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[ { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of the Jews in attempt of Russification." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Emperor and principles | Local policies", "text": "However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the help of his minister Pavel Kiselyov." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of the Jews in attempt of Russification." }, { "section_header": "Military and foreign policy | Ottoman Empire and Persia", "text": "The treaty further conceded extraterritoriality to Russian subjects in Iran (capitulation)." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "Before that many of them were forcibly conscripted into Cantonist schools since the age of 12, while being a Cantonist did not count into the time of military service." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "Under Nicholas I, the Jewish agricultural colonisation of Ukraine continued with the transfer of Siberian Jews to Ukraine." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "Nicholas I further toughened censorship of the Jewish books in Yiddish and Hebrew by allowing these to be printed only in Zhitomir and Vilna." }, { "section_header": "Culture", "text": "The result was not better art, but just the reverse, compounded by fear and insecurity among members of the art community." }, { "section_header": "Military and foreign policy", "text": "This proved to be something of a handicap in the sense that the sort of qualities that could make a man distinguished on the battlefields such as bravery did not necessarily make a man capable of running a ministry." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "The study of the Talmud was disapproved as it was seen as a text that encouraged Jewish segregation from Russian society." }, { "section_header": "Minorities under Nicholas I | Life of Jews under Nicholas I", "text": "In 1851 the Jewish population numbered at 2.4 million with 212,000 of them living in Russian controlled Poland territory." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents were Italian immigrants Pietro and Paolina (née Longoni) Berra." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "In a 2005 interview for the Baseball Hall of Fame, Berra said, \"My father came over first." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Berra's obituary by the Associated Press initially said that Yogi Bear had died." }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "He was inducted into the Italian American Hall of Fame in 2004.Berra" }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "Berra was also involved in causes related to his Italian American heritage." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents were Italian immigrants Pietro and Paolina (née Longoni) Berra." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He once simultaneously denied and confirmed his reputation by stating, \"I really didn't say everything I said.\" Yogi Berra was born Lorenzo Pietro Berra in a primarily Italian neighborhood of St. Louis called The Hill." }, { "section_header": "Honors | Yogi Berra Museum, Learning Center, and Yogi Berra Stadium", "text": "On October 8, 2014, a break-in and theft occurred at the museum, and several of Berra's World Series rings and other memorabilia were stolen." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | \"Yogi-isms\" | Examples", "text": "\" At the time he said this, in July 1973, Berra's Mets trailed the Chicago Cubs by 9½ games in the National League East." }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "He was a longtime supporter of the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) and helped fund raise for the Foundation." }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "*, Berra was portrayed by actor Paul Borghese, and Hank Steinberg's script included more than one of Berra's famous \"Yogi-isms\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "The Spaldings raised race horses and collected Chinese fine furniture and art." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Baseball career | Tour", "text": "In 1888–1889, Spalding took a group of major league players around the world to promote baseball and Spalding sporting goods." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "With William Hulbert, Spalding organized the National League." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Player", "text": "To aid him in this venture, Hulbert enlisted the help of Spalding." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Rulemaker", "text": "Spalding published the first official rules guide for baseball." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "His plaque in the Hall of Fame reads \"Albert Goodwill Spalding." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Player", "text": "In 1877, Spalding began to use a glove to protect his catching hand." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Rulemaker", "text": "In it he stated that only Spalding balls could be used (previously, the quality of the balls used had been subpar)." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Rulemaker", "text": "Spalding also founded the \"Baseball Guide\", which at the time was the most widely read baseball publication." }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "Spalding had been a prominent member of the Theosophical Society under William Quan Judge." }, { "section_header": "Other activities", "text": "The Spaldings raised race horses and collected Chinese fine furniture and art." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Waner was born on March 16, 1906 in Harrah, Oklahoma, and grew up on a farm with his older brother, Paul." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lloyd James Waner (March 16, 1906 – July 22, 1982), nicknamed \"Little Poison\", was a Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Lloyd Jr. said that the brothers would have been better known and would have enjoyed their later lives more were it not for alcohol." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lloyd James Waner (March 16, 1906 – July 22, 1982), nicknamed \"Little Poison\", was a Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Lloyd graduated from McLoud High School and attended three semesters at East Central State University in Ada, Oklahoma before going into professional baseball." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Waner was born on March 16, 1906 in Harrah, Oklahoma, and grew up on a farm with his older brother, Paul." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Lloyd and Paul Waner both struggled with alcohol abuse." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "He worked for the city of Oklahoma City between 1950 and 1967." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "They got their nicknames from a Brooklyn Dodgers fan's pronunciation of \"Big Person\" and \"Little Person\", which was then picked up by a sportswriter in the stands." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lloyd and Paul Waner set the record for career hits by brothers in MLB." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1950, Lloyd and Paul Waner lost their older brother, Ralph Waner, when he was fatally shot by his ex-wife Marie." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Lloyd gave up drinking in the last four or five years of his life and Lloyd Jr." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Fox spoke freely about her time in school, stating that in middle school she was bullied and had to eat lunch in the bathroom to avoid being \"pelted with ketchup packets.\" She said that the problem was not her looks, but that she had \"always gotten along better with boys\" and that \"rubbed some people the wrong way.\" Fox also said that she was never popular in high school, and that \"everyone hated me, and I was a total outcast, my friends were always guys, I have a very aggressive personality, and girls didn't like me for that." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Fox spoke freely about her time in school, stating that in middle school she was bullied and had to eat lunch in the bathroom to avoid being \"pelted with ketchup packets.\" She said that the problem was not her looks, but that she had \"always gotten along better with boys\" and that \"rubbed some people the wrong way.\" Fox also said that she was never popular in high school, and that \"everyone hated me, and I was a total outcast, my friends were always guys, I have a very aggressive personality, and girls didn't like me for that." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She was raised \"very strictly Pentecostal\", but later attended Catholic school for 12 years." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2010–present", "text": "Eminem and Rihanna's single \"Love the Way" }, { "section_header": "Public image | Status and persona", "text": "Her tattoos, which she began getting at age 19 as a form of self-expression, helped popularize tattoo fashion." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 2013, she said that her Christian faith is still very important to her" }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She said that the two were \"very strict\" and that she was not allowed to have a boyfriend or invite friends to her house." }, { "section_header": "Public image | Status and persona", "text": "She said she was \"very fortunate\" to be a part of the franchise, and was looking forward to continuing her work." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2001–2009: Early career and Transformers", "text": "Fox played the love interest of Shia LaBeouf's character Sam Witwicky." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "At age 17, she tested out of school via correspondence in order to move to Los Angeles, California." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "\" In the same interview, she mentions that she hated school and has \"never been a big believer in formal education\" and that \"the education I was getting seemed irrelevant." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "; Greek: Παρθενώνας, Parthenónas, [parθeˈnonas]) is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of Minerva, the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century." }, { "section_header": "Function", "text": "A small shrine has been excavated within the building, on the site of an older sanctuary probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess, but the Parthenon never hosted the cult of Athena Polias, patron of Athens: the cult image, which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the peplos, was an olive-wood xoanon, located at an older altar on the northern side of the Acropolis." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power." }, { "section_header": "Sculpture", "text": "The cella of the Parthenon housed the chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos sculpted by Phidias and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "According to this theory, the name of the Parthenon means the \"temple of the virgin goddess\" and refers to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy and Western civilization, and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments." }, { "section_header": "Function | Older Parthenon", "text": "This building replaced a hekatompedon (\"hundred-footer\") and would have stood beside the archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias (\"of the city\")." }, { "section_header": "Sculpture", "text": "The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 432." }, { "section_header": "Function | Present building", "text": "The architects Ictinos and Callicrates began their work in 447 BC, and the building was substantially completed by 432." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Systers", "text": "In 1992, when Mattel Inc. began selling a Barbie doll that said math class is tough, the voices of protest that started with the Systers list played a role in getting Mattel to remove that phrase from Barbie's microchip." }, { "section_header": "Career | Systers", "text": "In 1987, Borg founded Systers, the first email network for women in technology." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Systers", "text": "In 1987, Borg founded Systers, the first email network for women in technology." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "As a consultant engineer in the Network Systems Laboratory under Brian Reid, she developed MECCA, an email and Web-based system for communicating in virtual communities." }, { "section_header": "Career | Systers", "text": "She and six or seven other women met in the ladies' room and talked about how few women there were in computing." }, { "section_header": "Education and early life", "text": "Borg was born Anita Borg Naffz in Chicago, Illinois." }, { "section_header": "Career | Legacy", "text": "Google established the Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship in 2004 to honor the work of Borg." }, { "section_header": "Career | Institute for Women and Technology", "text": "In 1997, Borg founded the Institute for Women and Technology (now the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology)." }, { "section_header": "Career | Legacy", "text": "In 2003, the Institute for Women and Technology was renamed to the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, in honor of Borg." }, { "section_header": "Career | Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing", "text": "In 1994, Anita Borg and Telle Whitney founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing." }, { "section_header": "Career | Legacy", "text": "The UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering offers the Anita Borg Prize, named in her honor." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anita Borg (January 17, 1949 – April 6, 2003) was an American computer scientist." }, { "section_header": "Career | Systers", "text": "In 1992, when Mattel Inc. began selling a Barbie doll that said math class is tough, the voices of protest that started with the Systers list played a role in getting Mattel to remove that phrase from Barbie's microchip." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Conception | Records", "text": "World's highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower) World's highest New Year display of fireworks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Conception | Records", "text": "World's highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower) World's highest New Year display of fireworks." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd and 124th, where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively." }, { "section_header": "Conception | Records", "text": "World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft) World's highest nightclub: 144th floor" }, { "section_header": "Conception | Records", "text": "formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft) Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110) World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building) World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft) Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft) World's tallest structure that includes residential space" }, { "section_header": "Other uses | BASE jumping", "text": "On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet)." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent." }, { "section_header": "Construction and structure", "text": "Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (in floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52 etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire." }, { "section_header": "Conception | Records", "text": "World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building." }, { "section_header": "Construction and structure | Milestones", "text": "10 March 2010: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and state residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Forbidden City (Chinese: 故宫; pinyin: Gùgōng) is a palace complex in central Beijing, China." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal." }, { "section_header": "Structure | Outer Court or the Southern Section", "text": "The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court, and later housed the Palace's own printing house." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and state residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China." }, { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "The Last Emperor (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City." }, { "section_header": "Structure | Outer Court or the Southern Section", "text": "Three halls stand on top of this terrace, the focus of the palace complex." }, { "section_header": "Structure | Walls and gates", "text": "The gate has five gateways. The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way, a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | Death", "text": "On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | Marriages and children", "text": "In May 1904, their son Hans Albert Einstein was born in Bern, Switzerland." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "A more complete list of his publications may be found at List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Marriages and children", "text": "Elsa was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems in 1935 and died in December 1936." }, { "section_header": "Non-scientific legacy", "text": "Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986)." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5, for three years." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Marriages and children", "text": "The contents of Einstein's letter in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of scarlet fever in infancy." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Death", "text": "I will do it elegantly.\" He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years later." }, { "section_header": "Non-scientific legacy", "text": "Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Death", "text": "On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities." }, { "section_header": "Chronology", "text": "Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935." }, { "section_header": "Chronology", "text": "A treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved most post-World War II issues." }, { "section_header": "Pre-war events | Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)", "text": "The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources." }, { "section_header": "Impact | Casualties and war crimes", "text": "The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II." }, { "section_header": "Chronology", "text": "The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939.The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Potential canonization", "text": "Rossi did receive positive comments from the executive director of the Clemente Museum in Pittsburgh, while Carmen Nanko-Fernandez, from the Chicago Theological Union, was not confident that Clemente would be canonized, pointing out that Hispanic Catholics can continue to revere Clemente as an unofficial saint." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "He broke through the cultural barrier in the MLB and made Puerto Rican baseball players respected." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "On what he admired most about Clemente as a player: \"The passion, the way he played, the way he went about his business every single day." }, { "section_header": "Other honors and awards | Honors", "text": "The stamp was designed by Juan Lopez-Bonilla and shows Clemente wearing a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball cap with a Puerto Rican flag in the background." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "Roberto Clemente's influence on Puerto Rican baseball players was very similar to that of Jackie Robinson for African American baseball players." }, { "section_header": "Potential canonization", "text": "Rossi did receive positive comments from the executive director of the Clemente Museum in Pittsburgh, while Carmen Nanko-Fernandez, from the Chicago Theological Union, was not confident that Clemente would be canonized, pointing out that Hispanic Catholics can continue to revere Clemente as an unofficial saint." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "He broke through the cultural barrier in the MLB and made Puerto Rican baseball players respected." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "He was considered a national hero and was idolized by all of the young players watching him." }, { "section_header": "Biographies and documentaries", "text": "2006 : Clemente: The Passion and grace of Baseball's Last Hero by David Maraniss. 2008: \"Roberto Clemente\": One-hour biography as part of the Public Broadcasting Service history series, American Experience which premiered on April 21, 2008." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "Roberto persevered and continued to let his play shine and prove why he and many Latino players like him deserved to play among the best of the MLB." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "Roberto showcased some of the best talent that Puerto Rico could offer and paved the way for thousands of players to follow his lead." }, { "section_header": "Roberto Clemente Award", "text": "Since 1971, MLB has presented the Roberto Clemente Award (named the Commissioner's Award in 1971 and 1972) every year to a player with outstanding baseball playing skills who is personally involved in community work." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The novel reaches its climax during Dixon's public lecture on \"Merrie England\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He has made an unsure start and, towards the end of the academic year, is concerned about losing his probationary position in the department." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "In his attempt to be awarded a permanent post he tries to maintain a good relationship with his absent-minded head of department, Professor Welch." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lucky Jim is a novel by Kingsley Amis, first published in 1954 by Victor Gollancz." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lucky Jim is dedicated to Larkin, who helped to inspire the main character and contributed significantly to the structure of the novel." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Time magazine included Lucky Jim in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The novel reaches its climax during Dixon's public lecture on \"Merrie England\"." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and legacy", "text": "Their idea of a celebration is to go to a public bar and drink six beers." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and legacy", "text": "When originally published, Lucky Jim received enthusiastic reviews." }, { "section_header": "Film and television adaptations", "text": "In 2003, ITV aired a remake of Lucky Jim with Stephen Tompkinson playing the central character." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel follows the exploits of the eponymous James (Jim) Dixon, a reluctant lecturer at an unnamed provincial English university." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He later attempted to liberate Italy from foreign occupation, believing that it threatened the Church's freedom." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "So Lorenzo the Magnificent helped him carve out a career as a soldier." }, { "section_header": "Election as Pope 1523 | Continental and Medici politics", "text": "This policy in itself was sound and patriotic, but Clement VII's zeal soon cooled; by his want of foresight and unseasonable economy, he laid himself open to an attack from the turbulent Roman barons, which obliged him to invoke the mediation of the emperor," }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Assuming leadership at a time of crisis, with the Protestant Reformation spreading; the Church nearing bankruptcy; and large, foreign armies invading Italy, Clement VII initially tried to unite Christendom by making peace among the many Christian leaders then at odds." }, { "section_header": "Election as Pope 1523 | English Reformation", "text": "By the late 1520s, King Henry VIII wanted to have his marriage to Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon annulled." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Clement VII (Italian: Papa Clemente VII; Latin: Clemens VII) (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born" }, { "section_header": "Cardinal | Under Pope Leo X | Statesmanship", "text": "That autumn, he helped lead a victorious Imperial-Papal army over the French in Milan and Lombardy." }, { "section_header": "Election as Pope 1523 | Continental and Medici politics", "text": "These actions prompted reform measures after Clement's death to help prevent such excessive nepotism." }, { "section_header": "Cardinal | Under Pope Leo X | Statesmanship", "text": "While Medici’s strategy of shifting alliances to liberate the Church (and later Italy) from foreign domination proved disastrous during his reign as Pope Clement VII, during the reign of Leo X it skillfully maintained a balance of power among the competing international factions seeking to influence the Church." }, { "section_header": "Election as Pope 1523 | Renaissance Pope", "text": "A discerning patron, Clement VII personally commissioned Michelangelo’s" }, { "section_header": "Election as Pope 1523 | Renaissance Pope", "text": "Clement VII is also remembered for having been the patron of Benvenuto Cellini." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He later attempted to liberate Italy from foreign occupation, believing that it threatened the Church's freedom." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The halogens () are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Characteristics | Chemical | Compounds | Interhalogen compounds", "text": "Many interhalogens consist of one or more atoms of fluorine bonding to a heavier halogen." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The halogens () are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At)." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics | Chemical", "text": "Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements: it is the only element more electronegative than oxygen, it attacks otherwise-inert materials such as glass, and it forms compounds with the usually inert noble gases." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The artificially created element 117, tennessine (Ts), may also be a halogen." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics | Chemical | Compounds | Interhalogen compounds", "text": "Interhalogen compounds are in the form of XYn where X and Y are halogens and n is one, three, five, or seven." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics | Chemical | Compounds | Organohalogen compounds", "text": "Chlorine is by far the most abundant of the halogens in seawater, and the only one needed in relatively large amounts (as chloride ions) by humans." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics | Chemical | Compounds | Organohalogen compounds", "text": "Many synthetic organic compounds such as plastic polymers, and a few natural ones, contain halogen atoms; these are known as halogenated compounds or organic halides." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organobromides are the most important class of flame retardants, while elemental halogens are dangerous and can be lethally toxic." }, { "section_header": "Toxicity", "text": "One hundred milligrams of bromine is lethal." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The group of halogens is the only periodic table group that contains elements in three of the main states of matter at standard temperature and pressure." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the northcentral Adriatic Marche region of Italy and Catalonia, and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry." } ]

