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[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though now considered a major 19th-century English novel, even Hardy's fictional masterpiece, Tess of the d'Urbervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Fifth: The Woman Pays (35–44)", "text": "However, she soon runs out of money, having to help out her parents more than once." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Opera", "text": "When the opera came to London three years later, Hardy, then 69, attended the premiere." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Third: The Rally (16–24)", "text": "Although the other milkmaids are in love with him, Angel singles out Tess and the two fall in love." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Fifth: The Woman Pays (35–44)", "text": "On the road, she is again recognised and insulted by Groby, who later turns out to be her new employer." }, { "section_header": "Symbolism and themes", "text": "she chooses a passage from Genesis, the book of creation, rather than the more traditional New Testament verses." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Seventh: Fulfilment (53–59)", "text": "He sets out to find Tess and eventually locates Joan, now well-dressed and living in a pleasant cottage." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Fifth: The Woman Pays (35–44)", "text": "One winter day, Tess attempts to visit Angel's family at the parsonage in Emminster, hoping for practical assistance." }, { "section_header": "Symbolism and themes", "text": "During the era of first-wave feminism, civil divorce was introduced and campaigns were waged against child prostitution, moving gender and sexuality issues to the forefront of public discussion." }, { "section_header": "Summary | Phase the Seventh: Fulfilment (53–59)", "text": "They find an empty mansion and stay there for five days in blissful happiness, until their presence is discovered one day by the cleaning woman." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Music", "text": "American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills has a song called \"Tess-Timony\" inspired by this novel on their 2015 album Every Trick in the Book." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though now considered a major 19th-century English novel, even Hardy's fictional masterpiece, Tess of the d'Urbervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Odo was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Papacy | First Crusade", "text": "Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Odo was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Urban II (Latin: Urbanus II; c. 1035 – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death." }, { "section_header": "Papacy | First Crusade", "text": "The five versions of Urban's speech likely reflect much more clearly what later authors thought Urban II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what Urban II actually did say." }, { "section_header": "Veneration", "text": "Pope Urban was beatified in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII with his feast day on 29 July." }, { "section_header": "Papacy | First Crusade", "text": "Urban II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself." }, { "section_header": "Papacy | Spain", "text": "Pope Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain." }, { "section_header": "Papacy | Struggle for authority", "text": "He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King William II of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome." }, { "section_header": "Papacy | First Crusade", "text": "Robert continued: When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out \" It is the will of God!" }, { "section_header": "Papacy | First Crusade", "text": "Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "At its center, the Works and Days is a farmer's almanac in which Hesiod instructs his brother Perses in the agricultural arts." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Angry at their impiety, Zeus destroyed the race; still, they are granted the honor of being called \"chthonic blessed mortals\"." }, { "section_header": "Works cited", "text": "Nisbet, Gideon, Hesiod, Works and Days: A Didaxis of Deconstruction?, Greece and Rome 51 (2004)," }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "They fought with one another and did not mind the gods." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "There was after all not one Eris (Ἔρις, \"Strife\") as in that poem, but two: one is quite blameworthy and provokes wars and disagreement among mankind; but the other is commended by all who know her, for she compels men to work honorably, rivaling each other: Hesiod encourages Perses to avoid the bad Eris, and not let her persuade him to frequent the arguments in the agora, but to focus on working for his livelihood." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Though demigods, they too fell in war, most notably those at Thebes and Troy." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scholars have seen this work against a background of agrarian crisis in mainland Greece, which inspired a wave of colonial expeditions in search of new land." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Works and Days (Ancient Greek: Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι, Erga kai Hēmerai) is a didactic poem written by the ancient Greek poet Hesiod around 700 BC." }, { "section_header": "Works cited", "text": "Verdenius, Willem Jacob, A Commentary on Hesiod Works and Days vv." }, { "section_header": "Works cited", "text": "Bartlett, Robert C. \" An Introduction to Hesiod's Works and Days\", The Review of Politics 68 (2006), pp." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the poem Hesiod also offers his brother extensive moralizing advice on how he should live his life." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "At its center, the Works and Days is a farmer's almanac in which Hesiod instructs his brother Perses in the agricultural arts." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music career | 1980–1985", "text": "By then Geffen Records was notified by Polygram Records, who now owned Casablanca, that Summer still needed to deliver them one more album to fulfill her contract with them." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1980–1985", "text": "David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones to produce Summer's next album, the eponymously titled Donna Summer." }, { "section_header": "Death | Reaction", "text": "It's so sad.\" Quincy Jones wrote that Summer's voice was \"the heartbeat and soundtrack of a generation.\" Aretha Franklin said, \"It's so shocking to hear about the passing of Donna Summer." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1974–1979: Initial success", "text": "Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became Donna Summer; the name stuck." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1990–1999: Mistaken Identity, acting, and Live & More Encore", "text": "She reunited with Giorgio Moroder, for the song \"Carry On\", which was included on the 1993, Polygram issued The Donna Summer Anthology, it contained 34 tracks of Summer's material with Casablanca and Mercury Records, and from her tenures with Atlantic and Geffen." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 2018, Summer: The Donna Summer Musical, a biographical musical featuring Summer's songs, began performances on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, following a 2017 world premiere at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego." }, { "section_header": "Death | Reaction", "text": "Donna changed the face of pop culture forever." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1974–1979: Initial success", "text": "Summer's first album was Lady of the Night." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1974–1979: Initial success", "text": "Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released." }, { "section_header": "Death | Reaction", "text": "Mary J. Blige tweeted \"RIP Donna Summer !!!!!!!!" }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Advocacy for technical women", "text": "Her goal was to have 50% representation for women in computing by 2020." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Advocacy for technical women", "text": "Her goal was to have 50% representation for women in computing by 2020." }, { "section_header": "Career | Institute for Women and Technology", "text": "Two important goals behind the founding of the organization were to increase the representation of women in technical fields and to enable the creation of more technology by women." }, { "section_header": "Career | Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing", "text": "With the initial idea of creating a conference by and for women computer scientists, Borg and Whitney met over dinner, with a blank sheet of paper, having no idea how to start a conference, and started to plan out their vision." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Soon after starting at Xerox, she founded the Institute for Women and Technology, having previously founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing in 1994." }, { "section_header": "Career | Advocacy for technical women", "text": "Borg passionately believed in working for greater representation of technical women." }, { "section_header": "Career | Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing", "text": "In 1994, Anita Borg and Telle Whitney founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing." }, { "section_header": "Career | Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing", "text": "The first Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing was held in Washington, D.C., in June 1994, and brought together 500 technical women." }, { "section_header": "Career | Awards and recognition", "text": "Borg was recognized for her accomplishments as a computer scientist, as well as for her work on behalf of women in computing." }, { "section_header": "Career | Awards and recognition", "text": "She received the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award from the Association for Women in Computing for her work on behalf of women in the computing field in 1995." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate ( or Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ‎, al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsīyah) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed of non-Arab origin people, known as Mamluks." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was Al-Mustansir." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "In 1261, following the devastation of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt re-established the Abbasid caliphate in Cairo." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of Al-Mutawakkil III, who was taken away as a prisoner by Selim I to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Islamic Golden Age", "text": "The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Technology", "text": "The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century." }, { "section_header": "History | Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)", "text": "However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule." }, { "section_header": "Culture | Science", "text": "Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian Bukhtishu family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the eighth and eleventh centuries." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate ( or Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ‎, al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsīyah) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "\"While performing, Fresh Kid Ice of 2 Live Crew took notice and asked him to be his hype man, and shortly after he took him for a show in Hawaii." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 17, 1979), better known by his stage name Flo Rida (, floh RY-də), is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Carol City, Florida." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Tramar Lacel Dillard was born in Carol City, Florida on September 17, 1979." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Mail on Sunday", "text": "Lil Wayne appeared on the track \"American Superstar\", while Sean Kingston appeared on the J. R. Rotem-produced \"Roll\", which was co-written by Compton rapper Spitfiya." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2010–2011: Only One Flo (Part 1)", "text": "He has signed an 18-year-old rapper, Brianna and Git Fresh to International." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "His brother-in-law was a hype man for local rap group 2 Live Crew, and while in ninth grade, Flo Rida joined an amateur rap group called the GroundHoggz." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2011–2013: Wild Ones", "text": "On April 1, 2012, Flo Rida appeared at WWE's WrestleMania XXVIII in a segment with Heath Slater, Curt Hawkins, and Tyler Reks, in which Slater called Flo Rida \"Florida\" and the rapper shoved him into a wall." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "\"While performing, Fresh Kid Ice of 2 Live Crew took notice and asked him to be his hype man, and shortly after he took him for a show in Hawaii." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 2014–present: My House and upcoming fifth studio album", "text": "On November 17, 2017, Flo Rida released another single \"Hola\" featuring Colombian singer/songwriter Maluma." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "The GroundHoggz had been a three-man group, with members who lived in the same apartment complex as Flo Rida." }, { "section_header": "Life and career | 1979–2006: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "They started recording at underground studios in Carver Ranches." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She also wrote more than 50 short stories, plays, and essays." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She also wrote more than 50 short stories, plays, and essays." }, { "section_header": "Selected bibliography", "text": "\"Sweat\" (1926), short story \"How It Feels to Be Colored Me\" (1928) , essay" }, { "section_header": "Biography | College and slightly after", "text": "In 1921, she wrote a short story, \"John Redding Goes to Sea\", which qualified her to become a member of Alain Locke's literary club, The Stylus." }, { "section_header": "Literary career | 1920s", "text": "Shortly before she entered Barnard, Hurston's short story \"Spunk\" was selected for The New Negro, a landmark anthology of fiction, poetry, and essays focusing on African and African-American art and literature." }, { "section_header": "Selected bibliography", "text": "\"The Gilded Six-Bits\" (1933), short story" }, { "section_header": "Selected bibliography", "text": "Muttsy (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life) 1926, short story." }, { "section_header": "Biography | College and slightly after", "text": "Around this time, Hurston also had a few early literary successes, including placing in short-story and playwriting contests in Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, published by the National Urban League." }, { "section_header": "Literary career | 1920s", "text": "\" It has also been described as a \"testimonial text\", more in the style of other anthropological studies since the late 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Literary career | 1930s", "text": "It was published in 1935. By the mid-1930s, Hurston had published several short stories and the critically acclaimed Mules and Men (1935), a groundbreaking work of \"literary anthropology\" documenting African-American folklore from timber camps in North Florida." }, { "section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition", "text": "The novel Harlem Mosaics (2012) by Whit Frazier depicts the friendship between Langston Hughes and Hurston, and tells the story of how their friendship fell apart during their collaboration on the 1930 play Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American black-and-white romantic comedy film directed and produced by Billy Wilder, starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The code had been gradually weakening in its scope since the early 1950s, due to greater social tolerance for previously taboo topics in film, but it was still officially enforced until the mid-1960s." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It Hot is considered one of the final nails in the coffin for the Hays Code." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Some Like It Hot received widespread acclaim from critics, and is considered among the best films of all time." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote about the movie, \"Wilder's 1959 comedy is one of the enduring treasures of the movies, a film of inspiration and meticulous craft.\" John McCarten of The New Yorker referred to the film as \"a jolly, carefree enterprise\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some Like It Hot opened to critical and commercial success and is considered to be one of the greatest films of all time." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "The website's critical consensus reads, \"Some Like It Hot: A spry, quick-witted farce that never drags." }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #14" }, { "section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #1 2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes: Osgood Fielding III: \" Well, nobody's perfect.\" – #48 2007: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) –" }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "\"Nobody's perfect\" is ranked 78th on The Hollywood Reporter list of Hollywood's 100 Favorite Movie Lines, but it was never supposed to be in the final cut." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American black-and-white romantic comedy film directed and produced by Billy Wilder, starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harding lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and career | Editor", "text": "He would spend much of his life in Marion, a small city in rural Ohio, and would become closely associated with it." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Editor", "text": "In Harding's youth, the majority of the population still lived on farms and in small towns." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Childhood and education", "text": "He and a friend put out a small newspaper, the Iberia Spectator, during their final year at Ohio Central, intended to appeal to both the college and the town." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harding lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere." }, { "section_header": "Rising politician (1897–1919) | Ohio state leader", "text": "The party split grew, and in 1912, Taft and Roosevelt were rivals for the Republican nomination." }, { "section_header": "Early life and career | Editor", "text": "He started with nothing, and through working, stalling, bluffing, withholding payments, borrowing back wages, boasting, and manipulating, he turned a dying rag into a powerful small-town newspaper." }, { "section_header": "Rising politician (1897–1919) | U.S. senator | Election of 1914", "text": "Harding's general election opponent was Ohio Attorney General Timothy Hogan, who had risen to statewide office despite widespread prejudice against Roman Catholics in rural areas." }, { "section_header": "Historical view", "text": "Adams continued to shape the negative view of Harding with several nonfiction works in the 1930s, culminating with The Incredible Era—The Life and Times of Warren G. Harding (1939) in which he called his subject \"an amiable, well-meaning third-rate Mr. Babbitt, with the equipment of a small-town semi-educated journalist ... It could not work." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harding's support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot." }, { "section_header": "Presidential election of 1920 | General election campaign", "text": "The front porch campaign allowed Harding to avoid mistakes, and as time dwindled towards the election, his strength grew." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first popular novel about World War II and is considered one of the greatest English-language novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Naked and the Dead is the debut novel by Norman Mailer, published in 1948 by Rinehart & Company." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was later adapted into a film in 1958." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first popular novel about World War II and is considered one of the greatest English-language novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Naked and the Dead is the debut novel by Norman Mailer, published in 1948 by Rinehart & Company." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Brotherhood: The Naked and the Dead depicts the bonds of brotherhood during World War II, particularly examining the relationships among platoons." }, { "section_header": "Development", "text": "It was written with vigor and contained acute descriptiveness which enabled readers to imagine what World War II was really like." }, { "section_header": "Development", "text": "Writing development: Before he left for basic training, Mailer was certain that he could write \"THE war novel\" based on his experiences as a cook and the experiences of soldiers in World War II." }, { "section_header": "Development", "text": "\" Mailer was convinced he brought this compassion to The Naked and the Dead, and it is what enabled a 25-year-old to write an incredible war novel." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "In 1948, at the age of twenty-five, Mailer published The Naked and the Dead, which was extremely successful." }, { "section_header": "Reception", "text": "Later, Modern Library named The Naked and the Dead one of the top hundred novels in the English language." }, { "section_header": "Development | \"Fug\"", "text": "The publishers of The Naked and the Dead prevented Mailer from using the word \"fuck\" in his novel and had to use the euphemism \"fug\" instead." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "When Seaver asked for $70,000, however, the Dodgers passed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Midnight Massacre", "text": "As for Seaver, he attempted to resolve the impasse by going to team owner Lorinda de Roulet, who along with general manager Joe McDonald, had negotiated in principle a three-year contract extension by mid-June." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "After Seaver's father complained to Eckert about the unfairness of the situation, and threatened a lawsuit, Eckert ruled that other teams could match the Braves' offer." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Mets were subsequently awarded his signing rights in a lottery drawing among the three teams (the Philadelphia Phillies and Cleveland Indians being the two others) that were willing to match the Braves' terms." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1966, Seaver signed a professional contract with the Atlanta Braves, who had drafted him in the first round of the secondary January draft (20th overall)." }, { "section_header": "Career honors", "text": "The Mets retired Seaver's uniform number 41 in 1988 in a Tom Seaver Day ceremony, making him the franchise's first player to be so honored." }, { "section_header": "Personal life and health", "text": "His media nickname referred to the cartoon character Tom Terrific." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Midnight Massacre", "text": "By 1977, free agency had begun and contract negotiations between Mets' ownership and Seaver were not going well." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | Boston Red Sox (1986)", "text": "His 1986 salary was $1 million; the Red Sox offered $500,000, which Seaver declined." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Despite being an All-City basketball player, he hoped to play baseball in college." }, { "section_header": "Professional playing career | New York Mets (1967–1977)", "text": "\" Seaver was perhaps the foremost latter-day exponent of \"drop and drive\" overhand delivery, but his powerful legs protected his arm, and ensured his longevity." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "When Seaver asked for $70,000, however, the Dodgers passed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya-i Kebir Camii Şerifi) and formerly the Church of Hagia Sophia, is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Like the original plan of the Hagia Sophia, many of these mosques are also entered through a colonnaded courtyard." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Several mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty closely mimic the geometry of the Hagia Sophia, including the Süleymaniye Mosque and the Bayezid II Mosque." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Many Byzantine churches were modeled on the Hagia Sophia including the namesake Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Greece." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "However, the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia no longer exists." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Under Justinian, the Hagia Irene was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Like Ottoman mosques, many churches based on the Hagia Sophia include four semi-domes rather than two, such as the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Neo-Byzantine churches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral and Poti Cathedral which closely replicate the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "Several churches combine the layout of the Hagia Sophia with a Latin cross plan." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "This church also closely emulates the column capitals and mosaic styles of the Hagia Sophia." }, { "section_header": "Works modelled on the Hagia Sophia", "text": "The interior of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is a nearly 1-to-1 copy of the Hagia Sophia." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya-i Kebir Camii Şerifi) and formerly the Church of Hagia Sophia, is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition's history, spending 88 seasons in the top flight as of July 2020, and have never dropped below English football's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition's history, spending 88 seasons in the top flight as of July 2020, and have never dropped below English football's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893." }, { "section_header": "Statistics", "text": "The club's longest number of consecutive seasons in the top flight of English football was 36 from 1898–99 until 1933–34." }, { "section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "In the 2009–10 season, when the club were playing in English football's second tier, the Football League Championship, the average attendance at St James' Park was 43,388, the fourth-highest for an English club that season." }, { "section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "In a 2004 survey by Co-operative Financial Services, it was found that Newcastle United topped the league table for the cost incurred and distance travelled by Newcastle-based fans wishing to travel to every Premier League away game." }, { "section_header": "History | First glory years and war years (1903–1937)", "text": "In 1903–04, the club built up a promising squad of players, and went on to dominate English football for almost a decade, the team known for their \"artistic play, combining team-work and quick, short passing\"." }, { "section_header": "History | Formation and early history (1881–1903)", "text": "The origins of Newcastle United Football Club itself can be traced back to the formation of a football club by the Stanley Cricket Club of Byker in November 1881." }, { "section_header": "Statistics", "text": "As of the 2019–20 season, Newcastle United have spent 88 seasons in the top-flight." }, { "section_header": "Statistics", "text": "They are eighth in the all-time Premier League table and have the ninth-highest total of major honours won by an English club with 11 wins." }, { "section_header": "History | Formation and early history (1881–1903)", "text": "The name change was accepted by the Football Association on 22 December, but the club was not legally constituted as Newcastle United Football Club Co. Ltd. until 6 September 1895." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | 2006–2008: Second reunion with Roth", "text": "\"In January 2007, Van Halen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007." }, { "section_header": "History | 1999–2003: Hiatus from public", "text": "In the summer of 2002, Roth and Hagar teamed up in the Song for Song, the Heavyweight Champs of Rock and Roll tour (also known as the 'Sans-Halen' or 'Sam & Dave' Tour)." }, { "section_header": "History | 2006–2008: Second reunion with Roth", "text": "As the band's Hall of Fame induction drew near, media focus shifted to that." }, { "section_header": "History | 1999–2003: Hiatus from public", "text": "Eddie's only live performances during this period were joining Mountain to play \"Never in My Life\" in August 2002 and participating in a private audience jam at NAMM in January 2003." }, { "section_header": "History | 1986–1996: Sammy Hagar era", "text": "In the May 2015 season premiere episode of the TV show Live from Daryl's House, musical guest Hagar stated that he had heard a rumor from \"several people\" and asked host Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates to confirm if he had been \"asked by Eddie to sing in Van Halen.\" Hall affirmed that he had been asked after a Hall & Oates concert in 1985, but declined." }, { "section_header": "History | 1986–1996: Sammy Hagar era", "text": "Hagar agreed to join and also serve as a rhythm guitarist on stage to add to the Van Halen sound." }, { "section_header": "History | 1999–2003: Hiatus from public", "text": "More positively, Eddie underwent treatment for cancer and announced his recovery on Van Halen's website in May 2002." }, { "section_header": "History | 2015–present: Tokyo Dome Live in Concert, North American Tour and hiatus", "text": "In April 2015, Eddie Van Halen told Rolling Stone that the band will \"probably hunker down and do a studio record\" after their tour." }, { "section_header": "History | 2009–2014: A Different Kind of Truth", "text": "On May 17, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that Van Halen was postponing all tour dates after their show of June 26 in New Orleans, Louisiana." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Types | Classification by thermal state", "text": "Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base." }, { "section_header": "Etymology and related terms", "text": "Glaciers are important components of the global cryosphere." }, { "section_header": "Glacial geology", "text": "Material that becomes incorporated in a glacier is typically carried as far as the zone of ablation before being deposited." }, { "section_header": "Motion", "text": "Basal sliding is dominant in temperate or warm-based glaciers." }, { "section_header": "Types | Classification by thermal state", "text": "A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface and is able to slide at this contact." }, { "section_header": "Geography", "text": "Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps." }, { "section_header": "Types | Classification by thermal state", "text": "Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal." }, { "section_header": "Isostatic rebound", "text": "It occurs where previously compressed rock is allowed to return to its original shape more rapidly than can be maintained without faulting." }, { "section_header": "Types | Classification by thermal state", "text": "This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below." }, { "section_header": "Types | Classification by thermal state", "text": "In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by its basal temperature." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "Keeler was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "Keeler and six of his teammates from the Orioles were eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "Keeler was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Keeler, one of the best hitters of his time, was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Henry Keeler (March 3, 1872 – January 1, 1923), nicknamed \"Wee Willie\", was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1892 to 1910, primarily for the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas in the National League, and the New York Highlanders in the American League." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "No other player in baseball has ever matched this feat." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "In 1999, he was named as a finalist to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "He appeared as number 75 on The Sporting News' list of the \"100 Greatest Baseball Players\"." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career", "text": "In one of the most one-sided trades in baseball history, Hanlon obtained Dan Brouthers and Keeler from Brooklyn in exchange for Billy Shindle and George Treadway." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He played baseball from an early age, and as a freshman served as captain of his high school team." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He quit school the following year, and played semiprofessional baseball in the New York City area." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Rise to fame | Early childhood", "text": "Charles' parents separated in 1909 when he was seven." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Fame", "text": "But after Charles Lindbergh's flight, we could do no wrong." }, { "section_header": "New York–Paris flight | Spirit of St. Louis", "text": "The total of $18,000 was far less than what was available to Lindbergh's rivals." }, { "section_header": "Scientific activities", "text": "In 1930, Lindbergh's sister-in-law developed a fatal heart condition." }, { "section_header": "Later life | Environmental causes", "text": "Lindbergh's speeches and writings in later life emphasized technology and nature, and" }, { "section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Attitudes toward race", "text": "Lindbergh's support for the America First Committee was representative of the sentiments of a number of American people." }, { "section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Non-interventionism and America First involvement | Alleged Nazi sympathies", "text": "Lindbergh's anticommunism resonated deeply with many Americans, while his eugenics and Nordicism enjoyed social acceptance." }, { "section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Attitudes toward race", "text": "Berg contended Lindbergh's views were commonplace in the United States in the pre–World War II era." }, { "section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Attitudes toward race", "text": "Wallace went on to observe, \"throughout his life, eugenics would remain one of Lindbergh's enduring passions." }, { "section_header": "New York–Paris flight | Flight", "text": "Lindbergh's flight was certified by the National Aeronautic Association based on the readings from a sealed barograph placed in the Spirit." }, { "section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Overseas visits", "text": "Lindbergh's acceptance proved controversial after Kristallnacht, an anti-Jewish pogrom in Germany a few weeks later." }, { "section_header": "Rise to fame | Early childhood", "text": "Charles' parents separated in 1909 when he was seven." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Naismith was born on November 6, 1861, in Almonte, Canada West (now part of Mississippi Mills, Ontario, Canada) to Scottish immigrants." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": ", he was a talented and versatile athlete, representing McGill in Canadian football, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, and gymnastics." }, { "section_header": "University of Kansas", "text": "During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team)." }, { "section_header": "University of Kansas", "text": "Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, Christian chaplain, sports coach, and innovator." }, { "section_header": "University of Kansas", "text": "In 1937, Naismith played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).Naismith became professor emeritus at Kansas when he retired in 1937 at the age of 76." }, { "section_header": "University of Kansas", "text": "When Naismith returned, he commented that seeing the game played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention." }, { "section_header": "University of Kansas", "text": "In those early days, the majority of the basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams, with YMCAs across the nation having played an integral part in the birth of basketball." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards, among them the Naismith College Player of the Year, the Naismith College Coach of the Year, and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939)." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Naismith was born on November 6, 1861, in Almonte, Canada West (now part of Mississippi Mills, Ontario, Canada) to Scottish immigrants." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Fictionalized History", "text": "Longfellow was a descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins through his mother Zilpah Wadsworth and he claimed that he was relating oral history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "The Courtship of Miles Standish is set in the year 1621 against the backdrop of a fierce Indian war and focuses on a love triangle among three Mayflower passengers: Miles Standish, Priscilla Mullins, and John Alden." }, { "section_header": "Composition and publication history", "text": "The first reference to the poem recorded in Longfellow's journal is dated December 29, 1857, where the project is referred to as \"Priscilla\"." }, { "section_header": "Fictionalized History", "text": "Main characters Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins are based upon real Mayflower passengers." }, { "section_header": "Fictionalized History", "text": "Longfellow was a descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins through his mother Zilpah Wadsworth and he claimed that he was relating oral history." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "Bumbling, feuding roommates Miles Standish and John Alden vie for the affections of the beautiful Priscilla Mullins, who slyly tweaks the noses of her undiplomatic suitors." }, { "section_header": "Fictionalized History", "text": "Miles Standish and John Alden were likely roommates in Plymouth; Priscilla Mullins was the only single woman of marriageable age in the young colony at that time and did in fact marry Alden." }, { "section_header": "Poetic Meter", "text": "Longfellow used the same meter in his poem Evangeline." }, { "section_header": "Fictionalized History", "text": "Scholars have confirmed the cherished place of romantic love in Pilgrim culture, and have documented the Indian war described by Longfellow." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "The Pilgrims grimly battle against disease and Indians, but are also obsessed with an eccentric love triangle, creating a curious mix of drama and comedy." }, { "section_header": "Overview", "text": "The poem was a literary counterpoint to Longfellow's earlier Evangeline (1847), the tragic tale of a woman whose lover disappears during the deportation of the Acadian people in 1755." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harmon Clayton Killebrew Jr. (; June 29, 1936 – May 17, 2011), nicknamed ’The Killer’ and ’Hammerin' Harmon’, was an American professional baseball first baseman, third baseman, and left fielder." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his 22-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Minnesota Twins, Killebrew was a prolific power hitter who, at the time of his retirement, had the fourth-most home runs in major league history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy", "text": "I'd call a tough strike on him and he would turn around and say approvingly, \"Good call.\" And he was the same way in the field." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Washington Senators", "text": "A year and one day after making his major league debut, Killebrew hit his first major league home run on June 24, 1955 in the 5th inning off Detroit Tigers starter Billy Hoeft, five days shy of his 19th birthday." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy", "text": "He was one of the few players who would go out of his way to compliment umpires on a good job, even if their calls went against him." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Harmon will long be remembered as one of the most prolific home run hitters in the history of the game and the leader of a group of players who helped lay the foundation for the long-term success of the Twins franchise and Major League Baseball in the Upper Midwest." }, { "section_header": "Post-career", "text": "He moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in 1990, where he chaired the Harmon Killebrew Foundation, which he created in 1998." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born and raised in Payette, Idaho, Killebrew was youngest of four children of Harmon Clayton Sr." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Washington Senators", "text": "Killebrew signed his contract under Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Bonus Rule, which required that he spend two full seasons on the major league roster." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harmon Clayton Killebrew Jr. (; June 29, 1936 – May 17, 2011), nicknamed ’The Killer’ and ’Hammerin' Harmon’, was an American professional baseball first baseman, third baseman, and left fielder." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Washington Senators", "text": "He returned to the majors in early May." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Minnesota Twins | 1966–1969", "text": "During the third inning of the game he stretched for a ball thrown by shortstop" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his 22-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Minnesota Twins, Killebrew was a prolific power hitter who, at the time of his retirement, had the fourth-most home runs in major league history." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Modern: Darəyaveš, Tiberian: Dārǝyāweš; c. 550–486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Government | Religion", "text": "As can be seen at the Behistun Inscription, Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire." }, { "section_header": "Government | Religion", "text": "In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show." }, { "section_header": "Early reign | Early revolts", "text": "By 522 BCE, there were revolts against Darius in most parts of the Achaemenid Empire leaving the empire in turmoil." }, { "section_header": "Primary sources", "text": "In the foundation tablets of Apadana Palace, Darius described in Old Persian cuneiform the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms: Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "With Xerxes' accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the house of Cyrus." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Modern: Darəyaveš, Tiberian: Dārǝyāweš; c. 550–486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Egyptian campaign", "text": "After securing his authority over the entire empire, Darius embarked on a campaign to Egypt where he defeated the armies of the Pharaoh and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "When Cyrus awoke from the dream, he inferred it as a great danger to the future security of the empire, as it meant that Darius would one day rule the whole world." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire." }, { "section_header": "Military campaigns | Babylonian revolt", "text": "Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Early novel idea in Russia", "text": "Rand biographer Anne Heller traces the ideas which would go into Atlas Shrugged all the way back to a novel which the young Rand had in mind when a student at the University of Petrograd, long before she came to America." }, { "section_header": "History | Early novel idea in Russia", "text": "The main difference from Atlas Shrugged as written many years later was that while in Russia, Rand idealized America as a capitalist paradise and did not realize that it might have its own home-grown communists and socialists; therefore, talented people did not need to withdraw to an isolated valley, but could just cross the Atlantic." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Influence and legacy", "text": "In 2006, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Clarence Thomas cited Atlas Shrugged as among his favorite novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel by Ayn Rand." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Setting", "text": "Atlas Shrugged is set in a dystopian United States at an unspecified time, in which the country has a \"National Legislature\" instead of Congress and a \"Head of State\" instead of a President." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis | Setting", "text": "Aside from the United States, most countries are referred to as \"People's States\" that are implied to be either socialist or communist." }, { "section_header": "History | Early novel idea in Russia", "text": "The main difference from Atlas Shrugged as written many years later was that while in Russia, Rand idealized America as a capitalist paradise and did not realize that it might have its own home-grown communists and socialists; therefore, talented people did not need to withdraw to an isolated valley, but could just cross the Atlantic." }, { "section_header": "Genre", "text": "Technological progress and intellectual breakthroughs in scientific theory appear in Atlas Shrugged, leading some observers to classify it in the genre of science fiction." }, { "section_header": "History | Early novel idea in Russia", "text": "Rand biographer Anne Heller traces the ideas which would go into Atlas Shrugged all the way back to a novel which the young Rand had in mind when a student at the University of Petrograd, long before she came to America." }, { "section_header": "History | Publishing history", "text": "Random House published the novel on October 10, 1957." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book depicts a dystopian United States in which private businesses suffer under increasingly burdensome laws and regulations." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Influence and legacy", "text": "In another commentary, Krugman quoted a quip by writer John Rogers: \"There are two novels that can change a bookish fourteen-year-old's life: The Lord of the Rings and Atlas Shrugged." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Playhouse 90 broadcast \"A Sound of Different Drummers\" on CBS in 1957, written by Robert Alan Aurthur." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury, first published in 1953." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Often regarded as one of his best works, the novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and \"firemen\" burn any that are found." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury, first published in 1953." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Playhouse 90 broadcast \"A Sound of Different Drummers\" on CBS in 1957, written by Robert Alan Aurthur." }, { "section_header": "Writing and development", "text": "Fahrenheit 451 would later echo this theme of an authoritarian society distracted by broadcast media." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | \"The Hearth and the Salamander\"", "text": "After the EMTs leave to rescue another overdose victim, Montag goes outside and overhears Clarisse and her family talking about the way life is in this hedonistic, illiterate society." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Instead he usually claimed that the real messages of Fahrenheit 451 were about the dangers of an illiterate society infatuated with mass media and the threat of minority and special interest groups to books." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1954, Fahrenheit 451 won the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | \"The Hearth and the Salamander\"", "text": "Guy Montag is a \"fireman\" employed to burn houses containing outlawed books." }, { "section_header": "Historical context", "text": "The stage was set for Bradbury to write the dramatic nuclear holocaust ending of Fahrenheit 451, exemplifying the type of scenario feared by many Americans of the time." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Theater", "text": "The Off-Broadway theatre The American Place Theatre presented a one man show adaptation of Fahrenheit 451 as a part of their 2008–2009 Literature to Life season." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | Influence", "text": "Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "Estimated to bring $70,000 to $90,000, it sold for a record $231,000.In 2007, Welles's personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby's for $97,000." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Kathryn Trosper Popper (died March 6, 2016) was reported to have been the last surviving actor to have appeared in Citizen Kane." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Contemporary responses", "text": "\"Something new has come to the movie world at last.\" Anthony Bower of The Nation called it \"brilliant\" and praised the cinematography and performances by Welles, Comingore and Cotten." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Influence", "text": "The amount of respect that movie has is" }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Re-evaluation", "text": "They ask, 'What's your favorite movie?'" }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Re-evaluation", "text": "Citizen Kane was listed second." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Influence", "text": "Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Re-evaluation", "text": "Again, I always answer with Citizen Kane." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Influence", "text": "Nigel Andrews has compared the film's complex plot structure to Rashomon, Last Year at Marienbad, Memento and Magnolia." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Hearst's response", "text": "For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry.\" A second press screening occurred in April." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shelley wrote the poem in friendly competition with his friend and fellow poet Horace Smith (1779–1849), who also wrote a sonnet on the same topic with the same title." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first was written by the English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) and was published in the 11 January 1818 issue of The Examiner of London." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shelley wrote the poem in friendly competition with his friend and fellow poet Horace Smith (1779–1849), who also wrote a sonnet on the same topic with the same title." }, { "section_header": "Writing and publication history | Publication history", "text": "The banker and political writer Horace Smith spent the Christmas season of 1817–1818 with Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Waith, Eugene M. (1995). \"Ozymandias: Shelley, Horace Smith, and Denon\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Shelley and Smith: Two Sonnets on Ozymandias\"." }, { "section_header": "Analysis and interpretation | Form", "text": "Shelley's \"Ozymandias\" is a sonnet, written in iambic pentameter, but with an atypical rhyme scheme (ABABA CDCEDEFEF) when compared to other English-language sonnets, and without the characteristic octave-and-sestet structure." }, { "section_header": "Writing and publication history | Shelley's poem", "text": "Ozymandias\" in his 1819 collection Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems by Charles and James Ollier and in the 1826 Miscellaneous and Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley by William Benbow, both in London." }, { "section_header": "Writing and publication history | Publication history", "text": "Shelley and Smith both chose a passage from the writings of the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, which described a massive Egyptian statue and quoted its inscription: \"King of Kings Ozymandias am I." }, { "section_header": "Analysis and interpretation | Hubris", "text": "Although the poems were written and published before the statue arrived in Britain, they may have been inspired by the impending arrival in London in 1821 of a colossal statue of Ramesses II, acquired for the British Museum by the Italian adventurer Giovanni Battista Belzoni in 1816." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Ozymandias and the Travelers\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida; and Sun Valley, Idaho, in 1939." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Literary significance and critical reaction", "text": "the Bell Tolls on its list of the 100 most influential novels." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations and in popular culture", "text": "The Bell Tolls,\" from the album Size Isn't Everything." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and critical reaction | In Spain", "text": "the Bell Tolls, although the novel was at times discussed in the press." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida; and Sun Valley, Idaho, in 1939." }, { "section_header": "Literary significance and critical reaction | Pulitzer Prize controversy", "text": "In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for that year." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As a dynamiter, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia." }, { "section_header": "Main themes | Imagery", "text": "Hemingway frequently used images to produce the dense atmosphere of violence and death for which his books are renowned; the main image of For Whom the Bell Tolls is the automatic weapon." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations and in popular culture", "text": "the Bell Tolls, and his relationship with the American novelist, travel writer and war correspondent Martha Gellhorn, who he credited with having inspired him to write the novel, and to whom he dedicated it." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "Set in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range between Madrid and Segovia, the action takes place during four days and three nights." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played for major league teams between 1909 and 1925, spending most of that time with the Boston Red Sox and finishing his career with the Chicago White Sox." } ]

[ { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "His assistant Smithers has to point out that all the players Mr. Burns had selected are long dead." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry Bartholomew Hooper (August 24, 1887 – December 18, 1974) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder in the early 20th century." }, { "section_header": "Career | Boston Red Sox", "text": "He led all AL outfielders with 30 assists that season, but he also committed a league-high 18 errors." }, { "section_header": "Career | Boston Red Sox", "text": "Breaking into the majors with the Red Sox in 1909, Hooper played in 81 games and hit .282." }, { "section_header": "Career | Chicago White Sox", "text": "Defensively, Hooper finished his career with a .966 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions." }, { "section_header": "Career | Chicago White Sox", "text": "In 1922 and again in 1924, Hooper was involved in eight double plays, which led the league for outfielders in both of those seasons." }, { "section_header": "Career | Minor leagues", "text": "His contract with Sacramento also provided him with work as a railroad surveyor when he was not playing baseball." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The television series The Simpsons made reference to Hooper in the episode \"Homer at the Bat\", where Mr. Burns has Hooper as playing center field for his company's all-star softball team." }, { "section_header": "Career | Chicago White Sox", "text": "Newspaper accounts said that Hooper had not been warned about the trade, that he would demand a higher salary from the White Sox and that he was prepared not to play unless the team met his demands." }, { "section_header": "Career | Boston Red Sox", "text": "Boston won the 1912 World Series, during which Hooper made a catch that The Pittsburgh Press referred to as one of the finest plays in baseball history." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played for major league teams between 1909 and 1925, spending most of that time with the Boston Red Sox and finishing his career with the Chicago White Sox." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "When completed in 1825, it was the second longest canal in the world (after the Grand Canal in China) and greatly enhanced the development and economy of New York, New York City, and the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "When completed in 1825, it was the second longest canal in the world (after the Grand Canal in China) and greatly enhanced the development and economy of New York, New York City, and the United States." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "The entire canal was officially completed on October 26, 1825." }, { "section_header": "Old Erie Canal", "text": "The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world, and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway." }, { "section_header": "Impact", "text": "In 1825 more than 40,000 passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel." }, { "section_header": "Enlargements and improvements", "text": "Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are officially referred to today as \"Clinton's Ditch\" (which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817–1825 construction)." }, { "section_header": "20th century", "text": "The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world." }, { "section_header": "Enlargements and improvements", "text": "The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches, resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal." }, { "section_header": "Background", "text": "This was not unique to the Americas, and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices as surveyors and as engineers." }, { "section_header": "Construction", "text": "Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1918, the western part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which also extended to the Hudson River running parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1918, the western part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which also extended to the Hudson River running parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Erie Canal is a canal in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal)." }, { "section_header": "20th century", "text": "This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal, and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping." }, { "section_header": "20th century | New York State Canal System", "text": "In 1992, the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System (including the Erie, Cayuga-Seneca, Oswego, and Champlain canals) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority." }, { "section_header": "Enlargements and improvements", "text": "In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the \"Improvement of the Erie, the Oswego, the Champlain, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals\"." }, { "section_header": "20th century | New York State Canal System", "text": "While part of the Thruway, the canal system was operated using money generated by Thruway tolls." }, { "section_header": "20th century", "text": "In 1918, the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal." }, { "section_header": "Proposals and logistics | Proposals", "text": "Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state." }, { "section_header": "21st century", "text": "During winter, water is drained from parts of the canal for maintenance." }, { "section_header": "Route", "text": "The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest—because of this vital connection and others to follow, such as the railroads, New York would become known as the \"Empire State\" or \"the great Empire State\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous: they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today." }, { "section_header": "Condition", "text": "In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou (t 九門口, s 九门口, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide." }, { "section_header": "Characteristics", "text": "Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": ", he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states." }, { "section_header": "History | Early walls", "text": "There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls." }, { "section_header": "Course | Ming Great Wall", "text": "3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦山長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "The design is derived from Islamic architecture." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "The double-deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the observation deck." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during construction and design of a 6-story addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The concept of profitability derived from building high density developments and malls around the landmark have proven successful." }, { "section_header": "Architecture and design", "text": "NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected President of France later that year, a position to which he was reelected in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum." }, { "section_header": "1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France | President Truman", "text": "de Gaulle declared a week of mourning in France and forwarded an emotional and conciliatory letter to the new American president, Harry S. Truman, in which he said of Roosevelt, \"all of France loved him\"." }, { "section_header": "1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic | Direct presidential elections", "text": "In September 1962, de Gaulle sought a constitutional amendment to allow the president to be directly elected by the people and issued another referendum to this end." }, { "section_header": "1946–1958: Out of power | 1958: Collapse of the Fourth Republic", "text": "\" De Gaulle accepted Coty's proposal under the precondition that a new constitution would be introduced creating a powerful presidency in which a sole executive, the first of which was to be himself, ruled for seven-year periods." }, { "section_header": "1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France | New elections and resignation", "text": "De Gaulle believed that the draft constitution placed too much power in the hands of parliament with its shifting party alliances." }, { "section_header": "Second World War: leader of the Free French in exile | De Gaulle and Pétain: rival visions of France", "text": "In London in September 1941 de Gaulle formed the Free French National Council, with himself as president." }, { "section_header": "1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France | New elections and resignation", "text": "The Communists wanted an assembly with full constitutional powers and no time limit, whereas de Gaulle, the Socialists and the Popular Republican Movement (MRP) advocated one with a term limited to only seven months, after which the draft constitution would be submitted for another referendum." }, { "section_header": "1946–1958: Out of power | 1958: Collapse of the Fourth Republic", "text": "De Gaulle remained intent on replacing the weak constitution of the Fourth Republic." }, { "section_header": "Second World War: leader of the Free French in exile | De Gaulle's relations with the Anglo-Saxons", "text": "President Roosevelt for a long time refused to recognize de Gaulle as the representative of France, insisting on negotiations with the Vichy government." }, { "section_header": "1944–1946: Provisional Government of Liberated France | Provisional Government of the French Republic", "text": "While they were now a major political force with over a million members, of the full cabinet of 22 men, only Augustin Laurent and Charles Tillon—who as head of Francs-Tireurs" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected President of France later that year, a position to which he was reelected in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Born in 1958 in New York City, Goldwasser obtained her B.S. (1979) in mathematics and science from Carnegie Mellon University, and M.S. (1981) and PhD (1984) in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Manuel Blum, who is well known for advising some of the most prominent researchers in the field." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shafrira \"Shafi\" Goldwasser (Hebrew: שפרירה גולדווסר‎) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and winner of the Turing Award in 2012." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Born in 1958 in New York City, Goldwasser obtained her B.S. (1979) in mathematics and science from Carnegie Mellon University, and M.S. (1981) and PhD (1984) in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Manuel Blum, who is well known for advising some of the most prominent researchers in the field." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "On January 1, 2018, Goldwasser became the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing at the University of California, Berkeley." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "Goldwasser received the 2008-2009 Athena Lecturer Award of the Association for Computing Machinery's Committee on Women in Computing." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "She received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award in 2011." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "She received the 2018 Frontier of Knowledge award together with Micali, Rivest and Shamir." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, co-founder and chief scientist of Duality Technologies and the director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing in Berkeley, CA." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Goldwasser was a co-recipient of the 2012 Turing Award." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "Goldwasser is featured in the Notable Women in Computing cards." }, { "section_header": "Awards", "text": "On 26 June 2019 Goldwasser was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Oxford." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Nirvāṇa is a term found in the texts of all major Indian religions – Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Indian religions, nirvana is synonymous with moksha and mukti." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Nirvāṇa is a term found in the texts of all major Indian religions – Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "It was later adopted by other Indian religions, but with different meanings and description (Moksha), such as in the Hindu text Bhagavad Gita of the Mahabharata." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "All Indian religions assert it to be a state of perfect quietude, freedom, highest happiness as well as the liberation from or ending of samsara, the repeating cycle of birth, life and death." }, { "section_header": "Jainism", "text": "The terms moksa and nirvana are often used interchangeably in the Jain texts." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "The liberation from Saṃsāra developed as an ultimate goal and soteriological value in the Indian culture, and called by different terms such as nirvana, moksha, mukti and kaivalya." }, { "section_header": "Buddhism", "text": "It is the most used as well as the earliest term to describe the soteriological goal in Buddhism: release from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra)." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "the term occurs in the literatures of a number of ancient Indian traditions, the concept is most commonly associated with Buddhism." }, { "section_header": "Hinduism | Brahma-nirvana in the Bhagavad Gita", "text": "Zaehner states it was used in Hindu texts for the first time in the Bhagavad Gita, and that the idea therein in verse 2.71-72 to \"suppress one's desires and ego\" is also Buddhist." }, { "section_header": "Etymology", "text": "According to Collins, \"the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it nirvana.\" However, the ideas of spiritual liberation using different terminology, with the concept of soul and Brahman, appears in Vedic texts and Upanishads, such as in verse 4.4.6 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The Iron Maiden song \"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\" from their fifth studio album Powerslave (1984) was inspired by and based on the poem, and quotes the poem in its lyrics." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Donald Duck tries to recite the poem in Carl Barks' 1966 cartoon \"The Not-So-Ancient Mariner\", published in the Walt Disney's Comics and Stories series." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The mariner stops a man who is on his way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Back on land, the mariner is compelled by \"a woful agony\" to tell the hermit his story." }, { "section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "the main character says \"It was like being tapped by Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner, who stoppeth one of three\"." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "As penance for shooting the albatross, the mariner, driven by the agony of his guilt, is now forced to wander the earth, telling his story over and over, and teaching a lesson to those he meets: After finishing his story, the mariner leaves, and the wedding-guest returns home, waking the next morning \"a sadder and a wiser man\"." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The poem begins with an old grey-bearded sailor, the Mariner, stopping a guest at a wedding ceremony to tell them a story of a sailing voyage he took long ago." }, { "section_header": "Coleridge's comments", "text": "In Table Talk, Coleridge wrote: Mrs Barbauld once told me that she admired The Ancient Mariner very much, but that there were two faults in it" } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "Following growing disputes over the running and financing of the club, in June 1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. was disbanded, then almost immediately relaunched on 5 July 1900 as West Ham United F.C. with Syd King as their manager and future manager Charlie Paynter as his assistant." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "They turned professional in 1898 upon entering the Southern League Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division at the first attempt." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Birth of West Ham United (1901–1961)", "text": "In 1907, West Ham were crowned the Western League Division 1B Champions, and then defeated 1A champions Fulham 1–0 to become the Western League Overall Champions." }, { "section_header": "History | Birth of West Ham United (1901–1961)", "text": "West Ham Utd joined the Western League for the 1901 season while also continuing to play in the Southern Division 1." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "Thames Ironworks won the West Ham Charity Cup, contested by clubs in the West Ham locality, in 1895, then won the London League in 1897." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "The earliest generally accepted incarnation of West Ham United was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks F.C., the works team of the largest and last surviving shipbuilder on the Thames, Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, by foreman and local league referee Dave Taylor and owner Arnold Hills and was announced in the Thames Ironworks Gazette of June 1895." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "Because of the original \"works team\" roots and links (still represented upon the club badge), they are still known as \"the Irons\" or \"the Hammers\" amongst fans and the media." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "Following growing disputes over the running and financing of the club, in June 1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. was disbanded, then almost immediately relaunched on 5 July 1900 as West Ham United F.C. with Syd King as their manager and future manager Charlie Paynter as his assistant." }, { "section_header": "Supporters, hooliganism and rivalries | Hooliganism", "text": "The origins of West Ham's links with organised football-related violence starts in the 1960s with the establishment of The Mile End Mob (named after an area of the East End of London)." }, { "section_header": "History | Birth of West Ham United (1901–1961)", "text": "West Ham's first game in their new home was against fierce rivals Millwall (themselves an Ironworks team, albeit for a rival company) drawing a crowd of 10,000 and with West Ham running out 3–0 winners, and as the Daily Mirror wrote on 2 September 1904, \"Favoured by the weather turning fine after heavy rains of the morning, West Ham United began their season most auspiciously yesterday evening; when they beat Millwall by 3 goals to 0 on their new enclosure at Upton Park.\" In 1919, still under King's leadership, West Ham gained entrance to the Football League Second Division, their first game being a 1–1 draw with Lincoln City, and were promoted to Division One in 1923, also making it to the first ever FA Cup Final to be held at the old Wembley stadium." }, { "section_header": "Former players | West Ham dream team", "text": "In the 2003 book The Official West Ham United Dream Team, 500 fans were quizzed for who would be in their all time Hammers Eleven." }, { "section_header": "History | Birth of West Ham United (1901–1961)", "text": "With the considerable input of player Malcolm Allison, Fenton helped develop both the initial batch of future West Ham stars and West Ham's approach to the game." }, { "section_header": "History | Origins", "text": "They turned professional in 1898 upon entering the Southern League Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division at the first attempt." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Genre", "text": "As a writer London tended to skimp on form, according to biographer Labor, and neither The Call of the Wild nor White Fang \"is a conventional novel\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London, published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada, during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck." }, { "section_header": "Reception and legacy | Adaptations", "text": "A 1997 adaptation called The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon starred Rutger Hauer and was narrated by Richard Dreyfuss." }, { "section_header": "Themes", "text": "Buck, a domesticated dog, must call on his atavistic hereditary traits to survive; he must learn to be wild to become wild, according to Tina Gianquitto." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Answering the Call of the Wild\"." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Call of the Wild and White Fang." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Call of the Wild and White Fang." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Call of the Wild and White Fang." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Call of the Wild and White Fang." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Overview", "text": "Carthage was built on a promontory with sea inlets to the north and the south." }, { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Overview", "text": "The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Ancient history | Roman Carthage", "text": "\"I have run the plough over it, like the ancient Carthage of Africa, and I have had salt sown upon it....\" When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Islamic period", "text": "The destruction of the Exarchate of Africa marked a permanent end to the Byzantine Empire's influence in the region." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Islamic period", "text": "In 695, Hassan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage and advanced into the Atlas Mountains." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Roman Carthage", "text": "However, grain cultivation in the Tunisian mountains caused large amounts of silt to erode into the river." }, { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Layout", "text": "Newer urban developments lay here in these northern districts." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Roman Carthage", "text": "It was the center of the province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the Empire." }, { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Society and Local Economy", "text": "Visitors to the several growing regions that surrounded the city wrote admiringly of the lush green gardens, orchards, fields, irrigation channels, hedgerows (as boundaries), as well as the many prosperous farming towns located across the rural landscape." }, { "section_header": "Modern history | Commune", "text": "The Carthage Palace (the Tunisian presidential palace) is located in the coast." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Punic Republic", "text": "After the fall of Carthage, Rome annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies, including other North African locations such as Volubilis, Lixus, Chellah." }, { "section_header": "Ancient history | Islamic period", "text": "The Medina of Tunis, originally a Berber settlement, was established as the new regional center under the Umayyad Caliphate in the early 8th century." }, { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Overview", "text": "Carthage was built on a promontory with sea inlets to the north and the south." }, { "section_header": "Topography, Layout, and Society | Overview", "text": "The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "At 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "There he died about 30 minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death | Funeral and memorials", "text": "On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "At 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into his chest from a pistol at close range." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and depictions in popular culture | Global days that celebrate Gandhi", "text": "In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly declared Gandhi's birthday 2 October as \"the International Day of Nonviolence.\" First proposed by UNESCO in 1948, as the School Day of Nonviolence and Peace (DENIP in Spanish), 30 January is observed as the School Day of Nonviolence and Peace in schools of many countries In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it is observed on 30 March." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Three years in London | Called to the bar", "text": "Gandhi, at age 22, was called to the bar in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "According to some accounts, Gandhi died instantly." }, { "section_header": "Literary works", "text": "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The work presents a great writer suffering writer's block who visits Venice and is liberated, uplifted, and then increasingly obsessed, by the sight of a stunningly beautiful youth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Benjamin Britten transformed Death in Venice into an opera, his last, in 1973." }, { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "The May 1911 death of composer Gustav Mahler in Vienna and Mann's interest in the boy Władzio during summer 1911 vacation in Venice (more below) were additional experiences occupying his thoughts." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "A film of Death in Venice starring Dirk Bogarde was made by Luchino Visconti in 1971." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "The trope of placing classical deities in contemporary settings was popular at the time when Mann was writing Death in Venice." }, { "section_header": "Translations", "text": "It was first published in book form in English in 1925 as Death in Venice and Other Stories, translated by Kenneth Burke." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "While shipbound and en route to the island, he sees an elderly man in company with a group of high-spirited youths, who has tried hard to create the illusion of his own youth with a wig, false teeth, make-up, and foppish attire." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "A fight breaks out between the two boys, and Tadzio is quickly bested; afterward, he angrily leaves his companion and wades over to Aschenbach's part of the beach, where he stands for a moment looking out to sea; then turns halfway around to look at his admirer." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig." }, { "section_header": "The real Tadzio", "text": "And a married man with a family!\" The boy who inspired \"Tadzio\" was Baron Władysław Moes, whose first name was usually shortened as Władzio or just Adzio." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tadzio, the boy in the story, is the nickname for the Polish name Tadeusz and based on a boy Mann had seen during his visit to Venice in 1911." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The work presents a great writer suffering writer's block who visits Venice and is liberated, uplifted, and then increasingly obsessed, by the sight of a stunningly beautiful youth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "In 1982, film director Steven Spielberg bought a \"Rosebud\" sled for $60,500; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "After the Spielberg purchase, it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another \"Rosebud\" sled." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "Mankiewicz's Oscar was sold at least twice, in 1999 and again in 2012, the latest price being $588,455.In 1989, Mankiewicz's personal copy of the Citizen Kane script was auctioned at Christie's." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "\" The sled was sold to an anonymous bidder for $233,500.Welles's Oscar for Best Original Screenplay was believed to be lost until it was rediscovered in 1994." }, { "section_header": "Rights and home media", "text": "The Battle Over Citizen Kane (1999)." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Hearst's response", "text": "\"In \"In March 1941 Welles directed a Broadway version of Richard Wright's Native Son (and, for luck, used a \"Rosebud\" sled as a prop)." }, { "section_header": "Political themes", "text": "He believes that this early example of a media mogul influencing politics is outdated and that today \"there are media groups with the power of a thousand Citizen Kanes.\" Media mogul Rupert Murdoch is sometimes labeled as a latter-day Citizen Kane." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "Estimated to bring $70,000 to $90,000, it sold for a record $231,000.In 2007, Welles's personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby's for $97,000." }, { "section_header": "Rights and home media", "text": "In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Hearst's response", "text": "For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry.\" A second press screening occurred in April." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Kane's parents turned him over to Thatcher, the boy struck Thatcher with his sled and attempted to run away." }, { "section_header": "Rights and home media | Colorization controversy", "text": "In the 1980s, Citizen Kane became a catalyst in the controversy over the colorization of black-and-white films." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "In 1982, film director Steven Spielberg bought a \"Rosebud\" sled for $60,500; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Film memorabilia", "text": "After the Spielberg purchase, it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another \"Rosebud\" sled." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "There have been a number of film adaptations including: Peer Gynt (1915 film), an American film directed by Oscar Apfel and Raoul Walsh Peer Gynt (1918 film), a German film directed by Richard Oswald Peer Gynt (1934 film), a German film directed by Fritz Wendhausen Peer Gynt (1941 film), notable for being the film debut of Charlton Heston" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1981, Houston Ballet presented Peer Gynt as adapted by Artistic Director Ben Stevenson, OBE." }, { "section_header": "Notable productions", "text": "Peer Gynt, however, has never been given a full-blown treatment as a sound film in English on the motion picture screen, although there have been several television productions, and a sound film was produced in German in 1934." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Jerry Heymann's adaptation, called Mr. Gynt, Inc., was performed at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 2001, Rogaland Theatre produced an adaptation entitled Peer Gynt-innen?, loosely translated as Peer the Gyntess?" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 2008, Theater in the Open in Newburyport, Massachusetts, produced a production of Peer Gynt adapted and directed by Paul Wann and the company." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Will Eno's adaptation of Ibsen's Peer Gynt titled Gnit had its world premiere at the 37th Humana Festival of New American Plays in March 2013.In 2020, a new audio drama adaptation of Peer Gynt by Colin Macnee, written in verse form with original music, was released in podcast form." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1998, the Trinity Repertory Company of Providence, Rhode Island commissioned David Henry Hwang and Swiss director Stephan Muller to do an adaptation of Peer Gynt." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1912 German writer Dietrich Eckart adapted the play." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "This adaptation moved the play's action to 20th-century Appalachia and California." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "There have been a number of film adaptations including: Peer Gynt (1915 film), an American film directed by Oscar Apfel and Raoul Walsh Peer Gynt (1918 film), a German film directed by Richard Oswald Peer Gynt (1934 film), a German film directed by Fritz Wendhausen Peer Gynt (1941 film), notable for being the film debut of Charlton Heston" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1993, the film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making Jane Campion the first and only female director to ever receive this award." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "At the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, the film shared the Palme d'Or, with Chen Kaige's Farewell" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1993, the film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making Jane Campion the first and only female director to ever receive this award." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in the mid-19th century, the film focuses on a psychologically mute Scottish woman who travels to a remote part of New Zealand with her young daughter after her arranged marriage to a frontiersman." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "Anna Paquin was the second youngest person (after Tatum O'Neal) to win an Academy Award." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Paquin was 11 years old at the time and remains the second-youngest actor to win an Oscar in a competitive category." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "My Concubine, with Campion becoming the first woman to win the honour, as well as the first filmmaker from New Zealand to achieve this." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "In 2019, the BBC polled 368 film experts from 84 countries to name the 100 best films by women directors, and The Piano was named the top film, with nearly 10% of the critics polled giving it first place on their ballots." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "film\" .\"The Piano\" was named as one of the best films of 1993 by 86 film critics, making it the most acclaimed film of 1993.In his 2013 Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 1/2 stars out of 4, calling the film a \"Haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view\" and went on to say \"Writer-director Campion has fashioned a highly original fable, showing the tragedy and triumph erotic passion can bring to one's daily life\"." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote: \"The Piano is as peculiar and haunting as any film I've seen\" and \"It is one of those rare movies that is not just about a story, or some characters, but about a whole universe of feeling\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Piano is a 1993 period drama film written and directed by Jane Campion and starring Holly Hunter, Harvey Keitel, Sam Neill, and Anna Paquin in her first acting role." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "Larry, Jr., was the youngest of four boys, Barry, Carey and Gary." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Post-playing career | Impact on baseball in Canada", "text": "Or if you went to play in Maple Ridge, you were playing at Larry Walker Field." }, { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "Larry Kenneth Robert Walker, Jr., was born on December 1, 1966, in Maple Ridge, a suburb of Greater Vancouver in British Columbia, to Larry, Sr., and Mary Walker, both of Scottish descent." }, { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "Brother Carey, also a goaltender, was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 12th round of the 1977 NHL Draft." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Colorado Rockies | 2000−01 seasons", "text": "He scored his 1,000th career run on June 3 versus San Francisco." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Larry Kenneth Robert Walker (born December 1, 1966) is a Canadian former professional baseball right fielder." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Further to the number 3, in 2020 Walker became the 333rd person to be named to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York." }, { "section_header": "Early life and amateur career", "text": "Larry, Jr., was the youngest of four boys, Barry, Carey and Gary." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He bowled a 300 game on April 10, 2014.Superstitious about the number three, Walker wore number 33 during his playing career and was married on November 3 at 3:33." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Colorado Rockies | 2002−2004 seasons", "text": "Commented manager Don Baylor, \"Even with the injuries and the lack of numbers from what they used to be in the past, Larry is still pitched to very carefully and fearfully throughout the league." }, { "section_header": "Professional career | Colorado Rockies | Most Valuable Player Award (1997)", "text": "and he almost killed me,\" Walker explained of the rationale." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Europe | Italy", "text": "In the context of pre-modern Italy, the Italian word contado generally refers to the countryside surrounding, and controlled by, the city state." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Further, the later-imported term became a synonym for the native Old English word sċīr ([ʃiːr]) or, in Modern English, shire." }, { "section_header": "Asia–Pacific | People's Republic of China", "text": "In other words, they share one county town." }, { "section_header": "Europe | Lithuania", "text": "Apskritis (plural apskritys) is the Lithuanian word for county." }, { "section_header": "Asia–Pacific | People's Republic of China", "text": "The word county is used to translate the Chinese term xiàn (县 or 縣)." }, { "section_header": "Europe | Romania", "text": "The Romanian word for county, comitat, is not currently used for any Romanian administrative divisions." }, { "section_header": "Europe | Italy", "text": "In Italy the word county is not used; the administrative sub-division of a region is called provincia." }, { "section_header": "Europe | Hungary", "text": "The administrative unit of Hungary is called megye (historically, they were also called vármegye; comitatus in Latin), which can be translated with the word county." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Saxons had already established the districts that became the historic counties of England, calling them shires; many county names derive from the name of the county town (county seat) with the word shire added on: for example, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire." }, { "section_header": "Europe | Italy", "text": "Italian provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative subdivisions called comuni ('communes')." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bruce was the fifth child of six." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Howard Bruce Sutter (; born January 8, 1953) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1976 and 1988." }, { "section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs (1976–1980)", "text": "Sutter became the 12th NL pitcher and the 19th pitcher in MLB history to achieve an immaculate inning." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sutter won the National League's (NL) Cy Young Award in 1979 as its top pitcher, and won the NL Rolaids Relief Man Award four times." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame", "text": "He is also one of four pitchers in the Hall of Fame to be inducted with a losing record (Rollie Fingers and Satchel Paige before him and Trevor Hoffman since joining them)." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame", "text": "During his induction speech, Sutter said, \"I haven't played baseball for 18 years now and I'm getting more sentimental as I get older." }, { "section_header": "Career | Atlanta Braves (1985–1988)", "text": "Mary Lou?'\"When Sutter arrived in Atlanta, only two Braves pitchers had ever earned 25 or more saves in a season; the Braves in 1984 had recorded 49 saves as a team, just four more than Sutter's own total." }, { "section_header": "Career | Atlanta Braves (1985–1988)", "text": "\"To me, Bruce is the best there ever was\", Herzog said." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bruce was the fifth child of six." }, { "section_header": "Hall of Fame", "text": "At his Hall of Fame induction that July, Sutter was the only former MLB player inducted." }, { "section_header": "Retirement", "text": "General Manager Bobby Cox said that \"Bruce is not going to retire." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "Directed by Simon McBurney, the production starred a host of Hollywood names, including John Goodman, Charles Durning, Tony Randall, Steve Buscemi, Chazz Palminteri, Paul Giamatti, Jacqueline McKenzie, Billy Crudupp, Lothaire Bluteau, Dominic Chianese and Sterling K. Brown." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2000s", "text": "Pacino played a supporting role in Steven Soderbergh's Ocean's Thirteen, alongside George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Elliott Gould and Andy García, as the villain Willy Bank, a casino tycoon targeted by Danny Ocean and his crew." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "Paterno premiered on HBO on April 7, 2018.Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama" }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2000s", "text": "Pacino played a supporting role in Steven Soderbergh's Ocean's Thirteen, alongside George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Elliott Gould and Andy García, as the villain Willy Bank, a casino tycoon targeted by Danny Ocean and his crew." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "Its US premiere on the evening of March 21, 2012," }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "You Don't Know Jack, which premiered April 2010." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2000s", "text": "Desson Thomson wrote in The Washington Post, \"Al Pacino has played the mentor" }, { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "In October 2002, Pacino starred in Bertolt Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui for the National Actor's Theater and Complicite." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2010s", "text": "In February 2012, Barack Obama awarded Al Pacino the National Medal of Arts." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He has also starred in the thrillers Heat (1995), The Devil's Advocate (1997), Insomnia (2002), and appeared in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Keaton said of Pacino, \"Al was simply the most entertaining man... To me, that's, that is the most beautiful face." }, { "section_header": "Film career | 2000s", "text": "In Two for the Money, Pacino portrays a sports gambling agent and mentor for Matthew McConaughey, alongside Rene Russo." }, { "section_header": "Stage career", "text": "Directed by Simon McBurney, the production starred a host of Hollywood names, including John Goodman, Charles Durning, Tony Randall, Steve Buscemi, Chazz Palminteri, Paul Giamatti, Jacqueline McKenzie, Billy Crudupp, Lothaire Bluteau, Dominic Chianese and Sterling K. Brown." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legal issues", "text": "In February 1998, De Niro was held for questioning by French police in connection with an international prostitution ring." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | 2007–2016: Further film roles", "text": "In 2014, De Niro appeared in a documentary about his father, Robert De Niro, Sr., titled Remembering the Artist: Robert De Niro, Sr. which aired on HBO." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1998–2006: Comic roles, thrillers, and slump", "text": "The actual story never gets off the ground\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The divorce was never finalized and in 2004 they renewed their vows." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1991: Dramas, comedies and awards success", "text": "I think in an uncanny way, De Niro did somehow feel his way into being Parkinsonian." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. in the Manhattan borough of New York City was born on August 17, 1943, the only child of painters Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr." }, { "section_header": "Career | 2017–present", "text": "In 2019, De Niro won acclaim for portraying Robert Mueller alongside Alec Baldwin's Donald Trump in various episodes of" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1991: Dramas, comedies and awards success", "text": "Less intensive than his previous film, De Niro played a priest who clashes with his brother (Robert Duvall), a detective investigating the murder of a prostitute." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1974–1980: Scorsese collaboration and acclaim", "text": "Despite controversy for Jodie Foster being cast as a child prostitute, the film was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Actor for De Niro." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. (, Italian: [de ˈniːro]; born August 17, 1943) is an American actor, producer, and director who holds both American and Italian citizenship." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "De Niro and Scorsese have made nine feature films together, and six of De Niro's films have been inducted into the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"." }, { "section_header": "Legal issues", "text": "In February 1998, De Niro was held for questioning by French police in connection with an international prostitution ring." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Southern Voice", "text": "McGraw's twelfth studio album, Southern Voice, was released October 20, 2009, and led by the single" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Let It Go", "text": "McGraw released his eleventh studio album, Let It Go, on March 27, 2007." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 1990s | All I Want", "text": "McGraw's third studio album, All I Want, was released in 1995." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Let It Go", "text": "The album features 12 tracks." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Set This Circus Down", "text": "McGraw's sixth studio album, Set This Circus Down, was released in April 2001." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "McGraw has released fifteen studio albums (eleven for Curb Records, three for Big Machine Records and one for Arista Nashville)." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Southern Voice", "text": "McGraw's twelfth studio album, Southern Voice, was released October 20, 2009, and led by the single" }, { "section_header": "Discography | Studio albums", "text": "Tim McGraw (1993) Not a Moment" }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2010s | Damn Country Music", "text": "On August 10, 2015, McGraw released a new single to digital retailers, titled \"Top of the World\", which was later released to radio on August 17, 2015 as the lead single to his third studio album for Big Machine Records." }, { "section_header": "Discography | Studio albums", "text": "Too Soon (1994) All I Want (1995) Everywhere (1997) A Place in the Sun (1999) Set This Circus Down (2001) Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors (2002) Live" }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2000s | Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors", "text": "In 2002, McGraw bucked country music traditions by recording his seventh studio album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors with his tour band The Dancehall Doctors." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Lawsuits | Stuntman death", "text": "Fear the Walking Dead. During filming of season 8 in July 2017, stuntman John Bernecker was performing a 21-foot drop but ended up missing padded cushions and instead fell onto the concrete floor, sustaining a serious head injury." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Woodbury, during the third season, was filmed in downtown Senoia." }, { "section_header": "Franchise and spin-offs | Films", "text": "Following the departure of Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes during the ninth season, chief content officer Scott Gimple stated that they plan to create three AMC Original Films to explore events related to Rick's character in the future, starring Lincoln, and with the first expected to begin production in 2019." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 3 (2012–13)", "text": "Eight months after fleeing Hershel's farm, Rick's group finds a prison, which they clear of zombies to make their new home." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The first season was filmed primarily in Atlanta, though required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The property includes sound stages constructed for interior shots, which then may be reused; the interior sets for the prison during the third season were reused to serve as the buildings and sets for the Savior's Sanctuary in the seventh season." }, { "section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Both Lennie James (as Morgan Jones) and Austin Amelio (as Dwight) were transferred from the main series after season eight to the spin-off series Fear the Walking Dead." }, { "section_header": "Production | Marketing", "text": "Action figures of characters from the series were created for release in November 2011 and have continued throughout the years with eight line-ups." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The Walking Dead is mostly filmed in Georgia." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The series is completely shot on 16 mm film." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 10 (2019–20)", "text": "Danai Gurira, who has starred as Michonne since the third season, affirmed that the tenth season will be her last, and has only signed on for a recurring role during the season." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuits | Stuntman death", "text": "Fear the Walking Dead. During filming of season 8 in July 2017, stuntman John Bernecker was performing a 21-foot drop but ended up missing padded cushions and instead fell onto the concrete floor, sustaining a serious head injury." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In early 2011, after securing recording and publishing deals, Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham, Suffolk, where he was raised." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He has an older brother named Matthew, who works as a composer." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "When Sheeran was still a child, he moved with his family from Hebden Bridge to Framlingham in Suffolk." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He has an older brother named Matthew, who works as a composer." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In early 2011, after securing recording and publishing deals, Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham, Suffolk, where he was raised." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sheeran is a second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns, who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2004–2010: Career beginnings", "text": ", Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "A 2004 school report described him as a \"natural performer\", and his classmates also voted him \"most likely to be famous\"." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His paternal grandparents are Irish, and Sheeran has stated that his father is from a \"very large\" Catholic family." }, { "section_header": "Music career | 2014–2015: ×", "text": "The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His early childhood home was on Birchcliffe Road in nearby Hebden Bridge." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and children", "text": "They had two children together: daughter Lorraine Nicholson (born April 16, 1990 - named after his aunt), and son Raymond (born February 20, 1992).For over a year, from 1999 to 2000, Nicholson dated actress Lara Flynn Boyle; they later reunited, before splitting permanently in 2004.Nicholson has stated that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "His most known and celebrated films include the road drama Easy Rider (1969); the dramas Five Easy Pieces (1970) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975); the comedy-dramas Carnal Knowledge (1971), The Last Detail (1973), Terms of Endearment (1983), Prizzi's Honor (1985), As Good as It Gets (1997), and About Schmidt (2002); the neo-noir mystery Chinatown (1974); the horror film" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Joseph \"Jack\" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker whose career spanned more than 60 years." }, { "section_header": "Filmography", "text": "Nicholson's acting career spans over sixty years." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "Jack is a very curious, alive human being." }, { "section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "\"I think that Jack really has very little in common with Bobby." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Hobbies", "text": "He has been a Laker season ticket holder since 1970, and has held courtside season tickets for the past 25 years next to the opponent's benches both at The Forum and Staples Center, missing very few games." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "He says he wanted the film to have more of a \"spy feeling [and] be more political\"." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "But Jack hasn't, he's very interested in love, in finding out things." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "During an interview about the film, Black noted that Nicholson's character in the film was very subdued, and was very different from Nicholson's real-life personality." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1960s", "text": "His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967 counterculture film" }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and children", "text": "They had two children together: daughter Lorraine Nicholson (born April 16, 1990 - named after his aunt), and son Raymond (born February 20, 1992).For over a year, from 1999 to 2000, Nicholson dated actress Lara Flynn Boyle; they later reunited, before splitting permanently in 2004.Nicholson has stated that children \"give your life a resonance that it can't have without them ... As a father, I'm there all the time." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "His most known and celebrated films include the road drama Easy Rider (1969); the dramas Five Easy Pieces (1970) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975); the comedy-dramas Carnal Knowledge (1971), The Last Detail (1973), Terms of Endearment (1983), Prizzi's Honor (1985), As Good as It Gets (1997), and About Schmidt (2002); the neo-noir mystery Chinatown (1974); the horror film" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "By establishing the principle of judicial review while avoiding an inter-branch confrontation, Marshall helped implement the principle of separation of powers and cement the position of the American judiciary as an independent and co-equal branch of government." }, { "section_header": "Adams administration (1797 to 1801) | Nomination as Chief Justice", "text": "Adams nominated former Chief Justice John Jay to once again lead the Supreme Court, but Jay rejected the appointment, partly due to his frustration at the relative lack of power possessed by the judicial branch of the federal government." }, { "section_header": "Monuments and memorials", "text": "Chief Justice John Marshall, a bronze statue of Marshall wearing his judicial robes stands on the ground floor inside the U.S. Supreme Court building." }, { "section_header": "Chief Justice (1801 to 1835) | Jefferson administration | Marbury v. Madison", "text": "As Marshall put it, \"it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.\" By asserting the power of judicial review in a holding that did not require the Jefferson administration to take action, the Court upheld its own powers without coming into direct conflict with a hostile executive branch that likely would not have complied with a court order." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist \"Creator of all things." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "The inscription on his tombstone, engraved exactly as he had wished, reads as follows: Marshall was among the last remaining Founding Fathers (a group poetically called the \"Last of the Romans\"), and was also the last surviving Cabinet member from the John Adams administration." }, { "section_header": "Monuments and memorials", "text": "Marshall University, Cleveland–Marshall College of Law, John Marshall Law School, and The John Marshall Law School are also named for Marshall." }, { "section_header": "Adams administration (1797 to 1801) | Diplomat", "text": "Vice President John Adams, a member of the Federalist Party, defeated Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election and sought to continue Washington's policy of neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars." }, { "section_header": "Chief Justice (1801 to 1835) | Jackson administration", "text": "After the death of Associate Justice Washington in 1829, Marshall was the last remaining original member of the Marshall Court, and his influence declined as new justices joined the Court." }, { "section_header": "Monuments and memorials", "text": "The John Marshall commemorative dollar was minted in 2005." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | Alleged organized-crime links and Cal Neva Lodge", "text": "That year, Sinatra's son, Frank Sinatra Jr., was kidnapped, but was eventually released unharmed." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Farrow said that Sinatra might be the father of her son Ronan Farrow (born 1987)." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Alleged organized-crime links and Cal Neva Lodge", "text": "That year, Sinatra's son, Frank Sinatra Jr., was kidnapped, but was eventually released unharmed." }, { "section_header": "Politics and activism", "text": "The Frank Sinatra Student Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was dedicated in his name in 1978." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Near the Las Vegas Strip is a road named Frank Sinatra Drive in his honor." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Reprise years (1961–1981)", "text": "In an effort to maintain his commercial viability in the late 1960s, Sinatra would record works by Paul Simon (\"Mrs. Robinson\"), the Beatles (\"Yesterday\"), and Joni Mitchell (\"Both Sides, Now\") in 1969." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Career revival and the Capitol years (1953–1962)", "text": "\"All of Me\". Swing Easy! was named Album of the Year by Billboard, and he was also named \"Favorite Male Vocalist\" by Billboard, DownBeat, and Metronome that year." }, { "section_header": "Music career | Reprise years (1961–1981) | \"Retirement\" and return (1970–1981)", "text": "In 1978, Sinatra filed a $1 million lawsuit against a land developer for using his name in the \"Frank Sinatra Drive Center\" in West Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Television and radio career", "text": "When Sinatra came out of retirement in 1973, he released both an album and appeared in a TV special named Ol' Blue Eyes" }, { "section_header": "Politics and activism", "text": "According to his son, Frank Sinatra Jr., King sat weeping in the audience at one of his father's concerts in 1963 as Sinatra sang \"Ol' Man River\", a song from the musical Show Boat that is sung by an African-American stevedore." }, { "section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "In Sinatra's native New Jersey, Hoboken's Frank Sinatra Park, the Hoboken Post Office, and a residence hall at Montclair State University were named in his honor." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Osborne Earl \"Ozzie\" Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals from 1978 to 1996." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Osborne Earl \"Ozzie\" Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals from 1978 to 1996." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1996", "text": "Smith finished his career with distinctions ranging from the accumulation of more than 27.5 million votes in All-Star balloting, to holding the record for the most MLB at-bats without hitting a grand slam." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | San Diego Padres", "text": "It was also during the 1978 season that Smith introduced a signature move." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1996", "text": "As Smith entered the 1996 season, he finalized a divorce from his wife Denise during the first half of the year." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | San Diego Padres", "text": "The parties entered into a contract dispute before the 1980 season, and when negotiations lasted into spring training, the Padres renewed Smith's contract at his 1979 salary of $72,500 Smith's agent told the Padres the shortstop would forgo the season to race in the Tour de France, despite the fact Smith admitted to The Break Room on 96.5 WCMF in Rochester, New York he had never heard of the Tour." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1996", "text": "The agreement prompted a press conference at Busch Stadium on June 19, 1996, during which Smith announced he would retire from baseball at season's end." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1996", "text": "After General Manager Walt Jocketty acquired shortstop Royce Clayton during the offseason, La Russa emphasized an open competition for the spot that would give the Cardinals the best chance to win." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1996", "text": "Meanwhile, manager Tony La Russa began his first season with the Cardinals in tandem with a new ownership group." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1990–1995", "text": "Joe Torre became Smith's new manager in 1990, but the team did not reach the postseason during Torre's nearly five-year tenure." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | St. Louis Cardinals | 1990–1995", "text": "Smith became a free agent for the first time in his career on November 2, 1992, only to sign a new contract with the Cardinals on December 6.Smith won his final Gold Glove in 1992, and his 13 consecutive Gold Gloves at shortstop in the National League has yet to be matched." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The national team is also known for its long-standing rivalries with other top footballing nations, such as those with Brazil, Croatia, France, Germany and Spain." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Italy has five main rivalries with other top footballing nations." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Since the quarterfinal match between the two countries at Euro 2008, the rivalry has renewed, with its most notable match between the two sides being in the UEFA Euro 2012 Final, which Spain won 4–0." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Their rivalry with Germany is also long-standing, having played against each other five times in the World Cup, notably in the \"Game of the Century\", the 1970 World Cup semifinal between the two countries that Italy won 4–3 in extra time, with five of the seven goals coming in extra time." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Italy has five main rivalries with other top footballing nations." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "As of July 2018, the two countries have played eight times: Croatia has won three times and drawn five times." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": ", is between two of the most successful football nations in the world, having achieved nine World Cups between the two countries." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "The two countries have faced each other four times in the European championship, with three draws (one German penalty shoot-out victory) and one Italian victory." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Their rivalry with Brazil, known as the Clásico Mundial in Spanish or the World Derby in English" }, { "section_header": "History | 2016–present: Failure to qualify for 2018 World Cup and resurgence", "text": "On 5 February 2018, the Italy U21 manager Luigi Di Biagio was appointed as the caretaker manager of the senior team." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "Their rivalry with Croatia, also known as the Derby Adriatico or Adriatic Derby, named after the Adriatic which separates the two nations." }, { "section_header": "Rivalries", "text": "This rivalry is not to be confused with the similarly named Adriatic derby between Croatian clubs Hajduk Split and Rijeka." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The national team is also known for its long-standing rivalries with other top footballing nations, such as those with Brazil, Croatia, France, Germany and Spain." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He has lived in Rome since 1981." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Pre-papal career | Academic career: 1951–1977", "text": "Some voices, among them Küng, deem this a turn towards conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, \"I see no break in my views as a theologian [over the years]\"." }, { "section_header": "Papacy: 2005–2013 | Tone of papacy | Beatifications", "text": "Benedict XVI followed this precedent when he waived the five-year rule for John Paul II." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI" }, { "section_header": "Papacy: 2005–2013 | Apostolic ministry", "text": "As pontiff, Benedict XVI carried out numerous Apostolic activities including journeys across the world and in the Vatican. Benedict travelled extensively during the first three years of his papacy." }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "Benedict, later that year in November, did not attend the consistory for new cardinals, though he did meet with them and Pope Francis at his residence after the consistory had taken place." }, { "section_header": "Papacy: 2005–2013 | Resignation", "text": "The move was unexpected. In modern times, all popes have held office until death." }, { "section_header": "Pope Emeritus", "text": "Benedict XVI remained there for two weeks." }, { "section_header": "Pre-papal career | Academic career: 1951–1977", "text": "In 1963, he moved to the University of Münster." }, { "section_header": "Papacy: 2005–2013 | Tone of papacy | Canonizations", "text": "During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Pope Benedict XVI presided over the canonization of Frei Galvão on 11 May, while George Preca, founder of the Malta-based M.U.S.E.U.M., Szymon of Lipnica, Charles of Mount Argus and Marie-Eugénie de Jésus were canonized in a ceremony held at the Vatican on 3 June 2007." }, { "section_header": "Positions on morality and politics | Nuclear energy", "text": "Pope Benedict XVI called for nuclear disarmament." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He has lived in Rome since 1981." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term \"electronegativity\" was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811, though the concept was known even before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Methods of calculation | Pauling electronegativity", "text": "The difference in electronegativity between atoms A and B is given by: | χ" }, { "section_header": "Methods of calculation | Pauling electronegativity", "text": "The essential point of Pauling electronegativity is that there is an underlying, quite accurate, semi-empirical formula for dissociation energies, namely: E d (" }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term \"electronegativity\" was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811, though the concept was known even before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro." }, { "section_header": "Trends in electronegativity | Electronegativity and hybridization scheme", "text": "That is, when electronegativities are compared for different hybridization schemes of a given element, the order χ(sp3) < χ(sp2) < χ(sp) holds (the trend should apply to non-integer hybridization indices as well)." }, { "section_header": "Group electronegativity", "text": "The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously." }, { "section_header": "Group electronegativity", "text": "Kabachnik parameters are group electronegativities for use in organophosphorus chemistry." }, { "section_header": "Trends in electronegativity | Electronegativity and hybridization scheme", "text": "The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding." }, { "section_header": "Group electronegativity", "text": "In organic chemistry, electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms." }, { "section_header": "Correlation of electronegativity with other properties", "text": "The wide variety of methods of calculation of electronegativities, which all give results that correlate well with one another, is one indication of the number of chemical properties which might be affected by electronegativity." }, { "section_header": "Correlation of electronegativity with other properties", "text": "In general, the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Historical background", "text": "The poem is a representation of male and female relationships and their contrasting powers or lack thereof." }, { "section_header": "Historical background", "text": "The duke in this poem uses his power to control a woman, his duchess, by using her as currency." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"My Last Duchess\" is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue." }, { "section_header": "Modern adaptations", "text": "Science fiction author Eric Flint uses portions of \"My Last Duchess\" in his book 1634: The Galileo Affair (2004)." }, { "section_header": "Historical background", "text": "The duke in this poem uses his power to control a woman, his duchess, by using her as currency." }, { "section_header": "Modern adaptations", "text": "The short story \" My Last Girlfriend\" by Robert Barnard is a take-off on \"My Last Duchess\" with a new twist." }, { "section_header": "Modern adaptations", "text": "Canadian author Margaret Atwood's short story \"My Last Duchess\" appears in her short story anthology Moral Disorder (2006)." }, { "section_header": "Modern adaptations", "text": "South African author Judy Croome based the main character Rax-ul-Can in her apocalyptic short story \"The Last Sacrifice\" (published in \"The Weight of a Feather and Other Stories\", Aztar Press, 2013) on the Duke in Browning's \"My Last Duchess\"." }, { "section_header": "Historical background", "text": "The count was in charge of arranging the marriage; the chief of his entourage, Nikolaus Madruz, a native of Innsbruck, was his courier." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "In 'My Last Duchess' the Duke of Ferrara is addressing the envoy of the Count of Tyrol." }, { "section_header": "Modern adaptations", "text": "In an interview, Browning said, \"I meant that the commands were that she should be put to death ... Or he might have had her shut up in a convent.\" The 20th century American poet Richard Howard wrote a sequel to the poem, \"Nikolaus Mardruz [sic] to his Master Ferdinand, Count of Tyrol, 1565\", in the form of a letter from the listener in Browning's original that details his response to the Duke's monologue." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The speaker (presumably the Duke of Ferrara) is giving the emissary of the family of his prospective new wife (presumably a third or fourth since Browning could have easily written 'second' but did not do so) a tour of the artworks in his home." }, { "section_header": "Historical background", "text": "The poem is a representation of male and female relationships and their contrasting powers or lack thereof." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "On September 21, 1997, Mike Piazza became just the third player and the only Dodger ever to hit a ball out of Dodger Stadium with a blast over the left-field pavilion." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "On September 21, 1997, Mike Piazza became just the third player and the only Dodger ever to hit a ball out of Dodger Stadium with a blast over the left-field pavilion." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "Dave Kingman had 69 in 1976. Piazza, Derek Jeter, and Bernie Williams are the only players in major league history to hit a World Series home run in Yankee Stadium and Shea Stadium." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Los Angeles Dodgers", "text": "He drew a walk in his first plate appearance and then doubled to deep center field in his first official at-bat, against Mike Harkey of the Cubs." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | San Diego Padres", "text": "On August 8, 2006, Piazza played his first game at Shea Stadium since leaving the Mets." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "Yogi Berra, Carlton Fisk, Gary Carter, and Johnny Bench were on hand at Shea Stadium to honor Piazza on \"Mike Piazza Night\" on June 18, 2004." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Los Angeles Dodgers", "text": "After his father asked Lasorda to select Piazza as a favor, the Miami-Dade Community College student was drafted by the Dodgers in the 62nd round of the 1988 MLB amateur draft as the 1,390th player picked overall." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | San Diego Padres", "text": "On July 21, 2006, Mike Piazza collected his 2,000th career hit in the major leagues." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | Los Angeles Dodgers", "text": "He hit his first home run on September 12, 1992, against Steve Reed of the San Francisco Giants." }, { "section_header": "Career highlights and milestones", "text": "On September 21, 2001, 10 days after the terrorist attacks of September 11, Mike Piazza hit a home run in the first professional sporting event in New York City since the attacks, giving the Mets a 3–2 lead over the Braves." }, { "section_header": "Major league career | New York Mets", "text": "He became known as the Monster after coach John Stearns was caught on tape during the 2000 National League Championship Series after a Piazza hit saying \"The Monster is out of the Cage\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield and are considered part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement." }, { "section_header": "History | Early years (1977–1979)", "text": "Throughout 1979, the band developed a loyal following among British hard rock and heavy metal fans and were considered among the leaders of the new wave of British heavy metal movement." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "However, even though they were often considered one of the top bands of the new wave of British heavy metal movement of the late 1970s, in the mid-1980s the band were associated with the growing glam metal scene, mainly due to their mainstream success and glossy production." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield and are considered part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement." }, { "section_header": "History | Early years (1977–1979)", "text": "Throughout 1979, the band developed a loyal following among British hard rock and heavy metal fans and were considered among the leaders of the new wave of British heavy metal movement." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "Def Leppard were among the most successful of the new wave of British heavy metal bands in the early 1980s." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "Def Leppard were influenced by Ian Hunter and Mott The Hoople and cited as an influence by a wide range of musical artists, including heavy metal and thrash metal bands such as Slayer, Pantera, and Metallica as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement as well as by popular contemporary artists Matt Nathanson and Taylor Swift." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "Pyromania has been cited as the catalyst for the 1980s pop-metal movement." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "Def Leppard's music is a mixture of hard rock, AOR, pop and heavy metal elements, with its multi-layered, harmonic vocals and its melodic guitar riffs." }, { "section_header": "History | Rise to fame (1980–1983)", "text": "With the album's massive success, Pyromania was the catalyst for the 1980s pop-metal movement." }, { "section_header": "History | Adrenalize, Clark's death, and change in musical direction (1990–1999)", "text": "Amidst the increasing popularity of alternative rock, the band decided to balance their original image as rebellious rock stars with a slightly friendlier energy, combining heavy metal with melodies and hooks more reminiscent of pop music." }, { "section_header": "Musical style and legacy", "text": "Def Leppard, however, expressed their dislike of the \"glam metal\" label, as they thought it did not accurately describe their look or musical style." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Karl Goldmark's older brother Joseph became a physician and was later involved in the Revolution of 1848, and forced to emigrate to the United States." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "To make ends meet, Goldmark also pursued a side career as a music journalist." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "His father, Ruben Goldmark, was a chazan (cantor) to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely, Hungary, where Karl was born." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Karl Goldmark (born Károly Goldmark, Keszthely, May 18, 1830 – Vienna, January 2, 1915) was a Hungarian-born Viennese composer." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Karl Goldmark's early training as a violinist was at the musical academy of Sopron (1842–44)." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Karl Goldmark's older brother Joseph became a physician and was later involved in the Revolution of 1848, and forced to emigrate to the United States." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Goldmark came from a large Jewish family." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Goldmark's nephew Rubin Goldmark (1872–1936), a pupil of Dvořák, was also a composer, who spent his career in New York." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Goldmark, however would ultimately distance himself because of Brahms' prickly personality." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Among the musical influences Goldmark absorbed was the inescapable one, for a musical colorist, of Richard Wagner, whose anti-semitism stood in the way of any genuine warmth between them; in 1872 Goldmark took a prominent role in the formation of the Vienna Wagner Society." }, { "section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Goldmark was largely self-taught as a composer, and he supported himself in Vienna playing the violin in theatre orchestras, at the Carlstheater and the privately supported Viennese institution, the Theater in der Josefstadt." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Film version", "text": "In 2005, film director Rob Marshall made a film version of the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical fiction novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "The book was published as Geisha, a Life in the U.S. and Geisha of Gion in the U.K." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Chiyo is also introduced to Hatsumomo - the premier geisha of the okiya, its primary earner, and one of the most famous, beautiful and ill-mannered geisha of Gion." }, { "section_header": "References to actual locations", "text": "Much of the novel is set in the popular Hanamachi geisha district of Gion in Kyoto and contains references to actual places frequented by geisha and their patrons, such as the Ichiriki Ochaya." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In 1944, geisha districts are ordered to close, and with many geisha conscripted to work in the factories, Sayuri desperately asks Nobu for help to avoid being conscripted into factory work." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Sayuri peacefully retires from geisha work when the Chairman becomes her danna." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Enraged at her for being a poor investment, Mother stops investing in Chiyo's geisha apprenticeship and returns her to the life of a maid." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Chiyo begins her \"training\" at the okiya, which consists of household drudgery, before she is deemed worthy enough and starts her geisha training." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "She donates the money to a shrine in Gion, praying to become a geisha of sufficient status to entertain the Chairman, and keeps the handkerchief as a memento." }, { "section_header": "Lawsuit", "text": "The plaintiff asserted that Golden had agreed to protect her anonymity if she told him about her life as a geisha, due to the traditional code of silence about their clients." }, { "section_header": "Film version", "text": "In 2005, film director Rob Marshall made a film version of the novel." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music | Works", "text": "Brahms was an extreme perfectionist." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "You couldn't commission great music from Beethoven since he created only lesser works on commission—his more conventional pieces, his variations and the like.\" Brahms collected first editions and autographs of Mozart and Haydn's works and edited performing editions." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "Referring to Byrd's Though Amaryllis dance, Philips remarks that “the cross-rhythms in this piece so excited E. H. Fellowes that he likened them to Brahms's compositional style." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years (1833–1850)", "text": "Brahms's compositions at this period are known to have included piano music, chamber music and works for male voice choir." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "The Hungarian Dances are among Brahms's most-appreciated pieces." }, { "section_header": "Music | Works", "text": "His solo piano works range from his early piano sonatas and ballades to his late sets of character pieces." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "He studied the music of pre-classical composers, including Giovanni Gabrieli, Johann Adolph Hasse, Heinrich Schütz, Domenico Scarlatti, George Frideric Handel, and, especially, Johann Sebastian Bach." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "Brahms venerated Beethoven; in the composer's home, a marble bust of Beethoven looked down on the spot where he composed, and some passages in his works are reminiscent of Beethoven's style." }, { "section_header": "Music | Style and influences", "text": "\" As Palestrina or Bach succeeded in giving spiritual significance to their technique, so Brahms could turn a canon in motu contrario or a canon per augmentationem into a pure piece of lyrical poetry." }, { "section_header": "Life | Last years (1890–1897)", "text": "Brahms also wrote at this time his final cycles of piano pieces, Opp." }, { "section_header": "Life | Early years (1833–1850)", "text": "Brahms's father, Johann Jakob Brahms (1806–72), was from the town of Heide in Holstein." }, { "section_header": "Music | Works", "text": "Brahms was an extreme perfectionist." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as a Twelfth Night's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "Agatha Christie's 1940 mystery novel Sad Cypress draws its title from a song in Act II, Scene IV of Twelfth Night." }, { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "The protagonists of Vita Sackville-West's 1930 novel" }, { "section_header": "Date and text", "text": "The full title of the play is Twelfth Night, or What You Will." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "Shakespeare in Love contains several references to Twelfth Night." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Music", "text": "Johan Wagenaar composed an overture based on Twelfth Night." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Music", "text": "Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco composed an overture based on Twelfth Night." }, { "section_header": "Setting", "text": "Illyria, the exotic setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the play's romantic atmosphere." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Music", "text": "In 1888, Alexander Campbell Mackenzie composed an overture based on Twelfth Night." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as a Twelfth Night's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season." }, { "section_header": "Performance history | 20th and 21st century", "text": "In 2017/18, the Royal Shakespeare Company staged Twelfth Night, which was directed by Christopher Luscombe." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Adaptations | Screen adaptations", "text": "In 2014, Ethan Hawke and director Michael Almereyda, who previously collaborated on the 2000 film Hamlet, re-teamed for the film Cymbeline, in which Hawke plays Iachimo." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Performance history", "text": "In 2004 and 2014, the Hudson Shakespeare Company of New Jersey produced two distinct versions of the play." }, { "section_header": "Date and text", "text": "The editors of the Oxford and Norton Shakespeare believe the name of Imogen is a misprint for Innogen—they draw several comparisons between Cymbeline and Much Ado About Nothing, in early editions of which a ghost character named Innogen was supposed to be Leonato's wife (Posthumus being also known as \"Leonatus\", the Latin form of the Italian name in the other play)." }, { "section_header": "Performance history", "text": "Valerie Wayne notes that Garrick's changes made the play more nationalistic, representing a trend in perception of Cymbeline during that period." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cymbeline , also known as The Tragedie of Cymbeline or Cymbeline, King of Britain, is a play by William Shakespeare set in Ancient Britain (c. 10–14) and based on legends that formed part of the Matter of Britain concerning the early Celtic British King Cunobeline." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Screen adaptations", "text": "In 2014, Ethan Hawke and director Michael Almereyda, who previously collaborated on the 2000 film Hamlet, re-teamed for the film Cymbeline, in which Hawke plays Iachimo." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "William Hawkins revised the play again in 1759." }, { "section_header": "Criticism and interpretation", "text": "William Hazlitt and John Keats, however, numbered it among their favourite plays." }, { "section_header": "Date and text", "text": "In spite of these arguments, most editions of the play have continued to use the name Imogen, and it has been suggested that \"Imogen\" may be intended to evoke the figure of \"Innogen\" but that the slight change in name is deliberate, as there are other characters in the play whose names appear to be slight variants of historical or pseudo-historical figures." }, { "section_header": "Date and text", "text": "Furthermore, both were written for the same theatre company and audience." }, { "section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Lucius calls forth his soothsayer to decipher a prophecy of recent events, which ensures happiness for all." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Regulatory action and lawsuits", "text": "In February 2016, Health Minister, J P Nadda, informed that the Maharashtra FDA had taken action against Flipkart, among others, for selling drugs without valid license." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Walmart", "text": "Walmart president Doug McMillon cited the \"attractiveness\" of the market, explaining that their purchase \"is an opportunity to partner with the company that is leading transformation of eCommerce in the market\"." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2017, eBay announced that it would sell its Indian subsidiary eBay.in to Flipkart and make a US$500 million cash investment in the company." }, { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Walmart", "text": "Following the announcement of Walmart's deal, eBay announced that it would sell its stake in Flipkart back to the company for approximately US$1.1 billion, and re-launch its own Indian operations." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Flipkart is an Indian e-commerce company based in Bangalore, Karnataka, India." }, { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Walmart", "text": "Following the proposed purchase, Flipkart co-founder Sachin Bansal left the company, while the remaining management now report to Marc Lore, CEO of Walmart eCommerce US." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Myntra continues to operate alongside Flipkart as a standalone subsidiary; the site focuses on an upscale, \"fashion-conscious\" market, while Flipkart itself focuses on the mainstream market and major international brands." }, { "section_header": "House brands", "text": "In 2017, Flipkart launched additional brands, including Billion (smartphones), Smartbuy (electronics accessories, effectively replacing Digiflip), and MarQ (for large appliances, although its launch was faced with a trademark dispute with an existing company, Marc Enterprises).In 2019, Flipkart began selling Nokia-branded televisions." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of March 2017, Flipkart held a 39.5% market share of India's e-commerce industry." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2015, Flipkart acquired Appiterate, a Delhi-based mobile marketing automation firm." }, { "section_header": "History | Acquisition by Walmart", "text": "The company stated that \"there is the huge growth potential for e-commerce in India and significant opportunity for multiple players to succeed in India's diverse, domestic market.\" Softbank Group also sold its entire 20% stake to Walmart, without disclosing terms of the sale." }, { "section_header": "Regulatory action and lawsuits", "text": "In February 2016, Health Minister, J P Nadda, informed that the Maharashtra FDA had taken action against Flipkart, among others, for selling drugs without valid license." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and features Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, and Judi Dench as M." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Skyfall is a 2012 spy film and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and features Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, and Judi Dench as M." }, { "section_header": "Cast", "text": "Daniel Craig as James Bond, agent 007." }, { "section_header": "Production | Pre-production | Casting", "text": "Dr. No. Daniel Craig returned as James Bond for the second time, saying he felt lucky to have the chance." }, { "section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The first official image from the film was released on 1 February 2012, showing Craig on set at Pinewood within a recreation of a Shanghai skyscraper." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras." }, { "section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "A number of reviewers praised Daniel Craig in Skyfall." }, { "section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "The film did not escape criticism, with reviews pointing to its two and a half-hour running time, and the final third of the film being \"protracted\", and not matching the first two thirds in its momentum as the underlying flaws in the film." }, { "section_header": "Production | Pre-production | Crew", "text": "Mendes, who had previously worked with Craig on Road to Perdition, was approached after seeing Craig in A Steady Rain, meeting after a performance, where Craig broached the subject of directing a Bond film for the first time." }, { "section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert believed that in Skyfall \"Daniel Craig [takes] full possession of a role he previously played unconvincingly\"; Philip French commented that \"Craig manages to get out of the shadow of Connery\"; while Daniel Krupa thought Craig's Bond was a \"defining performance\" for \"a great actor\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States Senator." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Lawyer and state senator | Early career and involvement in politics", "text": "During the 1828 campaign, Seward made speeches in support of President Adams's re-election." }, { "section_header": "Secession crisis", "text": "Lincoln remained in Illinois until mid-February, and he and Seward communicated by letter." }, { "section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "A series of testy letters were exchanged between Governor Seward and Harrison's Secretary of State Daniel Webster, and also between the governor and the new president John Tyler, who succeeded on Harrison's death after a month in office." }, { "section_header": "Lawyer and state senator | Early career and involvement in politics", "text": "Despite the benefits to Seward's career from Weed's support, perceptions that Seward was too much controlled by Weed became a factor in the former's defeat for the Republican nomination for president in 1860.Almost from the time he settled in Auburn, Seward involved himself in politics." }, { "section_header": "Election of 1860 | Convention", "text": "Others spoken of for the nomination included Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase, former Missouri congressman Edward Bates, and former Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln." }, { "section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "William Seward was sworn in as governor of New York on January 1, 1839, and inaugurated in front of a crowd of jubilant Whigs." }, { "section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "In his second term, Seward was involved with the trial of Alexander McLeod, who had boasted of involvement in the 1837 Caroline Affair, in which Canadians came across the Niagara River and sank the Caroline, a steamboat being used to supply William Lyon Mackenzie's fighters during the Upper Canada Rebellion." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Seward remained in his post through the presidency of Andrew Johnson, during which he negotiated the Alaska Purchase in 1867 and supported Johnson during his impeachment." }, { "section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "The Democrats refused to co-operate with Governor Seward except on the most urgent matters, and he initially found himself unable to advance much of his agenda." }, { "section_header": "1868 election, retirement and death", "text": "Seward grew worse during the day, as his family gathered around him." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States Senator." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Diamond Jubilee", "text": "The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "Her son and successor, King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II, were at her deathbed." }, { "section_header": "Later years | Death and succession", "text": "An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers." }, { "section_header": "Birth and family", "text": "Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of Kent's eldest brother George, Prince Regent." }, { "section_header": "1842–1860", "text": "The Queen felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one.\" Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Emperor." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired." }, { "section_header": "1842–1860", "text": "The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Legacy | Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf", "text": "Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that the Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf had this name because Alexander ordered the island to be named like this, after the Icarus island in the Aegean Sea." }, { "section_header": "Indian campaign | Forays into the Indian subcontinent", "text": "Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | In ancient and modern culture", "text": "In Hindi and Urdu, the name \"Sikandar\", derived from the Persian name for Alexander, denotes a rising young talent, and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khajli stylized himself as \"Sikandar-i-Sani\" (the Second Alexander the Great)." }, { "section_header": "Historiography", "text": "Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Lineage and childhood", "text": "Alexander named it Bucephalas, meaning \"ox-head\"." }, { "section_header": "Philip's heir | Regency and ascent of Macedon", "text": "He colonized it with Greeks, and founded a city named Alexandropolis." }, { "section_header": "Death and succession | After death", "text": "However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Founding of cities", "text": "Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris." }, { "section_header": "Character | Generalship", "text": "Alexander earned the epithet \"the Great\" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander." }, { "section_header": "Early life | Lineage and childhood", "text": "When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Reception | Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission", "text": "In March 2011, the Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission notified Groupon that it was in violation of state law that prohibits discounting of alcoholic beverages." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Business | Business model", "text": "Groupon is now also a part of several Daily Deal Aggregators, which helps them expand their target audience, gain traffic and increase sales and revenue." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Groupon and Chilean consumer office lawsuit", "text": "As of December 20, these totaled 1,958, which resulted in legal action." }, { "section_header": "Business | Business model", "text": "In response to these issues, Groupon officials have stated that deals sold will be capped in advance to a number that the business can service effectively." }, { "section_header": "Business | Geographic markets", "text": "Groupon has served markets in several countries including, the United States, Canada, Ukraine, Germany, Greece, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Denmark, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand and others." }, { "section_header": "Business | Groupon Now application", "text": "\" Once a user clicks on one of the buttons, the app then locates the closest and best deals for food or entertainment, respectively, using geolocation." }, { "section_header": "Business | Business model", "text": "The Groupon worked as an assurance contract using ThePoint's platform: if a certain number of people signed up for the offer, then the deal became available to all; if the predetermined minimum was not met, no one got the deal that day." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Groupon's first deal was a two-pizzas-for-the-price-of-one offer at Motel Bar, a restaurant on the first floor of its building in Chicago." }, { "section_header": "History | 2011 onward", "text": "On December 29, 2014, Groupon's shares rose by 1.4% after it was reported that Goldman Sachs was \"weighing an investment in one of the daily deal company’s units." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Groupon and Chilean consumer office lawsuit", "text": "It even accuses it of not delivering the items purchased by consumers, with the consequent unilateral cancellation of purchases or having offered products and services without stock available." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Living on Groupon (\"Live Off Groupon\" program)", "text": "In May 2010, Groupon created a challenge to live on Groupons for one year." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission", "text": "In March 2011, the Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission notified Groupon that it was in violation of state law that prohibits discounting of alcoholic beverages." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Death in the Family is an autobiographical novel by author James Agee, set in Knoxville, Tennessee." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The novel is based on the events that occurred to Agee in 1915 when his father went out of town to see his own father, who had suffered a heart attack." } ]

[ { "section_header": "New version", "text": "Lofaro's version of the novel, A Death in the Family: A Restoration of the Author's Text, was published in 2007 as part of a 10-volume set, The Collected Works of James Agee (University of Tennessee Press)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Death in the Family is an autobiographical novel by author James Agee, set in Knoxville, Tennessee." }, { "section_header": "New version | Differences", "text": "Altered the order of the book, which was intended to be chronological." }, { "section_header": "New version", "text": "Lofaro tracked down the author's original manuscripts and notes and has reconstructed a version he says is more authentic." }, { "section_header": "New version", "text": "Lofaro is also the author of Agee Agonistes: Essays on the Life, Legend, and Works of James Agee (2007)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Agee's widow and children were left with little money after Agee's death and McDowell wanted to help them by publishing the work." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The novel provides a portrait of life in Knoxville, Tennessee, showing how such a loss affects the young widow, her two children, her atheist father and the dead man's alcoholic brother." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The novel is based on the events that occurred to Agee in 1915 when his father went out of town to see his own father, who had suffered a heart attack." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in early 18th century Great Britain, the film's plot examines the relationship between two cousins, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (Rachel Weisz) and Abigail Masham (Emma Stone), who are vying to be Court favourite of Queen Anne (Olivia Colman)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Favourite is a 2018 period black comedy film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, and written by Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Principal photography lasted from March to May 2017, taking place at Hatfield House in Hertfordshire and at Hampton Court Palace." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "David Sims writing for The Atlantic magazine found the film to be an effective satire of its historical period, stating; \"Were it just a straightforward comedy, The Favourite would still be a success." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Peter Travers from Rolling Stone gave the movie five stars, saying, \"Emma Stone, Rachel Weisz and the mighty Olivia Colman turn a period piece into a caustic comeuppance comedy with fangs and claws ... It's a bawdy, brilliant triumph, directed by Greek auteur Yorgos Lanthimos with all the artistic reach and renegade deviltry ... The Favourite belongs to its fierce, profanely funny female trio." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "He wrote, \"If Kubrick's 17th-century-set Barry Lyndon flaunted all his resources of cinematic expertise merely to satirize chilly inhumanity, making an evil masterpiece, then The Favourite is merely a wicked stunt.\" The Favourite has received multiple awards and nominations, and won two Venice International Film Festival awards: the Grand Jury Prize and the Volpi Cup for Best Actress." }, { "section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "J. R. Kinnard wrote for PopMatters: History records that England was ruled for a brief period in the early 18th century by Queen Anne whose physical infirmities were rivalled only by her psychological quirks." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "He wrote, \"It's worth pointing out that The Favourite is easily Lanthimos' most user-friendly movie, which isn't to say it isn't strange enough to please his fans, just that it may also convert a legion of new ones\"." }, { "section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "You have historical accounts of the period." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The website's critical consensus reads, \"The Favourite sees Yorgos Lanthimos balancing a period setting against rich, timely subtext—and getting roundly stellar performances from his well-chosen stars\"." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in early 18th century Great Britain, the film's plot examines the relationship between two cousins, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (Rachel Weisz) and Abigail Masham (Emma Stone), who are vying to be Court favourite of Queen Anne (Olivia Colman)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Deacon\" because he sang in his church choir and generally lived a quiet life." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "McKechnie was the first manager to win World Series titles with two teams (1925 Pittsburgh Pirates and 1940 Cincinnati Reds), and remains one of only two managers to win pennants with three teams, also capturing the National League title in 1928 with the St. Louis Cardinals." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "McKechnie was born on August 7, 1886 to Archibald and Mary McKechnie, two Scottish immigrants who had settled in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania shortly before Bill was born." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Bill McKechnie Jr.'s son Bill III was born April 20, 1940, and died of cancer in Florida on June 17, 2006." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was nicknamed \"Deacon\" because he sang in his church choir and generally lived a quiet life." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "McKechnie's son Bill Jr. was the farm system director of the Cincinnati Redlegs in the mid-1950s and later served as president of the Florida State (1961–1962) and Pacific Coast Leagues, and he was also the father of former Syracuse radio station WNDR sportscaster Jim McKechnie." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": ", McKechnie played with the Pirates (1907, 1910–12, 1918, 1920), Boston Braves (1913), New York Yankees (1913), Indianapolis Hoosiers/" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "McKechnie died at age 79 in Bradenton, Florida." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "A utility infielder for the first half of his career before playing more substantially at third base later on" }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Defensively, he recorded an overall .954 fielding percentage playing at third, second, first base and shortstop." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": ", McKechnie Field in Bradenton, was named after him until the name changed to LECOM Park in 2017." }, { "section_header": "Playing career", "text": "McKechnie made his major league debut in 1907 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, appearing in three games, before reemerging with the team in 1910 in a more substantial role." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "McKechnie was the first manager to win World Series titles with two teams (1925 Pittsburgh Pirates and 1940 Cincinnati Reds), and remains one of only two managers to win pennants with three teams, also capturing the National League title in 1928 with the St. Louis Cardinals." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shelley Winters (born Shirley Schrift; August 18, 1920 – January 14, 2006) was an American actress whose career spanned almost six decades." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kirkland, a minister of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness, also performed non-denominational last rites for Winters." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1990s", "text": "As the Associated Press reported, \"During her 50 years as a widely known personality, Winters was rarely out of the news." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In addition to film, Winters also appeared in television, including a years-long tenure on the sitcom Roseanne, and also authored three autobiographical books." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her family moved to Brooklyn, New York, when she was nine years old, and she grew up partly in Queens, New York, as well." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She was Winters' only child. Anthony Franciosa, whom she married on May 4, 1957; they divorced on November 18, 1960.Gerry DeFord, whom she married on January 13, 2006.Hours before her death, Winters married long-time companion Gerry DeFord, with whom she had lived for 19 years." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1990s", "text": "\" That led to a second career as a writer." }, { "section_header": "Career | Theatre", "text": "Winters made her Broadway debut in The Night Before Christmas (1941) which had a short run." }, { "section_header": "Career | Theatre", "text": "She had a small part in Rosalinda, an adaptation of Die Fledermaus (1942–44) which ran for 611 performances." }, { "section_header": "Career | Theatre", "text": "Winters first received acclaim when she joined the cast of Oklahoma!" }, { "section_header": "Career | Columbia", "text": "as Ado Annie. She received a long-term contract at Columbia and moved to Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shelley Winters (born Shirley Schrift; August 18, 1920 – January 14, 2006) was an American actress whose career spanned almost six decades." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a career spanning six decades, she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment and has been recognized with two Academy Awards, ten Grammy Awards including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and the Grammy Legend Award, five Emmy Awards, four Peabody Awards, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and nine Golden Globes." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "The Barbra Streisand Album, The Second Barbra Streisand Album, The Third Album," }, { "section_header": "Career beginnings", "text": "Aged 16 and then living on her own, Streisand took various menial jobs to have some income." }, { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "On October 11, 2012, Streisand gave a three-hour concert performance before a crowd of 18,000 as part of the ongoing inaugural events of Barclays Center (and part of her current Barbra Live tour) in Brooklyn (her first-ever public performance in her home borough)." }, { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "Streisand is one of many singers who use teleprompters during their live performances." }, { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "A two-disc live album of the concert entitled Timeless: Live in Concert was released in 2000." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and family", "text": "Dating Barbra Streisand is like wearing Hot Lava." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Philanthropy", "text": "Streisand has personally raised $25 million for organizations through her live performances." }, { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "This performance was later released on DVD as One Night Only: Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard." }, { "section_header": "Career | Singing", "text": "After releasing the live album One Voice in 1986, Streisand was set to release another album of Broadway songs in 1988." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Philanthropy", "text": "The program was officially named the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a career spanning six decades, she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment and has been recognized with two Academy Awards, ten Grammy Awards including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and the Grammy Legend Award, five Emmy Awards, four Peabody Awards, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and nine Golden Globes." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Over the next days and weeks, Aschenbach's interest in the beautiful boy develops into an obsession." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "There are allusions to his poems about Venice in the novella and, like Aschenbach, he died of cholera on an Italian island." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Origins", "text": "Mann's original intention was to write about \"passion as confusion and degradation,” after having been fascinated by the true story of Goethe's love for 18-year-old Baroness Ulrike von Levetzow, which had led Goethe to write his \"Marienbad Elegy\"." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "He is a man dedicated to his art, disciplined and ascetic to the point of severity, who was widowed at a young age." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "After being repeatedly assured that the sirocco is the only health risk, he finds a British travel agent who reluctantly admits that there is a serious cholera epidemic in Venice." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "\" Diaghilev would often stay at the same hotel as Aschenbach, the Grand Hotel des Bains, and take his young male lovers there." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "The novella is intertextual, with the chief sources being first the connection of erotic love to philosophical wisdom traced in Plato's Symposium and Phaedrus, and second the Nietzschean contrast between the god of restraint and shaping form, Apollo, and the god of excess and passion, Dionysus." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Among them is an adolescent boy of about fourteen in a sailor suit." }, { "section_header": "The real Tadzio", "text": "He was aged 10 when he was in Venice, significantly younger than Tadzio in the novella." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Benjamin Britten transformed Death in Venice into an opera, his last, in 1973." }, { "section_header": "Allusions", "text": "There are allusions to his poems about Venice in the novella and, like Aschenbach, he died of cholera on an Italian island." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Over the next days and weeks, Aschenbach's interest in the beautiful boy develops into an obsession." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Fox was born on Christmas Day 1927 in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, a rural area just west of Chambersburg, in south central Pennsylvania." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | 1959 season", "text": "In Game 5, Fox scored the only run when Sherm Lollar hit into a double play in the fourth inning (this was only the second time that a World Series game did not have an RBI)." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Defensive skills", "text": "He also led second basemen in putouts between 1952 and 1961, and in assists several times during his career." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Defensive skills", "text": "Fox was one of the best second basemen in the major leagues." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "Fox was born on Christmas Day 1927 in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, a rural area just west of Chambersburg, in south central Pennsylvania." }, { "section_header": "Later years", "text": "He co-owned and managed Nellie Fox Bowl in Chambersburg after retiring from baseball." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "If you had eight Nellie Foxes, all with his spirit and determination, I think you'd have a winning team." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "He had the required 75% of the committee's vote in 1996, but the committee was allowed to vote in only one former MLB player; Jim Bunning was inducted after receiving one more vote than Fox." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball | Major leagues | Later seasons", "text": "Morgan grew up hitting with a Nellie Fox model bat, which had a large barrel and large handle." }, { "section_header": "Early years", "text": "He was the youngest of three sons born to a carpenter who grew up on a farm and liked to play town baseball in St. Thomas." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Prior to his Hall of Fame election, a group of fans formed the Nellie Fox Society to promote his case for induction." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her freshman year at Yale in 1980–1981, Foster was stalked by John W. Hinckley, Jr., who had developed an obsession with her after watching Taxi Driver." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her time at Yale, Foster also had other stalkers, including Edward Richardson, who planned to murder her but changed his mind after watching her perform in a college play." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After attending college at Yale, Foster struggled to transition into adult roles until she gained critical acclaim for playing a rape survivor in the legal drama" }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1989: Transition to adult roles", "text": "She later stated that going to college was \"a wonderful time of self-discovery\", and changed her thoughts about acting, which she had previously thought was an unintelligent profession, but now realised that \"what I really wanted to do was to act and there was nothing stupid about it.\" She continued making films on her summer vacations, and during her college years appeared in O'Hara's Wife (1982), television film Svengali (1983), John Irving adaptation The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), French film" }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Foster Child: A Biography of Jodie Foster." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Lucinda \"Cindy\" Foster (born 1954) and Constance \"Connie\" Foster (born 1955), and son Lucius Fisher \"Buddy\" Foster IV (born 1957)." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1965–1975: Early work", "text": "Foster also appeared in films, mostly for Disney." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "-77. Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (1995)." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Foster, Buddy; Wagener, Leon (May 1997)." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1989: Transition to adult roles", "text": "Foster was unhappy with her performance, and feared that it would end her career." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1990–1999: Box office success, debut as director and Egg Pictures", "text": "Foster later named the role one of her favorites." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her freshman year at Yale in 1980–1981, Foster was stalked by John W. Hinckley, Jr., who had developed an obsession with her after watching Taxi Driver." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham, London." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "Chelsea have only had one home ground, Stamford Bridge, where they have played since the team's foundation." }, { "section_header": "Chelsea Women", "text": "They play their home games at Kingsmeadow, the home ground of the EFL League One club AFC Wimbledon." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "Most football clubs were founded first, and then sought grounds in which to play, but Chelsea were founded for Stamford Bridge." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Its home ground is Stamford Bridge." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chelsea Football Club is an English professional football club based in Fulham, London." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "As a condition for using the Chelsea FC name, the club has to play its first team matches at Stamford Bridge, which means that if the club moves to a new stadium, they may have to change their name." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "It was also the home stadium of the London Monarchs American Football team for the 1997 season." }, { "section_header": "Stadium", "text": "The 2013 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was played at Stamford Bridge as well." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "As there was already a team named Fulham in the borough, the name of the adjacent borough of Chelsea was chosen for the new club; names like Kensington FC, Stamford Bridge FC and London FC were also considered." }, { "section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "In 1930, Chelsea featured in one of the earliest football films, The Great Game." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "French sculptor Théophile Barrau made a marble statue named Hommage à Pierre Fermat as a tribute to Fermat, now at the Capitole de Toulouse." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Fermat thereby became entitled to change his name from Pierre Fermat to Pierre de Fermat." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "There is little evidence concerning his school education, but it was probably at the Collège de Navarre in Montauban." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "The oldest and most prestigious high school in Toulouse is named after him: the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "Pierre de Fermat died on January 12, 1665, at Castres, in the present-day department of Tarn." }, { "section_header": "Biography | Death", "text": "French sculptor Théophile Barrau made a marble statue named Hommage à Pierre Fermat as a tribute to Fermat, now at the Capitole de Toulouse." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "On 1 June 1631, Fermat married Louise de Long, a fourth cousin of his mother Claire de Fermat (née de Long)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pierre de Fermat (French: [pjɛːʁ də fɛʁma]) (between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Pierre had one brother and two sisters and was almost certainly brought up in the town of his birth." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "Fermat was born in 1607 in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France—the late 15th-century mansion where Fermat was born is now a museum." }, { "section_header": "Biography", "text": "His mother was Claire de Long." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959." } ]

