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[ { "section_header": "Awards and achievements", "text": "Adele's second album, 21, earned her a record-tying six Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year; two Brit Awards, including British Album of the Year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "With sales of more than 120 million records, Adele is one of the world's best-selling music artists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 2018–present: Upcoming fourth studio album", "text": "On 5 May 2019, the date of her 31st birthday, Adele posted several black-and-white pictures of herself on her Instagram account celebrating her birthday along with a message reflecting on the preceding year." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2018–present: Upcoming fourth studio album", "text": "Adele was reportedly working on her fourth studio album by 2018." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2018–present: Upcoming fourth studio album", "text": "On 15 February 2020, Adele announced at a friend's wedding that her fourth studio album would be out in September 2020." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2011–2014: 21, worldwide recognition and hiatus", "text": "Adele released her second studio album, 21, on 24 January 2011 in the UK and 22 February in the US." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Adele released her second studio album, 21, in 2011." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The success of 21 earned Adele numerous mentions in the Guinness Book of Records." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2011–2014: 21, worldwide recognition and hiatus", "text": "Adele is the only artist or band in the last decade in the US to earn an RIAA diamond certification for a one disc album in less than two years." }, { "section_header": "Awards and achievements", "text": "Adele's second album, 21, earned her a record-tying six Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year; two Brit Awards, including British Album of the Year." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2011–2014: 21, worldwide recognition and hiatus", "text": "Following that success, 21 achieved the biggest weekly sales increase following a Grammy win since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking data in 1991." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2011–2014: 21, worldwide recognition and hiatus", "text": "The 2013 Grammy Awards saw Adele's live version of \"Set Fire to the Rain\" win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance, bringing her total wins to nine." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "With sales of more than 120 million records, Adele is one of the world's best-selling music artists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "Spears announced through her Twitter account in August 2014 that she would be releasing an intimate apparel line called \"The Intimate Britney Spears\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "Spears announced through her Twitter account in August 2014 that she would be releasing an intimate apparel line called \"The Intimate Britney Spears\"." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2008–2010: Conservatorship and Circus", "text": "Spears designed a limited edition clothing line for Candie's, which was released in stores in July 2010." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2001–2002: Britney and Crossroads", "text": "Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called Britney \"the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while still recognizably Britney." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2018–present: Piece of Me Tour, hiatus, and the #FreeBritney movement", "text": "On April 27, 2018, Epic Rights announced a new partnership with Spears to debut her own fashion line in 2019, which would include clothing, fitness apparel, accessories, and electronics." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "Spears began work on her eighth studio album, Britney Jean, in December 2012, and enlisted" }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "During the same appearance, Spears announced that Britney Jean would be released on December 3, 2013, in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "During the production of Britney Jean, Spears recorded the song \"Ooh La La\" for the soundtrack of The Smurfs 2, which was released in June 2013." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "On September 25, 2014, Spears confirmed on Good Morning Britain that she had extended her contract with The AXIS and Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, to continue Britney: Piece of Me for two additional years." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2015: Britney Jean and Britney: Piece of Me", "text": "Britney Jean debuted at number 34 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 12,959 copies in its first week." }, { "section_header": "Other ventures | Product and endorsements", "text": "In March 2009, Spears was announced as the new face of clothing brand Candie's." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Les Misérables (, French: [le mizeʁabl(ə)]) is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Novel form", "text": "Each chapter is relatively short, commonly no longer than a few pages." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Sequels", "text": "Laura Kalpakian's Cosette: The Sequel to Les Misérables was published in 1995." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "The remaining volumes appeared on 15 May 1862." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Les Misérables has been popularized through numerous adaptations for film, television and the stage, including a musical." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Les Misérables (, French: [le mizeʁabl(ə)]) is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "A massive advertising campaign preceded the release of the first two volumes of Les Misérables in Brussels on 30 or 31 March and in Paris on 3 April 1862." }, { "section_header": "Hugo's sources", "text": "When the book was finally written, Tréjean became Valjean." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "ISBN 978-0141393599 Since its original publication, Les Misérables has been the subject of a large number of adaptations in numerous types of media, such as books, films, musicals, plays and games." }, { "section_header": "Novel form", "text": "The novel is divided into five volumes, each volume divided into several books, and subdivided into chapters, for a total of 48 books and 365 chapters." }, { "section_header": "Plot | Volume IV: The Idyll in the Rue Plumet and the Epic in the Rue St. Denis", "text": "It is written by Cosette. He learns Cosette's whereabouts and he writes a farewell letter to her." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Blenheim (German: Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; French Bataille de Höchstädt), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Battle | Fall of Blenheim", "text": "The French infantry fought tenaciously to hold on to their position in Blenheim, but their commander was nowhere to be found." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Blenheim (German: Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; French Bataille de Höchstädt), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Deployment", "text": "On the right of these French and Bavarian positions, between Oberglauheim and Blenheim, Tallard deployed 64 French and Walloon squadrons (16 drawn from Marsin) supported by nine French battalions standing near the Höchstädt road." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Fall of Blenheim", "text": "... our men fought in and through the fire ... until many on both sides were burned to death." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Breakthrough", "text": "But the charge succeeded and with their cavalry in headlong flight, the remaining nine French infantry battalions fought with desperate valour, trying to form square." }, { "section_header": "Battle | The battlefield", "text": "Between Blenheim and the next village of Oberglauheim the fields of wheat had been cut to stubble and were now ideal to deploy troops." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Deployment", "text": "Meanwhile, engineers repaired a stone bridge across the Nebel, and constructed five additional bridges or causeways across the marsh between Blenheim and Oberglauheim." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "\"Had it not been for Blenheim, all Europe might at this day suffer under the effect of French conquests resembling those of Alexander in extent and those of the Romans in durability.\" However, military historian John A. Lynn consider this claim unjustified as Louis XIV never laboured such objective, as the campaign in Bavaria was intended to bring only a favourable peace settlement and not domination over Europe." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Blenheim", "text": "John Ferguson's Scottish brigade supported Rowe's left, and moved in perfect order towards the barricades between the village and the river, defended by Hautefeuille's dragoons." }, { "section_header": "Battle | Blenheim", "text": "Although the Allies were again repulsed, these persistent attacks on Blenheim eventually bore fruit, panicking Clérambault into making the worst French error of the day." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Margaret Natalie Smith was born in Ilford, Essex, on 28 December 1934." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriages", "text": "Smith has five grandchildren." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "The role also won Smith her first BAFTA Award." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "In 1981, Smith played the goddess Thetis in Clash of the Titans." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Marriages", "text": "Smith married actor Robert Stephens on 29 June 1967." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Health", "text": "In 2007, the Sunday Telegraph disclosed that Smith had been diagnosed with breast cancer." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Margaret Natalie Smith was born in Ilford, Essex, on 28 December 1934." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honours", "text": "In 1994, Smith received an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Cambridge." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honours", "text": "In October 2017, Smith was conferred with an Honorary Fellowship of Mansfield College, Oxford." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dame Margaret Natalie Smith (born 28 December 1934) is an English actress." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Health", "text": "In January 1988, Smith was diagnosed with Graves' disease, for which she underwent radiotherapy and optical surgery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later reign, 1107–35 | Rebellion, 1115–20", "text": "Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Family and children | Legitimate", "text": "Henry and his second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, had no children." }, { "section_header": "Family and children | Illegitimate", "text": "Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses." }, { "section_header": "Later reign, 1107–35 | Planning the succession, 1125–34", "text": "The King recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to be his rightful successor." }, { "section_header": "Early reign, 1100–06 | Treaty of Alton, 1101–02", "text": "By early 1101, Henry's new regime was established and functioning, but many of the Anglo-Norman elite still supported his brother Robert, or would be prepared to switch sides if Robert appeared likely to gain power in England." }, { "section_header": "Later reign, 1107–35 | Succession crisis, 1120–24", "text": "Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou." }, { "section_header": "Government, family and household | Government, law and court", "text": "The borders between England and Scotland were still uncertain during Henry's reign, with Anglo-Norman influence pushing northwards through Cumbria, but his relationship with King David I of Scotland was generally good, partially due to Henry's marriage to his sister." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts." }, { "section_header": "Early life, 1068–1099 | Childhood and appearance, 1068–86", "text": "It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended, but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts." }, { "section_header": "Early reign, 1100–06 | Marriage to Matilda, 1100", "text": "Following the birth of these children, Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled across England and Normandy, either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the machinery of royal governance." }, { "section_header": "Early life, 1068–1099 | Childhood and appearance, 1068–86", "text": "He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy." }, { "section_header": "Later reign, 1107–35 | Rebellion, 1115–20", "text": "Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965 by the Veterans Committee." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In honor of his achievements in Buffalo, Galvin was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985.A 2006 NPR article referred to Galvin as \"the first baseball player to be widely known for using a performance-enhancing substance." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Galvin died poor at age 45 on March 7, 1902, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and, as a Roman Catholic, is buried in Calvary Catholic Cemetery." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "He played for the Allegheny club from 1885 to 1889, pitching over 300 innings each year." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Galvin is the only player in baseball history to win 20 or more games in 10 different years without winning a pennant, finishing his career with a total of 365 wins and 310 losses." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Galvin was traded to the Pittsburgh Alleghenys midseason in 1885." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "On June 14, 1892, Galvin was traded to the St. Louis Browns." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "The nickname \"Pud\" originated because Galvin was said to make hitters \"look like pudding." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "Einstein always excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years ahead of his peers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "At 17, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zürich polytechnic school." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Specializing in physics and mathematics, he received his academic teaching diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School (German: eidgenössische polytechnische Schule, later ETH) in Zürich in 1900." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "On the advice of the principal of the polytechnic school, he attended the Argovian cantonal school (gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895 and 1896 to complete his secondary schooling." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high I could not follow.\" His passion for geometry and algebra led the twelve-year-old to become convinced that nature could be understood as a \"mathematical structure\"." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Personal life | Political and religious views", "text": "Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "Einstein always excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years ahead of his peers." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "She was the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5, for three years." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "\"In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH)." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life and education", "text": "He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the examination, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Compositions | Other works", "text": "Although he attended performances of Wagner's operas, he was much more interested in the music than the plot." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Other works", "text": "After seeing Wagner's Götterdämmerung, he asked: \"Tell me, why did they burn the woman at the end?\" Nor did Bruckner ever write an oratorio." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life", "text": "they had eleven children, Anton Bruckner being the eldest." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Secular vocal works", "text": "This music is rarely performed." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Symphonies | The Bruckner Problem", "text": "In order to make them \"performable\", the symphonies, except Symphonies No. 5, No. 6" }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Sacred choral works", "text": "The three Masses, which Bruckner wrote in the 1860s and revised later on in his life, are more often performed." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life", "text": "Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden (then a village, now a suburb of Linz) on 4 September 1824." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life", "text": "Bruckner's grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776; this position was inherited by Bruckner's father, Anton Bruckner Sr., in 1823." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Teacher's education", "text": "Asperges me (WAB 4), which the young teacher's assistant, out of line of his position, signed with \"Anton Bruckner m.p.ria. Comp[onist]\"." }, { "section_header": "Compositions", "text": "Sometimes Bruckner's works are referred to by WAB numbers, from the Werkverzeichnis Anton Bruckner, a catalogue of Bruckner's works edited by Renate Grasberger." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | Early life", "text": "When his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Other works", "text": "The Intermezzo in D minor, which was intended to replace its scherzo, is not frequently performed." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Other works", "text": "Although he attended performances of Wagner's operas, he was much more interested in the music than the plot." }, { "section_header": "Compositions | Other works", "text": "After seeing Wagner's Götterdämmerung, he asked: \"Tell me, why did they burn the woman at the end?\" Nor did Bruckner ever write an oratorio." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "He co-starred as himself in the 2011 comedy film Jack and Jill." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "The film was panned by critics, and Pacino \"won\" the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor at the 32nd ceremony." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career, including nine Oscar nominations (winning one), 18 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning one), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his stage work." }, { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "Pacino won an Obie Award for Best Actor for his role, with John Cazale winning for Best Supporting actor and Horowitz for Best New Play." }, { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "Pacino continued performing onstage in the 1970s, winning a second Tony Award for The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel and performing the title role in Richard III." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "In February 2012, Barack Obama awarded Al Pacino the National Medal of Arts." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 1970s", "text": "In 1974, Pacino reprised his role as Michael Corleone in The Godfather Part II, which was the first sequel to win the Best Picture Oscar; Pacino was nominated a third time for an Oscar, this second nomination for the Corleone role being in the lead category." }, { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award and, in 2003, British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest film star of all time in a poll for Channel 4." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2000s", "text": "Desson Thomson wrote in The Washington Post, \"Al Pacino has played the mentor" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Keaton said of Pacino, \"Al was simply the most entertaining man... To me, that's, that is the most beautiful face." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 1990s", "text": "That year, he was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Glengarry Glen Ross, making Pacino the first male actor ever to receive two acting nominations for two movies in the same year, and to win for the lead role." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "On television, Pacino has acted in several productions for HBO, including Angels in America (2003) and the Jack Kevorkian biopic You Don't Know Jack (2010), winning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for each." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "He co-starred as himself in the 2011 comedy film Jack and Jill." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "The film was panned by critics, and Pacino \"won\" the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor at the 32nd ceremony." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "This bittersweet tragicomedy centres on an odd triangle of characters: Basil Ransom, a political conservative from Mississippi; Olive Chancellor, Ransom's cousin and a Boston feminist; and Verena Tarrant, a pretty, young protégée of Olive's in the feminist movement." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Mississippi lawyer and Civil War veteran, Basil Ransom, visits his cousin Olive Chancellor in Boston." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "James shows remarkable ability to create a broad cross-section of American society, which helps refute the charge that he could only handle small, closed-off bits of life." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Mississippi lawyer and Civil War veteran, Basil Ransom, visits his cousin Olive Chancellor in Boston." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "He visits Boston again and walks with Verena through the Harvard College grounds, including the impressive Civil War Memorial Hall." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bostonians is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in The Century Magazine in 1885–1886 and then as a book in 1886." }, { "section_header": "Critical evaluation", "text": "It could have been written only by James, and it has an overt richness of life such as is not commonly associated with him." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "James was rather suspicious of the winners in life who scoop up all the goodies, especially the sexual goodies." }, { "section_header": "Critical evaluation", "text": "Edmund Wilson wrote in 1938, in his book The Triple Thinkers: Ten Essays on Literature, \"The first hundred pages of The Bostonians, with the arrival of the young Southerner in Boston and his first contacts with the Boston reformers, is, in its way, one of the most masterly things that Henry James ever did.\" The quiet but significant struggle between Olive Chancellor and Basil Ransom does seem more pertinent and engrossing today than it might have appeared to 19th century readers, because it records the struggles of a historical period that has had, we can now see, a profound impact upon the kind of country America has become." }, { "section_header": "Critical evaluation", "text": "Darrel Abel observes that when the novel was first published in Century Magazine in 1885, the people of Boston were very displeased: The Bostonians resented its satire upon their intellectual and humanitary aspirations." }, { "section_header": "Critical evaluation", "text": "The title refers, not to the people of Boston in general, but to the two characters Olive and Verena, \"as they appeared to the mind of Ransom, the southerner, and outsider, looking at them from New York.\" The Bostonians was not well received by contemporary critics, especially on the western side of the Atlantic." }, { "section_header": "Critical evaluation", "text": "Mark Twain vowed that he would rather be damned to John Bunyan's heaven than read the book." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "This bittersweet tragicomedy centres on an odd triangle of characters: Basil Ransom, a political conservative from Mississippi; Olive Chancellor, Ransom's cousin and a Boston feminist; and Verena Tarrant, a pretty, young protégée of Olive's in the feminist movement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean, aged two months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Aftermath of sinking | Survivors and victims", "text": "The last living survivor, Millvina Dean from England, who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board, died aged 97 on 31 May 2009." }, { "section_header": "Wreck", "text": "Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and, over the years, many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck." }, { "section_header": "Maiden voyage | Sinking", "text": "For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece; but when the wreck was located many years later, it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath of sinking | Insurance, aid for survivors and lawsuits", "text": "The premium, negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company (now Willis Group), was 15 s (75 p) per £100, or £7,500 (£750,000 today) for the term of one year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean, aged two months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97." }, { "section_header": "Maiden voyage | Atlantic crossing", "text": "The fire was finally extinguished on 14 April." }, { "section_header": "Maiden voyage | Atlantic crossing", "text": "The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles (222 mi; 357 km) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 (73 years after the disaster) during a Franco-American expedition and US military mission." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star Line's New York service after Titanic's loss." }, { "section_header": "Maiden voyage | Atlantic crossing", "text": "One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line's Mesaba." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "During the Civil War, Bulkeley served as a private with the 13th New York Volunteer Heavy Artillery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "After the Civil War, Bulkeley returned to Morgan & Company." }, { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "During the Civil War, Bulkeley served as a private with the 13th New York Volunteer Heavy Artillery." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Republican, he served in the American Civil War, and became a Hartford bank president before becoming the third president of the Aetna Life Insurance Company, a post he held for 43 years." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Morgan Gardner Bulkeley (December 26, 1837 – November 6, 1922) was an American politician, businessman, and sports executive." }, { "section_header": "Memberships", "text": "He was a member of the Freemasons, Society of the Cincinnati, Grand Army of the Republic, Sons of the Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of Colonial Wars and the Military Order of Foreign Wars." }, { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "Morgan Bulkeley's mother, Lydia Smith (Morgan), descended from passengers of the Mayflower more than 200 years prior." }, { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "He later served on Aetna's board of directors." }, { "section_header": "Memberships", "text": "In 1894 he was elected as a Hereditary Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of inheritance from his brother, Captain Charles E. Bulkeley, was killed during the Civil War." }, { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "Bulkeley left Hartford to work for his uncle's company, H. P. Morgan & Company, in Brooklyn, New York." }, { "section_header": "Early life, career and war", "text": "He was also related to the well known Morgan family through his mother." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "Construction was performed by 120 workers, and took 13 and a half months to complete." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "The team's stadium is the 80,018 seat San Siro, officially known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza after the former player who represented both Milan and Inter." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "Construction was performed by 120 workers, and took 13 and a half months to complete." }, { "section_header": "Club statistics and records", "text": "Giuseppe Meazza is Inter's all-time top goalscorer, with 284 goals in 408 games." }, { "section_header": "History | Foundation and early years", "text": "Their first Coppa Italia (Italian Cup) was won in 1938–39, led by the iconic Giuseppe Meazza, after whom the San Siro stadium is officially named." }, { "section_header": "History | Foundation and early years", "text": "A fifth championship followed in 1940, despite Meazza incurring an injury." }, { "section_header": "Colours and badge", "text": "Starting at the 1999–2000 season, the original club crest was reduced in size, to give place for the addition of the club's name and foundation year at the upper and lower part of the logo respectively." }, { "section_header": "History | Comeback and unprecedented treble", "text": "On 22 April 2007, Inter won their second consecutive Scudetto—and first on the field since 1989—when they defeated Siena 2–1 at Stadio Artemio Franchi." }, { "section_header": "History | Changes in ownership", "text": "On the same day, Inter announced an agreement was formed with China Railway Construction Corporation Limited for a new stadium project, however, the deal with the Chinese eventually collapsed." }, { "section_header": "History | Comeback and unprecedented treble", "text": "Inter started the 2007–08 season with the goal of winning both Serie A and Champions League." }, { "section_header": "History | Changes in ownership", "text": "The first season of new ownership, however, started with poor performance in pre-season friendlies." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Description", "text": "All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the Eagles." }, { "section_header": "Description", "text": "It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged sword." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Description", "text": "Golden and crowned eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) and a martial eagle even killed a 37 kg (82 lb) duiker, 7–8 times heavier than the preying eagle." }, { "section_header": "In culture | Religion and folklore", "text": "In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the Ganymede (mythology) In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the Ganymede (mythology) page.)Psalm 103 (in Greek, Latin, and English) mentions renewing one's youth \"as the eagle\" (although the Hebrew word נשר apparently means vulture)." }, { "section_header": "Species", "text": "Genus Circaetus Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus Black-chested snake eagle, C. pectoralis" }, { "section_header": "In culture | Etymology", "text": "In Britain before 1678, eagle referred specifically to the golden eagle, with the other native species, the white-tailed eagle, being known as erne." }, { "section_header": "Description", "text": "It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged sword." }, { "section_header": "Description", "text": "The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird, since one eagle flew with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer fawn." }, { "section_header": "Description", "text": "Authors on birds David Allen Sibley, Pete Dunne, and Clay Sutton described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and other birds of prey thus (in this case the bald and golden eagles as compared to other North American raptors): They have at least one singular characteristic." }, { "section_header": "Groups | Harpy eagles", "text": "Harpy eagles or \"giant forest eagles\" are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests." }, { "section_header": "Groups | Harpy eagles", "text": "Philippines. Philippines. Solitary eagles Chaco eagle or crowned solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus" }, { "section_header": "Groups | Booted eagles", "text": "Booted eagles or \"true eagles\" have feathered tarsi (lower legs)." }, { "section_header": "Description", "text": "All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the Eagles." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father was an alcoholic and her parents separated during her childhood." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stapleton made her Broadway debut in 1946 in The Playboy of the Western World, and went on to win the 1951 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Rose Tattoo and the 1971 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Gingerbread Lady." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She became friends with Marilyn Monroe, who was only one year younger than Stapleton." }, { "section_header": "Personal life and death", "text": "She was not related to All In the Family star Jean Stapleton (who used her mother's maiden name professionally)." }, { "section_header": "Personal life and death", "text": "Stapleton suffered from anxiety and alcoholism for many years, and once told an interviewer, \"The curtain came down, and I went into the vodka." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lois Maureen Stapleton (June 21, 1925 – March 13, 2006) was an American actress in film, theater, and television." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "\" One of the most famously remembered scenes at the studio was when Stapleton and Monroe acted in Anna Christie together." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stapleton was born in Troy, New York, the daughter of John P. Stapleton and Irene (née Walsh), and grew up in a strict Irish American Catholic family." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "She made her Broadway debut in the production featuring Burgess Meredith of The Playboy of the Western World in 1946." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stapleton made her Broadway debut in 1946 in The Playboy of the Western World, and went on to win the 1951 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Rose Tattoo and the 1971 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Gingerbread Lady." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Later Broadway roles included \"Birdie\" in The Little Foxes, opposite Elizabeth Taylor, and as a replacement for Jessica Tandy in The Gin Game." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "By comparison, Stapleton thought herself lucky: \"I never had that problem." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father was an alcoholic and her parents separated during her childhood." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "Philip was involved in the Third Sacred War which had begun in Greece in 356." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "However, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Early military career", "text": "As Athens had declared war against him, he allied Macedon with the Chalkidian League of Olynthus." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "Philip was involved in the Third Sacred War which had begun in Greece in 356." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early military career", "text": "So Philip reached an agreement with Athens to lease the city to them after its conquest, in exchange for Pydna (lost by Macedon in 363)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "There were no hostilities with Athens yet, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in Euboea." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "However, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Third Sacred War", "text": "Macedon and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his Olympic Games at Dium." }, { "section_header": "Assassination | Cleitarchus' analysis", "text": "Some time after the alleged rape, while Attalus was away in Asia fighting the Persians, he put his plan in action." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early military career", "text": "In 355–354 he besieged Methone, the last city on the Thermaic Gulf controlled by Athens." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Bon Jovi: 2020 (2019–present)", "text": "The release date was scheduled for May 15, 2020, but Jovi announced in an interview with Howard Stern that the album and its accompanying tour, Bon Jovi 2020 Tour, will have to be postponed due to the events of COVID-19." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Bon Jovi: 2020 (2019–present)", "text": "On April 20, 2020, Bon Jovi announced that the Bon Jovi 2020 Tour had been canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic." }, { "section_header": "History | Bon Jovi: 2020 (2019–present)", "text": "The release date was scheduled for May 15, 2020, but Jovi announced in an interview with Howard Stern that the album and its accompanying tour, Bon Jovi 2020 Tour, will have to be postponed due to the events of COVID-19." }, { "section_header": "History | Bon Jovi: 2020 (2019–present)", "text": "In August 2019, he announced that the new album will be called Bon Jovi: 2020." }, { "section_header": "History | Bon Jovi: 2020 (2019–present)", "text": "On March 9, 2019, Jon Bon Jovi announced via social media that the band is back in the studio recording its fifteenth studio album, to be released early 2020." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band continues to tour and record, with their most recent album" }, { "section_header": "History | The Circle and Greatest Hits (2009–2011)", "text": "Bon Jovi headed out on the road once again on February 19, 2010, embarking on The Circle Tour." }, { "section_header": "History | Burning Bridges and This House Is Not for Sale (2015–2018)", "text": "On February 10, 2017, a 25-LP box set titled Bon Jovi: The Albums was released." }, { "section_header": "History | The Circle and Greatest Hits (2009–2011)", "text": "Bon Jovi released a Greatest Hits with four new songs in October 2010." }, { "section_header": "History | The Circle and Greatest Hits (2009–2011)", "text": "In October 2010, Bon Jovi released the concert film, \"The Circle Tour Live From Jersey\" in U.S. theaters." }, { "section_header": "History | Have a Nice Day and Lost Highway (2005–2008)", "text": "In October 2007 the band announced the Lost Highway Tour." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 11", "text": "AMC announced that The Walking Dead was renewed for an eleventh season on October 5, 2019, just prior to the tenth-season premiere." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 4 (2013–14)", "text": "Rick's group are forced to separate and flee, but not before Hershel and the Governor are killed." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 8 (2017–18)", "text": "Before euthanizing himself, Carl convinces Rick to end the war and restart society anew." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 4 (2013–14)", "text": "The survivors divide, face their own trials and meet new faces before finding signs pointing to a safe haven called Terminus." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 10 (2019–20)", "text": "In February 2019, the series was renewed for a tenth season which premiered on October 6, 2019." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Future seasons", "text": "\"We know where seasons 11 and 12 [will be]... we have benchmarks and milestones for those seasons if we're lucky enough to get there.\" In September 2018, AMC CEO Josh Sapan stated that they plan on continuing The Walking Dead franchise for another 10 years, including new films and television series based on the original comic book series." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 10 (2019–20)", "text": "Danai Gurira, who starred as Michonne since the third season, affirmed that the tenth season would be her last, and only signed on for five episodes during the season." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 11", "text": "AMC announced that The Walking Dead was renewed for an eleventh season on October 5, 2019, just prior to the tenth-season premiere." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 11", "text": "Alongside announcing the additional six episodes for season 10, AMC stated that season 11 will not premiere in October 2020 as originally planned." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Future seasons", "text": "\"I happen to love working from source material, specifically because we have a pretty good idea of what season 10 is gonna be,\" Alpert said." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 10 (2019–20)", "text": "On March 24, 2020, AMC announced that the season finale had been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It began in 1837 when William Lyon Mackenzie and other Canadian rebels, with support from US citizens, fled to an island in the Niagara River, in the ship Caroline." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Caroline affair (also known as the Caroline case) was a diplomatic crisis beginning in 1837 involving the United States, Britain, and the Canadian independence movement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Shortly after the incident, a Canadian sheriff named Alexander McLeod claimed that he had helped attack the Caroline during the Caroline affair." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the aftermath, the incident led to the legal principle of the \"Caroline test\"." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "After these defeats, Mackenzie fled to Navy Island in the Niagara River, which they declared the Republic of Canada, on board the vessel SS Caroline." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It began in 1837 when William Lyon Mackenzie and other Canadian rebels, with support from US citizens, fled to an island in the Niagara River, in the ship Caroline." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Caroline affair (also known as the Caroline case) was a diplomatic crisis beginning in 1837 involving the United States, Britain, and the Canadian independence movement." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath | Anticipatory self-defense", "text": "The Caroline affair is also now invoked frequently in the course of the dispute around preemptive strike (or preemption doctrine)." }, { "section_header": "Events", "text": "Later that year, Irish-Canadian rebel Benjamin Lett murdered a loyalist, Captain Edgeworth Ussher, who had been involved in the Caroline affair." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sensationalized accounts of the affair were published by contemporary newspapers." }, { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "McLeod was acquitted of all charges as witness statements made it clear that he had no involvement in the incident." }, { "section_header": "Events", "text": "On December 29, 1837, while the Canadian rebels were on Navy Island, Canadian loyalist Colonel Sir Allan MacNab and Captain Andrew Drew of the Royal Navy" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Purpose of construction", "text": "Hadrian's Wall was probably planned before Hadrian's visit to Britain in 122." }, { "section_header": "Construction | \"Broad Wall\" and \"Narrow Wall\"", "text": "Also, sometime during Hadrian's reign (before 138) the wall west of the Irthing was rebuilt in sandstone to about the same dimensions as the limestone section to the east." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Roman-period names", "text": "Hadrian's family name was Aelius, and the most likely reading of the inscription is Valli Aelii (genitive), Hadrian's Wall, suggesting that the wall was called by the same name by contemporaries." }, { "section_header": "Roman-period names", "text": "Hadrian's Wall was known in the Roman period as the vallum (wall) and the discovery of the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan in Staffordshire in 2003 has thrown further light on its name." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road to the south; the Stanegate predated Hadrian's Wall by about thirty years, and would have been a crucial supply route for its construction, as it seems that the Military Way connecting-road alongside Hadrian's Wall was not built until decades later." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Hell's Kitchen is named \"Hadrian's Wall\"." }, { "section_header": "Construction | \"Broad Wall\" and \"Narrow Wall\"", "text": "Also, sometime during Hadrian's reign (before 138) the wall west of the Irthing was rebuilt in sandstone to about the same dimensions as the limestone section to the east." }, { "section_header": "Roman-period names", "text": "However, another possibility is that it refers to the personal name Aelius Draco." }, { "section_header": "Construction | Turf wall", "text": "This took place in two phases; the first (from the River Irthing to a point west of Milecastle 54), during the reign of Hadrian, and the second following the reoccupation of Hadrian's Wall subsequent to the abandonment of the Antonine Wall (though it has also been suggested that this second phase took place during the reign of Septimius Severus)." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "During their adventures, they take note at their own ancestors, one of whom is a Roman defender of Hadrian's Wall who makes slighting remarks about the wall's unimpressive (modern) height." }, { "section_header": "Roman-period names", "text": "This copper alloy pan (trulla), dating to the 2nd century, is inscribed with a series of names of Roman forts along the western sector of the wall: MAIS" }, { "section_header": "Construction | \"Broad Wall\" and \"Narrow Wall\"", "text": "The curtain wall itself a later connecting road, known as the Military Way" }, { "section_header": "Purpose of construction", "text": "Hadrian's Wall was probably planned before Hadrian's visit to Britain in 122." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Cold Blood is a non-fiction novel by American author Truman Capote, first published in 1966; it details the 1959 murders of four members of the Herbert Clutter family in the small farming community of Holcomb, Kansas." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Coverage and public discussion", "text": "Inspired by that article, Truman Capote wrote, in 1965 serialized in The New Yorker, and in 1966 published as a \"non-fiction novel\", titled In Cold Blood, a true-crime book that detailed the murders and trial." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Cold Blood is a non-fiction novel by American author Truman Capote, first published in 1966; it details the 1959 murders of four members of the Herbert Clutter family in the small farming community of Holcomb, Kansas." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Cold Blood has been lauded for its eloquent prose, extensive detail, and triple narrative which describes the lives of the murderers, the victims, and other members of the rural community in alternating sequences." }, { "section_header": "Capote's research | Veracity", "text": "In Cold Blood brought Capote much praise from the literary community." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Cold Blood was an instant success and is the second-best-selling true crime book in history, behind Vincent Bugliosi's Helter Skelter (1974) about the Charles Manson murders." }, { "section_header": "Publication", "text": "In Cold Blood was first published in book form by Random House on January 17, 1966." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Best Supporting Actress (Keener), Best Director (Bennett Miller), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Dan Futterman).J. T. Hunter's novel In Colder Blood (2016) discusses Hickock and Smith's possible involvement in the Walker family murders." }, { "section_header": "Capote's research | Veracity", "text": "Alvin Dewey was the lead investigator portrayed in In Cold Blood, and he said that the scene in which he visits the Clutters' graves was Capote's invention." }, { "section_header": "Publication", "text": "In Cold Blood was first published as a four-part serial in The New Yorker, beginning with the September 25, 1965, issue." }, { "section_header": "Capote's research | Veracity", "text": "In Cold Blood indicates that Meier and Smith became close, yet she told Tompkins that she spent little time with Smith and did not talk much with him." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "In two volumes, The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century tells the story of Julien Sorel's life in France's rigid social structure restored after the disruptions of the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle (The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century), indicates its twofold literary purpose as both a psychological portrait of the romantic protagonist, Julien Sorel, and an analytic, sociological satire of the French social order under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Le Rouge et le Noir (French pronunciation: ​[lə ʁuʒ e l(ə) nwaʁ]; meaning The Red and the Black) is a historical psychological novel in two volumes by Stendhal, published in 1830." }, { "section_header": "Structure and themes", "text": "Presuming a knowledgeable reader, Stendhal only alludes to the historical background of Le Rouge et le Noir—yet did subtitle the novel Chronique de 1830 (\"Chronicle of 1830\")." }, { "section_header": "Literary and critical significance", "text": "André Gide said that The Red and the Black was a novel ahead of its time, that it was a novel for readers in the 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Literary and critical significance", "text": "As a result, he is considered the creator of the psychological novel." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle (The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century), indicates its twofold literary purpose as both a psychological portrait of the romantic protagonist, Julien Sorel, and an analytic, sociological satire of the French social order under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30)." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "In two volumes, The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century tells the story of Julien Sorel's life in France's rigid social structure restored after the disruptions of the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In English, Le Rouge et le Noir is variously translated as Red and Black, Scarlet and Black, and The Red and the Black, without the subtitle." }, { "section_header": "Structure and themes", "text": "The reader who wants an exposé of the same historical background might wish to read Lucien Leuwen (1834), one of Stendhal's unfinished novels, posthumously published in 1894." }, { "section_header": "Literary and critical significance", "text": "In the afterword to her novel, them, Joyce Carol Oates wrote that she had originally entitled the manuscript Love and Money as a nod to classic 19th-century novels, among them, The Red and the Black, \"whose class-conscious hero Julien Sorel is less idealistic, greedier, and crueler than Jules Wendell but is clearly his spiritual kinsman." }, { "section_header": "Film adaptations", "text": "A made-for-TV film version of the novel called The Red and the Black was first broadcast in 1997 by Koch Lorber Films, starring Kim Rossi Stuart, Carole Bouquet, and Judith Godrèche; it was directed by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Wildlife", "text": "At one time, the Mystic River was home to many species of fish, including salmon, alewife, blueback herring, striped bass, bluefish, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, carp and more." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mystic River is a 7.0-mile-long (11.3 km) river in Massachusetts, in the United States." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In 1805 the Middlesex Canal linked the Charles and Mystic Rivers to the Merrimack River in Lowell, and during the 19th century, 10 shipyards along the Mystic River built more than 500 clipper ships." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mystic River lies to the north of Boston and flows approximately parallel to the lower portions of the Charles River." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mystic River has a long history of industrial use and a continuing water quality problem." }, { "section_header": "Wildlife", "text": "Once described as having so many herring that one could cross the river on their backs, the Mystic River herring run is much smaller than it was in historic times." }, { "section_header": "Wildlife", "text": "Although most of these species still live in the Mystic River, pollution and dam building have severely damaged the populations." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In 1950, construction was completed on the Maurice J. Tobin Bridge which spans the Mystic River, joining Charlestown and Chelsea." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Over one hundred years later, the Mystic River played a role in the American Revolution when on September 1, 1774, a force of roughly 260 British regulars rowed from Boston up the Mystic River to a landing point near Winter Hill in today's Somerville." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In Dennis Lehane's novel of the same name, Boston-area Mystic River holds a pivotal narrative development in the mystery." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the 1861 poem \"Paul Revere's Ride\" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Paul Revere rides along the banks of the Mystic River." }, { "section_header": "Wildlife", "text": "At one time, the Mystic River was home to many species of fish, including salmon, alewife, blueback herring, striped bass, bluefish, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, carp and more." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film follows the life of Kyle, who became the deadliest marksman in U.S. military history with 255 kills from four tours in the Iraq War, 160 of which were officially confirmed by the Department of Defense." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Cavalry scout sniper Garett Reppenhagen stated that he did not view Iraqi civilians as savages, but as part of a friendly culture for which the movie has furthered ignorance, fear, and bigotry." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Historical accuracy", "text": "The enemy sniper Mustafa is a major character in the film but receives only a small mention in the memoir; Kyle noted: \"I never saw him, but other snipers later killed an Iraqi sniper we think was him.\" According to the memoir, Kyle's 2100-yard shot was taken against an insurgent holding a rocket launcher, not Mustafa." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He qualifies for special training and becomes a U.S. Navy SEALs sniper." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "American Sniper is a 2014 American biographical war drama film directed by Clint Eastwood and written by Jason Hall." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Another former Navy SEAL, Joel Lambert, also joined the film, portraying a Delta sniper." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film follows the life of Kyle, who became the deadliest marksman in U.S. military history with 255 kills from four tours in the Iraq War, 160 of which were officially confirmed by the Department of Defense." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Box office | North America", "text": "It became the seventh Warner Bros.' film to earn over $300 million in the U.S. and Canada and the 50th film to reach the mark." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "American Sniper nobly presents the case for the other side.\"Peter" }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The plan goes awry when The Butcher captures the father and his son, killing them while Kyle is pinned down by a sniper." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is loosely based on the memoir American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History (2012) by Chris Kyle, with Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Geoffrey Roy Rush (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents divorced when he was five, and his mother subsequently took him to live with her parents in suburban Brisbane." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2000s: Pirates of the Caribbean films", "text": "Rush's image is taken from Shine." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2000s: Pirates of the Caribbean films", "text": "Rush's career continued at a fast pace, with nine films released from 2001 to 2003." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rush is the founding president of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1990s: Film breakthrough, Oscar win", "text": "A pun on Rush's name (and the circumstances) was used in the opening prologue of the play with the comment that the \"Optus Playhouse was opening with a Rush\"." }, { "section_header": "Defamation case", "text": "In closing arguments, Rush's attorneys claimed that Telegraph journalist Jonathan Moran was looking for \"a Weinstein story\" and was \"motivated by malice\"." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1980s: Theatre work", "text": "Rush made his film debut in the Australian film Hoodwink in 1981." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2010s: The Kings Speech, continued work", "text": "The film received positive reviews from critics earning a 73% from Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, \"Final Portrait finds writer-director Stanley Tucci patiently telling a quietly absorbing story, brought to life by a talented ensemble led by Geoffrey Rush and Armie Hammer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "The two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem is one of the top teams in the top division." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Fans include political figures who often attend its games." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is Hapoel Jerusalem F.C." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "The two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam." }, { "section_header": "Education | Universities", "text": "One of the university's major assets is the Jewish National and University Library, which houses over five million books." }, { "section_header": "Transportation", "text": "Begin Expressway is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with Route 443, which continues toward Tel Aviv." }, { "section_header": "Demographics | Current demographics", "text": "Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "Beitar Jerusalem Football Club is one of the most well known in Israel." }, { "section_header": "Culture", "text": "The Israel Museum attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Combined with crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "text": "The Qing eventually sent the seventeen Ming princes still living in Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives." }, { "section_header": "Society and culture | Urban and rural life", "text": "Women could not use ornaments made from gold, jade, pearl or emerald." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Economic breakdown and natural disasters", "text": "In the 1630s a string of one thousand copper coins equaled an ounce of silver; by 1640 that sum could fetch half an ounce; and, by 1643 only one-third of an ounce." }, { "section_header": "Government | Institutions and bureaus | Bureaus and offices for the imperial household", "text": "The offices were in charge of providing fuel, music, paper, and baths." }, { "section_header": "History | Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols", "text": "Holding the Zhengtong Emperor in captivity was a useless bargaining chip for the Oirats as long as another sat on his throne, so they released him back into Ming China." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "text": "One report says his death was a suicide; another states that he was beaten to death by peasants after he was caught stealing their food." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "This abundance of specie remonetized the Ming economy, whose paper money had suffered repeated hyperinflation and was no longer trusted." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "The financial drain of the Imjin War in Korea against the Japanese was one of the many problems – fiscal or other – facing Ming China during the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572–1620)." }, { "section_header": "Government | Institutions and bureaus | Grand Secretariat and Six Ministries", "text": "The Ministry of Revenue was in charge of gathering census data, collecting taxes, and handling state revenues, while there were two offices of currency that were subordinate to it." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances; officials soon banded together in opposing political factions." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Combined with crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Howard went to great lengths to create a technically accurate movie, employing NASA's technical assistance in astronaut and flight controller training for his cast, and obtaining permission to film scenes aboard a reduced gravity aircraft for realistic depiction of the \"weightlessness\" experienced by the astronauts in space." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Technical and historical accuracy", "text": "The tagline \"Failure is not an option\", stated in the film by Gene Kranz, also became very popular, but was not taken from the historical transcripts." }, { "section_header": "Technical and historical accuracy", "text": "They were good, but very few of them had ever run into these kinds of choices in life, and they weren't used to that." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Howard went to great lengths to create a technically accurate movie, employing NASA's technical assistance in astronaut and flight controller training for his cast, and obtaining permission to film scenes aboard a reduced gravity aircraft for realistic depiction of the \"weightlessness\" experienced by the astronauts in space." }, { "section_header": "Technical and historical accuracy", "text": "In fact, it was Flight Director Lunney and his Black Team who got Apollo 13 through its most critical period in the hours immediately after the explosion, including the mid-course correction that sent Apollo 13 on a \"free return\" trajectory around the Moon and back to the Earth." }, { "section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "In 2006, Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD and on April 13, 2010 it was released on Blu-ray as the 15th-anniversary edition on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film depicts astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for America's third Moon landing mission." }, { "section_header": "Technical and historical accuracy", "text": "A DVD commentary track, recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both DVD versions, mentions several inaccuracies included in the film, all done for reasons of artistic license: In the film, Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry." }, { "section_header": "Technical and historical accuracy", "text": "Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being \"sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space\" also occurred, though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned, a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 launched." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module" }, { "section_header": "Soundtrack", "text": "The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A long-time closer, he pitched for the Florida Marlins, San Diego Padres, and Milwaukee Brewers, including more than 15 years for the Padres." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Other teams contacted the Padres for videos of the \"Trevor Time\" production." }, { "section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "Hoffman, whose mother was born in England, was the bullpen coach for the Great Britain team during the qualifying round of the 2017 World Baseball Classic." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | 1996–1998", "text": "During the 1998 season, Hoffman began entering save situations in Padres home games to the entrance music of AC/DC's \"Hells Bells\" playing over the public address system, an event that came to be known as \"Trevor Time\"." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | 2007–2008", "text": "With his struggles during the season, the cost-cutting Padres lowballed a $4 million offer with an option for 2010 and later retracted that, ending his tenure with the team." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | Retirement", "text": "Hoffman had received three cortisone injections that year with the Brewers." }, { "section_header": "Player profile | Character", "text": "This is his team. This is his team. \"According to Ausmus, Hoffman wanted his teams to feel like a family." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | 1999–2002", "text": "Hoffman saved 56% of the team's wins during that span." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | 2007–2008", "text": "On July 1, Hoffman was named to the NL All-Star Team for the sixth time in his career." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | Retirement", "text": "San Diego Mayor Jerry Sanders declared it \"Trevor Hoffman Day." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Major leagues (1993–2010) | 1993–1995", "text": "This is also the year during which he developed his changeup." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A long-time closer, he pitched for the Florida Marlins, San Diego Padres, and Milwaukee Brewers, including more than 15 years for the Padres." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In February 2011, however, CBS and Warner Bros. decided to end production for the rest of the eighth season after Sheen entered drug rehabilitation and made \"disparaging comments\" about the series' creator and executive producer Chuck Lorre." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Sheen's dismissal and replacement", "text": "Following a February 2010 announcement that Sheen was entering drug rehabilitation, filming of the show was put on hiatus, but resumed the following month." }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters | Main", "text": "He is written out of the series at the beginning of season nine, after being crushed and killed offscreen by a grand piano from a helicopter, due to Charlie Sheen being fired from the show." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In February 2011, however, CBS and Warner Bros. decided to end production for the rest of the eighth season after Sheen entered drug rehabilitation and made \"disparaging comments\" about the series' creator and executive producer Chuck Lorre." }, { "section_header": "Production | Sheen's dismissal and replacement", "text": "Afterward, Charlie's Malibu home would be put up for sale and interested buyers would include celebrities from Lorre's other sitcoms and John Stamos, as well as Kutcher's character, Walden Schmidt, \"an Internet billionaire with a broken heart.\" Critics compared this situation to what happened in 1987 to Valerie Harper, who was fired from the sitcom, Valerie (later titled Valerie's Family: The Hogans and then The Hogan Family)." }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters | Guest stars", "text": "Sam Sheen, the real-life daughter of Denise Richards and Charlie Sheen, appeared as Lisa's daughter on November 22, 2004." }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters | Main", "text": "Charlie Sheen as Charlie Harper (seasons" }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters | Guest stars", "text": "Emily Osment as Ashley, Jake's girlfriend (season 10, episode 20) Emily Rose as Janine (season 6, episode 12) Enrique Iglesias as Fernando, Charlie's carpenter/handyman (season 4, episode 23) Eric Allan Kramer as Bill (season 1) Erinn Hayes as Gretchen, a one-night stand of Alan's (season 8, episode 5) Fire Ice as Rapper Cool Dawgie" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sheen reunited with Cryer, the first time since Hot Shots!" }, { "section_header": "Production | Sheen's dismissal and replacement", "text": "Sheen eventually stated that he would be back for two more seasons." }, { "section_header": "Production | Sheen's dismissal and replacement", "text": "Kutcher was quoted as saying, \"I can't replace Charlie Sheen" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story revolves around its two central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his treacherous ensign, Iago." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "Othello explains that Desdemona became enamoured of him for the sad and compelling stories he told of his life before Venice, not because of any witchcraft." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story revolves around its two central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his treacherous ensign, Iago." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is based on the story Un Capitano Moro (\"A Moorish Captain\") by Cinthio (a disciple of Boccaccio's), first published in 1565." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Race", "text": "Othello is referred to as a \"Barbary horse\" (1.1.113) and a \"lascivious Moor\" (1.1.127)." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Race", "text": "Othello was frequently performed as an Arab Moor during the 19th century." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "The senate is satisfied, once Desdemona confirms that she loves Othello, but Brabantio leaves saying that Desdemona will betray Othello: \"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Religious and philosophical", "text": "The title \"Moor\" implies a religious \"other\" of North African or Middle Eastern descent." }, { "section_header": "Themes | The hero", "text": "There are those who also take a less critical approach to the character of Othello such as William Hazlitt, who said: \"the nature of the Moor is noble ... but his blood is of the most inflammable kind\"." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Race", "text": "Regardless of what Shakespeare intended by calling Othello a \"Moor\" – whether he meant that Othello was a Muslim or a black man or both – in the 19th century and much of the 20th century, many critics tended to see the tragedy in racial terms, seeing interracial marriages as \"aberrations\" that could end badly." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry, which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In his poem, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), Tennyson dubbed this hollow \"The Valley of Death\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a failed military action involving the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The events were the subject of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), published just six weeks after the event." }, { "section_header": "The Charge", "text": "The French light cavalry, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, was more effective by clearing the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half-batteries of guns, two infantry battalions, and Cossacks to ensure that the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank, and it provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "French cavalry is on your left." }, { "section_header": "The Charge", "text": "The Light Brigade faced withering fire from three sides which devastated their force on the ride, yet they were able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "British commander Lord Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions, a task for which the light cavalry were well-suited." }, { "section_header": "Remembrance", "text": "Tennyson's poem, written 2 December and published on 9 December 1854, in The Examiner, praises the Brigade (\"When can their glory fade?" }, { "section_header": "Remembrance", "text": "the soldier knew, someone had blunder'd... Charging an army, while all the world wonder'd\")." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry, which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Other ventures | Politics", "text": "West later confirmed this in an interview in September 2018, saying that his main political concern is health care in the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Other ventures | Politics", "text": "West later confirmed this in an interview in September 2018, saying that his main political concern is health care in the United States." }, { "section_header": "Other ventures | Politics", "text": "In September 2015, West announced that he intended to run for President of the United States in 2020." }, { "section_header": "Musical style | General", "text": "While speaking on the late producer, West praised Dilla's ability concerning drums." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2003–06: The College Dropout and Late Registration", "text": "\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2003–06: The College Dropout and Late Registration", "text": "Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2003–06: The College Dropout and Late Registration", "text": "The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \" Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | General media", "text": "Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | General media", "text": "Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency." }, { "section_header": "Musical style | General", "text": "I liked Common okay, you know, since he was from Chicago," }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues", "text": "The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Born in 1958 in New York City, Goldwasser obtained her B.S. (1979) in mathematics and science from Carnegie Mellon University, and M.S. (1981) and PhD (1984) in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Manuel Blum, who is well known for advising some of the most prominent researchers in the field." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "On January 1, 2018, Goldwasser became the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing at the University of California, Berkeley." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shafrira \"Shafi\" Goldwasser (Hebrew: שפרירה גולדווסר‎) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and winner of the Turing Award in 2012." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, co-founder and chief scientist of Duality Technologies and the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing in Berkeley, CA." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Born in 1958 in New York City, Goldwasser obtained her B.S. (1979) in mathematics and science from Carnegie Mellon University, and M.S. (1981) and PhD (1984) in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Manuel Blum, who is well known for advising some of the most prominent researchers in the field." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "On 26 June 2019 Goldwasser was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Oxford." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Since November 2016, Goldwasser is Chief Scientist and Co-Founder of Duality Technologies, an Israeli-American start-up which offers secure data analytics using advanced cryptographic techniques." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "Goldwasser is featured in the Notable Women in Computing cards." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "She became a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science, concurrent to her professorship at MIT, in 1993." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "Goldwasser received the 2008-2009 Athena Lecturer Award of the Association for Computing Machinery's Committee on Women in Computing." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "In 2018, she was awarded an honorary degree by her alma mater, Carnegie Mellon University." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "Various events in Fitzgerald's youth are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922." }, { "section_header": "Writing and production", "text": "Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger, \"Out of woods at last and starting novel.\" He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a \"consciously artistic achievement\" and a \"purely creative work—not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world.\" Soon after this burst of inspiration, work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera, where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "\" Similarly, Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"[the novel] leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder,\" calling the book \"a revelation of life\" and \"a work of art." }, { "section_header": "Alternative titles", "text": "The Great Gatsby was published on April 10, 1925." }, { "section_header": "Alternative titles", "text": "He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it.\" Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby, a title inspired by Alain-Fournier's Le Grand Meaulnes." }, { "section_header": "Writing and production", "text": "the birth of their only child, Frances Scott \"Scottie\" Fitzgerald, the Fitzgeralds moved in October 1922 to Great Neck, New York, on Long Island." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary reception", "text": "The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner's Sons on April 10, 1925." }, { "section_header": "Cover art", "text": "They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose.\" Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting, a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the \"girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs.\" Years later, Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read, he immediately disliked the cover, but \"Scott told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story." }, { "section_header": "Writing and production", "text": "By mid-1923, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel, but discarded most of his new story as a false start." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "First published by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "Various events in Fitzgerald's youth are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leon Day (October 30, 1916 – March 13, 1995) was an American professional baseball pitcher who spent the majority of his career in the Negro leagues." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1995, Day was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame, just six days before his death at 78 years old." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Baltimore renamed a west city park in 1997, refurbished with a baseball field and a sign welcoming visitors to \"Negro League Hall of Famer Leon Day Park\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1995, Day was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame, just six days before his death at 78 years old." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Before Day's death in 1995, there were numerous efforts to celebrate his career and induct Day into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, a long-time dream of his." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "At a young age, Day became enamored with baseball, often playing local sandlot games or taking the long walk from his neighborhood to Maryland Ball Park where he watched the Baltimore Black Sox." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | Negro leagues", "text": "In the 1942 East-West All-Star Game, with runners threatening in the seventh inning, Day entered in relief to strike out seven batters, the most recorded by a pitcher in an East-West All-Star appearance." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Historians have noted that Paige had a boisterous approach compared to Day's reserved demeanor; Paige was tall and Day was short and slender; and Paige worked hard to promote his name while Day shied away from attention." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career | World War II", "text": "Before a crowd of 50,000 at Stadion Nürnberg in Germany, Day pitched in Game Two for a 2–1 victory as the OISE" }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "One such effort was made by Mayor Kurt Schmoke who declared January 31, 1992, Leon Day's Day in Baltimore." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leon Day (October 30, 1916 – March 13, 1995) was an American professional baseball pitcher who spent the majority of his career in the Negro leagues." }, { "section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Day's widow, Gerdaline, established the Leon Day Foundation in 2001 to sponsor organized sports and preserve the cultural significance of the Negro leagues." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture and society | Society and politics", "text": "The Khmer empire was founded upon extensive networks of agricultural rice farming communities." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Culture and society | Economy and agriculture", "text": "The ancient Khmers were a traditional agricultural community, relying heavily on rice farming." }, { "section_header": "Culture and society | Society and politics", "text": "The Khmer empire was founded upon extensive networks of agricultural rice farming communities." }, { "section_header": "Culture and society | Economy and agriculture", "text": "This system enabled the formation of large-scale rice farming communities surrounding Khmer cities." }, { "section_header": "Culture and society | Economy and agriculture", "text": "Located by the massive Tonlé Sap lake, and also near numerous rivers and ponds, many Khmer people relied on fresh water fisheries for their living." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Khmer Empire (; Khmer: ចក្រភពខ្មែរ: Chakrphup Khmer or អាណាចក្រខ្មែរ Anachak Khmer), also known as the Angkor Empire (Khmer: The Khmer Empire (; Khmer: ចក្រភពខ្មែរ: Chakrphup Khmer or អាណាចក្រខ្មែរ Anachak Khmer), also known as the Angkor Empire (Khmer: អាណាចក្រអង្គរ: Anachak Angkor), the predecessor state to modern Cambodia (\"Kampuchea\" or \"Srok Khmer\" to the Khmer people), was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia." }, { "section_header": "History | Golden age of Khmer Civilization | Jayavarman VIII – the last blooming", "text": "His portrayal is today one of the most important sources of understanding historical Angkor." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline | Foreign pressure", "text": "One line of Khmer kings may have remained there, while a second moved to Phnom Penh to establish a parallel kingdom." }, { "section_header": "Culture and society | Society and politics", "text": "They have more than one hundred parasols, flecked with gold." }, { "section_header": "History | Formation and growth | Yasodharapura – the first city of Angkor", "text": "The war ended with a victory for the Chola dynasty and of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom." }, { "section_header": "Relations with regional powers", "text": "The King of Java ordered the Minister of Khmer Empire to seek the successor." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1957–1968: Early career", "text": "Jackson made her professional stage debut in Terence Rattigan's Separate Tables in 1957 while at RADA and appeared in repertory for the next six years." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 1980–1992: Later acting career", "text": "John Beaufort for The Christian Science Monitor wrote: \"Bravura is the inevitable word for Miss Jackson's display of feminine wiles and brilliant technique.\" Frank Rich in The New York Times thought Jackson, \"with her helmet of hair and gashed features,\" when Leeds is a young woman, \"looks like a cubist portrait of Louise Brooks,\" and later when the character has aged several decades, is \"mesmerizing as a Zelda Fitzgeraldesque neurotic, a rotting and spiteful middle-aged matron and, finally, a spent, sphinx-like widow happily embracing extinction.\" Herbert Wise directed a British television version of O'Neill's drama which was first broadcast in the US as part of PBS's American Playhouse in January 1988.In 1985, Jackson appeared in the title role of Racine's Phèdre at The Old Vic." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1992–2015: Political career", "text": "Jackson is also a republican." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2015–present: Return to acting", "text": "or she'll turn you to stone. \"Jackson" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1957–1968: Early career", "text": "Jackson also appeared as Ophelia in Peter Hall's production of Hamlet in the same year." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1980–1992: Later acting career", "text": "It was an adaptation of Barker's 1984 radio play in which Jackson had played the same role." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1957–1968: Early career", "text": "The production ran on Broadway in 1965 and in Paris (Jackson appeared in the 1967 film version)." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1992–2015: Political career", "text": "In April 2013, Jackson gave a speech in parliament following the death of Margaret Thatcher." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1969–1980: Critical and commercial success", "text": "Jackson and Wise also appeared in an information film for the Blood Transfusion Service." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1957–1968: Early career", "text": "Critic Penelope Gilliatt thought Jackson was the only Ophelia she had seen who was ready to play the Prince himself." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2015–present: Return to acting", "text": "Dominic Cavendish of The Telegraph wrote, \"Glenda Jackson is tremendous as King Lear." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1957–1968: Early career", "text": "Jackson made her professional stage debut in Terence Rattigan's Separate Tables in 1957 while at RADA and appeared in repertory for the next six years." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tutankhamun (, Ancient Egyptian: twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn), Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen (British ) (c. 1342 – c. 1325 BC), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th dynasty (ruled c. 1334 – 1325 BC in the conventional chronology) during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He had other health issues including scoliosis and had contracted several strains of malaria." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tutankhamun (, Ancient Egyptian: twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn), Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen (British ) (c. 1342 – c. 1325 BC), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th dynasty (ruled c. 1334 – 1325 BC in the conventional chronology) during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history." }, { "section_header": "Family", "text": "Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal line of the 18th dynasty." }, { "section_header": "Health and death", "text": "The team discovered DNA from several strains of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria." }, { "section_header": "Family", "text": "In 2008 genetic analysis was carried out on the mummified remains of Tutankhamun and others thought or known to be New Kingdom royalty by a team from University of Cairo." }, { "section_header": "Campaigns, monuments and construction", "text": "In his third regnal year Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "This exhibit featured Tutankhamun's predecessors from the 18th dynasty, including Hatshepsut and Akhenaten, but did not include the golden death mask." }, { "section_header": "Reign", "text": "Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped in this manner during his lifetime." }, { "section_header": "Reign", "text": "An Egyptian priest named Manetho wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt where he refers to a king named Orus who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine years." }, { "section_header": "Health and death", "text": "It is likely that the front part of his chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded collar; the intricate beaded skullcap the king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968.A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities and National Geographic." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "The boulevard has curvaceous winding stretches, and can be treacherous for unalert drivers in some sections." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Cultural aspects", "text": "The portion of Sunset Boulevard that passes through Beverly Hills was once named Beverly Boulevard." }, { "section_header": "Cultural aspects", "text": "The Sunset Strip portion of Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood has been famous for its active nightlife since at least the 1950s." }, { "section_header": "Cultural aspects", "text": "The boulevard is commemorated in Billy Wilder's film Sunset Boulevard (1950), the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the same name, and the 1950s television series 77 Sunset Strip." }, { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "Sunset Boulevard is at least four lanes wide along its entire route." }, { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "In Bel-Air, Sunset Boulevard runs along the northern boundary of UCLA's Westwood campus." }, { "section_header": "Cultural aspects", "text": "The Buffalo Springfield song \" For What It's Worth\" was written about a riot at Pandora's Box, a Sunset Strip club, in 1966.Metro Local lines 2, 302 and 602 operate on Sunset Boulevard, with the former two running through most of Sunset Boulevard between Downtown LA and UCLA, and the latter from UCLA west." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sunset Boulevard is a boulevard in the central and western part of Los Angeles, California that stretches from the Pacific Coast Highway in Pacific Palisades east to Figueroa Street in Downtown Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "With these changes completed, Sunset Boulevard now reached North Main Street and continued as Marchessault along the northern end of the Plaza." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "This section, variously marked and signed as Marchessault Street or East Sunset Boulevard, remained open to traffic until the late 1960s or early 1970s." }, { "section_header": "Cultural aspects", "text": "At 4334 W. Sunset Boulevard lies the wall featured on the cover of the late singer-songwriter Elliott Smith's 2000 album Figure 8." }, { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "The boulevard has curvaceous winding stretches, and can be treacherous for unalert drivers in some sections." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay and took a job as a \"hasher\" (kitchen helper) for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority in exchange for meals." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay and took a job as a \"hasher\" (kitchen helper) for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority in exchange for meals." }, { "section_header": "Film career | Second commercial and critical peak (1960–1964)", "text": "In 2003, Atticus Finch as portrayed by Gregory Peck was named the greatest film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute." }, { "section_header": "Death | Legacy", "text": "The Gregory Peck Award for Cinematic Excellence was created by the Peck family in 2008 to commemorate their father by honoring a director, producer or actor's life's work." }, { "section_header": "Film career | Later work (1980–2000)", "text": "The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part." }, { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "His college friends were concerned for him and wondered how he would get along without his degree." }, { "section_header": "Film career | Later work (1980–2000)", "text": "It was his final performance, and it won him the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film." }, { "section_header": "Film career | Reflections on violence (1958–1959)", "text": "It also features a great theme tune... when heard in context, the music rightfully lifts this distinguished movie to the realm of screen classic\" and \"Gregory Peck was particularly suited (to the role) – he was one of the few actors whose innate pacifism rang true." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "He was a founding patron of the University College Dublin School of Film, where he persuaded Martin Scorsese to become an honorary patron." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Peck was also chairman of the American Cancer Society for a short time." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Newtonian | Relation to force", "text": "The rate of change of momentum is 3 (kg⋅m/s)/s due north which is numerically equivalent to 3 newtons." }, { "section_header": "Relativistic | Four-vector formulation", "text": "− U 3 V 3 ." }, { "section_header": "Generalized", "text": "Newton's laws can be difficult to apply to many kinds of motion because the motion is limited by constraints." }, { "section_header": "Newtonian | Relation to force", "text": "due north in 2 s. The net force required to produce this acceleration is 3 newtons due north." }, { "section_header": "Generalized", "text": "They introduce a generalized momentum, also known as the canonical or conjugate momentum, that extends the concepts of both linear momentum and angular momentum." }, { "section_header": "Quantum mechanical", "text": "For example, in momentum space the momentum operator is represented as p" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object." }, { "section_header": "Electromagnetic | Conservation | Vacuum", "text": "If momentum is to be conserved over the volume V over a region Q, changes in the momentum of matter through the Lorentz force must be balanced by changes in the momentum of the electromagnetic field and outflow of momentum." }, { "section_header": "Newtonian | Application to collisions | Inelastic collisions", "text": "Rockets also make use of conservation of momentum: propellant is thrust outward, gaining momentum, and an equal and opposite momentum is imparted to the rocket." }, { "section_header": "In deformable bodies and fluids | Conservation in a continuum", "text": "The local conservation of momentum is expressed by the Cauchy momentum equation: ρ D" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "To go in with no logo was the only decision I felt good about\"." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "Mussina said \"I don’t feel like I can pick one team over the other because they were both great to me." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "Mussina was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame on August 25, 2012.On January 22, 2019, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, receiving 76.71% of the vote." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "Mussina's candidacy for the Hall of Fame was the subject of debate." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "Mussina said \"I don’t feel like I can pick one team over the other because they were both great to me." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "Of the 23 eligible pitchers who have at least 265 wins and an ERA of 3.69 or less, 20 are in the Hall of Fame, although if Mussina was elected, his ERA would be third highest ahead of Bobby Wallace, who was a full-time pitcher for just two seasons, and Red Ruffing." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his sixth year of eligibility in 2019." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "I did a lot in Baltimore and they gave me the chance and then in New York we went to the playoffs seven of eight years, and both teams were involved." }, { "section_header": "College career", "text": "Mussina enrolled at Stanford University, where he played college baseball for the Stanford Cardinal baseball team." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "When he received the phone call notifying him that he had been elected to the Hall of Fame, he had just completed a practice with his team." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "In the summer, he played for the Montoursville American Legion Baseball team." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "The only other pitchers to match Mussina's 17 seasons of 10 or more victories are Ted Lyons, Tom Glavine, Gaylord Perry, Phil Niekro, Walter Johnson, Greg Maddux, Warren Spahn, Cy Young, Don Sutton, Tom Seaver, Tommy John and Steve Carlton; all are Hall of Famers, except Tommy John." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame debate", "text": "To go in with no logo was the only decision I felt good about\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Sinatra was in ill health during the last few years of his life, and was frequently hospitalized for heart and breathing problems, high blood pressure, pneumonia and bladder cancer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Significant increases in recording sales worldwide were reported by Billboard in the month of his death." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Barbara would be the grieving widow alone at her husband's side.\" The night after Sinatra's death, the lights on the Empire State Building in New York City were turned blue, the lights at the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed in his honor, and the casinos stopped spinning for one minute." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Reprise years (1961–1981)", "text": "It Might as Well Be Swing, arranged by Quincy Jones." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Later career (1982–1998)", "text": "L.A. Is My Lady, which was well received critically." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Columbia years and career slump (1946–1952)", "text": "By 1946 he was performing on stage up to 45 times a week, singing up to 100 songs daily, and earning up to $93,000 a week." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Hoboken Four and Harry James (1935–1939)", "text": "Dorsey and Sinatra, who had been very close, never patched up their differences before Dorsey's death in 1956, worsened by the fact that Dorsey occasionally made biting comments to the press such as \"he's the most fascinating man in the world, but don't put your hand in the cage\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "It was a turbulent marriage with many well-publicized fights and altercations." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Hoboken Four and Harry James (1935–1939)", "text": "Dorsey recalled: \"You could almost feel the excitement coming up out of the crowds when the kid stood up to sing." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Alleged organized-crime links and Cal Neva Lodge", "text": "The documents include accounts of Sinatra as the target of death threats and extortion schemes." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Sinatra died with his wife at his side at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on May 14, 1998, aged 82, after a heart attack." }, { "section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Sinatra was in ill health during the last few years of his life, and was frequently hospitalized for heart and breathing problems, high blood pressure, pneumonia and bladder cancer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "This provides an invaluable source of information for paleovirologists to trace back ancient viruses that have existed up to millions of years ago." }, { "section_header": "Role in human disease | Cancer", "text": "Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to SV40 and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer viruses for over 50 years." }, { "section_header": "Infection in other species | Animal viruses", "text": "Most viruses co-exist harmlessly in their host and cause no signs or symptoms of disease." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Viruses are now recognised as ancient and as having origins that pre-date the divergence of life into the three domains." }, { "section_header": "Infection in other species | Bacterial viruses", "text": "Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Over time, genes not required by their parasitism were lost." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved." }, { "section_header": "Applications | Life sciences and medicine | Virotherapy", "text": "Having completed successful clinical trials, the virus gained approval for the treatment of melanoma in late 2015." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Genetic mutation", "text": "RNA viruses often exist as quasispecies or swarms of viruses of the same species but with slightly different genome nucleoside sequences." }, { "section_header": "Microbiology | Dormant and latent infections", "text": "This causes persistent infections and the virus is often dormant for many months or years." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "During his childhood, his father worked as foreman of sugar crops located in the municipality." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Because the family's resources were limited, Clemente worked alongside his father in the fields, loading and unloading trucks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "Roberto Clemente's influence on Puerto Rican baseball players was very similar to that of Jackie Robinson for African American baseball players." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Roberto Enrique Clemente Walker (Spanish pronunciation: [roˈβeɾto enˈrike kleˈmente (g)walˈkeɾ]; August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a Puerto Rican professional baseball right fielder who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates." }, { "section_header": "Puerto Rican baseball (1952–1954)", "text": "He was a bench player during his first season but was promoted to the Santurce Cangrejeros (\"Crabbers\") starting lineup the following season." }, { "section_header": "Puerto Rican baseball (1952–1954)", "text": "Clemente's professional baseball career began when Pedrín Zorilla offered Clemente, 18, a contract which he signed on October 9, 1952, with the Cangrejeros de Santurce, a winter league team and franchise of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League (LBBPR)." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "He broke through the cultural barrier in the MLB and made Puerto Rican baseball players respected." }, { "section_header": "Charity work and death", "text": "Walker's son is professional baseball player Neil Walker." }, { "section_header": "Roberto Clemente Award", "text": "Since 1971, MLB has presented the Roberto Clemente Award (named the Commissioner's Award in 1971 and 1972) every year to a player with outstanding baseball playing skills who is personally involved in community work." }, { "section_header": "Charity work and death", "text": "Montreal Expos pitcher Tom Walker, then playing winter league ball in Puerto Rico (in a league later named after Clemente), helped him load the plane." }, { "section_header": "Influence on players today", "text": "Roberto showcased some of the best talent that Puerto Rico could offer and paved the way for thousands of players to follow his lead." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The couple had three children: Roberto Jr., born in 1965, Luis Roberto, born in 1966, and Roberto Enrique, born in 1969." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "During his childhood, his father worked as foreman of sugar crops located in the municipality." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Because the family's resources were limited, Clemente worked alongside his father in the fields, loading and unloading trucks." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its setting is a utopian farming commune based on Brook Farm, of which Hawthorne was a founding member and where he lived in 1841." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In Hawthorne (1879), Henry James called it \"the lightest, the brightest, the liveliest\" of Hawthorne's \"unhumorous fictions,\" while literary critic Richard Brodhead has described it as \"the darkest of Hawthorne's novels.\" The story takes place primarily in the utopian community of Blithedale, presumably in the mid-1800s." }, { "section_header": "Symbols", "text": "Additionally, the whole community is withdrawn from society, as it is a secluded Utopian community." }, { "section_header": "Style", "text": "In a final chapter added after the original manuscript was completed but before publishing, Coverdale breaks the fourth wall and reveals that the writing takes place significantly after leaving Blithedale." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Blithedale Romance (1852) is Nathaniel Hawthorne's third major romance." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary and modern criticism", "text": "In a broader sense, critics have long argued that the majority of the people, places, and events of The Blithedale Romance can be traced back to Hawthorne's observations and experiences over his lifetime." }, { "section_header": "Context", "text": "The Blithedale Romance is a work of fiction based on Hawthorne's recollections of Brook Farm, a short-lived agricultural and educational commune where Hawthorne lived from April to November 1841." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its setting is a utopian farming commune based on Brook Farm, of which Hawthorne was a founding member and where he lived in 1841." }, { "section_header": "Contemporary and modern criticism", "text": "Following its publication, The Blithedale Romance was received with little enthusiasm by contemporary critics." }, { "section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The exotic flower is a symbol of her pride, life and vitality all of which the characters in the Blithedale Romance are set on destroying." }, { "section_header": "Major characters", "text": "Priscilla having been told she has a place there." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "As a player, Cox originally signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but was never able to make the Dodgers' major league team." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Eventually he was acquired by the Braves, but never appeared in an MLB game for them either." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Accomplishments", "text": "Unlike McGraw, Cox did not have a reputation for having a fiery temper and Cox generally only got ejected to prevent his players from being ejected." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Instead, he was traded to the New York Yankees on December 7, 1967." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | New York Yankees farm system", "text": "He then spent the 1977 season as the first base coach on Billy Martin's staff with the World Series–winning Yankees before beginning his MLB managerial career." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Cox played two seasons, mostly at third base, for the Yankees." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | New York Yankees farm system", "text": "Cox began his managerial career in the Yankees farm system in 1971." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Bobby Cox is married to Pamela and has eight children." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | Second stint with the Atlanta Braves (1986–2010) | 2002–2010", "text": "In 2002, the Braves won 101 games and led the wild card San Francisco Giants 2 games to 1 before dropping the last two." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Atlanta Braves have since retired the number 6 in commemoration of Bobby Cox." }, { "section_header": "Accomplishments", "text": "In the 156 games that Bobby Cox was ejected, his teams had a winning percentage of .385." }, { "section_header": "Managerial career | New York Yankees farm system", "text": "Overall, Cox had a highly successful six-year tenure as a minor league manager, compiling a record of 459 wins and 387 defeats (.543) with two league championships." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "As a player, Cox originally signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but was never able to make the Dodgers' major league team." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Eventually he was acquired by the Braves, but never appeared in an MLB game for them either." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Renewal", "text": "20 February 1988: Although the original building had burned down in 1915, the Moulin Rouge turns 100." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The original house, which burned down in 1915, was co-founded in 1889 by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Creation and early success", "text": "Nicknamed \"The First Palace of Women\" by Oller and Zidler, the cabaret quickly became a great success." }, { "section_header": "History | Greatest moments", "text": "the champagne's on you!\". 1891: La Goulue: Toulouse-Lautrec's first poster for the Moulin Rouge." }, { "section_header": "History | Operetta and grand shows", "text": "Until the First World War, the Moulin Rouge became a real temple of operetta." }, { "section_header": "History | Operetta and grand shows", "text": "29 July 1907: first appearance of Mistinguett on stage at the Moulin Rouge in the Revue de la Femme." }, { "section_header": "History | Greatest moments", "text": "12 November 1897: The Moulin Rouge closed its doors for the first time for the funeral of its manager and cofounder, Charles Zidler." }, { "section_header": "History | Greatest moments", "text": "The early years of the Moulin Rouge are marked by extravagant shows, inspired by the circus, and attractions that are still famous such as Pétomane." }, { "section_header": "History | Creation and early success", "text": "On 6 October 1889, the Moulin Rouge opened in the Jardin de Paris, at the foot of the Montmartre hill." }, { "section_header": "History | Creation and early success", "text": "The Belle Époque was a period of peace and optimism marked by industrial progress, and a particularly rich cultural exuberance was about at the opening of the Moulin Rouge." }, { "section_header": "History | Mistinguett years", "text": "The Moulin Rouge took off again, thanks to stars such as Mistinguett, Jeanne Aubert, and Maurice Chevalier, and gave the first showing in Paris of American revues with the Hoffmann Girls." }, { "section_header": "History | Operetta and grand shows", "text": "A peerless businesswoman, she first listened carefully then captivated." }, { "section_header": "History | Renewal", "text": "20 February 1988: Although the original building had burned down in 1915, the Moulin Rouge turns 100." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The original house, which burned down in 1915, was co-founded in 1889 by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In October 2019, the New York City Council voted to close down the facility by 2026." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Abuse and neglect of prisoners | Solitary confinement | Kalief Browder", "text": "Browder was profiled in The New Yorker in October 2014 for being held for three years on Rikers Island without a trial." }, { "section_header": "Abuse and neglect of prisoners | Treatment of mentally ill", "text": "This group, led by Captain Budnarine Behari, had participated in the brutal beating of Robert Hinton, a mentally ill inmate, while he was hog-tied, because he had protested being moved from his cell by sitting down." }, { "section_header": "Inmate deaths | Bradley Ballard", "text": "In July, he was sent to the psychiatric prison ward at Bellevue Hospital Center, where he stayed for 38 days before being sent back to Rikers." }, { "section_header": "History | Proposed closure of jail complex", "text": "In light of possible closure of the jail complex, New York City Public Advocate Letitia James suggested renaming the island after Kalief Browder, an inmate who committed suicide after being jailed at Rikers." }, { "section_header": "Abuse and neglect of prisoners | Treatment of mentally ill", "text": "Hinton's fellow inmates watched as he was dragged down the hallways while hog-tied to a solitary confinement cell where he was beaten." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In October 2019, the New York City Council voted to close down the facility by 2026." }, { "section_header": "Abuse and neglect of prisoners", "text": "Rikers Island has become notorious in recent years for a \"culture of abuse\" and has been subject to a number of investigations and rulings." }, { "section_header": "Abuse and neglect of prisoners | Solitary confinement", "text": "On August 28, 2014, a law was passed boosting oversight of the use of solitary confinement at Rikers Island, following intense public outcry after various abuses at the prison." }, { "section_header": "Complex and facilities", "text": "Rikers Island is therefore not a prison by US terminology, which typically holds offenders serving longer-term sentences." }, { "section_header": "Inmate deaths | Jerome Murdough", "text": "After being in jail for one week, he died from overexposure to heat." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Boyer (French: [bwaje]; 28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French-American actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early acting career", "text": "Boyer performed comic sketches for soldiers while working as a hospital orderly during World War I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After receiving an education in drama, Boyer started on the stage, but he found his success in American films during the 1930s." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Universal", "text": "Before he started the contract he finished a film at Warners, The Constant Nymph (1943) with Joan Fontaine." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early acting career", "text": "He began studies briefly at the Sorbonne, and was waiting for a chance to study acting at the Paris Conservatory." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Boyer (French: [bwaje]; 28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French-American actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Broadway", "text": "It was directed by actor Charles Laughton." }, { "section_header": "Radio", "text": "\" Boyer would later star in his own radio show entitled \"Presenting Charles Boyer\" during 1950 over NBC." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early acting career", "text": "In the 1920s, he not only played a suave and sophisticated ladies' man on the stage but also appeared in several silent films." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Universal", "text": "In January 1942 Boyer signed a three-year contract with Universal to act and produce." }, { "section_header": "Radio", "text": "When he went on vacation in the summer of 1940, an item in a trade publication reported: \"It is an open secret that he doesn't like the present policy of a different story and characters each week." }, { "section_header": "Personal life and death", "text": "Boyer's only child, Michael Charles Boyer (9 December 1943 – 21 September 1965), committed suicide at age 21." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Early acting career", "text": "Boyer performed comic sketches for soldiers while working as a hospital orderly during World War I." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Albert William Kaline ( KAY-line; December 19, 1934 – April 6, 2020), nicknamed \"Mr. Tiger\", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "MLB career | Middle career", "text": "Kaline had two hits, two runs scored and three RBI in the Tigers' 10-run third inning of Game 6." }, { "section_header": "Honors", "text": "He was just the epitome of what a great outfielder is all about – great speed, catches the ball and throws the ball well.\" Manager Billy Martin once said, \"I have always referred to Al Kaline as 'Mister Perfection'." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Early days", "text": "\"He made his major league debut on June 25, 1953 in Philadelphia as a late-inning replacement for outfielder Jim Delsing." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Middle career", "text": "In the 1968 World Series, the St. Louis Cardinals won three of the first four games of the series and were leading Game 5 by a score of 3–2 in the seventh inning, when Kaline hit a bases loaded single to drive in two runs." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Early days", "text": "During the 1955 season, Kaline became the 13th man in major league history to hit two home runs in the same inning, became the youngest to hit three home runs in one game, and finished the year with 200 hits, 27 home runs and 102 runs batted in (RBIs)." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Final seasons", "text": "On September 24, 1974, Kaline became the 12th player in MLB history to reach the 3,000 hit milestone, when he hit a double off the Orioles' Dave McNally." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Middle career", "text": "Kaline missed a month of play." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Final seasons", "text": "Kaline fell to the warning track injured." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Final seasons", "text": "After reaching the milestone, Kaline announced that he would retire." }, { "section_header": "MLB career | Early days", "text": "Kaline had been knocked out from the blow and initial speculation" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Albert William Kaline ( KAY-line; December 19, 1934 – April 6, 2020), nicknamed \"Mr. Tiger\", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Regarded as one of the greatest lead singers in the history of rock music, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Regarded as one of the greatest lead singers in the history of rock music, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Continued popularity", "text": "Regarded as one of the greatest lead singers in the history of rock music, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Sexual orientation", "text": "During his career, Mercury's flamboyant stage performances sometimes led journalists to allude to his sexuality." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "Although he cultivated a flamboyant stage personality, Mercury was shy and retiring when not performing, particularly around people" }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "\" On this contrast to \"his larger-than-life stage persona\", BBC music broadcaster Bob Harris adds he was \"lovely, bright, sensitive, and quite vulnerable.\" While on stage, Mercury basked in the love from his audience." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "he did not know well, and granted very few interviews." }, { "section_header": "Illness | Death", "text": "The whereabouts of his ashes are believed to be known only to Austin, who has said that she will never reveal them." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Solo career", "text": "As well as his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "The closest he came to doing so was in response to a question about his outlandish persona, he said, \"that’s something inbred, it's a part of me." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Friendship with Kenny Everett", "text": "As two of Britain's most flamboyant, outrageous, and popular entertainers, they shared much in common and became close friends." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The First Punic War broke out in Sicily in 264 BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Third Punic War, 149–146 BC | Siege of Carthage", "text": "The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but lost in the dark, withdrew." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The First Punic War broke out in Sicily in 264 BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island." }, { "section_header": "Second Punic War, 218–201 BC | Iberia | Roman victory in Iberia, 206–205 BC", "text": "Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal); on Sicily; on Sardinia; and in North Africa." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The fighting took place primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia." }, { "section_header": "Second Punic War, 218–201 BC | Italy | Roman defeats, 218–217 BC", "text": "Only 10,000 Romans out of 42,000 were able to cut their way to safety." }, { "section_header": "Second Punic War, 218–201 BC | Italy | Roman defeats, 218–217 BC", "text": "4,000 Roman cavalry from their other army were also engaged and wiped out." }, { "section_header": "Opposing forces | Armies", "text": "In such circumstances it was difficult to force an engagement if the other commander was unwilling to fight." }, { "section_header": "Third Punic War, 149–146 BC", "text": "This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury." }, { "section_header": "Second Punic War, 218–201 BC | Italy | Sicily, 213–210 BC", "text": "The remaining Carthaginian-controlled towns then surrendered or were taken through force or treachery and the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and its armies was resumed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Terminology", "text": "The English word ghost continues Old English gāst, from Proto-Germanic" }, { "section_header": "Terminology", "text": "*gaistaz. It is common to West Germanic, but lacking in North Germanic and East Germanic (the equivalent word in Gothic is ahma, Old Norse has andi m., önd f.)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Middle Ages", "text": "The soul of a dead person would divulge its mission, while a demonic ghost would be banished at the sound of the Holy Name." }, { "section_header": "By religion | Judaism and Christianity", "text": "Jewish mythology and folkloric traditions describe dybbuks, malicious possessing spirits believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In folklore, a ghost (sometimes known as an apparition, haunt, phantom, poltergeist, shade, specter or spectre, spirit, spook, and wraith) is the soul or spirit of a dead person or animal that can appear to the living." }, { "section_header": "By culture | East and Central Asia | Japan", "text": "The name consists of two kanji, 幽 (yū), meaning \"faint\" or \"dim\", and 霊 (rei), meaning \"soul\" or \"spirit\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Modern period of western culture | Spiritism", "text": "Spiritism, or French spiritualism, is based on the five books of the Spiritist Codification written by French educator Hypolite Léon Denizard Rivail under the pseudonym Allan Kardec reporting séances in which he observed a series of phenomena that he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits)." }, { "section_header": "Terminology", "text": "Tolkien's use of the word in the naming of the creatures known as the Ringwraiths has influenced later usage in fantasy literature." }, { "section_header": "History | Ancient Near East and Egypt", "text": "Ghosts were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person." }, { "section_header": "By culture | East and Central Asia | Japan", "text": "Alternative names include 亡霊 (Bōrei) meaning ruined or departed spirit, 死霊 (Shiryō) meaning dead spirit, or the more encompassing 妖怪 (Yōkai) or お化け (Obake)." }, { "section_header": "By culture | South and Southeast Asia | Bengal and East India", "text": "In Bengal, ghosts are believed to be the spirit after death of an unsatisfied human being or a soul of a person who dies in unnatural or abnormal circumstances (like murder, suicide or accident)." }, { "section_header": "History | Middle Ages", "text": "The souls of the dead returned for a specific purpose." }, { "section_header": "Terminology", "text": "The English word ghost continues Old English gāst, from Proto-Germanic" }, { "section_header": "Terminology", "text": "*gaistaz. It is common to West Germanic, but lacking in North Germanic and East Germanic (the equivalent word in Gothic is ahma, Old Norse has andi m., önd f.)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life as a slave | Birth family", "text": "Douglass was of mixed race, which likely included Native American and African on his mother's side, as well as European." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Works | Writings", "text": "Life and Times of Frederick Douglass." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "In 2010, the Frederick Douglass Memorial was unveiled at Frederick Douglass Circle at the northwest corner of Central Park in New York City." }, { "section_header": "Civil War years | Fight for emancipation and suffrage", "text": "Another son, Frederick Douglass Jr., also served as a recruiter." }, { "section_header": "Works | Writings", "text": "1845. A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave." }, { "section_header": "Final years in Washington, D.C.", "text": "The home is now preserved as the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site." }, { "section_header": "Works | Writings", "text": "He merged the paper with another, creating the Frederick Douglass' Paper. 2012." }, { "section_header": "Final years in Washington, D.C.", "text": "In 1881, Douglass published the final edition of his autobiography, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass." }, { "section_header": "Abolitionist and preacher | Autobiography", "text": "In 1881, after the Civil War, Douglass published Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, which he revised in 1892." }, { "section_header": "Abolitionist and preacher", "text": "In 1847, Frederick Douglass explained to Garrison, \"I have no love for America, as such; I have no patriotism." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey; c. February 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman." }, { "section_header": "Life as a slave | Birth family", "text": "Douglass was of mixed race, which likely included Native American and African on his mother's side, as well as European." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Brazil is the only national team to have played in all World Cup editions without any absence nor need for playoffs." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Seleção Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in men's international football and is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil." }, { "section_header": "History | First World Cup and title drought (1930–49)", "text": "The last one had been in the 1922 South American Championship, also played on Brazilian soil." }, { "section_header": "History | The 1950 Maracanazo", "text": "Brazil reached the quarter-final, where they were beaten 4–2 by tournament favourites Hungary in one of the ugliest matches in football history, known as the Battle of Berne." }, { "section_header": "History | The 1950 Maracanazo", "text": "For the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, the Brazilian team was then almost completely renovated, with the team colours changed (to a new design by Aldyr Schlee) from all white to the yellow, blue and green of the national flag, to forget the Maracanazo, but still had a group of star players." }, { "section_header": "History | The dry spell (1974–1990)", "text": "The last one had been in the 1970 World Cup." }, { "section_header": "History | Early history (1914–22)", "text": "It is generally believed that the inaugural game of the Brazil national football team was a 1914 match between a Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo select team and the English club Exeter City, held in Fluminense's stadium." }, { "section_header": "Competitive record | FIFA World Cup", "text": "With five titles, they have won the tournament on more occasions than any other national team." }, { "section_header": "Team image", "text": "With permission from the Brazilian Sports Confederation, the newspaper Correio da Manhã held a competition to design a new kit incorporating the four colors of the Brazilian flag." }, { "section_header": "History | The dry spell (1974–1990)", "text": "The Brazilian team qualified for the third place, and were the only team to remain unbeaten in the tournament." }, { "section_header": "Nicknames", "text": "Amarelinha (Little Yellow One), Seleção (The National Squad), Verde-amarelo (Green and Yellow), Pentacampeão (Five-time Champions), and Esquadrão de Ouro (The Golden Squad)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Brazil is the only national team to have played in all World Cup editions without any absence nor need for playoffs." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Although she subsequently struggled to establish a stage career, Ritter decided to take a hiatus from acting to raise her two children—Monica and Joe—by her husband Joseph Moran (whom she married in 1927), who was also an actor, but changed professions in the mid-1930s, opting to become an agent and then an advertising executive." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thelma Ritter (February 14, 1902 – February 5, 1969) was an American actress, best known for her comedic roles as working-class characters and her strong New York accent." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Although she subsequently struggled to establish a stage career, Ritter decided to take a hiatus from acting to raise her two children—Monica and Joe—by her husband Joseph Moran (whom she married in 1927), who was also an actor, but changed professions in the mid-1930s, opting to become an agent and then an advertising executive." }, { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "During her career, Ritter was nominated for an Oscar six times, giving her the distinction of being one of the three actresses (tied with Deborah Kerr and Amy Adams) with the second most nominations for the award in an acting category without a win, surpassed only by Glenn Close with seven." }, { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "In 1955, Thelma Ritter co-hosted the Oscar ceremony, notably trading wisecracks with Bob Hope." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She later received formal training at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She was the recipient of a Tony Award and six nominations for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, more than any other actress in the category." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ritter's acting career began as a teenager, when she appeared in high-school plays and stock companies." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ritter was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1902, the first child of Charles and Lucy Ritter, both natives of the United States." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Ritter did stock theater and radio shows early in her career." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Mankiewicz kept Ritter in mind, and cast her as Birdie in All About Eve (1950), which earned her an Oscar nomination." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Community policy | Other algorithm design or implementation issues", "text": "Five leading content creators whose channels were based on LGBTQ+ materials filed a federal lawsuit against YouTube in August 2019, alleging that YouTube's algorithms diverts discovery away from their channels, impacting their revenue." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Other algorithm design or implementation issues", "text": "The plaintiffs claimed that the algorithms discourage content with words like \"lesbian\" or \"gay\", which would be predominant in their channels' content, and because of YouTube's near-monopolization of online video services, they are abusing that position." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Features | Content partnerships", "text": "The Space gives content creators a physical location to learn about producing content as well as providing them with facilities to create content for their YouTube channels." }, { "section_header": "Revenue | Partnership with video creators", "text": "YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels." }, { "section_header": "Revenue | Partnership with video creators", "text": "YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising, including videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, \"controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown\" (unless the content is \"usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain\"), and videos whose user comments contain \"inappropriate\" content." }, { "section_header": "Revenue | Partnership with video creators", "text": "The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that videos being monetized did not lead to controversy, but was criticized for penalizing smaller YouTube channels." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Controversial videos | Logan Paul corpse scandal", "text": "The video proved controversial due to its content, with its handling of the subject matter being deemed insensitive by critics." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Controversial videos | Public disasters", "text": "Controversial content has included material relating to Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989." }, { "section_header": "Features | Content partnerships", "text": "Google dedicated $1 million to this Creators for Change program." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Controversial videos | Restricted monetization policies", "text": "A YouTube spokesperson stated that while the policy itself was not new, the service had \"improved the notification and appeal process to ensure better communication to our creators\"." }, { "section_header": "Features | Content partnerships", "text": "In 2016, YouTube introduced a global program to develop creators whose videos produce a positive social impact." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Copyrighted material | Content ID", "text": "The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Other algorithm design or implementation issues", "text": "Five leading content creators whose channels were based on LGBTQ+ materials filed a federal lawsuit against YouTube in August 2019, alleging that YouTube's algorithms diverts discovery away from their channels, impacting their revenue." }, { "section_header": "Community policy | Other algorithm design or implementation issues", "text": "The plaintiffs claimed that the algorithms discourage content with words like \"lesbian\" or \"gay\", which would be predominant in their channels' content, and because of YouTube's near-monopolization of online video services, they are abusing that position." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Truman had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Truman had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Roosevelt rarely contacted him, even to inform him of major decisions; the president and vice president met alone together only twice during their time in office." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "State and city party leaders strongly preferred Truman, and Roosevelt agreed." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945.Truman's brief vice-presidency was relatively uneventful." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he attended the disgraced Pendergast's funeral." }, { "section_header": "Post-presidency | Truman Library", "text": "Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own presidential library, but legislation to enable future presidents to do something similar had not been enacted." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Vice President Henry Wallace was popular among Democratic voters, but he was viewed as too far to the left and too friendly to labor for some of Roosevelt's advisers." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "Roosevelt told party leaders that he would accept either Truman or Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas." }, { "section_header": "Vice Presidency (1945)", "text": "The President and several of his confidantes wanted to replace Wallace with someone more acceptable to Democratic Party leaders and Roosevelt's advisors, knowing that Roosevelt might not live out a fourth term." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "In 2018, a leaked memo from Trump's office revealed that his administration wanted to change the legal definition of sex in order to exclude transgender Americans." }, { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "Gaga was one of the many celebrities to call him out and spread the #WontBeErased campaign to her 77 million Twitter followers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "It saved my life, and it will save theirs.\" As a bisexual woman, Gaga actively supports LGBT rights worldwide." }, { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "She has opposed the presidency of Donald Trump and deplored his military transgender ban." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During this period, she also ventured into acting, playing leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story: Hotel (2015–2016), for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, and the critically acclaimed musical drama film A Star Is Born (2018)." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2018–present: A Star Is Born, Enigma, and Chromatica", "text": "They ended the engagement in February 2019." }, { "section_header": "Achievements", "text": "Gaga has also been recognized by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) with the Fashion Icon award, and was a finalist for The Advocate's Person of the Year in 2016." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2011–2014: Born This Way, Artpop, and Cheek to Cheek", "text": "In February 2011, Gaga released \"Born This Way\", the lead single from her studio album of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "In 2018, a leaked memo from Trump's office revealed that his administration wanted to change the legal definition of sex in order to exclude transgender Americans." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2015–2017: American Horror Story, Joanne, and Super Bowl performances", "text": "Her engagement to Taylor Kinney ended in July; she later said her career had interfered with their relationship." }, { "section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "In turn, Versace calls Lady Gaga \"the fresh Donatella\"." }, { "section_header": "Public image", "text": "In his article \"Lady Gaga Pioneered Online Fandom Culture" }, { "section_header": "Activism | LGBT advocacy", "text": "Gaga was one of the many celebrities to call him out and spread the #WontBeErased campaign to her 77 million Twitter followers." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | Later life", "text": "After years of heavy drinking (including consumption of absinthe), Satie died at age 59, on 1 July 1925 from cirrhosis of the liver." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life | Montmartre", "text": "It is believed this was the only intimate relationship Satie ever had." }, { "section_header": "Life | Montmartre", "text": "During their relationship, Satie composed the Danses gothiques as a means of calming his mind, and Valadon painted a portrait of Satie, which she gave to him." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (UK: , US: , French: [eʁik sati]; 17 May 1866 – 1 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early life", "text": "Erik Satie was born on 17 May 1866, the son of Alfred Satie and his wife Jane Leslie (née Anton), who was born in London to Scottish parents." }, { "section_header": "Life | Later life", "text": "Satie contributed writing to the Dadaist publication 391." }, { "section_header": "Life | Move to Arcueil", "text": "A rare autochrome photograph of Satie exists that dates from 1911." }, { "section_header": "Life | Montmartre", "text": "After six months she moved away, leaving Satie broken-hearted." }, { "section_header": "Life | Later life", "text": "From 1919, Satie was in contact with Tristan Tzara, the initiator of the Dada movement." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early life", "text": "In 1879, Satie entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he was soon labelled untalented by his teachers." }, { "section_header": "Life | Montmartre", "text": "Satie moved from his father's residence to lodgings in Montmartre in 1887, when he became 21." }, { "section_header": "Life | Later life", "text": "After years of heavy drinking (including consumption of absinthe), Satie died at age 59, on 1 July 1925 from cirrhosis of the liver." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances; officials soon banded together in opposing political factions." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "Over time Wanli grew tired of court affairs and frequent political quarreling amongst his ministers, preferring to stay behind the walls of the Forbidden City and out of his officials' sight." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "text": "The Chinese military, caught between fruitless efforts to defeat the Manchu raiders from the north and huge peasant revolts in the provinces, essentially fell apart." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Role of eunuchs", "text": "The Hongwu Emperor forbade eunuchs to learn how to read or engage in politics." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Role of eunuchs", "text": "Wei also published a historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Rebellion, invasion, collapse", "text": "On 25 April 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng when the city gates were opened by rebel allies from within." }, { "section_header": "Government | Province, prefecture, subprefecture, county", "text": "Throughout the Song dynasty, the largest political division was the circuit (lu 路)." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding | Campaign in the North-East", "text": "By the late Ming period, Ming political presence in Manchuria had waned considerably." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances; officials soon banded together in opposing political factions." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Role of eunuchs", "text": "The eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627) dominated the court of the Tianqi Emperor (r. 1620–1627) and had his political rivals tortured to death, mostly the vocal critics from the faction of the Donglin Society." }, { "section_header": "Society and culture | Religion", "text": "The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices." }, { "section_header": "History | Founding | Campaign in the North-East", "text": "The Ming had created many guards (衛, wei) in Manchuria, but the creation of a guard did not necessarily imply political control." }, { "section_header": "History | Decline and fall of the Ming dynasty | Later reign of the Wanli Emperor", "text": "Over time Wanli grew tired of court affairs and frequent political quarreling amongst his ministers, preferring to stay behind the walls of the Forbidden City and out of his officials' sight." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Tin Pan Alley and Broadway, 1913–1923", "text": "He also recorded rolls of his own compositions for the Duo-Art and Welte-Mignon reproducing pianos." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Arthur Gershwin followed in the paths of George and Ira, also becoming a composer of songs, musicals, and short piano works." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Musical, Europe and classical music, 1924–1928", "text": "In 1924, Gershwin composed his first major classical work, Rhapsody in Blue, for orchestra and piano." }, { "section_header": "Recordings and film", "text": "In 1965, Movietone Records released an album MTM 1009 featuring Gershwin's piano rolls of the titled George Gershwin plays RHAPSODY IN BLUE and his other favorite compositions." }, { "section_header": "Recordings and film", "text": "Compared to the piano rolls, there are few accessible audio recordings of Gershwin's playing." }, { "section_header": "Recordings and film", "text": "The recorded balance highlights the banjo playing of Van Eps, and the piano is overshadowed." }, { "section_header": "Recordings and film", "text": "He also recorded a run-through of his Second Rhapsody, conducting the orchestra and playing the piano solos." }, { "section_header": "Recordings and film", "text": "The film begins with a monologue by Allen: \"He adored New York City ... To him, no matter what the season was, this was still a town that existed in black and white and pulsated to the great tunes of George Gershwin.\" In 1993, two audio CDs featuring piano rolls recorded by Gershwin were issued by Nonesuch Records through the efforts of Artis Wodehouse, and entitled Gershwin Plays Gershwin: The Piano Rolls." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and influence", "text": "Gershwin was influenced by French composers of the early twentieth century." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Estate", "text": "In 2005, The Guardian determined using \"estimates of earnings accrued in a composer's lifetime\" that George Gershwin was the wealthiest composer of all time." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and influence", "text": "Although George Gershwin would seldom make grand statements about his music, he believed that \"true music must reflect the thought and aspirations of the people and time." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Tin Pan Alley and Broadway, 1913–1923", "text": "He also recorded rolls of his own compositions for the Duo-Art and Welte-Mignon reproducing pianos." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Much of Hawthorne's fiction, such as The Scarlet Letter, is set in 17th-century colonial America, particularly Salem Village." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Young Goodman Brown\" is a short story published in 1835 by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story begins at dusk in Salem Village, Massachusetts as young Goodman Brown leaves Faith, his wife of three months, for some unknown errand in the forest." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Young Goodman Brown\" is a short story published in 1835 by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Much of Hawthorne's fiction, such as The Scarlet Letter, is set in 17th-century colonial America, particularly Salem Village." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "The first part shows Goodman Brown at his home in his village integrated in his society." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "In \"Young Goodman Brown\", as with much of his other writing, he utilizes ambiguity." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "\"Young Goodman Brown\" is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity." }, { "section_header": "Critical response and impact", "text": "Herman Melville said \"Young Goodman Brown\" was \"as deep as Dante\" and Henry James called it a \"magnificent little romance\"." }, { "section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Hawthorne gives the characters specific names that depict abstract pure and wholesome beliefs, such as \"Young Goodman Brown\" and \"Faith\"." }, { "section_header": "Critical response and impact", "text": "However, there have been many other interpretations of the text including those who believe Hawthorne sympathizes with Puritan beliefs." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Arriving back at his home in Salem the next morning, Goodman Brown is uncertain whether the previous night's events were real or a dream, but he is deeply shaken, and his belief he lives in a Christian community is distorted." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Manley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she attended school." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her biological parents may have been white but she was raised by her black stepfather and her mother ." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "They played numerous benefit games to raise money for new medical equipment." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "They also raised money for black Elks lodges, a major part of urban black social life." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "The Booker T. Washington Community Hospital, which offered training for black doctors and nurses, opened due in a large part to money raised from the Newark Eagles." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Manley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she attended school." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Because of Effa Manley, the Newark Eagles were as important to black Newark as the Dodgers were to Brooklyn." }, { "section_header": "Book", "text": "Manley and Leon Hardwick wrote Negro Baseball ... Before Integration." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "She related a story of when her husband, Abe Manley took her to Tiffany's in New York for an engagement ring." }, { "section_header": "Activism", "text": "Before the civil rights movement, Manley supported \"Don't Buy Where You Can't Work\" boycotts." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Effa Louise Manley (March 27, 1897 – April 16, 1981) was an American sports executive." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Roger Philip Bresnahan (June 11, 1879 – December 4, 1944), nicknamed \"The Duke of Tralee\", was an American player and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB)." }, { "section_header": "Career | New York Giants (1902–1908)", "text": "Bresnahan also developed the first batting helmet." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 by the Veterans Committee." }, { "section_header": "Profile and legacy", "text": "Bresnahan was elected to the Hall of Fame the year after his death." }, { "section_header": "Profile and legacy", "text": "However, the Permanent Committee noticed the surge in votes and elected him in April 1945.Regarding his Hall of Fame induction, James has criticized the election, saying that Bresnahan \"wandered in the Hall of Fame on a series of miscalculations\", and regarding his election, that \"the Hall of Fame had, for the first time, selected a player who clearly had no damn business being there\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Roger Philip Bresnahan (June 11, 1879 – December 4, 1944), nicknamed \"The Duke of Tralee\", was an American player and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB)." }, { "section_header": "Career | New York Giants (1902–1908)", "text": "Bresnahan also developed the first batting helmet." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also developed the first batting helmet." }, { "section_header": "Career | Later career (1913–1931)", "text": "He served as player-manager for the Cubs in 1915, but was released when his batting average slipped." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After retiring as a player, Bresnahan remained active in professional baseball." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals (1909–1912)", "text": "Stanley Robison of the St. Louis Cardinals became interested in hiring Bresnahan to be a player-manager." }, { "section_header": "Profile and legacy", "text": "He had received 47 votes of the 226 electors in the 1936 Hall of Fame balloting, and between 43 and 67 votes each time from 1937 through 1942." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Henry \"Harry\" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP)." }, { "section_header": "Cincinnati", "text": "The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club." }, { "section_header": "After Boston | Providence", "text": "Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally." }, { "section_header": "Cincinnati", "text": "No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket \"club pros\"." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Toxicity", "text": "Ammonia is a constituent of tobacco smoke." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Formation of other compounds", "text": "Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides, although the resulting -NH2 group is also nucleophilic and secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as byproducts." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Ammonia as a ligand", "text": "Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Ammonia as a ligand", "text": "Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides: silver chloride (AgCl) is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia solution, silver bromide (AgBr) is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution, whereas silver iodide (AgI) is insoluble in aqueous ammonia." }, { "section_header": "Liquid ammonia as a solvent | Redox properties of liquid ammonia", "text": "Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions; although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts." }, { "section_header": "Properties | Ammonia as a ligand", "text": "For historical reasons, ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds." }, { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Laboratory use of ammonia solutions", "text": "The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and these solutions should only be handled in a fume hood." }, { "section_header": "Liquid ammonia as a solvent", "text": "Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions." }, { "section_header": "Detection and determination | Ammonia in solution", "text": "Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts." }, { "section_header": "Detection and determination | Ammonia in solution", "text": "The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid and the excess of acid then determined volumetrically; or the ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric acid and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as ammonium hexachloroplatinate, (NH4)2PtCl6." }, { "section_header": "Safety precautions | Toxicity", "text": "Ammonia is a constituent of tobacco smoke." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Influences", "text": "One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the 19th-century Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Publication | Revisions", "text": "In December 1937 The Hobbit's publisher, Stanley Unwin, asked Tolkien for a sequel." }, { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Background", "text": "In any event, Dagnall was impressed by it, and showed the book to Stanley Unwin, who then asked his 10-year-old son Rayner to review it." }, { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Influences", "text": "I fancy the author of Beowulf would say much the same." }, { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Illustration and design", "text": "Rayner Unwin, in his publishing memoir, comments: \"In 1937 alone Tolkien wrote 26 letters to George Allen & Unwin... detailed, fluent, often pungent, but infinitely polite and exasperatingly precise... I doubt any author today, however famous, would get such scrupulous attention.\" Even the maps, of which Tolkien originally proposed five, were considered and debated." }, { "section_header": "Critical analysis | Interpretation", "text": "Tolkien greatly prefers this motif over the later medieval trend of using the dragon as a symbolic or allegorical figure, such as in the legend of St. George." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Adaptations", "text": "In 1969 (over 30 years after first publication), Tolkien sold the film and merchandising rights to The Hobbit to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £10,000 plus a 7.5% royalty after costs, payable to Allen & Unwin and the author." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Adaptations", "text": "Since then all \"authorized\" adaptations have been signed-off by Tolkien Enterprises." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Adaptations", "text": "In 1990 a one-volume edition was released by Unwin Paperbacks." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | In education", "text": "Meanwhile, the author himself rejected an allegorical reading of his work." }, { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Influences", "text": "The latter tale may also have influenced the character of Beorn." }, { "section_header": "Concept and creation | Influences", "text": "One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the 19th-century Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris." } ]

[ { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "The autumn of 1917 saw the disastrous Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto, the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, and rumours that former Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux and Interior Minister Louis Malvy might have engaged in treason." } ]

[ { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "\"North trip\" (by North sea) as first (the first realization 15 October 1917 from Archangelsk).He was a vehement critic of the war-time French government, asserting that it was not doing enough to win the war." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "At the outbreak of World War I in France in August 1914, Clemenceau's newspaper was one of the first to be censored by the government; it was suspended from 29 September 1914 to 7 October." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "The autumn of 1917 saw the disastrous Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto, the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, and rumours that former Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux and Interior Minister Louis Malvy might have engaged in treason." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "In spite of the censorship imposed by the French government on Clemenceau's journalism at the beginning of World War I, he still wielded considerable political influence." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "As soon as the war started, Clemenceau advised Interior Minister Malvy to invoke Carnet B, a list of known and suspected subversives who were supposed to be arrested on mobilisation." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | Prime Minister again", "text": "In November 1917, at one of the darkest hours for the French war effort in World War I, Clemenceau was appointed prime minister." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "In response, Clemenceau changed the newspaper's name to L'Homme enchaîné (\"The Chained Man\")." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "He criticized the government for its lack of transparency and its ineffectiveness, while defending the patriotic union sacrée against the German Empire." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "The Prefect of Police gave the same advice, but the government did not follow it, with the result that 80% of the 2,501 people listed on Carnet B volunteered for service." }, { "section_header": "The beginning of the Third Republic | First World War", "text": "Clemenceau declined to join the government of national unity as Justice Minister in autumn 1914.He suggested transportation of T. G. Masaryk legions from Russia to France s. c." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Ziemssen: Duty", "text": "After long discussions with his cousin, and in spite of being warned by Dr. Behrens, he returns to the \"flatlands\", where he fulfills his military duties for some time." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Ziemssen: Duty", "text": "Joachim Ziemssen, Hans Castorp's cousin, is described as a young person representing the ideals of loyalty and faithfulness as an officer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Ziemssen: Duty", "text": "And in fact, there is some affinity between the two cousins, both in their love to Russian women (Clawdia Chauchat in the case of Hans Castorp, the female co-patient \"Marusja\" in the case of Joachim Ziemssen), and also in their ideals." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Chauchat: Love and temptation", "text": "She is one of the major reasons for Castorp's extended stay on the magic mountain." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Chauchat: Love and temptation", "text": "Clawdia Chauchat represents erotic temptation, lust, and love, all in a degenerate, morbid, \"Asiatic-flabby\" form." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Connection to Death in Venice", "text": "The Magic Mountain contains many contrasts and parallels with the earlier novel." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Magic and mountains", "text": "The mountain also represents the opposite of Castorp's home, the sober, business-like \"flatland.\" The first part of the novel culminates and ends in the sanatorium's Carnival feast." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Magic and mountains", "text": "This is the only sentence in the novel that Mann highlighted by italics." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Magic and mountains", "text": "But rethinking his dreams, he concludes that \"because of charity and love, man should never allow death to rule one's thoughts." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Magic and mountains", "text": "albeit confusedly. The culmination of the second part of the novel is perhaps the – still \"episodic\" – chapter of Castorp's blizzard dream (in the novel simply called \"Snow\")." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Ziemssen: Duty", "text": "Joachim Ziemssen, Hans Castorp's cousin, is described as a young person representing the ideals of loyalty and faithfulness as an officer." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "The Magic Mountain can be read both as a classic example of the European Bildungsroman – a \"novel of education\" or \"novel of formation\" – and as a sly parody of this genre." }, { "section_header": "Major themes | Allegorical characters | Ziemssen: Duty", "text": "After long discussions with his cousin, and in spite of being warned by Dr. Behrens, he returns to the \"flatlands\", where he fulfills his military duties for some time." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "During testing an electrical short starts an undetected fire on the 81st floor." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Roberts accepts O'Hallorhan's offer of guidance on how to build a fire-safe skyscraper." }, { "section_header": "Release", "text": "The Towering Inferno was released in theatres on December 14, 1974." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "It is not the recording on the soundtrack album but a newer arrangement recorded for The Towering Inferno." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "One of the most sought-after unreleased music cues from the film is the one where Williams provides low-key lounge music during a party prior to the announcement of a fire." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "During testing an electrical short starts an undetected fire on the 81st floor." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Smoke is seen on the 81st floor, and the San Francisco Fire Department is summoned." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Towering Inferno received positive reviews from critics and audiences alike upon its release, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 6.57/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, The site's consensus states: \"Although it is not consistently engaging enough to fully justify its towering runtime, The Towering Inferno is a blustery spectacle that executes its disaster premise with flair." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Fire overtakes the express elevators, killing a group whose elevator stops on the engulfed 81st floor." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Bigelow and his mistress Lorrie (Susan Flannery) are killed when fire traps them in the Duncan Enterprises offices on the 65th floor." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Towering Inferno is a 1974 American disaster film produced by Irwin Allen featuring an ensemble cast led by Paul Newman and Steve McQueen." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Berlin during the Weimar Republic in 1931, under the presence of the growing Nazi Party, the film is loosely based on the 1966 Broadway musical Cabaret by Kander and Ebb, which was adapted from Christopher Isherwood's semi-autobiographical novel" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cabaret is a 1972 American musical drama film directed by Bob Fosse, and starring Liza Minnelli, Michael York, and Joel Grey." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Pre-production", "text": "In 1971, Bob Fosse learned through Harold Prince, director of the original Broadway production, that Cy Feuer was producing a film adaptation of Cabaret through ABC Pictures and Allied Artists." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Berlin during the Weimar Republic in 1931, under the presence of the growing Nazi Party, the film is loosely based on the 1966 Broadway musical Cabaret by Kander and Ebb, which was adapted from Christopher Isherwood's semi-autobiographical novel" }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Cabaret has been cited by TV Guide as among the greatest films ever made, and in Movieline magazine as one of the \"100 Best Movies Ever\"." }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | Critical reception | Reaction of Isherwood and others", "text": "The poet Stephen Spender lamented how Cabaret (1972) glossed over Weimar Berlin's crushing poverty: \"There is not a single meal, or club, in the movie Cabaret, that Christopher [Isherwood] and I could have afforded [in 1931]." }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | Critical reception | Contemporary reviews", "text": "\"A Variety staff critic appraised the film in December 1971: \"The film version of the 1966 John Kander-Fred Ebb Broadway musical Cabaret is most unusual: it is literate, bawdy, sophisticated, sensual, cynical, heart-warming, and disturbingly thought-provoking." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the box office failure of his film version of Sweet Charity in 1969, Bob Fosse bounced back with Cabaret in 1972, a year that made him the most honored director in the movie business." }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | Critical reception | Contemporary reviews", "text": "The movie does not exploit decadence; rather, it gives it its due." }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | American Film Institute recognition", "text": "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – No. 5" }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | American Film Institute recognition", "text": "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) –" }, { "section_header": "Release and reaction | Critical reception | Contemporary reviews", "text": "Bob Fosse's generally excellent direction recreates the milieu of Germany some 40 years ago.\" Roger Greenspun of The New York Times wrote in February 1972 that \"Cabaret is one of those immensely gratifying imperfect works in which from beginning to end you can literally feel a movie coming to life.\" Likewise, Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote a review that same month in which she applauded the film: \"A great movie musical." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cabaret is a 1972 American musical drama film directed by Bob Fosse, and starring Liza Minnelli, Michael York, and Joel Grey." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "Noble gases are commonly used in lighting because of their lack of chemical reactivity." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher color temperatures and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon; halogen lamps, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of iodine or bromine." }, { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside gas-discharge lamps, such as \"neon lights\"." }, { "section_header": "Chemical properties | Compounds", "text": "Bonding in such compounds can be explained using a three-center four-electron bond model." }, { "section_header": "Occurrence and production", "text": "Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of liquefaction of gases, to convert elements to a liquid state, and fractional distillation, to separate mixtures into component parts." }, { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "The excimers used for lasers may be noble gas dimers such as Ar2, Kr2 or Xe2, or more commonly, the noble gas is combined with a halogen in excimers such as ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl." }, { "section_header": "Chemical properties | Compounds", "text": "As of 2007, about five hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other elements have been identified, including organoxenon compounds (containing xenon bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen, chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon itself." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn)." }, { "section_header": "Chemical properties | Compounds", "text": "In 1993, it was discovered that when C60, a spherical molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure, complexes such as He@C60 can be formed (the @ notation indicates He is contained inside C60 but not covalently bound to it)." }, { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "Xenon is commonly used in xenon arc lamps, which, due to their nearly continuous spectrum that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "For example, argon is used in incandescent lamps to prevent the hot tungsten filament from oxidizing; also, helium is used in breathing gas by deep-sea divers to prevent oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) toxicity." }, { "section_header": "Applications", "text": "Noble gases are commonly used in lighting because of their lack of chemical reactivity." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "However, Cardinals business manager Branch Rickey noticed Hafey's hitting abilities and decided that Hafey should become an outfielder." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "In the field, Hafey was known for having a \"rifle arm.\" He had a power peak, averaging 27 home runs and 114 RBI from 1928 to 1930." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "He moved to the Houston Buffaloes of the Texas League the next year, hitting .360 before being called up to the Cardinals near the end of the season." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hafey was part of two World Series championship teams (in 1926 and 1931) as a Cardinal and also made history with the first hit in an All-Star game, starting in left field and batting cleanup for the National League in the 1933 game." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Hafey, however, had suffered multiple beanings in 1926." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Hafey was fifth in the voting for the 1931 MVP award." }, { "section_header": "Honors", "text": "Hafey was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1971." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Hafey was born on February 12, 1903 in Berkeley, California." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "Not long after that, Hafey abandoned that comeback due to a salary dispute." }, { "section_header": "Career | St. Louis Cardinals", "text": "Rickey responded by trading Hafey to the last-place Cincinnati Reds." }, { "section_header": "Career | Cincinnati Reds", "text": "Hafey announced that he would attempt another comeback with the Reds in February 1937." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "However, Cardinals business manager Branch Rickey noticed Hafey's hitting abilities and decided that Hafey should become an outfielder." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been described as arguably the most popular literary work in East Asia." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been described as arguably the most popular literary work in East Asia." }, { "section_header": "Notable English-language translations", "text": "\"The literary scholar Andrew H. Plaks points out that Waley's abridgement reflected his interpretation of the novel." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Xuanzang who traveled to the \"Western Regions\", that is, Central Asia and India, to obtain Buddhist sacred texts (sūtras) and returned after many trials and much suffering." }, { "section_header": "Notable English-language translations", "text": "Hu Shih's interpretation reflected the popular reading of the novel, but does not account for the levels of meaning and the allegorical framework which scholars in China and the west have shown to be an important part of the late Ming text." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Enduringly popular, the novel is at once a comic adventure story, a humorous satire of Chinese bureaucracy, a spring of spiritual insight, and an extended allegory in which the group of pilgrims journeys towards enlightenment by the power and virtue of cooperation." }, { "section_header": "Authorship", "text": "Hu Shih, literary scholar and former Ambassador to the United States, wrote that the people of Wu's hometown attributed it early on to Wu, and kept records to that effect as early as 1625; thus, claimed Ambassador Hu, Journey to the West was one of the earliest Chinese novels for which the authorship is officially documented." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin) to search China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of \"transcendence and persuasion for good will\" back." }, { "section_header": "Media adaptations", "text": "In 1997, Brooklyn-based jazz composer Fred Ho premiered his jazz opera Journey To The East, at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, which he developed into what he described as a \"serial fantasy action-adventure music/theater epic,” Journey Beyond the West: The New Adventures of Monkey based upon Wu Cheng’en's 16th-century novel." }, { "section_header": "Authorship", "text": "The work in question could have been any version of our story, or something else entirely.\"Translator" }, { "section_header": "Notable English-language translations", "text": "On the other hand, it has been praised as \"remarkably faithful to the original spirit of the work." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Post-Expos career", "text": "After a kidney biopsy on July 23, Raines was diagnosed with lupus and spent the rest of the year undergoing treatment and recovery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Recovery and return", "text": "Raines underwent surgery on May 31 due to a left shoulder strain, and spent time rehabilitating with the Expos Triple-A club, the Ottawa Lynx." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Two of his brothers, Levi and Ned III, played minor league baseball." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played as a left fielder in Major League Baseball for six teams from 1979 to 2002 and was best known for his 13 seasons with the Montreal Expos." }, { "section_header": "Career | Post-Expos career", "text": "With the Yankees, Raines received two World Series rings in 1996 and 1998." }, { "section_header": "Coaching career", "text": "Raines signed a two-year contract to manage the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League, starting in 2009." }, { "section_header": "Career | Recovery and return", "text": "On August 21, 2001, Raines and his son, Tim Raines Jr., became the first father-son pair to play against each other in an official professional baseball game, when the Lynx played the Rochester Red Wings (the two had faced each other earlier in the year during spring training)." }, { "section_header": "Career statistics", "text": "His 1,966 games in left field ranked seventh in major league history when he retired." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The couple had two children: Tim Jr. (\"Little Rock\"), and André (\"Little Hawk\")." }, { "section_header": "Career | Recovery and return", "text": "center field and Raines, Sr. played left field for Baltimore, becoming the second father and son team to play for the same major league team (a feat previously accomplished by Ken Griffey, Sr." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He also rushed for 1,000 yards in eight football games and set two school track and field records that lasted for several years." }, { "section_header": "Career | Post-Expos career", "text": "After a kidney biopsy on July 23, Raines was diagnosed with lupus and spent the rest of the year undergoing treatment and recovery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Tomb", "text": "The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; the actual graves are at a lower level." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Outlying buildings", "text": "The main gateway (darwaza) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble, and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Tomb", "text": "The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris (kiosks) placed at its corners, which replicate the onion shape of the main dome." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Exterior decorations", "text": "The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads \"O Soul, thou art at rest." }, { "section_header": "Later days", "text": "Upon Shah Jahan's death, Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Outlying buildings", "text": "The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side." }, { "section_header": "Later days", "text": "During this time the garden was remodelled with British-style lawns that are still in place today." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Outlying buildings", "text": "The outlying buildings were completed in 1643." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Garden", "text": "The charbagh garden, a design inspired by Persian gardens, was introduced to India by Babur, the first Mughal emperor." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Outlying buildings", "text": "The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design | Tomb", "text": "The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; the actual graves are at a lower level." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robin R. Yount (; nicknamed,\"The Kid\", and \"Rockin' Robin\", born September 16, 1955) is an American former professional baseball player." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Playing career | 1982 season", "text": "Yount finished with a four-hit game, as the Brewers won 10-2." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Yount was born in Danville, Illinois." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Yount courted controversy in the winter of 1978." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Yount was an All-Star in 1980, 1982, and 1983." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Yount sometimes goes hunting with Sveum." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | 1982 season", "text": "Yount led the American League with 210 hits in 1982." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "In 1985, a shoulder problem forced Yount to move to the outfield." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "Yount was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995." }, { "section_header": "Coaching career", "text": "As of 2014, Yount is a special instructor in spring training for the Brewers." }, { "section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "Yount collected more hits (1731) in the decade of the 1980s than any other player." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robin R. Yount (; nicknamed,\"The Kid\", and \"Rockin' Robin\", born September 16, 1955) is an American former professional baseball player." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Addie Joss was born on April 12, 1880, in Woodland, Dodge County, Wisconsin." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death and benefit game", "text": "\"I'll do anything they want for Addie Joss' family\", Johnson said." }, { "section_header": "Death and benefit game", "text": "\"The memory of Addie Joss is sacred to everyone with whom he ever came in contact." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Addie Joss was born on April 12, 1880, in Woodland, Dodge County, Wisconsin." }, { "section_header": "Journalism and engineering interests", "text": "The Press introduced Joss in columns this way: \"Of all the baseball players in the land, Addie Joss is far and away the best qualified for this work." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Adrian \"Addie\" Joss (April 12, 1880 – April 14, 1911), nicknamed \"The Human Hairpin,\" was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball." }, { "section_header": "Journalism and engineering interests", "text": ", Joss worked on designing an electric scoreboard that would later be known as the Joss Indicator." }, { "section_header": "Death and benefit game", "text": "Joss could not stand on his own and his speech was slurred." }, { "section_header": "Recognition", "text": "Sportswriter Red Smith wrote in 1970 in support of Joss. \" Could you write a history of baseball without mentioning Joss?" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joss led the league in shutouts that year." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Contract dispute", "text": "In March 1902, Joss signed with Cleveland." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He dropped out of high school to enter the printer's trade, learning to operate a linotype machine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "When career advancement proved difficult in that trade, he began to play professional baseball." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Before Schalk, most catchers were large and slow of foot." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Schalk believed that had Faber been available, there would have never been a fix (since Faber would have likely gotten starts that went to Cicotte and Williams).He" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raymond William Schalk (August 12, 1892 – May 19, 1970) was an American professional baseball player, coach, manager and scout." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Schalk made his major league debut the day before his twentieth birthday on August 11, 1912." }, { "section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "He was assistant baseball coach at Purdue University for 18 years before retiring from baseball at 72." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "On a hit and run play, the Browns' Ray Demmitt ran past second base as Shoeless Joe Jackson made a catch in deep left field off the bat of Joe Gedeon." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "White Sox coach Kid Gleason helped him hone his skills and, by the following year, Schalk had become the starting catcher in place of Billy Sullivan, and led the American League catchers in putouts." }, { "section_header": "Career statistics and legacy", "text": "He claimed to be the only major league catcher to have made a putout at every base, and once made three assists in one inning." }, { "section_header": "Career statistics and legacy", "text": "Schalk helped revolutionize the way the catcher's position was played." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He dropped out of high school to enter the printer's trade, learning to operate a linotype machine." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been described as the first modern detective story; Poe referred to it as one of his \"tales of ratiocination\".C. Auguste Dupin is a man in Paris who solves the mystery of the brutal murder of two women." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Graham's Magazine in 1841." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been described as the first modern detective story; Poe referred to it as one of his \"tales of ratiocination\".C. Auguste Dupin is a man in Paris who solves the mystery of the brutal murder of two women." }, { "section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The word detective did not exist at the time Poe wrote \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", though there were other stories that featured similar problem-solving characters." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Poe originally titled the story \"Murders in the Rue Trianon\" but renamed it to better associate with death. \" The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" first appeared in Graham's Magazine in April 1841 while Poe was working as an editor." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "It has also been adapted as a video game by Big Fish Games for their \"Dark Tales\" franchise under the title \"Dark Tales: Edgar Allan Poe's Murders in the Rue Morgue\"." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A film in 1971 directed by Gordon Hessler with the title Murders in the Rue Morgue had little to do with the Poe story." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "In 1843, Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories entitled The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and reception", "text": "Poe's role in the creation of the detective story is reflected in the Edgar Awards, given annually by the Mystery Writers of America." }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Childs had also donated $650 for the completion of Edgar Allan Poe's new grave monument in Baltimore, Maryland in 1875.\"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" was one of the earliest of Poe's works to be translated into French." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The story was adapted in a short silent film made in 1914." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "His survivors included his wife Edyth and a daughter." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "That season, Vance had one out of every 13 strikeouts in the entire National League." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Vance was involved in one of the most famous flubs in baseball history, the \"three men on third\" incident during the 1926 season." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1938, Vance became ill with pneumonia." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "A Dazzy Vance Day celebration was held in Brooklyn." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Orient, Iowa, Vance spent most of his childhood in Nebraska." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Vance died of a heart attack in 1961 in Homosassa Springs." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Vance was discovered to have an arm injury in 1916 and was given medical treatment." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Vance and DeBerry formed a successful battery during their tenure with Brooklyn." }, { "section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Vance, having rounded third, misunderstood and reversed course, returning to third." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "Vance recovered and became a frequent guest at Brooklyn old-timers games." }, { "section_header": "Later life", "text": "His survivors included his wife Edyth and a daughter." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Along with Isaac Albéniz, Francisco Tárrega, and Enrique Granados, he was one of Spain's most important musicians of the first half of the 20th century." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Argentina", "text": "Manuel de Falla never married and had no children." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Recordings by Falla", "text": "Manuel de Falla 1876–1946 Manuel de Falla 1876–1946 Grabaciones históricas; Centro de Documentación Musical de Andalucía. (Almaviva, HOM13080) (ref) Rollos de Pianola (Obras de Albéniz, Granados, Turina, Ocón, Chapí, Alonso y Otros) (Almaviva, DS - 0141) ASIN B000GI34D6" }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Falla was born Manuel María de los Dolores Falla y Matheu in Cádiz." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Madrid", "text": "That same year he started to use de with his first surname, making Manuel de Falla" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manuel de Falla y Matheu (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnwel ðe ˈfaʎa], 23 November 1876 – 14 November 1946) was a Spanish composer and pianist." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Granada period", "text": "From 1921 to 1939 Manuel de Falla lived in Granada, where he organized the Concurso de Cante Jondo in 1922." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Argentina", "text": "One of the lasting honors to his memory is the Manuel de Falla Chair of Music in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at Complutense University of Madrid." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Return to Madrid", "text": "In Madrid he composed several of his best-known pieces, including: The nocturne for piano and orchestra Noches en los jardines de España (1916) The ballet El amor brujo (1915) which includes the much excerpted and arranged Danza ritual del fuego" }, { "section_header": "Biography | Madrid", "text": "Falla then began his collaboration with composer Amadeo Vives on the zarzuelas Prisionero de guerra, El cornetín de órdenes and La cruz de Malta (only fragments of these works survive)." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Paris", "text": "In 1910 Falla met Stravinsky and in 1911–12 traveled to London, Brussels and Milan to give concerts and investigate possible venues for La vida breve, which he had composed shortly after his arrival in Paris in 1907 but which, despite the support of Dukas and Falla's own best efforts, was not finally performed until 1 April 1913 at the Municipal Casino in Nice, with the libretto translated into French by the dramatist Paul Milliet." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Along with Isaac Albéniz, Francisco Tárrega, and Enrique Granados, he was one of Spain's most important musicians of the first half of the 20th century." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "Dick Tracy had a long run on radio, from 1934 weekdays on NBC's New England stations to the ABC network in 1948." } ]

[ { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "The early shows all had 15-minute episodes." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "Dick Tracy had a long run on radio, from 1934 weekdays on NBC's New England stations to the ABC network in 1948." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "Bob Burlen was the first radio Tracy in 1934, and others heard in the role during the 1930s and 1940s" }, { "section_header": "In other media | Film | Film serials", "text": "Dick Tracy made his film debut in Dick Tracy (1937), a 15-chapter movie serial by Republic Pictures starring Ralph Byrd." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Comic books", "text": "Tracy made his first comic book appearance in 1936 as one of the features included in the first issue of Dell's Popular Comics." }, { "section_header": "Comic strip | Space period", "text": "However, he ended up back on Earth when the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 showed that the moon was barren of all life." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Television", "text": "Dick Tracy (1950–1951, live action television series starring Ralph Byrd) The Dick Tracy Show (1961, animated television series with various voices including Everett Sloane and Mel Blanc) *" }, { "section_header": "In other media | Books", "text": "Beginning in 2006, IDW Publishing started the series The Complete Chester Gould's Dick Tracy, reprinting the complete strip in hardcover volumes, eventually being done under their The Library of American Comics imprint." }, { "section_header": "In other media | Radio", "text": "Dick Tracy's wedding is repeatedly interrupted as Tracy chases after one villain after another." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Samson Agonistes (from Greek Σαμσών ἀγωνιστής, \"Samson the champion\") is a tragic closet drama by John Milton." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "On 14 December 2008 BBC Radio 3 broadcast a production of the play as part of its commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Milton's birth, adapted for radio and directed by John Tydeman." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Samson Agonistes (from Greek Σαμσών ἀγωνιστής, \"Samson the champion\") is a tragic closet drama by John Milton." }, { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "On 9 October 2017 at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, AL and on 13 October 2017 at The Conference on John Milton at UAB in Birmingham, AL, the play was performed by the Improbable Fictions (a group that performs staged readings of Shakespeare as well as works of other significant authors from the English Renaissance (e.g., John Milton) and is sponsored by the Hudson Strode Program in Renaissance Studies at the University of Alabama)." }, { "section_header": "Productions", "text": "https://improbablefictions.org/tag/samson-agonistes/" }, { "section_header": "Themes | Blindness", "text": "The correlation is significant to the Agonistes plot: Milton describes Samson as being \"Eyeless in Gaza\", a phrase that has become the most quoted line of Agonistes." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Blindness", "text": "As blindness overtook Milton, it becomes a major trope in Samson Agonistes, and is seen also in Paradise Lost (3.22–55) and his 19th Sonnet." }, { "section_header": "Themes | Women", "text": "The depiction of Dalila, and women, is similar to that in Milton's divorce tracts and, as John Guillory states and then asks, \"We scarcely need to observe that Samson Agonistes assumes the subjection of women, a practice to which Milton gives his unequivocal endorsement; but is there any sense in which that practice of subjection is modified by the contemporaneous form of the sexual divisions of labor?\"." }, { "section_header": "Play", "text": "Chor. Thy son is rather slaying them; that outcry From slaughter of one foe could not ascend." }, { "section_header": "Play", "text": "My sudden rage to tear thee joint by joint\" (lines 952-3)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Is Added / Samson Agonistes\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Turner also acted in the films Tommy (1975), Mad Max" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Ike & Tina Turner | Origins: 1957–1960", "text": "Turner said he'd call her but never did." }, { "section_header": "Ike & Tina Turner | Early success: 1960–1965", "text": "Another single by Ike and Tina, \"You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had\", reached No. 29 on the Billboard R&B chart." }, { "section_header": "Solo career | Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000", "text": "The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1988, she set a then-record for the largest paying audience (180,000) for a solo performer." }, { "section_header": "Solo career | Early solo career: 1977–1983", "text": "She played a series of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting, influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and marriages | Ike Turner", "text": "But I never beat her. \" In a 1999 interview on The Roseanne Barr Show, Roseanne Barr urged Ike to publicly apologize to Tina." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and marriages | Ike Turner", "text": "On multiple occasions, Ike claimed that he was never officially married to Tina and that her birth name is Martha Nell Bullock (not Anna Mae Bullock)." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and marriages | Ike Turner", "text": "In 2007, Ike told Jet that he still loved Tina, and he had written her a letter apologizing for \"putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff\", especially his womanizing, but he never sent it." }, { "section_header": "Solo career | Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000", "text": "In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record at the time for the \"largest paying rock concert attendance for a solo artist\"." }, { "section_header": "Ike & Tina Turner | Origins: 1957–1960", "text": "Bullock's introduction to the public as Tina Turner began with the release of \"A Fool" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Turner also acted in the films Tommy (1975), Mad Max" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death and posthumous execution", "text": "He was buried with great ceremony, with an elaborate funeral at Westminster Abbey based on that of James I, his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death and posthumous execution", "text": "The most likely cause was septicaemia (blood poisoning) following his urinary infection." }, { "section_header": "Death and posthumous execution", "text": "He was buried with great ceremony, with an elaborate funeral at Westminster Abbey based on that of James I, his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there." }, { "section_header": "Politics: 1647–1649 | King tried and executed", "text": "Though it was not unprecedented, execution of the King, or \"regicide\", was controversial, if for no other reason due to the doctrine of the divine right of kings." }, { "section_header": "Monuments and posthumous honours", "text": "This includes Cromwell's Bible, button, coffin plate, death mask, and funeral escutcheon." }, { "section_header": "Monuments and posthumous honours", "text": "It was the first large-scale statue to be erected in the open in England, and was a realistic likeness based on the painting by Peter Lely; it showed Cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey." }, { "section_header": "Death and posthumous execution", "text": "In 1658, he was struck by a sudden bout of malarial fever, followed directly by illness symptomatic of a urinary or kidney complaint." }, { "section_header": "Early years | Marriage and family", "text": "The couple had nine children: Robert (1621–1639), died while away at school." }, { "section_header": "Early years | Marriage and family", "text": "Oliver (1622–1644), died of typhoid fever while serving as a Parliamentarian officer." }, { "section_header": "Early years | Marriage and family", "text": "Elizabeth (1629–1658), married John Claypole. James (b. & d. 1632), died in infancy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Ellington died on May 24, 1974, of complications from lung cancer and pneumonia, a few weeks after his 75th birthday." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ellington was noted for his inventive use of the orchestra, or big band, and for his eloquence and charisma." }, { "section_header": "Career | The later 1930s", "text": "In the summer of that year, his father died, and due to many expenses, Ellington's finances were tight, although his situation improved the following year." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Tributes", "text": "It is also dedicated to Duke Ellington." }, { "section_header": "Career | Ellington in the early to mid-1940s", "text": "The settlement of the first recording ban of 1942–43, leading to an increase in royalties paid to musicians, had a serious effect on the financial viability of the big bands, including Ellington's Orchestra." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizol's \"Caravan\", and \"Perdido\", which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz." }, { "section_header": "Career | Early post-war years", "text": "As the cost of hiring big bands had increased, club owners now found smaller jazz groups more cost-effective." }, { "section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "The band included childhood friend Otto Hardwick, who began playing the string bass, then moved to C-melody sax and finally settled on alto saxophone; Arthur Whetsol on trumpet; Elmer Snowden on banjo; and Sonny Greer on drums." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Tributes", "text": "Digital Duke, credited to The Duke Ellington Orchestra, won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Another school is P.S. 004 Duke Ellington in New York." }, { "section_header": "Career | Ellington in the early to mid-1940s", "text": "Privately made by Jack Towers and Dick Burris, these recordings were first legitimately issued in 1978 as Duke Ellington at Fargo," }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Ellington died on May 24, 1974, of complications from lung cancer and pneumonia, a few weeks after his 75th birthday." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was shot between India, Taiwan and Montreal, Quebec in 2011, with Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H) handling the visual effects work." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The ocean scenes of the film were shot at a giant wave tank built by the crew in an abandoned airport." }, { "section_header": "Distribution | Marketing", "text": "This was later followed by the release of The Making of Life of Pi: A Film, a Journey, a book by Jean-Christophe Castelli that details how Life of Pi was brought to the big screen." }, { "section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "Every shot was artistic exploration, to make the ocean a character and make it interesting we had to strive to make it as visually stunning as possible." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Pi tells the writer the following story about his life: Pi's father names him" }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "In February 2003 Gabler acquired the project to adapt Life of Pi into a film." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In Life of Pi, certainly given its technological achievements, the filmmaker has raised the bar." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was shot between India, Taiwan and Montreal, Quebec in 2011, with Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H) handling the visual effects work." }, { "section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "The lead visual effects company for Life of Pi was Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H)." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Controversies and animal abuse allegations", "text": "Life of Pi director Ang Lee has described the animal abuse allegations as \"an accident\" in interviews." }, { "section_header": "Distribution | Marketing", "text": "During the marketing campaign for Life of Pi, the film was promoted as \"the next Avatar\" in trailers and TV spots." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In chemistry and physics, activation energy is the energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical reaction." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Catalysts", "text": "Reactions otherwise without catalysts need a higher input of energy to achieve the transition state." }, { "section_header": "Negative activation energy", "text": "Elementary reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions, in which the reaction proceeding relies on the capture of the molecules in a potential well." }, { "section_header": "Catalysts", "text": "A catalyst increases the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction." }, { "section_header": "Relationship with Gibbs energy of activation", "text": "Physical and chemical reactions can be either exergonic or endergonic, but the activation energy is not related to the spontaneity of a reaction." }, { "section_header": "Catalysts", "text": "Non-catalyzed reactions do not have free energy available from active site stabilizing interactions, such as catalytic enzyme reactions." }, { "section_header": "Relationship with Gibbs energy of activation", "text": "However, instead of modeling the temperature dependence of reaction rate phenomenologically, the Eyring equation models individual elementary step of a reaction." }, { "section_header": "Relationship with Gibbs energy of activation", "text": "The overall reaction energy change is not altered by the activation energy." }, { "section_header": "Negative activation energy", "text": "In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing temperature." }, { "section_header": "Relationship with Gibbs energy of activation", "text": "The total free energy change of a reaction is independent of the activation energy however." }, { "section_header": "Temperature dependence and the relation to the Arrhenius equation", "text": "There are two objections to associating this activation energy with the threshold barrier for an elementary reaction." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In chemistry and physics, activation energy is the energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical reaction." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "As the first Sherlock Holmes story published, A Study in Scarlet was among the first to be adapted to the screen." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "A Study in Scarlet is one of the stories missing from the adaptations made starring Jeremy Brett between 1984 and 1994.Steven Moffat loosely adapted A Study in Scarlet into \"A Study in Pink\" as the first episode of the 2010 BBC television series Sherlock featuring Benedict Cumberbatch as a 21st-century Sherlock Holmes, and Martin Freeman as Dr. Watson." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "A Study in Scarlet was adapted as the first two episodes of the BBC's complete Sherlock Holmes 1989–1998 radio series." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "The story was more closely adapted in the season 4 episode, \"A Study in Charlotte.\" \"The First Adventure\", the first episode of the 2014 NHK puppetry series Sherlock Holmes, is loosely based on A Study in Scarlet and \"The Adventure of the Six Napoleons\"." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Meets Mr Sherlock Holmes\", one of multiple radio adaptations featuring John Gielgud as Sherlock Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Dr. Watson." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The episodes aired in November and December 1931, with Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories featuring Holmes, A Study in Scarlet is one of only four full-length novels in the original canon." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "It is also a lost film. The 1933 film entitled A Study in Scarlet, starring Reginald Owen as Sherlock Holmes and Anna May Wong as Mrs Pyke, bears no plot relation to the novel." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Parts of the story were combined with \"The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton\" for the script of \"Dr Watson" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It was Melville's first book, and made him one of the best-known American authors overnight." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life the Writings of Herman Melville Vol." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life is the first book by American writer Herman Melville, published first in London, then New York, in 1846." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Plagiarism in Typee: A Peep at Herman Melville's Lifting from Travel Narratives\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "10 10 : 33–45. Melville, Herman (1968)." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "ISBN 0674550668.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Howard, Leon (1968), \"Historical Note\", in Melville, Herman (ed.)," }, { "section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It was Melville's first book, and made him one of the best-known American authors overnight." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The actual one-month stay on which Typee is based is presented as four months in the narrative; there is no lake on the actual island on which Melville might have canoed with the lovely Fayaway, and the ridge which Melville describes climbing after escaping the ship he may actually have seen in an engraving." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life." }, { "section_header": "Critical response", "text": "The Knickerbocker called Typee \"a piece of Münchhausenism\"." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "The London edition of the book appeared in the publisher John Murray's Colonial and Home Library series, accounts of foreigners in exotic places, and the slightly suspicious Murray required reassurance that Melville's experiences was first-hand, not the work of a professional travel writer, and that the author had himself experienced the adventures he described." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Philip II of Macedon (Greek: Φίλιππος Β΄ ὁ Μακεδών; 382–336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Asian campaign (336 BC)", "text": "This gave him a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of his innovations in the management of the Macedonian state." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Fictional portrayals", "text": "Fredric March portrayed Philip II of Macedon in the film Alexander the Great (1956)." }, { "section_header": "Tomb of Philip II at Aigai", "text": "More recent research gives further evidence that Tomb II contains the remains of Philip II." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Fictional portrayals", "text": "Val Kilmer portrayed Philip II of Macedon in Oliver Stone's 2004 biopic Alexander." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Fictional portrayals", "text": "Sunny Ghanshani portrayed Philip II of Macedon in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's series Porus." }, { "section_header": "Assassination", "text": "He was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards, tripped on a vine, and died by their hands." }, { "section_header": "Tomb of Philip II at Aigai", "text": "Although there was much debate for some years, as suspected at the time of the discovery Tomb II has been shown to be that of Philip II as indicated by many features, including the greaves, one of which was shaped consistently to fit a leg with a misaligned tibia (Philip II was recorded as having broken his tibia)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Philip II of Macedon (Greek: Φίλιππος Β΄ ὁ Μακεδών; 382–336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC." }, { "section_header": "Tomb of Philip II at Aigai", "text": "Tomb II instead was identified in the study as that of King Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice II." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Youth and accession", "text": "He first had to remedy a predicament which had been greatly worsened by the defeat against the Illyrians in which King Perdiccas himself had died." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] (listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy." }, { "section_header": "Nazi Germany | Rearmament and new alliances", "text": "In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of \"conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation\" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives." }, { "section_header": "Entry into politics | Rebuilding the Nazi Party", "text": "As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria." }, { "section_header": "Rise to power | Dictatorship", "text": "On 2 May 1933 all trade unions were forced to dissolve and their leaders were arrested." }, { "section_header": "Entry into politics | Rebuilding the Nazi Party", "text": "Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939." }, { "section_header": "Entry into politics", "text": "From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul." }, { "section_header": "Entry into politics | Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison", "text": "While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice, and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lyft, Inc. is an American ridesharing company based in San Francisco, California and operating in 644 cities in the United States and 12 cities in Canada." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "In January 2017, Lyft announced it would add 100 U.S. cities, bringing its total to 300 U.S. cities served." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "By using Facebook profile information, student drivers and passengers could learn about each other." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2014, Lyft launched in 24 new U.S. cities in 24 hours, bringing its total to 60 U.S. cities." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "He had used Craigslist’s ride boards but wanted to eliminate the anxiety of not knowing the passenger or driver." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lyft, Inc. is an American ridesharing company based in San Francisco, California and operating in 644 cities in the United States and 12 cities in Canada." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "On July 19, 2019, Lyft added real-time public transport and subway information for New York City, amidst battles with the city." }, { "section_header": "History | Self-driving car research", "text": "This expertise is expected to help autonomous cars to extract useful information from street-level images." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Whereas Zimride was focused on college campuses, Lyft launched as a ridesharing company for shorter trips within cities." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In November 2018, Lyft acquired Motivate, a bicycle-sharing system and the operator of Capital Bikeshare and Citi Bike." }, { "section_header": "COVID-19 Safety", "text": "As of June 10, Lyft requires that all riders and drivers stay home if they’re sick; wear face coverings when using Lyft; frequently sanitize hands and car surfaces; leave the front seat empty; and keep windows open when possible." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Galvin died poor at age 45 on March 7, 1902, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and, as a Roman Catholic, is buried in Calvary Catholic Cemetery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "On June 14, 1892, Galvin was traded to the St. Louis Browns." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in 1875, the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "He pitched over 400 innings in 1880, 1881, and 1882." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "He played for the Allegheny club from 1885 to 1889, pitching over 300 innings each year." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "The following season, in 1884, he went 46-22 with a 1.99 ERA in 72 games started, 71 complete games, and 636.1 innings pitched." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Upon his retirement, Galvin held all-time records in several pitching categories, including wins, innings pitched, games started, games completed and shutouts." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "Galvin played in an era where two-man pitching rotations were common – hence his 6,003 innings pitched and 646 complete games, both of which are second only to the career totals of Cy Young." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "In his first full MLB season in 1879, Galvin had a win–loss record of 37-27 and a 2.28 earned run average (retroactively calibrated; ERA was not an established statistic before the 20th century) in 593 innings pitched." }, { "section_header": "Baseball career", "text": "In 1883, Galvin went 46-29 with a 2.72 ERA, setting career highs in wins, games started (75), complete games (72), and innings pitched (656.1); he led the NL in the latter three categories." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Galvin died poor at age 45 on March 7, 1902, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and, as a Roman Catholic, is buried in Calvary Catholic Cemetery." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Brazil is the most successful national team in the FIFA World Cup, being crowned winner five times: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | World Cup drought (2002–present)", "text": "Brazil also won the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup for the second time." }, { "section_header": "Competitive record | FIFA World Cup", "text": "With five titles, they have won the tournament on more occasions than any other national team." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Brazil is the most successful national team in the FIFA World Cup, being crowned winner five times: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002." }, { "section_header": "History | World Cup drought (2002–present) | Return of Luiz Felipe Scolari (2013–14)", "text": "On 6 June 2013, Brazil was ranked 22nd in the FIFA ranking, their lowest-ever rank." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Seleção Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in men's international football and is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil." }, { "section_header": "Competitive record | FIFA World Cup", "text": "Brazil has qualified for every FIFA World Cup they entered, never requiring a qualifying play-off." }, { "section_header": "All-time head-to-head record", "text": "Below is a result summary of all matches Brazil have played against FIFA recognized teams." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "They share with France and Argentina the feat to have won the three most important men's football titles recognized by FIFA: the World Cup, the Confederations Cup, and the Olympic tournament." }, { "section_header": "Players | Current squad", "text": "The following 24 players were called up on 6 March 2020 for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Bolivia and Peru." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In relation to ranking standings Brazil fare well, having the all-time highest average football Elo rating system since 1970, and the fourth all-time peak football Elo Rating established in 1962." } ]