[ { "section_header": "International career | 2019: Copa América", "text": "On 21 May 2019, Messi was included in Lionel Scaloni's final 23-man Argentina squad for the 2019 Copa América." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the northcentral Adriatic Marche region of Italy and Catalonia, and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Lionel Andrés Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario, the third of the four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager, and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop." }, { "section_header": "International career | 2016: Copa América Centenario, retirement, and return | \"Don't go, Leo\"", "text": "President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit, stating, \"We are lucky, it is one of life's pleasures, it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours... Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi] (listen); born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Philanthropy", "text": "In addition to his work with UNICEF, Messi founded his own charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children." }, { "section_header": "Player profile | Reception", "text": "Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor: where Maradona was an extroverted, controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums, Messi is reserved and unassuming, an unremarkable man outside of football." }, { "section_header": "International career | 2008–11: Collective decline", "text": "Back home, however, Messi was the subject of harsher judgement." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An Argentine international, Messi is his country's all-time leading goalscorer." }, { "section_header": "International career | 2005–06: Senior and World Cup debuts", "text": "Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending-off." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Seattle Mariners (1989–1998) | 1989–1992", "text": "Ryan suggested that he land on the ball of his foot, and almost immediately, he began finding the strike zone more consistently." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Johnson also threw a split-finger fastball that behaved like a change-up, and a sinker to induce ground-ball outs." }, { "section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "The effectiveness of the pitch is marked by its velocity being in the low 90s along with tight late break; hitters often believed they were thrown a fastball until the ball broke just before it crossed home plate." }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Seattle Mariners (1989–1998) | 1996−1998", "text": "When Johnson had started an interleague game versus the Rockies on June 12, Walker chose not to play, explaining that \"I faced Randy one time in spring training" }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Seattle Mariners (1989–1998) | 1995", "text": "He also became the first Seattle Mariners pitcher to win the Cy Young Award, and the only one until Félix Hernández took home the honor in 2010." }, { "section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "In a June 27, 2012, appearance on The Dan Patrick Show, Adam Dunn (a left-handed batter) was asked who the best pitcher he faced was. \" Honestly, Randy Johnson when he was good." }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Arizona Diamondbacks (1999–2004)", "text": "\" The event was not unique in baseball history, but it became one of Johnson's most-remembered baseball moments; a news story 15 years later remarked, \"the event remains iconic, and the Big Unit says he gets asked about the incident nearly as much as he does about winning the World Series later that year with the Arizona Diamondbacks\"." }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Seattle Mariners (1989–1998) | 1989–1992", "text": "Ryan recommended a slight change in his delivery; before the meeting, Johnson would land on the heel of his foot after delivering a pitch, and he therefore usually landed offline from home plate." }, { "section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "In the prime of his career, Johnson's fastball was clocked as high as 102 mph (164 km/h), with a low three-quarters delivery (nearly sidearm)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is also one of five pitchers to pitch no-hitters in both leagues." }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Arizona Diamondbacks (1999–2004)", "text": "On May 18, 2004, Johnson pitched the 17th perfect game in baseball history." }, { "section_header": "Major league career (1988–2009) | Seattle Mariners (1989–1998) | 1989–1992", "text": "Ryan suggested that he land on the ball of his foot, and almost immediately, he began finding the strike zone more consistently." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A single-episode television adaptation of the novel was first aired on 1 January 1997." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "film Delhi Belly, one of the protagonists makes a sarcastic reference to \"Mill on the floss\" when he finds his friends in completely different appearances and surreal whimsical situations." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A single-episode television adaptation of the novel was first aired on 1 January 1997." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A radio dramatisation in five one-hour parts was broadcast on BBC7 in 2009.In the Kiran Rao and Aamir Khan 2011" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1994, Helen Edmundson adapted the book for the stage, in a production performed by Shared Experience." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "According to Elizabeth Ermarth, \"[t]hey are norms according to which she is an inferior, dependent creature who will never go far in anything, and which consequently are a denial of her full humanity.\" The story was adapted as a film, The Mill on the Floss, in 1937, and as a BBC series in 1978 starring Christopher Blake, Pippa Guard, Judy Cornwell, Ray Smith and Anton Lesser." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mill on the Floss is a novel by George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), first published in three volumes in 1860 by William Blackwood." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Spanning a period of 10 to 15 years, the novel details the lives of Tom and Maggie Tulliver, siblings who grow up at Dorlcote Mill on the River Floss." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Critics have asserted that Maggie's need for love and acceptance is her underlying motivation throughout The Mill on the Floss, claiming that the conflicts that arise in the novel invariably stem from her frustrated attempts at gaining this acceptance." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "St Ogg's St Ogg's St Ursula Like other novels by George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss articulates the tension between circumstances and the spiritual energies of individual characters struggling against those circumstances." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Tom and Maggie have a close yet complex bond, which continues throughout the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aquaman is a 2018 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "On March 7, 2018, Rupert Gregson-Williams was announced as the composer for Aquaman." }, { "section_header": "Future | Spin-off", "text": "The movie will focus on the amphibious monsters that Arthur and Mera faced in the previous film." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aquaman is a 2018 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" Seitz stated that \"It takes skill to be as ridiculous as this movie.... [Aquaman]... feels simultaneously like a spoof and an operatic melodrama." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It's filled with ambition. It's always about trying to put the coolest, most imaginative sequence on screen at every single turn of the story, no matter what the cost.\" Writing for TheWrap, William Bibbiani called the film \"a weird and wonderful superhero adventure that strives—and almost succeeds—to be the most epic superhero movie ever made." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film a C−, writing, \"It can't decide if it wants to be silly or serious—a superhero movie or a parody of one... Unfortunately, the bloated, waterlogged film is loaded with crummy CGI, cheesy costumes, and groaner dialogue delivered by actors who are too good to traffic in such nonsense\"." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Gregson-Williams previously wrote the score for Wonder Woman, the fourth film in the DC Extended Universe." }, { "section_header": "Production | Visual effects", "text": "2,300 visual effects shots (VFX) appear in the movie, completed by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), Base FX, Rodeo FX, Scanline VFX, DNEG, Luma Pictures, Weta Digital, Moving Picture Company (MPC), Method Studios, Digital Domain, and Clear Angle Studios ." }, { "section_header": "Production | Visual effects", "text": "A completely CG village was also created based on scans and documentation of the real village." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "After Man of Steel's release in 2013, a source from Warner Bros. told The Wrap that they were discussing future films, with the mention of more Man of Steel movies as well as a Superman/Batman film, a Wonder Woman film and an Aquaman film." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career | Oakland Athletics", "text": "On July 25, 2007, in the top of the ninth inning in a game between the Angels and Athletics at Angel Stadium, a fan threw a water bottle that hit Piazza, who had homered earlier in the game." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Oakland Athletics", "text": "Piazza pressed charges against Flores." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career | New York Mets", "text": "Earlier in the season during interleague play, Yankees pitcher Roger Clemens hit Piazza in the head with a fastball." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Oakland Athletics", "text": "On July 25, 2007, in the top of the ninth inning in a game between the Angels and Athletics at Angel Stadium, a fan threw a water bottle that hit Piazza, who had homered earlier in the game." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | New York Mets", "text": "Clemens and Piazza would go on to face each other again in the first inning of World Series Game 2." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | San Diego Padres", "text": "On July 21, 2006, Mike Piazza collected his 2,000th career hit in the major leagues." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "He hit the longest home run in Astrodome history, an estimated 480-foot, two-run blast off José Lima in the first inning of a game on September 14, 1998." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "The home run, a three-run shot with two outs in the ninth inning against Billy Wagner, gave the Mets a 3–2 lead in a game they would win, 4–3, in 11 innings." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | New York Mets", "text": "Piazza's game-winning 8th-inning home run in the first professional baseball game played in New York following the 9/11 attacks has been called iconic, therapeutic, and symbolic." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "His fourth slam and first as a Met came against the Diamondbacks' Andy Benes in the second inning of the August 22 game at Shea Stadium." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "On September 21, 1997, Mike Piazza became just the third player and the only Dodger ever to hit a ball out of Dodger Stadium with a blast over the left-field pavilion." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Los Angeles Dodgers", "text": "He only appeared in 21 games that season, hitting .232." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Oakland Athletics", "text": "Piazza pressed charges against Flores." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sharon married Jerry Twain, an Ojibwa from the nearby Mattagami First Nation, and they had son Mark together." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "During this time, she changed her name to Shania, which was said to be an Ojibwa word which means \"on my way.\" However, Twain's biographer, Robin Eggar, writes: \"There is a continuing confusion about what 'Shania' means and if indeed it is an Ojibwe word or phrase at all. ... There is no mispronounced or misheard phrase in either Ojibwe or Cree that comes close to meaning 'on my way.'" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "It is therefore possible that someone with an imperfect knowledge of the Ojibwe language created Shania with the incorrect idea it would mean" }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Because of Twain's connection to Jerry, the media have incorrectly reported that she is of Ojibwe descent." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2004–2010: Greatest Hits and delay of new album", "text": "This was Twain's final recording with husband Lange as producer; on May 15, 2008, it was announced that Twain and Lange were separating." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "Eye-uh-ah\", means \"someone on the way\" in Ojibwe." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "\" Eggar was mistaken about there being no Ojibwe phrase that \"comes close\", as \"Ani aya'aa\", pronounced \"Ah-nih" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "\"she's on the way\". Twain's self-titled debut album was released in 1993 in North America and garnered her audiences outside Canada." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "While Shania Twain only reached No. 67 on the US Country Albums Chart, it gained positive reviews from critics." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1993–1994: Shania Twain", "text": "Several years later, when Twain's siblings moved out on their own, she assembled a demo tape of her songs and her Huntsville manager set up a showcase for her to present her material to record executives." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "At that time, by virtue of her stepfather Jerry Twain being a full-blooded Ojibwe and the rights guaranteed to Native Americans in the Jay Treaty (1795), Shania became legally registered as having 50 percent Native American blood." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sharon married Jerry Twain, an Ojibwa from the nearby Mattagami First Nation, and they had son Mark together." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Years later, when Sabra becomes the first female congresswoman from the state of Oklahoma, she lauds the virtues of her then Indian daughter-in-law." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cimarron is a 1931 Pre-Code Western film directed by Wesley Ruggles, starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne, and featuring Estelle Taylor and Roscoe Ates." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "At the time, Sabra is vehemently anti-Native American, despite her son's involvement with an Indian woman." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cimarron is a 1931 Pre-Code Western film directed by Wesley Ruggles, starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne, and featuring Estelle Taylor and Roscoe Ates." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Three days later, the movie was released to theaters throughout the nation." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "This is a spectacular western away from all others." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "It was the first Western to win the Best Picture award, and it would not be until 1990 when Dances with Wolves won, that another Western would garner that honor.1930–1931 Academy Awards" }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The movie remained RKO's most expensive film until 1939's Gunga Din (that filmed exteriors around the Sierra Nevada Alabama Hills range, but had one scene shot on RKO's movie ranch in Encino).Reviews by film critics were overwhelmingly positive at the time." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is also one of the few Westerns to ever win the top honor at the Academy Awards." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "These award-winning sets eventually formed the nucleus of RKO's expansive movie ranch, in Encino, where other RKO (and non-RKO) films were later shot." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Cimarron the picture is all that is gripping in Cimarron the story." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Radio Pictures has a corker in 'Cimarron'." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Years later, when Sabra becomes the first female congresswoman from the state of Oklahoma, she lauds the virtues of her then Indian daughter-in-law." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Strauss was born into a Catholic family in St Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on 25 October 1825, to the composer Johann Strauss I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet." }, { "section_header": "Career advancements", "text": "Strauss Jr. eventually attained greater fame than his father and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria, Poland and Germany with his orchestra." }, { "section_header": "Debut as a composer", "text": "Johann Strauss I's influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father." }, { "section_header": "Career advancements", "text": "However, on account of the high volume of demand, there grew a fear that the dog may be trimmed bald." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Eduard Strauss had surprisingly wound up the Strauss Orchestra on 13 February 1901 after concerts in 840 cities around the globe, and had pawned the instruments." }, { "section_header": "Portrayals in the media", "text": "Tom and Jerry features a mouse mesmerised by the playing of several Strauss waltzes by Johann Strauss himself, and later, by Tom." }, { "section_header": "Musical rivals and admirers", "text": "Richard Strauss (unrelated to the Strauss family), when writing his Rosenkavalier waltzes, said in reference to Johann Strauss, \"How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?\"Johannes Brahms was a personal friend of Strauss; the latter dedicated his waltz \"Seid umschlungen, Millionen!\" (\"Be Embraced, You Millions!\"), Op. 443, to him." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johann Strauss II (born Johann Baptist Strauss; 25 October 1825 – 3 June 1899), also known as Johann Strauss Jr., the Younger, the Son (German: Sohn), son of Johann Strauss I, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas." }, { "section_header": "Debut as a composer", "text": "A critic for Der Wanderer commented that \"Strauss’s name will be worthily continued in his son; children and children’s children can look forward to the future, and three-quarter time will find a strong footing in him.\" Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his early years as a composer difficult, but he soon won over audiences after accepting commissions to perform away from home." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some of Johann Strauss's most famous works include \"The Blue Danube\", \"Kaiser-Walzer\" (Emperor Waltz), \"Tales from the Vienna Woods\", and the \"Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka\"." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Strauss was born into a Catholic family in St Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on 25 October 1825, to the composer Johann Strauss I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production and development", "text": "Other scenes were filmed at Queen's Park, the former Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Casa Loma, the Elgin Theatre, Union Station, the Canada Life Building, the Danforth Music Hall, and at the Old City Hall." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production and development", "text": "Chicago was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chicago is a 2002 American musical black comedy crime film based on the 1975 stage musical of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Release | Legacy", "text": "Japanese rock band Buck-Tick named their 2010 album Razzle Dazzle after the film's song of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Production and development", "text": "A film version of Chicago was to have been the next project for Bob Fosse, who had directed and choreographed the original 1975 Broadway production and had won an Oscar for his direction of the film version of Cabaret (1972)." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Rivera originated the role of Velma Kelly in the Broadway musical Chicago in 1975; her appearance in the film is a cameo." }, { "section_header": "Production and development", "text": "Chicago was produced by American companies Miramax Films and The Producers Circle in association with the German company Kallis Productions." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Roxie initially refuses, but later accepts when Velma points out that they can perform together despite their resentment for each other." }, { "section_header": "Release | Legacy", "text": "and the hip hop centered film 8 Mile in 2002, is widely considered to be responsible for ushering a re-emergence of the musical film genre in the 21st century." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film marks the theatrical directorial debut of Rob Marshall, who also choreographed the film, and was adapted by screenwriter Bill Condon, with music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb." }, { "section_header": "Release | Legacy", "text": "Following the success of Chicago, many musical films have been released in cinemas, with several adapted from stage productions for Broadway and London's West End, including Phantom of the Opera, The Producers, Rent, Dreamgirls, Hairspray, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Mamma Mia!" }, { "section_header": "Production and development", "text": "Other scenes were filmed at Queen's Park, the former Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Casa Loma, the Elgin Theatre, Union Station, the Canada Life Building, the Danforth Music Hall, and at the Old City Hall." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a depiction of the afterlife in which three deceased characters are punished by being locked into a room together for eternity." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Opera", "text": "A one-act chamber opera based on the play was created by composer Andy Vores." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a depiction of the afterlife in which three deceased characters are punished by being locked into a room together for eternity." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Hell is other people\", a reference to Sartre's ideas about the look and the perpetual ontological struggle of being caused to see oneself as an object from the view of another consciousness." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "No Exit (1962), directed by Tad Danielewski" }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "As Estelle begins to laugh hysterically at the idea of them being dead and trapped together forever, the others join in a prolonged fit of laughter before Garcin finally concludes, \"Eh bien, continuons...\" (\"Well then, let's get on with it...\")." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She refuses, saying that he is obviously a coward, and promising to make him miserable forever." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "At first, none of them will admit the reason for their damnation: Garcin says that he was executed for being an outspoken pacifist, while Estelle insists that a mistake has been made; Inèz, however, is the only one to demand that they all stop lying to themselves and confess to their moral crimes." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She deduces that they are to be one another's torturers." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Exit (French: Huis Clos, pronounced [ɥi klo]) is a 1944 existentialist French play by Jean-Paul Sartre." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play begins with three characters who find themselves waiting in a mysterious room." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional career | Minor league baseball", "text": "He also recorded 25 assists. Able to make a career in baseball, Carey decided to drop out of Concordia." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "The organization stated that they fired Carey due to his inability to get along with his players." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional career | Minor league baseball", "text": "He used the name \"Max Carey\" in order to retain his amateur status at Concordia College." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "The organization stated that they fired Carey due to his inability to get along with his players." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Maximillian George Carnarius (January 11, 1890 – May 30, 1976), known as Max George Carey, was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "Carey's .458 batting average led all players in the series, and the Pirates defeated the American League's Washington Senators." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "In 1944, Carey became the manager of the Milwaukee Chicks in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "When Carey found out about the remark, he called a team meeting, along with Babe Adams and Carson Bigbee, who were also discontented with Clarke." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "He was survived by his wife, Aurelia, and a son, Max Jr." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "Carey played his final three and a half years with the Robins, but he was aging and no longer the same player." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Behind Wilson, Brooklyn finished in third place in the National League in 1932." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He attended Concordia College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, studying in the pre-ministerial program." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Minor league baseball", "text": "He also recorded 25 assists. Able to make a career in baseball, Carey decided to drop out of Concordia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Comic strip | Evolution of the strip", "text": "A new character was introduced named Sam Catchem to take Patton's place as Tracy's sidekick." }, { "section_header": "Comic strip | Later years", "text": "The revived Gould villains were often provided with full names, and marriages, children, and other family connections were developed, bringing more humanity to many of the originally grotesque brutes." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould." }, { "section_header": "Comic strip | Later years", "text": "Doherty also introduced a new feature, \"Tracy's Hall of Fame\" (which replaces the \"Crimestopper\" panel approximately once each month), in which a real-life police officer is profiled and honored." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Film | Film serials", "text": "However, comic relief sidekick \"Mike McGurk\" bears some resemblance to Tracy's partner from the strip, Pat Patton; Tracy's secretary, Gwen Andrews (played by several actresses in the course of the series, including Jennifer Jones under a variation of her real name, Phyllis Isley), provides the same kind of feminine interest as Tess Trueheart; and FBI Director Clive Anderson (Francis X. Bushman and others) is the same kind of avuncular superior as Chief Brandon." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Books", "text": "U.S. Classics Series-Dick Tracy: Tracy's Wartime Memories." }, { "section_header": "Comic strip | Crimestoppers' Textbook", "text": "This was named after a short-lived youth group seen in the strip during the late 1940s, led by Junior Tracy, called \"Dick Tracy's Crimestoppers.\" This feature ended when Gould retired from the strip in 1977, but Max Allan Collins reinstated it, and it is still part of the comic strip." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "Dick Tracy's wedding is repeatedly interrupted as Tracy chases after one villain after another." }, { "section_header": "Comic strip | Creation and early years", "text": "Patterson suggested changing the hero's name to Dick Tracy, and also put forward an opening storyline in which Tracy joined the police after his girlfriend's father was murdered by robbers." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Film | Early feature films", "text": "Ralph Byrd returned for the last two features, both released in 1947: Dick Tracy's Dilemma and Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Future | Possible sequel", "text": "He said to Ellen DeGeneres that Tim Allen had \"warned him about the emotional final goodbye between their characters Woody and Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story 4.\" However, Nielsen did not rule out a possibility of a fifth film, stating, \"Every film we make, we treat it like it's the first and the last film we're ever going to make, so you force yourself to make it hold up." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Rumors arose that Toy Story 4 was in production and slated for release for 2015, but Disney denied these rumors in February 2013.Disney officially announced Toy Story 4 during an investor's call on November 6, 2014." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "He felt that \"Toy Story 3 ended Woody and Buzz's story with Andy so perfectly that for a long time, [Pixar] never even talked about doing another Toy Story movie." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Toy Story 4 is a 2019 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures." }, { "section_header": "Future | Possible sequel", "text": "In May 2019, producer Mark Nielsen confirmed that after Toy Story 4, Pixar will return its focus to making original films for a while instead of making sequels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the fourth installment in Pixar's Toy Story series and the sequel to Toy Story 3 (2010)." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music and soundtrack", "text": "On June 5, 2019, Chris Stapleton's version of \"Cowboy\" was released as a single." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Lasseter explained that Pixar decided to produce the sequel because of their \"pure passion\" for the series, and that the film would be a love story." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film directly follows Toy Story 3, as Sheriff Woody, Buzz Lightyear, and their other toy friends have found new appreciation living with Bonnie." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Annie Potts was confirmed to return as Bo Peep, after being absent from Toy Story 3." }, { "section_header": "Future | Possible sequel", "text": "He said to Ellen DeGeneres that Tim Allen had \"warned him about the emotional final goodbye between their characters Woody and Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story 4.\" However, Nielsen did not rule out a possibility of a fifth film, stating, \"Every film we make, we treat it like it's the first and the last film we're ever going to make, so you force yourself to make it hold up." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Scientific accuracy", "text": "We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us.\" Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, saying that Gilligan \"said it made a difference to him." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Breaking Bad is an American neo-Western crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reception", "text": "The American Film Institute listed Breaking Bad as one of the top ten television series of 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013." }, { "section_header": "Production | Scientific accuracy", "text": "\" She's been a wonderful advisor." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in the \"Drive\" episode of the science fiction television series" }, { "section_header": "Production | Development history", "text": "Around 2010, AMC had expressed to Sony Pictures Television and Gilligan that they felt that the third season would be the last for Breaking Bad." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reception", "text": "Breaking Bad received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by many critics as one of the greatest television shows of all time." }, { "section_header": "Spin-offs and adaptations | Breaking Bad: Criminal Elements", "text": "On June 6, 2019, FTX Games released Breaking Bad: Criminal Elements, a strategy-mobile video game for both iOS and Android." }, { "section_header": "Production | Conception", "text": "Breaking Bad was created by Vince Gilligan, who spent several years writing the Fox series" }, { "section_header": "Production | Development history", "text": "As the series progressed, Gilligan and the writing staff of Breaking Bad made Walter increasingly unsympathetic." }, { "section_header": "Production | Scientific accuracy", "text": "There's no full-time [advisor] on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first." }, { "section_header": "Production | Scientific accuracy", "text": "We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us.\" Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, saying that Gilligan \"said it made a difference to him." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Towering Inferno is a 1974 American disaster film produced by Irwin Allen featuring an ensemble cast led by Paul Newman and Steve McQueen." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release", "text": "The Towering Inferno was released in theatres on December 14, 1974." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "It is not the recording on the soundtrack album but a newer arrangement recorded for The Towering Inferno." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Towering Inferno is a 1974 American disaster film produced by Irwin Allen featuring an ensemble cast led by Paul Newman and Steve McQueen." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Towering Inferno received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike upon its release, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 6.57/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, The site's consensus states: \"Although it is not consistently engaging enough to fully justify its towering runtime, The Towering Inferno is a blustery spectacle that executes its disaster premise with flair." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was adapted by Stirling Silliphant from a pair of novels, The Tower (1973) by Richard Martin Stern and The Glass Inferno (1974) by Thomas N. Scortia and Frank M. Robinson." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The first release of portions of the score from The Towering Inferno was on Warner Bros. Records early in 1975 (Catalog No. BS-2840) \"Main Title\" (5:00) \"An Architect's Dream\" (3:28) \"Lisolette And Harlee\" (2:34) \"Something For Susan\" (2:42) \"Trapped Lovers\" (4:28) \" We May Never Love Like This Again\" –" }, { "section_header": "Production | The books", "text": "Fox, in turn, spent $300,000 to obtain the rights to Scortia's The Glass Inferno." }, { "section_header": "Production | The books", "text": "Warner Brothers outbid Fox to obtain the rights to Stern's The Tower for $400,000." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The Tower, 1,688 feet (515 m) tall and 138 stories, is the world's tallest building." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "In a last-ditch strategy, O'Hallorhan and Roberts blow up water tanks atop the Tower with plastic explosives." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "Anna Karenina is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "The novel begins with one of its most often-quoted lines: \"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.\" Tolstoy's style in Anna Karenina is considered by many critics to be transitional, forming a bridge between the realist and modernist novel." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "According to Ruth Benson in her book about Tolstoy's heroines, Tolstoy's diaries show how displeased he was with his style and approach to writing in early drafts of Anna Karenina, quoting him as stating, \"I loathe what I have written." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anna Karenina (Russian: «Анна Каренина», IPA: [ˈanːə kɐˈrʲenʲɪnə]) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in book form in 1878." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "According to literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, in the novel Anna Karenina, \"unofficial institutions of the system, presented through social salons, function as part of the power apparatus that successfully calms the disorder created by Anna’s irrational emotional action, which is a symbol of resistance to the system of social behavioral control.\" Translator Rosemary Edmonds wrote that Tolstoy does not explicitly moralise in the book, but instead allows his themes to emerge naturally from the \"vast panorama of Russian life.\" She also says one of the novel's key messages is that \"no one may build their happiness on another's pain." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "Tolstoy's first name is \"Lev,\" and the Russian surname \"Levin\" means \"of Lev.\" According to footnotes in the Pevear/Volokhonsky translation, the viewpoints Levin supports throughout the novel in his arguments match Tolstoy's outspoken views on the same issues." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "Anna Karenina is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "\"Levin is often considered a semi-autobiographical portrayal of Tolstoy's own beliefs, struggles, and life events." }, { "section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "The novel explores a diverse range of topics throughout its approximately one thousand pages." }, { "section_header": "Style and major themes", "text": "Additionally, Levin's request that his fiancée read his diary as a way of disclosing his faults and previous sexual encounters parallels Tolstoy's own requests to his fiancée Behrs." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film and television", "text": "This version featured significant changes from the novel and had two different endings, with a happy one for American audiences" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire is a play written by Tennessee Williams that opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947." }, { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\" is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist's role in society." }, { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams’ most popular work, is considered to be one of the best and most critically successful plays of the 20th century." }, { "section_header": "\"A Streetcar Named Success\"", "text": "A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30, 1947, four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve." }, { "section_header": "Auction record", "text": "On October 1, 2009, Swann Galleries auctioned an unusually fine copy of A Streetcar Named Desire, New York, 1947, signed by Williams and dated 1976 for $9,000, a record price for a signed copy of the play." }, { "section_header": "Inspirations", "text": "The theatre critic and former actress Blanche Marvin, a friend of Williams, says the playwright used her name for the character Blanche DuBois, named the character's sister Stella after Marvin's former surname \"Zohar\" (which means \"Star\"), and took the play's line \"I've always depended on the kindness of strangers\" from something she said to him." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2015, Gillian Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire, titled The Departure." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "In a 1992 episode of The Simpsons, \"A Streetcar Named Marge\", a musical version of the play, Oh, Streetcar!, was featured." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Canal | Tolls", "text": "The average toll is around US$54,000." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Third set of locks project (expansion)", "text": "The estimated cost of the project is US$5.25 billion." }, { "section_header": "History | Early proposals in Panama", "text": "In 1850 the United States began construction of the Panama Railroad (now called the Panama Railway) to cross the isthmus; it opened in 1855." }, { "section_header": "History | Early proposals in Panama", "text": "While it was a lengthy project, they were encouraged to plan for a canal to cross the Panamanian isthmus." }, { "section_header": "History | Goethals replaces Stevens as chief engineer", "text": "The construction of the canal was completed in 1914, 401 years after Panama was first crossed by Vasco Núñez de Balboa." }, { "section_header": "Issues leading to expansion | Water issues", "text": "The mean sea level at the Pacific side is about 20 cm (8 in) higher than that of the Atlantic side due to differences in ocean conditions such as water density and weather." }, { "section_header": "Third set of locks project (expansion)", "text": "The total cost is unknown since the expansion's contractors are seeking at least an addition US$3.4 billion from the canal authority due to excess expenses." }, { "section_header": "History | United States construction of the Panama canal, 1904–1914", "text": "A US government commission, the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC), was established to oversee construction; it was given control of the Panama Canal Zone, over which the United States exercised sovereignty." }, { "section_header": "History | Early proposals in Panama", "text": "In 1848, the discovery of gold in California, on the West Coast of the United States, generated renewed interest in a canal crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans." }, { "section_header": "History | Early proposals in Panama", "text": "The Spanish were seeking to gain a military advantage over the Portuguese." }, { "section_header": "History | Early proposals in Panama", "text": "Given the strategic location of Panama, and the potential of its narrow isthmus separating two great oceans, other trade links in the area were attempted over the years." }, { "section_header": "Canal | Tolls", "text": "The average toll is around US$54,000." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raymond Emmitt Dandridge (August 31, 1913 – February 12, 1994), nicknamed \"Hooks\" and \"Squat\", was an American third baseman in baseball's Negro leagues." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "By the time that Major League Baseball was racially integrated, Dandridge was considered too old to play." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Dandridge was one of the greatest fielders in the history of baseball, and one of the sport's greatest hitters for average." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1999, Dandridge was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame and, late in his life, Dandridge was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Because of the \"gentlemen's agreement\" not to allow African Americans in Major League Baseball, Dandridge was dismissed as being too old by the time of integration." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Dandridge's nephew, Brad Dandridge, played professional baseball from 1993 to 1998, primarily in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He played several sports as a child, including baseball, football and boxing." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He played baseball locally for teams in Richmond's Church Hill district." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He focused on baseball, often playing with a bat improvised from a tree branch and a golf ball wrapped in string and tape." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Although more than capable of playing in the majors, he never got the call to the big leagues, instead spending the last years of his career as the premier player in Triple-A baseball, batting .362" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raymond Emmitt Dandridge (August 31, 1913 – February 12, 1994), nicknamed \"Hooks\" and \"Squat\", was an American third baseman in baseball's Negro leagues." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1985–89: Musical beginnings", "text": "In 1987, Brooks and wife Sandy Mahl moved to Nashville, and Brooks began making contacts in the music industry." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Troyal Garth Brooks was born on February 7, 1962, in Tulsa, Oklahoma." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2014–2015: Man Against Machine, GhostTunes, and world tour", "text": "Brooks' digital catalogue moved to Amazon Music, who maintain exclusive rights over it." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1985–89: Musical beginnings", "text": "In 1987, Brooks and wife Sandy Mahl moved to Nashville, and Brooks began making contacts in the music industry." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Charitable activities", "text": "It was held at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium." }, { "section_header": "Awards and records | Records", "text": "In 2012, Brooks officially passed the Beatles as the top-selling act of the past 20 years, moving 68.5 million units worldwide, almost 5 million more than the Beatles." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Brooks graduated from Oklahoma State University where he starred on the track and field team in the javelin throw." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1989–90: Breakthrough success", "text": "Garth Brooks' eponymous first album was released in 1989 and was a chart success." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962) is an American singer and songwriter." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "At their home in Yukon, Oklahoma, the family hosted weekly talent nights." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "The couple had two children together, Kelly and Garth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time it was written it represented a shift by Scott away from fairly realistic novels set in Scotland in the comparatively recent past, to a somewhat fanciful depiction of medieval England." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ivanhoe: A Romance () is a historical novel by Walter Scott, first published in late 1819 in three volumes, one of the Waverley novels." }, { "section_header": "Chapter summary | Volume One", "text": "[Ivanhoe in disguise]. [Ivanhoe in disguise]. Ch. 3 : Cedric anxiously awaits the return of Gurth and the pigs." }, { "section_header": "Style", "text": "Ivanhoe maintains many of the elements of the Romance genre, including the quest, a chivalric setting, and the overthrowing of a corrupt social order to bring on a time of happiness." }, { "section_header": "Allusions to real history and geography | Historical accuracy", "text": "The general political events depicted in the novel are relatively accurate; the novel tells of the period just after King Richard's imprisonment in Austria following the Crusade and of his return to England after a ransom is paid." }, { "section_header": "Editions", "text": "Ivanhoe was published by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh." }, { "section_header": "Chapter summary | Volume Two", "text": "Ch. 3 (17): The Black Knight and the hermit exchange songs." }, { "section_header": "Chapter summary | Volume Three", "text": "Ch. 10 (40): The Black Knight leaves Ivanhoe to travel to Coningsburgh castle for Athelstane's funeral, and Ivanhoe follows him the next day." }, { "section_header": "Chapter summary | Volume Three", "text": "Ch. 3 (33): Locksley arranges ransom terms for Isaac and Aymer." }, { "section_header": "Sequels", "text": "Christopher Vogler wrote a sequel called Ravenskull (2006), published by Seven Seas Publishing." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time it was written it represented a shift by Scott away from fairly realistic novels set in Scotland in the comparatively recent past, to a somewhat fanciful depiction of medieval England." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Despite their frequent spats and difficulty getting along, Emma and Aurora have a tie between them that cannot be broken, and keep in touch by telephone." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Widowed Aurora Greenway (Shirley MacLaine) keeps several suitors at arm's length in Houston, focusing instead on her close, but controlling, relationship with daughter Emma (Debra Winger)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Terms of Endearment was commercially successful." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The dying Emma shows her love for her mother by entrusting her own children to Aurora's care." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film covers 30 years of the relationship between Aurora Greenway (MacLaine) and her daughter Emma (Winger)." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Widowed Aurora Greenway (Shirley MacLaine) keeps several suitors at arm's length in Houston, focusing instead on her close, but controlling, relationship with daughter Emma (Debra Winger)." }, { "section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Three weekends later, it arrived number one again, with $9,000,000, having wide release." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Emma relies increasingly on her mother for emotional support." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American comedy-drama film adapted from Larry McMurtry's 1975 novel, directed, written, and produced by James L. Brooks, and starring Shirley MacLaine, Debra Winger, Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito, Jeff Daniels, and John Lithgow." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "The site's consensus reads: \"A classic tearjerker, Terms of Endearment isn't shy about reaching for the heartstrings – but is so well-acted and smartly scripted that it's almost impossible to resist.\" Metacritic reports a score of 79/100 based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating \"Generally favorable reviews\"." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Aurora stays by Emma's side through her treatment and hospitalization, even while dealing with her own pain after Garrett suddenly ends their relationship." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Anxious to escape her mother, Emma marries callow young college professor Flap Horton (Jeff Daniels) over her mother's objections, moves away, and has three children." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Despite their frequent spats and difficulty getting along, Emma and Aurora have a tie between them that cannot be broken, and keep in touch by telephone." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "YouTube is an American online video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California." }, { "section_header": "History | New revenue streams (2013–ongoing)", "text": "The complex has 51,468 square metres (554,000 square feet) of space and can house up to 2,800 employees." }, { "section_header": "Features | Content accessibility | Platforms", "text": "Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013, and, in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4." }, { "section_header": "Features | ISNI", "text": "ISNI anticipate the number of ISNI IDs \"going up by perhaps 3-5 million over the next couple of years\" as a result." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Addy A-Game and Street Attraction channels design", "text": "In October 2019 YouTube deactivated two channels run by \"pick-up artists\" after a BBC investigation into the online industry." }, { "section_header": "Revenue", "text": "YouTube's revenues made up nearly 10% of the total Alphabet revenue in 2019." }, { "section_header": "Features | Video technology | Reels", "text": "The stories, called \"Reels,\" would be up to 30 seconds in length and would allow users to add \"filters, music, text and more, including new \"YouTube-y\" stickers.\" Unlike those of other platforms, YouTube's stories could be made multiple times and would not expire." }, { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Google (2006–2013)", "text": "According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | User comments", "text": "On July 27, 2015, Google announced in a blog post that it would be removing the requirement to sign up to a Google+ account to post comments to YouTube." }, { "section_header": "Features | Content accessibility | Platforms", "text": "In January 2009, YouTube launched \"YouTube for TV\", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Demographics", "text": "About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Rodeo is the country's national sport and is practiced in the more rural areas of the nation." }, { "section_header": "Demographics", "text": "About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Tourism", "text": "Chile is home to the world renowned Patagonian Trail that resides on the border between Argentina and Chile." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chile is a high-income economy with high living standards." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Topography", "text": "The Central area is the most populated region of the country." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Folklore", "text": "Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Tennis is Chile's most successful sport." }, { "section_header": "History | 20th century", "text": "Under the slogan \"Revolution in Liberty\", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Chile's most popular sport is association football." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Biodiversity | Flora and fauna", "text": "Whales are abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Beliefs", "text": "The devout Catholic Antonín Dvořák wrote in a letter: \"Such a man, such a fine soul – and he believes in nothing!" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music | Influence", "text": "Busoni's early music shows much Brahmsian influence, and Brahms took an interest in him, though Busoni later tended to disparage Brahms." }, { "section_header": "Music | Works", "text": "In another instance of devotion to detail, he laboured over the official First Symphony for almost fifteen years, from about 1861 to 1876." }, { "section_header": "Beliefs", "text": "The devout Catholic Antonín Dvořák wrote in a letter: \"Such a man, such a fine soul – and he believes in nothing!" }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "He especially admired Mozart, so much so that in his final years, he reportedly declared Mozart as the greatest composer." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "He studied the music of pre-classical composers, including Giovanni Gabrieli, Johann Adolph Hasse, Heinrich Schütz, Domenico Scarlatti, George Frideric Handel, and, especially, Johann Sebastian Bach." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna." }, { "section_header": "Life | Last years (1890–1897)", "text": "Brahms admired much of Strauss's music, and encouraged the composer to sign up with his publisher Simrock." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years (1833–1850)", "text": "Brahms's father, Johann Jakob Brahms (1806–72), was from the town of Heide in Holstein." }, { "section_header": "Music | Influence", "text": "Features of the \"Brahms style\" were absorbed in a more complex synthesis with other contemporary (chiefly Wagnerian) trends by Hans Rott, Wilhelm Berger, Max Reger and Franz Schmidt, whereas the British composers Hubert Parry and Edward Elgar and the Swede Wilhelm Stenhammar all testified to learning much from Brahms." }, { "section_header": "Music | Influence", "text": "Antonín Dvořák, who received substantial assistance from Brahms, deeply admired his music and was influenced by it in several works, such as the Symphony No. 7 in D minor and the F minor Piano Trio." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later years | Death and burial: 1940", "text": "In January 1940, Garvey suffered a stroke which left him largely paralysed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later years | Death and burial: 1940", "text": "Garvey then suffered a second stroke and died at the age of 52 on 10 June 1940." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and burial: 1940", "text": "In January 1940, Garvey suffered a stroke which left him largely paralysed." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and burial: 1940", "text": "Some Garveyites refused to believe Garvey had died, even when confronted with photographs of his body in its coffin, insisting that this was part of a conspiracy to undermine his movement." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He died there in 1940, although in 1964 his body was returned to Jamaica for reburial in Kingston's National Heroes Park." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Early career in Kingston: 1905–1909", "text": "In March 1908, his mother died." }, { "section_header": "Organization of UNIA | Forming UNIA: 1914–1916", "text": "Garvey wrote to Washington and received a brief, if encouraging reply; Washington died shortly after." }, { "section_header": "Organization of UNIA | The growth of UNIA: 1918–1921 | Assassination attempts, marriage, and divorce", "text": "Tyler was soon apprehended but died in an escape attempt from jail; it was never revealed why he tried to kill Garvey." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Back to Jamaica: 1927–1935", "text": "In Jamaica, Garvey became a de facto surrogate father to his niece, Ruth, whose father had recently died." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Influence on religious movements", "text": "Other stories among Jamaica's Rastas hold that Garvey never really died and remained alive, perhaps living in Africa." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood: 1887–1904", "text": "Sarah bore him four additional children, of whom Marcus was the youngest, although two died in infancy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Recall to Athens | Negotiations with the Athenian oligarchs", "text": "According to Thucydides, only one of the Athenian Generals at Samos, Phrynichus, opposed the plan and argued that Alcibiades cared no more for the proposed oligarchy than for the traditional democracy." }, { "section_header": "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death | Defeat at Notium", "text": "Consequently, Alcibiades condemned himself to exile." }, { "section_header": "Assessments | Military achievements", "text": "Kagan criticizes Alcibiades for failing to recognize that the large size of the Athenian expedition undermined the diplomatic scheme on which his strategy rested." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "His father was Cleinias, who had distinguished himself in the Persian War both as a fighter himself and by personally subsidizing the cost of a trireme." }, { "section_header": "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death | Return to Athens", "text": "The procession had been replaced by a journey by sea, but this year Alcibiades used a detachment of soldiers to escort the traditional procession." }, { "section_header": "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death | Death", "text": "Days later the fleet would be annihilated by Lysander." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege." }, { "section_header": "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death | Defeat at Notium", "text": "Later he moved to Notium, closer to the enemy at Ephesus." }, { "section_header": "Political career until 412 BC | Sicilian Expedition", "text": "During the debates on the undertaking, Nicias was vehemently opposed to Athenian intervention, explaining that the campaign would be very costly and attacking the character and motives of Alcibiades, who had emerged as a major supporter of the expedition." }, { "section_header": "Return to Athens, dismissal, and death | Defeat at Notium", "text": "Antiochus disobeyed this single order and endeavored to draw Lysander into a fight by imitating the tactics used at Cyzicus." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Pittsburgh Burghers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals from 1888 to 1907." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Beckley began playing semi-professional baseball while still a teenager." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "After playing one and a half seasons for the Alleghenys, Beckley and eight of his teammates jumped to the Pittsburgh Burghers, a team in the newly-formed Players' League (PL)." }, { "section_header": "Honors", "text": "In 2016, the Hannibal Cavemen of the Prospect League installed the Jake Beckley ." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In addition to his umpiring and coaching after retirement from professional play, Beckley operated a grain business in Kansas City." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "But later when Wagner's Louisville Colonels came to play at Cincinnati, Beckley was successful in getting Wagner out, employing a strategy that involved the use of two baseballs." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Peter Beckley (August 4, 1867 – June 25, 1918), nicknamed Eagle Eye, was an American professional baseball first baseman." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Pittsburgh Burghers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals from 1888 to 1907." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "After splitting two seasons between Leavenworth and a team in Lincoln, Nebraska," }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Beckley holds the MLB record for career putouts, with 23,743, and ranks second all-time in games played at first base, with 2,376." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He played with Cincinnati for seven seasons and was later purchased by the Cardinals on February 11, 1904.Beckley retired after the 1907 season with 2,930 career hits, second only to Cap Anson." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, and marked the high point of the second Persian invasion of Greece." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Significance", "text": "A significant number of historians have stated that Salamis is one of the most significant battles in human history (though the same is often stated of Marathon)." }, { "section_header": "The battle | The main battle", "text": "The Athenian general Aristides then took a detachment of men across to Psyttaleia to slaughter the garrison that Xerxes had left there." }, { "section_header": "The battle | The main battle", "text": "The details of the rest of the battle are generally sketchy, and no one involved would have had a view of the entire battlefield." }, { "section_header": "The opposing forces | The Greek fleet", "text": "According to Herodotus, two more ships defected from the Persians to the Greeks, one before Artemisium and one before Salamis, so the total complement at Salamis would have been 373 (or 380).According to the Athenian playwright Aeschylus, who actually fought at Salamis, the Greek fleet numbered 310 triremes (the difference being the number of Athenian ships)." }, { "section_header": "The battle | Dispositions", "text": "Diodorus suggests the Allied fleet was aligned east–west, spanning the straits between Salamis and Mount Aigaleo; however, it is unlikely that the Allies would have rested one of their flanks against Persian occupied territory." }, { "section_header": "Prelude", "text": "Xerxes evidently took the bait, and the Persian fleet was sent out that evening to effect this block." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Famously, the much smaller Greek army held the pass of Thermopylae against the Persians for three days before being outflanked by a mountain path." }, { "section_header": "The battle | The opening phase", "text": "The Athenians would claim that this was the ship of the Athenian Ameinias of Pallene; the Aeginetans would claim it as one of their ships." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "To block the Persian advance, a small force of Greeks blocked the pass of Thermopylae, while an Athenian-dominated Allied navy engaged the Persian fleet in the nearby straits of Artemisium." }, { "section_header": "The battle | The main battle", "text": "Triremes were generally armed with a large ram at the front, with which it was possible to sink an enemy ship, or at least disable it by shearing off the banks of oars on one side." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, and marked the high point of the second Persian invasion of Greece." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is based on Margaret Landon's novel, Anna and the King of Siam (1944), which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens, governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s." }, { "section_header": "Productions | Original productions", "text": "Margaret Landon, author of the book on which the musical was based, was not invited to opening night." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot | Act 1", "text": "Tuptim has been writing a play based on a book that Anna has lent her, Uncle Tom's Cabin, that can be presented to the guests." }, { "section_header": "Productions | Original productions", "text": "Margaret Landon, author of the book on which the musical was based, was not invited to opening night." }, { "section_header": "Casting and auditions", "text": "The obvious choice was Rex Harrison, who had played the King in the movie, but he was booked, as was Noël Coward." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the supporting part of the King, a role he had played in the 1946 film made from Landon's book, but he was unavailable." }, { "section_header": "Casting and auditions", "text": "\" When she finished, the handful of professionals in the theatre burst into admiring applause." }, { "section_header": "Productions | Renshaw's production: 1991 to 2002", "text": "Lady Thiang was, again, played by Taewon Yi Kim, of whom The Observer wrote, \"Her 'Something Wonderful' was just that.\" The show was nominated for an Olivier Award for outstanding musical." }, { "section_header": "Productions | 2004 to present", "text": "Choreography by Christopher Gattelli was based on the original Jerome Robbins dances." }, { "section_header": "Creation", "text": "They had preferred to make stars rather than hire them, and engaging the legendary Gertrude Lawrence would be expensive." }, { "section_header": "Casting and auditions", "text": "Hammerstein had wanted Logan to direct and co-write the book, as he had for South Pacific, but when Logan declined, Hammerstein decided to write the entire book himself." }, { "section_header": "Casting and auditions", "text": "Lawrence, suffering from laryngitis, had missed the dress rehearsal but managed to make it through the first public performance." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is based on Margaret Landon's novel, Anna and the King of Siam (1944), which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens, governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1989–1996: Mainstream film acclaim", "text": "Next, Freeman starred in the comedy-drama Driving Miss Daisy, alongside Jessica Tandy and Dan Aykroyd." }, { "section_header": "Other ventures | Environmental and political activism", "text": "In an interview on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight, Freeman drew controversy when he accused the Tea Party movement of racism." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1970–1988: The Electric Company and breakthrough", "text": "The Gospel at Colonus, and as Hoke Colburn in the play Driving Miss Daisy, respectively." }, { "section_header": "Other ventures | Environmental and political activism", "text": "In an interview on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight, Freeman drew controversy when he accused the Tea Party movement of racism." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2005–2013: Documentaries, thrillers and film series", "text": "You know, artists are free and I just felt the freedom in him." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1989–1996: Mainstream film acclaim", "text": "Next, Freeman starred in the comedy-drama Driving Miss Daisy, alongside Jessica Tandy and Dan Aykroyd." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2014–present", "text": "The Story of God with Morgan Freeman and The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman, in 2016 and 2017, respectively." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "I apologize to anyone who felt uncomfortable or disrespected—that was never my intent." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Freeman hosted and narrated National Geographic's The Story of God with Morgan Freeman and The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman, in 2016 and 2017, respectively." }, { "section_header": "Filmography and theatre credits", "text": "His television projects include The Long Way Home (1997), March of the Penguins (2005), The Story of God with Morgan Freeman (2016), and The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman (2017)." }, { "section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "Morgan Freeman was born on June 1, 1937 in Memphis, Tennessee." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, director and narrator." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band primarily consists of four animated members: Stuart \"2-D\" Pot, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle, and Russel Hobbs." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band primarily consists of four animated members: Stuart \"2-D\" Pot, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle, and Russel Hobbs." }, { "section_header": "History | Creation (1990–1999)", "text": "Musician Damon Albarn and comic artist Jamie Hewlett met in 1990 when guitarist Graham Coxon, a fan of Hewlett's work, asked him to interview Blur, which Albarn and Coxon had recently formed." }, { "section_header": "History | Gorillaz (2000–03)", "text": "At the 2002 Brit Awards the virtual members of Gorillaz \"performed\" for the first time, appearing in 3D animation on four large screens along with rap accompaniment by Phi Life Cypher, a production which reportedly cost £300,000 to create." }, { "section_header": "History | Plastic Beach and The Fall (2008–13)", "text": "Hewlett returned to direct the single's music video, featuring fictionalized animated versions of Murphy and André interacting with the virtual Gorillaz band members." }, { "section_header": "History | Gorillaz (2000–03)", "text": "The band were nominated for four Brit Awards, including Best British Group, Best British Album and British Breakthrough Act, but did not win any awards." }, { "section_header": "Members", "text": "the notion of what a band could be.\" Live Band Members" }, { "section_header": "History | Gorillaz (2000–03)", "text": "Comes Today, released on 27 November 2000, which consisted mostly of tracks which would later appear on the album and also included the band's first music video for \" Tomorrow Comes Today\", which introduced the virtual band members for the first time." }, { "section_header": "History | Plastic Beach and The Fall (2008–13)", "text": "Albarn explained the expanded roster of featured artists represented his and Hewlett's new vision of Gorillaz as a project, explaining in a July 2008 interview that \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more" }, { "section_header": "History | Gorillaz (2000–03)", "text": "The album was promoted with the singles \"Clint Eastwood\", \"19-2000\" and \"Rock the House\", in addition to the previously released \"Tomorrow Comes Today\", with each single featuring a music video directed by Hewlett starring the virtual band members." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional career | Legacy", "text": "Reds manager Sparky Anderson also had a healthy respect for the damage McCovey could do, saying \"I walked Willie McCovey so many times, he could have walked to the moon on all those walks.\" McCovey's bat was so lethal in his prime he was intentionally walked an all-time record 45 times in 1969, shattering the previous record by a dozen." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "McCovey hit 521 home runs, 231 of them in Candlestick Park, the most in that park by any player." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A home run he hit on September 16, 1966, was described as the longest ever hit in that stadium." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major Leagues | San Francisco (1977–80)", "text": "One was a grand slam and he became the first National Leaguer to hit seventeen." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Legacy", "text": "Reds manager Sparky Anderson also had a healthy respect for the damage McCovey could do, saying \"I walked Willie McCovey so many times, he could have walked to the moon on all those walks.\" McCovey's bat was so lethal in his prime he was intentionally walked an all-time record 45 times in 1969, shattering the previous record by a dozen." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major Leagues | San Francisco (1977–80)", "text": "On June 30, 1978, at Atlanta's Fulton County Stadium, McCovey hit his 500th home run, and two years later, on May 3, 1980, at Montreal's Olympic Stadium, McCovey hit his 521st and last home run, off Scott Sanderson of the Montreal Expos." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Minor Leagues", "text": "McCovey was 17 years old, 6'2\", 165 pounds, and proceeded to hit .305 with 19 home runs, scoring 113 runs in 107 games." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Legacy", "text": "The following year McCovey was intentionally walked 40 times." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major Leagues | San Francisco (1977–80)", "text": "That year, during a June 27 game against the Cincinnati Reds, he became the first player to hit two home runs in one inning twice in his career (the first was on April 12, 1973), a feat since accomplished by Andre Dawson, Dale Murphy, Jeff King, Alex Rodriguez, and Edwin Encarnacion." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major Leagues | San Diego Padres and Oakland Athletics (1974–76)", "text": "He hit 22 home runs in 1974 and 23 in 1975.In 1976, McCovey struggled, and lost the starting first base job to Mike Ivie." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major Leagues | San Francisco (1977–80)", "text": "He also hit 18 grand slam home runs in his career, a National League record, and was a six-time All-Star." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Children and parenthood | Burr's daughter Theodosia", "text": "They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death | Death", "text": "In 1836, Burr died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St. James Hotel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "Before the duel proper, Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol (which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed), as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly." }, { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "Historian William Weir speculates that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations: secretly setting his pistol's trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10 pounds." }, { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "On July 11, 1804, the enemies met outside Weehawken, New Jersey, at the same spot where Hamilton's oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior." }, { "section_header": "Children and parenthood | Burr's daughter Theodosia", "text": "They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten." }, { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York." }, { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "Additionally, Hamilton wrote several letters, including a Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel, which also attest to his intention." }, { "section_header": "Duel with Alexander Hamilton", "text": "But Ron Chernow, in his biography, Alexander Hamilton, states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Edwards died in March 1758 and Burr's mother, and grandmother also died within the year, leaving Burr and his sister orphans when he was two years old." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1759, the children's guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards." }, { "section_header": "Children and parenthood | Adopted and acknowledged children", "text": "Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11, 1835, in which he left \"all the rest and residue\" of his estate, after other specific bequests, to six-year-old Frances Ann (born c. 1829), and two-year-old Elizabeth (born c. 1833)." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death | Death", "text": "In 1836, Burr died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St. James Hotel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | New life in Paris", "text": "She focused so hard on her studies that she sometimes forgot to eat." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds." }, { "section_header": "Life | World War I", "text": "She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply." }, { "section_header": "Life | New elements", "text": "The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof." }, { "section_header": "Life | New elements", "text": "From a tonne of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born." }, { "section_header": "Life | New life in Paris", "text": "Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "Władysław Skłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia (secondary schools) for boys." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home and instructed his children in its use." }, { "section_header": "Life | Nobel Prizes", "text": "Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences failed, by one or two votes, to elect her to membership in the Academy." }, { "section_header": "Life | New life in Paris", "text": "She focused so hard on her studies that she sometimes forgot to eat." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Modern: Darəyaveš, Tiberian: Dārǝyāweš; c. 550–486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Primary sources", "text": "In the foundation tablets of Apadana Palace, Darius described in Old Persian cuneiform the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms: Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid." }, { "section_header": "Early reign | Elimination of Intaphernes", "text": "They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "A inscription on his tomb introduces him as \"Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan [Iranian], having Aryan lineage." }, { "section_header": "Government | Economy", "text": "Only the king could mint gold darics." }, { "section_header": "Primary sources", "text": "Darius mentions several times that he is the rightful king by the grace of the supreme deity Ahura Mazda." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Accession", "text": "After killing the impostor along with his brother Patizeithes and other Magians, Darius was crowned king the following morning." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Modern: Darəyaveš, Tiberian: Dārǝyāweš; c. 550–486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Babylonian revolt", "text": "Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually." }, { "section_header": "Early reign | Elimination of Intaphernes", "text": "The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them." }, { "section_header": "Government | Religion", "text": "In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Peter Pan first appeared as a character in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902), an adult novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie." }, { "section_header": "Relationships | Friends | Maimie Mannering", "text": "To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat that Maimie created for him." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Barrie returned to the character of Peter Pan as the centre of his stage play entitled Peter Pan, or The Boy" }, { "section_header": "In popular culture | Motion pictures, manga/anime, games, and comics", "text": "Since their 1953 animated film, Walt Disney has continued to use Peter Pan as a character." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture | Motion pictures, manga/anime, games, and comics", "text": "In the anime-styled web series RWBY, the character Scarlet David is based on Peter Pan." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "Peter Pan first appeared as a character in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902), an adult novel." }, { "section_header": "Physical appearance", "text": "His name and playing the flute or pipes suggest the Greek god and mythological character Pan." }, { "section_header": "Relationships | Friends | Neverland inhabitants | The Lost Boys", "text": "In Peter Pan in Scarlet (2006), the official sequel to Barrie's Peter and Wendy, what happens to the Lost Boys when they begin to grow up is revealed when Slightly starts to grow older, as Peter banishes him to Nowhereland (which basically means that he and all his allies will ignore the banished person's existence), the home of all the Long Lost Boys whom Peter has banished in times past." }, { "section_header": "Origin", "text": "J. M. Barrie may have based the character of Peter Pan on his older brother, David, who died in an ice-skating accident the day before his 14th birthday." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture | Music", "text": "In Chance The Rapper's song 'Same Drugs' ,featured in the album Coloring Book (2015), he makes multiple references to Peter Pan and Wendy, another major character in the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "Parts have been destroyed to make way for construction or mining." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete." }, { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou (t 九門口, s 九门口, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics", "text": "Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": ", he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦山長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today." }, { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "Parts have been destroyed to make way for construction or mining." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (UK: puu-CHEE-nee, US: poo-, Italian: [ˈdʒaːkomo putˈtʃiːni]; 22 December 1858 – 29 November 1924) was an Italian opera composer who has been called \"the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Style and critical reception", "text": "Gustav Kobbé, the original author of The Complete Opera Book, a standard reference work on opera, wrote in the 1919 edition: \"Puccini is considered the most important figure in operatic Italy today, the successor of Verdi, if there is any.\" Other contemporaries shared this view." }, { "section_header": "Early career and first operas | Manon Lescaut", "text": "\"Manon Lescaut was a great success and established Puccini's reputation as the most promising rising composer of his generation, and the most likely \"successor\" to Verdi as the leading exponent of the Italian operatic tradition." }, { "section_header": "Style and critical reception", "text": "Two of Puccini's operas, Tosca and Il tabarro, are universally considered to be verismo operas." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (UK: puu-CHEE-nee, US: poo-, Italian: [ˈdʒaːkomo putˈtʃiːni]; 22 December 1858 – 29 November 1924) was an Italian opera composer who has been called \"the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi\"." }, { "section_header": "Style and critical reception", "text": "Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, and Andrea Chénier are uniformly considered to be verismo operas." }, { "section_header": "Politics", "text": "Unlike Wagner and Verdi, Puccini was not active in politics." }, { "section_header": "Style and critical reception", "text": "Between 2004 and 2018, Puccini ranked third (behind Verdi and Mozart) in the number of performances of his operas worldwide, as surveyed by Operabase." }, { "section_header": "Family and education", "text": "In addition, Domenico composed several operas, and Michele composed one opera." }, { "section_header": "Politics", "text": "Puccini hoped to attain this honor, which had been granted to Verdi, and undertook to use his connections to bring about the appointment." }, { "section_header": "Early career and first operas | Manon Lescaut", "text": "Although Giulio Ricordi, head of Casa Ricordi, was supportive of Puccini while Manon Lescaut was still in development, the Casa Ricordi board of directors was considering cutting off Puccini's financial support." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The gastropods (snails and slugs) are by far the most numerous molluscs and account for 80% of the total classified species." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some ecosystems." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The gastropods (snails and slugs) are by far the most numerous molluscs and account for 80% of the total classified species." }, { "section_header": "Human interaction | Harmful to humans | Pests", "text": "Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and slugs, can be serious crop pests, and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local ecosystems." }, { "section_header": "Diversity", "text": "They include snails, slugs and other gastropods; clams and other bivalves; squids and other cephalopods; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups." }, { "section_header": "Human interaction | Harmful to humans | Disease vectors", "text": "The parasite itself is not a mollusc, but all the species have freshwater snails as intermediate hosts." }, { "section_header": "Human interaction | Harmful to humans | Pests", "text": "Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail Euglandina rosea proved disastrous, as the predator ignored Achatina fulica and went on to extirpate several native snail species, instead." }, { "section_header": "Human interaction | Harmful to humans | Stings and bites", "text": "All species of cone snails are venomous and can sting painfully when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans, and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported." }, { "section_header": "Hypothetical ancestral mollusc | Mantle and mantle cavity", "text": "The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs, but its position now varies from group to group." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200 million people." }, { "section_header": "Classification", "text": "Classification into higher taxa for these groups has been and remains problematic." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake that tells the story of Union Army lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner) who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and of his dealings with a group of Lakota." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner in his feature directorial debut." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Fame", "text": "The Indian roles in the film are played by real Amerindians (mostly Sioux) who speak or have relearned the Sioux language: Lakota, thanks in particular to Doris Leader Charge, the only true representative of the Sioux people and originally from South Dakota." }, { "section_header": "Alternate version", "text": "We have received countless letters from people worldwide asking when or if a sequel would be made, so it seemed like a logical step to enhance our film with existing footage ... making an extended version is by no means to imply that the original Dances with Wolves was unfinished or incomplete; rather, it creates an opportunity for those who fell in love with the characters and the spectacle of the film to experience more of both." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "In 2007, the Library of Congress selected Dances with Wolves for preservation in the United States National Film Registry." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Dances with Wolves was named one of the top ten films of 1990 by over 115 critics, and was named the best film of the year by 19 critics." }, { "section_header": "Sequel", "text": "It picks up eleven years after Dances with Wolves." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner in his feature directorial debut." }, { "section_header": "Alternate version", "text": "One year after the original theatrical release of Dances with Wolves, a four-hour version of the film opened at select theaters in London." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2007, Dances with Wolves was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The idea is that a film like Dances with Wolves cannot be bigoted or overly white-centric if it at least shows [characters such as] Kicking Bird and Chief Ten Bears as special and exceptional." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "They assert that they do not see him as a White man, but as a Sioux warrior called Dances with Wolves." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake that tells the story of Union Army lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner) who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and of his dealings with a group of Lakota." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also served as Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the war, he worked to produce legislation that would restore the nation's credit abroad and produce a stable, gold-backed currency at home." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sherman sought the Republican presidential nomination three times, coming closest in 1888, but was never chosen by the party." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Sherman (May 10, 1823 – October 22, 1900) was a politician from the U.S. state of Ohio during the American Civil War and into the late nineteenth century." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also served as Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Preparing for specie resumption", "text": "Greenbacks were now at parity with gold dollars, and the nation had, for the first time since the Civil War, a unified monetary system." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He served three terms in the House of Representatives." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Civil service reform", "text": "Sherman agreed with Hayes that the three had to resign, but he made clear in a letter to Arthur that he had no personal grudge against the Collector." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Civil service reform", "text": "In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury", "text": "Sherman's financial expertise and his friendship with Hayes made him a natural choice for Treasury Secretary in 1877." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Civil service reform", "text": "At Hayes's direction, Sherman ordered John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House, which was stacked with Conkling's appointees." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Civil service reform", "text": "Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jackson was president forty years earlier." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the war, he worked to produce legislation that would restore the nation's credit abroad and produce a stable, gold-backed currency at home." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "... This is tragedy of a special sort – the \"tragedy\" the basis of which is the impossibility of conventional tragedy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Troilus and Cressida () is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1602." }, { "section_header": "Date and text", "text": "The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid, but the First Folio classed it with the tragedies, under the title The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "... This is tragedy of a special sort – the \"tragedy\" the basis of which is the impossibility of conventional tragedy." }, { "section_header": "Genre identification problems", "text": "Positioned between the Histories and the Tragedies in the First Folio, it resembles tragedy despite the lack of typical tragic plot structure." }, { "section_header": "Genre identification problems", "text": "genre does Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida belong?" }, { "section_header": "Genre identification problems", "text": "\" It has been called a tragedy, \"a comedy of disillusion\", . ." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Act 1 | Scene 2", "text": "He then leaves Cressida, promising to bring a token from Troilus." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Act 5 | Scene 3", "text": "Pandarus brings Troilus a letter from Cressida; Troilus tears it up and follows Hector out to the field." }, { "section_header": "Genre identification problems", "text": "Oates considered the play a new kind of contemporary tragedy - a grand existential statement." }, { "section_header": "Genre identification problems", "text": "The confusing nature of Troilus and Cressida made it hard for readers to understand the play." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The brigade was not completely destroyed, but did suffer terribly, with 118 men killed, 127 wounded, and about 60 taken prisoner." } ]

[ { "section_header": "The Charge | New information found in 2016", "text": "It said that Lord Raglan had sent an order for the Light Brigade to \"follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy from carrying away the guns\", referring to some British artillery which were at risk." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The Light Brigade were the British light cavalry force." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The brigade was not completely destroyed, but did suffer terribly, with 118 men killed, 127 wounded, and about 60 taken prisoner." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "British commander Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions, a task for which the light cavalry were well-suited." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, there was miscommunication in the chain of command, and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle." }, { "section_header": "The Charge", "text": "It may be that he realised that the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade, but he was killed by an artillery shell and the cavalry continued on its course." }, { "section_header": "The Charge", "text": "Then came the third line, formed of another regiment, which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49 (1965) is the shortest novel published by American author Thomas Pynchon." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49. J. B. Lippincott." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49. Harper and Row, 1986, reissued 2006." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book", "text": "J. Kerry Grant wrote A Companion to the Crying of Lot 49 in an attempt to catalogue these references but it is neither definitive nor complete." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49 (1965) is the shortest novel published by American author Thomas Pynchon." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book | The Beatles", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49 was published shortly after Beatlemania and the \"British invasion\" that took place in the United States and other Western countries." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book | Remedios Varo", "text": "Near the beginning of The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa recalls a trip to an art museum in Mexico with Inverarity, during which she encountered a painting, Bordando el Manto Terrestre by Remedios Varo." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like most of Pynchon's output, Lot 49 is often described as postmodernist literature." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The book ends with Oedipa at an auction of Inverarity's possessions, waiting on the bidding of lot 49, which contains his stamp collection." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book | The Beatles", "text": "The song's artist, Sick Dick and the Volkswagens, evokes the names of such historical rock groups as the El Dorados, the Edsels, the Cadillacs and the Jaguars (as well as an early name the Beatles themselves used, \"Long John and the Silver Beetles\")." }, { "section_header": "References in popular culture", "text": "The title of the 2018 AMC-TV series Lodge 49 alludes to the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Manchester United Women", "text": "In 2018, Manchester United formed a new women's football team, which entered the second division of women's football in England for their debut season." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world, and has rivalries with Liverpool, Manchester City, Arsenal and Leeds United." }, { "section_header": "Grounds | 1910–present: Old Trafford", "text": "Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund." }, { "section_header": "Ownership and finances", "text": "Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world." }, { "section_header": "Manchester United Women", "text": "A team called Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies began operations in the late 1970s and was unofficially recognised as the club's senior women's team." }, { "section_header": "Support", "text": "Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendances in Europe." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016–17, with an annual revenue of €676.3 million, and the world's third most valuable football club in 2019, valued at £3.15 billion ($3.81 billion)." }, { "section_header": "Manchester United Women", "text": "The team made an official partnership with Manchester United in 2001, becoming the club's official women's team; however, in 2005, following Malcolm Glazer's takeover, the club was disbanded as it was seen to be \"unprofitable\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of stomach cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of stomach cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "He praised Mary Martin's performance, saying \"she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features, goodwill, and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar\" and stated that \"the best of the Sound of Music is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form\"." }, { "section_header": "Musical numbers", "text": "NotesThe musical numbers listed appeared in the original production unless otherwise noted." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "\" The New York World-Telegram and Sun pronounced The Sound of Music \"the loveliest musical imaginable." }, { "section_header": "Musical numbers", "text": "Many stage revivals have also included \"I Have Confidence\" and \"Something Good\", which were written by Richard Rodgers for the film version (since the film was made after original lyricist Oscar Hammerstein's death)." }, { "section_header": "Musical numbers", "text": "Although many people believe that \"Edelweiss\" is a traditional Austrian song, it was written for the musical and did not become known in Austria until after the film's success." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "As she apologizes, they hear the children singing \"The Sound of Music\", which she had taught them, to welcome Elsa Schräder." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Many songs from the musical have become standards, such as \"Edelweiss\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\", \"Do-Re-Mi\", and the title song \"The Sound of Music\"." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "One of the postulants, Maria Rainer, is on the nearby mountainside, regretting leaving the beautiful hills (\"The Sound of Music\")." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, as well as Best Actor for Clooney," } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "The film has grossed $49 million at the North American domestic box office, and a total of $92.9 million worldwide." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Released on October 5, 2007, the film grossed $93 million worldwide." }, { "section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "The film grossed $10.3 million on the opening week." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, as well as Best Actor for Clooney," }, { "section_header": "Soundtrack", "text": "The soundtrack was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He goads Karen into offering him $10 million for his silence." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades | Nominations", "text": "80th Academy Awards Best Picture" }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades | Awards", "text": "Academy Award Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton) British Academy of Film and Television Arts" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Michael Clayton is a 2007 American legal thriller film written and directed by Tony Gilroy in his feature directorial debut and starring George Clooney, Tom Wilkinson, Tilda Swinton, and Sydney Pollack." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Michael breaks into Arthur's sealed apartment with the plan to reseal it with a police seal obtained from his brother Gene, a police officer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of enslaved people who escaped from one state into another state or territory." } ]

