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[ { "section_header": "The games | Combat", "text": "Even among the ordinarii, match winners might have to fight a new, well-rested opponent, either a tertiarius (\"third choice gladiator\") by prearrangement; or a \"substitute\" gladiator (suppositicius) who fought at the whim of the editor as an unadvertised, unexpected \"extra\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "The gladiators | Emperors", "text": "As reward for these services, he drew a gigantic stipend from the public purse." }, { "section_header": "The games | Preparations", "text": "For enthusiasts and gamblers, a more detailed program (libellus) was distributed on the day of the munus, showing the names, types and match records of gladiator pairs, and their order of appearance." }, { "section_header": "The gladiators", "text": "Most depictions of gladiators show the most common and popular types." }, { "section_header": "The gladiators", "text": "In the mid-republican munus, each type seems to have fought against a similar or identical type." }, { "section_header": "The gladiators", "text": "In the later Republic and early Empire, various \"fantasy\" types were introduced, and were set against dissimilar but complementary types." }, { "section_header": "The games | Victory and defeat", "text": "the greatest reward was manumission (emancipation), symbolised by the gift of a wooden training sword or staff (rudis) from the editor." }, { "section_header": "The gladiators", "text": "The earliest types of gladiator were named after Rome's enemies of that time: the Samnite, Thracian and Gaul." }, { "section_header": "Amphitheatres | Factions and rivals", "text": "Popular factions supported favourite gladiators and gladiator types." }, { "section_header": "The games | Victory and defeat", "text": "At a Pompeian match between chariot-fighters, Publius Ostorius, with previous 51 wins to his credit, was granted missio after losing to Scylax, with 26 victories." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline", "text": "It is not known how many gladiatoria munera were given throughout the Roman period." }, { "section_header": "The games | Combat", "text": "Even among the ordinarii, match winners might have to fight a new, well-rested opponent, either a tertiarius (\"third choice gladiator\") by prearrangement; or a \"substitute\" gladiator (suppositicius) who fought at the whim of the editor as an unadvertised, unexpected \"extra\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy novels by British author C. S. Lewis." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The series is set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influences on other works | Influences on literature", "text": "However, Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible, so both of us pinched from somewhere else, probably unconsciously.\" Science-fiction author" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The series is set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts, and talking animals." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia | Film", "text": "In December 2008, Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the Chronicles of Narnia film series." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia | Television", "text": "Various books from The Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia | Film", "text": ", Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia | Television", "text": "Entertainment One, which had acquired production rights to a fourth Narnia film, also joined the series." }, { "section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date: Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia | Radio", "text": "Collectively titled Tales of Narnia, the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours." }, { "section_header": "Influences on other works | Influences on literature", "text": "Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge." }, { "section_header": "Criticism | Accusations of gender stereotyping", "text": "In later years, both Lewis and the Chronicles have been criticised (often by other authors of fantasy fiction) for gender role stereotyping, though other authors have defended Lewis in this area." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy novels by British author C. S. Lewis." } ]

[ { "section_header": "In other media | Print media", "text": "Star Wars in print predates the release of the first film, with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars, initially subtitled \"From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Cultural impact | Industry", "text": "Film critic Roger Ebert wrote in his book The Great Movies, \"Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane, Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after." }, { "section_header": "Cultural impact | Industry", "text": "Before Star Wars, special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Historical influences", "text": "Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Hitler's role before appointing himself Führer." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Print media | Novels", "text": "In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes, but she and Han ultimately marry." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Audio | Audio novels", "text": "Most later printed novels were adapted into audio novels, usually released on cassette tape and re-released on CD." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Print media | Novels", "text": "Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999, releasing what would become a 19-installment novel series called The New Jedi Order (1999–2003)." }, { "section_header": "Film", "text": "The first entry, Rogue One (2016), tells the story of the rebels who steal the Death Star plans directly before Episode IV." }, { "section_header": "Film", "text": "Lucasfilm has a number of Star Wars movies in development, including a trilogy which will be written by The Last Jedi writer/director Rian Johnson and be independent from the Skywalker saga." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Audio | Audio novels", "text": "More recently, audio-only novels have been released, not directly based on printed media." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Video games", "text": "Some are based directly on the movie material, while others rely heavily on the non-canonical Expanded Universe (rebranded as Star Wars Legends and removed from the canon in 2014)." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Print media", "text": "Star Wars in print predates the release of the first film, with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars, initially subtitled \"From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arrival is a 2016 American science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Eric Heisserer." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development and pre-production", "text": "Arrival is based on the Nebula-winning science fiction novella, \"Story of Your Life\" by Ted Chiang, written in 1998." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "\"In the present, Banks steals CIA agent Halpern's satellite phone, a rarity when phones have been confiscated on the base, and calls Shang's number to recite the words." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development and pre-production", "text": "Arrival is based on the Nebula-winning science fiction novella, \"Story of Your Life\" by Ted Chiang, written in 1998." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Considered one of the best films of 2016, Arrival appeared on numerous critics' year-end lists and was selected by the American Film Institute as one of ten \"Movies of the Year\"." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development and pre-production", "text": "While Villeneuve went through \"hundreds\" of possible titles, Arrival was the first one his team of producers and writers had suggested." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She has a premonition of a United Nations event celebrating newfound unity following the alien arrival, in which Shang thanks her for having convinced him to call off the attack by calling his private number and reciting his wife's dying words: \"War doesn't make winners, only widows." }, { "section_header": "Production | Linguistics", "text": "Both the book and the screenwriting required the invention of a form of alien linguistics which recurs in the plot." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In a heavily negative review, Rex Reed of The New York Observer gave the film one out of four, calling it Villeneuve's \"latest exercise in pretentious poopery\" and also being critical of the lack of action in the storyline." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Additionally, Young looked towards the book Speedway by photographer Martina Hoogland Ivanow as a reference for the look of the film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Visual effects", "text": "For me, that big screen is more than a screen—that room, which they called in the script 'the interview room,' is a classroom." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Robbie Collin of The Telegraph praised the film, calling it: \"introspective, philosophical and existentially inclined—yet" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arrival is a 2016 American science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Eric Heisserer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and career | Senate campaign", "text": "It was during this campaign that McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname \"Tail-Gunner Joe\", using the slogan, \"Congress needs a tail-gunner\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, McCarthy commissioned into the Marine Corps in 1942, where he served as an intelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber squadron." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Military service", "text": "In 1942, shortly after the U.S. entered World War II, McCarthy joined the United States Marine Corps, despite the fact that his judicial office exempted him from military service." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Military service", "text": "He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer, acquiring (or perhaps giving himself) the nickname \"Tail-Gunner Joe.\" McCarthy remained in the Marine Corps Reserve after the war, attaining the rank of major." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Senate campaign", "text": "It was during this campaign that McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname \"Tail-Gunner Joe\", using the slogan, \"Congress needs a tail-gunner\"." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Military service", "text": "Because of McCarthy's various lies about his military heroism, his \"Tail-Gunner Joe\" nickname was sarcastically used as a term of mockery by his critics." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some of his claims of heroism were later shown to be exaggerated or falsified, leading many of his critics to use \"Tail-Gunner Joe\" as a term of mockery." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "He was given a state funeral that was attended by 70 senators, and" }, { "section_header": "United States Senate | McCarthy and the Truman administration", "text": "McCarthy and President Truman clashed often during the years both held office." }, { "section_header": "United States Senate | Army–McCarthy hearings", "text": "The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, usually chaired by McCarthy himself, was given the task of adjudicating these conflicting charges." }, { "section_header": "United States Senate | \"Joe Must Go\" recall attempt", "text": "Despite critics' claims that a recall attempt was foolhardy, the \"Joe Must Go\" movement caught fire and was backed by a diverse coalition including other Republican leaders, Democrats, businessmen, farmers and students." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Fifth and sixth majorities, 1887–1891; death", "text": "After the election, Macdonald suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralysed and unable to speak. \" The Old Chieftain\" lingered for days, remaining mentally alert, before dying in the late evening of Saturday, 6 June 1891." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "A peak in the Rockies, Mount Macdonald (c. 1887) at Rogers Pass, is named for him." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Second majority and Pacific Scandal, 1872–1873", "text": "In early 1872, Macdonald submitted the treaty for ratification, and it passed the Commons with a majority of 66." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887", "text": "it passed the Senate just before the firm would have become insolvent." }, { "section_header": "Political rise, 1843–1864 | Parliamentary advancement, 1843–1857", "text": "Accepting the government post required Macdonald to give up his law firm income and spend most of his time in Montreal, away from Isabella." }, { "section_header": "Confederation of Canada, 1864–1867", "text": "On 8 March, the British North America Act, 1867, which would thereafter serve as the major part of Canada's constitution, passed the House of Commons (it had previously passed the House of Lords)." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887", "text": "Macdonald sought to pass a Fisheries Act which would override some of the treaty provisions, to the dismay of the British, who were still responsible for external relations." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Second majority and Pacific Scandal, 1872–1873", "text": "for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 2001, Parliament designated 11 January as Sir John A. Macdonald Day, but the day is not a federal holiday and generally passes unremarked." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887", "text": "In his own case, Macdonald took better control of his drinking and binges had ended. \" The great drinking-bouts, the gargantuan in sobriety's of his middle years, were dwindling away now into memories." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Opposition, 1873–1878", "text": "These picnics allowed Macdonald venues to show off his talents at campaigning, and were often lighthearted—at one, the Tory leader blamed agricultural pests on the Grits, and promised the insects would go away if the Conservatives were elected." }, { "section_header": "Prime Minister of Canada | Fifth and sixth majorities, 1887–1891; death", "text": "After the election, Macdonald suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralysed and unable to speak. \" The Old Chieftain\" lingered for days, remaining mentally alert, before dying in the late evening of Saturday, 6 June 1891." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tender is the Night is the fourth and final novel completed by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in Scribner's Magazine between January and April 1934 in four issues." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tender is the Night is the fourth and final novel completed by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald." }, { "section_header": "Composition", "text": "Ultimately, he poured everything he had into Tender – his feelings about his own wasted talent and (self-perceived) professional failure and stagnation; his feelings about his parents (who on a symbolic level provided much of the inspiration for Dick and Nicole Diver); about his marriage, and Zelda's illness, and psychiatry (about which he had learned a great deal during her treatment); about his affair with Lois Moran, and Zelda's with the French aviator Edouard Jozan (paralleled in the relationship between Nicole Diver and Tommy Barban).The book was completed in the fall of 1933 and serialized in four installments in Scribner's Magazine before its publication on April 12, 1934." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first version, published in 1934, uses flashbacks; the second, revised version, prepared by Fitzgerald's friend and noted critic Malcolm Cowley on the basis of notes for a revision left by Fitzgerald, is ordered chronologically and was first published posthumously in 1948." }, { "section_header": "Composition", "text": "Fitzgerald wrote the final version of Tender" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was Fitzgerald's first novel in nine years and the last that he would complete." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fitzgerald considered Tender is the Night to be his greatest work." }, { "section_header": "Composition", "text": "Fitzgerald began working on a new novel almost immediately after the publication of The Great Gatsby in April 1925." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "After this becomes an issue with the patients, Dick's ownership share of the clinic is bought out by American investors following his partner's suggestion." }, { "section_header": "Critical reception | Legacy and modern analysis", "text": "He also calls it \"F Scott Fitzgerald's richest novel, replete with vivid characters, gorgeous prose, and shocking scenes,\" and calls attention to Slavoj Žižek's use of the book to illustrate the nonlinear nature of experience." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Woodward was reported to have been engaged to author Gore Vidal before she married Paul Newman." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Upon the death of Olivia de Havilland in July 2020 she became the oldest living Best Actress Academy Award winner." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Woodward was reported to have been engaged to author Gore Vidal before she married Paul Newman." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "In 1958, Woodward won the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1990s", "text": "Newman and Woodward starred in Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990), garnering Woodward an Academy Award nomination." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the recipient of an Academy Award, three Primetime Emmy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": ": Woodward claimed the relationship was a front for Vidal, who was homosexual." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "On March 28 of the same year, Woodward won the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve." }, { "section_header": "Career | Relationship with Paul Newman", "text": "It co-starred Paul Newman, whom Woodward would go on to marry." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Woodward shared a house with Vidal in Los Angeles for a short time, and they remained friends." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "Woodward won two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Mini-Series or TV Movie: for See" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1830, when Anna Bolena was premiered, Donizetti made a major impact on the Italian and international opera scene and this shifted the balance of success away from primarily comedic operas, although even after that date, his best-known works included comedies such as L'elisir d'amore (1832) and Don Pasquale (1843)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1845–1848: Return to Paris; declining health; return to Bergamo; death | Attempts to move Donizetti back to Paris", "text": "He was able to go on to convince the Paris Prefect, by threats of family action and general public concern, that the composer should be moved to an apartment in Paris." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1822–1830: Rome, Naples, Milan | Success in Rome", "text": "The young Maestro Gaetano Donizetti...has launched himself strongly in his truly serious opera, Zoraida." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1830–1838: International fame", "text": "This appears to have solidified Donizetti's reputation as a composer of successful serious opera, although other comedies were to appear quite quickly." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1830, when Anna Bolena was premiered, Donizetti made a major impact on the Italian and international opera scene and this shifted the balance of success away from primarily comedic operas, although even after that date, his best-known works included comedies such as L'elisir d'amore (1832) and Don Pasquale (1843)." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1822–1830: Rome, Naples, Milan | Success in Rome", "text": "From the point of view of Donizetti's evolving style, Ashbrook states that, in order to please the opera-going public in the first quarter of the 19th century, it was necessary to cater to their tastes, to make a major impression at the first performance (otherwise there would be no others), and to emulate the preferred musical style of the day, that of Rossini whose music \"was the public's yardstick when they were assessing new scores\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Before 1830, success came primarily with his comic operas, the serious ones failing to attract significant audiences." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1822–1830: Rome, Naples, Milan | Success in Rome", "text": "After these minor compositions under the commission of Paolo Zancla, Donizetti retreated to Bergamo once again to examine how he could make his career move along." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1845–1848: Return to Paris; declining health; return to Bergamo; death | Attempts to move Donizetti back to Paris", "text": "In late December, early January 1847, visits from a friend from Vienna who lived in Paris—Baron Eduard von Lannoy—resulted in a letter from Lannoy to Giuseppe Donizetti in Constantinople outlining what he saw as a better solution: rather than have friends travel the five hours to see his brother, Lannoy recommended that Gaetano be moved to Paris where he could be taken care of by the same doctors." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (, also UK: , US: , Italian: [doˈmeːniko ɡaeˈtaːno maˈriːa donidˈdzetti] (listen); 29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas." }, { "section_header": "Career as an opera composer | 1822–1830: Rome, Naples, Milan | Donizetti moves to Naples", "text": "News of this work impressed Domenico Barbaja, the prominent Intendant of the Teatro San Carlo and other royal houses in the city such as the smaller Teatro Nuovo and the Teatro del Fondo." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that \"Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order.\" As Alexander's Feast (1736) was well received, Handel made a transition to English choral works." }, { "section_header": "Move to London | Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)", "text": "The Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now Her Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh, quickly became an opera house." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that \"Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order.\" As Alexander's Feast (1736) was well received, Handel made a transition to English choral works." }, { "section_header": "Move to London | Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)", "text": "The Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now Her Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh, quickly became an opera house." }, { "section_header": "Move to London", "text": "With his opera Rinaldo, based on La Gerusalemme Liberata by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Fictional depictions", "text": "The Great Mr. Handel directed by Norman Walker and starring Wilfrid Lawson." }, { "section_header": "Move to London | Oratorio", "text": "The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works." }, { "section_header": "Later years", "text": "The cause was a cataract which was operated on by the great charlatan Chevalier Taylor." }, { "section_header": "Move to London", "text": "In 1710, Handel became Kapellmeister to German prince George, the Elector of Hanover, who in 1714 would become King George I of Great Britain and Ireland." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Homages", "text": "No. 2, HWV 397. Argentine composer Luis Gianneo composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano." }, { "section_header": "Move to London | Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)", "text": "In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tyrus Raymond Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "Tyrus Raymond, Jr. flunked out of Princeton (where he had played on the varsity tennis team), much to his father's dismay." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "Tyrus Raymond, Jr. then entered Yale University and became captain of the tennis team while improving his academics, but was then arrested twice in 1930 for drunkenness and left Yale without graduating." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "Tyrus Raymond, Jr. flunked out of Princeton (where he had played on the varsity tennis team), much to his father's dismay." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "The couple had three sons and two daughters: Tyrus Raymond Jr, Shirley Marion, Herschel Roswell, James Howell and Beverly." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tyrus Raymond Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "Even though Tyrus Raymond, Jr. finally reformed and eventually earned an M.D. from the Medical College of South Carolina and practiced obstetrics and gynecology in Dublin, Georgia, until his premature death at 42 on September 9, 1952, from a brain tumor, his father remained distant." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career", "text": "The elder Cobb subsequently traveled to the Princeton campus and beat his son with a whip to ensure against future academic failure." }, { "section_header": "Post professional career | Death", "text": "\"He was taken to Emory University Hospital for the last time in June 1961 after falling into a diabetic coma." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Cobb as player/manager", "text": "Cobb and Browns player-manager George Sisler each pitched in the final game, Cobb pitching a perfect inning." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Cobb as player/manager", "text": "In fact, he had saved money by hiring Cobb to both play and manage." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Cobb as player/manager", "text": "Cobb blamed his lackluster managerial record (479 wins against 444 losses) on Navin, who was arguably even more frugal than he was, passing up a number of quality players Cobb wanted to add to the team." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Study in Scarlet is an 1887 detective novel written by Arthur Conan Doyle." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Study in Scarlet was the first work of detective fiction to incorporate the magnifying glass as an investigative tool." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Reminiscences of Watson", "text": "Above his body was written \"RACHE\"." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Reminiscences of Watson", "text": "On one wall, written in red, is \"RACHE\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Only 11 complete copies of the magazine in which the story first appeared, Beeton's Christmas Annual for 1887, are known to exist now and they have considerable value." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "In it, Holmes, Watson and Lestrade are pupils at a fictional boarding school called Beeton School." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Reminiscences of Watson", "text": "After much speculation by Watson, Holmes reveals that he is a \"consulting detective\" and that the guests are clients." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Reminiscences of Watson", "text": "where, in a laboratory, they find Holmes experimenting with a reagent, seeking a test to detect human hemoglobin." }, { "section_header": "Depiction of Mormonism", "text": "Years after Conan Doyle's death, Levi Edgar Young, a descendant of Brigham Young and a Mormon general authority, claimed that Conan Doyle had privately apologised, saying that \"He [Conan Doyle] said he had been misled by writings of the time about the Church\" and had \"written a scurrilous book about the Mormons." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In his retirement, Benedict XVI has made occasional public appearances alongside Francis." }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "In 2015, Benedict spent the summer at Castel Gandolfo and participated in two public events. \" Pope Francis invited Benedict XVI to spend some time in Castel Gandolfo in the month of July and Benedict accepted\"," }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "Benedict XVI made his first public appearance after his resignation at St. Peter's Basilica on 22 February 2014 to attend the first papal consistory of his successor Pope Francis." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI" }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "Benedict XVI remained there for two weeks." }, { "section_header": "Positions on morality and politics | Nuclear energy", "text": "Pope Benedict XVI called for nuclear disarmament." }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "Benedict XVI attended the consistory for new cardinals in February 2015, greeting Pope Francis at the beginning of the celebration." }, { "section_header": "Papacy: 2005–2013 | Election to the papacy", "text": "Benedict XVI was elected the 265th pope at the age of 78." }, { "section_header": "Positions on morality and politics | International relations | Turkey", "text": "However, the Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and Patriarch Bartholomew" }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "After his resignation, Benedict XVI retained his papal name rather than reverting to his birth name." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415, and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his 20-year career, he led the league in stolen bases ten times and finished with 738 steals, a National League record until 1974 and still the 9th-highest total in major league history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Maximillian George Carnarius was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on January 11, 1890." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Maximillian George Carnarius (January 11, 1890 – May 30, 1976), known as Max George Carey, was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Minor league baseball", "text": "He had a .298 batting average with 86 stolen bases in 96 games." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "He led the league in stolen bases eight times, including each season between 1922 and 1924." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1913, Carey led the National League in plate appearances (692), at bats (620), runs scored (99), and stolen bases (61)." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "Carey ended up in a slump that summer and one day Clarke commented to McKechnie that they should replace Carey, even if they had to replace him with a pitcher." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his 20-year career, he led the league in stolen bases ten times and finished with 738 steals, a National League record until 1974 and still the 9th-highest total in major league history." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "His mark of 738 stolen bases remained a National League record, until Lou Brock surpassed it in 1974.When Carey was young, his mother sewed special pads into his uniform to protect his legs and hips while sliding." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "He regularly stole 40 or more bases and maintained a favorable steal percentage; in 1922 he stole 51 bases and was caught only twice." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1924, Carey altered his batting stance based on Ty Cobb's." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jean Sibelius (; Swedish pronunciation ), born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "Thereafter he became known as Jean Sibelius." }, { "section_header": "Life | Ups and downs", "text": "Although its more classical approach surprised the audience, Flodin commented that it was \"internally new and revolutionary\"." }, { "section_header": "Life | Studies and early career", "text": "His close circle of friends included the pianist and writer Adolf Paul and the conductor-to-be" }, { "section_header": "Life | Marriage and rise to fame", "text": "Ruth Snellman was a prominent actress, Katarina Ilves married a banker and Heidi Blomstedt was a designer, wife of architect Aulis Blomstedt." }, { "section_header": "Life | Studies and early career", "text": "My love for the violin lasted quite long and it was a very painful awakening when I had to admit that I had begun my training for the exacting career of a virtuoso too late." }, { "section_header": "Life | Studies and early career", "text": "Another important influence was his teacher Ferruccio Busoni, a pianist-composer with whom he enjoyed a lifelong friendship." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The quinquennial International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition, instituted in 1965, the Sibelius Monument, unveiled in 1967 in Helsinki's Sibelius Park, the Sibelius Museum, opened in Turku in 1968, and the Sibelius Hall concert hall in Lahti, opened in 2000, were all named in his honour, as was the asteroid 1405 Sibelius." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years", "text": "However, during his student years, he adopted the French form Jean, inspired by the business card of his deceased seafaring uncle." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Second, at his very best, he is often weird.\" Pianist Leif Ove Andsnes offers a counterweight to Page's assessment of Sibelius's piano music." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jean Sibelius (; Swedish pronunciation ), born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on 13 August 1961." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961 | Secondary response", "text": "However, he denounced the Berlin Wall, whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on 13 August 1961." }, { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961 | Immediate effects", "text": "I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is—it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure." }, { "section_header": "Erection of the inner German border | Berlin emigration loophole", "text": "Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin, the Berlin outer ring, commenced in 1951." }, { "section_header": "Official crossings and usage | Crossing", "text": "The Allies held that only the Soviet Union, and not the GDR, had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases." }, { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961", "text": "The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht, on 1 August in the same year, suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev." }, { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961", "text": "During the construction of the Wall, National People's Army (NVA) and Combat Groups of the Working Class (KdA) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect." }, { "section_header": "Construction begins, 1961 | Immediate effects", "text": "The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Cultural differences", "text": "Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a \"bilateral initiative\" of the Soviet Union and the West." }, { "section_header": "\"Ich bin ein Berliner\" and \"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!\"", "text": "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Retirement | Illness and death: 2011–2013", "text": "After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time (UTC+2) at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940", "text": "Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a prefect." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958." }, { "section_header": "Revolutionary activity | Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949", "text": "Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had \"guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path.\" Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949." }, { "section_header": "Revolutionary activity | Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949", "text": "Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's Orlando house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo." }, { "section_header": "Revolutionary activity | Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949", "text": "In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal, and at times exhibited a quick temper." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Childhood: 1918–1934", "text": "At the time he nevertheless considered the European colonialists not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured Batik shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as \"Madiba shirts\"." }, { "section_header": "Personality and personal life", "text": "They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | In popular culture", "text": "Richard Dreyfuss portrayed Stephen A. Douglas in a Lincoln–Douglas debate audiobook." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "He was born Stephen Arnold Douglass in Brandon, Vermont, on April 23, 1813, to physician Stephen Arnold Douglass and his wife, Sarah Fisk." }, { "section_header": "Marriage and family", "text": "They had two sons: Robert M. Douglas (1849–1917) and Stephen Arnold Douglas, Jr., (1850–1908)." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | In popular culture", "text": "Edgar Lee Masters' work Children of the Marketplace: A fictitious biography is about Stephen Douglas." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois." }, { "section_header": "Senator | Last months", "text": "As late as Christmas 1860, Douglas wrote to Alexander H. Stephens and offered to support the annexation of Mexico as slave territory to avert secession." }, { "section_header": "Senator | 1860 presidential election | Nomination", "text": "His support was concentrated in the North, especially the Midwest, though some unionist Southerners like Alexander H. Stephens were sympathetic to his cause." }, { "section_header": "Early career | Illinois politician", "text": "Joseph Smith then pronounced the following prophecy on the head of Stephen A. Douglas: Judge, you will aspire to the presidency of the United States; and if ever you turn your hand against me or the Latter-day Saints, you will feel the weight of the hand of Almighty upon you; and you will live to see and know that I have testified the truth to you; for the conversation of this day will stick to you through life." }, { "section_header": "Senator | Buchanan administration | Lincoln-Douglas debates", "text": "Lincoln strongly rejected proposals to cooperate with Douglas against Buchanan, and he won the Republican nomination to oppose Douglas." }, { "section_header": "Senator | Buchanan administration | Lincoln-Douglas debates", "text": "Following the elections, Douglas toured the South." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"While Wilson's combativeness and excessive alcohol consumption made him one of the most colorful sports personalities of his era, his drinking and fighting undoubtedly contributed to a premature end to his athletic career and, ultimately, his premature death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lewis Robert \"Hack\" Wilson (April 26, 1900 – November 23, 1948) was an American Major League Baseball player who played 12 seasons for the New York Giants, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies." }, { "section_header": "Life after baseball", "text": "Though the accident did not appear serious at first, pneumonia and other complications developed and he died of internal hemorrhaging on November 23, 1948, at the age of 48.Wilson — once the highest-paid player in the National League — died penniless; his son, Robert, refused to claim his remains." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Early life and minor leagues", "text": "Lewis Robert Wilson was born April 26, 1900, in the Pennsylvania steel mill town of Ellwood City, north of Pittsburgh." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Glory years with the Cubs", "text": "Biographer Clifton Blue Parker described him as \"... the Roaring '20s epitome of a baseball player, primed for an age of American excess ... at a time when baseball was America's favorite sport." }, { "section_header": "Life after baseball", "text": "A granite tombstone was unveiled, with the inscription, \"One of Baseball's Immortals, Lewis R. (Hack) Wilson, Rests Here." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | New York Giants", "text": "\"They let go the best outfielder I ever played alongside\", said Giants right fielder Ross Youngs, \"and they're going to regret it." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Early life and minor leagues", "text": "His mother, Jennie Kaughn, 16, was an unemployed drifter from Philadelphia; his father, Robert Wilson, 24, was a steel worker." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Glory years with the Cubs", "text": "Wilson had a combative streak and sometimes initiated fights with opposing players and fans." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | New York Giants", "text": "In August McGraw told reporters that he had \"... made the mistake of rushing [Wilson] along,\" and sent him to the Giants' minor league affiliate, the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Early life and minor leagues", "text": "His parents never married; both were heavy drinkers, and in 1907 his mother died of appendicitis at the age of 24.In 1916" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"While Wilson's combativeness and excessive alcohol consumption made him one of the most colorful sports personalities of his era, his drinking and fighting undoubtedly contributed to a premature end to his athletic career and, ultimately, his premature death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "There are a total of about 7,000 extant species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "Echinoderms left behind an extensive fossil record." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "The oldest known echinoderm fossil may be Arkarua from the Precambrian of Australia." }, { "section_header": "Anatomy and physiology", "text": "Echinoderms evolved from animals with bilateral symmetry." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "The fossil record includes a large number of other classes which do not appear to fall into any extant crown group." }, { "section_header": "Use by humans", "text": "These and other species are colloquially known as bêche de mer or trepang in China and Indonesia." }, { "section_header": "Reproduction | Sexual reproduction", "text": "Internal fertilisation has currently been observed in three species of sea star, three brittle stars and a deep water sea cucumber." }, { "section_header": "Anatomy and physiology | Skin and skeleton", "text": "Despite the robustness of the individual skeletal modules complete skeletons of starfish, brittle stars and crinoids are rare in the fossil record." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "There are a total of about 7,000 extant species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species." }, { "section_header": "Taxonomy and evolution", "text": "Two main subdivisions are traditionally recognised: the more familiar motile Eleutherozoa, which encompasses the Asteroidea (starfish, 1,745 recent species), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, 2,300 species), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars, 900 species) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, 1,430 species); and the Pelmatozoa, some of which are sessile while others move around." }, { "section_header": "Larval development", "text": "The planktotrophic larva is considered to be the ancestral larval type for echinoderms but after 500 million years of larval evolution, about 68% of species whose development is known have a lecithotrophic larval type." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "He tried a minor league comeback in 1936, but he gave that up in April because he was experiencing vision problems and dizzy spells still attributed to sinusitis." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "Not long after that, Hafey abandoned that comeback due to a salary dispute." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "He tried a minor league comeback in 1936, but he gave that up in April because he was experiencing vision problems and dizzy spells still attributed to sinusitis." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Hafey played in the minor leagues for the Fort Smith Twins of the Western Association in 1923." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "In June 1935, suffering from sinus problems and influenza, he returned to his ranch near Berkeley and his relatives there said that he would not return to baseball that season." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Hafey's 1931 and 1932 seasons both began late due to salary disputes." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "They cited what they called \"the Smoky Joe Wood Syndrome,\" where a player of truly exceptional talent might rank with the all-time greats on merit, despite a career sharply curtailed by injury." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "In July 1929, Hafey tied a National League record with ten hits in ten consecutive at-bats." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "He hit .261 in 89 major league games that year." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Hafey was the first major success of Rickey's expansive farm system, breaking through in 1927 when he led the National League in slugging." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles James \"Chick\" Hafey (February 12, 1903 – July 2, 1973) was an American player in Major League Baseball (MLB)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Klein played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1928–1933, 1936–1939, 1940–1944), Chicago Cubs (1934–1936), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1939)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Herbert Klein (October 7, 1904 – March 28, 1958), nicknamed the \"Hoosier Hammer\", was an American professional baseball outfielder." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "However, Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis discovered that the Cardinals owned a team in Dayton, Ohio, that also played in the Central League with Fort Wayne." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Richard Nixon put Klein on his all time baseball team, the campaigning worked, and Klein was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980 via the Veterans Committee." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "1930, Klein enjoyed one of the best offensive years in baseball history, batting .386 with 250 hits and 158 runs scored," }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Klein played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1928–1933, 1936–1939, 1940–1944), Chicago Cubs (1934–1936), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1939)." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In 1999, he ranked number 92 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "On November 21, 1933 Klein was traded to the Cubs for $65,000 (equivalent to $1,283,792 in 2019) and three other players, Klein did not perform as well in Chicago as he did when he was with the Phillies." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was picked up by a semi-pro team and played for them for a few years earning $200 a week (equivalent to $2,944 in 2019)." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Klein and Lou Gehrig are the only players in history that have recorded 400 or more total bases in three separate seasons." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "In the first game, Klein homered to put him one ahead of Ott, who was held to a single." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "He had a sister and four brothers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | In the media and popular culture", "text": "He also appeared on the cover of Time Magazine 5 times, the most of any athlete." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "On June 5, 2007, he received an honorary doctorate of humanities at Princeton University's 260th graduation ceremony." }, { "section_header": "Professional boxing | World heavyweight champion (second reign) | The Rumble in the Jungle", "text": "\" Ali was wildly popular in Zaire, with crowds chanting \" Ali, bomaye\" (\"Ali, kill him\") wherever he went." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In time, Muhammad Ali Boulevard—and Ali himself—came to be well accepted in his hometown." }, { "section_header": "Professional boxing | Exile and comeback | First fight against Joe Frazier", "text": "Ali portrayed Frazier as a \"dumb tool of the white establishment.\" \"Frazier is too ugly to be champ\", Ali said." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Philanthropy, humanitarianism and politics", "text": "Ali published an oral history, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times by Thomas Hauser, in 1991." }, { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "Like Ali, Alexander fought for his freedom." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and children", "text": "According to Ali, \"She wouldn't do what she was supposed to do." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and children", "text": "By 1986, Ali and Porché were divorced." }, { "section_header": "Professional boxing | Exile and comeback | First fight against Joe Frazier", "text": "In the 11th round, Frazier connected with a left hook that wobbled Ali, but because it appeared that Ali might be clowning as he staggered backwards across the ring, Frazier hesitated to press his advantage, fearing an Ali counter-attack." }, { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "He had a sister and four brothers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1976, a television version of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof was produced, starring the then husband-and-wife team of Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner, and featuring Laurence Olivier as Big Daddy and Maureen Stapleton as Big Mama." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a three-act play written by Tennessee Williams; an adaptation of his 1952 short story Three Players of a Summer Game; he wrote the play between 1953 and 1955." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is the story of a Southern family in crisis, especially the husband Brick and wife Margaret (usually called Maggie or \"Maggie the Cat\"), and their interaction with Brick's family over the course of one evening's gathering at the family estate in Mississippi." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1976, a television version of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof was produced, starring the then husband-and-wife team of Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner, and featuring Laurence Olivier as Big Daddy and Maureen Stapleton as Big Mama." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features motifs such as social mores, greed, superficiality, mendacity, decay, sexual desire, repression and death." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The big-screen adaptation of the play was made in 1958 by MGM, and starred Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman, Judith Anderson, and Jack Carson, with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood reprising their stage roles." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Paul Newman, the film's star, also had stated his disappointment with the adaptation." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "This adaptation, directed by Jack Hofsiss, revived the sexual innuendos which had been muted in the 1958 film." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "One of Williams's more famous works and his personal favorite" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The 2016 Bollywood movie Kapoor & Sons also drew its inspiration from the play." }, { "section_header": "Stage productions | Revivals", "text": "For this production, Williams restored much of the text which he had removed from the original one at the insistence of Elia Kazan." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "At 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Early life and background", "text": "During his tenure, Karamchand married four times." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thereafter, he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community, ate simple vegetarian food, and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Three years in London | Called to the bar", "text": "He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but he was forced to stop when he ran afoul of a British officer Sam Sunny." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) | Non-co-operation", "text": "Gandhi demanded that people stop all violence, stop all property destruction, and went on fast-to-death to pressure Indians to stop their rioting." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "The engine of the vehicle was not used; instead four drag-ropes manned by 50 people each pulled the vehicle." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) | World War II and Quit India movement", "text": "At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and depictions in popular culture | Followers and international influence", "text": "Jean-Luc Nancy said that the French philosopher Maurice Blanchot engaged critically with Gandhi from the point of view of \"European spirituality\"." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) | Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)", "text": "This went on for hours until some 300 or more protesters had been beaten, many seriously injured and two killed." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) | Partition and independence", "text": "Gandhi visited the most riot-prone areas to appeal a stop to the massacres." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | Influences | Leo Tolstoy", "text": "Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "At 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians, and explores his interaction with and eventual transformation of Terran culture." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "After describing the importance of establishing a dramatic difference between humans and aliens, Heinlein concluded, \"Besides, whoever heard of a Martian named Smith?\" The title Stranger In a Strange Land is taken from the King James Version of Exodus 2:22, \" And she bore him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land\"." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Summers claimed that it \"was about eating your friends, or 'grocking' them as [Stranger in a Strange Land] put it\"." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In a relevant part of the story, Joan Freeman is described as feeling like \"a stranger in a strange land\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title \"Stranger in a Strange Land\" is a direct quotation from the King James Bible (taken from Exodus 2:22)." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Heinlein's novella Lost Legacy (1941) lends its theme, and possibly some characters, to Stranger in a Strange Land." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Waterbed", "text": "Stranger in a Strange Land contains an early description of the waterbed, an invention that made its real-world debut in 1968." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Leon Russell and the Shelter People features a song titled Stranger in a Strange Land with lyrics that describe ideas from the novel, sometimes narrated by Valentine's perspective, other times in a 3rd person." }, { "section_header": "Influence | Waterbed", "text": "Charles Hall, who brought a waterbed design to the United States Patent Office, was refused a patent on the grounds that Heinlein's descriptions in Stranger in a Strange Land and another novel, Double Star (1956), constituted prior art." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Despite such reviews, Stranger in a Strange Land won the 1962 Hugo Award for Best Novel and became the first science fiction novel to enter The New York Times Book Review's best-seller list." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians, and explores his interaction with and eventual transformation of Terran culture." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "With an estimated 2019 population of 8,336,817 distributed over about 302.6 square miles (784 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Demographics | Race and ethnicity", "text": "Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Sports", "text": "The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times." }, { "section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Sports", "text": "No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989)." }, { "section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Sports", "text": "It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Architecture", "text": "In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings." }, { "section_header": "Environment | Environmental impact reduction", "text": "Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "With an estimated 2019 population of 8,336,817 distributed over about 302.6 square miles (784 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Geography | Boroughs | Manhattan", "text": "Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough, is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Tourism", "text": "I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well." }, { "section_header": "Human resources | Public safety | Police and law enforcement", "text": "Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Abbeys provides a complex of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of Christian monks and nuns." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Adoption of the Roman villa plan", "text": "The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Abbeys provides a complex of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of Christian monks and nuns." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Adoption of the Roman villa plan", "text": "Monasticism in the West began with the activities of Benedict of Nursia (born 480 AD)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Religious life in an abbey may be monastic." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Laurae and caenobia", "text": "The moneys raised were used to purchase stores for the monastery or were given away as charity." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Great Lavra, Mount Athos", "text": "This apartment is chiefly used as a meeting place, with the monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Ascetics and anchorites", "text": "For instance, the cells and huts of anchorites (religious recluses) have been found in the deserts of Egypt." }, { "section_header": "Monastic origins of the abbey | Laurae and caenobia", "text": "The monks lived in separate huts (\"kalbbia\") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "It was the first Western to win the Best Picture award, and it would not be until 1990 when Dances with Wolves won, that another Western would garner that honor.1930–1931 Academy Awards" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cimarron is a 1931 Pre-Code Western film directed by Wesley Ruggles, starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne, and featuring Estelle Taylor and Roscoe Ates." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Three days later, the movie was released to theaters throughout the nation." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "This is a spectacular western away from all others." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "It was the first Western to win the Best Picture award, and it would not be until 1990 when Dances with Wolves won, that another Western would garner that honor.1930–1931 Academy Awards" }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The movie remained RKO's most expensive film until 1939's Gunga Din (that filmed exteriors around the Sierra Nevada Alabama Hills range, but had one scene shot on RKO's movie ranch in Encino).Reviews by film critics were overwhelmingly positive at the time." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is also one of the few Westerns to ever win the top honor at the Academy Awards." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "These award-winning sets eventually formed the nucleus of RKO's expansive movie ranch, in Encino, where other RKO (and non-RKO) films were later shot." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Cimarron the picture is all that is gripping in Cimarron the story." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Radio Pictures has a corker in 'Cimarron'." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critically lauded at the time of its release, Cimarron was beloved by most who saw it." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Military and political results", "text": "Napoleon wrote to Josephine, \"I have beaten the Austro-Russian army commanded by the two emperors." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Battlefield", "text": "The battle took place about ten kilometres (six miles) southeast of the town of Brno, between that town and Austerlitz (Czech: Slavkov u Brna) in what is now the Czech Republic." }, { "section_header": "Historical views", "text": "Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\" after the battle." }, { "section_header": "Forces | French Imperial army", "text": "In addition to these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organised into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces." }, { "section_header": "Historical views", "text": "A French army at the end of her supply lines, in a place which had no food supplies, might have faced a very different ending from the one they achieved at the real battle of Austerlitz." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Endgame", "text": "Caffarelli's men halted the Russian assaults and permitted Murat to send two cuirassier divisions (one commanded by d'Hautpoul and the other one by Nansouty) into the fray to finish off the Russian cavalry for good." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near Austerlitz." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edvard Hagerup Grieg ( GREEG, Norwegian: [ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈhɑ̀ːɡərʉp ˈɡrɪɡː]; 15 June 1843 – 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In 1861, Grieg made his debut as a concert pianist in Karlshamn, Sweden." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music", "text": "Grieg also composed the incidental music for Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, which includes the famous excerpt titled, \"In the Hall of the Mountain King\"." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In the summer of 1858, Grieg met the eminent Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, who was a family friend; Bull's brother was married to Grieg's aunt." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Nordraak died in 1866, and Grieg composed a funeral march in his honor." }, { "section_header": "Music", "text": "Russian composer Nikolai Myaskovsky used a theme by Grieg for the variations with which he closed his Third String Quartet." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He also met his fellow Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak (composer of the Norwegian national anthem), who became a good friend and source of inspiration." }, { "section_header": "Career | Later years", "text": "In 1906, he met the composer and pianist Percy Grainger in London." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edvard Hagerup Grieg ( GREEG, Norwegian: [ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈhɑ̀ːɡərʉp ˈɡrɪɡː]; 15 June 1843 – 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartmann and Niels Gade." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Liszt also gave Grieg some advice on orchestration (for example, to give the melody of the second theme in the first movement to a solo trumpet).In 1874–76, Grieg composed incidental music for the premiere of Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, at the request of the author." }, { "section_header": "Music", "text": "\"Grieg's Holberg Suite was originally written for the piano, and later arranged by the composer for string orchestra." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In 1861, Grieg made his debut as a concert pianist in Karlshamn, Sweden." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sinatra's illiterate father was a bantamweight boxer who fought under the name Marty O'Brien." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Film career | Later career (1960–1980)", "text": "Vincent Canby, writing for the magazine Variety, found the portrayal of Sinatra's character to be \"a wide-awake" }, { "section_header": "Music career | Onset of Sinatramania and role in World War II (1942–1945)", "text": "Sinatra released \"You'll Never Know\"," }, { "section_header": "Music career | Onset of Sinatramania and role in World War II (1942–1945)", "text": "Such was the bobby-soxer devotion to Sinatra that they were known to write Sinatra's song titles on their clothing, bribe hotel maids for an opportunity to touch his bed, and accost his person in the form of stealing clothing" }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Alleged organized-crime links and Cal Neva Lodge", "text": "That year, Sinatra's son, Frank Sinatra Jr., was kidnapped, but was eventually released unharmed." }, { "section_header": "Artistry", "text": "On days when he felt that his voice was not right, he would know after only a few notes and would postpone the recording session until the following day, yet still pay his musicians." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Columbia years and career slump (1946–1952)", "text": "Sinatra's last two albums with Columbia, Dedicated to You and Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra, were released in 1950." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Items of memorabilia from Sinatra's life and career are displayed at USC's Frank Sinatra Hall and Wynn Resort's Sinatra restaurant." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Hoboken Four and Harry James (1935–1939)", "text": "Sinatra began singing professionally as a teenager, but he learned music by ear and never learned to read music." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Gregory Peck, Tony Bennett, and Sinatra's son, Frank Jr., addressed the mourners, who included many notable people from film and entertainment." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He often played golf with Venturi at the course in Palm Springs, where he lived, and liked painting, reading, and building model railways." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sinatra's illiterate father was a bantamweight boxer who fought under the name Marty O'Brien." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "\"On November 3, 2010, it was announced that Anderson had been placed in hospice care at his Thousand Oaks home because of his deteriorating dementia condition." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Anderson died the next day at the age 76 in Thousand Oaks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Media appearances", "text": "In 1979, Anderson guest-starred as himself on an episode of WKRP in Cincinnati." }, { "section_header": "Media appearances", "text": "Anderson appeared as himself in the 1983 Disney Channel movie Tiger Town." }, { "section_header": "Media appearances", "text": "The episode (titled \"Sparky\"), features Anderson as a talk-show host on the fictional station." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Anderson moved on to the young Detroit Tigers after being hired as their new manager on June 14, 1979." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "Just after the 1969 season ended, California Angels manager Lefty Phillips, who as a Dodger scout had signed the teenager Anderson to his first professional contract, named Anderson to his 1970 coaching staff." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "In 2006, construction was completed on the \"Sparky Anderson Baseball Field\" at California Lutheran University's new athletic complex." }, { "section_header": "Media appearances", "text": "Every time I come to this city, I get fired!\" Anderson appeared as himself in The White Shadow season 3 episode \" If Your Number's Up, Get it Down\" in 1980." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Anderson had used his influence to attract notable players to the university baseball team, and he was also awarded the Laundry Medal by the university for being \"an inspiration to youth." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "A radio announcer gave him the nickname \"Sparky\" in 1955 for his feisty play." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "The 1984 Tigers became the first team since the 1927 New York Yankees to lead a league wire-to-wire, from opening day to the end of the World Series." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "\"On November 3, 2010, it was announced that Anderson had been placed in hospice care at his Thousand Oaks home because of his deteriorating dementia condition." }, { "section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Anderson died the next day at the age 76 in Thousand Oaks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release", "text": "The Towering Inferno was released in theatres on December 14, 1974." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "The film was initially released on DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 15, 2003, with a special edition released on May 9, 2006." }, { "section_header": "Release", "text": "The Towering Inferno was released in theatres on December 14, 1974." }, { "section_header": "Production | The books", "text": "The studios issued a joint press release announcing the single film collaboration in October, 1973.The total cost for the film was US$14,300,000." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "In January 1976, it was claimed that the film had attained the highest foreign film rental for any film in its initial release with $43 million and went on to earn $56 million." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The Academy Award-winning song \" We May Never Love Like This Again\" was composed by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn and performed by Maureen McGovern, who appears in a cameo as a lounge singer and on the score's soundtrack album, which features the film recording plus the commercially released single version." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Kasha/Hirschhorn, performed by Maureen McGovern (2:11) \"Susan And Doug\" (2:30) \"The Helicopter Explosion\" (2:50) \"Planting The Charges – And Finale\" (10:17)A near-complete release came on the Film Score Monthly label (FSM) on April 1, 2001 and was produced by Lukas Kendall and Nick Redman." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Towering Inferno received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike upon its release, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 6.57/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, The site's consensus states: \"Although it is not consistently engaging enough to fully justify its towering runtime, The Towering Inferno is a blustery spectacle that executes its disaster premise with flair." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture and was the highest-grossing film of 1974." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "The film grossed $116 million in the United States and Canada, and when combined with the foreign film rentals, the worldwide gross is over $200 million." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars and praised it as \"the best of the mid-1970s wave of disaster films\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Premise", "text": "In order to gain financing for his play, God of Our Fathers, he agrees to hire actress Olive Neal, the girlfriend of a gangster." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Stage musical", "text": "Allen adapted the film as a stage Jukebox musical, titled Bullets Over Broadway the Musical." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Bullets over Broadway received a positive response from critics." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bullets over Broadway is a 1994 American black comedy crime film directed by Woody Allen, written by Allen and Douglas McGrath and starring an ensemble cast including John Cusack, Dianne Wiest, Chazz Palminteri and Jennifer Tilly." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The review-aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports 97% positive reviews from 58 critics, with the consensus \"A gleefully entertaining backstage comedy, Bullets Over Broadway features some of Woody Allen's sharpest, most inspired late-period writing and direction." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "\"Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the film as \"a bright, energetic, sometimes side-splitting comedy with vital matters on its mind, precisely the kind of sharp-edged farce [Allen] has always done best.\" Todd McCarthy of Variety similarly called it \"a backstage comedy bolstered by healthy shots of prohibition gangster melodrama and romantic entanglements\" and wrote, \"In its mixing of showbiz and gangsters, this is a nice companion piece to Allen's Broadway Danny Rose, and about as amusing.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised, \"Bullets Over Broadway shares a kinship with a more serious film by Allen, Crimes and Misdemeanors, in which a man committed murder and was able, somehow, to almost justify it." }, { "section_header": "Premise", "text": "Cheech turns out to be a genius, who constantly comes up with excellent ideas for revising the play." }, { "section_header": "Premise", "text": "In order to gain financing for his play, God of Our Fathers, he agrees to hire actress Olive Neal, the girlfriend of a gangster." }, { "section_header": "Premise", "text": "In 1928, David Shayne is an idealistic young playwright newly arrived on Broadway." }, { "section_header": "Stage musical", "text": "The new musical premiered on Broadway at the St. James Theatre on April 10, 2014." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "She died of lung cancer months after the film opened." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prometheus Bound was the first work in a trilogy that also included the plays Prometheus Lyomenos (Prometheus Unbound) and Prometheus Pyrphoros (Prometheus the Fire-Bearer), neither of which has survived." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prometheus Bound (Ancient Greek: Προμηθεὺς Δεσμώτης, Promētheús Desmṓtēs) is an Ancient Greek tragedy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Prometheus Trilogy", "text": "There is evidence that Prometheus Bound was the first play in a trilogy conventionally called the Prometheia, but the other two plays, Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus the Fire-Bringer, survive only in fragments." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prometheus Bound was the first work in a trilogy that also included the plays Prometheus Lyomenos (Prometheus Unbound) and Prometheus Pyrphoros (Prometheus the Fire-Bearer), neither of which has survived." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prometheus Bound (Ancient Greek: Προμηθεὺς Δεσμώτης, Promētheús Desmṓtēs) is an Ancient Greek tragedy." }, { "section_header": "Reception and influence", "text": "If Aeschylean authorship is assumed, then these allusions several decades after the play's first performance speak to the enduring popularity of Prometheus Bound." }, { "section_header": "Debate over authenticity", "text": "The play cannot date later than 430 BC, because Prometheus Unbound (part of the same trilogy as Prometheus Bound) was parodied in Cratinus' Ploutoi (429 BC)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The tragedy is based on the myth of Prometheus, a Titan who defies the gods and gives fire to mankind, acts for which he is subjected to perpetual punishment." }, { "section_header": "Debate over authenticity", "text": "\"The argument of Herington and others for authenticity has largely centered upon the fact that Prometheus Bound was one play in a trilogy, so that discussion of its attribution in isolation is inappropriate." }, { "section_header": "Departures from Hesiod", "text": "Prometheus' theft of fire also prompts the arrival of the first woman, Pandora, and her jar of evils." }, { "section_header": "Reception and influence", "text": "Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote a play, Prometheus Unbound, which used some of the materials of the play as a vehicle for Shelley's own vision." }, { "section_header": "Reception and influence", "text": "Prometheus Bound enjoyed a measure of popularity in antiquity." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being naked with several \"women or girls\" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being naked with several \"women or girls\" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "He later slept with women in the same bed but clothed, and finally he slept naked with women." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "At the start of his experiment he had women sleep in the same room but in different beds." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Vegetarianism, food, and animals", "text": "His experiments with food began in the 1890s and continued for several decades." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Women", "text": "Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and urged \"the women to fight for their own self-development.\" He opposed purdah, child marriage, dowry and sati." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "None of the women who participated in the brahmachari experiments of Gandhi indicated that they had sex or that Gandhi behaved in any sexual way." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Women", "text": "Women, to Gandhi, should be educated to be better in the domestic realm and educate the next generation." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Vegetarianism, food, and animals", "text": "He believed that each vegetarian should experiment with their diet because, in his studies at his ashram he saw \"one man's food may be poison for" }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food", "text": "Veena Howard states Gandhi's views on brahmacharya and religious renunciation experiments were a method to confront women issues in his times." }, { "section_header": "Principles, practices, and beliefs | On life, society and other application of his ideas | Women", "text": "To Gandhi, the women of India were an important part of the \"swadeshi movement\" (Buy Indian), and his goal of decolonising the Indian economy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "In 2017, Alphabet Inc. sued Uber over technology similar to Alphabet's proprietary self-driving car technology." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "The proprietary technology is related to 14,000 documents believed to have been downloaded and stolen by a former Waymo engineer, subsequently employed by Uber." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mountain View, California." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity", "text": "Additionally, it does not own the domain abc.com, which is the domain of the Disney-owned American Broadcasting Company." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "In 2017, Alphabet Inc. sued Uber over technology similar to Alphabet's proprietary self-driving car technology." }, { "section_header": "Investments and acquisitions | Acquisitions", "text": "Flatiron Health, a startup founded by two former Google employees and backed by Alphabet, Inc., announced that it was to be acquired by health conglomerate Hoffmann-La Roche for $1.8 billion." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "The roles were reversed after a placeholder subsidiary was created for the ownership of Alphabet, at which point the newly formed subsidiary was merged with Google." }, { "section_header": "Revenue", "text": "On February 1, 2016, Alphabet Inc. surpassed Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company until February 3, 2016, when Apple surged back over Alphabet to retake the position." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "On August 10, 2015, Google Inc. announced plans to create a new public holding company," }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The establishment of Alphabet Inc. was prompted by a desire to make the core Google business \"cleaner and more accountable\" while allowing greater autonomy to group companies that operate in businesses other than Internet services." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "The proprietary technology is related to 14,000 documents believed to have been downloaded and stolen by a former Waymo engineer, subsequently employed by Uber." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Before it became a subsidiary of Alphabet, Google Inc. was first structured as the owner of Alphabet." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "KFC Germinal Ekeren, a Belgian football club took its name after the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "The title, Germinal, is drawn from the springtime seventh month of the French Revolutionary Calendar and is meant to evoke imagery of germination, new growth and fertility." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title (pronounced [ʒɛʁminal]) refers to the name of a month of the French Republican Calendar, a spring month." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first serialized between November 1884 and February 1885 in the periodical Gil Blas, then in March 1885 published as a book." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "Since then the book has come to symbolize working class causes and to this day retains a special place in French mining-town folklore." }, { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "Les Enfants de Germinal. (The children of Germinal)." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "At his funeral crowds of workers gathered, cheering the cortège with shouts of \"Germinal! Germinal!\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Men were springing forth, a black avenging army, germinating slowly in the furrows, growing towards the harvests of the next century, and their germination would soon overturn the earth." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Germinal was written between April 1884 and January 1885." }, { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "The creators ZA/UM have cited Germinal as a source of major inspiration." }, { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "KFC Germinal Ekeren, a Belgian football club took its name after the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 1986–2005: Early life", "text": "Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Gaga was inspired by her mother to be interested in fashion, which she now says is a major influence and integrated with her music." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1986–2005: Early life", "text": "eccentric\". Gaga began playing the piano at age four when her mother insisted she become \"a cultured young woman\"." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1986–2005: Early life", "text": "Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gaga returned to her dance-pop roots with her sixth studio album Chromatica (2020), which featured the number-one single \"Rain on Me\"." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "In turn, Versace calls Lady Gaga \"the fresh Donatella\"." }, { "section_header": "Public image", "text": "In his article \"Lady Gaga Pioneered Online Fandom Culture" }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "Born This Way has lyrics in English, French, German, and Spanish and features themes common to Gaga's controversial songwriting such as sex, love, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom, and individualism." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener.\" On Chromatica, Gaga returned to her dance-pop roots, and discussed her struggles with mental health." }, { "section_header": "Impact", "text": "The Elevated. From the Pharaoh to Lady Gaga marking the 150th anniversary of the National Museum in Warsaw." }, { "section_header": "Public image", "text": "Because of her influence on modern culture, and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has offered a course titled \"Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame\" since early 2011 with the objective of unraveling \"some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English, and one of the first to receive global critical acclaim." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English, and one of the first to receive global critical acclaim." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception | Influence and legacy", "text": "language of the novel has not only intrigued critics but has also been a major factor in the emergence of the modern African novel." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel was first published in the UK in 1962 by William Heinemann Ltd., and became the first work published in Heinemann's African Writers Series." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception", "text": "Of all of Achebe's works, Things Fall Apart is the one read most often, and has generated the most critical response, examination, and literary criticism." }, { "section_header": "Background | Language choice", "text": "While both African and non-African critics agree that Achebe modelled Things Fall Apart on classic European literature, they disagree about whether his novel upholds a Western model, or, in fact, subverts or confronts it." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception | Influence and legacy", "text": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the author of the popular and critically acclaimed novels Purple Hibiscus (2003) and Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), commented in a 2006 interview: \"Chinua Achebe will always be important to me because his work influenced not so much my style as my writing philosophy: reading him emboldened me, gave me permission to write about the things I knew well.\"Things" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Things Fall Apart is the debut novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, first published in 1958." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception | Influence and legacy", "text": "Fall Apart was listed by Encyclopædia Britannica as one of \"12 Novels Considered the 'Greatest Book" }, { "section_header": "Background | Language choice", "text": "It suffers from a very serious inheritance which it received at the beginning of this century from the Anglican mission." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception", "text": "It has come to be seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English, and is read in Nigeria and throughout Africa." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "After his MLB career ended, Beckley became a player/manager for Kansas City in the American Association in 1908–1909, Bartlesville in the Western Association in 1910, and Hannibal in the Central Association in 1911." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Manager Ned Hanlon crossed over, as well." }, { "section_header": "Honors", "text": "In 2016, the Hannibal Cavemen of the Prospect League installed the Jake Beckley ." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "After playing one and a half seasons for the Alleghenys, Beckley and eight of his teammates jumped to the Pittsburgh Burghers, a team in the newly-formed Players' League (PL)." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He played with Cincinnati for seven seasons and was later purchased by the Cardinals on February 11, 1904.Beckley retired after the 1907 season with 2,930 career hits, second only to Cap Anson." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In addition to his umpiring and coaching after retirement from professional play, Beckley operated a grain business in Kansas City." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "After splitting two seasons between Leavenworth and a team in Lincoln, Nebraska," }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "But later when Wagner's Louisville Colonels came to play at Cincinnati, Beckley was successful in getting Wagner out, employing a strategy that involved the use of two baseballs." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Beckley began playing semi-professional baseball while still a teenager." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "\" The league lasted only one season, and Beckley spent the next five and a half seasons with the Pittsburgh Pirates." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Pittsburgh Burghers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals from 1888 to 1907." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "After his MLB career ended, Beckley became a player/manager for Kansas City in the American Association in 1908–1909, Bartlesville in the Western Association in 1910, and Hannibal in the Central Association in 1911." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After his American film debut as Dr. Jack Griffin in The Invisible Man (1933) he appeared in classic films such as The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Wolf Man (1941), Casablanca and Kings Row (both 1942), Notorious (1946) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Claude Rains (10 November 1889 – 30 May 1967) was a British-American film and stage actor whose career spanned almost seven decades." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "William Claude Rains was born on 10 November 1889 in Clapham, London." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After his American film debut as Dr. Jack Griffin in The Invisible Man (1933) he appeared in classic films such as The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Wolf Man (1941), Casablanca and Kings Row (both 1942), Notorious (1946) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962)." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "During a stage and film career that spanned six decades, Rains encompassed some of the most memorable and exciting characters ever created by an actor." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents were Emily Eliza (née Cox) and the stage actor Frederick William Rains." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Rains made his stage debut at age ten in the play Sweet Nell of Old Drury at the Haymarket Theatre, so that he could run around onstage as part of the production." }, { "section_header": "Personal life and death", "text": "Rains died from an abdominal hemorrhage in Laconia on 30 May 1967, aged 77." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "His screen test for A Bill of Divorcement (1932) for a New York representative of RKO was a failure but, according to some accounts, led to his being cast in the title role of James Whale's The Invisible Man (1933) after his screen test and unique voice were inadvertently overheard from the next room." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "He stood at a mere 5'6\", yet his enormous talent and immense stage presence made him a giant among his colleagues." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Rains became the first actor to receive a million-dollar salary when he portrayed Julius Caesar in a large-budget but unsuccessful version of Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), filmed in Britain." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Role in human disease | Prevention and treatment", "text": "Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Role in human disease | Prevention and treatment", "text": "Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Replication cycle", "text": "Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves, and they assemble in the cell." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Life properties", "text": "Viruses do not have their own metabolism, and require a host cell to make new products." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "They do not code for proteins but interact with the host cell and use the host machinery for their replication." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Replication cycle", "text": "The viral genome is mostly silent within the host." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Life properties", "text": "Accepted forms of life use cell division to reproduce, whereas viruses spontaneously assemble within cells." }, { "section_header": "Infection in other species", "text": "Some viruses, called satellites, can replicate only within cells that have already been infected by another virus." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Genome replication", "text": "The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses." }, { "section_header": "Infection in other species | Archaeal viruses", "text": "These enable archaea to retain sections of viral DNA, which are then used to target and eliminate subsequent infections by the virus using a process similar to RNA interference." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Cytopathic effects on the host cell", "text": "The range of structural and biochemical effects that viruses have on the host cell is extensive." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary | Part 2 | The Third Sally", "text": "Soon after, he retires to his bed with a deathly illness, and later awakes from a dream, having fully recovered his sanity." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary | Part 2 | The Third Sally", "text": "Near the end, Don Quixote reluctantly sways towards sanity." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "By his deathbed, he has regained his sanity, and is once more" }, { "section_header": "Summary | Part 2 | The Third Sally", "text": "Sancho naturally resists this course of action, leading to friction with his master." }, { "section_header": "Meaning", "text": "Edith Grossman, who wrote and published a highly acclaimed English translation of the novel in 2003, says that the book is mostly meant to move people into emotion using a systematic change of course, on the verge of both tragedy and comedy at the same time." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Part 2 | The Third Sally", "text": "Soon after, he retires to his bed with a deathly illness, and later awakes from a dream, having fully recovered his sanity." }, { "section_header": "Style | Setting", "text": "The location of the village to which Cervantes alludes in the opening sentence of Don Quixote has been the subject of debate since its publication over four centuries ago." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Part 1 | Destruction of Don Quixote's library (Chapters 6 and 7)", "text": "While Don Quixote is unconscious in his bed, his niece, the housekeeper, the parish curate, and the local barber burn most of his chivalric and other books." }, { "section_header": "Publication", "text": "These were collected, by Dr Ben Haneman, over a period of thirty years." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Part 1 | Destruction of Don Quixote's library (Chapters 6 and 7)", "text": "After the books are dealt with, they seal up the room which contained the library, later telling Don Quixote that it was the action of a wizard (encantador)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the course of their travels, the protagonists meet innkeepers, prostitutes, goat-herders, soldiers, priests, escaped convicts and scorned lovers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Approximately 50% of the company's revenue is derived in the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dell Technologies Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Round Rock, Texas." }, { "section_header": "History | IPO", "text": "On January 29, 2018, it was reported that Dell Technologies was considering a reverse merger with its VMware subsidiary to take the company public." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "The Dell Services, Dell Software Group, and the Dell EMC Enterprise Content Divisions were sold shortly thereafter for proceeds of $7.0 billion, which was used to repay debt." }, { "section_header": "History | IPO", "text": "On December 28, 2018, Dell Technologies became a public company, bypassing the traditional IPO process by buying back shares that tracked the financial performance of VMware." }, { "section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Dell EMC Infrastructure Solutions Group (41% of fiscal 2019 revenues) –" }, { "section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Approximately 50% of the company's revenue is derived in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dell ranked 35th on the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "The acquisition required Dell to publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013.Dell Technologies has products and services in the field of scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "The acquisition maintained VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the rest of EMC were rolled into Dell." }, { "section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Dell operates under 2 divisions as follows: Dell Client Solutions Group (48% of fiscal 2019 revenues) – produces desktop PCs, notebooks, tablets, and peripherals, such as monitors, printers, and projectors under the Dell brand name" } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the video game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "In November 2005, the company's second video game console, the Xbox 360, was released." }, { "section_header": "History | 2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices", "text": "The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, first introduced in November 2010, was upgraded for the 2013 release of the Xbox One video game console." }, { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the video game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers." }, { "section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens", "text": "On March 1, 2016, Microsoft announced the merger of its PC and Xbox divisions, with Phil Spencer announcing that Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps would be the focus for Microsoft's gaming in the future." }, { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes, because the boxes were printed before the team finished the Web browser, and instead was included in the Windows 95" }, { "section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs", "text": "This included 12,500 professional and factory personnel." }, { "section_header": "History | 1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox", "text": "Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to (among other things) increase security and protect intellectual property through identifying changes in hardware and software." }, { "section_header": "Corporate identity | Logo", "text": "The new logo also includes four squares with the colors of the then-current Windows logo which have been used to represent Microsoft's four major products: Windows (blue), Office (red), Xbox (green) and Bing (yellow)." }, { "section_header": "History | 2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices", "text": "Microsoft unveiled Windows 8, an operating system designed to power both personal computers and tablet computers, in Taipei in June 2011." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower; they remain the tallest buildings in Kuala Lumpur." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Features | Lift system", "text": "The main bank of Lifts is located in the centre of each tower." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "A distinctive postmodern style was chosen to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "Features | Suria KLCC", "text": "Boasting approximately 300 stores, Suria KLCC is touted as one of the largest shopping malls in Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture | Notable events", "text": "Thousands of people were evacuated on 12 September 2001 after a bomb threat the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center towers in New York City." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the 2002 Hitman 2: Silent Assassin, the Malaysia-based levels Basement Killing, The Graveyard Shift, and The Jacuzzi Job all take place in the Petronas Towers." }, { "section_header": "Features | Skybridge", "text": "The total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on 12 September 2001 (the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City) showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, as the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower; they remain the tallest buildings in Kuala Lumpur." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Controversies | Scientific accuracy", "text": "Several dinosaur researchers called the film a \"dumb monster movie\" for failing to include new discoveries about the creatures; for example, the feathers or proto-feathers that covered some dinosaurs and the way Velociraptor held its front limbs." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "Across all digital and physical formats, Jurassic World collected $82.6 million in its first week." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Hoskins evacuates Wu and the dinosaur embryos from the island to protect Wu's research." }, { "section_header": "Themes and analysis", "text": "The Indominus rex, to me, is very much that desire, that need to be satisfied." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Scientific accuracy", "text": "Several dinosaur researchers called the film a \"dumb monster movie\" for failing to include new discoveries about the creatures; for example, the feathers or proto-feathers that covered some dinosaurs and the way Velociraptor held its front limbs." }, { "section_header": "Production | Pre-production", "text": "Trevorrow and Connolly did not want to bring back the other characters unless there would be a good reason for them to be involved in the story; they considered Dr. Henry Wu, the scientist responsible for recreating dinosaurs, a logical choice." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu, a geneticist who heads the team that created the dinosaurs for Jurassic World." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Scientists, driven by a cold near-heartless leader, tinkering with already smart animals." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Brothers Zach and Gray Mitchell visit Jurassic World, a dinosaur theme park on Isla Nublar, of which their aunt Claire Dearing is the operations manager." }, { "section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Tippett Studio worked with Universal and Efexio to create an application titled \"Jurassic World Mobile MovieMaker\", which adds images of dinosaurs to a background photograph." }, { "section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Two video games, Lego Jurassic World and Jurassic World: The Game, were released in 2015." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire on August 8, 2015." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (or simply Rogue One) is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Tie-in novels", "text": "Written by veteran Star Wars novelist James Luceno, the story is set some years before the events of Rogue One, and provides a backstory to the 2016 film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Rogue One is the first film in the Star Wars anthology series, a series of standalone spin-off films in the Star Wars franchise." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rogue One follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire's super weapon, just before the events of the original Star Wars film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire on August 8, 2015." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Video games", "text": "A downloadable expansion pack was released for the Star Wars Battlefront reboot, titled Rogue One: Scarif, that allows players the ability to play through the various locations, characters and set pieces from the planet introduced in Rogue One." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In a poll on the official Star Wars website in May 2017, in which more than 30,000 people voted, Chirrut Îmwe was voted as the most popular Rogue One character." }, { "section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "Disney agreed to embargo promotion on Rogue One until after mid-2015, with the exception of a very short teaser which was screened at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim that year." }, { "section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "Vanity Fair also commented on the emphasis given to Jyn's relationship with her father, suggesting that Rogue One was drawing on \"the Star Wars franchise's greatest natural resource: daddy issues\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The website's critical consensus reads, \"Rogue One draws deep on Star Wars mythology while breaking new narrative and aesthetic ground and suggesting a bright blockbuster future for the franchise." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was placed 62nd in The Guardian's list of 100 greatest novels." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A film was made of Wise Blood in 1979, directed by John Huston, and starring Brad Dourif as Hazel Motes and John Huston himself as the evangelist grandfather." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Flannery O'Connor then published it as a complete novel in 1952, and Signet advertised it as \"A Searching Novel of Sin and Redemption.\" In the introduction to the 10th anniversary publication of Wise Blood, O'Connor states that the book is about freedom, free will, life and death, and the inevitability of belief." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was placed 62nd in The Guardian's list of 100 greatest novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wise Blood is the first novel by American author Flannery O'Connor, published in 1952." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "An immersive opera and gallery installation, WISE BLOOD [1]," }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "WISE BLOOD features an incredibly diverse cast of performers." }, { "section_header": "Literary context", "text": "Wise Blood began with four separate stories published in Mademoiselle, Sewanee Review, and Partisan Review in 1948 and 1949." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "\" The incident causes Emery's \"wise blood\" to give him some inarticulated revelation, and he seeks out a program of the \"gorilla's\" future appearances." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Emery introduces Motes to the concept of \"wise blood,\" an idea that he has innate, worldly knowledge of what direction to take in life, and requires no spiritual or emotional guidance." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A film was made of Wise Blood in 1979, directed by John Huston, and starring Brad Dourif as Hazel Motes and John Huston himself as the evangelist grandfather." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "From the Soap Factory website: \"Visual artist Chris Larson and composer Anthony Gatto join forces to bring the darkly humorous world of Flannery O'Connor's WISE BLOOD to life." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal", "text": "A 36‑mile (58 km) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt, New York, east of Syracuse, to just outside Rome, New York, is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Locks", "text": "There are a total of 36 (35 numbered) locks on the Erie Canal." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Erie Canal is a canal in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal)." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "There were no civil engineers in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal", "text": "The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world, and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway." }, { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal", "text": "Camillus Erie Canal Park preserves a 7-mile (11 km) stretch and has restored Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct, built in 1841 as part of the First Enlargement of the canal." }, { "section_header": "Locks", "text": "It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers." }, { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal | Parks and museums", "text": "Old Erie Canal State Historic Park, 36-mile linear park from Rome to DeWitt Erie Canal Village, near Rome Canastota Canal Town Museum, Canastota Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum, near Chittenango" }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish, who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5,000." }, { "section_header": "Locks", "text": "The Black Rock Lock is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers." }, { "section_header": "20th century | New York State Canal System", "text": "In 1992, the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System (including the Erie, Cayuga-Seneca, Oswego, and Champlain canals) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority." }, { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal", "text": "A 36‑mile (58 km) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt, New York, east of Syracuse, to just outside Rome, New York, is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play premiered on Broadway at the Guild Theatre on 26 October 1931 where it ran for 150 performances before closing in March 1932, starring Lee Baker (Ezra), Earle Larimore (Orin), Alice Brady (Lavinia) and Alla Nazimova (Christine)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mourning Becomes Electra is a play cycle written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill." }, { "section_header": "Characters and background", "text": "Mourning Becomes Electra is divided into three plays with themes that correspond to the Oresteia trilogy." }, { "section_header": "Characters and background", "text": "Thus, Mourning Becomes Electra is extraordinarily lengthy." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "There are literary readings that classify Mourning Becomes Electra in the naturalism movement." }, { "section_header": "Characters and background", "text": "Electra becomes Lavinia, Aegisthus becomes Adam Brant, etc." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In May 1932, it was unsuccessfully revived at the Alvin Theatre (now the Neil Simon Theatre) with Thurston Hall (Ezra), Walter Abel (Orin), Judith Anderson (Lavinia) and Florence Reed (Christine), and, in 1972, at the Circle in the Square Theatre, with Donald Davis (Ezra), Stephen McHattie (Orin), Pamela Payton-Wright (Lavinia), and Colleen Dewhurst (Christine)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play premiered on Broadway at the Guild Theatre on 26 October 1931 where it ran for 150 performances before closing in March 1932, starring Lee Baker (Ezra), Earle Larimore (Orin), Alice Brady (Lavinia) and Alla Nazimova (Christine)." }, { "section_header": "Characters and background", "text": "The play can easily be read from a Freudian perspective, paying attention to various characters' Oedipus complexes and Electra complexes." }, { "section_header": "Characters and background", "text": "Clytemnestra becomes Christine, Orestes becomes Orin," }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Death has set her free to become her." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He emigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Third Reich and move to the United States", "text": "In 1941, he became a citizen of the United States (Marcus 2016, 188)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Development of the twelve-tone method", "text": "Arnold used the notes G and E♭ (" }, { "section_header": "Biography | World War I", "text": "World War I brought a crisis in his development." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus", "text": "Adrian Leverkühn, the protagonist of Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus (1947), is a composer whose use of twelve-tone technique parallels the innovations of Arnold Schoenberg." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Superstition and death", "text": "His wife Gertrud reported in a telegram to her sister-in-law Ottilie the next day that Arnold died at 11:45 pm, 15 minutes before midnight (Stuckenschmidt 1977, 520)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | World War I", "text": "In what Alex Ross calls an \"act of war psychosis\", Schoenberg drew comparisons between Germany's assault on France and his assault on decadent bourgeois artistic values." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Superstition and death", "text": "He died on Friday, 13 July 1951, shortly before midnight." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He emigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Reich and move to the United States", "text": "After his move to the United States, where he arrived on 31 October 1933 (Slonimsky, Kuhn, and McIntire 2001), the composer used the alternative spelling of his surname Schoenberg, rather than Schönberg, in what he called \"deference to American practice\" (Foss 1951, 401), though according to one writer he first made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Reich and move to the United States", "text": "und Aron (1932/33), which was one of the first works of its genre written completely using dodecaphonic composition." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Design | Accommodation", "text": "When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants — one French, one Russian and one Flemish — and an \"Anglo-American Bar\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Artists' protest", "text": "Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels." }, { "section_header": "Tourism | Restaurants", "text": "The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level." }, { "section_header": "Design | Accommodation", "text": "When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants — one French, one Russian and one Flemish — and an \"Anglo-American Bar\"." }, { "section_header": "Tourism | Restaurants", "text": "From 1937 until 1981, there was a restaurant near the top of the tower." }, { "section_header": "Communications", "text": "The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Tourism | Restaurants", "text": "Starting May 2019, it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second." }, { "section_header": "Tourism | Restaurants", "text": "This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide." }, { "section_header": "Tourism | Restaurants", "text": "This restaurant was sold to an American restaurateur and transported to New York and then New Orleans." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In his entry for Elizabeth I in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Patrick Collinson described the film \"as if the known facts of the reign, plus many hitherto unknown, were shaken up like pieces of a jigsaw and scattered on the table at random.\" Carole Levin, reviewing the film in 1999 for Perspectives on History, criticized the movie for portraying Elizabeth as \"a very weak and flighty character who often showed terrible judgment\", in contrast to historical descriptions of her as a strong, decisive, and intelligent ruler." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In particular, Levin scrutinized the movie's portrayal of Elizabeth as being dependent on Walsingham, in addition to the completely inaccurate portrayal of her relationship with Robert Dudley, as being instances in the film where the character appears weak and overpowered by the men around her." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Elizabeth grants Lord Robert his life as a reminder to herself" }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The film also glosses over the considerable real-life age difference between the Queen and the Duc d'Anjou (in 1570 she was 37 years-old compared to the 19-year-old Duc D'Anjou)." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The film was well-received by critics." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2007, Blanchett and Rush reprised their roles in Kapur's follow-up film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, which covers the later part of Elizabeth's reign." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "At the time of its release and afterwards, Elizabeth was the target of academic scorn for the many factual liberties it takes and for its distortion of the historical timeline to present events which occurred in the mid to later part of Elizabeth's reign as occurring at the beginning." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Mary of Guise was not assassinated by Walsingham, but died naturally from edema on 11 June 1560.William Cecil, Baron Burghley was portrayed by the 75-year-old Richard Attenborough in the film, but the real Lord Burghley was only 37 years old when Elizabeth was crowned, thirteen years older than her." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film won the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film and received seven nominations at the 71st Academy Awards, including for Best Picture and Best Actress for Blanchett, winning Best Makeup." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In his entry for Elizabeth I in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Patrick Collinson described the film \"as if the known facts of the reign, plus many hitherto unknown, were shaken up like pieces of a jigsaw and scattered on the table at random.\" Carole Levin, reviewing the film in 1999 for Perspectives on History, criticized the movie for portraying Elizabeth as \"a very weak and flighty character who often showed terrible judgment\", in contrast to historical descriptions of her as a strong, decisive, and intelligent ruler." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "It was only after this time that Elizabeth was finally able to return to Hatfield." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Cecil advises Elizabeth to marry, produce an heir, and secure her rule." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In particular, Levin scrutinized the movie's portrayal of Elizabeth as being dependent on Walsingham, in addition to the completely inaccurate portrayal of her relationship with Robert Dudley, as being instances in the film where the character appears weak and overpowered by the men around her." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "PayPal was originally established by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, and Luke Nosek in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Services | Global reach", "text": "Different countries have different conditions" }, { "section_header": "Digital marketing with PayPal", "text": "PayPal launches different marketing activities in various channels and emphasizes that consumers can use it in different ways." }, { "section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "PayPal was originally established by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, and Luke Nosek in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices." }, { "section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "The first version of the PayPal electronic payments system was launched in 1999.In March 2000, Confinity merged with X.com, an online banking company founded by Elon Musk." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Established in 1998 as Confinity, PayPal had its initial public offering in 2002." }, { "section_header": "History | eBay subsidiary (2002–2014)", "text": "By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies." }, { "section_header": "Criticism", "text": "Persson stated publicly that he had not received a clear explanation of why the account was frozen, and that PayPal was threatening to keep the money if they found anything wrong." }, { "section_header": "Litigation", "text": "PayPal argued that the plaintiffs were required to arbitrate their disputes under the American Arbitration Association's Commercial Arbitration Rules." }, { "section_header": "Services", "text": "Founded in 2000, Bill Me Later is headquartered in Timonium, Maryland, with additional offices in Hunt Valley, Maryland; Chandler, Arizona; and San Francisco, California." }, { "section_header": "Litigation", "text": "The following year, PayPal countersued, claiming that Bank One's online bill-payment system was an infringement against PayPal's online bill-payment patent, issued in 1998." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1958–1961: Formation", "text": "It was so successful that the number of unpaid orders for the single bankrupted Candix." }, { "section_header": "History | 1958–1961: Formation", "text": "\"Surfin'\" was a regional success for the West Coast, and reached number 75 on the national Billboard Hot 100 chart." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | \"Brian's Back!\", 15 Big Ones, and Love You", "text": "A lot of the guys had developed new personalities through meditation. ... But we went into the studio with the attitude that we had to get it done.\" Group meetings were supervised by Landy, and discussions over each song for the record were reported to last for up to eight hours." }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | So Tough, Holland, and greatest hits LPs", "text": "Chaplin also left in late 1973 after an argument with Steve Love, the band's business manager (and Mike's brother)." }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | Sunflower and Surf's Up", "text": "While the record charted, the Beach Boys added to their renewed fame by performing a near-sellout set at Carnegie Hall; their live shows during this era included reworked arrangements of many of the band's previous songs." }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | Sunflower and Surf's Up", "text": "One of his initiatives was to encourage the band to record songs featuring more socially conscious lyrics." }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | \"Brian's Back!\", 15 Big Ones, and Love You", "text": "You was a byproduct of the falling out between artist and label." }, { "section_header": "History | 1980s: Dennis' death, Brian's estrangement, and \"Kokomo\"", "text": "They released the album Still Cruisin', which went platinum in the US." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and development | Influences", "text": "In 1967, Lou Reed wrote in Aspen that the Beach Boys created a \"hybrid sound\" out of old rock and the Four Freshmen, explaining that such songs as \"Let Him Run Wild\", \"Don't Worry Baby\"," }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | So Tough, Holland, and greatest hits LPs", "text": "With these compilations, the Beach Boys became one of the most popular acts in rock, propelling themselves from opening for Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young to headliners selling out basketball arenas in a matter of weeks." }, { "section_header": "History | 1962–1967: Peak years | Surfin' Safari, Surfin' U.S.A., Surfer Girl, and Little Deuce Coupe", "text": "That was when I started to design the experience to be a record rather than just a song." }, { "section_header": "History | 1970–1978: Reprise era | Sunflower and Surf's Up", "text": "Another part of the deal was to revive the Beach Boys' Brother Records imprint." }, { "section_header": "History | 1958–1961: Formation", "text": "It was so successful that the number of unpaid orders for the single bankrupted Candix." }, { "section_header": "History | 1958–1961: Formation", "text": "\"Surfin'\" was a regional success for the West Coast, and reached number 75 on the national Billboard Hot 100 chart." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers – 123 women and girls and 23 men – who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Consequences and legacy", "text": "In 1913, Blanck was once again arrested for locking the door in his factory during working hours." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Author Eric Powell specifically cites the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the story." }, { "section_header": "Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition | Permanent memorial", "text": "The Coalition has launched an effort to create a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire at the site of the 1911 fire in lower Manhattan." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers – 123 women and girls and 23 men – who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Although early references of the death toll ranged from 141 to 148, almost all modern references agree that 146 people died as a result of the fire: 123 women and girls and 23 men." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Sholem Asch's 1946 novel East River (ISBN 978-1432619992) tells the story of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire through the eyes of Irish girl who was working at the factory at a time of the fire." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames (ISBN 978-0670012459) deals with a young girl, named Raisa, who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The comic book The Goon issue No. 37 tells the story of a similar fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142 women who worked there." }, { "section_header": "Consequences and legacy", "text": "On September 16, 2019, U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren delivered a speech in Washington Square Park supporting her presidential campaign, a few blocks from the location of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Childhood", "text": "Instead, Yalow decided to study physics." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Childhood", "text": "After high school, she attended the all-female, tuition-free Hunter College, where her mother hoped she would learn to become a teacher." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Childhood", "text": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was born in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Clara (née Zipper) and Simon Sussman, and was raised in a Jewish household." }, { "section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "The month after graduating from Hunter College in January 1941, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was offered a teaching assistantship in the physics department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign." }, { "section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Originally used to study insulin levels in diabetes mellitus, the technique has since been applied to hundreds of other substances – including hormones, vitamins and enzymes – all too small to detect previously." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Childhood", "text": "Instead, Yalow decided to study physics." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Marriage and children", "text": "Yalow saw the feminist movement as a challenge to her traditional beliefs and thought that it encouraged women not to fulfill their duties to become mothers and wives." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Marriage and children", "text": "Yalow did, however, view the traditional roles of a homemaker as a priority, and devoted herself to traditional duties associated with motherhood and being a wife." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Marriage and children", "text": "While she believed the reason she had certain opportunities in Physics was because of the war, she thought that the reason that the number of women in this field decreased after the war due to a lack of interest." }, { "section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Being surrounded by gifted men made her aware of a wider world in science." }, { "section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "During her time at the University of Illinois, she took extra undergraduate courses to increase her knowledge because she wanted to do original experimental research in addition to her regular teaching duties." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Childhood", "text": "After high school, she attended the all-female, tuition-free Hunter College, where her mother hoped she would learn to become a teacher." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "From his youth on a farm, he grew up to become a professional outfielder and veteran broadcaster for the Philadelphia Phillies and one of the most beloved sports figures in Philadelphia history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Ashburn was traded to the Chicago Cubs following the 1959 season for three players." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Ashburn was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Hall's Veterans Committee in 1995 after a long fan campaign to induct him, which included bumper stickers that read, \"Richie Ashburn: Why The Hall Not?\" He accompanied Phillies great Mike Schmidt, who was inducted in the same ceremony." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Ashburn caught the ball in front of the right centerfield screen 400 feet distant after a long run.\" He was also the last Phillies player to collect eight hits in a double-header when he singled eight times in a twinbill at Pittsburgh on May 20, 1951." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "When play resumed Ashburn fouled off another ball that struck her while she was being carried off in a stretcher." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Don Richard Ashburn (March 19, 1927 – September 9, 1997), also known by the nicknames, \"Putt-Putt\", \"The Tilden Flash\", and \"Whitey\" (due to his light-blond hair), was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball. (Some sources give his full middle name as \"Richie\".) He was born in Tilden, Nebraska." }, { "section_header": "Miscellaneous", "text": "The book, \"Richie Ashburn: Why The Hall" }, { "section_header": "Miscellaneous", "text": ", Phillies shortstop from the sixties and coach, co-founded the Richie Ashburn Foundation, which provides free baseball camp for 1,100 underprivileged children in the Delaware Valley and awards grants to area schools and colleges." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "After getting up Thomas asked Ashburn, \"What the heck is a Yellow Tango?\" This anecdote inspired the name of the American indie rock group Yo La Tengo." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "At Citizens Bank Park, the Phillies' radio-broadcast booth is named \"The Richie 'Whitey' Ashburn Broadcast Booth\"." }, { "section_header": "Miscellaneous", "text": "Not?\", is about Richie's journey to the Baseball Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "From his youth on a farm, he grew up to become a professional outfielder and veteran broadcaster for the Philadelphia Phillies and one of the most beloved sports figures in Philadelphia history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, Mars moved to Los Angeles in 2003 to pursue a musical career." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Peter Gene Hernandez (born October 8, 1985), known professionally as Bruno Mars, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist, and dancer." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "Mars has explained his writing process: \"I don't sit down and think, 'I'm going to write a song', since \"You can’t force creativeness\" as inspiration comes out of the blue in different places." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2015–present: Super Bowl 50 Halftime performance and 24K Magic", "text": "Five months later, British pop singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, American country singer-songwriter Chris Stapleton, and Mars released a single titled \"Blow\" for the former's fourth album, No.6 Collaborations Project (2019)." }, { "section_header": "Awards and achievements", "text": "Bruno Mars has earned numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including eleven Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards, four Guinness World Record nine American and 10 Soul Train Music Awards." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1985–2003: Early life and musical beginnings", "text": "Mars is one of six children and came from a musical family which exposed him to a diverse mix of music genres, including reggae, rock, hip hop, and" }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1985–2003: Early life and musical beginnings", "text": "When he was five he peed himself during a performance of Elvis' \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (1961), which led his parents to think they could be making a mistake." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1985–2003: Early life and musical beginnings", "text": "At the age of two, he was nicknamed \"Bruno\" by his father because of his resemblance to professional wrestler Bruno Sammartino." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2012–2014: Unorthodox Jukebox and Super Bowl XLVIII Halftime Show", "text": "He also announced a concert residency titled Bruno Mars at The Chelsea, Las Vegas, Paradise, Nevada." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2010–2012: Doo-Wops & Hooligans", "text": "and I'm out doing dumb sh--. \" Mars confessed that he lied to the authorities about having done cocaine before, saying \"I don't know where that came from\", adding: \"I was really intoxicated." }, { "section_header": "Other ventures | Endorsements", "text": "In 2011, Mars appears in two commercials for Bench as part of their clothing line \"Bench On Mars\" and \"Bruno Mars Gets Khaki in Bench\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, Mars moved to Los Angeles in 2003 to pursue a musical career." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Research | Later work", "text": "Since 1985 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard has been Director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen and also leads its Genetics Department." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christiane (Janni) Nüsslein-Volhard (born 20 October 1942) is a German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner." }, { "section_header": "Research | Later work", "text": "Since 1985 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard has been Director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen and also leads its Genetics Department." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Nüsslein-Volhard was born in Magdeburg on 20 October 1942." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis, for their research on the genetic control of embryonic development." }, { "section_header": "Research | Later work", "text": "In 2004 Nüsslein-Volhard started the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation (Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Stiftung)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Nüsslein-Volhard earned her PhD in 1974 from the University of Tübingen, where she studied protein-DNA interaction." }, { "section_header": "Research | Later work", "text": "It is meant to aid promising young female German scientists with children." }, { "section_header": "Education", "text": "Nüsslein-Volhard was educated at the University of Tübingen where she earned a PhD in 1974 for research into Protein–DNA interactions and the binding of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli." }, { "section_header": "Research", "text": "The experiments that earned Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus their Nobel prize aimed to identify genes involved in the development of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) embryos." }, { "section_header": "Research | Later work", "text": "In 1986, she received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release and box office performance", "text": "Worldwide, the film has currently grossed over $377,910,544 million, becoming Fox Searchlight Pictures's highest-grossing film ever (surpassing Juno)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It won seven BAFTA Awards including Best Film, five Critics' Choice Awards and four Golden Globes." }, { "section_header": "Release and box office performance", "text": "Worldwide, the film has currently grossed over $377,910,544 million, becoming Fox Searchlight Pictures's highest-grossing film ever (surpassing Juno)." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "The film also won seven of the eleven BAFTA Awards for which it was nominated, including Best Film; all four of the Golden Globe Awards for which it was nominated, including Best Drama Film; and five of the six Critics' Choice Awards for which it was nominated." }, { "section_header": "Release and box office performance | Europe", "text": "\" This record-breaking \"ticket surge\" in the second weekend came after Slumdog Millionaire won four Golden Globes and received eleven BAFTA nominations." }, { "section_header": "Soundtrack", "text": "\" Rahman won the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and won two Academy Awards, one for Best Original Score and one for Best Original Song for \"Jai Ho\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "On 22 February 2009, the film won eight out of ten Academy Awards for which it was nominated, including the Best Picture and Best Director." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Reactions from India and the Indian diaspora", "text": "\"Adoor Gopalakrishnan, one of the most acclaimed film makers in India during the 1980s and 1990s and a five time Best Director winner of the Indian National Film Awards—the most prestigious film awards in India—lambasted Slumdog Millionaire, calling it in an interview to NDTV: \"A very anti-Indian film." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was nominated for ten Academy Awards in 2009 and won eight—the most for any 2008 film—including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay." }, { "section_header": "Release and box office performance | North America", "text": "The film has grossed over $140 million at the North American box office." }, { "section_header": "Release and box office performance", "text": "Following its success at the 81st Academy Awards, the film topped the worldwide box office (barring North America), grossing $16 million from 34 markets in the week following the Academy Awards." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had five children: Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio \"Jun\" R. Aguinaldo Jr., Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay, and Miguel Aguinaldo." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869 in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit), in Cavite province, to Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo, a Tagalog-ilocano Chinese mestizo couple who had eight children, the seventh of whom was Emilio" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmi.ljo a.ɣiˈnal.do]: March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, politician and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Sr. The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-do, as his father, Carlos J. Aguinaldo was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in the Spanish colonial administration and his grandparents Eugenio K. Aguinaldo and Maria Jamir-Aguinaldo." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had five children: Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio \"Jun\" R. Aguinaldo Jr., Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay, and Miguel Aguinaldo." }, { "section_header": "Presidency of the First Philippine Republic and Philippine-American War", "text": "Superior American technology drove Filipino troops away from the city, and Aguinaldo's government had to move from one place to another as the military situation escalated." }, { "section_header": "Presidency of the First Philippine Republic and Philippine-American War", "text": "On November 13, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo disbanded the regular Filipino army and decreed that guerrilla war would henceforth be the strategy." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869 in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit), in Cavite province, to Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo, a Tagalog-ilocano Chinese mestizo couple who had eight children, the seventh of whom was Emilio" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The EAC Generals are the varsity teams of Emilio Aguinaldo College, they play or have played at the Universities and Colleges Athletic Association (UCAA) and the National Capital Region Athletic Association (NCRAA) On January 1, 1896, he married Hilaria del Rosario (1877–1921), this was his first wife." }, { "section_header": "Revolutionary and political career | Philippine Revolution and battles", "text": "The local chapter of Katipunan in Cavite was established and named Sangguniang Magdalo, and Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo was appointed leader." }, { "section_header": "Presidency of the First Philippine Republic and Philippine-American War", "text": "On August 12, 1898, American forces captured Manila during the Battle of Manila and on August 14, 1898 established the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands, with Major General Wesley Merritt as the first American Military Governor." }, { "section_header": "Presidency of the First Philippine Republic and Philippine-American War", "text": "After the capture of Aguinaldo, some Filipino commanders continued the revolution." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided." }, { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy." }, { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom." }, { "section_header": "Birth and family", "text": "King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided." }, { "section_header": "Birth and family", "text": "Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old." }, { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015." }, { "section_header": "Widowhood", "text": "Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than" }, { "section_header": "Birth and family", "text": "She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Namesakes", "text": "Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday)." }, { "section_header": "Early reign", "text": "Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Also voices Treebeard: The leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest. Bernard Hill as Théoden: The King of Rohan, who is under Saruman's spell until Gandalf heals him" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "The screenwriters did not originally script The Two Towers as its own film: instead, parts of it were the conclusion to The Fellowship of the Ring, the first of two planned films under Miramax." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "The Two Towers was the most difficult of the Rings films to make, having neither a clear beginning nor end to focus the script." }, { "section_header": "Production | Principal photography", "text": "The Two Towers shared principal photography with The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King." }, { "section_header": "Production | Score", "text": "The musical score for The Two Towers was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, who also composed the music for the other two films in the series." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Two Towers is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made." }, { "section_header": "Comparison to the source material", "text": "The meaning of the title itself, 'The Two Towers', was changed." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Two Towers was financed and distributed by American studio New Line Cinema, but filmed and edited entirely in Jackson's native New Zealand, concurrently with the other two parts of the trilogy." }, { "section_header": "Production | Special effects", "text": "For The Two Towers, Weta Digital doubled their staff of 260." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "The Two Towers opened in theatres on 18 December 2002." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Also voices Treebeard: The leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest. Bernard Hill as Théoden: The King of Rohan, who is under Saruman's spell until Gandalf heals him" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Provisions | End of slave trade in District of Columbia", "text": "A statute enacted as part of the compromise prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Issues | Texas", "text": "Texas was staunchly committed to slavery, with its constitution making it illegal for the legislature to free slaves." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In September 1847, an American army under General Winfield Scott captured the Mexican capital in the Battle for Mexico City." }, { "section_header": "Provisions | Settlement of borders", "text": "The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by Texas state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally, the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories, to add another free state to the Union (California), to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law); and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia." }, { "section_header": "Issues | Other issues", "text": "The Washington, D.C. slave trade angered many in the North, who viewed the presence of slavery in the capital as a blemish on the nation." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War." }, { "section_header": "Provisions | Fugitive Slave Law", "text": "One statute of the Compromise of 1850, enacted September 18, 1850, is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law, or the Fugitive Slave Act." }, { "section_header": "Provisions | Settlement of borders", "text": "The United States Constitution (Article IV, Section 3) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state, so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature, rather than a unilateral enactment." }, { "section_header": "Other proposals", "text": "The first draft of the compromise of 1850 had Texas's northwestern boundary be a straight, diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River (Mississippi watershed) at the 100th meridian west, the southwestern corner of today's Oklahoma." }, { "section_header": "Other proposals", "text": "As President, he proposed that the entire area become two free states, called California and New Mexico but much larger than the ones today." }, { "section_header": "Other proposals", "text": "None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory, which would avoid the question of slavery in the territories." }, { "section_header": "Provisions | End of slave trade in District of Columbia", "text": "A statute enacted as part of the compromise prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes | Shylock and the antisemitism debate | Shylock as an antagonist", "text": "The Nazis used the usurious Shylock for their propaganda." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Shylock and the antisemitism debate | Shylock as an antagonist", "text": "Productions of the play followed in Lübeck (1938), Berlin (1940), and elsewhere within the Nazi territory." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations and cultural references | Film, TV and radio version", "text": "2001 – The Merchant of Venice, a Royal National Theatre production directed by Trevor Nunn." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations and cultural references | Operas", "text": "Josef Bohuslav Foerster's three-act Czech opera Jessika was first performed at the Prague National Theatre in 1905." }, { "section_header": "Performance history | Shylock on stage", "text": "Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his revenge; Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from pride." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Antonio, Bassanio", "text": "\" Antonio's feelings for Bassanio are likened to a couplet from Shakespeare's Sonnets: \"But since she pricked thee out for women's pleasure,/ Mine be thy love, and my love's use their treasure." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations and cultural references | Film, TV and radio version", "text": "Weber played Portia and Smalley, her husband, played Shylock." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "She tells him that he must cut precisely one pound of flesh, no more, no less; she advises him that \"if the scale do turn, But in the estimation of a hair, Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate.\" Defeated, Shylock consents to accept Bassanio's offer of money for the defaulted bond: first his offer to pay \"the bond thrice\", which Portia rebuffs, telling him to take his bond, and then merely the principal; but Portia also prevents him from doing this, on the ground that he has already refused it \"in the open court\"." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Shylock and the antisemitism debate | Shylock as an antagonist", "text": "Shakespeare's play may be seen as a continuation of this tradition." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations and cultural references | Film, TV and radio version", "text": "This was the first \"big-screen\" adaption of the play." }, { "section_header": "Performance history | Shylock on stage", "text": "From Kean's time forward, all of the actors who have famously played the role, with the exception of Edwin Booth, who played Shylock as a simple villain, have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character; even Booth's father, Junius Brutus Booth, played the role sympathetically." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The climax of the play is set in the court of the Duke of Venice." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Shylock and the antisemitism debate | Shylock as an antagonist", "text": "The Nazis used the usurious Shylock for their propaganda." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Shylock and the antisemitism debate | Shylock as an antagonist", "text": "Productions of the play followed in Lübeck (1938), Berlin (1940), and elsewhere within the Nazi territory." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life is the first book by American writer Herman Melville, published first in London, then New York, in 1846." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The inaugural book of the Library of America series, titled Typee, Omoo, Mardi (May 6, 1982), was a volume containing Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life, its sequel Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), and Mardi, and a Voyage Thither (1849)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Typee was Melville's most popular work during his lifetime; it made him notorious as the \"man who lived among the cannibals\"." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It was Melville's first book, and made him one of the best-known American authors overnight." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Before Typee's publication in New York, Wiley and Putnam asked Melville to remove one sentence." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Typee was published first in London by John Murray on February 26, 1846, and then in New York by Wiley and Putnam on March 17, 1846." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life." }, { "section_header": "Critical response", "text": "The Knickerbocker called Typee \"a piece of Münchhausenism\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life the Writings of Herman Melville Vol." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Plagiarism in Typee: A Peep at Herman Melville's Lifting from Travel Narratives\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life is the first book by American writer Herman Melville, published first in London, then New York, in 1846." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Tippett Studio worked with Universal and Efexio to create an application titled \"Jurassic World Mobile MovieMaker\", which adds images of dinosaurs to a background photograph." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "But this state-of-the-art dino epic is also more than a blast of rumbling, roaring, 'did you effing" }, { "section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Two video games, Lego Jurassic World and Jurassic World: The Game, were released in 2015." }, { "section_header": "Other media | Sequels", "text": "A sequel to Jurassic World, titled Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "OK, Jurassic World is a little of that." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Jurassic World was released in 63 countries." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous, an animated series set concurrently with the events of Jurassic World, is scheduled for a 2020 release on Netflix." }, { "section_header": "Other media | Lego projects", "text": "Several Lego animated projects have been released, including Lego Jurassic World: The Indominus Escape, a 2016 short film; Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit, a 2018 television special; and Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar, a 2019 miniseries." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "In 25 countries, Jurassic World became the highest-grossing film in the Jurassic Park film series." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jurassic World is a 2015 American science fiction adventure film." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Scientific accuracy", "text": "Jurassic World was criticized for purposely ignoring new discoveries and knowledge." }, { "section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Tippett Studio worked with Universal and Efexio to create an application titled \"Jurassic World Mobile MovieMaker\", which adds images of dinosaurs to a background photograph." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni, also known by the British title Transformation, was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was published in 1860." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Marble Faun, written on the eve of the American Civil War, is set in a fantastical Italy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "This romance focuses on four main characters: Miriam, Hilda, Kenyon, and Donatello." }, { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "Donatello amazingly resembles the marble Faun of Praxiteles, and the novel plays with the characters’ belief that the Count may be a descendant of the antique Faun." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Marble Faun, written on the eve of the American Civil War, is set in a fantastical Italy." }, { "section_header": "Critical response", "text": "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow privately wrote that it was a \"wonderful book\" but that it had \"the old, dull pain in it that runs through all of Hawthorne's writings\"." }, { "section_header": "Composition and publication history", "text": "He considered several, including Monte Beni; or, The Faun: A Romance, The Romance of a Faun, Marble and Life; a Romance, Marble and Man; a Romance, and St. Hilda's Shrine." }, { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "Donatello, the Count of Monte Beni, is often compared to Adam and is in love with Miriam." }, { "section_header": "Characters", "text": "Miriam is pursued by a mysterious, threatening man who is her “evil genius” through life." }, { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "A Marble Faun is also the title of a book of poetry published in 1924 by William Faulkner." }, { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "The Marble Faun has been cited as an influence on H. P. Lovecraft's The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath." }, { "section_header": "Composition and publication history", "text": "The alternate title was chosen by the publishers and was used against Hawthorne's wishes." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni, also known by the British title Transformation, was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was published in 1860." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Nicknamed \"The Wizard\" for his defensive brilliance, Smith set major league records for career assists (8,375) and double plays (1,590) by a shortstop (the latter since broken by Omar Vizquel), as well as the National League (NL) record with 2,511 career games at the position; Smith won the NL Gold Glove Award for play at shortstop for 13 consecutive seasons (1980–1992)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Smith won his first Gold Glove Award in 1980 and made his first All-Star Game appearance in 1981." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Nicknamed \"The Wizard\" for his defensive brilliance, Smith set major league records for career assists (8,375) and double plays (1,590) by a shortstop (the latter since broken by Omar Vizquel), as well as the National League (NL) record with 2,511 career games at the position; Smith won the NL Gold Glove Award for play at shortstop for 13 consecutive seasons (1980–1992)." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1982–1984", "text": "Smith was voted in as the National League's starting shortstop in the All-Star Game for the first time in 1983, and at season's end won a fourth consecutive Gold Glove Award." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | San Diego Padres", "text": "In 1980, he set the single-season record for most assists by a shortstop (621), and began his string of 13 consecutive Gold Glove awards." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1990–1995", "text": "Smith became a free agent for the first time in his career on November 2, 1992, only to sign a new contract with the Cardinals on December 6.Smith won his final Gold Glove in 1992, and his 13 consecutive Gold Gloves at shortstop in the National League has yet to be matched." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1987–1990", "text": "In addition to winning the Gold Glove Award at shortstop for the eighth consecutive time, Smith posted a career-high on-base percentage of .392." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Osborne Earl \"Ozzie\" Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals from 1978 to 1996." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1987–1990", "text": "Following the 1987 season, Smith was awarded the largest contract in the National League at $2.34 million." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Smith continued to earn Gold Gloves and All-Star appearances on an annual basis until 1993." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | San Diego Padres", "text": "Even though Dark was fired in the middle of training camp, Smith made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on April 7, 1978.It did not take long for Smith to earn recognition in the major leagues, making what some consider his greatest fielding play only 10 games into his rookie season." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Carl Owen Hubbell (June 22, 1903 – November 21, 1988), nicknamed \"The Meal Ticket\" and \"King Carl\", was an American Major League Baseball player." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Kinsella called Giants manager John McGraw and mentioned that he knew of Hubbell's release by Detroit, prompted in part by Cobb's concerns about the screwball." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hubbell's primary pitch was the screwball." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had two children: Carl Jr. (b. 1936) and James." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Carl Owen Hubbell (June 22, 1903 – November 21, 1988), nicknamed \"The Meal Ticket\" and \"King Carl\", was an American Major League Baseball player." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Joe DiMaggio called Hubbell the toughest pitcher he'd ever faced." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "In its 1936 World Series cover story about Lou Gehrig and Carl Hubbell, Time magazine depicted the Fall Classic that year between crosstown rivals Giants and Yankees as \"a personal struggle between Hubbell and Gehrig\", calling Hubbell \"... currently baseball's No. 1 Pitcher and among the half dozen ablest in the game's annals." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "McGraw replied that Christy Mathewson had a screwball (a fadeaway, as it was called in his time) and it didn't seem to affect his arm." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Carl Jr. had a brief career in the lower minor leagues and later was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "His break came that June, when Giants scout Dick Kinsella decided to take in a game between Hubbell's Exporters and the Houston Buffs while in Houston for the 1928 Democratic National Convention." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "The Spanish managed to win that match by a scoreline of 1–0, eventually finishing with the silver medal." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "The first Spain national football team was constituted in 1920, with the main objective of finding a team that would represent Spain at the Summer Olympics held in Belgium in that same year." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Style of play", "text": "For Lowe, Spain's success in the 2010 World Cup was evidence of the meeting of two traditions in Spanish football: the \"powerful, aggressive, direct\" style that earned the silver medal-winning 1920 Antwerp Olympics team the nickname La Furia Roja (\"The Red Fury\") and the tiki-taka style of the contemporary Spanish team, which focused on a collective, short-passing, technical and possession-based game." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Spain national football team (Spanish: Selección Española de Fútbol) has represented Spain in international men's football competition since 1920." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Goalkeeper Iker Casillas won the golden glove for only conceding two goals during the tournament, while David Villa won the bronze ball and silver boot, tied for top scorer of the tournament." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Spain made their debut at the tournament on 28 August 1920 against Denmark, silver medallists at the last two Olympic tournaments." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Because of this, from 2008 to 2013, the national team won the FIFA Team of the Year, the second-most of any nation, behind only Brazil." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Style of play", "text": "During Spain's most successful period between 2008 and 2012, the team played a style of football dubbed 'tiki-taka', a systems approach to football founded upon the ideal of team unity and a comprehensive understanding in the geometry of space on a football field." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "The Spanish managed to win that match by a scoreline of 1–0, eventually finishing with the silver medal." }, { "section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "Rather than displaying the logo of the Spanish football federation, Spain's jersey traditionally features the coat of arms of Spain over the left breast." }, { "section_header": "Records", "text": "In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Spain became the inaugural European national team to lift the World Cup trophy outside Europe; along with Brazil, Germany and Argentina, Spain is one of the four national teams to have won the FIFA World Cup outside its home continent." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She has appeared in seven of the eight films in the series from 2001 to 2011." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Due to the international success of the Harry Potter movies, she is widely known for playing Professor Minerva McGonagall, opposite Daniel Radcliffe in the title role." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She received four other Oscar nominations that were for Othello (1965), Travels with My Aunt (1972), A Room with a View (1986), and Gosford Park (2001).Smith played Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dame Margaret Natalie Smith (born 28 December 1934) is an English actress." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Margaret Natalie Smith was born in Ilford, Essex, on 28 December 1934." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In the 1990s, Smith appeared as Wendy Darling in the 1991 hit movie Hook, and also appeared in the hit comedy films Sister Act in 1992 and The First Wives Club in 1996." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She starred in the 1987 London production of Lettice and Lovage alongside Margaret Tyzack, receiving an Olivier Award nomination, and reprised the role in 1990, when it transferred to Broadway, and won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In 1981, Smith played the goddess Thetis in Clash of the Titans." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her mother, Margaret Hutton (née Little; 1896–1977), was a Scottish secretary from Glasgow, and father, Nathaniel Smith (1902–1991), was a public health pathologist from Newcastle upon Tyne who worked at the University of Oxford." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990 for contributions to the performing arts, and a Companion of Honour in 2014 for services to drama." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honours", "text": "Smith was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1970 New Year Honours, and was raised to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours, for services to the performing arts." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She has appeared in seven of the eight films in the series from 2001 to 2011." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The couple had four more children: Jesse Carlton, Alonzo, Ella, and Anthony." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "On November 4, 1955, Young died on the Benedums' farm at the age of 88." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Pitching style", "text": "I'd loosen up, three, four minutes." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Move to Boston of the American League", "text": "One year later, on July 4, 1905, Rube Waddell beat Young and the Americans, 4–2, in a 20-inning matchup." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Denton True \"Cy\" Young (March 29, 1867 – November 4, 1955) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Career accomplishments", "text": "He had fifteen seasons with twenty or more wins, two more than the runners-up, Christy Mathewson and Warren Spahn." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Move to Boston of the American League", "text": "Young pitched 13 consecutive scoreless innings before he gave up a pair of unearned runs in the final inning." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Career accomplishments", "text": "Young won two ERA titles during his career, in 1892 (1.93) and in 1901 (1.62), and was three times the runner-up." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Pitching style", "text": "Oh, I'd relieve all right, plenty of times, but I went right from the bench to the box, and I'd take a few warm-up pitches and be ready." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Pitching style", "text": "\"I figured the old arm had just so many throws in it\", said Young, \"and there wasn't any use wasting them.\" Young once described his approach before a game: I never warmed up ten, fifteen minutes before a game like most pitchers do." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The couple had four more children: Jesse Carlton, Alonzo, Ella, and Anthony." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of 2020, San Francisco has the highest salaries, disposable income, and median home prices in the world at $1.7 million, as well as the highest median rents." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Economy", "text": "The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2." }, { "section_header": "Education | Colleges and universities", "text": "A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Technology", "text": "San Francisco is now widely considered the most important city in the world for new technology startups." }, { "section_header": "Economy", "text": "The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the sixth-most competitive financial center in the world." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "San Francisco was ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of March 2020." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In World War II, San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Tourism and conventions", "text": "With a large hotel infrastructure and a world-class convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of 2020, San Francisco has the highest salaries, disposable income, and median home prices in the world at $1.7 million, as well as the highest median rents." }, { "section_header": "Economy | Technology", "text": "San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today." }, { "section_header": "Economy", "text": "Competition for these opportunities pushes growth and adaptation in world centers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "A number of modern translations are currently in print and widely available." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel has been filmed a number of times, including: Germinal (1913), directed by Albert Capellani, starring Henry Krauss Germinal (1963), directed by Yves Allégret, starring Jean Sorel, Berthe Granval, Claude Brasseur and Bernard Blier. Germinal (1970), a BBC five-part serial with Mark Jones and Rosemary Leach Germinal (1993), a large-scale production directed by Claude Berri and starring Gérard Depardieu and Miou-Miou, at that time the most expensive feature film ever made in France." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "the cast and crew still witnessed there led to the formation of a society, \"Germinal l'association\", headed by Depardieu, to alleviate the suffering caused by crippling unemployment in the départements comprising the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Much of Berri's film was shot on location in the Lens and Valenciennes regions of northern France, and the extensive unemployment and poverty" }, { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "Les Enfants de Germinal. (The children of Germinal)." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "At his funeral crowds of workers gathered, cheering the cortège with shouts of \"Germinal! Germinal!\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Often considered Zola's masterpiece and one of the most significant novels in the French tradition, the novel – an uncompromisingly harsh and realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s – has been published and translated in over one hundred countries and has additionally inspired five film adaptations and two television productions." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "The title, Germinal, is drawn from the springtime seventh month of the French Revolutionary Calendar and is meant to evoke imagery of germination, new growth and fertility." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Men were springing forth, a black avenging army, germinating slowly in the furrows, growing towards the harvests of the next century, and their germination would soon overturn the earth." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Germinal was written between April 1884 and January 1885." }, { "section_header": "Tributes", "text": "The creators ZA/UM have cited Germinal as a source of major inspiration." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "A number of modern translations are currently in print and widely available." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Packers are the last of the \"small town teams\" which were common in the NFL during the league's early days of the 1920s and 1930s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Community ownership | Green Bay Packers Foundation", "text": "The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986." }, { "section_header": "Stadium history", "text": "By the 1950s the wooden 25,000 seat arena was considered outmoded." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Packers are the last of the \"small town teams\" which were common in the NFL during the league's early days of the 1920s and 1930s." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding", "text": "The Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL." }, { "section_header": "History | 2008–present: Aaron Rodgers era | 2017 and 2018", "text": "The Green Bay Packers began the 2017 regular season with a 4–2 record." }, { "section_header": "Statistics and records | Season-by-season results", "text": "For the full season-by-season franchise results, see List of Green Bay Packers seasons." }, { "section_header": "History | 1992–2007: Brett Favre era | 1998: Holmgren's last season", "text": "This play appeared to give Green Bay the victory." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding", "text": "The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11, 1919 by former high-school football rivals" }, { "section_header": "History | 1992–2007: Brett Favre era | 2006–07: McCarthy arrives, Favre departs", "text": "This would be Brett Favre's final game as a Green Bay Packer with his final pass being an interception in overtime." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year but, at 5'11\" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25 points per game (ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football." }, { "section_header": "Media figure and business interests | Philanthropy", "text": "In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year but, at 5'11\" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009." }, { "section_header": "National team career", "text": "Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal-winning American basketball teams." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009, and played three seasons of basketball for the school." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney's junior varsity team, and tallied several 40-point games." }, { "section_header": "National team career", "text": "Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Ewing and Mullin are the only American men's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Second three-peat (1995–1998)", "text": "Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She is impaled by a metal pole and the injuries she sustains plague her for the rest of her life." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Frida begins just before the traumatic accident Frida Kahlo (Salma Hayek) suffered at the age of 18 when the wooden-bodied bus she was riding in collided with a streetcar." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "Their rationale was: Frida is a movie about art that is a work of art in itself." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "She is impaled by a metal pole and the injuries she sustains plague her for the rest of her life." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Frida begins just before the traumatic accident Frida Kahlo (Salma Hayek) suffered at the age of 18 when the wooden-bodied bus she was riding in collided with a streetcar." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Hardin's project found itself swamped by similar ones: When I first tried to sell the project ... there was no interest because nobody had heard of Frida." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Throughout the film, a scene starts as a painting, then slowly dissolves into a live action scene with actors." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "While in the United States, Kahlo suffers a miscarriage, and her mother dies in Mexico." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "The film version of Frida Kahlo's life was initially championed by Nancy Hardin, a former book editor and Hollywood-based literary agent, turned early \"female studio executive\", who, in the mid-1980s wished to \"make the transition to independent producing." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Raúl Juliá was cast as Diego Rivera, but his death further delayed the movie." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "Andrew Pulver from The Guardian gave the film three stars and proclaimed that it is \"a substantial film, its story told with economy and clarity.\" The American Film Institute included Frida in their Movies of the Year 2002, Official Selection." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Valdez was contacted early on by the – then unknown in the U.S. – Salma Hayek, who sent \"her [promo] reel to the director and phoned his office\", but was ultimately told she was then too young for the role." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Kell died at age 86 in his sleep in his hometown of Swifton, Arkansas on March 24, 2009.Fox Sports Detroit, by then the Tigers' local TV rights holder, honored Kell with re-airings of the special FSN Basement: All Star Edition 2005 featuring interviews with Kell and Al Kaline, each recalling their memories of playing for the Tigers and working together in the television booth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kell married his childhood sweetheart Charlene; they remained married for 50 years until her death from cancer in 1991." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Kell died at age 86 in his sleep in his hometown of Swifton, Arkansas on March 24, 2009.Fox Sports Detroit, by then the Tigers' local TV rights holder, honored Kell with re-airings of the special FSN Basement: All Star Edition 2005 featuring interviews with Kell and Al Kaline, each recalling their memories of playing for the Tigers and working together in the television booth." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kell is survived by his second wife, Carolyn." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kell served ten years on the Arkansas State Highway Commission (1973–83) and owned a car dealership, George Kell Motors, in Newport." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kell went on to become a Detroit Tigers broadcaster for 37 years." }, { "section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style", "text": "Kell had a relaxed, easy-going \"country gentleman\" style of announcing." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had one daughter, Terrie Jane, and one son, George Kell Jr. Best-selling author Elmore Leonard in the 1990 anthology Cult Baseball Players wrote that Kell was his favorite player." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "While with the Tigers, Kell wore three different numbers: 21, 15, and 7." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kell's brother, Everett \"Skeeter\" Kell, played the 1952 season for the Philadelphia Athletics." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "In college, Kell played for Arkansas State, where the baseball facility, Tomlinson Stadium–Kell Field, is named after him." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Process", "text": "Inside the Buddhist Memorial Stupa at Choeung Ek, there is evidence of bayonets, knives, wooden clubs, hoes for farming and curved scythes being used to kill victims- with images of skulls, damaged by these implements, as evidence." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Killing Fields (Khmer: វាលពិឃាត, Khmer pronunciation: [ʋiəl pikʰiət]) are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime (the Communist Party of Kampuchea) during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970–1975)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The best known monument of the Killing Fields is at the village of Choeung Ek." }, { "section_header": "Process", "text": "Inside the Buddhist Memorial Stupa at Choeung Ek, there is evidence of bayonets, knives, wooden clubs, hoes for farming and curved scythes being used to kill victims- with images of skulls, damaged by these implements, as evidence." }, { "section_header": "Process", "text": "\" They were then taken away to a place such as Tuol Sleng or Choeung Ek for torture and/or execution." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The majority of those buried at Choeung Ek were Khmer Rouge killed during the purges within the regime." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Killing Fields (Khmer: វាលពិឃាត, Khmer pronunciation: [ʋiəl pikʰiət]) are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime (the Communist Party of Kampuchea) during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970–1975)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Cambodian journalist Dith Pran coined the term \"killing fields\" after his escape from the regime." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "A survivor of the genocide, Dara Duong, founded The Killing Fields Museum in Seattle, Washington, US." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The memorial park at Choeung Ek has been built around the mass graves of many thousands of victims, most of whom were executed after interrogation at the S-21 Prison in Phnom Penh." }, { "section_header": "Prosecution for crimes against humanity", "text": "It took nine years to agree to the shape and structure of the court—a hybrid of Cambodian and international laws—before the judges were sworn in, in 2006." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Today, it is the site of a Buddhist memorial to the victims, and Tuol Sleng has a museum commemorating the genocide." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "Just two days earlier he had collapsed during a jogging tour in Central Park and was brought to the hospital where he learned that his cancer had spread to his brain." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Higgs was glad to help them develop their vocal harmonies, although more importantly, he had started to teach Marley how to play guitar—thereby creating the bedrock that would later allow Marley to construct some of the biggest-selling reggae songs in the history of the genre." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Personal views | Cannabis", "text": "Of his marijuana usage, he said, \"When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you." }, { "section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Other tributes", "text": "However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died as a result of the illness in 1981." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School." }, { "section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "Marley died on 11 May 1981 at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital), aged 36." }, { "section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "After eight months of effectively failing to treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Schumann (German: [ˈʃuːman]; 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Schumann then focused his musical energies on composing." }, { "section_header": "Biography | After 1850", "text": "From 1850 to 1854, Schumann composed in a wide variety of genres." }, { "section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", "text": "Schumann campaigned to revive interest in major composers of the past, including Mozart, Beethoven, and Weber." }, { "section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Papillons", "text": "On this occasion Clara played bravura Variations by Henri Herz, a composer whom Schumann was already deriding as a philistine." }, { "section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", "text": "Among Schumann's associates at this time were composers Norbert Burgmüller and Ludwig Schuncke (to whom Schumann dedicated his Toccata in C)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", "text": "Schumann published most of his critical writings in the journal, and often lambasted the popular taste for flashy technical displays from figures whom Schumann perceived as inferior composers, or \"philistines\"." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Composer Sir Edward Elgar called Schumann \"my ideal.\" Schumann has often been confused with Austrian composer Franz Schubert; one well-known example occurred in 1956, when East Germany issued a pair of postage stamps featuring Schumann's picture against an open score that featured Schubert's music." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Schumann (German: [ˈʃuːman]; 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Schumann began to compose before the age of seven, but his boyhood was spent in the cultivation of literature as much as music—undoubtedly influenced by his father, a bookseller, publisher, and novelist." }, { "section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", "text": "He also promoted the work of some contemporary composers, including" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed." }, { "section_header": "Homestead High", "text": "In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for Reed College, Jobs and Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al." }, { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon." }, { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents." }, { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "He insisted on applying only to Reed although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford." }, { "section_header": "Reed College", "text": "He later asked her to come and live with him in a house he rented near the Reed campus, but she refused." }, { "section_header": "1997–2011 | Return to Apple", "text": "The deal was finalized in February 1997, bringing Jobs back to the company he had cofounded." }, { "section_header": "1972–1985 | Apple (1976–1985)", "text": "Wayne stayed only a short time, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company." }, { "section_header": "1997–2011 | Return to Apple", "text": "The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker." }, { "section_header": "1972–1985 | Apple (1976–1985)", "text": "Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "Chicago-based Grubhub was founded in 2004 by Mike Evans, Roman Gaskill, and Matt Maloney, to create an alternative to paper menus." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The company is based in Chicago, Illinois and was founded in 2004." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "Chicago-based Grubhub was founded in 2004 by Mike Evans, Roman Gaskill, and Matt Maloney, to create an alternative to paper menus." }, { "section_header": "Controversy | Labor lawsuits | Wallace v. Grubhub Holdings", "text": "Many drivers allegedly work more than 40 hours a week but do not receive overtime rates for their work." }, { "section_header": "History | Announced acquisition", "text": "North American headquarters would remain in Chicago with Grubhub founder, Matt Maloney, joining the board of directors and heading North American operations." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "Two years later, in 2006, Maloney and Evans won first place in the University of Chicago Booth School of Business's Edward L. Kaplan New Venture Challenge with the business plan for Grubhub." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "Tapingo, a San Francisco-based platform for campus food ordering was acquired by Grubhub in November 2018." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "GrubHub completed its acquisition of OrderUp in October 2018.LevelUp, a Boston-based diner engagement and payment solutions platform was acquired by Grubhub in September 2018." }, { "section_header": "History | Announced acquisition", "text": "The acquisition would create the largest online food delivery service outside of China, and provide Just Eat Takeaway with a base in the U.S. market." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "MenuPages was acquired by Seamless in September 2011.DiningIn, an online ordering and food delivery company based in Brighton, Massachusetts, was acquired by Grubhub in February 2015." }, { "section_header": "History | Grubhub history", "text": "In September 2011, Grubhub secured $50 million in Series E funding and acquired New York-based competitor Dotmenu, the parent company of Allmenus and Campusfood." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Motifs | Idolatry", "text": "\" This example, out of the many presented, distinctly conveys Milton's views on the dangers of idolatry." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Satan", "text": "By some definitions a protagonist must be able to exist in and of themselves and the secondary characters in the work exist only to further the plot for the protagonist." }, { "section_header": "Iconography", "text": "However, the epic's illustrators also include John Martin, Edward Francis Burney, Richard Westall, Francis Hayman, and many others." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Adam", "text": "Unlike the biblical Adam, before Milton's Adam leaves Paradise he is given a glimpse of the future of mankind by the Archangel Michael—including a synopsis of stories from the Old and New Testaments." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Eve", "text": "In Book IX, she convinces Adam to separate for a time and work in different parts of the Garden." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Satan", "text": "Because Satan does not exist solely for himself, as without God he would not have a role to play in the story, he may not be viewed as the protagonist because of the continual shifts in perspective and relative importance of characters in each book of the work." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Satan", "text": "However, one could argue that Satan's faults make him more human than any other divine being described in Milton's work." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Satan", "text": "Milton characterizes him as such, but Satan lacks several key traits that would otherwise make him the definitive protagonist in the work." }, { "section_header": "Characters | Satan", "text": "Therefore, it is more probable that he exists in order to combat God, making his status as the definitive protagonist of the work relative to each book." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes and critical analysis", "text": "\"The Tyger\" is the sister poem to \"The Lamb\" (from \"Songs of Innocence\"), a reflection of similar ideas from a different perspective (Blake's concept of \"contraries\"), with \"The Lamb\" bringing attention to innocence." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Literary critic Alfred Kazin calls it \"the most famous of his poems\", and The Cambridge Companion to William Blake says it is \"the most anthologized poem in English\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is one of Blake's most reinterpreted and arranged works." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Tyger\" is a poem by the English poet William Blake, published in 1794 as part of his Songs of Experience collection." }, { "section_header": "Themes and critical analysis", "text": "\"The Tyger\" is the sister poem to \"The Lamb\" (from \"Songs of Innocence\"), a reflection of similar ideas from a different perspective (Blake's concept of \"contraries\"), with \"The Lamb\" bringing attention to innocence." }, { "section_header": "Musical versions", "text": "Blake's original tunes for his poems have been lost in time, but many artists have tried to create their own versions of the tunes." }, { "section_header": "Themes and critical analysis", "text": "In \"The Tyger\" he presents a poem of \"triumphant human awareness\" and \"a hymn to pure being\", according to Kazin." }, { "section_header": "Themes and critical analysis", "text": "\"The Tyger\" presents a duality between aesthetic beauty and primal ferocity, and Blake believes that to see one, the hand that created \"The Lamb\", one must also see the other, the hand that created \"The Tyger”: \"Did he who made the Lamb make thee?\" The \"Songs of Experience\" were written as a contrary to the \"Songs of Innocence\" – a central tenet in Blake's philosophy, and central theme in his work." }, { "section_header": "Musical versions", "text": "Duran Duran – \"Tiger Tiger\" (1983) Greg Brown, on the album \"Songs of Innocence and of Experience\" (1986) John Tavener – \"The Tyger\" (1987) Tangerine Dream – the album Tyger (1987) Jah Wobble – \"Tyger Tyger\" (1996) Kenneth Fuchs – Songs of Innocence and of Experience: Four Poems by William Blake for Baritone, Flute, Oboe, Cello, and Harp (completed 2006) Herbst in Peking –" }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Blake continued to print the work throughout his life." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Only five of the poems from Songs of Experience appeared individually before 1839." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "On March 10, production moved to a remote corner of Mississippi, where the crew filmed the burning of a parish church." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Filming began in Jackson, Mississippi, where the production team filmed a church being burned down." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Litigation", "text": "Rainey, who was the county sheriff at the time of the 1964 murders, alleged that the filmmakers of Mississippi Burning had portrayed him in an unfavorable light with the fictional character of Sheriff Ray Stuckey (Gailard Sartain)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mississippi Burning is a 1988 American biographical crime thriller film directed by Alan Parker that is loosely based on the 1964 Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner murder investigation in Mississippi." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Filming began in Jackson, Mississippi, where the production team filmed a church being burned down." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "On March 10, production moved to a remote corner of Mississippi, where the crew filmed the burning of a parish church." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "\"Gailard Sartain plays Ray Stuckey, the sheriff of Jessup County — a character based on former Neshoba County sheriff Lawrence A. Rainey." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "From March 14 to March 18, the crew filmed the burning of several more churches, as well as scenes set in a farm." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Parker and Colesberry looked at locations near Jackson, Mississippi, where they set up production offices at a Holiday Inn hotel." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The production then moved to Vaiden, Mississippi to film scenes set in the Carroll County Courthouse, where several courtroom scenes, as well as scenes set in Sheriff Ray Stuckey's office were filmed." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "On June 21, 1964, civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were arrested in Philadelphia, Mississippi by Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price, and taken to a Neshoba County jail." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The wife of Deputy Sheriff Clinton Pell reveals to Anderson in a discreet conversation that the three missing men have been murdered." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Archaeocytes (or amoebocytes) are amoeba-like cells that are totipotent, in other words each is capable of transformation into any other type of cell." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Collencytes are another type of collagen-producing cell." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Other types of cell live and move within the mesohyl: Lophocytes are amoeba-like cells that move slowly through the mesohyl and secrete collagen fibres." }, { "section_header": "Distinguishing features", "text": "Sponges constitute the phylum Porifera, and have been defined as sessile metazoans (multicelled immobile animals) that have water intake and outlet openings connected by chambers lined with choanocytes, cells with whip-like flagella." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "\"Grey cells\" act as sponges' equivalent of an immune system." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Oocytes and spermatocytes are reproductive cells." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Rhabdiferous cells secrete polysaccharides that also form part of the mesohyl." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning \"pore bearer\"), are a basal Metazoa (animal) clade as a sister of the Diploblasts." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Cell types", "text": "Myocytes (\"muscle cells\") conduct signals and cause parts of the animal to contract." }, { "section_header": "Basic structure | Glass sponges' syncytia", "text": "This tissue is a syncytium that in some ways behaves like many cells that share a single external membrane, and in others like a single cell with multiple nuclei." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Political career | Catholic emancipation", "text": "His term was marked by Catholic emancipation: the granting of almost full civil rights to Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personality", "text": "Military historian Charles Dalton recorded that, after a hard-fought battle in Spain, a young officer made the comment, \"I am going to dine with Wellington tonight\", which was overheard by the Duke as he rode by. \" Give me at least the prefix of Mr. before my name,\" Wellington said." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Catholic emancipation", "text": "The Duke fired wide to the right." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wellesley was born in Dublin into the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "1st Viscount Dungannon, after whom Wellesley was named." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and Tory statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as Prime Minister." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Jewish emancipation", "text": "Wellington opposed the Jewish Civil Disabilities Repeal Bill, and he stated in Parliament on 1 August 1833 that England \"is a Christian country and a Christian legislature, and that the effect of this measure would be to remove that peculiar character.\" The Bill was defeated 104 votes to 54." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy." }, { "section_header": "Nicknames | The Iron Duke", "text": "Lord Tennyson uses a similar reference in his \"Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington\", referring to him as \"the great World-victor's victor\"." }, { "section_header": "Military career | Waterloo campaign | Battle", "text": "Meanwhile, at approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, Napoleon ordered Ney to capture La Haye Sainte at whatever the cost." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Catholic emancipation", "text": "Wellington had threatened to resign as Prime Minister if the King (George IV) did not give his Royal Assent." }, { "section_header": "Political career | Catholic emancipation", "text": "His term was marked by Catholic emancipation: the granting of almost full civil rights to Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its proper name is generally considered to originate from the mythological Canopus, who was a navigator for Menelaus, king of Sparta." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Nomenclature", "text": "Its Greek name was revived during the Renaissance." }, { "section_header": "Nomenclature", "text": "The name Canopus is a Latinisation of the Ancient Greek name Κάνωβος/Kanôbos, recorded in Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest (c.150 AD)." }, { "section_header": "Nomenclature", "text": "The brightest star in the constellation was given the name of a ship's pilot from another Greek legend: Canopus, pilot of Menelaus' ship on his quest to retrieve Helen of Troy after she was taken by Paris." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance", "text": "Canopus was not visible to the mainland ancient Greeks and Romans; it was, however, visible to the ancient Egyptians." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance | Americas", "text": "He placed Canopus directly south, naming it after himself." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance | Polynesia", "text": "The Māori people of New Zealand/Aotearoa had several names for Canopus." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance | Polynesia", "text": "The people of the Society Islands had two names for Canopus, as did the Tuamotu people." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance", "text": "\" Under the Ptolemies, the star was known as Ptolemaion (Greek: Πτολεμαῖον) and its acronychal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival, which was held every four years, from 262 to 145 BC." }, { "section_header": "Cultural significance | Legacy", "text": "There are at least two mountains named after the star: Mount Canopus in Antarctica; and Mount Canopus or Canopus Hill in Tasmania, the location of the Canopus Hill astronomical observatory." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its proper name is generally considered to originate from the mythological Canopus, who was a navigator for Menelaus, king of Sparta." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers remain the tallest twin towers in the world." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "Features | Skybridge", "text": "The towers feature a double decker skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world." }, { "section_header": "Features | Skybridge", "text": "After being constructed on the ground, the skybridge was lifted into place on the towers over a period of three days in July 1995." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture | Notable events", "text": "Workers and shoppers were allowed to return three hours later, around noon." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "A distinctive postmodern style was chosen to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the 2002 Hitman 2: Silent Assassin, the Malaysia-based levels Basement Killing, The Graveyard Shift, and The Jacuzzi Job all take place in the Petronas Towers." }, { "section_header": "Features | Suria KLCC", "text": "Boasting approximately 300 stores, Suria KLCC is touted as one of the largest shopping malls in Malaysia." }, { "section_header": "History and architecture", "text": "The halt in construction had cost US$700,000 per day and led to three separate concrete plants being set up on the site to ensure that if one produced a bad batch, the other two could continue to supply concrete." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Petronas Towers remain the tallest twin towers in the world." }, { "section_header": "Features | Lift system", "text": "A1-A6 (Tower 1) & A7-A12 (Tower 2)(Bank" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Local political office (1898−1915) | Massachusetts state legislator and mayor", "text": "Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Local political office (1898−1915) | City offices", "text": "In 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley, and the next year he was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee." }, { "section_header": "Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921) | 1918 election", "text": "Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918." }, { "section_header": "Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)", "text": "Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support." }, { "section_header": "Local political office (1898−1915) | Massachusetts state legislator and mayor", "text": "Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party." }, { "section_header": "Presidency (1923−1929) | 1924 election", "text": "The Republican Convention was held on June 10–12, 1924, in Cleveland, Ohio; Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot." }, { "section_header": "Presidency (1923−1929) | Foreign policy", "text": "Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations." }, { "section_header": "Local political office (1898−1915) | City offices", "text": "The Republican Party was dominant in New England at the time, and Coolidge followed the example of Hammond and Field by becoming active in local politics." }, { "section_header": "Presidency (1923−1929) | 1928 election", "text": "The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 with a landslide by Herbert Hoover." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts." }, { "section_header": "Local political office (1898−1915) | Massachusetts state legislator and mayor", "text": "US Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the western faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pericles (; Attic Greek: Περικλῆς Periklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age, specifically the time between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Peloponnesian War | Last military operations and death", "text": "He himself died of the plague later in the year." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "His sister and both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, died during an epidemic of plague." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pericles (; Attic Greek: Περικλῆς Periklēs, pronounced [pe.ri.klɛ̂ːs] in Classical Attic; c. 495 – 429 BC) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during its golden age, specifically the time between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars." }, { "section_header": "Political career until 431 BC | Leading Athens | Samian War", "text": "Pericles then quelled a revolt in Byzantium and, when he returned to Athens, gave a funeral oration to honor the soldiers who died in the expedition." }, { "section_header": "Assessments | Legacy", "text": "Pericles is lauded as \"the ideal type of the perfect statesman in ancient Greece\" and his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride." }, { "section_header": "Political career until 431 BC | Leading Athens | First Peloponnesian War", "text": "Cimon defeated the Persians in the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, but died of disease in 449 BC." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He, along with several members of his family, succumbed to the Plague of Athens in 429 BC, which weakened the city-state during a protracted conflict with Sparta." }, { "section_header": "Assessments", "text": "The fact that he was at the same time a vigorous statesman, general and orator only tends to make an objective assessment of his actions more difficult." }, { "section_header": "Assessments | Pericles and the city gods", "text": "Nothing was more alien to the Greeks than the notion of a Separation between church and state." }, { "section_header": "Political career until 431 BC | Leading Athens | Personal attacks", "text": "Although Aspasia was acquitted thanks to a rare emotional outburst of Pericles, his friend, Phidias, died in prison and another friend of his, Anaxagoras, was attacked by the ecclesia for his religious beliefs." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1985, Daubechies met mathematician Robert Calderbank, then on a 3-month exchange visit from AT&T Bell Laboratories, New Jersey to the Brussels-based mathematics division of Philips Research; they married in 1987." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They have two children, Michael and Carolyn Calderbank." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Baroness Ingrid Daubechies ( doh-bə-SHEE; French: [dobʃi]; born 17 August 1954) is a Belgian physicist and mathematician." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "Math. Math. Phys., 3 (1), pp." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "She excelled at the primary school, moved up a class after only 3 months." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "Comp. Comp. Harm. Anal., 3 (1), pp. 87–89, 1996." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1985, Daubechies met mathematician Robert Calderbank, then on a 3-month exchange visit from AT&T Bell Laboratories, New Jersey to the Brussels-based mathematics division of Philips Research; they married in 1987." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They have two children, Michael and Carolyn Calderbank." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1990.Since his retirement as an active player in 1984, Palmer has worked as a color commentator on telecasts of MLB games for ABC and ESPN and for the Orioles on Home Team Sports (HTS), Comcast SportsNet (CSN) Mid-Atlantic and the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN)." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1960s", "text": "A high-kicking pitcher known for an exceptionally smooth delivery" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career in baseball | Legacy", "text": "In 1999, he ranked No. 64 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1960s", "text": "He hit the first of his three career major-league home runs, a two-run shot, in the fourth inning of that game, off Yankees starter Jim Bouton." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1960s", "text": "A high-kicking pitcher known for an exceptionally smooth delivery" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1990.Since his retirement as an active player in 1984, Palmer has worked as a color commentator on telecasts of MLB games for ABC and ESPN and for the Orioles on Home Team Sports (HTS), Comcast SportsNet (CSN) Mid-Atlantic and the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN)." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1980s", "text": "Palmer was the only Orioles player on the 1983 championship team to have previously won a World Series." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1970s", "text": "During those eight 20-win seasons, he pitched between 274⅓ and 319 innings per year, leading the league in innings pitched four times." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1960s", "text": "He threw just 49 innings in 1967 and was sent to minor-league rehabilitation." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | Early broadcasting career", "text": "Instead, Palmer worked as an analyst for ESPN and as a broadcaster for Orioles games on their local telecasts over WMAR-TV and Home Team Sports." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1980s", "text": "Also, Palmer became the only player in Orioles history to appear in all six (1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979, 1983) of their World Series appearances to date." }, { "section_header": "Career in baseball | 1960s", "text": "The Dodgers' last run was against Moe Drabowsky in the third inning of Game 1." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Early years: 1968–1970", "text": "Steve Waksman has suggested that Led Zeppelin II was \"the musical starting point for heavy metal\"." }, { "section_header": "Achievements", "text": "Led Zeppelin were named as 2012 recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors." }, { "section_header": "History | \"The Biggest Band in the World\": 1971–1975", "text": "In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, Swan Song, named after an unreleased song." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom." }, { "section_header": "Achievements", "text": "They were named as the best Rock band in a poll by BBC Radio 2." }, { "section_header": "History | \"The Biggest Band in the World\": 1971–1975", "text": "As with the band's fourth album, neither their name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve." }, { "section_header": "History | \"The Biggest Band in the World\": 1971–1975", "text": "A review in Rolling Stone magazine referred to Physical Graffiti as Led Zeppelin's \"bid for artistic respectability\", adding that the only bands Led Zeppelin had to compete with for the title \"The World's Best Rock Band\" were the Rolling Stones and the Who." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968." }, { "section_header": "History | \"The Biggest Band in the World\": 1971–1975", "text": "The logo can be found on Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially T-shirts." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Many have considered Led Zeppelin to be one of the most successful, innovative, and influential bands in the history of rock music." } ]