddy McMillan Laurie Johnstone Johnny Leeze 2005 Dan Jones Andrew Paul 2015 Maurice Jones Alan Moore 1989 -- 1990 Wilf Jones John Comer 1968 Alex Jordan Simon Lenagan 2002 Kenzie Judd Jack Cooper 2008, 2009 Character Actor Duration Amber Kalirai Nikki Patel 2005 -- 2009, 2011 -- 2012 Ravinder Kalirai Mina Anwar 2005, 2006 Jenna Kamara Krissi Bohn 2012 -- 2014 Mandy Kamara Pamela Nomvete 2012 -- 2013 Sergei Kasparov George Jackos 1999 Brenda Kelly Rita May 2001 Greg Kelly Stephen Billington 1998 -- 1999 Jane Kenworthy Annie Fitzmaurice Mark Kenworthy Jason Furnival Tom Kerrigan Philip McGinley 2008 -- 2009 Lesley Kershaw Judy Holt 2011 -- 2012 Paul Kershaw Tony Hirst 2010, 2011 -- 2013 Flick Khan Rita Wolf 1990 Joanne Khan Tanya Rodrigues 1990 Penny King Pauline Fleming 2003 -- 2006 Sam Kingston Scott Wright 2000 -- 2002 Roberta Kite Helen Griffin 2011 James Kitching Nicholas Irons 1999 Character Actor Duration Margaret Lacey Josie Kidd 1971 Malcolm Lagg Robert Fyfe 2012 Sid Lambert Graham Rigby 1965 -- 1966, 1970 Marie Lancaster Joy Blakeman 1990 Ralph Lancaster Kenneth Watson 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 Janice Langton Paula Wilcox 1969 Ray Langton Neville Buswell 1966, 1968 -- 1978, 2005 Elsie Lappin Maudie Edwards 1960 Ian Latimer Michael Looney 1986, 1987 Norman Leach Freddie Lees 1973 Sam Leach Frank Atkinson 1962 Nancy Leathers Norah Hammond 1961, 1962 Craig Lee Kieran O'Brien 1993 Howard Lee Howard Lee 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Stuart Leigh Tony Whittle 2000 Leon Andrew Langtree 2009 DC Leslie Syreeta Kumar 2013 Aiden Lester Toby Sawyer 2012 Dave Lester Tony McHale 1978 Bobbi Lewis Naomi Ryan 2000 -- 2002 Gordon Lewis David Daker 1981, 1984 Joss Lightfoot Glynn Melvyn 1966 Florrie Lindley Betty Alberge 1960 -- 1965 Norman Lindley Glyn Owen 1965 Jon Lindsay Owen Aaronovitch 1997 -- 1998 Linda Lindsay Margo Gunn 1997 -- 1998 Jennifer Lingwood Lisa Bowerman 2011, 2012 Sam Littlewood Harry Littlewood 1977, 1980 Freda Loftus Poppy Lane 1978 Ted Loftus Ted Morris 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1978 Callum Logan Sean Ward 2014 -- 2015 Marion Logan Susan Cookson 2015, 2016 Joyce Lomas Shirley Dixon 1982 Colin Lomax Davy Jones 1961 Alec Sabin 1972 Jason Lomax Samantha Ferguson 1972 Karen Lomax Rosalind Elliott 1972 Vera Lomax Ruth Holden 1960, 1961, 1963, 1966 -- 1967 Martha Longhurst Lynne Carol 1960 -- 1964 Doreen Lostock Angela Crow 1961, 1962 -- 1963 Gus Lowman Alister Williamson 1964 Joan Lowther June Broughton 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987 Rob Lucas Mark Powley 2001 Luigi Chris Hannon 2007 -- 2008 Yana Lumb Jayne Bickerton 2004 -- 2007 Bertha Lumley Madoline Thomas 1976 Marian Lund Patricia Heneghan 1961 Linda Marlowe 2008 Jessica Lundy Olwen May 1999 -- 2000 Matt Luscombe Sebastian Shaw 2017 -- 2018 Bet Lynch Julie Goodyear 1966, 1970 -- 1995, 2002, 2003 Jenny Lyons Natalie Lawless 2000, 2001 Character Actor Duration Clare Machin Melanie Barker 2000 DS MacKinnon Sandra Huggett 2016 -- 2017 Mel Maguire Sonia Ibrahim 2016 -- 2017 Joe Makinson Brian Rawlinson 1961, 1963, 1970 Scooter Makuna Sushil Chudasama 2005 Becky Mallett Megan Foster 1998 -- 2000 Billy Mallett Lewis Ablett 1998 -- 2000 Gary Mallett Ian Mercer 1995 -- 2000 Judy Mallett Gaynor Faye 1995 -- 1999 Shane Mallett Lee Hartney 1999 Anne Malone Eve Steele 1995 -- 1997, 1998 DC Joyce Malone Olwen May 2011 Mickie Malone Bill Maynard 1970 Mitch Marcquelle Ward 2009 Nina Mandal Harvey Virdi 2008 Prem Mandal Madhav Sharma 2008 Tara Mandal Ayesha Dharker 2008 -- 2009 Jackie Marsh Pamela Craig 1966 Sonia Marshall Tina Gambe 2003 -- 2005 Clarissa Mason Alexandra Boyd 2008 Dan Mason Matthew Crompton 2007 -- 2008 Edwin Mason Campbell Singer 1961, 1963 Harry Mason Jack Ellis 2007 -- 2008 Ron Mather Joe Lynch 1978 -- 1979 Billy Matheson Neil Bell 2011 Sylvia Matthews Rosemary Dunham 1976 Bob Maxwell Donald Hewlett 1965 Dennis Maxwell William Lucas 1971 Moira Maxwell Ann Castle 1965, 1966 Paula Maxwell Judy Brooke 1992, 1994 Flora McArdle Eileen Davies 2017, 2018 Ciaran McCarthy Keith Duffy 2002 -- 2005, 2010 -- 2011 Andy McDonald Nicholas Cochrane 1989 -- 1997, 2000, 2004, 2009 Becky McDonald Katherine Kelly 2006 -- 2012 Karen McDonald Suranne Jones 2000 -- 2004 Katie McDonald Unknown 1992 Trevor McDonald Himself 2000 Vicky McDonald Helen Warburton 1990 Chloe Newsome 1991 -- 1996, 1998 Ann McIntyre Susan Mitchell 2008 Lorraine Hodgson 2014 Cameron McIntyre Ryan Cook 2006 Joe McIntyre Reece Dinsdale 2008 -- 2010 Tina McIntyre Michelle Keegan 2008 -- 2014 Alan McKenna Glenn Hugill 1996 -- 1997 DC Merrick Jowanna Rose Iris Merry Joan Kempson 2001 Darren Michaels Bruno Langley 2000 Nicholas Zabel 2001 Glenn Middleham Will Haigh 2000 -- 2001 Clive Middleton Joe Speare 1996, 1997 Fiona Middleton Angela Griffin 1992 -- 1998 Lee Middleton Nicholas Bailey 1996, 1997 Morgan Middleton Connor Chatburn 1998 Pam Middleton Elizabeth Estensen 1996, 1997, 1998 Clara Midgeley Betty Hardy 1965 -- 1966 Jessica Midgeley Christina Barryk 1986 Goran Milanovic Matt Zarb 2002 Priscilla Millbanks Nicola Stephenson 1988 Edna Miller Joan Kempson 1998, 2000 -- 2001 Sandra Milligan Francesca Manning 2002 Carol Mills Collette Cooper 2002 Ernie Mills Jack Grieve 1966 -- 1967 Frank Mills Nigel Gregory 1985 Stephanie Mills Rebecca Atkinson 2002 Christine Millward Julie Shipley 1985 Robert Millward Michael Maloney 2012 Pip Mistral Elaine Stevens 1964 Neil Mitchell John Lloyd Fillingham 1992 -- 1993 Jackie Moffatt Jacqueline Tong 1982 Charlie Moffitt Gordon Rollings 1964 -- 1965 DC Moore Pooja Shah 2011 Megan Morgan Sue Roderick 1989 Ruth Morgan Kirsten Parker 1998 Vanessa Morgan Imogen Boorman 1992 Poppy Morales Sophiya Haque 2008 -- 2009 Jill Morris Linda Cook 1967, 1968 Adrian Mortimer Mark Moraghan 2015 Darryl Morton Jonathan Dixon 2007 -- 2009 Jerry Morton Michael Starke 2007 -- 2008 Jodie Morton Samantha Seager 2007 Kayleigh Morton Jessica Barden 2007 -- 2008 Mel Morton Emma Edmondson 2007 -- 2008 Wilfred Morton Rodney Litchfield 2007 Jim Mount Barry Keegan 1965, 1966 Lloyd Mullaney Craig Charles 2005 -- 2006, 2007 -- 2011, 2012 -- 2015 Karl Munro John Michie 2011 -- 2013 Tim Munson Andrew Grose 1999 -- 2000 Tickler Murphy Patrick McAlinney 1964 Doug Murray Brian Hibbard 1992 -- 1993 Character Actor Duration Phil Nail Clive Russell 2005 -- 2006 DS Nash Antony Byrne 2012 Kal Nazir Jimi Mistry 2013 -- 2015 Sharif Nazir Marc Anwar 2014 -- 2016 Zeedan Nazir Qasim Akhtar 2014 -- 2018 Rick Neelan Greg Wood 2009 -- 2010, 2012 Nick Neeson Robert Horwell 2007 -- 2008 Alice Nelson Lyn Douglas 1979 Amy Nelson Louise Duprey 1993 Billy Nelson Chris Darwin 1982 Jim Nelson Alan Hockey 1979 Cecil Newton Kenneth Alan Taylor 1987, 1988, 1990 George Baker 2003 Philip Newton Malcolm Scates 2003 Frank Nicholls Keith Clifford 2007 Roger Nightingale Matthew Long 1976 Wendy Nightingale Susan Tebbs 1976 Arthur Noblett Jack Woolgar 1970 Sally Norton Yvonne Nicholson 1977, 1979 Spider Nugent Martin Hancock 1997 -- 2000, 2001, 2003 Debbie Nuttall Gina Maher 1981 -- 1982 Fred Nuttall Larry Noble 1966 Harvey Nuttall Tony Capstick 1995 -- 1997, 1999 O ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Alison Oakley Helen Swift 1989 Shelley Willetts 1998 Frank O'Connor Eamon Boland 2000 -- 2001 Julia O'Driscoll Malgorzata Klara 2015 -- 2016 Richie O'Driscoll James Midgley 2015 -- 2016 Aiden O'Donnell Kieran Flynn 1998 -- 1999 Maz O'Loughlin Emma Rydal 2003 Damian Ogden Neil Ratcliffe Hilda Ogden Jean Alexander 1964 -- 1987 Polly Ogden Mary Tamm 1973 Stan Ogden Bernard Youens 1964 -- 1984 Trevor Ogden Jonathan Collins 1964 Don Hawkins 1973, 1975, 1983, 1984 DS Dave O'Grady Ronnie Leek 1997 Karen Oldfield Sally Jane Jackson 1980 Sgt Oldfield Michael Lees 1980 Inga Olsen Gabrielle Drake 1967 Karen Olsen Jennie Woodford 1967 Denise Osbourne Denise Black 1992 -- 1997, 2007, 2017 Character Actor Duration Ted Page Michael Byrne 2008, 2009 -- 2010 Becky Palmer Emily Aston 1996 -- 1997 Carol Palmer Beatrice Kelley Claire Palmer Maggie Norris 1996 -- 1997 Wendy Papadopoulos Roberta Kerr 1989 -- 1990, 2012 Jayesh Parekh Pal Aron 2001 Ace Bhatti 2004, 2005, 2006 Grishma Parekh Indira Joshi 2010, 2011 Mena Parekh Leena Dhingra 2001, 2004 Upma Parekh Jamila Massey 2010, 2011 Suresh Parekh Kaleem Janjua 2001 Ash Varrez Donna Parker Rachel Davies 1975, 1976 Tony Parsons David Hill 1970 Imogen Pascoe Melissa Johns 2017 Dr Patel Josephine Lloyd - Welcome 2004, 2009 Sammy Patel Lyndam Gregory 1982 -- 1983 DI Patterson Tony Steedman 1972, 1973, 1975 Rick Peach Nick Caldecott 2009, 2010 Ashley Peacock Steven Arnold 1995, 1996 -- 2010 Beryl Peacock Anny Tobin 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Claire Peacock Julia Haworth 2003 -- 2011 Freddie Peacock Dylan Whitbread 2006 -- 2010 Hayden Whitbread 2006 -- 2009 Luke Beresford 2010 -- 2011 Niall Beresford 2010 -- 2011 Joshua Peacock Brandon Jackson 2002 -- 2003 Stephen Collins 2003 Benjamin Beresford 2004 -- 2011 Maxine Peacock Tracy Shaw 1995 -- 2003 Mandy Pearce Kate Faulkner 2003 Phyllis Pearce Jill Summers 1982 -- 1996 Beattie Pearson Gabrielle Daye 1961, 1962, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1981, 1983, 1984 Victor Pendlebury Christopher Coll 1982, 1983, 1984, 1990 -- 1991, 1992 May Penn June Whitfield Darryl Perkins Paul Loughran 2016 Elaine Perkins Joanna Lumley 1973 Wilfred Perkins Wensley Pithey 1972, 1973, 1974 Christine Peters Frances Tomelty 1972 Miranda Peters Francesca Ryan 1998 -- 1999 Lionel Petty Edward Evans 1965 -- 1966 Sandra Petty Heather Moore 1964 -- 1965 Valerie Phelan Caroline Berry 2013 -- 2014 Pat Phelan Connor McIntyre 2013 -- 2014, 2016 -- 2018 Josie Phillips Siobhan Finneran 1989 -- 1990 Mr Phillips Sam Bond 2010, 2012, 2013 Norman Phillips Ray Brooks 1963 -- 1964 Alice Pickens Doris Hare 1968, 1969 Douglas Pickens John Collin 1969 Wayne Pickles Julian Walsh 1985, 1988 Jim Pickup Bunny May 1963 William Piggott George A. Cooper 1964, 1965, 1970, 1971 Grace Piper Ella - Grace Gregoire 2013 Christopher Pitcher Michael Dixon 2006 Allan Platt Kevin Williams 1965 Martin Platt Sean Wilson 1985 -- 2005, 2018 Barbara Platt Barbara Young 1991 Barry Platt John Jardine Richard Conway 1991 Billy Platt Unknown Ethel Platt Julia Lang 1977 Kylie Platt Paula Lane 2010 -- 2016 Vince Plummer Garfield Morgan 1961 Patric Podevin Franck Dubosc 1987 -- 1988 Elaine Pollard Janette Beverley 1984 Tanya Pooley Eva Pope 1993 -- 1994 Ginny Portis Ashley McGuire 2011 John Potter Ian Shaw 1967 Stan Potter Noddy Holder 2000 Harry Potts Russell Dixon 1992, 1993, 1995 Walter Potts Christoper Sandford 1963 -- 1964 Cathy Power Theresa Brindley 1994, 1995 Janet Powers Carol Starks 2010, 2011 Sian Powers Sacha Parkinson 2009 -- 2011 Vinnie Powers Ian Dunn 2009, 2010 Dawn Prescott Louise Harrison 1989 Robert Prescott James Gaddas 1989 Douglas Preston John Baddeley 1967 Joni Preston Sarah Harding 2015 Maurice Preston Seamus O'Neill Eva Price Catherine Tyldesley 2011 -- 2018 Gloria Price Sue Johnston 2012 -- 2014 Sonia Price Bridget Brice 1981 Stella Price Michelle Collins 2011 -- 2014 Ivor Priestley Paul Copley 2007 Les Pringle Sean Scanlan 1985 Graeme Proctor Craig Gazey 2008 -- 2011 Xin Proctor Elizabeth Tan 2011 Hilary Pugsley Caroline Pegg 2010, 2011 Q ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Jez Quigley Lee Boardman 1997, 1999 -- 2000 Luke `` Quinny '' Quinn Steve Bell Character Actor Duration Samir Rachid Al Nedjari 1994 -- 1995 Lydia Radcliffe Lysette Anthony Sonia Rahman Sudha Bhuchar 2016 Charlie Ramsden Clare McGlinn 2000 -- 2002 Eddie Ramsden William Ivory 1989 -- 1990 Jamie Ramsden Alexander Graham 1989 -- 1990 Matt Ramsden Stephen Beckett 2000 -- 2002, 2006 Stella Randell Pearl Catlin 1971 Wally Randle Mark Eden 1981 Alison Rathbone Rachel Smith 1993 Connie Rathbone Rita May 2009 -- 2010 Jane Rayner Heather Bleasdale 2013 Jeff Rayner Jim Millea 2013 DS Redfern Paul Warriner 2010, 2011 Maggie Redman Jill Kerman 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Mark Redman Thomas Hawkeswood 1983 -- 1984 Christopher Oakes 1986 Michael Bolstridge 1991 Christopher Cook 1992 -- 1994, 1996 Paul Fox 1999 -- 2000, 2001, 2006 Jenny Reece Blue Merrick 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 Sean Regan Tony Doyle 1972 Malcolm Reid Shane Rimmer 1988 Stephen Reid Todd Boyce 1996, 1997, 2007 Harvey Reuben Andrew Scarborough 2000, 2001 Anita Reynolds Elisabeth Sladen 1970 DI Reynolds Blair Plant 1998, 1999, 2000 Ben Richardson Lucien Laviscount 2009 Jonno Richardson David Sterne 2011 Nigel Ridley John Basham 1989, 1990 Paul Rigby James Tomlinson 1988, 1989 Stella Rigby Vivienne Ross 1985, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1995 Brenda Riley Eileen Kennally 1966 Concepta Riley Doreen Keogh 1960 -- 1964, 1967, 1972, 1975 Frank Riley Sean Caffrey 1968 Sean Riley Harold Goldblatt 1961 Shelagh Riley Shela Ward 1961 Mike Ritchie Murray Cash 1973 Dave Robbins Jon Rollason 1963 -- 1964, 1969, 1971 Alf Roberts Bryan Mosley 1961, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1971 -- 1999 Renee Roberts Madge Hindle 1976 -- 1980 Jules Robinson Rebecca Ritters 2002 Michelle Robinson Stephanie Tague 1985 Gertie Robson Connie Merigold Trina Robson Kerry Bennett 2017 Robyn Clare Calbraith 2005 Gavin Rodwell Mark Holgate 2015 Michael Rodwell Les Dennis 2014 -- 2016 Brian Roscoe Rob Dickson 1988 Ross Lee Oakes 2009 Andy Rowlands Paul Duncan 1979, 1980, 1981 Zack Rubinstein Uncredited 2018 Nicola Rubinstein Nicola Thorp 2017 -- 2018 Hanif Ruparell Ayub Khan - Din 1992 -- 1993 Caitlin Ryan Eve Gordon 2015 -- 2016 Dougie Ryan Paddy McGuinness 2015 Major Ryan Warren Stanhope 1967 Michael Ryan Jim Bartley Character Actor Duration Polly Sagan Nita Valerie 1966, 1967 Saj Junade Khan 2008 Lee Sankey Stephen Graham 1999 Bernie Sayers Jennifer Hennessy 2009 Faye Marie Schofield Jane Casson 1973 Susan Schofield Ann Milton 1962 Tom Schofield Tom Halliday 1965 David Holliday 1973 Philippa Scopes Jacqueline Jones 1962 Anita Scott Nichola McAuliffe 2001 -- 2002 Brendan Scott Milton Johns 1991 -- 1993 Debi Scott Lesley Clare O'Neill 1993 Mike Scott Anthony Bessick 2008, 2009 Eddie Seddon James Duggan 1986 Elsie Seddon Brenda Elder 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1997 Nicolette Seddon Natalie Richards 2005 Norah Seddon Cynthia Michaelis 1961, 1971, 1972, 1978 Jim Sedgewick Michael O'Hagan 1980 Marc Selby Andrew Hall 2011 Terry Seymour Cliff Howells 1991 Joss Shackleton Harold Goodwin 1991 Maya Sharma Sasha Behar 2003 -- 2004 Bill Sharp Derek Newark 1966, 1968, 1971 Abi Sharpe Rachael Elizabeth 2007 -- 2008 Ena Sharples Violet Carson 1960 -- 1980 Peter Shaw Alan Hunter 1988 Lorna Shawcross Luan Peters 1971 Monty Shawcross John Barrett 1980 Liam Shepherd Andrew Knott 1997 Paula Shipley Joanne Rowden 2000 Warren Shipley Dean Worswick 2000 DC Ann Short Jo - Anne Knowles 2001 Archie Shuttleworth Roy Hudd 2002 -- 2003, 2006, 2010 Geoff Siddall Edward Judd 1982 Sue Silcock Angela Scoular 1972 Phil Simmonds Jack Deam 2000 -- 2001 Jeff Singleton Jonathan Barlow Frank Skinner William Maxwell 1982 Sean Skinner Terence Hillyer 1994, 1995, 1997 Franny Slater Michael Angelis 1972 Robbie Sloan James Fleet Slug Marshall Lancaster 2006 -- 2007, 2009 Joyce Smedley Anita Carey 1996 -- 1997 Dave Smith Reginald Marsh 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1976 Freddie Smith Derek Griffiths 2016 -- 2017 Jonny Smith Greg Patmore 2012 Lilian Smith Rhoda Lewis 1969 Megan Smithson Amy Dolan 2013 Sylvia Snape Patricia Routledge 1961 Kirsty Soames Natalie Gumede 2011 -- 2013 Alison Soames Dawn Hope 2012, 2013 Edwin Soames David Lonsdale 2012 Vinny Sorrell James Gaddas 1999 -- 2000 Leon Southam Colin Parry 2011 DS Sowman Philip Stone 1961, 1962, 1965 Drew Spellman Tom Godwin 2017 Danielle Spencer Darcey Dunn 2002 Lillian Spencer Maureen Lipman 2002 Timothy Spencer Jonathan Wright 2002 Effie Spicer Ann Dyson 1968 -- 1969 Pat Stanaway Sean Hughes 2007 Marie Stanton Lois Baxter 1976 -- 1977 John Stape Graeme Hawley 2007 -- 2008, 2009 -- 2011 Jean Stark Renny Lister 1961 Wilf Starkey Jim Bywater 1985 Bob Statham Michael Goldie 1983, 1987 -- 1988 Horace Steel Robert Maxfield 2009 Amanda Stephens Martina Brown 2000 -- 2001 Anthony Stephens John Quayle 2000 -- 2001 Gregory Stephens Philip Bird 2000 -- 2001 Isabel Stephens Dilys Laye 2000 -- 2001 Tony Stewart Alan Igbon 2003 Terence Maynard 2014 -- 2015 Roger Stiles Andrew Dunn 2007 -- 2008 Frances Stillman Kim Vithana 1997 -- 1998 Dot Stockwell Barbara Young 1981 -- 1982 Wilf Stockwell Terence Longdon 1981 -- 1982 Dennis Stokes Duncan Preston Paul Stokes Mark Dexter Jed Stone Kenneth Cope 1961, 1962 -- 1963, 1966, 2008 -- 2009 Julia Stone Fiona Allen 1999 Kitty Stonely Stella Moray 1971 -- 1972 Candice Stowe Nikki Sanderson 1999 -- 2005 Marion Stowe Paula Simms 2000, 2001, 2003 Billy Stratton Wade Sayers 2012 Danny Stratton Jeremy Sheffield 2011 -- 2012 Gary Strauss Callen Angelo 1967, 1968, 1970 Dennis Stringer Charles Dale 2000 -- 2002 Pauline Stringer Patricia Browning 1980 Luke Strong Craig Kelly 2009 Charlie Stubbs Bill Ward 2003 -- 2007 Janice Stubbs Angela Bruce 1978 Ronnie Stubbs Eamon Boland 1988 Sandra Stubbs Sally Watts 1988 -- 1989 Percy Sugden Bill Waddington 1983 -- 1997 Ted Sullivan William Russell 1992 Eric Summers Bill Waddington 1978 Jenny Sumner Niky Wardley 2012 Dotty Sutherland Susie Baxter 2000, 2005, 2008, 2015 Eric Sutherland Steve Money 2000 -- 2001, 2005, 2008, 2015 Arnold Swain George Waring 1980 -- 1981 Flora Swain Ann Wrigg 1980 -- 1981 Margaret Swain Charlotte Mitchell 1982 Arnold Swift Harry Littlewood 1988 Leonard Swindley Arthur Lowe 1960 -- 1965 Alex Swinton Joe Simpson 2000 -- 2001 Dean Sykes Ciarán Griffiths 2000 Jimmy Sykes Danny Cunningham 2000 -- 2001 Ray Sykes Peter Guinness 2000, 2002 Ron Sykes Bobby Knutt 1980 -- 1983 Ryan Sykes Matthew Dunster 2000 -- 2001 Character Actor Duration Eric Talford Tony Slattery 2005 -- 2006 Arnold Tanner Frank Crawshaw 1961, 1966 Dennis Tanner Philip Lowrie 1960 -- 1962, 1963 -- 1968, 2011 -- 2014 Elsie Tanner Pat Phoenix 1960 -- 1973, 1976 -- 1984 Emmeline Tanner Stella Bonheur 1967 Jenny Tanner Mitzi Rogers 1968 Norah Tanner Avril Angers 1961 Steve Tanner Paul Maxwell 1967 Wally Tanner George Betton 1966, 1967, 1968 Albert Tatlock Jack Howarth 1960 -- 1984 Edith Tatlock Clare Kelly 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1978 Shannon Tattersall Lucy Whipday 1997 -- 1998 Zoe Tattersall Joanne Froggatt 1997 -- 1998 Brenda Taylor Marlene Sidaway 1990 -- 1991, 1992 Kimberley Taylor Suzanne Hall 1989 -- 1992 Randolf Taylor John Jardine 1990, 1992 Sidney Templeton Randal Herley 1999 Lena Thislewood Maria Charles 2005 Brian Thomas Michael Blackham 1966, 1967 Eddie Thomas Douglas Austin 1964 Glyn Thomas Alan David 1973 Kelly Thomson Sarah Moffett Mike Thornberry Louis Emerick 2018 Penny Thornley Sue Hanson 2012 Roy Thornley Sydney Livingstone 1976 Ray Thorpe Chris Walker 1997 Log Thwaite Zoe Henry 1998 Eileen Tibson Muriel Rogers 1978 Bert Tilsley Peter Dudley 1979 -- 1983 Brian Tilsley Christopher Quinten 1978 -- 1989 Ivy Tilsley Lynne Perrie 1971 -- 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976 -- 1994 Sam Tindall Tom Mennard 1985 -- 1989 Melanie Tindel Nicola Wheeler 1999 Agnes Tinker Juliette Kaplan 2015 Arlene Tinker Alison Burrows 2015, 2018 Nancy Tinker Kate Fitzgerald 2015, 2018 Chloe Tipton Jo - Anne Knowles 2017 Gloria Todd Sue Jenkins 1985 -- 1988 Mrs Toft Beatrice Nield 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 Vernon Tomlin Ian Reddington 2005 -- 2008 DS Tony Trafford Justin Burrows 2001, 2002, 2003 George Trench Keith Barron 2007 Chris Trenton Stephen Casey 2016 Brian Tully Tim Healy 2006 Maureen Tully Susan Brown 2006 Liz Turnbull Catriona A Elliott 1986, 1987 Dave Turner Stephen Bent 2002 Frank Turner Tom Watson 1965 Gerry Turner Keith Woodason 1997 Justin Turner Ralph Gassmann 2009 Cyril Turpin William Moore 1969 -- 1970, 1972 Patrick Tussell Trevor Dwyer - Lynch 2002 -- 2005 Ethel Tyson Susan Field 1963 U ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Bev Unwin Susie Blake 2003 -- 2004, 2005 -- 2006, 2015 Shelley Unwin Sally Lindsay 2001 -- 2006 Dean Upton Justin Moorhouse 2014 V ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Vanessa Gabrielle Drake 2009 Character Actor Duration Ernie Wagstaff Stuart Golland 2001, 2003 Stan Wagstaff Jack Smethurst 2001 Roger Wain Frazer Hines 1965 Henry Wakefield Finetime Fontayne 1985 Joan Wakefield Elizabeth Mansfield 1999, 2000 Annie Walker Doris Speed 1960 -- 1983 Arthur Walker Jack Allen 1965, 1969 Billy Walker Ken Farrington 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1969, 1970 -- 1971, 1972 -- 1973, 1974 -- 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1984 Jack Walker Arthur Leslie 1960 -- 1970 Michael Wall Dominic Rickhards 1998, 2000 Alma Walsh Joyce Kennedy 1978 Pauline Walsh Patricia Ford 1985, 1986 Ruth Walsh Rebecca Callard 2011 Shirley Walton Stephanie Turner 1968 George Wardle Ron Davies 1985 -- 1986 Nessa Warner Sadie Shimmin 2015 -- 2016 Sally Waterman Vicki Chambers 1983, 1984, 1985 Don Watkins Kevin Lloyd 1983 -- 1984 Alice Watts Annabelle Tarrant 2000 Arthur Watts Kenneth Waller 1988 John Pickles 1995 Geoff Oldham 2002 Ben Watts Stephen Collins 2001 -- 2003 Curly Watts Kevin Kennedy 1983 -- 1998, 1999 -- 2003 Emma Watts Angela Lonsdale 2000 -- 2003 Eunice Watts Angela Rooks 1988, 2002 Georgine Anderson 1995 Raquel Watts Sarah Lancashire 1991 -- 1996, 2000 Boris Weaver Mark Hallett 1999, 2000 -- 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Mrs Webb Jean Alexander 1962 Johnny Webb Jack Smethurst 1980, 1981, 1983 Sandra Webb Shelagh Stephenson 1981 Alison Webster Naomi Radcliffe 1998 -- 2000 Bill Webster Peter Armitage 1984 -- 1985, 1995 -- 1997, 2006 -- 2010, 2011 Debbie Webster Sue Devaney 1984 -- 1985 Elaine Webster Judy Gridley 1984 -- 1985 Jake Webster Unknown 2000 Maureen Webster Sherrie Hewson 1993 -- 1997, 2006 Jon Welch David Michaels 1994 -- 1995, 1996 DC Weller Caroline Paterson 2008, 2009 Charlie West Keith Clifford 1997, 1998, 1999 Mr Westmore Dominic Geraghty 2011 Robert Weston Philip Bretherton 1991 Darren Whateley Ian Aspinall 1989 Andy Robb 1998 Eunice Wheeler Brenda Elder 1975 -- 1976 Philip Wheeler Simon Delaney 2017 Sheila Wheeler Janice Connolly 2009 Charlie Whelan John St Ryan 1993 -- 1994 Tim White Edward MacLiam 2005 Bob Whiteley Freddie Fletcher 1982 Chalkie Whiteley Teddy Turner 1982 -- 1983 Craig Whiteley Mark Price 1982 Stan Whitmore David Williams 2013 Arthur Whittaker Trevor Martin 1984 Ronald Wilde George Waring 1968 Hazel Wilding Kazia Pelka 2002 John Wilding John Bowler 2002 Nick Wilding Mark Lindley 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999 Malcolm Wilkinson Antony Booth 1960 -- 1961 Will Chris Brazier 2011 DS Willets James Quinn 2013 Ben Williams Paul Warriner 1991, 1992 Betty Williams Betty Driver 1969 -- 2011 Billy Williams Frank Mills 1995 -- 1997 Owen Williams Richard Harrington 1999 Nona Willis Barbara Ferris 1961 Winifred Willis Joan Scott Richard Willmore Oliver Beamish 1992, 1993, 1994, 2011 Zoe Willson Kirsty - Leigh Porter 2009 Anna Wilson Emma Parker 2000 DS Wilson Marcus Romer 2001 Dylan Wilson Unknown 2008 Connor and Liam McCheyne 2011, 2012 Eve Wilson Sabina Franklyn 2009 -- 2010 George Wilson Anthony Valentine 2009 -- 2010 Lauren Wilson Lucy Evans 2007 -- 2008 Violet Wilson Jenny Platt 2004 -- 2008, 2011 Derek Wilton Peter Baldwin 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 -- 1997 Mavis Wilton Thelma Barlow 1971, 1972, 1973 -- 1997 Anna Windass Debbie Rush 2008 -- 2018 Eddie Windass Steve Huison 2008 -- 2011 Len Windass Conor Ryan 2008 -- 2009 Miley Windass Erin, Eilah and Elsie Halliwell 2015, 2017 Ruth Winter Colette O'Neil 1966 Lisa Woods Ruth Whitehead 1987 -- 1988 Edward Wormold Robert Dorning 1965 Donald Worthington Brian Capron 1981, 1982, 1986 Alison Wright Rosalind Ayres Jonathan Wright Samuel Taylor Marcus Wrigley Joseph Jacobs 1998, 1999 Billy Wyatt Fabian Cartwright 1988 Y ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Alec Yardley Harry Beety 1983, 1984 PC Yates Simon Hayward 2010 -- 2011, 2012, 2013 Eddie Yeats Geoffrey Hughes 1974 -- 1975, 1976 -- 1983, 1987 Marion Yeats Veronica Doran 1982 -- 1983 Hamish Young James Redmond 2015 Z ( edit ) Character Actor Duration Zack Ralph Ineson 2005 Miklos Zadic Paul Stassino 1968 Marta Zarek Edyta Budnik 2016 See also ( edit ) List of Coronation Street actors External links ( edit ) Characters and cast at itv.com Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database Coronation Street Awards and nominations Producers Humour Characters Present characters Past characters Storylines Timeline Births, marriages and deaths `` Who Attacked Ken? '' Episodes Episode One Coronation Street Live ( 2000 ) `` Siege Week '' Coronation Street Live ( 2010 ) Sets and locations Weatherfield Rovers Return Inn Spin - offs Pardon the Expression Turn Out the Lights VHS and DVD releases Coronation Street : Out of Africa Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday The Road to Coronation Street `` East Street '' Ken and Deirdre 's Bedtime Stories Related articles `` I Want to Break Free '' Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Eva Price Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Appleby May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Bishop Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_past_Coronation_Street_characters&oldid=854465536 '' Categories : Lists of Coronation Street characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2012 Use British English from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 15 : 29 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "List of past Coronation Street characters", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_past_Coronation_Street_characters&amp;oldid=854465536" }

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{ "text": "Gun Control Act of 1968 - wikipedia Gun Control Act of 1968 Jump to : navigation, search Gun Control Act of 1968 Other short titles State Firearms Control Assistance Act Long title An Act to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms. Acronyms ( colloquial ) GCA, GCA68 Enacted by the 90th United States Congress Effective October 22, 1968 Citations Public law 90 - 618 Statutes at Large 82 Stat. 1213 - 2 Codification Titles amended 18 U.S.C. : Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S.C. sections amended 18 U.S.C. ch. 44 § 921 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 17735 Passed the House on July 24, 1968 ( 305 - 118 ) Passed the Senate on September 18, 1968 ( 70 - 17, in lieu of S. 3633 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 10, 1968 ; agreed to by the House on October 10, 1968 ( 161 - 129 ) and by the Senate on Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968 Major amendments Firearm Owners Protection Act Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA or GCA68 ) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers. The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968, and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws. The National Firearms Act of 1934 ( NFA ) is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Prohibited persons 3 Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) system 3.1 Gunsmith and Factory Repair Exception 4 Import restrictions 5 Marking requirements 6 Commentary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Passage of the Gun Control Act was initially prompted by the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963. The President was shot and killed with a rifle purchased by mail - order from an ad in the magazine American Rifleman. Congressional hearings followed and a ban on mail - order gun sales was discussed, but no law was passed until 1968. At the hearings NRA Executive Vice-President Franklin Orth supported a ban on mail - order sales, stating, `` We do not think that any sane American, who calls himself an American, can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States. '' Precursors of the passage of the Gun Control Act were Senate Bill 1975 in 1963, `` A Bill to Regulate the Interstate Shipment of Firearms, '' and Senate Bill 1592 in 1965, `` A Bill to Amend the Federal Firearms Act of 1938. '' Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met with fierce opposition on the floor but the bills also paved the way for the creation of the Gun Control Act of 1968. The deaths of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968 and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968, along with fears of armed uprising in black cities, renewed efforts to pass the bill. On June 11, 1968, a tie vote in the House Judiciary Committee halted the bill 's passage. On reconsideration nine days later, the bill was passed by the committee. The Senate Judiciary Committee similarly brought the bill to a temporary halt, but as in the House, it was passed on reconsideration. House Resolution 17735, known as the Gun Control Act, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968 banning mail order sales of rifles and shotguns and prohibiting most felons, drug users and people found mentally incompetent from buying guns. Prohibited persons ( edit ) The Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. The Brady Act created a background check system which required licensed sellers to inspect the criminal history background of prospective gun purchasers, and the Brady Act created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited. As quoted from 18 U.S.C. 922 ( d ) : It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or otherwise dispose of any firearm or ammunition to any person knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that such person -- ( 1 ) is under indictment for, or has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year ; ( 2 ) is a fugitive from justice ; ( 3 ) is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance ( as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 802 ) ) ; ( 4 ) has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution ; ( 5 ) who, being an alien -- ( A ) is illegally or unlawfully in the United States ; or ( B ) except as provided in subsection ( y ) ( 2 ), has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa ( as that term is defined in section 101 ( a ) ( 26 ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 ( a ) ( 26 ) ) ) ; ( 6 ) who ( 2 ) has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions ; ( 7 ) who, having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced his citizenship ; ( 8 ) is subject to a court order that restrains such person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person, or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child, except that this paragraph shall only apply to a court order that -- ( A ) was issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice, and at which such person had the opportunity to participate ; and ( B ) ( i ) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child ; or ( ii ) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against such intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury ; or ( 9 ) has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. Exceptions as quoted from 18 U.S.C. 921 ( a ) ( 33 ) ( B ) : ( ii ) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored ( if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense ) unless the pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms. Many states automatically reinstate gun ownership rights upon completion of sentence. Some states reinstate rights depending on the crime convicted of, and others have a petition process. Those convicted of a federal offense must contact the Office of the Pardon Attorney, Department of Justice, to receive a presidential pardon. Under the Department 's rules governing petitions for executive clemency, 28 C.F.R. § § 1.1 et seq., an applicant must satisfy a minimum waiting period of five years before he becomes eligible to apply for a presidential pardon of his federal conviction. According to a 21 Sep 2011 `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' from ATF, holders of state - issued medical marijuana cards are automatically `` prohibited persons '' under 18 U.S.C 922 ( g ) ( 3 ) and `` shipping, transporting, receiving or possessing firearms or ammunition '' by a medical marijuana card holder is a violation. Additionally, 18 U.S.C 922 ( x ) generally prohibits persons under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment, target practice, education, and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited persons. Federal firearms license ( FFL ) system ( edit ) Main article : Federal Firearms License The Gun Control Act mandated the licensing of individuals and companies engaged in the business of selling firearms. This provision effectively prohibited the direct mail order of firearms ( except antique firearms ) by consumers and mandated that anyone who wants to buy a gun in an interstate transaction from a source other than a private individual must do so through a federally licensed firearms dealer. The Act also banned unlicensed individuals from acquiring handguns outside their state of residence. The interstate purchase of long guns ( rifles and shotguns ) was not impeded by the Act so long as the seller is federally licensed and such a sale is allowed by both the state of purchase and the state of residence. Private sales between residents of two different states are also prohibited without going through a licensed dealer, except for the case of a buyer holding a Curio & Relic license purchasing a firearm that qualifies as a curio or relic. Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws. While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license, private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law. A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be in the business of buying or selling firearms. Individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection. Under the Gun Control Act, a federally licensed importer, manufacturer, dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age, nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age. Gunsmith and factory repair exception ( edit ) While the Gun Control Act prohibits the direct mail - ordering of firearms, a person may ship a gun via contract carrier ( such as United Parcel Service - UPS, United States Postal Service or FedEx ) to a gunsmith ( who has an FFL ) or the gunmaker 's factory for repairs or modification. After the repair work is done, the gunsmith or the factory can ship the gun directly back to the customer. Import restrictions ( edit ) ATF Form 4590 ( `` Factoring Criteria for Weapons '' ) The GCA created what is known as the `` sporting purposes '' standard for imported firearms, saying that they must `` be generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes. '' GCA sporting purposes includes hunting and organized competitive target shooting, but does not include `` plinking '' or `` practical shooting '' ( which the ATF says is closer to police / combat - style competition and not comparable to more traditional types of sports ), nor does it allow for collection for historical or design interest. Marking requirements ( edit ) The law also required that all newly manufactured firearms produced by licensed manufacturers in the United States and imported into the United States bear a serial number. Firearms manufactured prior to the Gun Control Act and firearms manufactured by non-FFLs remain exempt from the serial number requirement. Defacement or removal of the serial number ( if present ) is a felony offense. Commentary ( edit ) In a June 1966 essay, Neal Knox wrote that what was then called the Dodd Bill was opposed by outdoorsmen and conservationists Harry R. Woodward, C.R. Gutermuth of the Wildlife Management Institute, Richard H. Stroud of the Sport Fishing Institute, Howard Carter Jr. of the National Shooting Sports Foundation, E.C. Hadley of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute, Robert T. Dennis of the Izaak Walton League, `` and countless other sportsmen, and sportsmen and industry groups '' because it would have a far - reaching and damaging effect on the hunting and shooting sports, while failing to reduce crime. In his remarks upon signing the act in October 1968, Johnson said : Congress adopted most of our recommendations. But this bill -- as big as this bill is -- still falls short, because we just could not get the Congress to carry out the requests we made of them. I asked for the national registration of all guns and the licensing of those who carry those guns. For the fact of life is that there are over 160 million guns in this country -- more firearms than families. If guns are to be kept out of the hands of the criminal, out of the hands of the insane, and out of the hands of the irresponsible, then we just must have licensing. If the criminal with a gun is to be tracked down quickly, then we must have registration in this country. The voices that blocked these safeguards were not the voices of an aroused nation. They were the voices of a powerful lobby, a gun lobby, that has prevailed for the moment in an election year. At the time of its passage in 1968, NRA executive vice president Franklin Orth wrote in American Rifleman that `` the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with ''. In the May 1993 issue of Guns & Ammo magazine, Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership ( JPFO ) compared the GCA to Nazi gun laws. In a 2011 article noting the death of former U.S. Senator James A. McClure, the NRA called provisions of the GCA `` draconian. '' McClure was cosponsor of the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) of 1986, also called the McClure - Volkmer Act. Political scientist Robert Spitzer wrote in 2011 that the Gun Control Act of 1968 `` provides an ideal case study to highlight the political processes affecting a direct effort to regulate firearms. '' He also stated in his book that President Johnson 's proposal called for national registration of all guns as well as licensing for all gun carriers, but his influence over the enacted law was small. House Rules Committee chair William Colmer only released H.R. 177735 to the floor after Judiciary Committee chair Emanuel Celler promised to oppose efforts to add licensing and registration provisions. See also ( edit ) Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michaud, Jon ( April 19, 2012 ). `` The Birth of the Modern Gun Debate ''. The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved July 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Bugliosi, Vincent ( 2007 ). Reclaiming History : The Assassination of John F. Kennedy. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 200. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04525 - 3. Retrieved July 7, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld, Steven ( January 14, 2013 ). `` The NRA once supported gun control ''. Salon. Salon Media Group. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Davidson, Osha Gray ( 1998 ). Under Fire : The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control. University of Iowa Press. p. 30. ISBN 9781587290428. Retrieved April 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sources for Connecticut 's role in the gun control debate ''. University of Connecticut. 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Common Sense ''. Retrieved 10 June 2016. Jump up ^ Finney, John W. ( June 12, 1968 ). `` Gun Control Bill Blocked In House ; Panel Deadlocks on Johnson Plan to Curb Rifle Sales -- New Vote Is Scheduled ''. New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2011. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Finney, John W. ( June 21, 1968 ). `` Senate Due To Act Today ; House Unit Votes Gun Bill, But Senate Panel Delays It House Committee Vote ''. New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2011. ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson, Lyndon B. ( October 22, 1968 ). `` 553 -- Remarks Upon Signing the Gun Control Act of 1968 ''. presidency.ucsb.edu. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. Jump up ^ Dolak, Kevin ( November 21, 2013 ). `` Gun Debate Spurred by Kennedy Assassination Rages on Today ''. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` U.S. gun control : A history of tragedy, legislative action ''. CBS Interactive. April 13, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Herbert, Arthur ( September 26, 2011 ). `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' ( PDF ). atf.gov. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 922 -- Unlawful acts ''. law.cornell.edu. Legal Information Institute ( LII ). Jump up ^ `` Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide 2005 '' ( PDF ). 2005. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31, 2009. Jump up ^ Defining the type of weapon under review, The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Jump up ^ `` Department of the Treasury Study on the Sporting Suitability of Modified Semiautomatic Assault Rifles '' ( PDF ). atf.gov. April 1998. Retrieved July 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Knox, Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1966 ). `` The Dodd Bill Both Fact... and Fantasy ''. In Knox, Chris. The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines. MacFarlane. ISBN 9780976863304. Jump up ^ Waldman, Michael ( 2014 ). The Second Amendment : A Biography. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781476747460. Retrieved 6 July 2014. Jump up ^ Achenbach, Joel ; Higham, Scott ; Horwitz, Sari ( 12 January 2013 ). `` How NRA 's true believers converted a marksmanship group into a mighty gun lobby ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 July 2014. Jump up ^ Knox, Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1993 ). `` JPFO Proves Me Wrong ''. In Knox, Chris. The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines. MacFarlane. ISBN 9780976863304. OCLC 423586835. Jump up ^ Winkler, Adam ( 2011 ). Gunfight : The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America. Norton. ISBN 9780393077414. ^ Jump up to : Norell, James O.E. ( 2011 ). `` Passing of a Legend ''. nrapublications.org. National Rifle Association. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Spitzer, Robert J. ( 2011 ). `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth? ''. In Tatalovich, Raymond ; Daynes, Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics. M.E. Sharpe. p. 175. ISBN 9780765627452. Jump up ^ Spitzer, Robert J. ( 2011 ). `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth? ''. In Tatalovich, Raymond ; Daynes, Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics. M.E. Sharpe. p. 176. ISBN 9780765627452. Further reading ( edit ) Zimring, Frank ( 1968 ). `` Is Gun Control Likely to Reduce Violent Killings? ''. The University of Chicago Law Review. 35 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 737. doi : 10.2307 / 1598883. JSTOR 1598883. OCLC 65016157. Hahn, Robert A. ; Bilukha, Oleg ; Crosby, Alex ; Fullilove, Mindy T. ; Liberman, Akiva ; Moscicki, Eve ; Snyder, Susan ; Tuma, Farris ; et al. ( 2005 ). `` Firearms laws and the reduction of violence '' ( PDF ). American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 28 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 71. doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2004.10. 005. PMID 15698747. External links ( edit ) Text of H.R. 17735 ( 90th ) : An Act to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill ) -- GovTrack.us ( hide ) Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address, 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937 United States House of Representatives elections, 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections, 1941 United States Senate elections, 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election, 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson All the Way ( 2012 play, 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_Control_Act_of_1968&oldid=834109706 '' Categories : 1968 in law 90th United States Congress Gun politics in the United States Legal history of the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 00 : 13. About Wikipedia", "title": "Gun Control Act of 1968", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Gun_Control_Act_of_1968&amp;oldid=834109706" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA or GCA68 ) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers. The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968, and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws. The National Firearms Act of 1934 ( NFA ) is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Prohibited persons 3 Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) system 3.1 Gunsmith and Factory Repair Exception 4 Import restrictions 5 Marking requirements 6 Commentary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History" ], "id": [ "4945632212834546094" ], "short_answers": [ "President Lyndon B. Johnson" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Married at First Sight Genre Reality Series Directed by Kate Douglas - Walker Presented by John Aiken Trisha Stratford Mel Schilling Narrated by Georgie Gardner Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 82 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tara McWilliams John Walsh Location ( s ) Sydney, New South Wales Running time 60 -- 90 minutes Production company ( s ) Endemol Australia ( 2015 -- present ) Release Original network Nine Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - present ) Audio format Stereo Original release 18 May 2015 -- present Chronology Related shows Talking Married External links Website Married at First Sight is an Australian reality television series based on the Danish program of the same name. The show is premiered 7 : 00pm every Sunday and 7 : 30pm every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday on the Nine Network. The show features four to eleven couples, matched by three experts, who agree to marry when they first meet. However, unlike other versions of the show around the world, the couples do not partake in a legally binding marriage due to legal restrictions, but instead meet as strangers at the altar of a commitment ceremony. The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel, then leave for a honeymoon. Upon returning they live together for a month, whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship. The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network. A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016. A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017. The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.1 Couples 2.1. 1 Lachlan & Clare 2.1. 2 Roni & Michael 2.1. 3 Zoe & Alex 2.1. 4 James & Michelle 3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.1 Couples 3.1. 1 Erin & Bryce 3.1. 2 Christie & Mark 3.1. 3 Clare & Jono 3.1. 4 Simone & Xavier 4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 4.1 Couples 4.1. 1 Keller & Nicole 4.1. 2 Mark & Monica 4.1. 3 Jess & Dave 4.1. 4 Bella & Michael 4.1. 5 Craig & Andy 5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 5.1 Couples 5.1. 1 Jonathan & Cheryl 5.1. 2 Sean & Susan 5.1. 3 Michael & Scarlett 5.1. 4 Nadia & Anthony 5.1. 5 Simon & Alene 5.1. 6 Andy & Vanessa 5.1. 7 Lauren & Andrew 5.1. 8 John & Deborah 5.1. 9 Michelle & Jesse 5.1. 10 Sharon & Nick 5.1. 11 Cheryl & Andrew 6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 6.1 Couples 6.1. 1 Sarah & Telv 6.1. 2 Dean & Tracey 6.1. 3 Mat & Alycia 6.1. 4 Jo & Sean D 6.1. 5 Davina & Ryan 6.1. 6 Charlene & Patrick 6.1. 7 Melissa & John 6.1. 8 Troy & Ashley 6.1. 9 Gabrielle & Nasser 6.1. 10 Justin & Carly 6.1. 11 Sean T & Blair 7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 8 Viewership 8.1 Season ratings 8.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 8.3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 8.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 8.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 8.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 8.7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 9 Controversy and legality 10 References 11 External links Season overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) During the first season, four female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples ( Michael & Roni, Clare & Lachlan ) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples ( Zoe & Alex, Michelle & James ) did the same. They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season. In the fourth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences. Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Lachlan McAleer 36 Sydney, New South Wales Farmer Yes Separated Clare Tamas 37 Sydney, New South Wales Marketing Manager Roni Azzopardi 32 Melbourne, Victoria Payroll Manager Broke up before final decision Separated Michael O'Dea 31 Melbourne, Victoria Event Manager Zoe Hendrix 25 Melbourne, Victoria Digital Marketing Executive Yes Separated Alex Garner 29 Melbourne, Victoria Plumber Michelle Worsley 34 Sydney, New South Wales Communications Manager Yes Separated James Webster 36 Sydney, New South Wales Sign Writer Lachlan & Clare ( edit ) Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode. Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season, Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends. The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015, that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife. Roni & Michael ( edit ) Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode. By the fifth episode, Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split. Zoe & Alex ( edit ) Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode. Following the conclusion of the season, Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together. In March 2016, Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally. After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015, Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016. On November 14, 2016, Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper - Rose Garner. On April 17th 2018, Zoe announced via Instagram her and Alex had sadly split up. James & Michelle ( edit ) James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode. In early June 2015, news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split, with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend. It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other. Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) After airing only one episode, the Nine Network on 19 May 2015, announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016. During the second season, four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples ( Erin & Bryce, Christie & Mark ) meet and wed. In the second episode, another two couples ( Clare & Jono, Simone & Xavier ) do the same. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the fifth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences. Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Erin Bateman 26 Melbourne, Victoria Retail Manager Yes Currently Together Bryce Mohr 31 Melbourne, Victoria Business Analyst Christie Jordee 39 Sydney, New South Wales Business Owner Yes Separated Mark Hughes 36 Gippsland, Victoria Farmer Clare Verrall 32 Melbourne, Victoria Recruitment Consultant Broke up before final decision Separated Jono Pitman 28 Melbourne, Victoria Tradie Simone Lee Brennan 29 Sydney, New South Wales Make - Up Artist No Separated Xavier Forsberg 26 Sydney, New South Wales Sales Manager Erin & Bryce ( edit ) Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. They are the only couple currently still together. Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog, erinbateman.com. Christie & Mark ( edit ) Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. On 15 June 2016, they announced that they had split up. Clare & Jono ( edit ) Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode and quickly became the season 's most controversial couple. By the fifth episode, Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt ' uncomfortable ' with Jono 's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple 's dinner. After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course. Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall, who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident. A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman 's violent history prior to coupling up the pair. Simone & Xavier ( edit ) Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode. In the final decision, Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated. Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons, season two & three, there will be a bold casting move this season. This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series ' first ever same - sex male couple. During the third season, four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples ( Keller & Nicole, Mark & Monica ) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples ( Jess & Dave, Bella & Michael ) did the same. In the third episode, one more couple ( Craig & Andy ) were wed. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the sixth episode, all couples ( bar one ) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences. Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Craig Keller 26 Brisbane, Queensland Mechanical Fitter Yes Separated Nicole Heir 28 Gold Coast, Queensland Teacher Mark Ellam 30 Sydney, New South Wales Firefighter Yes Separated Monica Vanderkley 28 Sydney, New South Wales Project Manager Jess Wardrop 31 Sydney, New South Wales Bank Officer Broke up before final decision Separated Dave Crisp 28 Melbourne, Victoria Account Manager Bella Frizza 30 Gold Coast, Queensland Radio Announcer Yes Separated Michael Hughes 32 Brisbane, Queensland Fashion Accessories Designer 5 Craig Roach 41 Gold Coast, Queensland Hairdresser Broke up before final decision Separated Andy Ankers 41 Sydney, New South Wales Global Account Director Keller & Nicole ( edit ) Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. Since filming, the couple have called it quits. Mark & Monica ( edit ) Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode. In the final episode, they decided to stay in the relationship. Since filming, the couple have decided to break up. Jess & Dave ( edit ) Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode. In the fifth episode, Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up. Bella & Michael ( edit ) Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's second episode. In the final episode, they both agreed to stay together. Since filming, the couple had decided to split up. Craig & Andy ( edit ) Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show 's third episode. In the fifth episode, Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon, due to a lack of intimacy. Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed. During the fourth season, 10 female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples ( Cheryl & Jonathan, Susan & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the second episode, another two couples ( Scarlett & Michael, Nadia & Anthony ) met and wed in Sydney. In the third episode, two more couples ( Alene & Simon, Vanessa & Andy ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively. In the fourth episode, another two couples ( Lauren & Andrew, Deborah & John ) met and wed in Sydney. In the fifth episode, the final two couples at the same time ( Michelle & Jesse, Sharon & Nick ) met and wed in Perth. Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Jonathan Troughton 30 Brisbane, Queensland Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast, Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Sean Hollands 35 Maryborough, Queensland Farmer No Separated Susan Rawlings 37 Perth, Western Australia Mining Truck Driver Michael Tomic 30 Perth, Western Australia Data Entry Clerk / Stripper Broke up before final decision Separated Scarlett Cooper 30 Sydney, New South Wales Aspiring Author Nadia Stamp 36 Brisbane, Queensland Flight Attendant / Model No Separated Anthony Manton 33 Sydney, New South Wales Racing Broadcaster 5 Simon McQuillan 36 Ipswich, Queensland Business Owner Yes Separated Alene Khatcherian 31 Sydney, New South Wales Registered Nurse 6 Andy Hills 30 Gold Coast, Queensland Aerodrome Plant Operator No Separated Vanessa Belvedere 31 Melbourne, Victoria Student 7 Lauren Bran 33 Sydney, New South Wales Automotive Aftermarket Sales Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth, Western Australia Firefighter 8 John Robertson 53 Melbourne, Victoria Business Owner Broke up before final decision Separated Deborah Brosnan 53 Sunshine Coast, Queensland Ex Model 9 Michelle Marsh 31 Perth, Western Australia Commercial Cleaner No Separated Jesse Konstantinoff 31 Adelaide, South Australia Retailer 10 Sharon Marsh 31 Perth, Western Australia Business Owner Yes Separated Nick Furphy 30 Melbourne, Victoria Carpenter 11 Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast, Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth, Western Australia Firefighter Jonathan & Cheryl ( edit ) Despite having a good start, Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand. These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting. At the first commitment ceremony, Cheryl claimed she did n't wish to continue with Jonathan as `` he seemed more interested in someone else ''. The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony. Jonathan is now dating someone else. Sean & Susan ( edit ) Sean and Susan broke up but decided to `` stay friends '' citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean 's farm. Since the show ended, Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her. Michael & Scarlett ( edit ) Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was `` established '' and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him. From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael 's dream girl. After the first commitment ceremony, the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan ( Cheryl 's husband ) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before. Nadia & Anthony ( edit ) As of the last Commitment Ceremony, they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a `` niche market ''. Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone, and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that `` his feelings were n't progressing '' Simon & Alene ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other. They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment. They have since separated. Andy & Vanessa ( edit ) The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay, though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run. Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment. Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles. Lauren & Andrew ( edit ) On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts. After a confrontation meeting, Lauren said she wanted to try again, but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren. Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl. A friend of Lauren 's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who would n't let them in because it was past 1am. John & Deborah ( edit ) After meeting and Deborah 's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture, John and Deborah seemed to get on each other 's nerves because John was simply everything she hated. During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds, and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them. At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying, but the next day John left the experiment saying `` They would n't be anything but friends and that 's not what he was there for ''. Michelle & Jesse ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together, despite Michelle 's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband. In their Vow Renewal ceremony, Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever, but not as her partner, they are now broken up. Sharon & Nick ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay, Nick even going so far as to say `` That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side ''. Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon 's cleaning business, Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help. They have since broken up. Nick has renewed his membership at the strip club. Cheryl & Andrew ( edit ) After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal, she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself. They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple, this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan. Even though the couple originally had some sparks, they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays, tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl 's abrasive father for the first time and it did n't go well, Andrew feeling like Cheryl did n't have his back enough against her bullying dad. Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged. When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had. They decided to give it another go, but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride, Lauren, `` was way more fun ''. Some of the boys took offense to this, namely Sean and Simon, and even silently Andy. Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl. Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls. Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29, 2018. On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine 's upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, the first two couples ( Tracey & Dean, Sarah & Telv ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the second episode, another two couples ( Jo & Sean, Alycia & Mat ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the third episode, two more couples ( Davina & Ryan, Charlene & Patrick ) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne. In the fifth episode, two more couples ( Ashley & Troy, Melissa & John ) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne. In the sixth episode, another two couples ( Gabrielle & Nasser, Carly & Justin ) met and wed in Sydney. In the seventh episode, the final couple ( Blair & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney. Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Sarah Roza 38 Melbourne, Victoria Beauty Specialist Yes Separated Telv Williams 33 Perth, Western Australia Machinery Technician Dean Wells 39 Sydney, New South Wales Executive Creative Director No Separated Tracey Jewel 34 Perth, Western Australia Marketing Consultant Mathew Lockett 32 Melbourne, Victoria Plumber Broke up before final decision Separated Alycia Galbraith 29 Adelaide, South Australia Student Jo McPharlin 39 Adelaide, South Australia Single Mother Broke up before final decision Separated Sean Donnelly 39 Adelaide, South Australia Pub Manager 5 Davina Rankin 26 Brisbane, Queensland Personal Trainer / Bikini Model Broke up before final decision Separated Ryan Gallagher 29 Sydney, New South Wales Tradesman 6 Charlene Perera 33 Melbourne, Victoria Brand Manager Yes Separated Patrick Miller 34 Melbourne, Victoria Operations Manager 7 Melissa Walsh 53 Mornington Peninsula, Victoria Journalist Yes Separated John Robertson 54 Melbourne, Victoria Business Owner 8 Troy Delmege 35 Sydney, New South Wales IT Accounts Manager No Separated Ashley Airvin 28 Brisbane, Queensland Flight Attendant 9 Gabrielle Bartlett 44 Sydney, New South Wales Marketing Coordinator / Plus Size Model Broke up before final decision Separated Nasser Sultan 50 Sydney, New South Wales Fitness Instructor 10 Justin Fischer 41 Sydney, New South Wales Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Carly Bowyer 32 Melbourne, Victoria Marketing Manager 11 Sean Thomsen 34 Perth, Western Australia Railway Technician Broke up before final decision Separated Blair Rachel 31 Sydney, New South Wales Executive Assistant Sarah & Telv ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated. Dean & Tracey ( edit ) In the first commitment ceremony, Dean chose to leave ( which blindsided Tracey ), while Tracey decided to stay, meaning that they had to stay another week. When they had a second week he stepped up, but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina. At the dinner party, Dean hooked up with Davina, and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate. Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey. As of the fifth commitment ceremony, they are still together. When it came to the vow renewal, Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey, but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment. She ultimately said no, leaving Dean gobsmacked at the ' altar '. Mat & Alycia ( edit ) They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies. Jo & Sean d ( edit ) Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start, Sean was n't very interested. When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay. Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication. As of the second commitment, they have both decided to leave. Davina & Ryan ( edit ) Between the first and second commitment ceremonies, Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean. At the dinner party, Davina hooked up with Dean, leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony. Ryan had written stay, so the couple had to stay another week. As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina 's cheating scandal. Charlene & Patrick ( edit ) At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge. In March 2018, the couple announced they had split up. Melissa & John ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. At the Dinner Party, Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour, and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo. From the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together and Melissa 's daughter had welcomed a baby into the world. Troy & Ashley ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship was n't working out. Gabrielle & Nasser ( edit ) As of the third commitment ceremony, Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage. Nasser decided to stay, and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around. On the wife homestay, Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she would n't bring a strange man around her daughter. On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave, but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle 's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat. They finally left in the fifth ceremony, they were at peace with everything that went on Justin & Carly ( edit ) As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay, so they have to stay for another week. As of the third commitment ceremony, they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay. After the blow up at the dinner party, Carly got fed up with Justin 's lack of trying. They have decided to split up. A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley. Sean t & Blair ( edit ) They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony, but during the grooms home - stay, Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair. He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony, while Blair wanted to stay. Although obligated to work it out over the next week, Sean refused to go on Blair 's home stay, essentially ending their relationship. Sean was in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean. But Recently it was announced that they had Broken up. Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Viewership ( edit ) Season ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Preliminary Consolidated Season premiere Season finale Average viewers Average rank Average viewers Average rank 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 1.115 # 4 1.195 # 3 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 0.915 # 7 0.999 # 6 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 0.880 # 7 0.970 # 5 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 1.081 # 3 1.186 # 2 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 1.223 # 1 1.328 # 1 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 18 May 2015 1,134,000 5 65,000 1,199,000 Episode 2 25 May 2015 1,103,000 77,000 1,180,000 Episode 3 1 June 2015 1,116,000 84,000 1,200,000 Episode 4 8 June 2015 971,000 7 99,000 6 1,070,000 5 Episode 5 15 June 2015 1,079,000 85,000 1,164,000 6 Episode 6 22 June 2015 1,290,000 71,000 1,361,000 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 4 April 2016 771,000 13 86,000 9 857,000 Episode 2 5 April 2016 905,000 6 91,000 5 996,000 Episode 3 11 April 2016 874,000 8 62,000 7 936,000 Episode 4 12 April 2016 880,000 8 85,000 6 965,000 5 Episode 5 18 April 2016 899,000 6 122,000 7 1,021,000 6 Episode 6 19 April 2016 831,000 9 93,000 8 924,000 7 Finale 27 April 2016 1,048,000 66,000 1,114,000 7 Finale - Follow Up 27 April 2016 1,110,000 66,000 1,176,000 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 August 2016 805,000 11 74,000 7 879,000 Episode 2 30 August 2016 810,000 7 60,000 7 870,000 Episode 3 31 August 2016 788,000 9 79,000 7 867,000 Episode 4 5 September 2016 843,000 8 97,000 6 940,000 5 Episode 5 6 September 2016 919,000 5 93,000 1,012,000 6 Episode 6 7 September 2016 974,000 117,000 1,091,000 7 Episode 7 12 September 2016 814,000 9 100,000 8 914,000 8 Episode 8 13 September 2016 1,083,000 101,000 1,184,000 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 30 January 2017 820,000 10 84,000 9 904,000 Episode 2 31 January 2017 927,000 5 79,000 5 1,006,000 Episode 3 1 February 2017 824,000 6 75,000 5 899,000 Episode 4 5 February 2017 909,000 90,000 999,000 5 Episode 5 6 February 2017 893,000 6 100,000 6 993,000 6 Episode 6 7 February 2017 920,000 6 96,000 1,016,000 7 Episode 7 8 February 2017 905,000 6 112,000 1,017,000 8 Episode 8 12 February 2017 1,064,000 103,000 1,167,000 9 Episode 9 13 February 2017 1,107,000 108,000 1,215,000 10 Episode 10 14 February 2017 1,024,000 119,000 1,143,000 11 Episode 11 20 February 2017 1,096,000 96,000 1,192,000 12 Episode 12 21 February 2017 1,062,000 152,000 1,214,000 13 Episode 13 26 February 2017 1,113,000 129,000 1,242,000 14 Episode 14 27 February 2017 1,101,000 123,000 1,224,000 15 Episode 15 28 February 2017 1,092,000 144,000 1,236,000 16 Episode 16 5 March 2017 1,170,000 86,000 1,256,000 17 Episode 17 6 March 2017 1,099,000 101,000 1,200,000 18 Episode 18 7 March 2017 1,122,000 117,000 1,239,000 19 Episode 19 12 March 2017 1,160,000 91,000 1,251,000 20 Episode 20 13 March 2017 1,060,000 103,000 1,163,000 21 Episode 21 14 March 2017 1,148,000 104,000 1,252,000 22 Episode 22 19 March 2017 1,190,000 102,000 1,292,000 23 Episode 23 20 March 2017 1,239,000 108,000 1,347,000 24 Episode 24 21 March 2017 1,194,000 93,000 1,287,000 25 Episode 25 26 March 2017 1,157,000 72,000 1,229,000 26 Episode 26 27 March 2017 1,163,000 137,000 1,300,000 27 Episode 27 28 March 2017 1,034,000 5 112,000 1,146,000 28 Finale - Part 1 2 April 2017 1,379,000 98,000 1,477,000 29 Finale - Part 2 3 April 2017 1,389,000 107,000 1,496,000 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 January 2018 912,000 7 102,000 5 1,014,000 Episode 2 30 January 2018 907,000 5 101,000 1,008,000 Episode 3 31 January 2018 929,000 81,000 1,010,000 Episode 4 1 February 2018 995,000 96,000 1,091,000 5 Episode 5 4 February 2018 835,000 5 102,000 937,000 6 Episode 6 5 February 2018 879,000 6 101,000 978,000 7 Episode 7 6 February 2018 899,000 7 130,000 1,029,000 8 Episode 8 8 February 2018 938,000 124,000 1,062,000 9 Episode 9 11 February 2018 1,163,000 76,000 1,239,000 10 Episode 10 12 February 2018 1,158,000 89,000 1,247,000 11 Episode 11 13 February 2018 1,057,000 91,000 1,148,000 12 Episode 12 14 February 2018 1,133,000 107,000 1,240,000 13 Episode 13 18 February 2018 1,351,000 101,000 1,452,000 14 Episode 14 19 February 2018 1,296,000 104,000 1,400,000 15 Episode 15 20 February 2018 1,233,000 104,000 1,337,000 16 Episode 16 21 February 2018 1,341,000 132,000 1,473,000 17 Episode 17 25 February 2018 1,536,000 92,000 1,628,000 18 Episode 18 26 February 2018 1,325,000 107,000 1,432,000 19 Episode 19 27 February 2018 1,253,000 102,000 1,355,000 20 Episode 20 28 February 2018 1,315,000 127,000 1,442,000 21 Episode 21 4 March 2018 1,535,000 108,000 1,643,000 22 Episode 22 5 March 2018 1,271,000 98,000 1,369,000 23 Episode 23 6 March 2018 1,267,000 119,000 1,386,000 24 Episode 24 7 March 2018 1,260,000 112,000 1,372,000 25 Episode 25 11 March 2018 1,342,000 107,000 1,429,000 26 Episode 26 12 March 2018 1,256,000 102,000 1,358,000 27 Episode 27 13 March 2017 1,230,000 103,000 1,333,000 28 Episode 28 14 March 2018 1,188,000 132,000 1,320,000 29 Episode 29 18 March 2018 1,446,000 76,000 1,522,000 30 Episode 30 19 March 2018 1,525,000 78,000 1,603,000 31 Finale - Part 1 20 March 2018 1,623,000 127,000 1,750,000 32 Finale - Part 2 21 March 2018 1,753,000 136,000 1,889,000 Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Controversy and legality ( edit ) Before the first season went to air, an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures. There was also criticism that, unlike the original Danish series, such marriages would not be legal under Australian law. Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry. A spokesman said `` In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act ( 1961 ) which requires one month and one day notification, a marriage in law was not conducted. Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways ''. Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as `` never ( being ) portrayed to its full authenticity, '' suggesting the man she had been paired with, Xavier Forsberg, had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports - presenting role, rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship. 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{ "text": "Frankenstein - wikipedia Frankenstein Jump to : navigation, search This article is about a novel by Mary Shelley. For the characters, see Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein 's monster. For the historic German castles and other uses, see Frankenstein ( disambiguation ). Frankenstein ; or, The Modern Prometheus Volume I, first edition Author Mary Shelley Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Gothic novel, horror fiction, soft science fiction Published 1 January 1818 ( Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones ) Pages 280 Frankenstein ; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley ( 1797 -- 1851 ) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared on the second edition, published in France in 1823. Shelley travelled through Europe in 1814, journeying along the river Rhine in Germany with a stop in Gernsheim which is 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) away from Frankenstein Castle, where, two centuries before, an alchemist was engaged in experiments. Later, she travelled in the region of Geneva ( Switzerland ) -- where much of the story takes place -- and the topic of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her lover and future husband, Percy Shelley. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for days, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made ; her dream later evolved into the novel 's story. Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement. At the same time, it is an early example of science fiction. Brian Aldiss has argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction story because, in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, the central character `` makes a deliberate decision '' and `` turns to modern experiments in the laboratory '' to achieve fantastic results. It has had a considerable influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories, films and plays. Since the novel 's publication, the name `` Frankenstein '' has often been used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard it as well - established and acceptable. In the novel, the monster is identified by words such as `` creature '', `` monster '', `` demon '', `` wretch '', `` abortion '', `` fiend '' and `` it ''. Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the wretch refers to himself as `` the Adam of your labours '', and elsewhere as someone who `` would have ( been ) your Adam '', but is instead `` your fallen angel '' ( which ties to Lucifer in Paradise Lost, which the monster reads, and which relates to the disobedience of Prometheus in the book 's subtitle ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Captain Walton 's Introductory Frame Narrative 1.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative 1.3 The Creature 's Narrative 1.4 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative Resumes 1.5 Captain Walton 's Concluding Frame Narrative 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Publication 5 Frankenstein and the Monster 5.1 The Creature 5.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Surname 5.3 Victor Frankenstein 's Given Name 5.4 Modern Prometheus 6 Shelley 's sources 7 Reception 8 Derivative works 9 Films, plays and television 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Editions 13.1. 1 1818 text 13.1. 2 1831 text 14 External links Summary A variety of different editions Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century, as the letters ' dates are given as `` 17 -- ''. Captain Walton 's introductory frame narrative The novel Frankenstein is written in epistolary form, documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister, Margaret Walton Saville. Walton is a failed writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole and expand his scientific knowledge in hopes of achieving fame. During the voyage, the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure. A few hours later, the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named Victor Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton 's crew. Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion ; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him, and recounts a story of his life 's miseries to Walton as a warning. The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein 's narrative. Victor Frankenstein 's narrative Victor begins by telling of his childhood. Born in Naples, into a wealthy Genevan family, Victor and his brothers, Ernest and William, all three being sons of Alphonse Frankenstein by the former Caroline Beaufort, are encouraged to seek a greater understanding of the world through chemistry. As a young boy, Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders. When Victor is five years old, his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza, the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman, with whom Victor later falls in love. During this period, Victor 's parents, Alphonse and Caroline, take in yet another orphan, Justine Moritz, who becomes William 's nanny. Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, his mother dies of scarlet fever ; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief. At the university, he excels at chemistry and other sciences, soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter. Eventually, he undertakes the creation of a humanoid, but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body, Victor makes the Creature tall, about 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in height and proportionally large. Despite his intentions, the beautiful creation of his dreams is instead hideous, with yellow eyes and skin that barely conceals the muscle tissue and blood vessels underneath. Repulsed by his work, Victor flees and dismisses him when it awakens. While wandering the streets, he meets his childhood friend, Henry Clerval, and takes Henry back to his apartment, fearful of Henry 's reaction if he sees the monster. Victor does not have to deal with that issue, however, because the monster has escaped. Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry. After a four - month recovery, he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William. Upon arriving in Geneva, Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain, leading him to believe his creation is responsible. Justine Moritz, William 's nanny, is convicted of the crime after William 's locket, which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline, is found in her pocket. Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged, as he knows no one would believe his story. Ravaged by grief and guilt, Victor retreats into the mountains. The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale. The Creature 's narrative Intelligent and articulate, the Creature relates his first days of life, living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance, which led him to fear and hide from them. While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage, he grew fond of the poor family living there, and discreetly collected firewood for them. Secretly living among the family for months, the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods. When he saw his reflection in a pool, he realized his physical appearance was hideous, and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans. Nevertheless, he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend. Initially he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family, but the rest of them were frightened and they all fled their home, resulting in the Creature burning the cottage in a fit of rage. He then swore revenge on his creator for bringing him into a world that hated him. He traveled to Victor 's family estate using details from Victor 's journal, murdered William, and framed Justine. The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself. He argues that as a living being, he has a right to happiness. The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness, never to reappear, if Victor grants his request. Should Victor refuse his request, The Creature also threatens to kill Victor 's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him. Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees. The Creature says he will watch over Victor 's progress. Victor Frankenstein 's narrative resumes Clerval accompanies him to England, but they separate at Victor 's insistence at Perth, Scotland. Victor suspects that the Creature is following him. Working on the female creature on the Orkney Islands, he is plagued by premonitions of disaster, such as the female hating the Creature or becoming more evil than him, but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind. He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature, who had indeed followed Victor, watching through a window. The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again, but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil and that its mate would be evil as well, and the pair would threaten all humanity. Victor destroys his work and the Creature vows that he will `` be with ( him ) on ( his ) wedding night ''. Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life, believing that the Creature will kill him after finally becoming happy. When Victor lands in Ireland, he is soon imprisoned for Clerval 's murder, as the Creature had strangled Clerval to death and left the corpse to be found where his creator had arrived, causing the latter to suffer another mental breakdown in prison. After being acquitted, Victor returns home with his father, who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father 's fortune. In Geneva, Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death, arming himself with pistols and a dagger. The night following their wedding, Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for `` the fiend ''. While Victor searches the house and grounds, the Creature strangles Elizabeth to death. From the window, Victor sees the Creature, who tauntingly points at Elizabeth 's corpse ; Victor tries to shoot him, but the Creature escapes. After getting back to Geneva, Victor 's father, weakened by age and by the death of his precious Elizabeth, dies a few days later. Seeking revenge, Victor pursues the Creature to the North Pole, but collapses from exhaustion and hypothermia before he can find his quarry. Captain Walton 's concluding frame narrative At the end of Victor 's narrative, Captain Walton resumes the telling of the story, closing the frame around Victor 's recounting. A few days after the Creature vanished, the ship becomes trapped in pack ice and multiple crewmen die in the cold, before the rest of Walton 's crew insists on returning south once it is freed. Walton sees Victor 's story as a warning, and decides to turn the ship around. Victor dies shortly thereafter, but not before telling Walton to `` avoid ambition ''. Walton discovers the Creature on his ship, mourning over Victor 's body. The Creature tells Walton that Victor 's death has not brought him peace ; rather, his crimes have left him completely alone. The Creature vows to kill himself so that no others will ever know of his existence. Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft that is soon lost in darkness and distance, never to be seen again. Characters Victor Frankenstein - Protagonist and narrator of most of the story. Creates the monster. The creature ( Frankenstein 's monster ) - The hideous creature created by Victor Frankenstein. Mrs. Margaret Saville - Resident of England. Sister of Robert Walton. Addressee of letters written by him. Captain Robert Walton - Captain of the boat which picked up Victor. Brother of Mrs. Margaret Saville, and writer of letters addressed to her. Beaufort - A Merchant. Caroline Beaufort 's father. One of the most intimate friends of Victor 's father. Caroline Beaufort - Beaufort 's daughter, Victor 's mother. Ernest - Victor 's brother. Seven years younger than Victor. Henry Clerval - Victor 's best friend from childhood. The son of a merchant of Geneva. Justine Moritz - Daughter of Madame Moritz. Moved in with the Frankenstein family at age of 12, and hanged for the murder of William. Elizabeth Lavenza - Daughter of a Milanese nobleman. Her mother was a German and had died on giving birth to her. Raised as Victor 's `` cousin '' in the Frankenstein home. William - Victor 's youngest brother. M. Krempe - professor of natural philosophy at university of Ingolstadt. He was an uncouth man, but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science. Influenced Victor. M. Waldman - A professor, at Ingolstadt. Influenced Victor. Agatha - Daughter of De Lacey. Felix 's sister. Felix - Son of De Lacey. De Lacey - Blind old man descended from a good family in France. Father of Agatha and Felix. His family was observed by the monster, and unbeknownst to them, taught him to speak and read. Safie - Daughter of a Turkish Merchant and a Christian Arab. Mr. Kirwin - A magistrate. Daniel Nugent - A witness against Victor in his murder trial. Composition Draft of Frankenstein ( `` It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed... '' ) `` How I, then a young girl, came to think of, and to dilate upon, so very hideous an idea? '' -- Mary Shelley During the rainy summer of 1816, the `` Year Without a Summer '', the world was locked in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. Mary Shelley, aged 18, and her lover ( and later husband ) Percy Bysshe Shelley, visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. The weather was consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned, so the group retired indoors until dawn. Sitting around a log fire at Byron 's villa, the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book Fantasmagoriana, then Byron proposed that they `` each write a ghost story ''. Unable to think of a story, young Mary became anxious : `` Have you thought of a story? I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative. '' During one evening in the middle of summer, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. `` Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated '', Mary noted, `` galvanism had given token of such things ''. It was after midnight before they retired, and unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her `` waking dream ''. I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be ; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world. In September 2011, astronomer Donald Olson, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year, and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her `` waking dream '' took place `` between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. '' on 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story. She began writing what she assumed would be a short story. With Percy Shelley 's encouragement, she expanded the tale into a full - fledged novel. She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment `` when I first stepped out from childhood into life ''. Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half - sister Fanny. This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley 's work. Shelley 's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816, she was likely nursing her second child, who would also be dead at Frankenstein 's publication. Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans, and from this John Polidori created The Vampyre ( 1819 ), the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Thus two legendary horror tales originated from the conclave. The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well. Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly ; however, she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society ( Bennett 36 -- 42 ). Mary 's and Percy Bysshe Shelley 's manuscripts for the first three - volume edition in 1818 ( written 1816 -- 1817 ), as well as Mary Shelley 's fair copy for her publisher, are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004, and they belong now to the Abinger Collection. In 2008, the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson, that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley 's original text with Percy Shelley 's additions and interventions alongside. Publication Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell ( 1840 -- 41 ) Shelley completed her writing in April / May 1817, and Frankenstein ; or, The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818 by the small London publishing house Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones. It was issued anonymously, with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin, her father. It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes, the standard `` triple - decker '' format for 19th - century first editions. The second edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1822 in two volumes ( by G. and W.B. Whittaker ) following the success of the stage play Presumption ; or, the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake. This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book 's author on its title page. On 31 October 1831, the first `` popular '' edition in one - volume appeared, published by Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley. This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley, partially to make the story less radical. It included a lengthy new preface by the author, presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story. This edition is the one most widely published and read now, although a few editions follow the 1818 text. Some scholars prefer the original version, arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley 's vision ( see Anne K. Mellor 's `` Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach '' in the W.W. Norton Critical edition ). In 2008, a new edition of the novel, titled The Original Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson, was published. Robinson examined the original manuscript by Mary Shelley and noted the edits that Percy Bysshe Shelley made to it. Frankenstein and the monster The Creature Main article : Frankenstein 's monster An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein 's creature, in the wake of the Phoenix Park murders. Illustration from an 1882 issue of Punch Part of Frankenstein 's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name, which causes a lack of identity. Instead it is referred to by words such as `` wretch '', `` monster '', `` creature '', `` demon '', `` devil '', `` fiend '', and `` it ''. When Frankenstein converses with the creature in Chapter 10, he addresses it as `` vile insect '', `` abhorred monster '', `` fiend '', `` wretched devil '', and `` abhorred devil ''. During a telling of Frankenstein, Shelley referred to the creature as `` Adam ''. Shelley was referring to the first man in the Garden of Eden, as in her epigraph : Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me? John Milton, Paradise Lost ( X. 743 -- 5 ) Although the creature would be described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and reanimated by the use of electricity, this description is not entirely consistent with Shelley 's work ; both the use of electricity and the cobbled - together image of Frankenstein 's monster were more the result of James Whale 's popular 1931 film adaptation of the story, and other early motion - picture works based upon the creature. In Shelley 's original work, Dr. Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life, and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter, though the exact nature of the process is left largely ambiguous. After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power, Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the creature 's body ( one anatomical feature at a time, from raw materials supplied by `` the dissecting room and the slaughter - house '' ), which he then brings to life using his unspecified process. The creature has often been mistakenly called `` Frankenstein ''. In 1908 one author said `` It is strange to note how well - nigh universally the term `` Frankenstein '' is misused, even by intelligent people, as describing some hideous monster ``. Edith Wharton 's The Reef ( 1916 ) describes an unruly child as an `` infant Frankenstein. '' David Lindsay 's `` The Bridal Ornament '', published in The Rover, 12 June 1844, mentioned `` the maker of poor Frankenstein. '' After the release of Whale 's cinematic Frankenstein, the public at large began speaking of the creature itself as `` Frankenstein ''. This also occurs in Frankenstein films, including Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) and several subsequent films, as well as in film titles such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein. Furthermore, future renditions and adaptations of the story include an evil laboratory assistant Igor or Ygor, who does not actually exist within the original narrative. Victor Frankenstein 's surname Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream - vision. Despite her public claims of originality, however, a number of other sources have been suggested as Shelley 's actual inspiration. The German name Frankenstein means `` stone of the Franks '', and it is associated with various places in Germany, including Frankenstein Castle ( Burg Frankenstein ) in Darmstadt, Hesse, and Frankenstein Castle in Frankenstein, a town in the Palatinate. There is also a castle called Frankenstein in Bad Salzungen, Thuringia, and a municipality called Frankenstein in Saxony. Until 1945, Ząbkowice Śląskie, now a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, was mainly populated by Germans and named Frankenstein in German, and was the site of a scandal involving gravediggers in 1606, which has been suggested as an inspiration to the author. Finally, the name is borne by the aristocratic House of Franckenstein from Franconia. Radu Florescu argues that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814 during their return to England from their elopement to Switzerland. It was at this castle that a notorious alchemist, Conrad Dippel, had experimented with human bodies, and Florescu reasons that Mary suppressed mention of her visit in order to maintain her public claim of originality. A literary essay by A. J. Day supports Florescu 's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel. Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle that exists in Mary Shelley 's ' lost ' journals. According to Jörg Heléne, the ' lost journals ', as well as Florescu 's claims, can not be verified. Victor Frankenstein 's given name Main article : Victor Frankenstein A possible interpretation of the name Victor is derived from Paradise Lost by John Milton, a great influence on Shelley ( a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley even has the monster himself read it ). Milton frequently refers to God as `` the Victor '' in Paradise Lost, and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life. In addition, Shelley 's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost ; indeed, the monster says, after reading the epic poem, that he empathizes with Satan 's role in the story. There are many similarities between Victor and Percy Shelley, Mary 's husband. Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley 's, as in the collection of poetry he wrote with his sister Elizabeth, Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire. There is speculation that one of Mary Shelley 's models for Victor Frankenstein was Percy, who at Eton had `` experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions '', and whose rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment. Percy Shelley was the first - born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet of Castle Goring, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel. Victor 's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics. Percy had a sister named Elizabeth ; Victor had an adopted sister named Elizabeth. On 22 February 1815, Mary Shelley gave birth to a baby two months prematurely, and the baby died two weeks later. Percy did not care about the condition of this premature infant and left with Claire, Mary 's stepsister, for a lurid affair. When Victor saw the creature come to life he fled the apartment, though the newborn creature approached him, as a child would a parent. The question of Victor 's responsibility to the creature is one of the main themes of the book. Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is the novel 's subtitle ( though some modern editions now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction ). Prometheus, in later versions of Greek mythology, was the Titan who created mankind at the behest of Zeus. He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it. Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor - quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus, being the creator, took back the fire from Zeus to give to man. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus, where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for eternity, but eventually Heracles ( Hercules ) released him. Prometheus was also a myth told in Latin, but was a very different story. In this version Prometheus makes man from clay and water, again a very relevant theme to Frankenstein, as Victor rebels against the laws of nature ( how life is naturally made ) and as a result is punished by his creation. In 1910, Edison Studios released the first motion - picture adaptation of Shelley 's story. The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor 's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans. Some have argued that Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil, and blamed him for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat ( fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing ). Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound ( 1820 ). The term `` Modern Prometheus '' was actually coined by Immanuel Kant in reference to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity. Shelley 's sources Shelley incorporated a number of different sources into her work, one of which was the Promethean myth from Ovid. The influence of John Milton 's Paradise Lost, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, are also clearly evident within the novel. Mary is likely to have acquired some ideas for Frankenstein 's character from Humphry Davy 's book Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he had written that `` science has... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative ; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him... ''. References to the French Revolution run through the novel ; a possible source may lie in François - Félix Nogaret ( fr ) 's Le Miroir des événemens actuels, ou la Belle au plus offrant ( 1790 ) : a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn who creates a life - sized automaton. Within the past thirty years or so, many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then popular natural philosophers ( now called physical scientists ) with Shelley 's work on account of several notable similarities. Two of the most notable natural philosophers among Shelley 's contemporaries were Giovanni Aldini, who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London and Johann Konrad Dippel, who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans. While Shelley was obviously aware of both these men and their activities, she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes. Reception Illustration by Theodor von Holst from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition Frankenstein has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818. Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views, along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author. The Belle Assemblee described the novel as `` very bold fiction '' ( 139 ). The Quarterly Review stated that `` the author has the power of both conception and language '' ( 185 ). Sir Walter Scott, writing in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine congratulated `` the author 's original genius and happy power of expression '' ( 620 ), although he is less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language. The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany hoped to see `` more productions from this author '' ( 253 ). On the other hand, the Quarterly Review described it `` a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity ''. In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin, the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley. The British Critic attacks the novel 's flaws as the fault of the author : `` The writer of it is, we understand, a female ; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel ; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex, it is no reason why we should ; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment '' ( 438 ). The Literary Panorama and National Register attacks the novel as a `` feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin 's novels '' produced by the `` daughter of a celebrated living novelist '' ( 414 ). Despite the reviews, Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success. It became widely known especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations -- Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption ; or The Fate of Frankenstein, a play by Richard Brinsley Peake, in 1823. A French translation appeared as early as 1821 ( Frankenstein : ou le Prométhée Moderne, translated by Jules Saladin ). Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century. Major critics such as M.A. Goldberg and Harold Bloom have praised the `` aesthetic and moral '' relevance of the novel, although there are also critics such as Germaine Greer, who criticized the novel as terrible due to technical and narrative defects ( such as it featuring three narrators that speak in the same way ). In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism : Lawrence Lipking states ' even the Lacanian subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism, for instance, has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel ' The novel today is generally considered to be a landmark work of romantic and gothic literature, as well as science fiction. Film director Guillermo del Toro describes Frankenstein as `` the quintessential teenage book '', adding `` You do n't belong. You were brought to this world by people that do n't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering, and tears and hunger. It 's an amazing book written by a teenage girl. It 's mind blowing. '' Professor of philosophy Patricia MacCormack says the creature, brought to life by Victor Frankenstein, addresses the most fundamental human questions : `` It 's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is. Why are we here, what can we do? '' Derivative works There are numerous novels retelling or continuing the story of Frankenstein and his monster. Further information on derivative works : Frankenstein in popular culture Films, plays and television See also : List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster A photo of Charles Ogle as the monster in Frankenstein ( 1910 ) A promotional photo of Boris Karloff, as Frankenstein 's monster, using Jack Pierce 's makeup design 1823 : Richard Brinsley Peake 's adaptation, Presumption ; or, the Fate of Frankenstein, was seen by Mary Shelley and her father William Godwin at the English Opera House. 1826 : Henry M. Milner 's adaptation, The Man and The Monster ; or The Fate of Frankenstein opened on 3 July at the Royal Coburg Theatre, London. 1887 : Frankenstein, or The Vampire 's Victim was a musical burlesque written by Richard Henry ( a pseudonym of Richard Butler and Henry Chance Newton ). 1910 : Edison Studios produced the first Frankenstein film, directed by J. Searle Dawley. 1915 : Life Without Soul, the second film adaptation of Mary Shelley 's novel, was released. No known print of the film has survived. 1920 : The Monster of Frankenstein, Directed by Eugenio Testa, starring Luciano Albertini and Umberto Guarracino. 1931 : Universal Studios ' Frankenstein, directed by James Whale, starring Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles, Edward Van Sloan, Dwight Frye, and Boris Karloff as the monster. 1935 : James Whale directed the sequel Bride of Frankenstein, starring Colin Clive as Frankenstein, and Boris Karloff as the monster once more. This incorporated the novel 's plot motif of Frankenstein creating a bride for the monster omitted from Whale 's earlier film. There were two more sequels, prior to the Universal `` monster rally '' films combining multiple monsters from various movie series or film franchises. 1939 : Son of Frankenstein was another Universal monster movie with Boris Karloff as the Creature. Also in the film were Basil Rathbone as the title character and Bela Lugosi as the sinister assistant Ygor. Karloff ended playing the Frankenstein monster with this film. 1942 : The Ghost of Frankenstein featured brain transplanting and a new monster, played by Lon Chaney Jr. The film also starred Evelyn Ankers and Bela Lugosi. 1942 -- 1948 : Universal did `` monster rally '' films featuring Frankenstein 's Monster, Dracula and the Wolf Man. Included would be Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man, House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein. The last three films introduced Glenn Strange as Frankenstein 's monster. 1957 -- 1974 : Hammer Films in England did a string of Frankenstein films starring Peter Cushing, including The Curse of Frankenstein, The Revenge of Frankenstein and Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed. Co-starring in these films were Christopher Lee, Hazel Court, Veronica Carlson and Simon Ward. Another Hammer film, The Horror of Frankenstein, starred Ralph Bates as the main character, Victor Frankenstein. 1965 : Toho Studios created the film Frankenstein Conquers the World or Frankenstein vs. Baragon, followed by The War of the Gargantuas. 1972 : A comedic stage adaptation, Frankenstein 's Monster, was written by Sally Netzel and produced by the Dallas Theater Center. 1973 : The TV film Frankenstein : The True Story appeared on NBC. The movie starred Leonard Whiting, Michael Sarrazin, James Mason, and Jane Seymour. 1981 : A Broadway adaptation by Victor Gialanella played for one performance ( after 29 previews ) and was considered the most expensive flop ever produced to that date. 1984 : The flop Broadway production yielded a TV film starring Robert Powell, Carrie Fisher, David Warner, and John Gielgud. 1992 : Frankenstein became a Turner Network Television film directed by David Wickes, starring Patrick Bergin and Randy Quaid. John Mills played the blind man. 1994 : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein appeared in theatres, directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh, with Robert De Niro and Helena Bonham Carter. Its all - star cast also included John Cleese, Ian Holm, and Tom Hulce. 2004 : Frankenstein A two - episode mini-series starring Alec Newman, with Luke Goss and Donald Sutherland. This is the only T.V. or movie adaption that is faithful to the novel. 2011 : In March, BBC3 broadcast Colin Teague 's live production from Kirkstall Abbey, Leeds, billed as Frankenstein 's Wedding, Live in Leeds. About the same time, the National Theatre, London presented a stage version of Frankenstein, which ran until 2 May 2011. The play was written by Nick Dear and directed by Danny Boyle. Jonny Lee Miller and Benedict Cumberbatch alternated the roles of Frankenstein and the Creature. The National Theatre broadcast live performances of the play worldwide on 17 March. 2012 : An interactive ebook app created by Inkle and Profile Books that retells the story with added interactive elements. 2014 : Penny Dreadful is a horror TV series that airs on Showtime, that features Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature. 2015 : Frankenstein, a modern - day adaptation written and directed by Bernard Rose. 2015 : Victor Frankenstein is an American film directed by Paul McGuigan. 2016 : Frankenstein, a full length ballet production by Liam Scarlett. Some performances were also live simulcasts worldwide. 2019 : Bride of Frankenstein, the currently postponed second film in the Dark Universe, a reboot of the Universal series in which Javier Bardem is currently slated to portray Frankenstein 's monster. Loose adaptations 1967 : I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You 'll Have to Spend the Night and its sequel, Frankenstein Unbound ( Another Monster Musical ), are a pair of musical comedies written by Bobby Pickett and Sheldon Allman. The casts of both feature several classic horror characters including Dr. Frankenstein and his monster. 1973 : The Rocky Horror Show, is a British horror comedy stage musical written by Richard O'Brian in which Dr. Frank N. Furter has created a creature ( Rocky ), to satisfy his ( pro ) creative drives. Elements are similar to I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You 'll Have to Spend the Night. 1973 : Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein. Usually, Frankenstein is a man whose dedication to science takes him too far, but here his interest is to rule the world by creating a new species that will obey him and do his bidding. 1974 : Young Frankenstein. Directed by Mel Brooks, this sequel - spoof has been listed as one of the best movie comedies of any comedy genre ever made, even prompting an American film preservation program to include it on its listings. It reuses many props from James Whale 's 1931 Frankenstein and is shot in black - and - white with 1930s - style credits. Gene Wilder portrayed the descendant of Dr. Frankenstein, with Peter Boyle as the Monster. 1975 : The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the 1975 film adaptation of the British rock musical stageplay, The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ), written by Richard O'Brien. 1984 : Frankenweenie is a parody short film directed by Tim Burton, starring Barrett Oliver, Shelley Duvall and Daniel Stern. 1985 : The Bride starring Sting as Baron Charles Frankenstein and Jennifer Beals as Eva, a woman he creates in the same fashion as his infamous monster. 1986 : Gothic, directed by Ken Russell, is the story of the night that Mary Shelley gave birth to Frankenstein. Starring Gabriel Byrne, Julian Sands, Natasha Richardson. 1988 : Frankenstein ( フランケン シュタイン ) is a manga adaptation of Shelley 's novel by Junji Ito. 1989 : Frankenstein the Panto. A pantomime script by David Swan, combining elements of Frankenstein, Dracula, and traditional British panto. 1990 : Frankenstein Unbound. Combines a time - travel story with the story of Shelley 's novel. Scientist Joe Buchanan accidentally creates a time - rift which takes him back to the events of the novel. Filmed as a low - budget independent film in 1990, based on a novel published in 1973 by Brian Aldiss. This novel bears no relation to the 1967 stage musical with the same name listed above. 1991 : Khatra ( film ) is a Hindi movie of Bollywood made by director H.N. Singh loosely based on the story, Frankenstein. 1995 : Monster Mash is a film adaptation of I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You 'll Have to Spend the Night starring Bobby Pickett as Dr. Frankenstein. The film also features Candace Cameron Bure, Anthony Crivello and Mink Stole. 1998 : Billy Frankenstein is a very loose adaptation about a boy who moves into a mansion with his family and brings the Frankenstein monster to life. The film was directed by Fred Olen Ray. 2003 : Reading Frankenstein, a new media performance work in which Mary Shelley is a genetic engineer and artificial life scientist and her Creature a hybrid form of computational a-life. It was co-created by director Annie Loui and artist - writer Antoinette LaFarge for UC Irvine. 2004 : Frankenstein made - for - TV film based on Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein. 2005 : Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove, a 90 - minute feature film homage of classic monsters and Atomic Age creature features, shot in black and white, and directed by William Winckler. The Frankenstein Monster design and make - up was based on the character descriptions in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 's novel. 2009 : The Diary of Anne Frankenstein, a short film from Chillerrama. 2009 : Anuman Interactive ( French publisher ) launches Frankestein, a hidden objects game freely inspired by Mary Shelley 's book, on iPhone and iPad. 2011 : Frankenstein : Day of the Beast is an independent horror film based loosely on the original book. 2011 : Victor Frankenstein appears in the ABC show Once Upon a Time, a fantasy series on ABC that features multiple characters from fairy tales and classic literature trapped in the real world. 2012 : Frankenweenie, Tim Burton 's feature film remake of his 1984 short film of the same name. 2012 : In the Adventure Time episode `` Princess Monster Wife '', the Ice King removes body parts from all the princesses that rejected him and creates a jigsaw wife to love him. 2012 : A Nightmare on Lime Street, Fred Lawless 's comedy play starring David Gest staged at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool. 2014 : I, Frankenstein is a 2014 fantasy action film. The film stars Aaron Eckhart as Adam Frankenstein and Bill Nighy. The film is based on the graphic novel. 2014 : Frankenstein, MD, A web show by Pemberly Digital starring Victoria, a female adaptation of Victor. 2015 : The Supernatural season 10 episodes Book of the Damned, Dark Dynasty and The Prisoner feature the Styne Family which member Eldon Styne identifies as the descendants of the house of Frankenstein. According to Eldon, Mary Shelley had learned their secrets while on a visit to Castle Frankenstein and wrote a book based on her experiences, forcing the Frankensteins underground as the Stynes. The Stynes, through bioengineering and surgical enhancements, feature many of the superhuman features of Frankenstein 's monster. 2015 : The Frankenstein Chronicles, is a British television drama series - starring Sean Bean as John Marlott and Anna Maxwell Martin as Mary Shelley 2016 : Second Chance, a TV series known at one point as Frankenstein, was inspired by the classic. See also United Kingdom portal Books portal Frankenstein argument Frankenstein complex Frankenstein in Baghdad Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein 's monster Golem Homunculus Johann Conrad Dippel List of dreams Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 1 January 1818 ). `` Books Published This Day ''. The Times ( 10342 ). London, England. p. 4 -- via Newspapers.com. This day is published, in 3 vols., price 16s. 6d., a Work of Imagination, to be entitled Frankenstein ; or, The Modern Prometheus. Jump up ^ Hobbler, Dorthy and Thomas. The Monsters : Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein. Back Bay Books ; 20 August 2007. Jump up ^ Garrett, Martin. Mary Shelley. Oxford University Press, 2002 Jump up ^ Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. Atlanta, GA : Grove Press, 2002. pg 110 - 111 Jump up ^ The Detached Retina : Aspects of SF and Fantasy by Brian Aldiss ( 1995 ), page 78. Jump up ^ Bergen Evans, Comfortable Words, New York : Random House, 1957 Jump up ^ Bryan Garner, A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, New York, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of American English, Merriam - Webster : 2002 Jump up ^ `` Preface '', 1831 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ Sunstein, 118. Jump up ^ Dr. John Polidori, `` The Vampyre '' 1819, The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register ; London : H. Colburn, 1814 -- 1820. Vol. 1, No. 63. Jump up ^ paragraph 7, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 8, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 10, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ Shelley, Mary. Paragraphs 11 -- 13, `` Introduction '' Frankenstein ( 1831 edition ) Gutenberg Jump up ^ Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley 's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein. Jump up ^ Radford, Tim, Frankenstein 's hour of creation identified by astronomers, The Guardian, Sunday 25 September 2011 ( retrieved 5 January 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bennett, An Introduction, 30 -- 31 ; Sunstein, 124. Jump up ^ Sunstein, 117. Jump up ^ Hay, 103. Jump up ^ Lepore, Jill ( February 5, 2018 ). `` The Strange and Twisted Life of ' Frankenstein ' ''. The New Yorker. Jump up ^ Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Jump up ^ `` OX.ac.uk ''. Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Jump up ^ Mary Shelley, with Percy Shelley ( 2008 ). Charles E. Robinson, ed. The Original Frankenstein. Oxford : Bodleian Library. ISBN 978 - 1 - 851 - 24396 - 9. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Jump up ^ Robinson, Charles ( 1996 ). The Frankenstein Notebooks : A Facsimile Edition. 1. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. xxv. She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old, she finished it as Mary Shelley in April / May 1817 when she was nineteen... and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty. Jump up ^ Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley : An Introduction. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 Jump up ^ D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf, `` A Note on the Text '', Frankenstein, 2nd ed., Peterborough : Broadview Press, 1999. Jump up ^ Wollstonecraft Shelley, Mary ( 2000 ). Frankenstein. Bedford Publishing. p. 3. Jump up ^ See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition. Jump up ^ The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text, as is the `` Ignatius Critical Edition ''. Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions. Jump up ^ James Grande ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ). `` The Original Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson ''. The Independent. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ Frankenstein : Celluloid Monster at the National Library of Medicine website of the ( U.S. ) National Institutes of Health Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text '' ( PDF ). National Library of Medicine and ALA Public Programs Office. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2007. from the traveling exhibition Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Author 's Digest : The World 's Great Stories in Brief, by Rossiter Johnson, 1908 Jump up ^ The Reef, page 96. Jump up ^ zapomniana, Historia ( 24 January 2016 ). `` Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein ''. Jump up ^ Florescu 1996, pp. 48 -- 92. Jump up ^ Day, A.J. ( 2005 ). Fantasmagoriana ( Tales of the Dead ). Fantasmagoriana Press. pp. 149 -- 151. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 5291 - 0. Jump up ^ Helene, Jorge ( 12 September 2016 ). `` Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein, Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel ''. Darmstadt. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23. Jump up ^ Wade, Phillip. `` Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein. '' Milton and the Romantics, 2 ( December, 1976 ), 23 -- 25. Jump up ^ Jones 1952, pp. 496 -- 7. Jump up ^ Sandy, Mark ( 20 September 2002 ). `` Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire ''. The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. Retrieved 2 January 2007. Jump up ^ `` Percy Bysshe Shelley ( 1792 -- 1822 ) ''. Romantic Natural History. Department of English, Dickinson College. Retrieved 2 January 2007. Jump up ^ Percy Shelley # Ancestry Jump up ^ `` Journal 6 December -- Very Unwell. Shelley & Clary walk out, as usual, to heaps of places... A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir. Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event, which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells, etc., for it is the son of his wife. '' Quoted in Spark, 39. Jump up ^ For example, the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education Jump up ^ In the best - known versions of the Prometheus story, by Hesiod and Aeschylus, Prometheus merely brings fire to mankind. But in other versions, such as several of Aesop 's fables ( See in particular Fable 516 ), Sappho ( Fragment 207 ), and Ovid 's Metamorphoses, Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity. Jump up ^ ( Leonard Wolf, p. 20 ). Jump up ^ RoyalSoc.ac.uk `` Benjamin Franklin in London. '' The Royal Society. Retrieved 8 August 2007. Jump up ^ Douthwaite, `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution '' chapter 2 of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France ( Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France, 2012 ). Jump up ^ Ruston, Sharon ( 25 November 2015 ). `` The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ''. The Public Domain Review. Jump up ^ This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the 2008 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ `` Crossref-it.info ''. Crossref-it.info. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` Review of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus ''. The Quarterly Review. 18 : 379 -- 385. January 1818. Jump up ^ `` Enotes.com ''. Enotes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Jump up ^ `` KCTCS.edu ''. Octc.kctcs.edu. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Jump up ^ Germaine Greer ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ). `` Yes, Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley. It 's obvious - because the book is so bad ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04. Jump up ^ L Lipking Frankenstein the True Story ; or Rousseau Judges Jean - Jacques. ( Published in the Norton critical edition. 1996 ) Jump up ^ UTM.edu Lynn Alexander, Department of English, University of Tennessee at Martin. Retrieved 27 August 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Frankenstein : Behind the monster smash ''. BBC. 1 January 2018. Jump up ^ Lawson, Shanon ( 11 February 1998 ). `` A Chronology of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : 1825 -- 1835 ''. umd.edu. Retrieved 8 July 2008. Jump up ^ Blood on the Stage, 1950 -- 1975 : Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery and Detection, by Amnon Kabatchnik. Scarecrow Press, 2011, p. 300 Jump up ^ Lawson, Carol ( 7 January 1981 ). `` '' FRANKENSTEIN '' NEARLY CAME BACK TO LIFE ``. New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Jump up ^ Hickling, Alfred ( 20 March 2011 ). `` Frankenstein 's Wedding -- review ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2016. Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference BBc 2018 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ). Jump up ^ `` Announcing FRANKENSTEIN, a new interactive literary app for iPad and iPhone ''. Profile Books. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Jump up ^ Hello Igor... Daniel Radcliffe gets into character on the set of the brand new Frankenstein movie, The Daily Mail Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein 4 -- 27 May 2016. Main Stage. The world premiere of Liam Scarlett 's new full - length ballet, inspired by Mary Shelley 's Gothic masterpiece ''. roh.org.uk. Royal Opera House. Retrieved 24 May 2016. Jump up ^ Slavin, Rose ( 11 May 2016 ). `` Frankenstein to be relayed live to BP Big Screens in the UK and cinemas around the world on 18 May 2016 ''. Royal Opera House. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( 22 May 2017 ). `` Universal Pictures Unveils `` Dark Universe '' With Name, Mark and Musical Theme for its Classic Monsters Series of Films ``. PR Newswire. Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike ( 5 October 2017 ). `` ' Bride Of Frankenstein ' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed ; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Laughs ''. American Film Institute. Retrieved 21 November 2010. Jump up ^ LaFarge, Antoinette, and Annie Loui. `` Excerpts from Reading Frankenstein : Mary Shelley as 21st Century Artificial Life Scientist ''. Ada : A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology, Fall 2013. Jump up ^ `` Communiqués officiels des jeux vidéo ''. AFJV. Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare On Lime Street -- Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool ''. Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik ( 2 March 2015 ). `` Rob Kazinsky Is Fox 's ' Frankenstein ' Monster ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 30 March 2017. References Aldiss, Brian W. `` On the Origin of Species : Mary Shelley ''. Speculations on Speculation : Theories of Science Fiction. Eds. James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria. Lanham, Maryland : Scarecrow, 2005. Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein 's Shadow : Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth - Century Writing. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1987. Bann, Stephen, ed. `` Frankenstein '' : Creation and Monstrosity. London : Reaktion, 1994. Behrendt, Stephen C., ed. Approaches to Teaching Shelley 's `` Frankenstein ''. New York : MLA, 1990. Bennett, Betty T. and Stuart Curran, eds. Mary Shelley in Her Times. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5976 - X. Bohls, Elizabeth A. `` Standards of Taste, Discourses of ' Race ', and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster : Critique of Empire in Frankenstein ''. Eighteenth - Century Life 18.3 ( 1994 ) : 23 -- 36. Botting, Fred. Making Monstrous : `` Frankenstein '', Criticism, Theory. New York : St. Martin 's, 1991. Chapman, D. That Not Impossible She : A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein, UK : Concept, 2011. ISBN 978 - 1480047617 Clery, E.J. Women 's Gothic : From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley. Plymouth : Northcote House, 2000. Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. Iconoclastic Departures : Mary Shelley after `` Frankenstein '' : Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley 's Birth. Madison, New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. Donawerth, Jane. Frankenstein 's Daughters : Women Writing Science Fiction. Syracuse : Syracuse University Press, 1997. Douthwaite, Julia V. `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution, '' chapter two of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2012. Dunn, Richard J. `` Narrative Distance in Frankenstein ''. Studies in the Novel 6 ( 1974 ) : 408 -- 17. Eberle - Sinatra, Michael, ed. Mary Shelley 's Fictions : From `` Frankenstein '' to `` Falkner ''. New York : St. Martin 's Press, 2000. Ellis, Kate Ferguson. The Contested Castle : Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology. Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 1989. Florescu, Radu ( 1996 ). In Search of Frankenstein : Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley 's Monster ( 2nd ed. ). London : Robson Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 861 - 05033 - 5. Forry, Steven Earl. Hideous Progenies : Dramatizations of `` Frankenstein '' from Mary Shelley to the Present. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. Freedman, Carl. `` Hail Mary : On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction ''. Science Fiction Studies 29.2 ( 2002 ) : 253 -- 64. Gigante, Denise. `` Facing the Ugly : The Case of Frankenstein ''. ELH 67.2 ( 2000 ) : 565 -- 87. Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic : The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth - Century Literary Imagination. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1979. Hay, Daisy `` Young Romantics '' ( 2010 ) : 103. Heffernan, James A.W. `` Looking at the Monster : Frankenstein and Film ''. Critical Inquiry 24.1 ( 1997 ) : 133 -- 58. Hodges, Devon. `` Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel ''. Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature 2.2 ( 1983 ) : 155 -- 64. Hoeveler, Diane Long. Gothic Feminism : The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës. University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. Holmes, Richard. Shelley : The Pursuit. 1974. London : Harper Perennial, 2003. ISBN 0 - 00 - 720458 - 2. Jones, Frederick L. ( 1952 ). `` Shelley and Milton ''. Studies in Philology. 49 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 519. JSTOR 4173024. Knoepflmacher, U.C. and George Levine, eds. The Endurance of `` Frankenstein '' : Essays on Mary Shelley 's Novel. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1979. Lew, Joseph W. `` The Deceptive Other : Mary Shelley 's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein ''. Studies in Romanticism 30.2 ( 1991 ) : 255 -- 83. Lauritsen, John. `` The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein ''. Pagan Press, 2007. London, Bette. `` Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, and the Spectacle of Masculinity ''. PMLA 108.2 ( 1993 ) : 256 -- 67. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley : Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York : Methuen, 1988. Michaud, Nicolas, Frankenstein and Philosophy : The Shocking Truth, Chicago : Open Court, 2013. Miles, Robert. Gothic Writing 1750 -- 1820 : A Genealogy. London : Routledge, 1993. Milner, Andrew. Literature, Culture and Society. London : Routledge, 2005, ch. 5. O'Flinn, Paul. `` Production and Reproduction : The Case of Frankenstein ''. Literature and History 9.2 ( 1983 ) : 194 -- 213. Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer : Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1984. Rauch, Alan. `` The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ''. Studies in Romanticism 34.2 ( 1995 ) : 227 -- 53. Selbanev, Xtopher. `` Natural Philosophy of the Soul '', Western Press, 1999. Schor, Esther, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003. Scott, Grant F. ( 1934 ). `` Victor 's Secret : Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward 's Illustrations to Frankenstein ''. Word & Image - 28 ( April -- June 2012 ). pp. 206 -- 232. Smith, Johanna M., ed. Frankenstein. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's, 1992. Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelley. London : Cardinal, 1987. ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0318 - X. Stableford, Brian. `` Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction ''. Anticipations : Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors. Ed. David Seed. Syracuse : Syracuse University Press, 1995. Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley : Romance and Reality. 1989. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4218 - 2. Tropp, Martin. Mary Shelley 's Monster. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1976. Veeder, William. Mary Shelley & Frankenstein : The Fate of Androgyny. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1986. Williams, Anne. The Art of Darkness : A Poetics of Gothic. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1995. Further reading Richard Holmes, `` Out of Control '' ( review of Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus : Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, MIT Press, 277 pp. ; and Mary Shelley, The New Annotated Frankenstein, edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger, Liveright, 352 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 ( 21 December 2017 ), pp. 38, 40 -- 41. Editions 1818 text Shelley, Mary Frankenstein : 1818 text ( Oxford University Press, 2009 ). Edited with an introduction and notes by Marilyn Butler. 1831 text Fairclough, Peter ( ed. ) Three Gothic Novels : Walpole / Castle of Otranto, Beckford / Vathek, Mary Shelley / Frankenstein ( Penguin English Library, 1968 ). With an introductory essay by Mario Praz. Shelley, Mary Frankenstein ( Oxford University Press, 2008 ). Edited with an introduction and notes by M.K. Joseph. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankenstein. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frankenstein Wikisource has original text related to this article : Frankenstein Frankenstein at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein 1818 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site `` On Frankenstein '', review by Percy Bysshe Shelley `` 13 Ways of Looking at Frankenstein '', slideshow by Life `` My Hideous Progeny : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' Frankenstein : a new reality! Inside look at the `` Frankenstein Phenomenon '' Inside look at the `` Read original Frankenstein by Mary Shelley '' Crash Course Literature - Frankenstein ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Frankenstein - Italian Style ( 1975 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Frankenhooker ( 1990 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Frankenthumb ( 2002 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Others Frankenstein ( 1910 ) Life Without Soul ( 1915 ) The Monster of Frankenstein ( 1920 ) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein ( 1957 ) Frankenstein 1970 ( 1958 ) Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster ( 1965 ) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1966 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Lady Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Frankenstein ' 80 ( 1972 ) Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Blackenstein ( 1973 ) Frankenstein 's Castle of Freaks ( 1974 ) Frankenstein Legend of Terror ( 1981 ) Frankenstein Island ( 1981 ) The Bride ( 1985 ) Frankenstein Unbound ( 1990 ) Frankenstein ( 1992 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove ( 2005 ) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl ( 2009 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Frankenstein : Day of the Beast ( 2011 ) Frankenstein 's Army ( 2013 ) The Frankenstein Theory ( 2013 ) I, Frankenstein ( 2014 ) Army of Frankensteins ( 2014 ) Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Victor Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Television Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 ) Frankenstein : The True Story ( 1973 ) Struck by Lightning ( 1979 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Frankenstein ( 2004, TV film ) Frankenstein ( 2004, miniseries ) Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 ) Once Upon a Time `` The Doctor '' ( 2012 ) `` In the Name of the Brother '' ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( 2015 ) Second Chance ( 2016 ) Stage Presumption ; or, the Fate of Frankenstein ( 1823 ) Frankenstein, or The Vampire 's Victim ( 1887 ) Joined At The Heart ( 2007 ) Frankenstein -- A New Musical ( 2007 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Frankenstein ( 2011 play ) Frankenstein 's Wedding ( 2011 play ) Novels Frankenstein 's Aunt ( 1978 ) Frankenstein 's Aunt Returns ( 1989 ) Frankenstein 's Cat ( 2001 ) Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein Prodigal Son ( 2005 ) City of Night ( 2005 ) Dead and Alive ( 2009 ) Lost Souls ( 2010 ) Frankenstein in Baghdad ( 2013 ) Comics Bernie Wrightson 's Frankenstein Frankenstein ( DC Comics ) Frankenstein ( Dell Comics ) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein 's Monster ( Marvel Comics ) Frankenstein ( Prize Comics ) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein Frankenstein : The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Frankenstein : Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Related Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Johann Conrad Dippel Frankenstrat ( guitar ) `` Frankenstein '' ( 1973 single ) Frankenstein ( Death Race ) Frankenstein, MD ( 2014 ) Mary Shelley Works History of a Six Weeks ' Tour Frankenstein Mathilda Proserpine Midas Valperga `` Maurice '' The Last Man The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck `` The Mortal Immortal '' Lodore Falkner Rambles in Germany and Italy Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men Family Percy Bysshe Shelley ( husband ) Percy Florence Shelley ( son ) Mary Wollstonecraft ( mother ) William Godwin ( father ) Fanny Imlay ( half - sister ) Claire Clairmont ( stepsister ) Related Mounseer Nongtongpaw Frankenstein in popular culture Rowing with the Wind ( 1988 film ) Lord Byron John Polidori Thomas Jefferson Hogg Organ transplantation in fiction Novels and short stories Frankenstein ( 1818 ) Les Mains d'Orlac ( 1920 ) A Gift from Earth ( 1968 ) Coma ( 1977 ) Pegasus in Flight ( 1990 ) Flatlander ( 1995 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2004 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2005 ) Unwind ( 2007 ) Films The Hands of Orlac ( 1924 ) Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Mad Love ( 1935 ) The Hands of Orlac ( 1960 ) Hands of a Stranger ( 1962 ) Night of the Bloody Apes ( 1969 ) The Amazing Transplant ( 1970 ) Percy ( 1971 ) The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant ( 1971 ) The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler ( 1971 ) The Thing with Two Heads ( 1972 ) Mansion of the Doomed ( 1976 ) Coma ( 1978 ) Parts : The Clonus Horror ( 1979 ) Fleisch ( 1979 ) The Man with Two Brains ( 1983 ) Body Parts ( 1991 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) The Eye ( 2002 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2002 ) 21 Grams ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Turistas ( 2006 ) Awake ( 2007 ) Seven Pounds ( 2008 ) Repo! The Genetic Opera ( 2008 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) The Harvest ( 2013 ) Pound of Flesh ( 2015 ) Television `` Spock 's Brain '' ( 1968 ) The Brain of Morbius ( 1976 ) `` Appointment on Route 17 '' ( 1988 ) `` Phage '' ( Vidiians ) ( 1995 ) Three Rivers ( 2009 - 2010 ) Coma ( 2012 ) iZombie ( 2015 ) Music `` Gary Gilmore 's Eyes '' ( 1977 ) Concepts Organ trade Organlegging Brain transplantation Body horror VIAF : 185508590 LCCN : n84007242 GND : 4220200 - 0 SUDOC : 027515354 BNF : cb11953887q ( data ) NLA : 35303735 BNE : XX2187643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&oldid=827713020 '' Categories : Frankenstein British science fiction novels British novels adapted into films Gothic novels British horror novels Epistolary novels Romanticism Novels set in the Arctic Novels set in Germany Novels set in Switzerland Novels by Mary Shelley Works published anonymously Debut novels Novels about revenge Frame stories 1818 British novels Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1810s science fiction novels 1810s fantasy novels Science fiction horror novels Experimental medical treatments in fiction Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018, at 08 : 10. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry. After a four - month recovery, he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William. Upon arriving in Geneva, Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain, leading him to believe his creation is responsible. Justine Moritz, William 's nanny, is convicted of the crime after William 's locket, which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline, is found in her pocket. Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged, as he knows no one would believe his story. Ravaged by grief and guilt, Victor retreats into the mountains. The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale. The Creature 's narrative Intelligent and articulate, the Creature relates his first days of life, living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance, which led him to fear and hide from them. While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage, he grew fond of the poor family living there, and discreetly collected firewood for them. Secretly living among the family for months, the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods. When" ], "id": [ "12925333639615339095" ], "short_answers": [ "the mountains" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Mirroring ( psychology ) - wikipedia Mirroring ( psychology ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mirroring in an argument. Mirroring is the behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another. Mirroring often occurs in social situations, particularly in the company of close friends or family. The concept often affects other individuals ' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors, which can lead to the individual building rapport with others. Mirroring is the subconscious replication of another person 's nonverbal signals. This concept takes place in everyday interactions, and often goes unnoticed by both the person enacting the mirroring behaviors as well as the individual who is being mirrored. The activation of mirror neurons takes place within the individual who begins to mirror another 's movements, and allows them a greater connection and understanding with the individual who they are mirroring, as well as allowing the individual who is being mirrored to feel a stronger connection with the other individual. Mirroring is distinct from conscious imitation under the premise that while the latter is a conscious, typically overt effort to copy another person, mirroring is subconsciously done during the act and often goes unnoticed. The display of mirroring often begins as early as infancy, as babies begin to mimic individuals around them and establish connections with particular body movements. The ability to mimic another person 's actions allows the infant to establish a sense of empathy and thus begin to understand another person 's emotions. The infant continues to establish connections with other individual 's emotions and subsequently mirror their movements. Mirroring can establish rapport with the individual who is being mirrored, as the similarities in nonverbal gestures allow the individual to feel more connected with the person exhibiting the mirrored behavior. As the two individuals in the situation display similar nonverbal gestures, they may believe that they share similar attitudes and ideas as well. Mirror neurons react to and cause these movements, allowing the individuals to feel a greater sense of engagement and belonging within the situation. Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 1.1 Interviews 1.2 Effects of lacking 2 Development 2.1 Self - concept 2.2 Empathy 3 Rapport 3.1 Power dynamics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Occurrence ( edit ) Mirroring taking place during a meeting with President Reagan. Mirroring generally takes place subconsciously as individuals react with the situation. Mirroring is common in conversation, as the listeners will typically smile or frown along with the speaker, as well as imitate body posture or attitude about the topic. Individuals may be more willing to empathize with and accept people whom they believe hold similar interests and beliefs, and thus mirroring the person with whom one is speaking may establish connections between the individuals involved. Interviews ( edit ) Additionally, mirroring may play a role in how well an individual fares in a job interview. Within a study conducted by Word, Zanna and Cooper, interviewers were instructed to follow specific types of body language in different experimental conditions. In one condition, interviewers were instructed to demonstrate distant and uninterested body language ( such as leaning away or avoiding eye contact ), and in another condition they were asked to demonstrate more welcoming body language ( such as smiling and making eye contact ). As a result, the individuals being interviewed began to mirror the actions of the interviewer, and thus the individuals in the condition with less friendly body language fared worse within the interview than did individuals in the friendly condition. The study demonstrates that the initial attitudes that an interviewer may have of the individual being interviewed may affect the performance of the interviewee due to mirroring. Effects of lacking ( edit ) Individuals with autism or other social difficulties may be less likely to exhibit mirroring, as they may be less subconsciously and consciously aware of the actions of others. This factor may cause additional difficulties for the individuals, as without mirroring, establishing connections with other people may be more difficult. Additionally, other individuals may be less likely to build rapport with the person, as without mirroring the person may seem more dissimilar and less friendly. Individuals who are not subconsciously aware of gesture may have difficulties in social situations, as they may be less able to understand another person 's perspective without it being explicitly stated, and thus may not understand covert cues that are often used in the social world. It is possible, though very rare, for some of these individuals to deliberately learn and become aware of these cues. This, however, is the exception to the rule, not the norm. Development ( edit ) A young boy mirrors the gesture of his grandmother. In infant - parent interactions, mirroring consists of the parent imitating the infant 's expressions while vocalizing the emotion implied by the expression. This imitation helps the infant to associate the emotion with their expression, as well as feel validated in their own emotions as the parent shows approval through imitation. Studies have demonstrated that mirroring is an important part of child and infant development. According to Kohut 's theories of self - psychology, individuals need a sense of validation and belonging in order to establish their concepts of self. When parents mirror their infants, the action may help the child develop a greater sense of self - awareness and self - control, as they can see their emotions within their parent 's faces. Additionally, infants may learn and experience new emotions, facial expressions, and gestures by mirroring expressions that their parents utilize. The process of mirroring may help infants establish connections of expressions to emotions and thus promote social communication later in life. Infants also learn to feel secure and valid in their own emotions through mirroring, as the parent 's imitation of their emotions may help the child recognize their own thoughts and feelings more readily. Self - concept ( edit ) Main article : Self - concept Mirroring has been shown to play a critical role in the development of an infant 's notion of self. The importance of mirroring suggests that infants primarily gather their social skills from their parents, and thus a household that lacks mirroring may inhibit the child 's social development. Without mirroring, it may be difficult for the child to relate their emotions to socially learned expressions and thus have a difficult experience in expressing their own emotions. Empathy ( edit ) Main article : Empathy The inability to properly mirror other individuals may strain the child 's social relationships later in life. This strain may exist because others may feel more distant from the child due to a lack of rapport, or because the child may have a difficult time feeling empathy for others without mirroring. Mirroring helps to facilitate empathy, as individuals more readily experience other people 's emotions through mimicking posture and gestures. This empathy may help individuals create lasting relationships and thus excel in social situations. The action of mirroring allows individuals to believe they are more similar to another person, and perceived similarity can be the basis for creating a relationship. Rapport ( edit ) Main article : Rapport Rapport may be an important part of social life, as establishing rapport with an individual is generally the initial route to becoming friends or acquaintances with another person. Mirroring can help establish rapport, as exhibiting similar actions, attitudes, and speech patterns as another person may lead them to believe that one is more similar to them and thus more likely to be a friend. Individuals may believe that because one replicates the individual 's gestures, that one may hold similar beliefs and attitudes as the individual. Mirroring may be more pervasive in close friendships or romantic relationships, as the individuals regard each other highly and thus wish to emulate or appease them. Additionally, individuals who are friends may have more similarities than two strangers, and thus may be more likely to exhibit similar body language regardless of mirroring. Power dynamics ( edit ) Main article : Power ( social and political ) Additionally, individuals are likely to mirror the person of higher status or power within the situation. Mirroring individuals of higher power may create an illusion of higher status, or create rapport with the individual in power, thus allowing the person to gain favor with the individual in power. This mechanism may be helpful for individuals in situations where they are in a position of bargaining with an individual who possesses more power, as the rapport that mirroring creates may help to persuade the higher status individual to help the person of lower status. These situations include job interviews, other work situations such as requesting promotions, parent - child interactions, and asking professors for favors. Each of these situations involve one party who is in a more powerless position for bargaining, and another party who has the ability to fulfill the person of lower status 's needs, but may not necessarily wish to. Thus, mirroring can be a useful tool for individuals of lower status in order to persuade the other party to relinquish goods or privileges for the lower status party. See also ( edit ) Eye contact Facial expression Gesture Kinesthetic learning Nonverbal communication Mirror stage Mirror neuron Posture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chartrand, T. ; Bargh, J. `` The Chameleon Effect : The Perception - Behavior Link and Social Interaction '' ( PDF ). yale.edu. New York University. Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ Pineda, J. ( 2007 ). Mirror neuron systems : The role of mirroring processes in social cognition. Atlanta, GA : Emory University. pp. 191 -- 212. access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Iacoboni, M. ( 2008 ). Mirroring people : The new science of how we connect with others. New York, NY : Picador. access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Word, C.O. ; Zanna, M.P. ; Cooper, J. ( 1974 ). `` The nonverbal mediation of self - fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction ''. Journal of Experimental Social Psycholocy. 10 : 109 -- 120. doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 74 ) 90059 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Meltzoff, A. ( 1990 ). Foundations for developing a concept of self : The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring, social modeling, and self practice in infancy. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. pp. 139 -- 164. Jump up ^ Gergely, G. ; Watson, J. ( 1996 ). `` The social biofeedback theory of parental affect - mirroring : The development of emotional self - awareness and self - control in infancy '' ( PDF ). The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 77 : 1181 -- 1212. Retrieved 9 December 2014. Jump up ^ Kohut, H. ( 1985 ). Self Psychology and the Humanities. New York & London : W.W. Norton & Co. Jump up ^ Jermann, P. ; Soller, A. ; Muehlenbrock, M. ( 2001 ). From mirroring to guiding : A review of the state of art technology for supporting collaborative learning ( PDF ). Maastricht, Netherlands : European Conference on Computer - Supported Collaborative Learning. pp. 324 -- 331. Jump up ^ Mintz, S. ( 1985 ). Sweetness and Power. Harmondsworth : Penguin. Jump up ^ Talley, L. ; Temple, S. ( 2015 ). `` How Leaders Influence Followers Through the Use of Nonverbal Communication ''. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal. 36 : 69 -- 80. doi : 10.1108 / lodj - 07 - 2013 - 0107. Retrieved 4 February 2016. External links ( edit ) Mirroring a tool for Rapport Imitation / Exercise NLP and Social Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirroring_(psychology)&oldid=841220971 '' Categories : Human communication Interpersonal relationships Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 17 : 19 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Mirroring (psychology)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mirroring_(psychology)&amp;oldid=841220971" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Mirroring ( psychology ) - wikipedia Mirroring ( psychology ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mirroring in an argument. Mirroring is the behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another. Mirroring often occurs in social situations, particularly in the company of close friends or family. The concept often affects other individuals ' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors, which can lead to the individual building rapport with others. Mirroring is the subconscious replication of another person 's nonverbal signals. This concept takes place in everyday interactions, and often goes unnoticed by both the person enacting the mirroring behaviors as well as the individual who is being mirrored. The activation of mirror neurons takes place within the individual who begins to mirror another 's movements, and" ], "id": [ "14412581956712884279" ], "short_answers": [ "Mirroring" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Killing Genre Serial drama Crime drama Mystery Based on Forbrydelsen by Søren Sveistrup Developed by Veena Sud Starring Mireille Enos Billy Campbell Joel Kinnaman and others Theme music composer We Fell to Earth Composer ( s ) Frans Bak Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Veena Sud Mikkel Bondesen Søren Sveistrup Piv Bernth Ingolf Gabold Dawn Prestwich Nicole Yorkin Producer ( s ) Aaron Zelman Jeremy Doner Kristen Campo Location ( s ) Vancouver, British Columbia Running time 42 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Fox Television Studios Fuse Entertainment KMF Films Fabrik Entertainment Release Original network AMC ( 2011 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1080p ( HD ) ( 2014 ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 3, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) -- August 1, 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3, 2011, on AMC, based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ). The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment. Set in Seattle, Washington, the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ). AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012, but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix. The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013, but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series. The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1, 2014. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 Production 3.1 First cancellation and revival 3.2 Second cancellation and revival 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Season 1 4.1. 2 Season 2 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Distribution 6 Online promotion 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing characters Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Mireille Enos Sarah Linden Main Billy Campbell Darren Richmond Main Does not appear Guest Joel Kinnaman Stephen Holder Main Michelle Forbes Mitch Larsen Main Does not appear Brent Sexton Stan Larsen Main Does not appear Kristin Lehman Gwen Eaton Main Does not appear Eric Ladin Jamie Wright Main Does not appear Brendan Sexton III Belko Royce Main Does not appear Jamie Anne Allman Terry Marek Main Does not appear Annie Corley Regi Darnell Main Recurring Guest Liam James Jack Linden Recurring Main Guest Main Elias Koteas James Skinner Does not appear Main Does not appear Hugh Dillon Francis Becker Does not appear Main Does not appear Amy Seimetz Danette Leeds Does not appear Main Guest Bex Taylor - Klaus Bullet Does not appear Main Does not appear Julia Sarah Stone Lyric Does not appear Main Does not appear Max Fowler Twitch Does not appear Main Does not appear Peter Sarsgaard Ray Seward Does not appear Main Does not appear Gregg Henry Carl Reddick Does not appear Recurring Main Tyler Ross Kyle Stansbury Does not appear Main Sterling Beaumon Lincoln Knopf Does not appear Main Levi Meaden AJ Fielding Does not appear Main Joan Allen Margaret Rayne Does not appear Main Recurring ( edit ) Evan Bird as Tom Larsen, Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Seth Isaac Johnson as Denny Larsen, Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Tom Butler as Lesley Adams, the mayor ( season 1 -- 2 ) Garry Chalk as Lt. Michael Oakes, the detectives ' boss ( season 1 -- 2 ) Katie Findlay as Rosie Larsen, the teenage girl who was found dead ( season 1 -- 2 ) Brandon Jay McLaren as Bennet Ahmed, a teacher at Rosie 's high school ( season 1 -- 2 ) Ashley Johnson as Amber Ahmed, Bennet Ahmed 's wife ( season 1 -- 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Rick Felder, Sarah 's fiancée ( season 1 -- 2 ) Kacey Rohl as Sterling Fitch, Rosie 's best friend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Alan Dale as Senator Eaton, Gwen 's father ( season 1 -- 2 ) Richard Harmon as Jasper Ames, Rosie 's ex-boyfriend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Barclay Hope as Michael Ames, Jasper 's father ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Claudia Ferri as Nicole Jackson, the manager of the Wapi Eagle Casino ( season 1 -- 2 ) Don Thompson as Janek Kovarsky, a figure from Stan Larsen 's shady past ( season 1 -- 2 ) Mark Moses as Lt. Erik Carlson, Linden 's new boss at the police department ( season 2 ) Brian Markinson as Gil Sloane, Holder 's NA sponsor ( season 2 ) Ben Cotton as Pastor Mike, director of Beacon House, the youth homeless shelter ( season 3 ) Aaron Douglas as Evan Henderson, a death row prison guard ( season 3 ) Nicholas Lea as Dale Daniel Shannon, a death row inmate ( season 3 ) Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift, Holder 's girlfriend and a District Attorney ( season 3 -- 4 ) Katherine Evans as Bethany Skinner, James Skinner 's daughter ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Series overview ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 April 3, 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) June 19, 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) AMC 13 April 1, 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 17, 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 12 June 2, 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) August 4, 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 6 August 1, 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Netflix Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 1 ) The first season covers the first two weeks of the investigation of the murder of local teenager Rosie Larsen and has three main storylines : the police investigation into Rosie 's murder, the Larsen family 's attempts to deal with their grief, and the fluctuating electoral fortunes of a political campaign that becomes embroiled in the case. Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 2 ) The season resumes the investigation into the murder and reveals secrets about the Larsen family as well as a possible conspiracy within the campaign race and the Seattle police department. The Larsen murder case gets closed with the discovery of those involved in it. Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 3 ) A year after the Rosie Larsen case, Stephen Holder searches for a runaway girl and uncovers a string of murders connected to one of Sarah Linden 's previous murder investigations. Linden, no longer a detective, must return to both a career and a case she had put behind her. Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 4 ) The fourth season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all - boys military academy. Production ( edit ) The pilot was ordered by AMC in January 2010 and then was picked up for a full series order in August 2010. The series is filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, with some scenes in season two filmed in Coquitlam, British Columbia, at Riverview Hospital. Production began on the pilot episode on December 2, 2010. The pilot is written by series creator and executive producer Veena Sud and is directed by Patty Jenkins. In contrast to the original Danish series, executive producer Veena Sud explained, `` We 're creating our own world. We are using the Danish series as a blueprint, but we are kind of diverging and creating our own world, our world of suspects and, potentially, ultimately who killed Rosie Larsen. '' Sud describes the series as `` slow - burn storytelling in a sense that every moment that we do n't have to prettify or gloss over or make something necessarily easy to digest, that we 're able to go to all sorts of places that are honest, and dark, and beautiful and tragic, in a way that is how a story should be told. '' First cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC announced on July 27, 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season. However, Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks. In August 2012, it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the series. In November 2012, it was confirmed that Fox Television Studios was in final negotiations with Netflix to continue the series for a third season. AMC, which had originally canceled the show, was also included in the deal, which would gain the network the privilege of airing the new episodes before being hosted by Netflix, in return for sharing any associated production costs with Netflix. Variety reported on November 30, 2012, that the show would be returning to AMC, planning for a May 2013 debut, with production set to begin months before that. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman were confirmed to return, with Veena Sud as showrunner and returning writers including executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin. On December 12, 2012, it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell, Michelle Forbes, and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season. On January 15, 2013, AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 - episode third season. Production started on February 25, 2013, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and ended on June 25, 2013. Second cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC ultimately canceled the series after the third season in September 2013. However, in November 2013, two months after its cancellation, Netflix announced it had picked up The Killing for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman returned, with Veena Sud as showrunner, and executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reviewers and fans of three seasons of Veena Sud 's U.S. TV series, The Killing, have noted similarities and borrowed elements from David Lynch 's TV series Twin Peaks and the follow - up film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me, and compared and contrasted Sud and Lynch 's works. Season 1 ( edit ) The series premiere was praised by most critics, Metacritic gave it a score of 84 / 100 based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating `` Universal acclaim ''. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave the series a very positive review, calling it `` excellent, absorbing and addictive. When each episode ends, you long for the next -- a hallmark of great dramas. '' Goodman also praised Mireille Enos 's performance as the lead character Sarah, saying, `` It 's not until you watch Enos play Sarah for a while that it sinks in -- there has n't been a female American character like her probably ever. '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker gave it a B+, saying, `` The acting is strikingly good '' and that `` ( s ) ome viewers may find The Killing a little too cold and deliberate, but give it time. Its intensity builds steadily, giving the series unexpected power. '' Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun said the series `` is soaked in atmosphere and steeped in the stark realism of Scandinavian crime novelists Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson '' and that it `` is not as much about a young girl 's murder as it is a psychological study of what happens afterward, how a tight - knit community tries to recover and how a dead child 's mother, father and siblings learn to deal with their pain in their own private ways. '' Matt Roush of TV Guide applauded the series, calling the acting `` tremendous '' and saying that he `` was instantly hooked by the moody atmosphere of this season - long murder mystery set in Seattle. '' He went on to say, `` What really stands out for me, in this age of cookie - cutter procedurals, is how The Killing dramatizes the devastation a violent death has on a family, a community, on the people involved in the investigation. Nothing about this show is routine. '' Subsequent episodes were met with lesser praise by some critics, criticizing the show 's reliance upon increasingly implausible red herrings to drive each episode and the withholding of details about each character 's background, especially Rosie 's, thus making them difficult to relate to or empathize with. The first - season finale was met with negative reviews from some critics. The Los Angeles Times called it `` one of the most frustrating finales in TV history, '' with Alan Sepinwall of HitFix.com calling the end `` insulting. '' Finally, Maureen Ryan of AOL TV said that the finale `` killed off any interest I had in ever watching the show again. '' `` ( The show ) began last spring looking like the smartest, most stylish pilot in years, '' complained Heather Havrilevsky in The New York Times Magazine. `` Fast - forward to the finale, in which we learn that what we 've been watching is actually a 26 - hour - long episode of Law & Order, and we 're only halfway through it. '' Season 2 ( edit ) The early seasonal episodes received generally favorable reviews from critics, with Metacritic giving it a score of 68 / 100 based on reviews from 23 critics. Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun - Times stated : `` Few television shows are as addictive as this pensive, wonderfully paced suspenser. '' The Washington Post 's Hank Stuever stated : `` My own enjoyment of The Killing begins and ends with the gloom so brilliantly conveyed by its pace and performances. '' Brian Lowry of Variety stated the series remained `` compelling, '' adding that `` the writers... are adept at overcoming the stodgy pace by dangling tantalizing clues near each hour 's end, creating a strong pull to see what transpires next. '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall compared this season to the first and called it `` better. '' He added : `` The performances are still good, and now the characterization is a bit better. When you add that to the fine atmosphere... and you view the mystery itself as a kind of necessary evil that allows you to see the parts of the show that do work, then it 's not bad. '' The season finale, `` What I Know, '' received mixed reviews. Sepinwall stated : `` I 'd like to say that season 2 of The Killing was an improvement on season 1, and in some ways, it probably was. The second season certainly did a better job of doing what Veena Sud claimed to be doing last year, in that it took advantage of the extra time to sketch in some of the characters... I honestly feel like any kinder feelings I have for the second season came from the complete lack of investment I had in it. '' Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic rated the finale 4.7 out of 5 stars, but, upon first viewing, `` was n't sure what to feel. I was n't elated. I was n't excited '' but after watching it again was `` sucked into the world, mesmerized not by the victory of our hero cops... but by the gut - wrenching moments that unfolded. '' CraveOnline 's William Bibbiani called the finale `` an odd duck. '' After citing Jamie 's early revelation as `` melodramatic silliness, '' Bibbiani added : `` The rest of the episode gets its job done, with one major, glaring flaw. The characters end up more or less where they need to be, but some nearly ridiculous loose ends remain. '' Brandon Nowalk of The A.V. Club rated this finale a C -, calling it `` so unconvincing, '' adding `` I could n't believe how little all this resolution affected me after The Killing so thrillingly took my grudging engagement for a ride a few weeks ago. This is the same show that delivered Richmond 's hospital nightmare, the hunt for Holder, the anti-Western standoff `` Sayonara, Hiawatha, '' and the crazy train of the last two weeks? No, this is the full - circle episode, the one that takes the show back to its roots. Wah wah. '' Ratings ( edit ) When it premiered, the pilot was AMC 's second - highest original series premiere, following The Walking Dead. The premiere drew 2.7 million viewers and a 2 household rating. The two encores of the premiere episode brought the ratings of the premiere up to a total of 4.6 million total viewers and a 3.7 household rating. The UK premiere on Channel 4 brought in 2.2 million viewers. In the second season, the viewership and ratings dipped to a series low 1.59 million viewers and 0.6 rating with adults aged 18 -- 49. The following table shows viewer numbers, in millions, for the first airings : The Killing : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 2.72 2.72 2.56 2.51 2.25 1.81 1.83 1.98 1.69 1.97 1.98 1.83 2.32 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.65 1.59 1.35 1.34 1.61 1.31 1.31 1.67 1.84 1.45 1.76 1.76 1.47 1.36 1.67 1.37 1.62 1.52 1.35 1.47 1.48 1.48 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for The Killing Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2011 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Patty Jenkins ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Veena Sud ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Elizabeth Kling ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series The Killing Nominated 2012 38th Saturn Awards Best Television Presentation The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actor in Television Joel Kinnaman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in Television Michelle Forbes Won 64th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Killing Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Mireille Enos Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series Patty Jenkins Won 2013 39th Saturn Awards Best Syndicated Cable Television Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated 34th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Seth Isaac Johnson Nominated 2nd Annual Social TV Awards Best Drama Social TV The Killing Story Sync Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Sarsgaard Nominated Distribution ( edit ) In March 2013, Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription service for the series ' third season. Netflix streamed the season approximately three months after its finale. It already provides the first two seasons. In November 2013, Netflix announced it picked up the series for a fourth and final season after AMC had canceled it. Online promotion ( edit ) Season - one promotion on AMC 's The Killing website included `` Rosie 's Room '', a virtual simulation of murder victim Rosie Larsen 's bedroom that users could explore in order to learn more about Rosie 's life and search for secrets and clues that could help lead to the discovery of who is responsible for her untimely death. Users could peek inside Rosie 's dresser, look under her bed, listen to her answering machine messages, flip through her vinyl record collection, and explore her laptop computer to access her social networking profile, vlogs, photos, and emails. Season - one promotion also included an interactive application called the `` Suspect Tracker '' whereby users could vote each week for who they think is the prime suspect in the murder investigation and discuss their theories about the case and its suspects with other fans. A personality quiz titled `` How Would You Be Cast in a Crime Thriller? '' telling users what part they would be cast in on The Killing based on their reactions to various crime - related situations was also released prior to season one. AMC 's The Killing website also featured exclusive sneak - peek and behind - the - scenes videos, trivia games, numerous photo galleries, episode and character guides, a blog, and a community forum. For season two 's promotion, AMC 's The Killing website added the `` Rosie Larsen Interactive Case File, '' which gave a glimpse into the suspects, evidence, crime scene photographs, and documents related to the case. Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( November 15, 2013 ). `` ' The Killing ' shock : Netflix revives twice - canceled show for FINAL season ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd ( April 24, 2014 ). `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season ''. Variety. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( February 12, 2014 ). `` Gregg Henry Upped To Regular On ' The Killing ', Sarah - Jane Potts Joins ' Gracepoint ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Killing ' Adds Tyler Ross, Sterling Beaumon & Levi Meaden ''. Deadline Hollywood. February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 16, 2014 ). `` Joan Allen Joins ' The Killing 's Final Season ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` AMC and Fox Television Studios Partner on `` The Killing '' Season Three ``. 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Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 27, 2012. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( August 22, 2012 ). `` Exclusive : The Killing Lives? Netflix and DirecTV Each Eye Revival of Axed AMC Drama ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 8, 2012 ). `` AMC And Netflix Near Deal To Resurrect ' The Killing ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart ( November 30, 2012 ). `` Writers back at work on AMC 's ' The Killing ' ''. Variety. Retrieved December 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart ( December 12, 2012 ). `` Campbell departs ' The Killing ' ''. Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` BCFC Film List -- TV Series -- The Killing Season 3 ''. British Columbia Film Commission. Retrieved March 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( September 10, 2013 ). `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 ''. Deadline Hollywood. 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Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Crime Thriller Quiz ''. AMC. Retrieved July 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie Larsen Case File ''. AMC. Retrieved April 2, 2012. External links ( edit ) Official website The Killing on Netflix The Killing on IMDb The Killing at TV.com The Killing Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Cage '' `` El Diablo '' `` A Soundless Echo '' `` Super 8 '' `` What You Have Left '' `` Vengeance '' `` Stonewalled '' `` Undertow '' `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' `` Missing '' `` Beau Soleil '' `` Orpheus Descending '' Season 2 `` Reflections '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Numb '' `` Ogi Jun '' `` Ghosts of the Past '' `` Openings '' `` Keylela '' `` Off the Reservation '' `` Sayonara, Hiawatha '' `` 72 Hours '' `` Bulldog '' `` Donnie or Marie '' `` What I Know '' Season 3 `` The Jungle '' `` That You Fear the Most '' `` Seventeen '' `` Head Shots '' `` Scared and Running '' `` Eminent Domain '' `` Hope Kills '' `` Try '' `` Reckoning '' `` Six Minutes '' `` From Up Here '' `` The Road to Hamelin '' Season 4 Other Characters Forbrydelsen Category AMC original programming Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Upcoming Dietland ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) Lodge 49 ( TBA ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On! 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3, 2011, on AMC, based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ). The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment. Set in Seattle, Washington, the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ). AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012, but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix. The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013, but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series. The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1, 2014. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 Production 3.1 First cancellation and revival 3.2 Second cancellation and revival 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Season 1 4.1. 2 Season 2 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards" ], "id": [ "8073996469754326402" ], "short_answers": [ "a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Google Street View - wikipedia Google Street View Jump to : navigation, search Google Street View A road junction in Manchester, England, showing nine different angles Initial release May 25, 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Stable release Release 230 ( see list ) / February 5, 2018 ; 24 days ago ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) Platform Android, iOS Available in Multiple languages Website Google Street View Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world. It was launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States, and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide. Streets with Street View imagery available are shown as blue lines on Google Maps. Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images. Most photography is done by car, but some is done by trekker, tricycle, walking, boat, snowmobile, and underwater apparatus. Contents ( hide ) 1 History and features 2 Implementation 3 Data capturing equipment 4 Pegman 5 Privacy concerns 6 Third - party use of images 7 Coverage 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History and features Street View had its inception in 2001 with The Stanford CityBlock Project, a Google - sponsored Stanford University research project. The project ended in June 2006, and its technology was folded into StreetView. 2007 : Launched on May 25 in the United States using Immersive Media technology. 2008 : In May Google announces that it was testing face - blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan. The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google 's image database for faces and blurs them. Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3, the Maps application on the Apple iPhone, and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition. In November, the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps 's 2D view into Street View 's 3D view. When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available, Street View opens and takes over the whole map window. 2009 : Introduction of full - screen option. Smart Navigation introduced allowing users to navigate around the panoramas by double - clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see. 2010 : Indoor views of businesses available. Google invites users to contribute panoramas of their own using gadgets with Android 4.2. Google highlights user - contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps. The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them. 2013 : Business interior views are shown as small orange circles. Businesses such as shops, cafés and other premises can pay a photographer to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises which are then included in Street View. Google sets up program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker ( a backpack mounted camera ) and contribute imagery to Google Maps. 2014 : Street - level imagery from the past can now be seen, if available for a given street view. 2015 : A partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima. Cars began carrying sensors to detect pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. In October, support for Google Cardboard was announced allowing users to explore street view in 360 degree virtual reality. 2017 : Imagery inside the International Space Station is added to Street View. 2017 : Starting in August, Google allows users to create their own street view - like blue paths, for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another. 2017 : On September 5, Google announced that they are improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo revamping its mapping vehicles with all - new high resolution camera systems and AI to capture even better imagery. The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017 as well as in Japan since August.. The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 13. 2017 : Since October, Google allows users to capture Street View imagery using Insta360 Pro. Because of this, several years from now, Google Street View could be available in all countries of the world. Implementation Street View is available as a component of Google Maps, as a web application, and as a mobile application for Android and iOS. Originally, Google Maps used Adobe Flash for Street View. Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013. The newer version uses JavaScript extensively and provides a JavaScript application programming interface. At the time of their release, the new Google Maps and Street View are measured slower than the old version in various setups. A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps, which is especially useful when Google Maps is more sluggish than usual. Data Capturing equipment The Google street View car in New York City A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on the Google campus in Mountain View, California in October 2010 Cameras : Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems from Immersive Media ( 1 ), Point Grey Research ( now FLIR Systems ) ( 2 ) and developed in - house. The cameras contain no mechanical parts, including the shutter, instead using CMOS sensors and an electronic rolling shutter. Widely deployed versions are : R2 : the earliest after Immersive Media, photos were captured with a ring of eight 11 - megapixel CCD sensors with commercial photographic wide - angle lenses, cameras with the same specs as those used for the Google Books project. Ladybug2 cameras ( resolution 1024 x 768 pixels ) by Point Grey Research. R5 : uses a ring of eight 5 - megapixel CMOS cameras by Elphel with custom low - flare lenses, plus a camera with fisheye lens on top to capture upper levels of buildings. R7 : is the first completely in - house built camera, it uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5, but no fish - eye. 2017 : uses 8 20MP cameras. Includes two facing left and right to read street signs and business names. Positioning : recorded photographs must be associated with accurate positioning. This is done via a Global Positioning System, wheel speed sensor, and inertial navigation sensor data. Laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180 ° in the front of the vehicle. These are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed. LIDAR scanners from Velodyne were added in the 2017 update. Mounted at 45 ° to capture 3D depth information, and used for additional positional information. Vehicles : data recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car. A Trike ( tricycle ) was developed to record pedestrian routes including Stonehenge, and other UNESCO World Heritage sites. In 2010 a snowmobile - based system captured the 2010 Winter Olympics sites. Trolleys have been used to shoot the insides of museums, and in Venice the narrow roads were photographed with backpack - mounted cameras, and canals were photographed from boats. A portable back - pack Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain. For instance, the six main paths up Snowdon were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015. Pegman See also : List of Google Easter eggs § Pegman As noted above, the drag - and - drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View. His name comes from his resemblance to a clothespeg. When not in use, Pegman sits atop the Google Maps zoom controls. Occasionally Pegman `` dresses up '' for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps. When dragged into Street View near Area 51, he becomes a flying saucer. When viewing older views, the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from Back to the Future. Pegman has occasionally appeared as a costumed character at Google events, such as the launch of Street View in France in 2008. Privacy concerns A Street View car parked at a Subaru Service Center in Jersey City, New Jersey Main article : Google Street View privacy concerns Google Street View will blur houses for any user who makes a request, in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates. Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View, pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sunbathers in bikinis, and people engaging in activities visible from public property in which they do not wish to be seen publicly. Another concern is the height of the cameras, and in at least two countries, Japan and Switzerland, Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges. The service also allows users themselves to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove. Police Scotland received an apology for wasting police time in 2014 from a local business owner in Edinburgh who in 2012 had staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road `` while his colleague stood over him with a pickaxe handle ''. In May 2010, it was revealed that Google had collected and stored payload data from unencrypted Wi - Fi connections as part of Street View. German authorities are considering legal action while the Foreign Minister said `` I will do all I can to prevent it. '' Australian police have also been ordered to investigate. The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world. Austria : Google Street View was banned in Austria because Google was found to collect Wifi data unauthorized in 2010. After the ban was lifted rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria. Google has yet to resume service. Officially it welcomed the new guidelines but has ruled out operating under them. As of 2016 Google Street View is still unavailable. Australia : In 2010, Google Street View ceased operations in Australia, following months of investigations from Australian authorities. However, this cessation has since ended, with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4, 2011 and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27, 2011. Germany : In 2011, after having put online the pictures of the 20 largest cities, Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany. India : In 2011, Google stopped taking street images in India, after receiving a letter from police authorities in Bangalore. Canada : Street View cars had been spotted as early as September 2007, in Montréal, though service for Canada was delayed while attempting to settle with the Canadian government over its privacy laws. Privacy and town beauty concerns were dealt with and Street View is available in Montréal and other Canadian cities ( as of 2016 ). Third - party use of images Fine - art photographers have selected images for use in their own work. Although the images may be pixelated, the colours muddy, and the perspective warped, the photographs have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries, such as the work of Jon Rafman at the Saatchi Gallery, London. In his personal appreciation of Street View material, Rafman sees images which evoke the `` gritty urban life '' depicted in American street photography and the images commissioned by the Farm Security Administration. He also invokes the `` decisive moment '' esthetic of Henri Cartier - Bresson `` as if I were a photojournalist responding instantaneously to an emerging event ''. Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View. Mishka Henner was short - listed for the 2013 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize in November 2012 for his series ' No Man 's Land ', which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations. Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called GeoGuessr, which places players into a Google Street View and has them guess its location. Canadian artist, Sylvia Grace Borda, worked in conjunction with John M Lynch between 2013 - 14 to insert the first staged tableaux into the Google Street View engine. Their efforts won them the Lumen Prize in 2016. Borda has continued independently to author in the Google Street View engine and in 2017 created the tableaux series, the Kissing Project. Coverage Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage Countries and dependencies with partial coverage Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( official ) Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( unofficial ) Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and / or tourist attractions only Countries and dependencies with views of private businesses only Countries and dependencies with no current or planned coverage Main article : Coverage of Google Street View In June 2012, Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View, comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads, covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities. Coverage includes much of North and South America, from Cambridge Bay, Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands. Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral, in the Grand Canyon, inside museums, and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback. In a ten - day trek with Apa Sherpa, Google documented Khumbu, Nepal with its Mount Everest, Sherpa communities, monasteries and schools. Google also added landmarks in Egypt, including the Pyramids of Giza, Cairo Citadel, Saqqara, Monastery of Saint Mina, and the Citadel of Qaitbay in the 9 September 2014 release. Many places still have limited or no coverage, including : The Caribbean except Puerto Rico, limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands, and some touristic places in Martinique : Boucle d'Absalon, Habitation Clément and the south - western coast of Sainte - Anne Central America except Guatemala French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname and Venezuela in South America Africa except Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda and some city views in Madagascar Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova and much of Germany in Europe Asia except Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, much of Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia and Russia The Middle East except Israel, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates The South Pacific, except American Samoa, Australia, New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands ( Pitcairn and Henderson Island ) Gallery Street View camera showcased on campus Google Street View camera mounted on a `` trike '', on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the roof rack. The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window. Google Trike in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, August 2012 Chevrolet Captiva Street View in Patagonia, Argentina, February 2014 The Google street View car in Japan See also List of street view services Aspen Movie Map ( oldest project of this type ) Route inspection problem ( algorithmic problem related to the planning of Street View car routes ) Historypin : a user - generated archive of historical photos, videos, audio recordings and personal recollections. VR photography References Jump up ^ `` The Stanford CityBlock Project : multi-perspective panoramas of city blocks ''. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Frome, Andrea. `` Google 's LatLong Blog ''. Google-latlong.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` CNet article `` Google begins blurring faces in Street View '' ``. News.cnet.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` PC World article `` Google Street View Gets Smart Navigation '' ``. Pcworld.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ `` An easier way to find panoramic interior imagery in Google Maps ''. Google-latlong.blogspot.co.il. 2012 - 09 - 18. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23. Jump up ^ `` Contribuiți -- Street View -- Hărţi Google ''. Google. Retrieved January 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Smith, Mark ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ). `` Google Street View gets peek inside Sheffield university buildings Technology guardian.co.uk ''. London : Guardian. Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Treks ''. Google. Retrieved 2 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Google introduces ' time machine ' feature in Street View ''. The Guardian. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ Gershgorn, Dave ( 30 July 2015 ). `` Google Will Start Mapping Pollution The Same Way They Map Streets ''. Popular Science. Retrieved 30 July 2015. Jump up ^ Lopez, Napier ( 12 Oct 2015 ). `` Google Street View adds virtual reality support ''. NextWeb. Jump up ^ `` Google 's New Street View Cameras Will Help Algorithms Index The Real World ''. Jump up ^ Ghoshal, Abhimanyu ( September 6, 2017 ). `` Google is improving Street View with better cameras and AI ''. Jump up ^ Etherington, Darrell. `` Google 's Street View cameras get a high - res update focused on AI ''. Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Rika Aug 22, 2017 at 1 : 36am UTC ''. Instagram. Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Frances Mar 16, 2017 at 11 : 52pm UTC ''. Instagram. Jump up ^ `` Google Maps ''. Google Maps. Jump up ^ `` Google gives Insta360 Pro the Street View stamp of approval ''. Jump up ^ Etherington, Darrell. `` Google to let anyone add to Street View, starting with Insta360 's Pro camera ''. Jump up ^ `` You can now capture Google Street View scenery with your car for $3,500 ''. Jump up ^ `` Now You Can Capture Images for Google Street View, But It 'll Cost You ''. Jump up ^ `` Insta360 Pro is the $3,500 ' Street View auto ready ' camera you 've always wanted ''. October 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Arthur, Charles ( 20 March 2009 ). `` Where the Streets All Have Google 's Name ''. The Guardian.com ( US ed. ). Jump up ^ `` Street View Service ''. Google Developers. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. Jump up ^ The new Street View on Google Maps is very slow ( Google Maps Help Forum, 26 February 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tired of new, slow Google Maps? This is how you can switch to the old version! ( Geoawesomeness, June 12, 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Switch back to the classic version of Maps ''. Google. Retrieved 5 September 2014. Jump up ^ Switching Back to the Old Google Maps ( Netvantage Marketing, 2 January 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Google Street View : Capturing the world at street level ''. Computer. 43 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 38. June 2010. doi : 10.1109 / mc. 2010.170. Retrieved 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ White, Charlie. `` Google Streetview Cars Rocking Ladybug2 Spherical Camera ''. Gizmodo. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog ''. Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog. 2007 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01. Jump up ^ GoogleTechTalks ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ), PhotoTechEDU Day 25 : Open - source - based high - resolution..., retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 ^ Jump up to : Amadeo, Ron ( 6 September 2017 ). `` Google 's Street View cars are now giant, mobile 3D scanners ''. Ars Technica. Retrieved 6 September 2017. Jump up ^ Cummins, Mark. `` Google Street View -- Soon in 3D? ''. Educating Silicon. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Google Street View takes Venice by foot ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ Crump, Eryl ( 11 December 2015 ). `` Take a tour of Snowdonia - with Google Street View ''. Retrieved 9 October 2016. Jump up ^ Tan, Alicia Marie ( October 22, 2015 ) Hop into the Google Maps time machine with Doc Brown Mashable, Retrieved June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Mansion Map : a guide to rich people 's houses, until Google blurs them out ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2014. Jump up ^ MacDonald, Calum ( June 4, 2007 ). `` Google 's Street View site raises alarm over privacy ''. The Herald. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. Jump up ^ Wenkart, Michael ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ). You are the target! : Or do you believe your government is always watching the others?. BoD -- Books on Demand. p. 171. ISBN 9783735793553. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ O'Brien, Kevin ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ). `` Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View ''. New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28. Jump up ^ Mills, Elinor ( June 3, 2007 ). `` Google 's street - level maps raising privacy concerns ''. USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Garage owner fakes Google ' murder ' in Edinburgh street ''. BBC News. June 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Google admits it sniffed out people 's data ''. TechEye. May 17, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Google accused of criminal intent over StreetView data ''. BBC Online. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Datenschutz : Kein Google Street View für Österreich ''. Jump up ^ `` Google street view cars no longer operational in Australia -- Computer world.com -- November 9, 2010 ''. Computer world.com. October 29, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2010. Jump up ^ Eustace, Alan. `` Privacy Impact Assessment for Street View in Australia ''. Google Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Foster, Andrew. `` Updates to Street View in Australia ''. Google Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2011. Jump up ^ McCracken, Harry ( April 11, 2011 ). `` Alas, There Will Be No More Google Street View in Germany ''. Techland.time.com. Retrieved December 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` India IT hub orders Google to suspend Street View service -- International Business Times ''. Hken.ibtimes.com. June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Google Street View goes live in Canadian cities ''. CBC News. Retrieved October 7, 2009. Jump up ^ Rickard, Doug ( 2010 ). A New American Picture. Köln : White Press. OCLC 727797183. Jump up ^ `` The street views Google was n't expecting you to see -- in pictures ''. The Guardian. London. February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Jon Rafman, The Nine Eyes of Google Street View, Introduction, Jean Boîte Editions, 2011. ISBN 978 - 2 - 36568 - 001 - 1. Jump up ^ Laurent, Olivier ( February 11, 2011 ). `` World Press Photo : Is Google Street View Photojournalism? ''. British Journal of Photography. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Börse Photography Prize '' Archived June 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine... Accessed 15 March 2013 Jump up ^ Hartnett, Kevin ( May 17, 2013 ). `` If dropped randomly on earth, would you know where you were? ''. The Boston Globe. Boston. Retrieved May 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Parhar, Katherine ( July 2016 ). `` Farm Tableaux - Review ''. Photomonitor UK. Jump up ^ Travis, Rebecca ( July 2016 ). `` The only thing that 's changed is everything : An essay by Rebecca Travis on Sylvia Grace Borda : Camera Histories ''. Scottish Society for the History of Photography. Jump up ^ Arva - Toth, Zoltan ( October 29, 2013 ). `` Photographers Create First Artworks in Google Street View ''. Digital News : Photography. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Lumen Prize Winners Announced ''. Lumen Prize. Jump up ^ Collins, Leah. `` On Google Street View, this small town in B.C. is a work of art : Peace, Love and Google Maps : these 360 - degree portraits of a community aim to be an example for the world '' ``. Jump up ^ Farber, Dan. `` Google takes Street View off - road with backpack rig ''. CNET. Retrieved 7 September 2012. Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Google Street View hits Antarctic ''. BBC. October 1, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Adi Kurniawan ( October 9, 2014 ). `` Pakai Unta, Google Petakan Padang Pasir ''. Jump up ^ Apa Sherpa. `` Growing up in the shadow of Everest ''. Retrieved March 12, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Street View. Official website Map of Google Street View coverage Google Maps Related products Google Maps mobile app Map Maker Waze Arts & Culture Latitude ( discontinued ) Views and mapping sites Aerial View Earth Mars Moon Sky Street View Traffic Street View Coverage Africa Antarctica Asia Israel Europe North America Canada United States Oceania South America Argentina Chile Colombia Uruguay Privacy concerns Competing products Other BlooSee Historypin Mapillary Google Overview Alphabet Inc. 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{ "text": "Church of England - wikipedia Church of England `` C of E '' redirects here. For other uses, see Council of Europe. Anglican state church of England Church of England Abbreviation C of E Orientation Anglican Polity Episcopal Supreme Governor Queen Elizabeth II Primate Archbishop Justin Welby Associations Anglican Communion Porvoo Communion Region England, Wales ( cross-border parishes ) Isle of Man Channel Islands Continental Europe Headquarters Church House, Westminster, England, United Kingdom Separated from Roman Catholic Church ( 1534 ) Separations English Dissenters ( 1534 onwards ) Methodists ( 18th century ) Plymouth Brethren ( 1820s ) Free Church of England ( 1844 ) Members 25 million Official website churchofengland.org Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology ( show ) Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship ( show ) Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version ( Book of Common Prayer ) Liturgical year Churchmanship ( High, Low, Central, Broad ) Monasticism Saints Christianity ( show ) Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history ( show ) Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion ( show ) Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism ( show ) Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Established Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534. The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents, before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed : catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles ', Nicene, and Athanasian creeds. reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th - century Protestant Reformation, in particular in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer. In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants. In the 17th century, the Puritan and Presbyterian factions continued to challenge the leadership of the Church which under the Stuarts veered towards a more catholic interpretation of the Elizabethan Settlement especially under Archbishop Laud and the rise of the concept of Anglicanism as the Via Media. After the victory of the Parliamentarians the Prayer Book was abolished and the Presbyterian and Independent factions dominated. The Episcopacy was abolished. The Restoration restored the Church of England, episcopacy and the Prayer Book. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English. The church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo - Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality. The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop. Within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy and laity. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early Christianity in England 1.2 Separation from Rome 1.3 Stuart period 1.4 19th century 1.5 Overseas developments 1.6 21st century 1.6. 1 Deposition from holy orders overturned 1.6. 2 Dwindling congregations 1.6. 3 Low salaries 2 Doctrine and practice 2.1 Worship and liturgy 2.2 Women 's ministry 2.3 Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy 2.4 Liberal theology 2.5 Bioethics issues 3 Poverty 3.1 Church Urban Fund 3.1. 1 Child poverty 3.2 Action on hunger 4 Membership 5 Structure 5.1 Primates 5.2 Diocesan bishops 5.3 Representative bodies 5.4 House of Lords 5.5 Crown dependencies 6 Sex abuse 7 Financial situation 8 Online church directory 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Church of England Early Christianity in England ( edit ) Main articles : History of Christianity in England and Anglo - Saxon Christianity According to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century. Three Romano - British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Serdica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, and a number of references to the church in Roman Britain are found in the writings of 4th century Christian fathers. Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippo 's doctrine of original sin. While Christianity was long established as the religion of the Britons at the time of the Anglo - Saxon invasion, Christian Britons made little progress in converting the newcomers from their native paganism. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrew 's ( later canonised as Augustine of Canterbury ) from Rome to evangelise the Angles. This event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. With the help of Christians already residing in Kent, Augustine established his church at Canterbury, the capital of the Kingdom of Kent, and became the first in the series of Archbishops of Canterbury in 598. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England. The Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, the Church of England considers itself to be the same church which was more formally organised by Augustine. While some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. Queen Bertha of Kent was among the Christians in England who recognised papal authority before Augustine arrived, and Celtic Christians were carrying out missionary work with papal approval long before the Synod of Whitby. Hereford is one of the church 's 43 cathedrals ; many have histories stretching back centuries The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in England. This meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hilda 's double monastery of Streonshalh ( Streanæshalch ), later called Whitby Abbey. It was presided over by King Oswiu, who did not engage in the debate but made the final ruling. Separation from Rome ( edit ) In 1534, King Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome. A theological separation had been foreshadowed by various movements within the English Church, such as Lollardy, but the English Reformation gained political support when Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Pope Clement VII, considering that the earlier marriage had been entered under a papal dispensation and how Catherine 's nephew, Emperor Charles V, might react to such a move, refused the annulment. Eventually, Henry, although theologically opposed to Protestantism, took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England to ensure the annulment of his marriage. He was excommunicated by Pope Paul III. In 1536 -- 40 Henry VIII engaged in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which controlled much of the richest land. He disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided pensions for the former residents. The properties were sold to pay for the wars. Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular canons, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total, 4,000 monks, 3,000 canons, 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. The population of England at the time is estimated to have been only 2.5 million : half male of whom 750,000 adult. This is one in 75, not 1 in 50. However the latter figure is creditable if secular clergy are included. Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and, during his reign, Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England. Indeed, this part of Henry 's reign saw trials for heresy of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics. Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant - influenced forms of worship were adopted. Under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, a more radical reformation proceeded. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 and 1552 ). These were based on the older liturgy in particular the Prayer Book of 1549, but both influenced by Protestant doctrines such as justification by faith alone, the rejection of the sacrifice of the Mass, and the Real Presence understood as physical presence ( Cranmer was Calvinist in that he believed Christ was truly and really present in the Eucharist but after a spiritual manner as in a sacrament ). The confession of the reformed Church of England was set out in the Forty - two Articles ( later revised to thirty - nine ). The reformation however was cut short by the death of the king. Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, returned England again to the authority of the papacy, thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England. During her co-reign with her husband, King Philip, many leaders and common people were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed faith. These are known as the Marian martyrs and the persecution led to her nickname of `` Bloody Mary ''. Stained glass window in Rochester Cathedral, Kent Mary also died childless and so it was left to the new regime of her half - sister Elizabeth to resolve the direction of the church. The settlement under Queen Elizabeth I ( from 1558 ), known as the Elizabethan Settlement, tried to stir a middle way between radical Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, the via media, ( a term that actually only became current in the 1620s ), as the character of the Church of England, a church moderately Reformed in doctrine, as expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles, but also emphasising continuity with the Catholic and Apostolic traditions of the Church Fathers. The three-fold ministry in the Apostolic Succession was maintained ; the institutional continuity of the Church was preserved without break ( at her accession almost all clergy had been ordained in Catholic Orders using the Roman Pontifical ), although the character of the organization was changed by the adoption of some reformed doctrines and the simplification of the outwards forms of worship and the abandonment of traditional vestments and art work ; the retention of medieval Canon Law, a much shortened Calendar of Saints and liturgical music. It was also an established church ( constitutionally established by the state with the Head of State as its supreme governor ). The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century. Stuart period ( edit ) Further information : Stuart period For the next century, through the reigns of James I, who ordered the translation of the Bible known as the King James Version ( Authorized to be used in parishes which does not mean it was the official version ), and Charles I, culminating in the English Civil War and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, there were significant swings back and forth between two factions : the Puritans ( and other radicals ) who sought more far - reaching Protestant reforms, and the more conservative churchmen who aimed to keep closer to traditional beliefs and Catholic practices. The failure of political and ecclesiastical authorities to submit to Puritan demands for more extensive reform was one of the causes of open warfare. By Continental standards the level of violence over religion was not high, since the Civil was mainly about politics, but the casualties included King Charles I and the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud and tens of thousands of civilians who died from the unsettled conditions. Under the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of England from 1649 to 1660, the bishops were dethroned and former practices were outlawed, and Presbyterian ecclesiology was introduced in place of the episcopate. The 39 Articles were replaced by the Westminster Confession, the Book of Common Prayer by the Directory of Public Worship. Despite this, about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform to this form of State Presbyterianism. Major repairs were done to Canterbury Cathedral after the Restoration in 1660 With the Restoration of Charles II, Parliament restored the Church of England to a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version. One difference was that the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation, taken for granted by the Tudors, had to be abandoned. The religious landscape of England assumed its present form, with the Anglican established church occupying the middle ground, and those Puritans and Protestants who dissented from the Anglican establishment, having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than trying to influence or trying to gain control of it. One result of the Restoration was the ousting of 2,000 parish ministers who had not been ordained by bishops in the Apostolic Succession or had been by presbyters ( ministers in presbyter 's orders ). Continuing official suspicion and legal restrictions continued well into the 19th century. Roman Catholics, perhaps 5 % of the English population ( down from 20 % in 1600 ) were grudgingly tolerated, having had little or no official representation after the Pope 's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in 1570, though the Stuarts were sympathetic to them. In the 18th century they dwindled to 1 % of the population mostly among eccentric gentry and their tenants and extended families. 19th century ( edit ) By the Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800, the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into `` one Protestant Episcopal church, to be called, the United Church of England and Ireland ''. Although this union was declared `` an essential and fundamental Part of the Union '', the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of the church again and disestablished it, the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871. Overseas developments ( edit ) Captain John Smith 's 1624 map of Bermuda, showing St Peter 's at centre, left Main article : Anglican Communion Further information : Historical development of Church of England dioceses § Colonial dioceses As the British Empire expanded, British colonists and colonial administrators took the established church doctrines and practices together with ordained ministry and formed overseas branches of the Church of England. As they developed or, beginning with the United States of America, became sovereign or independent states, many of their churches became separate organisationally but remained linked to the Church of England through the Anglican Communion. In Bermuda, the oldest remaining English colony ( now designated a British Overseas Territory ), the first Church of England services were performed by the Reverend Richard Buck, one of the survivors of the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture which initiated Bermuda 's permanent settlement. The nine parishes of the Church of England in Bermuda, each with its own church and glebe land, rarely had more than a pair of ordained ministers to share between them until the Nineteenth Century. From 1825 to 1839, Bermuda 's parishes were attached to the See of Nova Scotia. Bermuda was then grouped into the new Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda from 1839. In 1879, the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed. At the same time, a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland, but both continued to be grouped under the Bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919, when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own Bishop. The Church of England in Bermuda was renamed in 1978 as the Anglican Church of Bermuda, which is an extra-provincial diocese, with both metropolitan and primatial authority coming directly from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among its parish churches is St Peter 's Church in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of St George 's Town, which is both the oldest Anglican and the oldest non-Roman Catholic church in the New World. 21st century ( edit ) Deposition from Holy orders overturned ( edit ) Under the guidance of Rowan Williams and with significant pressure from clergy union representatives, the ecclesiastical penalty for convicted felons to be defrocked was set aside from the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003. The clergy union argued that the penalty was unfair to victims of hypothetical miscarriages of criminal justice, because the ecclesiastical penalty is considered irreversible. Although clerics can still be banned for life from ministry, they remain ordained as priests. Dwindling congregations ( edit ) One of the now `` redundant '' buildings, Holy Trinity Church, Wensley, in North Yorkshire ; much of the current structure was built in the 14th and 15th Centuries The archbishops of Canterbury and York warned in January 2015 that the Church of England will no longer be able to carry on in its current form unless the downward spiral in membership is somehow reversed as typical Sunday attendances had halved to 800,000 in the previous 40 years : The urgency of the challenge facing us is not in doubt. Attendance at Church of England services has declined at an average of one per cent per annum over recent decades and, in addition, the age profile of our membership has become significantly older than that of the population... Renewing and reforming aspects of our institutional life is a necessary but far from sufficient response to the challenges facing the Church of England... The age profile of our clergy has also been increasing. Around 40 per cent of parish clergy are due to retire over the next decade or so. However, Sarah Mullally, the fourth woman chosen to become a bishop in the Church of England, insisted in June 2015 that declining numbers at services should not necessarily be a cause of despair for churches because people will still `` encounter God '' without ever taking their place in a pew, saying that people might hear the Christian message through social media sites such as Facebook or in a café run as a community project. Additionally, the church 's own statistics reveal that 9.7 million people visit an Anglican church every year and 1 million students are educated at Anglican schools ( which number 4,700 ). Approximately 30 Church of England parish churches are declared `` closed for regular public worship '' ( previously termed `` redundant '' ) each year. Between 1969 and 2010, a full 1795 closures were achieved, equalling roughly 11 % of the stock, with just over a third being Listed buildings, either Grade I or II. Of these, closures, only 514 were made since 1990. Some active use is made of about half of the closed churches. Low salaries ( edit ) In 2015 the Church of England admitted that it was embarrassed to be paying staff under the living wage. The Church of England had previously campaigned for all employers to pay this minimum amount. The archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged it was not the only area where the church `` fell short of its standards ''. Doctrine and practice ( edit ) See also : Anglicanism and Anglican doctrine Richard Hooker ( 1554 -- 1600 ), one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self - identity The canon law of the Church of England identifies the Christian scriptures as the source of its doctrine. In addition, doctrine is also derived from the teachings of the Church Fathers and ecumenical councils ( as well as the ecumenical creeds ) in so far as these agree with scripture. This doctrine is expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Ordinal containing the rites for the ordination of deacons, priests, and the consecration of bishops. Unlike other traditions, the Church of England has no single theologian that it can look to as a founder. However, Richard Hooker 's appeal to scripture, church tradition, and reason as sources of authority continue to inform Anglican identity. Canterbury Cathedral houses the cathedra or episcopal chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury and is the cathedral of the Diocese of Canterbury and the mother church of the Church of England as well as a focus for the Anglican Communion The Church of England 's doctrinal character today is largely the result of the Elizabethan Settlement, which sought to establish a comprehensive middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The Church of England affirms the Protestant Reformation principle that scripture contains all things necessary to salvation and is the final arbiter in doctrinal matters. The Thirty - nine Articles are the church 's only official confessional statement. Though not a complete system of doctrine, the articles highlight areas of agreement with Lutheran and Reformed positions, while differentiating Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism. While embracing some themes of the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England also maintains Catholic traditions of the ancient church and teachings of the Church Fathers, unless these are considered contrary to scripture. It accepts the decisions of the first four ecumenical councils concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation. The Church of England also preserves Catholic Order by adhering to episcopal polity, with ordained orders of bishops, priests and deacons. There are differences of opinion within the Church of England over the necessity of episcopacy. Some consider it essential, while others feel it is needed for the proper ordering of the church. In sum these express the ' Via Media ' viewpoint that the first five centuries of doctrinal development and church order as approved as acceptable be a kind of yardstick by which to gauge authentic catholicity, as minimum and sufficient ; Anglicanism did not emerge as the result of charismatic leaders with particular doctrines. It is light on details compared to Roman Catholic, Reformed and Lutheran teachings. The Bible, the Creeds, Apostolic Order, and the administration of the Sacraments are sufficient to establish Catholicity. Indeed, not one major doctrinal development emerged from the English reformation, Diarmid MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England, 1990, p. 55. The Reformation in England was initially much concerned about doctrine but the Elizabethan Settlement tried to put a stop to doctrinal contentions. The proponents of further changes, nonetheless, tried to get their way by making changes in Church Order ( abolition of bishops ), governance ( Canon Law ) and liturgy ( ' too Catholic ' ). They did not succeed because the Monarchy, the Church and resisted and the majority of the population were indifferent. Moreover, `` despite all the assumptions of the Reformation founders of that Church, it had retained a catholic character. '' The Elizabethan Settlement had created a cuckoo in a nest... '' a Protestant theology and program within a largely pre-Reformation Catholic structure whose continuing life would arouse a theological interest in the Catholicism that had created it ; and would result in the rejection of predestinarian theology in favor of sacraments, especially the eucharist, ceremonial, and anti-Calvinist doctrine '' ( ibid pp. 78 -- 86 ). The existence of cathedrals `` without substantial alteration '' and `` where the `` old devotional world cast its longest shadow for the future of the ethos that would become Anglicanism, '' p. 79. This is `` One of the great mysteries of the English Reformation, '' ibid that there was no complete break with the past but a muddle that was per force turned into a virtue. The story of the English Reformation is the tale of retreat from the Protestant advance of 1550 which could not proceed further in the face of the opposition of the institution which was rooted in the medieval past, ibid. p. 142 and the adamant opposition of Queen Elizabeth I. The Church of England has, as one of its distinguishing marks, a breadth and `` open - mindedness ''. This tolerance has allowed Anglicans who emphasise the Catholic tradition and others who emphasise the Reformed tradition to coexist. The three `` parties '' ( see Churchmanship ) in the Church of England are sometimes called high church ( or Anglo - Catholic ), low church ( or evangelical Anglican ) and broad church ( or liberal ). The high church party places importance on the Church of England 's continuity with the pre-Reformation Catholic Church, adherence to ancient liturgical usages and the sacerdotal nature of the priesthood. As their name suggests, Anglo - Catholics maintain many traditional Catholic practices and liturgical forms. The low church party is more Protestant in both ceremony and theology. Historically, broad church has been used to describe those of middle - of - the - road ceremonial preferences who lean theologically towards liberal Protestantism. The balance between these strands of churchmanship is not static : in 2013, 40 % of Church of England worshippers attended evangelical churches ( compared with 26 % in 1989 ), and 83 % of very large congregations were evangelical. Such churches were also reported to attract higher numbers of men and young adults than others. Worship and liturgy ( edit ) The Church of England 's official book of liturgy as established in English Law is the Book of Common Prayer. In addition to this book the General Synod has also legislated for a modern liturgical book, Common Worship, dating from 2000, which can be used as an alternative to the BCP. Like its predecessor, the 1980 Alternative Service Book, it differs from the Book of Common Prayer in providing a range of alternative services, mostly in modern language, although it does include some BCP - based forms as well, for example Order Two for Holy Communion. ( This is a revision of the BCP service, altering some words and allowing the insertion of some other liturgical texts such as the Agnus Dei before communion. ) The Order One rite follows the pattern of more modern liturgical scholarship. The liturgies are organised according to the traditional liturgical year and the calendar of saints. The sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist are generally thought necessary to salvation. Infant baptism is practised. At a later age, individuals baptised as infants receive confirmation by a bishop, at which time they reaffirm the baptismal promises made by their parents or sponsors. The Eucharist, consecrated by a thanksgiving prayer including Christ 's Words of Institution, is believed to be `` a memorial of Christ 's once - for - all redemptive acts in which Christ is objectively present and effectually received in faith ''. The use of hymns and music in the Church of England has changed dramatically over the centuries. Traditional Choral evensong is a staple of most cathedrals. The style of psalm chanting harks back to the Church of England 's pre-reformation roots. During the 18th century, clergy such as Charles Wesley introduced their own styles of worship with poetic hymns. In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the Charismatic Movement significantly altered the worship traditions of numerous Church of England parishes, primarily affecting those of evangelical persuasion. These churches now adopt a contemporary worship form of service, with minimal liturgical or ritual elements, and incorporating contemporary worship music. Women 's ministry ( edit ) Women were appointed as deaconesses from 1861 but they could not function fully as deacons and were not considered ordained clergy. Women have been lay readers for a long time. During the First World War, some women were appointed as lay readers, known as `` bishop 's messengers '', who also led missions and ran churches in the absence of men. After that no more lay readers were appointed until 1969. Legislation authorising the ordination of women as deacons was passed in 1986 and they were first ordained in 1987. The ordination of women as priests was passed by the General Synod in 1992 and began in 1994. In 2010, for the first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests ( 290 women and 273 men ). In July 2005, the synod voted to `` set in train '' the process of allowing the consecration of women as bishops. In February 2006, the synod voted overwhelmingly for the `` further exploration '' of possible arrangements for parishes that did not want to be directly under the authority of a bishop who is a woman. On 7 July 2008, the synod voted to approve the ordination of women as bishops and rejected moves for alternative episcopal oversight for those who do not accept the ministry of bishops who are women. Actual ordinations of women to the episcopate required further legislation, which was narrowly rejected in a vote at General Synod in November 2012. On 20 November 2013, the General Synod voted overwhelmingly in support of a plan to allow the ordination of women as bishops, with 378 in favour, 8 against and 25 abstentions. On 14 July 2014, the General Synod approved the ordination of women as bishops. The House of Bishops recorded 37 votes in favour, two against with one abstention. The House of Clergy had 162 in favour, 25 against and four abstentions. The House of Laity voted 152 for, 45 against with five abstentions. This legislation had to be approved by the Ecclesiastical Committee of the Parliament before it could be finally implemented at the November 2014 synod. In December 2014, Libby Lane was announced as the first woman to become a bishop in the Church of England. She was consecrated as a bishop in January 2015. In July 2015, Rachel Treweek was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in the Church of England when she became the Bishop of Gloucester. She and Sarah Mullally, Bishop of Crediton, were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral. Treweek later made headlines by calling for gender - inclusive language, saying that `` God is not to be seen as male. God is God. '' In May 2018, the Diocese of London consecrated Dame Sarah Mullally as the first woman to serve as the Bishop of London. Bishop Sarah Mullally occupies the third most senior position in the Anglican church. Mullally has described herself as a feminist and will ordain both men and women to the priesthood. She is also considered by some to be a theological liberal. On women 's reproductive rights, Mullally describes herself as pro-choice while also being personally pro-life. On marriage, she supports the current stance of the Church of England that marriage is between a man and a woman, but also said that `` It is a time for us to reflect on our tradition and scripture, and together say how we can offer a response that is about it being inclusive love. '' After the consecration of the first women as bishops, Women and the Church ( WATCH ), a group supporting the ministries of women in the Church of England, called for language referring to God as `` Mother ''. This call for more gender inclusive language has receive the outspoken support of the Rt Rev Alan Wilson, the Bishop of Buckingham. In 2015, the Rev Jody Stowell, from WATCH, expressed her support for female images saying `` we 're not restricted to understanding God with one gender. I would encourage people to explore those kinds of images. They 're wholly Biblical. '' Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy ( edit ) See also : Same - sex marriage in the United Kingdom, LGBT rights in the United Kingdom, and Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion The Church of England has been discussing same - sex marriages and LGBT clergy. `` The Church of England does not allow gay weddings, but its priests are allowed to be in a civil partnership. '' The church holds that marriage is a union of one man with one woman. However, the church teaches `` Same - sex relationships often embody genuine mutuality and fidelity. '' The church also officially supports civil partnerships ; `` We believe that Civil Partnerships still have a place, including for some Christian LGBTI couples who see them as a way of gaining legal recognition of their relationship. '' The `` Church of England does not conduct Civil Partnership Ceremonies or Same Sex Marriages but individual churches can conduct a service of thanksgiving after a ceremony. '' The church says `` clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same - sex relationships ; '' As such, many Anglican churches, with clergy open to it, `` already bless same - sex couples on an unofficial basis. '' Civil Partnerships for clergy have been allowed since 2005. The church extends pensions to clergy in civil unions. In a missive to clergy, the church communicated that `` there was a need for committed same - sex couples to be given recognition and ' compassionate attention ' from the Church, including special prayers. '' `` There is no prohibition on prayers ' being said in church or there being a ' service ' '' after a civil union. After same - sex marriage was legalised, the church asked for the government to continue to offer civil unions saying `` The Church of England recognises that same - sex relationships often embody fidelity and mutuality. Civil partnerships enable these Christian virtues to be recognised socially and legally in a proper framework. '' In 2014, the Bishops released guidelines that permit `` more informal kind of prayer '' for couples. In the guidelines, `` gay couples who get married will be able to ask for special prayers in the Church of England after their wedding, the bishops have agreed. '' In 2016, The Bishop of Grantham, the Rt Rev Nicholas Chamberlain, announced he is gay, in a same - sex relationship and celibate ; becoming the first bishop to do so in the church. The church had decided in 2013 that gay clergy in civil partnerships could become bishops. `` The House ( of Bishops ) has confirmed that clergy in civil partnerships, and living in accordance with the teaching of the church on human sexuality, can be considered as candidates for the episcopate. '' In 2017, the House of Clergy voted against the motion to ' take note ' of the Bishops ' report defining marriage as between a man and a woman. Due to passage in all three houses being required, the motion was rejected. After General Synod rejected the motion, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York called for `` radical new Christian inclusion '' that is `` based on good, healthy, flourishing relationships, and in a proper 21st century understanding of being human and of being sexual. '' The church officially opposes ' conversion ' therapy, a practice which attempts to change a gay or lesbian person 's sexual orientation, calling it unethical and supports the banning of ' conversion ' therapy in the UK. The Diocese of Hereford approved a motion calling for the church `` to create a set of formal services and prayers to bless those who have had a same - sex marriage or civil partnership. '' Regarding transgender issues, the 2017 General Synod voted in favour of a motion saying that transgender people should be `` welcomed and affirmed in their parish church... '' The motion also asked the Bishops `` to look into special services for transgender people. '' The House of Bishops declined to create a new liturgy, but advised that clergy adapt the service for an affirmation of baptism to mark a gender transition. `` The House notes that the Affirmation of Baptismal Faith, found in Common Worship, is an ideal liturgical rite which trans people can use to mark this moment of personal renewal. '' Transgender people may marry in the Church of England after legally making a transition. `` Since the Gender Recognition Act ( 2004 ), trans people legally confirmed in their gender identity under its provisions are able to marry someone of the opposite sex in their parish church. '' Since 2000, the church has allowed priests to undergo gender transition and remain in office. The church has ordained openly transgender clergy since 2005. Liberal theology ( edit ) See also : Liberal Christianity Just as the Church of England has a large conservative or `` traditionalist '' wing, it also has many liberal members and clergy. Approximately one third of clergy `` doubt or disbelieve in the physical resurrection ''. Others, such as the Revd Giles Fraser, a contributor to The Guardian, have argued for an allegorical interpretation of the virgin birth of Jesus. The Independent reported in 2014 that, according to a YouGov survey of Church of England clergy, `` as many as 16 per cent are unclear about God and two per cent think it is no more than a human construct. '' Moreover, many congregations are seeker - friendly environments. For example, one report from the Church Mission Society suggested that the church open up `` a pagan church where Christianity ( is ) very much in the centre '' to reach out to spiritual people. Bioethics issues ( edit ) The Church of England is generally opposed to abortion but recognises that `` there can be - strictly limited - conditions under which it may be morally preferable to any available alternative ''. The church also opposes euthanasia. Its official stance is that `` While acknowledging the complexity of the issues involved in assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia, the Church of England is opposed to any change in the law or in medical practice that would make assisted dying / suicide or voluntary euthanasia permissible in law or acceptable in practice. '' It also states that `` Equally, the Church shares the desire to alleviate physical and psychological suffering, but believes that assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia are not acceptable means of achieving these laudable goals. '' However, George Carey, a former Archbishop of Canterbury, announced that he had changed his stance on euthanasia in 2014 and now advocated legalising `` assisted dying ''. On embryonic stem - cell research, the church has announced `` cautious acceptance to the proposal to produce cytoplasmic hybrid embryos for research ''. Poverty ( edit ) Church Urban Fund ( edit ) Main article : Church Urban Fund The Church of England set up the Church Urban Fund in the 1980s to tackle poverty and deprivation. They see poverty as trapping individuals and communities with some people in urgent need. This leads to dependency, homelessness, hunger, isolation, low income, mental health problems, social exclusion and violence. They feel that poverty reduces confidence and life expectancy and that people born in poor conditions have difficulty escaping their disadvantaged circumstances. Child poverty ( edit ) In parts of Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle two - thirds of babies are born to poverty and have poorer life chances, also life expectancy 15 years lower than babies born in most fortunate communities. South Shore, Blackpool, has lowest life expectancy at 66 years for men. The deep - rooted unfairness in our society is highlighted by these stark statistics. Children being born in this country, just a few miles apart, could n't witness a more wildly differing start to life. In child poverty terms, we live in one of the most unequal countries in the western world. We want people to understand where their own community sits alongside neighbouring communities. The disparity is often shocking but it 's crucial that, through greater awareness, people from all backgrounds come together to think about what could be done to support those born into poverty. ( Paul Hackwood, the Chair of Trustees at Church Urban Fund ) Action on hunger ( edit ) Many prominent people in the Church of England have spoken out against poverty and welfare cuts in the United Kingdom. Twenty - seven bishops are among 43 Christian leaders who signed a letter which urged David Cameron to make sure people have enough to eat. We often hear talk of hard choices. Surely few can be harder than that faced by the tens of thousands of older people who must ' heat or eat ' each winter, harder than those faced by families whose wages have stayed flat while food prices have gone up 30 % in just five years. Yet beyond even this we must, as a society, face up to the fact that over half of people using food banks