[ { "section_header": "1850 Fugitive Slave Act", "text": "These state laws were one of the grievances that South Carolina would later use to justify its secession from the Union." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of enslaved people who escaped from one state into another state or territory." }, { "section_header": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793", "text": "In the early 19th century, personal liberty laws were passed to hamper officials in the execution of the law, but this was mostly after the abolition of the Slave Trade, as there had been very little support for abolition prior; Indiana in 1824 and Connecticut in 1828 provided jury trial for fugitives who appealed from an original decision against them." }, { "section_header": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793", "text": "The decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania in 1842 (16 Peters 539)—that state authorities could not be forced to act in fugitive slave cases, but that national authorities must carry out the national law—was followed by legislation in Massachusetts (1843), Vermont (1843), Pennsylvania (1847) and Rhode Island (1848), forbidding state officials from aiding in enforcing the law and refusing the use of state jails for fugitive slaves." }, { "section_header": "Civil War-era legal status of fugitive slaves", "text": "The Confiscation Act of 1861 was passed in August 1861, and discharged from service or labor any slave employed in aiding or promoting any insurrection against the government of the United States." }, { "section_header": "Northwest Ordinance of 1787", "text": "Congress made a further attempt to address the concerns of people who wanted to re-enslave free people in 1787 by passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787." }, { "section_header": "1850 Fugitive Slave Act", "text": "the law of 1850 aroused much bitterness." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The idea of the fugitive slave law was derived from the Fugitive Slave Clause which is in the United States Constitution (Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 3)." }, { "section_header": "1850 Fugitive Slave Act", "text": "Special commissioners were to have concurrent jurisdiction with the U.S. circuit and district courts and the inferior courts of territories in enforcing the law; fugitives could not testify in their own behalf; no trial by jury was provided." }, { "section_header": "Civil War-era legal status of fugitive slaves", "text": "But for some time the Fugitive Slave Law was considered still to hold in the case of fugitives from masters in the border states who were loyal to the Union government, and it was not until June 28, 1864, that the Act of 1850 was fully repealed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first version of an ERA was written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman and introduced in Congress in December 1923.In the early history of the Equal Rights Amendment, middle-class women were largely supportive, while those speaking for the working class were often opposed, pointing out that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent congressional action | Proposed removal of ratification deadline", "text": "The subcommittee heard testimony on the amendment and extension of the deadline on April 30, 2019.On November 8, 2019, Representative Jackie Speier (D-California) re-introduced the bill as H.J.Res." } ]

[ { "section_header": "State equal rights amendments", "text": "Some equal rights amendments and original constitutional equal rights provisions are: Alaska: No person is to be denied the enjoyment of any civil or political right because of race, color, creed, sex or national origin." }, { "section_header": "State equal rights amendments", "text": "10.The \"New ERA\" introduced in 2013, sponsored by Representative Carolyn B. Maloney, adds an additional sentence to the original text: \"Women shall have equal rights in the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.\" Twenty-five states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent congressional action | Proposed removal of ratification deadline", "text": "79 to attempt to remove the deadline to ratify the amendment with 214 original co-sponsors." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction." }, { "section_header": "State equal rights amendments", "text": "Delaware Constitution, Article I, §21 (2019) Illinois: The equal protection of the laws shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex by the State or its units of local government and school districts." }, { "section_header": "State equal rights amendments", "text": "Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex, race, color, creed or national origin." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent congressional action | Proposed removal of ratification deadline", "text": "House Memorial No. 7 was officially received by the U.S. Senate on January 6, 2014, was designated as \"POM-175\", was referred to the Senate's Committee on the Judiciary, and was published verbatim in the Congressional Record at page S24.On January 30, 2019, Representative Jackie Speier (D-California) introduced legislation (H.J.Res. 38) to again attempt to remove the deadline to ratify the amendment." }, { "section_header": "State equal rights amendments", "text": ": No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion, race, color, ancestry, national origin, sex or physical or mental disability." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuits regarding ratification | Alabama lawsuit to opposing ratification", "text": "On December 16, 2019, the states of Alabama, Louisiana and South Dakota sued to prevent further ratifying of the Equal Rights Amendment." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent congressional action | Proposed removal of ratification deadline", "text": "The subcommittee heard testimony on the amendment and extension of the deadline on April 30, 2019.On November 8, 2019, Representative Jackie Speier (D-California) re-introduced the bill as H.J.Res." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first version of an ERA was written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman and introduced in Congress in December 1923.In the early history of the Equal Rights Amendment, middle-class women were largely supportive, while those speaking for the working class were often opposed, pointing out that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 1 January 1934." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The US title of Murder in the Calais Coach was used to avoid confusion with the 1932 Graham Greene novel Stamboul Train, which had been published in the United States as Orient Express." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Agatha Christie's Poirot \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (2010)David" }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": ", Why Didn't They Ask Evans, and Parker Pyne Investigates claimed that Murder on the Orient Express had proven to be Christie's best-selling book to date and the best-selling book published in the Collins Crime Club series." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He instructs the concierge to book him a first-class compartment on the Simplon-route Orient Express service leaving that night." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 1 January 1934." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Murder on the Orient Express is a detective novel by English writer Agatha Christie featuring the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot." }, { "section_header": "References and allusions", "text": "Two less notable events helped inspire her novel: Agatha Christie's first journey on the Orient Express in late 1928, and a blizzard near Cherkeskoy, Turkey, that marooned an Orient Express for six days just a few months later, in February 1929.Flooding from rainfall that washed sections of track away in December 1931 halted Christie's return from her husband's archaeological dig at Nineveh aboard an Orient Express for 24 hours." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Murder on the Orient Express (2001) A thoroughly modernized and poorly received made-for-TV version starring Alfred Molina as Poirot was presented by CBS in 2001." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the United States, it was published on 28 February 1934, under the title of Murder in the Calais Coach, by Dodd, Mead and Company." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "Murder on the Orient Express (1974) The book was made into a 1974 movie directed by Sidney Lumet and produced by John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin; it was a critical and commercial hit." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and the New York Post newspaper." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As the first secretary of the treasury, Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of George Washington's administration." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | On economics", "text": "Hamilton has been portrayed as the \"patron saint\" of the American School of economic philosophy that, according to one historian, dominated economic policy after 1861." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Revenue Cutter Service", "text": "Congress established the Revenue Cutter Service on August 4, 1790, which is viewed as the birth of the United States Coast Guard." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As the first secretary of the treasury, Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of George Washington's administration." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Establishing the U.S. Mint", "text": "Hamilton proposed that the U.S. dollar should have fractional coins using decimals, rather than eighths like the Spanish coinage." }, { "section_header": "Constitution and the Federalist Papers | Constitutional Convention and ratification of the Constitution", "text": "He first used the popularity of the Constitution by the masses to compel George Clinton to sign, but was unsuccessful." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Monuments and memorials | Colleges and universities", "text": "The main administration building of the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, is named Hamilton Hall to commemorate Hamilton's creation of the United States Revenue Cutter Service, one of the predecessor services of the United States Coast Guard." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He helped ratify the Constitution by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers, which are still used as one of the most important references for Constitutional interpretation." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Manufacturing and industry", "text": "\"In 1791, Hamilton, along with Coxe and several entrepreneurs from New York and Philadelphia formed the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures, a private industrial corporation." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | On economics", "text": "Henry C. Carey was inspired by his writings." }, { "section_header": "Secretary of the Treasury | Report on Public Credit", "text": "The sources that Hamilton used ranged from Frenchmen such as Jacques Necker and Montesquieu to British writers such as Hume, Hobbes, and Malachy Postlethwayt." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and the New York Post newspaper." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "His first major onscreen appearance was in Greetings (1968)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1963–1973: Early roles and breakthrough", "text": "Shortly afterwards, De Niro landed a major role in Greetings (1968), a satirical film about men avoiding the Vietnam War draft." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "His first major onscreen appearance was in Greetings (1968)." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2007–2016: Further film roles", "text": "In 2014, De Niro appeared in a documentary about his father, Robert De Niro, Sr., titled Remembering the Artist: Robert De Niro, Sr. which aired on HBO." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1974–1980: Scorsese collaboration and acclaim", "text": "It was De Niro's first Academy win and Coppola accepted the award on his behalf as he did not attend ceremony." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1963–1973: Early roles and breakthrough", "text": "Next, De Niro starred in De Palma's comedy Hi, Mom! (1970), a sequel to Greetings." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1963–1973: Early roles and breakthrough", "text": "The film marked the first of a series of early collaborations between De Niro and director Brian De Palma." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1974–1980: Scorsese collaboration and acclaim", "text": "De Niro, impressed by the script and director's preparation, was among the first to sign on to the film." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. in the Manhattan borough of New York City was born on August 17, 1943, the only child of painters Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1992–1997: Directorial debut and crime dramas", "text": "Art Linson, who had previously produced films starring De Niro, sent him the script first." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1991: Dramas, comedies and awards success", "text": "Less intensive than his previous film, De Niro played a priest who clashes with his brother (Robert Duvall), a detective investigating the murder of a prostitute." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Filming took place in Burbank, California; Devils Tower National Monument in Wyoming; two abandoned World War II airship hangars at the former Brookley Air Force Base in Mobile, Alabama; and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot in Bay Minette, Alabama." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Legacy", "text": "Close Encounters of the Third Kind was selected as the #5 Best Sci-Fi Film." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "\"If we can talk to aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", he said, \"why not with the Reds in the Cold War?\" Sleeping is the final obstacle to overcome in the ascent of Devils Tower." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title is derived from Ufologist J. Allen Hynek's classification of close encounters with aliens, in which the third kind denotes human observations of aliens or \"animate beings\"." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "\"I hung my story on the mood the song created, the way it affected me personally.\" During pre-production, the title was changed from Kingdom Come to Close Encounters of the Third Kind." }, { "section_header": "Release | Reissues and home media", "text": "Close Encounters of the Third Kind: The Special Edition was released in August 1980, making a further $15.7 million, accumulating a final $303.7 million box office gross." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 American science fiction film written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Melinda Dillon, Teri Garr, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Spielberg did not want to do any location shooting because of his negative experience on Jaws and wanted to shoot Close Encounters entirely on sound stages, but eventually dropped the idea." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The home where Barry was abducted is located outside the town of Fairhope, Alabama." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Film critic Charlene Engel observed Close Encounters" }, { "section_header": "Release | Accolades", "text": "Close Encounters was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Filming took place in Burbank, California; Devils Tower National Monument in Wyoming; two abandoned World War II airship hangars at the former Brookley Air Force Base in Mobile, Alabama; and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot in Bay Minette, Alabama." } ]

[ { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "One of the robots is seen driving a car with \"RUR\" as the license plate number." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "R.U.R. is a 1920 science fiction play by the Czech writer Karel Čapek." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production history | Critical reception", "text": "John Clute has lauded R.U.R. as \"a play of exorbitant wit and almost demonic energy\" and lists the play as one of the \"classic titles\" of inter-war science fiction." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "R.U.R. is a 1920 science fiction play by the Czech writer Karel Čapek." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "One of the robots is seen driving a car with \"RUR\" as the license plate number." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the 1995 science fiction series The Outer Limits, in the remake of the \"I, Robot\" episode from the original 1964 series, the business where the robot Adam Link is built is named \"Rossum Hall Robotics\"." }, { "section_header": "Production history | Critical reception", "text": "On the other hand, Isaac Asimov, author of the Robot series of books and creator of the Three Laws of Robotics, stated: \"Capek's play is, in my own opinion, a terribly bad one, but it is immortal for that one word." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the \"Fear of a Bot Planet\" episode of the animated science fiction TV series Futurama, the Planet Express crew is ordered to make a delivery on a planet called \"Chapek 9\", which is inhabited solely by robots." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The 1935 Soviet film Loss of Sensation, though based on the 1929 novel Iron Riot, has a similar concept to R.U.R., and all the robots in the film prominently display the name \"R.U.R.\" In the American science fiction television series Dollhouse, the antagonist corporation, Rossum Corp., is named after the play." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It premiered on 25 January 1921 and introduced the word \"robot\" to the English language and to science fiction as a whole." }, { "section_header": "Production history | Adaptations", "text": "On 11 February 1938, a thirty-five-minute adaptation of a section of the play was broadcast on BBC Television – the first piece of television science-fiction ever to be broadcast." }, { "section_header": "Production history | Adaptations", "text": "In this version, Radius was played by Patrick Troughton who was later the second actor to play The Doctor in Doctor Who." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Editorial history", "text": "There are two versions of the diary written by Anne Frank." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Format", "text": "The diary is not written in the classic forms of \"Dear Diary\" or as letters to oneself; Anne calls her diary \"Kitty\", so almost all of the letters are written to Kitty." }, { "section_header": "Editorial history", "text": "There are two versions of the diary written by Anne Frank." }, { "section_header": "Authenticity", "text": "In 1986, the results were published: The handwriting attributed to Anne Frank was positively matched with contemporary samples of Anne Frank's handwriting, and the paper, ink, and glue found in the diaries and loose papers were consistent with materials available in Amsterdam during the period in which the diary was written." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "According to the Anne Frank House, the red, checkered autograph book which Anne used as her diary was actually not a surprise, since she had chosen it the day before with her father when browsing a bookstore near her home." }, { "section_header": "Editorial history | Publication in Dutch", "text": "The second, a composition of Anne Frank's versions A and B as well as excerpts from her essays became the first draft submitted for publication, with an epilogue written by a family friend explaining the fate of its author." }, { "section_header": "Editorial history | Censored material", "text": "The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage and discuss Frank's lack of affection for her mother." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In the manuscript, her original diaries are written over three extant volumes." }, { "section_header": "Copyright and ownership of the originals | Authorship", "text": "She added \"If you follow their arguments, it means that they have lied for years about the fact that it was only written by Anne Frank.\"The" }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "They were long thought to have been betrayed, although there are indications that their discovery may have been accidental, that the police raid had actually targeted \"ration fraud\"." }, { "section_header": "Editorial history | Publication in English", "text": "In 1989, an English edition of this appeared under the title of The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition, including Mooyaart-Doubleday's translation and Anne Frank's versions A and B, based on the Dutch critical version of 1986." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The Play of the novel The House of Mirth (1906), by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The House of Mirth is a 1905 novel by American author Edith Wharton." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The Play of the novel The House of Mirth (1906), by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch." }, { "section_header": "Background, theme, and purpose", "text": "The final title Wharton chose for the novel was The House of Mirth (1905), taken from the Old Testament: The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Carol Singley, in her introduction to Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth: A Case Book states \"[The House of Mirth] is a unique blend of romance, realism, and naturalism, [and thus] transcends the narrow classification of a novel of manners." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "In the opening sentence of the House of Mirth Edith Wharton places Lily in \"Grand Central Station\" where Selden, a friend and possible love interest, is taken by surprise to see her." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel The House of Mirth (1905) has been adapted to radio, the stage and the cinema." }, { "section_header": "Reviews", "text": "Wharton, Edith. Wharton, Edith. (1905). Mr. Sturgis's Belchamber, Bookman, 21(May), 309-310." }, { "section_header": "Reviews", "text": "The critical reception of Edith Wharton." }, { "section_header": "Background, theme, and purpose", "text": "Wharton revealed in her introduction to the 1936 reprint of The House of Mirth her choice of subject and her major theme: When I wrote House of Mirth I held, without knowing it, two trumps in my hand." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The House of Mirth was Wharton's second published novel, preceded by two novellas, The Touchstone (1900) and Sanctuary (1903), and The Valley of Decision (1902)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cruise has been married to actresses Mimi Rogers, Nicole Kidman, and Katie Holmes." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Scientology", "text": "He became involved with Scientology in 1990 through his first wife, Mimi Rogers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Scientology | Scientology's purported influence on Cruise", "text": "In the film, Cruise's former auditor Marty Rathbun claims that wife Nicole Kidman was wiretapped on Tom Cruise's suggestion (which Cruise's lawyer denies)." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and wealth", "text": "Rogers introduced Cruise to Scientology." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cruise has been married to actresses Mimi Rogers, Nicole Kidman, and Katie Holmes." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Scientology | Advocacy of Scientology", "text": "In addition to promoting various programs that introduce people to Scientology, Cruise has campaigned for Scientology to be recognized as a religion in Europe." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and wealth", "text": "Cruise met his second wife, actress Nicole Kidman, on the set of their film Days of Thunder (1990)." }, { "section_header": "Career | Acting", "text": "Cruise's next films were Days of Thunder (1990) and Far and Away (1992), both of which co-starred then-wife Nicole Kidman as his love interest, followed by the legal thriller The Firm, which was a critical and commercial success." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | \"Tom Cruise Picture\"", "text": "While reviewing Days of Thunder, film critic Roger Ebert noted the similarities between several of Cruise's 1980s films and nicknamed the formula the Tom Cruise Picture." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | \"Tom Cruise Picture\"", "text": "Widescreenings noted that for Tom Cruise's character Daniel Kaffee in A Few Good Men, [screenwriter] Aaron Sorkin interestingly takes the opposite approach of Top Gun, where Cruise also starred as the protagonist." }, { "section_header": "Litigation", "text": "In 1998, Tom Cruise successfully sued the Daily Express, a British tabloid which alleged that his marriage to Kidman was a sham designed to cover up his homosexuality." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Scientology | Scientology's purported influence on Cruise", "text": "The 2015 documentary Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief cast a spotlight on Cruise's role in Scientology." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Scientology", "text": "He became involved with Scientology in 1990 through his first wife, Mimi Rogers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Göbekli Tepe (Turkish: [ɟœbecˈli teˈpe], \"Potbelly Hill\") is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 12 km (7 mi) northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Importance", "text": "Most of these constructions seem to be smaller than Göbekli Tepe, and their placement evenly between contemporary settlements indicates that they were local social-ritual gathering places, with Göbekli Tepe perhaps as a regional centre." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Göbekli Tepe (Turkish: [ɟœbecˈli teˈpe], \"Potbelly Hill\") is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 12 km (7 mi) northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "Göbekli Tepe follows a geometric pattern." }, { "section_header": "Complex | Layer III", "text": "Few humanoid figures have appeared in the art at Göbekli Tepe." }, { "section_header": "Complex", "text": "Göbekli Tepe is on a flat and barren plateau, with buildings fanning in all directions." }, { "section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "Schmidt's view was that Göbekli Tepe is a stone-age mountain sanctuary." }, { "section_header": "Importance", "text": "Ian Hodder of Stanford University said, \"Göbekli Tepe changes everything\"." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "This means that the people who built Göbekli Tepe had at least some rudimentary knowledge of geometry." }, { "section_header": "Chronological context", "text": "Around the beginning of the 8th millennium BCE Göbekli Tepe lost its importance." }, { "section_header": "Complex | Tell", "text": "Immediately northwest of this area are two cistern-like pits that are believed to be part of complex E. One of these pits" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In October 2019, the New York City Council voted to close down the facility by 2026." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rikers Island () is a 413.17-acre (167.20-hectare) island in the East River between Queens and the Bronx that is home to New York City's main jail complex." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In October 2019, the New York City Council voted to close down the facility by 2026." }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "On October 17, 2019, the City Council voted for an over $8 billion plan to close the Rikers Island prisons and other New York City jails by 2026, and replace them with four borough-based jails." }, { "section_header": "History | Historic use", "text": "this potential transfer set off squabbling between politicians of Long Island City, Queens County, and New York City." }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "In September 2016, the campaign organized a march from Queens Plaza to the Rikers Island Bridge to send a message to Mayor Bill de Blasio that New York City is united in demanding the jail complex be closed." }, { "section_header": "Complex and facilities", "text": "It is home to ten of the New York City Department of Correction's fifteen facilities and can accommodate up to 15,000 prisoners." }, { "section_header": "History | Historic use", "text": "At the time, the island was within the boundaries of Long Island City, which was located in Queens County, which was not yet part of New York City, and" }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "In February 2016, the Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform, also known as the Lippman Commission since it is chaired by former Chief Judge of the State of New York Jonathan Lippman, was convened by New York City Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito to review the entirety of the city's criminal justice system." }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "The New York State Commission of Correction, which oversees New York City's jails, issued a report in February 2018 citing numerous violations in the facility on the part of the City and a significant increase in violent incidents from 2016 to 2017." }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "In light of possible closure of the jail complex, New York City Public Advocate Letitia James suggested renaming the island after Kalief Browder, an inmate who committed suicide after being jailed at Rikers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major leagues | Toronto Blue Jays (1993)", "text": "He performed disappointingly for the Jays, hitting only .215 in 44 games, which was probably due to the fact that he fractured a bone on his hand early on with the team, after being hit by a pitch, although he still contributed 22 stolen bases and 37 runs scored." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\" A's pitching coach Dave Duncan said of Henderson, \"You have to be careful because he can knock one out." }, { "section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "Henderson spent the following season with the Modesto A's." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Career milestones", "text": "Henderson is the only American League player to steal more than 100 bases in a single season, and he is the all-time stolen base leader for the Oakland A's." }, { "section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "Henderson spent the 1978 season with the Jersey City A's of the Eastern League." }, { "section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "In 1979, Henderson started the season with the Ogden A's of the Pacific Coast League." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Retirement", "text": "Instead, Rickey thinks people want Rickey to quit more than anything.\" Henderson played his last major league game on September 19, 2003; he was hit by a pitch in his only plate appearance, and came around to score his 2,295th run." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Second stint with the Oakland Athletics (1989–1993)", "text": "Following a mid-season trade to Oakland in 1989, Henderson reasserted himself as one of the game's greatest players, with a memorable half-season in which his 52 steals and 72 runs scored led the A's into the postseason; his 126 walks for the year were the most for any AL hitter since 1970." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Oakland A's and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Retirement", "text": "\"On May 18, 2007, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Oakland general manager Billy Beane was considering adding Henderson to the roster for one game in September, provided it did not \"infringe on the integrity of the roster or of the season\", so that Henderson could retire as an Oakland A's player." }, { "section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "He spent the first season of his minor league career with the Boise A's of the Northwest League." }, { "section_header": "Major leagues | Toronto Blue Jays (1993)", "text": "He performed disappointingly for the Jays, hitting only .215 in 44 games, which was probably due to the fact that he fractured a bone on his hand early on with the team, after being hit by a pitch, although he still contributed 22 stolen bases and 37 runs scored." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Religious life in an abbey may be monastic." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Laurae and caenobia", "text": "The monks lived in separate huts (\"kalbbia\") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Ascetics and anchorites", "text": "The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Abbey of St Gall", "text": "The tradesmen's living quarters were at the rear of the workshop." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Religious life in an abbey may be monastic." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Laurae and caenobia", "text": "These were monasteries where monks lived a common life together." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Abbey of St Gall", "text": "The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Adoption of the Roman villa plan", "text": "The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Ascetics and anchorites", "text": "In the earliest times of Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation but near a village church." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Religious beliefs | \"Why I Am An Agnostic\"", "text": "\"Why I Am An Agnostic\", on agnosticism, skepticism, belief, and religion." }, { "section_header": "Religious beliefs | \"Why I Am An Agnostic\"", "text": "As part of a public symposium on belief held in Columbus, Ohio, Darrow delivered a speech, later titled" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legal career | From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer", "text": "This effectively put Darrow out of business as a labor lawyer, and he switched to civil and criminal cases." }, { "section_header": "Legal career | From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer", "text": "He took the latter because he had become convinced that the criminal justice system could ruin people's lives if they were not adequately represented." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Publications | Non-fiction", "text": "\"Is Religion Necessary\" (Haldeman-Julius Publications); a transcript of the debate between Clarence Darrow and Rev. Robert MacGovern, 1931." }, { "section_header": "Legal career | From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer", "text": "In the biography of Earl Rogers by his daughter Adela, she wrote: \"I never had any doubts, even before one of my father's private conversations with Darrow included an admission of guilt to his lawyer.\" As a consequence of the bribery charges, most labor unions dropped Darrow from their list of preferred attorneys." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Today, Clarence Darrow is remembered for his reputation as a fierce litigator who, in many cases, championed the cause of the underdog; because of this, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest criminal defense lawyers in American history." }, { "section_header": "Books by Darrow | List of books", "text": "Closing Arguments on Religion, Law and Society" }, { "section_header": "Religious beliefs | Mecca Temple Debate", "text": "The topic was \"Will the World Return to Religion?\"." }, { "section_header": "Legal career | From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer", "text": "Darrow had a keen intellect often hidden by his rumpled, unassuming appearance." }, { "section_header": "Religious beliefs | \"Why I Am An Agnostic\"", "text": "\"Why I Am An Agnostic\", on agnosticism, skepticism, belief, and religion." }, { "section_header": "Legal career | From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer", "text": "In more than 100 cases, Darrow only lost one murder case in Chicago." }, { "section_header": "Religious beliefs | \"Why I Am An Agnostic\"", "text": "As part of a public symposium on belief held in Columbus, Ohio, Darrow delivered a speech, later titled" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Government | Organization of the empire", "text": "These suyu were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572." }, { "section_header": "History | Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "text": "Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. \" The Four Regions\"), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Inca Empire was unusual in that it lacked many features associated with civilization in the Old World." }, { "section_header": "History | Last Incas", "text": "This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state." }, { "section_header": "Arts and technology | Weapons, armor and warfare", "text": "By the time the empire reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war." }, { "section_header": "History | Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest", "text": "The Spanish interpreter, Friar Vincente, read the \"Requerimiento\" that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King Charles I of Spain and convert to Christianity." }, { "section_header": "Government | Organization of the empire | Suyu", "text": "At its largest extent, it extended through much of modern Ecuador and into modern Colombia." }, { "section_header": "Government | Organization of the empire | Suyu", "text": "The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu, named after the Aymara-speaking Qulla people." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Citizen Kane is particularly praised for Gregg Toland's cinematography, Robert Wise's editing, Bernard Herrmann's music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Citizen Kane was selected by the Library of Congress as an inductee of the 1989 inaugural group of 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Citizen Kane is particularly praised for Gregg Toland's cinematography, Robert Wise's editing, Bernard Herrmann's music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting." }, { "section_header": "Rights and home media | Colorization controversy", "text": "The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and star." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Re-evaluation", "text": "Three key events in 1956 led to its re-evaluation in the United States: first, RKO was one of the first studios to sell its library to television, and early that year Citizen Kane started to appear on television; second, the film was re-released theatrically to coincide with Welles's return to the New York stage, where he played King Lear; and third, American film critic Andrew Sarris wrote \"Citizen Kane: The American Baroque\" for Film Culture, and described it as \"the great American film\" and \"the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since Birth of a Nation." }, { "section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "Citizen Kane was edited by Robert Wise and assistant editor Mark Robson." }, { "section_header": "Rights and home media", "text": "In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "When \"Rosebud\" was burned, Welles choreographed the scene while he had composer Bernard Herrmann's cue playing on the set." }, { "section_header": "Style | Music", "text": "The film's music was composed by Bernard Herrmann." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "To appease the increasingly curious press, Welles threw a cocktail party for selected reporters, promising that they could watch a scene being filmed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; in other words, a fruiting plant." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Description | Reproductive anatomy", "text": "While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy | Evolutionary history | Cretaceous", "text": "Some of them tended to grow with human crops, perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy | Evolutionary history | Paleozoic", "text": "Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves." }, { "section_header": "Diversity", "text": "The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed." }, { "section_header": "Description | Reproductive anatomy", "text": "The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy | History of classification", "text": "In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms in the Triassic Period, 245 to 202 million years ago (mya), and the first flowering plants are known from ~140 mya." }, { "section_header": "Description | Vascular anatomy", "text": "The amount and complexity of tissue-formation in flowering plants exceeds that of gymnosperms." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy | Evolutionary history | Cretaceous", "text": "Flowering plants appeared in Australia about 126 million years ago." }, { "section_header": "Diversity", "text": "The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; in other words, a fruiting plant." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aubrey Drake Graham (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and entrepreneur." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Musical relatives", "text": "Drake's paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Drake's mother, Sandra \"Sandi\" Graham (née Sher), is an Ashkenazi Jewish Canadian who worked as an English teacher and florist." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Graham claimed in an interview that Drake's assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records, which Drake vehemently denies." }, { "section_header": "Business ventures | OVO Sound", "text": "The name is an abbreviation derived from the October's Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Fatherhood", "text": "Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017 to French artist Sophie Brussaux." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aubrey Drake Graham (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and entrepreneur." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2015–2017: What a Time to Be Alive, Views and More Life", "text": "On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017, and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2015–2017: What a Time to Be Alive, Views and More Life", "text": "Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively." }, { "section_header": "Achievements and awards", "text": "Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015, third on the same chart in 2016 and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "His childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner and dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, so they began calling him \"Duke\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Ellington credited his friend Edgar McEntree for the nickname." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors | Grammy Awards", "text": "Ellington earned 14 Grammy awards from 1959 to 2000, three of which were posthumous and a total of 24 nominations" }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Tributes", "text": "Mercer's children continue a connection with their grandfather's work." }, { "section_header": "Career | The later 1930s", "text": "Mills though continued to record Ellington." }, { "section_header": "Career | The later 1930s", "text": "Nicknamed \"Swee' Pea\" for his mild manner, Strayhorn soon became a vital member of the Ellington organization." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "African Americans in D.C. worked to protect their children from the era's Jim Crow laws." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "They lived with Daisy's parents at 2129 Ida Place (now Ward Place), NW, in D.C.'s West End neighborhood." }, { "section_header": "Career | Ellington in the early to mid-1940s", "text": "At one performance though, Garfield insisted Herb Jeffries, who was light-skinned, should wear make-up." }, { "section_header": "Career | Ellington in the early to mid-1940s", "text": "Ellington's long-term aim, though, was to extend the jazz form from that three-minute limit, of which he was an acknowledged master." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Their relationship, though stormy, continued after Ellington met and formed a relationship with Fernanda de Castro Monte in the early 1960s." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "His childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner and dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, so they began calling him \"Duke\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Characteristics", "text": "During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, lime, and stone." }, { "section_header": "Names", "text": "It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states; today, however, it is much more often the Chinese word for \"city\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands, if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall." }, { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete." }, { "section_header": "History | Ming era", "text": "During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called \"Liaodong Wall\"." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the \"First Pass Under Heaven\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Ming era", "text": "As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "Later, the Han, the Northern Dynasties and the Sui all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders." }, { "section_header": "Names", "text": "The traditional Chinese mile (里, lǐ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile (540 m)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Government and administration | Military", "text": "The Parthian Empire had no standing army, yet were able to quickly recruit troops in the event of local crises." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Origins and establishment", "text": "Bivar insists that 138 BC, the last regnal year of Mithridates I, is \"the first precisely established regnal date of Parthian history." }, { "section_header": "Government and administration | Currency", "text": "They most likely operated a mint at Mithridatkert/Nisa as well." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins and establishment", "text": "The latter was a northeastern province, first under the Achaemenid, and then the Seleucid empires." }, { "section_header": "History | Native and external sources", "text": "Most contemporary written records on Parthia contain Greek as well as Parthian and Aramaic inscriptions." }, { "section_header": "History | Native and external sources", "text": "Local and foreign written accounts, as well as non-textual artifacts, have been used to reconstruct Parthian history." }, { "section_header": "History | Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "text": "He confronted Artabanus IV at the Battle of Hormozdgān on 28 April 224 AD, perhaps at a site near Isfahan, defeating him and establishing the Sasanian Empire." }, { "section_header": "Government and administration | Nobility", "text": "Some of the nobility functioned as court advisers to the king, as well as holy priests." }, { "section_header": "History | Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "text": "The Parthian Empire, weakened by internal strife and wars with Rome, was soon to be followed by the Sasanian Empire." }, { "section_header": "History | Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "text": "The primary motivations for war were the advancement of the personal glory and political position of the emperor, as well as defending Roman honor against perceived slights such as Parthian interference in the affairs of Rome's client states." }, { "section_header": "History | Continuation of Roman hostilities and Parthian decline", "text": "Even after the fall of the Parthian Empire, the Arsacid line lived on through the Armenian kings." }, { "section_header": "Government and administration | Military", "text": "The Parthian Empire had no standing army, yet were able to quickly recruit troops in the event of local crises." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William George Evans (February 10, 1884 – January 23, 1956), nicknamed \"The Boy Umpire\", was an American umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the American League from 1906 to 1927." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Formative years", "text": "In Youngstown, the Evans family joined Westminster Presbyterian Church, where Billy Evans attended Sunday school." }, { "section_header": "Major league umpiring career", "text": "From 1918 to 1928, he served as sports editor of Newspaper Enterprise Association and produced a syndicated sports column titled, \"Billy Evans Says\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William George Evans (February 10, 1884 – January 23, 1956), nicknamed \"The Boy Umpire\", was an American umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the American League from 1906 to 1927." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Shropshire Lad is a collection of sixty-three poems by the English poet Alfred Edward Housman, published in 1896." } ]

[ { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "Its popularity increased thereafter, especially during World War I, when the book accompanied many young men into the trenches." }, { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "Housman is said originally to have titled his book The Poems of Terence Hearsay, referring to a character there, but changed the title to A Shropshire Lad at the suggestion of a colleague in the British Museum." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Shropshire Lad is a collection of sixty-three poems by the English poet Alfred Edward Housman, published in 1896." }, { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "the letter to Pollet already mentioned, Housman pointed out that there was a discontinuity between the Classical scholar who wrote the poems and the \"imaginary\" Shropshire Lad they portrayed. \" No doubt I have been unconsciously influenced by the Greeks and Latins, but [the] chief sources of which I am conscious are Shakespeare's songs, the Scottish Border ballads, and Heine.\" Yet while it is true that \"very little in the book is biographical\", he could not entirely escape his literary formation, as he had already speculated in a letter written three decades previously." }, { "section_header": "Thematic summary", "text": "He envies the country lads who die young and do not grow old (XXIII)." }, { "section_header": "Interpretations | Song settings", "text": "Later he returned to Housman again for another cycle, a first version of which was performed in 1927 with solo violin accompaniment, but in this only four were taken from A Shropshire Lad, along with three from Last Poems (1922)." }, { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "Housman later repeated the claim made in the final poem of the sequence (LXIII) to have had a young male readership in mind." }, { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "Sales revived during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), due in part to the prominence of military themes and of dying young." }, { "section_header": "A Shropshire Rhapsody", "text": "The book was published the following year, partly at the author's expense, after it had already been rejected by one publisher." }, { "section_header": "Thematic summary", "text": "Like the lad that becomes a soldier, one can choose to face death young rather than put it off out of cowardice (LVI)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "; \"Suleiman the Lawgiver\") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Campaigns in the Indian Ocean", "text": "After the first Ajuran-Portuguese war, the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb the weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Wives and concubines", "text": "Hurrem Sultan (also known as Roxelana) (m. 1531), Suleiman's concubine and later legal wife and first Haseki Sultan, possibly a daughter of a Ruthenian Orthodox priest." }, { "section_header": "Alternative names and titles", "text": "It is unclear when exactly the term Kanunî (the Lawgiver) first came to be used as an epithet for Suleiman." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "; \"Suleiman the Lawgiver\") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566." }, { "section_header": "Alternative names and titles", "text": "Suleiman the Magnificent (محتشم سليمان‎ Muḥteşem Süleymān), as he was known in the West, was also called Suleiman the First (سلطان سليمان" }, { "section_header": "Legal and political reforms", "text": "The Sultan also played a role in protecting the Jewish subjects of his empire for centuries to come." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha", "text": "Ibrahim converted to Islam and Suleiman made him the royal falconer, then promoted him to first officer of the Royal Bedchamber." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationship with Hurrem Sultan", "text": "Suleiman had several children with his consorts, including: Suleiman was infatuated with Hurrem Sultan, a harem girl from Ruthenia, then part of Poland." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationship with Hurrem Sultan", "text": "He also allowed Hurrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of her life, breaking another tradition—that when imperial heirs came of age, they would be sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the Empire, never to return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne." }, { "section_header": "The arts under Suleiman", "text": "Suleiman's most famous verse is: Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "It was first published in book form in English in 1925 as Death in Venice and Other Stories, translated by Kenneth Burke." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tadzio, the boy in the story, is the nickname for the Polish name Tadeusz and based on a boy Mann had seen during his visit to Venice in 1911." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Benjamin Britten transformed Death in Venice into an opera, his last, in 1973." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A film of Death in Venice starring Dirk Bogarde was made by Luchino Visconti in 1971." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "The trope of placing classical deities in contemporary settings was popular at the time when Mann was writing Death in Venice." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "The May 1911 death of composer Gustav Mahler in Vienna and Mann's interest in the boy Władzio during summer 1911 vacation in Venice (more below) were additional experiences occupying his thoughts." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "Eventually, like Aschenbach, Diaghilev died in Venice." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He watches him constantly and secretly follows him around Venice." }, { "section_header": "The real Tadzio", "text": "He was aged 10 when he was in Venice, significantly younger than Tadzio in the novella." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in 1870." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "So much was told to me before any of the book was written; and it will be recollected that the ring, taken by Drood to be given to his betrothed only if their engagement went on, was brought away with him from their last interview." }, { "section_header": "Continuations", "text": "The second ending was written by Henry Morford, a New York journalist." }, { "section_header": "Continuations", "text": "Entitled John Jasper's Secret: Sequel to Charles Dickens' Mystery of Edwin Drood, it was rumoured to have been authored by Charles Dickens, Jr. and Wilkie Collins, despite Collins' disavowal." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The last chapters were to be written in the condemned cell, to which his wickedness, all elaborately elicited from him as if told of another, had brought him." }, { "section_header": "The Trial of John Jasper", "text": "J. Cuming Walters, author of The Complete Edwin Drood, led the prosecution, while Cecil Chesterton acted for the defence." }, { "section_header": "Continuations", "text": "The Decoding of Edwin Drood (1980) by Charles Forsyte and The Mystery of Edwin Drood by David Madden (2011)." }, { "section_header": "Pop culture references", "text": "The episode suggests that Dickens's last novel will be completed as The Mystery of Edwin Drood and the Blue Elementals with Edwin's killer being, not his Uncle as originally intended, but rather blue creatures \"not of this earth\" inspired by the Gelth." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "To date, there have been four film adaptations of The Mystery of Edwin Drood." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in 1870." }, { "section_header": "Continuations", "text": "\"Three of the most recent of the posthumous collaborations are The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Leon Garfield (1980)," } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio, with crucial support from Numidian leader Masinissa, defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Soon after Scipio's victory at Zama the war ended, with the Carthaginian senate suing for peace." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC near Zama, now in Tunisia, and marked the end of the Second Punic War." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "The resulting clash was fierce and bloody, with neither side achieving superiority." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Soon after Scipio's victory at Zama the war ended, with the Carthaginian senate suing for peace." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "This allowed the Romans to establish a casus belli for the Third Punic War when the Carthaginians defended themselves from Numidian encroachments in which the Romans did not intervene." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scipio and Hannibal confronted each other near Zama Regia." }, { "section_header": "Troop deployment", "text": "Scipio, recognizing their importance, held the cavalry advantage at Zama." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Unlike the treaty that ended the First Punic War, the terms Carthage acceded to were so punishing that it was never able to challenge Rome for supremacy of the Mediterranean again." }, { "section_header": "Prelude", "text": "Crossing the Alps, Hannibal reached the Italian peninsula in 218 BC and won several major victories against the Roman armies." }, { "section_header": "The battle", "text": "In total, as many as 20,000 of Hannibal's troops were killed at Zama, while 20,000 more were taken prisoner." }, { "section_header": "Prelude", "text": "Scipio, now powerful enough, proposed to end the war by directly invading the Carthaginian homeland." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio, with crucial support from Numidian leader Masinissa, defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Many scenes were filmed on, or near, the campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Widowed Aurora Greenway (Shirley MacLaine) keeps several suitors at arm's length in Houston, focusing instead on her close, but controlling, relationship with daughter Emma (Debra Winger)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Terms of Endearment was commercially successful." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American comedy-drama film adapted from Larry McMurtry's 1975 novel, directed, written, and produced by James L. Brooks, and starring Shirley MacLaine, Debra Winger, Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito, Jeff Daniels, and John Lithgow." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "The site's consensus reads: \"A classic tearjerker, Terms of Endearment isn't shy about reaching for the heartstrings – but is so well-acted and smartly scripted that it's almost impossible to resist.\" Metacritic reports a score of 79/100 based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating \"Generally favorable reviews\"." }, { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "American Film Institute (nominations): AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Many scenes were filmed on, or near, the campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Larry McMurtry, writer of the novel on which the screenplay was based, had received his M.A. at Rice University, a mere three miles from the home." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "Roger Ebert gave the film a four-out-of-four star rating, calling it \"a wonderful film\" and stating, \"There isn't a thing that I would change, and I was exhilarated by the freedom it gives itself to move from the high comedy of Nicholson's best moments to the acting of Debra Winger in the closing scenes.\" Gene Siskel, who gave the film a highly enthusiastic review, correctly predicted upon its release that it would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1983." }, { "section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "The film was generally well regarded by critics." }, { "section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "For the last weekends of the film, it later dwindled downward." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was a major critical and commercial success, grossing $164.2 million worldwide." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Widowed Aurora Greenway (Shirley MacLaine) keeps several suitors at arm's length in Houston, focusing instead on her close, but controlling, relationship with daughter Emma (Debra Winger)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background | Cádiz", "text": "With no sign of Villeneuve's fleet, on 25 August, the three French army corps' invasion force near Boulogne broke camp and marched into Germany, where it was later engaged." }, { "section_header": "Consequences", "text": "between 10% and 20% of the sailors at Trafalgar had been from Ireland), and remained until it was destroyed in a bombing by \"Old IRA\" members in 1966." }, { "section_header": "Background | Cádiz", "text": "This detached force formed the nucleus of the British fleet that would fight at Trafalgar." }, { "section_header": "The battle | Departure", "text": "At 5:40 a.m. on 21 October, the British were about 21 miles (34 km) to the northwest of Cape Trafalgar, with the Franco-Spanish fleet between the British and the Cape." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (" }, { "section_header": "The battle | Battle | The British cast off the prizes", "text": "The shot fell between Monarca and Rayo." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a particularly fierce battle, 27 British ships of the line fought 33 French and Spanish ships of the line." }, { "section_header": "Consequences", "text": "In the end, Napoleon's Empire was destroyed by land before his ambitious naval buildup could be completed." }, { "section_header": "The battle | Battle", "text": "However, when the storm blew up, many of the severely damaged ships sank or ran aground on the shoals." }, { "section_header": "Results of the battle", "text": "The battle took place the day after the Battle of Ulm, and Napoleon did not hear about it for weeks—the Grande Armée had left Boulogne to fight Britain's allies before they could combine their armies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cardinal Jules Mazarin (, also UK: , US: , French: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo raiˈmondo madːzaˈriːno]) or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in 1661." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1654 he acquired the title Duke of Mayenne, and in 1659, 1st Duke of Rethel and Nevers." }, { "section_header": "The Mazarinettes", "text": "She married Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, grandson of King Henry IV, and was the mother of the great general the Duke of Vendôme." }, { "section_header": "Cardinal and Deputy of Cardinal Richelieu", "text": "Cinq-Mars was arrested, Gaston was disgraced, and another conspirator, the Duke of Bouillon, was granted a pardon on the condition of revealing all the details of the plot to Mazarin, and surrendering the important fortress of Sedan to the King." }, { "section_header": "The Mazarinettes", "text": "Hortense Mancini was married shortly before Mazarin's death to a nephew of Cardinal Richelieu, who thereafter took the title Duke Mazarin." }, { "section_header": "Chief minister of France – Diplomacy", "text": "The succession of Mazarin to the position of chief minister of Louis XIII was not automatic or immediate." }, { "section_header": "Chief minister of France – Diplomacy", "text": "The evening that she became regent, she declared that Mazarin would be her chief minister and head of her government." }, { "section_header": "Cardinal and Deputy of Cardinal Richelieu", "text": "On 11 June 1642, while in Tarascon on one of the long military expeditions, Mazarin was presented with evidence that Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, and The Marquis of Cinq-Mars, one of the King's closest advisors, had made a secret agreement with the King of Spain, without the knowledge of Richelieu or the King." }, { "section_header": "Cardinal and Deputy of Cardinal Richelieu", "text": "The destruction of the conspiracy against the King was one of the last acts of Cardinal Richelieu." }, { "section_header": "Chief minister of France – Diplomacy", "text": "Mazarin continued Richelieu's costly war against the chief rivals of France in Europe, the Habsburgs of Austria and Spain." }, { "section_header": "The Mazarinettes", "text": "Marie Anne Mancini married the Duke of Bouillon soon after the death of Mazarin." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cardinal Jules Mazarin (, also UK: , US: , French: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo raiˈmondo madːzaˈriːno]) or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death in 1661." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Herbert Klein (October 7, 1904 – March 28, 1958), nicknamed the \"Hoosier Hammer\", was an American professional baseball outfielder." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Klein played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1928–1933, 1936–1939, 1940–1944), Chicago Cubs (1934–1936), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1939)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the first player to be selected to the All-Star Game as a member of two different teams (Phillies and Cubs)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Herbert Klein (October 7, 1904 – March 28, 1958), nicknamed the \"Hoosier Hammer\", was an American professional baseball outfielder." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Klein played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1928–1933, 1936–1939, 1940–1944), Chicago Cubs (1934–1936), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1939)." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "On July 1, 1931, in a game against the Chicago Cubs, Klein hit for the cycle, going 4-for-5 with five RBI." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "On November 21, 1933 Klein was traded to the Cubs for $65,000 (equivalent to $1,283,792 in 2019) and three other players, Klein did not perform as well in Chicago as he did when he was with the Phillies." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Richard Nixon put Klein on his all time baseball team, the campaigning worked, and Klein was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980 via the Veterans Committee." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Klein was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 7, 1904." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In 1999, he ranked number 92 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "However, Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis discovered that the Cardinals owned a team in Dayton, Ohio, that also played in the Central League with Fort Wayne." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "He was then traded to the Chicago Cubs, and when he returned to the Phillies in 1936, he wore 32 (later retired by the Phillies for Steve Carlton), and soon switched to 36 (later retired by the Phillies for Robin Roberts) for that season and 1937." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Greenberg married Caral Gimbel (daughter of Bernard Gimbel of the Gimbel's New York department store family) on February 18, 1946, three days after signing a $60,000 ($787,000 today) contract with the Tigers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family owned a successful cloth-shrinking plant in New York." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His family moved to the Bronx when he was about seven." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Management and ownership", "text": "Greenberg was furious and sold his share soon afterwards." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Management and ownership", "text": "In truth, O'Malley wanted no part of competing against an expansion team owned by a master promoter such as Veeck, even if he was only a minority partner." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Return to baseball", "text": "When Greenberg decided to retire rather than play for less, Detroit sold his contract to the Pittsburgh Pirates." }, { "section_header": "In media | Books", "text": "Hank Greenberg: The Story of My Life." }, { "section_header": "In media | Books", "text": "Hank Greenberg; Ira Berkow (2001)." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Management and ownership", "text": "\" When Veeck sold his interest, Greenberg remained as general manager and part-owner (for one year) until 1957." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Return to baseball", "text": "It ended with Greenberg's grand slam on the next pitch, clinching Hal Newhouser's 25th victory of the season." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Management and ownership", "text": "During Veeck and Greenberg's first season, the White Sox won their first AL pennant since 1919." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Greenberg married Caral Gimbel (daughter of Bernard Gimbel of the Gimbel's New York department store family) on February 18, 1946, three days after signing a $60,000 ($787,000 today) contract with the Tigers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She seeks answers through a machine claimed to have psychic abilities, but the experience is awkward and unsuccessful." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49 (1965) is the shortest novel published by American author Thomas Pynchon." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49. J. B. Lippincott." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49. Harper and Row, 1986, reissued 2006." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book", "text": "J. Kerry Grant wrote A Companion to the Crying of Lot 49 in an attempt to catalogue these references but it is neither definitive nor complete." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book | The Beatles", "text": "The Crying of Lot 49 was published shortly after Beatlemania and the \"British invasion\" that took place in the United States and other Western countries." }, { "section_header": "Allusions in the book | Remedios Varo", "text": "Near the beginning of The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa recalls a trip to an art museum in Mexico with Inverarity, during which she encountered a painting, Bordando el Manto Terrestre by Remedios Varo." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The book ends with Oedipa at an auction of Inverarity's possessions, waiting on the bidding of lot 49, which contains his stamp collection." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like most of Pynchon's output, Lot 49 is often described as postmodernist literature." }, { "section_header": "References in popular culture", "text": "The title of the 2018 AMC-TV series Lodge 49 alludes to the novel." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Pynchon, Thomas (December 1965)." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She seeks answers through a machine claimed to have psychic abilities, but the experience is awkward and unsuccessful." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career | Early years", "text": "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "”Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of non-racist men, including Hugo Black." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Leo I (c. 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Saint Leo the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 and died in 461." } ]

[ { "section_header": "On the fundamental dignity of Christians", "text": "Let the saint exult in that he draws near to victory." }, { "section_header": "Significance", "text": "The Catholic Church marks 10 November as the feast day of Saint Leo, given in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and the 8th-century Calendar of Saint Willibrord as the date of his death and entry to heaven." }, { "section_header": "Leo and Attila", "text": "Leo did, however, assist in rebuilding the city of Rome, restoring key places such as Saint Peter's." }, { "section_header": "Significance", "text": "The Eastern Catholic Churches as well as the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate Saint Leo on 18 February." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Leo I (c. 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Saint Leo the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 and died in 461." }, { "section_header": "Death and burial", "text": "Amen. Leo died on 10 November 461 and, as he wished to be buried as close as possible to the tomb of St Peter, his body was placed in a tomb in the portico of Saint Peter's basilica." }, { "section_header": "On the fundamental dignity of Christians", "text": "In his In Nativitate Domini, Christmas Day, sermon, \"Christian, remember your dignity\", Leo articulates a fundamental dignity common to all Christians, whether saints or sinners, and the consequent obligation to live up to it: Our Saviour, dearly-beloved, was born today: let us be glad." }, { "section_header": "Significance", "text": "His feast was once celebrated in Rome on 28 June, the anniversary of the placing of his relics in Saint Peter's Basilica, but in the 12th century, the Gallican Rite feast of 11 April was admitted to the General Roman Calendar, which maintained that date until 1969." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\" Xerxes finally arrives, dressed in torn robes (\"grief swarms,\" the Queen says just before his arrival, \"but worst of all it stings / to hear how my son, my prince, / wears tatters, rags\" (845–849)) and reeling from his crushing defeat." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Discussion", "text": "The sympathetic school has the considerable weight of Aristotelian criticism behind it; indeed, every other extant Greek tragedy arguably invites an audience's sympathy for one or more characters on stage." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\" This is an unusual beginning for a tragedy by Aeschylus; normally the chorus would not appear until slightly later, after a speech by a minor character." }, { "section_header": "Discussion", "text": "Aeschylus was not the first to write a play about the Persians — his older contemporary Phrynichus wrote two plays about them." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Persians takes place in Susa, which at the time was one of the capitals of the Persian Empire, and opens with a chorus of old men of Susa, who are soon joined by the Queen Mother, Atossa, as they await news of her son King Xerxes' expedition against the Greeks." }, { "section_header": "Discussion", "text": "Interpretations of Persians either read the play as sympathetic toward the defeated Persians or else as a celebration of Greek victory within the context of an ongoing war." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent production history", "text": "Using Poochigian's edition, which includes theatrical notes and stage directions, \"Persians\" was presented in a staged read-through as part of New York's WorkShop Theater Company's Spring 2011 one-act festival \" They That Have Borne the Battle." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent production history", "text": "Seventy years after the play was produced, the comic playwright Aristophanes mentions an apparent Athenian reproduction of The Persians in his Frogs (405 BCE)." }, { "section_header": "Place in Aeschylus' work", "text": "Several fragments of Prometheus Pyrkaeus are extant, and according to Plutarch, one of those fragments was a statement by Prometheus warning a satyr who wanted to kiss and embrace the fire that he would \"mourn for his beard\" if he did." }, { "section_header": "Discussion", "text": "The first, The Sack of Miletus (written in 493 BCE, 21 years before Aeschylus' play), concerned the destruction of an Ionian colony of Athens in Asia Minor by the Persians." }, { "section_header": "Subsequent production history", "text": "\"The American Peter Sellars directed an important production of The Persians at the Edinburgh Festival and Los Angeles Festival in 1993, which articulated the play as a response to the Gulf War of 1990–1991." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\" Xerxes finally arrives, dressed in torn robes (\"grief swarms,\" the Queen says just before his arrival, \"but worst of all it stings / to hear how my son, my prince, / wears tatters, rags\" (845–849)) and reeling from his crushing defeat." } ]