have been put in that situation by cutbacks to and failures in the benefit system, whether it be payment delays or punitive sanctions. Benefit cuts, failures and `` punitive sanctions '' force thousands of UK citizens to use food banks. The campaign to end hunger considers this `` truly shocking '' and called for a national day of fasting on 4 April 2014. Membership ( edit ) Official figures from 2005 showed there were 25 million baptised Anglicans in England and Wales. Due to its status as the established church, in general, anyone may be married, have their children baptised or their funeral in their local parish church, regardless of whether they are baptised or regular churchgoers. Between 1890 and 2001, churchgoing in the United Kingdom declined steadily. In the years 1968 to 1999, Anglican Sunday church attendances almost halved, from 3.5 per cent of the population to 1.9 per cent. By the year 2014, Sunday church attendances had declined further to 1.4 per cent of the population. One study published in 2008 suggested that if current trends were to continue, Sunday attendances could fall to 350,000 in 2030 and just 87,800 in 2050. In 2011, the Church of England published statistics showing 1.7 million people attending at least one of its services each month, a level maintained since the turn of the millennium ; approximately one million participating each Sunday and three million taking part in a Church of England service on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve. The church also claimed that 30 % attend Sunday worship at least once a year ; more than 40 % attend a wedding in their local church and still more attend a funeral there. Nationally the Church of England baptises one child in ten ( 2011 ). In 2015, the church 's statistics showed that 2.6 million people attended a special Advent service, 2.4 million attended a Christmas service, 1.3 million attended an Easter service, and 980,000 attended service during an average week. In 2016, 2.6 million people attended a Christmas service, 1.2 million attended an Easter service, 1.1 million people attended a service in the Church of England each month, an average of 930,000 people attended a weekly service, an additional 180,000 attended a service for school each week, and an average of 740,000 people attended Sunday service. The Church of England has 18,000 active ordained clergy and 10,000 licensed lay ministers. In 2009, 491 people were recommended for ordination training, maintaining the level at the turn of the millennium, and 564 new clergy ( 266 women and 298 men ) were ordained. More than half of those ordained ( 193 men and 116 women ) were appointed to full - time paid ministry. In 2011, 504 new clergy were ordained, including 264 to paid ministry, and 349 lay readers were admitted to ministry ; and the mode age - range of those recommended for ordination training had remained 40 -- 49 since 1999. Structure ( edit ) See also : Anglican ministry and List of Church of England dioceses Dioceses of the Church of England Province of Canterbury Province of York Article XIX ( ' Of the Church ' ) of the 39 Articles defines the church as follows : The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is preached, and the sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ 's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same. The British monarch has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The canon law of the Church of England states, `` We acknowledge that the Queen 's most excellent Majesty, acting according to the laws of the realm, is the highest power under God in this kingdom, and has supreme authority over all persons in all causes, as well ecclesiastical as civil. '' In practice this power is often exercised through Parliament and the Prime Minister. The Church of Ireland and the Church in Wales separated from the Church of England in 1869 and 1920 respectively and are autonomous churches in the Anglican Communion ; Scotland 's national church, the Church of Scotland, is Presbyterian but the Scottish Episcopal Church is in the Anglican Communion. In addition to England, the jurisdiction of the Church of England extends to the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and a few parishes in Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Powys and Radnorshire in Wales which voted to remain with the Church of England rather than joining the Church in Wales. Expatriate congregations on the continent of Europe have become the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe. The church is structured as follows ( from the lowest level upwards ) : The parish church of St Lawrence in Toot Baldon is typical of many small English village churches Parish is the most local level, often consisting of one church building and community, although many parishes are joining forces in a variety of ways for financial reasons. The parish is looked after by a parish priest who for historical or legal reasons may be called by one of the following offices : vicar, rector, priest in charge, team rector, team vicar. The first, second, and fourth of these may also be known as the ' incumbent '. The running of the parish is the joint responsibility of the incumbent and the Parochial Church Council ( PCC ), which consists of the parish clergy and elected representatives from the congregation. The Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe is not formally divided into parishes. There are a number of local churches that do not have a parish. In urban areas there are a number of proprietary chapels ( mostly built in the 19th century to cope with urbanisation and growth in population ). Also in more recent years there are increasingly church plants and fresh expressions of church, whereby new congregations are planted in locations such as schools or pubs to spread the Gospel of Christ in non-traditional ways. Map showing the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe with the archdeaconries colour - coded Deanery, e.g., Lewisham or Runnymede. This is the area for which a Rural Dean ( or area dean ) is responsible. It consists of a number of parishes in a particular district. The rural dean is usually the incumbent of one of the constituent parishes. The parishes each elect lay ( non-ordained ) representatives to the deanery synod. Deanery synod members each have a vote in the election of representatives to the diocesan synod. Archdeaconry, e.g., the seven in the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe. This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archdeacon. It consists of a number of deaneries. Diocese, e.g., Diocese of Durham, Diocese of Guildford, Diocese of St Albans. This is the area under the jurisdiction of a diocesan bishop, e.g., the Bishops of Durham, Guildford and St Albans, and will have a cathedral. There may be one or more assisting bishops, usually called suffragan bishops, within the diocese who assist the diocesan bishop in his ministry, e.g., in Guildford diocese, the Bishop of Dorking. In some very large dioceses a legal measure has been enacted to create `` episcopal areas '', where the diocesan bishop runs one such area himself and appoints `` area bishops '' to run the other areas as mini-dioceses, legally delegating many of his powers to the area bishops. Dioceses with episcopal areas include London, Chelmsford, Oxford, Chichester, Southwark, and Lichfield. The bishops work with an elected body of lay and ordained representatives, known as the Diocesan Synod, to run the diocese. A diocese is subdivided into a number of archdeaconries. Province, i.e., Canterbury or York. This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archbishop, i.e. the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. Decision - making within the province is the responsibility of the General Synod ( see also above ). A province is subdivided into dioceses. Primacy, i.e., Church of England. In addition to his specific authority in his own province, each archbishop is `` Primate of All England '' ( Canterbury ) or `` Primate of England '' ( York ) and has powers that extend over the whole country -- for example his licence to marry without the banns ( marriage licence ). Royal Peculiar, a small number of churches more closely associated with the Crown, and a very few with the law and are outside the usual church hierarchy though conforming to the rite. These are outside episcopal jurisdiction. All rectors and vicars are appointed by patrons, who may be private individuals, corporate bodies such as cathedrals, colleges or trusts, or by the bishop or directly by the Crown. No clergy can be instituted and inducted into a parish without swearing the Oath of Allegiance to Her Majesty, and taking the Oath of Canonical Obedience `` in all things lawful and honest '' to the bishop. Usually they are instituted to the benefice by the bishop and then inducted by the archdeacon into the possession of the benefice property -- church and parsonage. Curates ( assistant clergy ) are appointed by rectors and vicars, or if priests - in - charge by the bishop after consultation with the patron. Cathedral clergy ( normally a dean and a varying number of residentiary canons who constitute the cathedral chapter ) are appointed either by the Crown, the bishop, or by the dean and chapter themselves. Clergy officiate in a diocese either because they hold office as beneficed clergy or are licensed by the bishop when appointed, or simply with permission. Primates ( edit ) Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury The most senior bishop of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is the metropolitan of the southern province of England, the Province of Canterbury. He has the status of Primate of All England. He is the focus of unity for the worldwide Anglican Communion of independent national or regional churches. Justin Welby has been Archbishop of Canterbury since the confirmation of his election on 4 February 2013. The second most senior bishop is the Archbishop of York, who is the metropolitan of the northern province of England, the Province of York. For historical reasons ( relating to the time of York 's control by the Danes ) he is referred to as the Primate of England. John Sentamu became Archbishop of York in 2005. The Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester are ranked in the next three positions. Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The process of appointing diocesan bishops is complex, due to historical reasons balancing hierarchy against democracy, and is handled by the Crown Nominations Committee which submits names to the Prime Minister ( acting on behalf of the Crown ) for consideration. Representative bodies ( edit ) Main article : General Synod of the Church of England The Church of England has a legislative body, the General Synod. Synod can create two types of legislation, measures and canons. Measures have to be approved but can not be amended by the British Parliament before receiving the Royal Assent and becoming part of the law of England. Although it is the established church in England only, its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament including the non-English members. Canons require Royal Licence and Royal Assent, but form the law of the church, rather than the law of the land. Another assembly is the Convocation of the English Clergy, which is older than the General Synod and its predecessor the Church Assembly. By the 1969 Synodical Government Measure almost all of the Convocations ' functions were transferred to the General Synod. Additionally, there are Diocesan Synods and deanery synods, which are the governing bodies of the divisions of the Church. House of Lords ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual Of the 42 diocesan archbishops and bishops in the Church of England, 26 are permitted to sit in the House of Lords. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York automatically have seats, as do the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester. The remaining 21 seats are filled in order of seniority by consecration. It may take a diocesan bishop a number of years to reach the House of Lords, at which point he becomes a Lord Spiritual. The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords as their dioceses lie outside the United Kingdom. Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although they are not part of England or the United Kingdom, the Church of England is also the Established Church in the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The Isle of Man has its own diocese of Sodor and Man, and the Bishop of Sodor and Man is an ex officio member of the Legislative Council of the Tynwald on the island. The Channel Islands are part of the Diocese of Winchester, and in Jersey the Dean of Jersey is a non-voting member of the States of Jersey. In Guernsey the Church of England is the Established Church, although the Dean of Guernsey is not a member of the States of Guernsey. Sex abuse ( edit ) See also : Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases The Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, has made some effort to prevent complaints of sex abuse cases being covered up. Independent investigators are examining files as far back as the 1950s and Welby hopes this independence will prevent any possibility of a cover - up. We will systematically bring those transparently and openly first of all working with the survivors where they are still alive and then seeing what they want. The rule is survivors come first, not our own interests, and however important the person was, however distinguished, however well - known, survivors come first. ( Justin Welby ) The personal files of all Anglican clergy since the 1950s are being audited in an effort to ensure no cover - up. Welby emphasised repeatedly that no cover - up would be acceptable. Despite such assurances there is concern that not enough may be done and historic abuse may still sometimes be covered up. Keith Porteous Wood of the National Secular Society stated : The problem was n't that bishops were n't trained in such matters, it is the institutional culture of denial and the bullying of the abused and whistleblowers into silence. One report suggests that 13 bishops ignored letters written in the 1990s warning of abuse by Ball on behalf of a victim who later committed suicide. I have seen evidence that such bullying persists to this day. I hope that the Archbishop 's review into the case of Peter Ball will deal with such bullying and what appears to be the undue influence exerted on the police and CPS by the Church in dealing with this case. The total failure of procedures, outlined by Ian Elliott, echoes that revealed in the totally damning Cahill Report about the conduct of the Archbishop Hope of York in respect of Robert Waddington. The current Archbishop of York has decided that this report should remain in printed form rather than be more widely available on the web. Bishop Peter Ball was convicted in October 2015 on several charges of indecent assault against young adult men. There are allegations of large - scale earlier cover - ups involving many British establishment figures which prevented Ball 's earlier prosecution. There have also been allegations of child sex abuse, for example Robert Waddington. A complainant, known only as `` Joe '', tried for decades to have action taken over sadistic sex abuse which Garth Moore perpetrated against him in 1976 when `` Joe '' was 15 years old. None of the high ranking clergy who `` Joe '' spoke to recall being told about the abuse, which `` Joe '' considers incredible. A representative of the solicitors firm representing `` Joe '' said : The Church of England wants to bury and discourage allegations of non-recent abuse. They know how difficult it is for survivors to come forward, and it appears from this case that the Church has a plan of making it hard for these vulnerable people to come forward. This survivor has had the courage to press his case. Most do not. Most harbour the psychological fallout in silence. We need to find a way to make the system more approachable for survivors. Financial situation ( edit ) Main article : Properties and finances of the Church of England Although an established church, the Church of England does not receive any direct government support. Donations comprise its largest source of income, and it also relies heavily on the income from its various historic endowments. In 2005, the Church of England had estimated total outgoings of around £ 900 million. The Church of England manages an investment portfolio which is worth more than £ 8 billion. Online Church directory ( edit ) The Church of England supports A Church Near You, an online directory of churches. A user - edited resource, it currently lists 16,400 churches and has 7,000 editors in 42 dioceses. The directory enables parishes to maintain accurate location, contact and event information which is shared with other websites and mobile apps. In 2012, the directory formed the data backbone of Christmas Near You and in 2014 was used to promote the church 's Harvest Near You initiative. See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal England portal List of the largest Protestant bodies Appointment of Church of England bishops Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England Church of England Newspaper Church of England parish church Mothers ' Union Historical development of Church of England dioceses List of bishops in the Church of England List of archdeacons in the Church of England Ritualism in the Church of England List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Church of England ''. oikoumene.org. World Council of Churches. Retrieved 8 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Exactly how big is the Anglican Communion? ''. 13 November 2015. Jump up ^ Eberle, Edward J. ( 2011 ). Church and State in Western Society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0792 - 8. Retrieved 9 November 2012. The Church of England later became the official state Protestant church, with the monarch supervising church functions. Jump up ^ Fox, Jonathan ( 2008 ). A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88131 - 9. Retrieved 9 November 2012. The Church of England ( Anglican ) and the Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) are the official religions of the UK. Jump up ^ Ferrante, Joan ( 2010 ). Sociology : A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 408. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8400 - 3204 - 1. Retrieved 9 November 2012. the Church of England ( Anglican ), which remains the official state church ^ Jump up to : `` An Ancient Church - Detailed History ''. Church of England. 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Jump up ^ John E. Booty, Stephen Sykes, Jonathan Knight ( 1998 ). Study of Anglicanism. London : Fortress Books. p. 477. ISBN 0 - 281 - 05175 - 5. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Delaney, John P. ( 1980 ). Dictionary of Saints ( Second ed. ). Garden City, NY : Doubleday. pp. 67 -- 68. ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 13594 - 8. ^ Jump up to : The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree. Bbc.co.uk. ^ Jump up to : `` Section A : The Church of England '', Canons of the Church of England ( 7 ed. ), Church of England, retrieved 1 February 2018 Jump up ^ Brown, Andrew ( 13 July 2014 ). `` Liberalism increases as power shifts to the laity in the Church of England ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 1 May 2016. Jump up ^ Rahner, Karl ( 1975 ). Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi. Freiburg : Herder. pp. 301 -- 302. ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 006 - 3. Jump up ^ Paula K. Byers ; 1998, Encyclopedia of World Biography, Page 189 -- Pelagius, ISBN 0 - 7876 - 2553 - 1 Jump up ^ Marcus Holden and Andrew Pinsent, The Catholic Gift to Civilisation ( London : CTS ), p. 13ff Jump up ^ D. Attwater, `` Ethelbert of Kent '' in The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books ), p. 118 Jump up ^ King Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ). HistoryMole ( 18 September 2010 ). Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard, `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries, '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible, edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen Jump up ^ The Laws of England, p. 104 Jump up ^ Article Fifth of `` An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland '' 1800. rahbarnes.co.uk Union pages Jump up ^ Office, Anglican Communion. `` Member Churches ''. Jump up ^ telegraph.co.uk : `` Church of England could return to defrocking rogue priests after child abuse scandals '', 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Church of England can not carry on as it is unless decline ' urgently ' reversed -- Welby and Sentamu '', The Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Empty pews not the end of the world, says Church of England 's newest bishop '', The Daily Telegraph, 9 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` Facts and Stats of The Church of England ''. churchofengland.org. Church of England. Retrieved 8 April 2016. Jump up ^ Closed Churches Division Jump up ^ http://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/hrba/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/churches-and-closure-in-cofe-mar-2010.pdf, p = 2 Jump up ^ `` Church of England : Justin Welby says low pay ' embarrassing ' ''. BBC News. Jump up ^ Canon A5. Canons of the Church of England. ^ Jump up to : Massey H. Shepherd, Jr. and Dale B. Martin, `` Anglicanism '' in Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 1, 2nd. ed., edited by Lindsay Jones ( Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA, 2005 ), pp. 349 -- 350. Jump up ^ `` High Church '', New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 6 ( Detroit : Gale, 2003 ), pp. 823 -- 824. Jump up ^ `` Low Church '', New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 8 ( Detroit : Gale, 2003 ), p. 836. Jump up ^ E. McDermott, `` Broad Church '', New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 2 ( Detroit : Gale, 2003 ), pp. 624 -- 625. Jump up ^ ' New Directions ', May 2013 Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jr. and Martin, `` Anglicanism '', p. 350. Jump up ^ `` More new women priests than men for first time ''. The Daily Telegraph. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Jump up ^ Church votes overwhelmingly for compromise on women bishops -- news from. Ekklesia. Jump up ^ `` Church will ordain women bishops ''. BBC News. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008. Jump up ^ Pigott, Robert. ( 14 February 2009 ) Synod struggles on women bishops. BBC News. Jump up ^ `` Church of England general synod votes against women bishops '', BBC News, 20 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` Church of England Synod votes overwhelmingly in support of women bishops ''. The Descrier. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` LIVE : Vote backs women bishops ''. BBC. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Jump up ^ ITN News. `` The Church of England names its first female bishop -- Video Dailymotion ''. Dailymotion. Jump up ^ `` After turmoil, Church of England consecrates first woman bishop ''. Reuters. ^ Jump up to : First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated. Anglicannews.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2015. Jump up ^ Sherwood, Harriet ; correspondent, religion ( 24 October 2015 ). `` ' God is not a he or a she ', says first female bishop to sit in House of Lords ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` First woman Bishop of London installed ''. www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` First female Bishop of London installed ''. BBC News. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ Social Affairs Editor, Nicholas Hellen ( 13 May 2018 ). `` New woman bishop goes to war for female vicars ''. The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956 - 1382. Retrieved 20 May 2018. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read ''. Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Choice ''. Contemplation in the shadow of a carpark. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Former Chief Nursing Officer to be first woman Bishop of London ''. www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Calls to refer to God as a woman as female bishops take up posts ''. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` ' Jesa Christa ' : God is female too, say Church of England campaigners Christian News on Christian Today ''. www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Jump up ^ reporter, Amelia Butterly Newsbeat. `` God is neither ' she ' nor ' he ' say Anglican priests ''. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Jump up ^ Editorial, Reuters. `` Church of England proposes celebrating gay marriage ''. U.K. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.churchofengland.org/media/1657614/ssmarriagebillbriefing.pdf Jump up ^ Bingham, John. `` telegraph.co.uk ''. Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying. Telegraph. Retrieved 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ Premier ( 18 May 2018 ). `` Keep civil partnerships, Church of England urges Government - Premier ''. Premier. Retrieved 20 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` cc - shooters - hill ''. cc - shooters - hill. Retrieved 27 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : Secretary General responds to GAFCON UK ''. Church of England News. Retrieved 2 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Christian attitudes to same - sex marriage ''. bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 14 April 2016. Jump up ^ Bisset, By Chris Hastings, Fiona Govan and Susan. `` Vicars bless hundreds of gay couples a year ''. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS UK England Beds / Bucks / Herts Gay cleric 's ' wedding ' to partner ''. news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Jump up to : Walker, Peter ( 4 January 2013 ). `` Church of England rules gay men in civil partnerships can become bishops ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Jump up ^ Bates, Stephen ( 11 February 2010 ). `` Church of England General Synod extends pension rights for gay partners ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Church of England gives blessing to recognising civil partnerships ''. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Civil partnerships and defining marriage ''. www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Jump up ^ `` Church of England says civil partnerships should not be abolished following gay marriage legalisation Christian News on Christian Today ''. www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 21 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : House of Bishops Pastoral Guidance on Same Sex Marriage ''. Church of England News. Retrieved 7 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying ''. Retrieved 5 September 2016. Jump up ^ correspondent, Harriet Sherwood Religion ( 2 September 2016 ). `` Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 2 September 2016. Jump up ^ CNN, By Ben Brumfield. `` Priests in same - sex relationships may become Anglican Bishops - CNN.com ''. CNN. Retrieved 1 June 2017. Jump up ^ Lyall, Sarah ( 2013 ). `` Anglicans Open a Path to Bishopric for Gay Men ''. The New York Times. ISSN 0362 - 4331. Retrieved 27 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Church Of England 's Clergy Issue Shock Rebuke To Bishops ' View On Sexuality Christian News on Christian Today ''. www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Church takes step towards gay marriage after vote rejects controversial report ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Archbishops Call For ' Radical New Christian Inclusion ' After Synod Blocks Sexuality Report Christian News on Christian Today ''. www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` General Synod backs ban on conversion therapy The Church of England ''. www.churchofengland.org. Retrieved 5 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Church of England ' Warmly Welcomes ' UK 's Plan to Ban Gay Conversion Therapy ''. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 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Jump up ^ `` The Church of England and human fertilisation & embryology ''. www.churchofengland.org. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Jump up ^ About Church Urban Fund Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Church Urban Fund finds ' poorest ' in north - west England ''. BBC News. Jump up ^ `` Child poverty in the UK ''. Church of England News. ^ Jump up to : Church of England bishops demand action over hunger Jump up ^ `` Catholicism set to be UK 's top religion ''. Metro News. Jump up ^ See the pages linked from the Life Events page on the Church of England website Jump up ^ Peter J. Bowler, Reconciling science and religion : the debate in early - twentieth - century Britain ( University of Chicago Press, 2001 ), page 194. Jump up ^ Robin Gill, The Empty Church Revisited, ( Ashgate Publishing, 2003 ) page 161. Jump up ^ Church of England attendance plunges to record low 12 January 2016 The Telegraph Jump up ^ Christian Research, Religious Trends ( 2008 ), cited in Ruth Gledhill, `` Churchgoing on its knees as Christianity falls out of favour '', The Times, 8 May 2008. Jump up ^ Church of England website. Churchofengland.org. Jump up ^ 10 ways christening has changed 23 October 2013 BBC News Jump up ^ `` Church of England weekly attendance falls below one million for first time Christian News on Christian Today ''. www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 9 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Statistics for Mission 2016 '' ( PDF ). churchofengland.org. 2017. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2017. Jump up ^ Church of England Research & Statistics link page. Churchofengland.org ( 9 May 2012 ). Jump up ^ Facts and stats. Churchofengland.org. Jump up ^ Church of England Year Book, 2012 Jump up ^ 39 Articles -- 19 -- 22. Church Society. Jump up ^ Canon A 7 `` Of the Royal Supremacy '' Jump up ^ `` Irish Church Act 1869 ''. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Our Heritage : Facing Difficulties ''. Church in Wales website. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` History : The Revolution ''. Scottish Episcopal Church website. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ Cross, F.L. ( ed. ) ( 1957 ) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ; p. 1436 Jump up ^ `` Justin Welby becomes Archbishop of Canterbury ''. BBC News. Jump up ^ `` Summary of Church Assembly and General Synod Measures ''. Church of England website. Archbishops ' council of the Church of England. November 2007. Jump up ^ `` General Synod ''. Church of England website. Archbishops ' council of the Church of England. Archived from the original on 12 November 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2010. Jump up ^ House of Lords : alphabetical list of Members Archived 2 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved 12 December 2008. Jump up ^ Gell, Sir James. `` Gell on Manx Church ''. Isle Of Man Online. IOM Online. Retrieved 7 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` About ''. Guernsey Deanery. Church of England. Jump up ^ `` Inquiry into CofE cleric abuse claim set up '', BBC. Jump up ^ `` Church of England to examine 1950s records in child abuse investigation '', The Guardian, 27 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` Church cut contact with child abuse victim on order of insurers ''. 16 March 2016. Jump up ^ Laville, Sandra ( 7 October 2015 ). `` Bishop escaped abuse charges after MPs and a royal backed him, court told ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Damning report reveals Church of England 's failure to act on abuse '', The Guardian, 26 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Survivor reaches settlement with diocese on historic abuse '', Church Times, 4 December 2015. Jump up ^ outgoings. Cofe.anglican.org. Jump up ^ `` Citing ethics, Anglicans sell stake in News Corp '' by Eric Pfanner, The New York Times, 8 August 2012. Jump up ^ `` A Church Near You Help ''. achurchnearyou.com. A Church Near You. Retrieved 25 December 2015. Jump up ^ Christmas Near You Announcement Archived 7 August 2014 at Archive.is Accessed : 6 August 2014 Jump up ^ Harvest Near You announcement, Accessed 6 August 2014. Further reading ( edit ) Buchanan, Colin. Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) excerpt Garbett, Cyril, Abp. The Church of England Today. London : Hodder and Stoughton, 1953. 128 p. Hardwick, Joseph. An Anglican British world : The Church of England and the expansion of the settler empire, c. 1790 -- 1860 ( Manchester UP, 2014 ). Hodges, J.P. The Nature of the Lion : Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage. London : Faith Press, 1962. 153 pp. Kirby, James. Historians and the Church of England : Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870 -- 1920 ( 2016 ) online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198768159.001. 0001 Lawson, Tom. God and War : The Church of England and Armed Conflict in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge, 2016 ). Maughan Steven S. Mighty England Do Good : Culture, Faith, Empire, and World in the Foreign Missions of the Church of England, 1850 -- 1915 ( 2014 ) Picton, Hervé. A Short History of the Church of England : From the Reformation to the Present Day. Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. 180 p. Rowlands, John Henry Lewis. Church, State, and Society, 1827 -- 1845 : the Attitudes of John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, and John Henry Newman. ( 1989 ). xi, 262 p. ISBN 1 - 85093 - 132 - 1 Tapsell, Grant. The later Stuart Church, 1660 -- 1714 ( 2012 ). External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of England. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion ( show ) Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism ( show ) Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Established Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor. The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century, and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534. The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents, before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as" ], "id": [ "14020215833070089518" ], "short_answers": [ "the monarch is the supreme governor" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]