[ { "section_header": "The Raisin Cycle", "text": "The first act takes place just before the events of A Raisin in the Sun, involving the selling of the house to the black family; the second act takes place 50 years later." }, { "section_header": "Production and reception", "text": "A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, as well as the first with a black director, Mr. Richards." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959." }, { "section_header": "Production and reception", "text": "In 2016, Claire Brennan wrote in The Guardian that \"The power and craft of the writing make A Raisin in the Sun as moving today as it was then." }, { "section_header": "Production and reception", "text": "Frank Rich, writing in The New York Times in 1983, stated that A Raisin in the Sun \"changed American theater forever\"." }, { "section_header": "The Raisin Cycle", "text": "The two above plays, together with the original, were referred to by Kwei-Armah as \"The Raisin Cycle\" and were produced together by Baltimore's Center Stage in the 2012–2013 season." }, { "section_header": "Production and reception", "text": "With a cast in which all but one character is black, A Raisin in the Sun was considered a risky investment, and it took over a year for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it." }, { "section_header": "Production and reception", "text": "\"In 1960 \"In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated for four Tony Awards: Best Play – written by Lorraine Hansberry; produced by Philip Rose, David J. Cogan" }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "Meanwhile, Beneatha's character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men: her wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai." }, { "section_header": "Other versions | 2008 TV film", "text": "According to Nielsen Media Research, the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked No. 9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2, 2008." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), as well as the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for Years Ago (1947) and Long Day's Journey into Night (1956)." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "March is one of only two actors, the other being Helen Hayes, to have won both the Academy Award and the Tony Award twice." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Like Laurence Olivier, March had a rare protean quality to his acting that allowed him to assume almost any persona convincingly, from Robert Browning to William Jennings Bryan to Dr Jekyll - or Mr. Hyde." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "March is one of only two actors, the other being Helen Hayes, to have won both the Academy Award and the Tony Award twice." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "Married a Witch (1942) and Another Part of the Forest (1948), and won his second Oscar in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He appeared on Broadway in 1926, and by the end of the decade, he signed a film contract with Paramount Pictures." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He died from prostate cancer, at age 77, in Los Angeles, and was buried at his estate in New Milford, Connecticut." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "On March 25, 1954, March co-hosted the 26th Annual Academy Awards ceremony from New York City, with co-host Donald O'Connor in Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 5th Academy Awards in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (tied with Wallace Beery for The Champ, although March accrued one more vote than Beery)." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "March also played one of two leads in The Desperate Hours (1955) with Humphrey Bogart." }, { "section_header": "Career", "text": "He won two Best Actor Tony Awards: in 1947 for the play" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1938, March was one of many Hollywood personalities investigated by the House of Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and the hunt for Communists in the film community." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), as well as the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for Years Ago (1947) and Long Day's Journey into Night (1956)." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The name Hiawatha is derived from a historical figure associated with the League of the Iroquois, then located in New York and Pennsylvania." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of Hiawatha is an 1855 epic poem in trochaic tetrameter by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow which features Native American characters." }, { "section_header": "Cultural response | Reception and influence", "text": "The Grolier Club named The Song of Hiawatha the most influential book of 1855." }, { "section_header": "Cultural response | Artistic use", "text": "Her father was Haitian and her mother was Native American and African American." }, { "section_header": "Folkloric and ethnographic critiques | Historical Iroquois Hiawatha", "text": "He was known among different tribes by the several names of Michabou, Chiabo, Manabozo, Tarenyawagon, and Hiawatha." }, { "section_header": "Publication and plot", "text": "Longfellow chose to set The Song of Hiawatha at the Pictured Rocks, one of the locations along the south shore of Lake Superior favored by narrators of the Manabozho stories." }, { "section_header": "Folkloric and ethnographic critiques | Inspiration from the Finnish Kalevala", "text": "\" Trochaic is not a correct descriptor for Ojibwe oratory, song, or storytelling, but Schoolcraft was writing long before the study of Native American linguistics had come of age." }, { "section_header": "Folkloric and ethnographic critiques | Historical Iroquois Hiawatha", "text": "The U.S. Forest Service has said that both the historical and poetic figures are the sources of the name for the Hiawatha National Forest." }, { "section_header": "Cultural response | Artistic use", "text": "Early paintings were by artists who concentrated on authentic American Native subjects." }, { "section_header": "Folkloric and ethnographic critiques", "text": "Longfellow used Henry Rowe Schoolcraft as a source of Native American legend." }, { "section_header": "Folkloric and ethnographic critiques", "text": "\"In his book on the development of the image of the Indian in American thought and literature, Pearce wrote about The Song of Hiawatha: It was Longfellow who fully realized for mid-nineteenth century Americans the possibility of [the] image of the noble savage." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The name Hiawatha is derived from a historical figure associated with the League of the Iroquois, then located in New York and Pennsylvania." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 11", "text": "AMC announced that The Walking Dead was renewed for an eleventh season on October 5, 2019, just prior to the tenth-season premiere." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 11", "text": "AMC announced that The Walking Dead was renewed for an eleventh season on October 5, 2019, just prior to the tenth-season premiere." }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters", "text": "recurring season 5) Tovah Feldshuh as Deanna Monroe: recurring season 5) Tovah Feldshuh as Deanna Monroe: A former Congresswoman and leader of Alexandria. (season 6;" }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters", "text": "recurring season 5) Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan: recurring season 5) Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan: The totalitarian, sociopathic leader of the Saviors. (season 7–present; special guest star season 6) recurring season 5) Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan: recurring season 5) Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan: The totalitarian, sociopathic leader of the Saviors. (season 7–present; special guest star season 6) Austin Amelio as Dwight: A ruthless and reluctant member of the Saviors. (seasons 7–8;" }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters", "text": "After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: An Alexandria resident who develops a relationship with Rick. (season 6; recurring season 5) Ross Marquand as Aaron: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: An Alexandria resident who develops a relationship with Rick. (season 6; recurring season 5) Ross Marquand as Aaron: A recruiter who invites Rick's group to Alexandria. (season 6–present; recurring season 5) After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: An Alexandria resident who develops a relationship with Rick. (season 6; recurring season 5) Ross Marquand as Aaron: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: After suffering a psychological breakdown, he comes to peace with the world around him. (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5; special guest star season 3; guest season 1) Alexandra Breckenridge as Jessie Anderson: An Alexandria resident who develops a relationship with Rick. (season 6; recurring season 5) Ross Marquand as Aaron: A recruiter who invites Rick's group to Alexandria. (season 6–present; recurring season 5) Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe: Deanna's son and a guard of Alexandria. (seasons 6–7;" }, { "section_header": "Cast and characters", "text": ", the Governor is ruthless, paranoid, and dangerous. (seasons 3–4; special guest star season 5) Emily Kinney as Beth Greene: A soft-spoken teenage girl who enjoys singing" }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 5 (2014–15)", "text": "Rick discovers the residents of Terminus engage in cannibalism, but the group overwhelms Terminus and reunite." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 5 (2014–15)", "text": "Some are injured and kidnapped to Grady, a hospital run by corrupt cops and doctors." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 5 (2014–15)", "text": "When the survivors recover, they are approached by Aaron, inviting them to join a fortified community called Alexandria led by Deanna Monroe." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 5 (2014–15)", "text": "They are initially welcomed, but Rick's group realize the residents have not faced the zombie threat directly." }, { "section_header": "Series overview | Season 5 (2014–15)", "text": "Rick meets a woman called Jessie Anderson." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of April 2020, GoDaddy has approximately 18.5 million customers and over 7,000 employees worldwide." } ]

[ { "section_header": "History", "text": "GoDaddy was founded in 1997 in Baltimore, Maryland by entrepreneur Bob Parsons." }, { "section_header": "Marketing | Sports sponsorships | Super Bowl advertisements", "text": "CEO Bob Parsons said GoDaddy received \"a tremendous surge in Web traffic, sustained the spike, converted new customers and shot overall sales off the chart\"." }, { "section_header": "History", "text": "Parsons sold his financial software services company Parsons Technology to Intuit for $65 million in 1994." }, { "section_header": "IPO and private equity", "text": "As of December 2011, Bob Parsons stepped down as CEO into the role of Executive Chairman." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of April 2020, GoDaddy has approximately 18.5 million customers and over 7,000 employees worldwide." }, { "section_header": "IPO and private equity", "text": "On August 8, 2006, Bob Parsons, announced that he had withdrawn the company's IPO filing due to \"market uncertainties\"." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Animal rights | Elephant shooting", "text": "In 2011, animal rights groups including PETA complained when a video of Bob Parsons shooting and killing an elephant at night in Zimbabwe was made by Parsons and posted on his personal blog." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Suspension of Seclists.org and purchase of No Daddy", "text": "On July 12, 2011, an article in The Register reported that, shortly after Bob Parsons' sale of GoDaddy, the company purchased gripe site No Daddy." }, { "section_header": "IPO and private equity", "text": "Along with the IPO announcement, GoDaddy's founder Bob Parsons announced he is stepping down as Executive Chairman though he will remain on the board." }, { "section_header": "Controversies | Animal rights | Super Bowl XLIX Puppy Ad", "text": "The ad found very few fans from the online community." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel is considered to be one of Hardy's masterpieces, although it has been criticised for incorporating too many incidents: a consequence of the author trying to include something in every weekly published instalment." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character is an 1886 novel by the English author Thomas Hardy." }, { "section_header": "First publication and early reception", "text": "Hardy started work on The Mayor of Casterbridge in the spring of 1884, after a three-year pause." }, { "section_header": "Later appreciation", "text": "she considered one of his strongest achievements." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel is considered to be one of Hardy's masterpieces, although it has been criticised for incorporating too many incidents: a consequence of the author trying to include something in every weekly published instalment." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film and TV", "text": "The Mayor of Casterbridge, a silent film of 1921." }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film and TV", "text": "The Mayor of Casterbridge, a 2003 British TV film." }, { "section_header": "Principal characters", "text": "Michael Henchard: hay trusser who becomes Mayor of Casterbridge" }, { "section_header": "Adaptations | Film and TV", "text": "The Mayor of Casterbridge, a 1978 seven-part serial for BBC TV." }, { "section_header": "Later appreciation", "text": "She praised it as being built on the territory in which Hardy worked best, in which the rural landscape is drawn with a naturalist's eye and in which country people play out their lives between custom and education, work and ideas, and love of place and experience of change." }, { "section_header": "Setting and date", "text": "The book is one of Hardy's Wessex novels, and is set largely in the fictional town of Casterbridge, based on Dorchester in Dorset." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "The novel was originally published in monthly instalments in the magazine Bentley's Miscellany, from February 1837 to April 1839." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Allegations of antisemitism", "text": "While Dickens first reacted defensively upon receiving Davis's letter, he then halted the printing of Oliver Twist, and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set, which explains why after the first 38 chapters Fagin is barely called \"the Jew\" at all in the next 179 references to him." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Workhouse years", "text": "Oliver is meagerly provided for under the terms of the Poor Law and spends the first nine years of his life living at a baby farm in the 'care' of a woman named Mrs. Mann." }, { "section_header": "Major themes and symbols | Symbolism", "text": "The \"merry old gentleman\" Fagin, for example, has satanic characteristics: he is a veteran corrupter of young boys who presides over his own corner of the criminal world; he makes his first appearance standing over a fire holding a toasting-fork, and he refuses to pray on the night before his execution." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "The first edition was titled: Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy's Progress." }, { "section_header": "Film, television and theatrical adaptations | Film", "text": "Oliver Twist (1933), the first sound production of Dickens' novel." }, { "section_header": "Major themes and symbols | Poverty and social class", "text": "Oliver owes his life several times over to kindness both large and small." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Workhouse years", "text": "This task falls to Oliver himself, who at the next meal comes forward trembling, bowl in hand, and begs Mr. Bumble for gruel with his famous request: \"Please, sir, I want some more\"." }, { "section_header": "Publications", "text": "The novel was originally published in monthly instalments in the magazine Bentley's Miscellany, from February 1837 to April 1839." }, { "section_header": "Plot summary | Mystery of a man called \"Monks\"", "text": "Rose tells Mr Brownlow, and the two then make plans with all their party in London." }, { "section_header": "Film, television and theatrical adaptations | Film", "text": "Oliver Twist (1909), the first adaptation of Dickens' novel, a silent film starring Edith Storey and Elita Proctor Otis. Oliver Twist (1912), a British silent film adaptation, directed by Thomas Bentley." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Roger Williams was born in London around 1603, though the exact date is unknown because his birth records were destroyed when St. Sepulchre's Church was burned during the Great Fire of London in 1666." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence", "text": "Williams named his third child Providence, the first to be born in the new settlement." }, { "section_header": "Life in America | Salem and Plymouth", "text": "The leaders in Boston vigorously protested, and Salem withdrew its offer." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "They had six children, all born in America: Mary, Freeborn, Providence, Mercy, Daniel, and Joseph." }, { "section_header": "Life in America", "text": "The Boston church offered Williams a post in 1631 filling in for Rev. John Wilson while Wilson returned to England to fetch his wife." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Roger Williams was born in London around 1603, though the exact date is unknown because his birth records were destroyed when St. Sepulchre's Church was burned during the Great Fire of London in 1666." }, { "section_header": "Life in America | Litigation and exile", "text": "In December 1633, they summoned him to appear before the General Court in Boston to defend his tract attacking the King and the charter." }, { "section_header": "Writings", "text": "ii.). Other works by Williams include: The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's (London, 1652) Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health, and their Preservatives (London, 1652; reprinted Providence, 1863) ii.). Other works by Williams include: The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's (London, 1652) Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health, and their Preservatives (London, 1652; reprinted Providence, 1863) George Fox Digged out of his Burrowes (Boston, 1676) (discusses Quakerism with its different belief in the \"inner light,\" which Williams considered heretical)A volume of his letters is included in the Narragansett Club edition of Williams' Works (7 vols." }, { "section_header": "Writings", "text": "which is now ascribed to Williams." }, { "section_header": "Legacy | Tributes", "text": "Roger Williams Park, Providence, Rhode Island, and the Roger Williams Park Zoo within it" }, { "section_header": "Settlement at Providence", "text": "John Clarke was among them, and he learned from Williams that Rhode Island might be purchased from the Narragansetts; Williams helped him to make the purchase, along with William Coddington and others, and they established the settlement of Portsmouth." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her time at Yale, Foster also had other stalkers, including Edward Richardson, who planned to murder her but changed his mind after watching her perform in a college play." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Foster Child: A Biography of Jodie Foster." }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Hollinger, Karen (2012). \" Jodie Foster: Feminist Hero?\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her freshman year at Yale in 1980–1981, Foster was stalked by John W. Hinckley, Jr., who had developed an obsession with her after watching Taxi Driver." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "He moved to New Haven and tried to contact her, both through letters and by phone." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alicia Christian \"Jodie\" Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress and director." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Although Foster was officially named Alicia, her siblings began calling her \"Jodie\", and the name stuck." }, { "section_header": "Career | 1981–1989: Transition to adult roles", "text": "Five Corners (1987) was a moderate critical success and earned Foster an Independent Spirit Award for her performance as a woman whose sexual assaulter returns to stalk her." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | John Hinckley incident", "text": "During her time at Yale, Foster also had other stalkers, including Edward Richardson, who planned to murder her but changed his mind after watching her perform in a college play." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "After attending college at Yale, Foster struggled to transition into adult roles until she gained critical acclaim for playing a rape survivor in the legal drama" }, { "section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Erb, Cynthia, 2010. \" Jodie Foster and Brooke Shields: \"New Ways to Look at the Young\"\"." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "This was the result of a once-ubiquitous European tradition of nativizing names in contemporary documents, something often adhered to by the actual persons themselves." }, { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian, as Zuan Chabotto in Venetian, and as John Cabot in English." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "In Venice Cabot signed his names as \"Zuan Chabotto\", Zuan being a form of John typical to Venice." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto [dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto]; c. 1450 – c. 1500) was an Italian navigator and explorer." }, { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "He was referred to by his Italian banker in London as 'Giovanni', in the only known contemporary document to use this version of his first name." }, { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian, as Zuan Chabotto in Venetian, and as John Cabot in English." }, { "section_header": "Sponsorship", "text": "In the late 20th century, British historian Alwyn Ruddock found documentation that Cabot went first to London, where he received some financial backing from its Italian community." }, { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "This was the result of a once-ubiquitous European tradition of nativizing names in contemporary documents, something often adhered to by the actual persons themselves." }, { "section_header": "Expeditions | First voyage", "text": "Day noted: \"Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage, here is what happened: he went with one ship" }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "While in Valencia, \"John Cabot Montecalunya\" (as he is referred to in local documents) proposed plans for improvements to the harbour." }, { "section_header": "Expeditions | Final voyage", "text": "These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500, albeit Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation." }, { "section_header": "Name and origins", "text": "He continued to use this form in England, at least among Italians." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production | Theme song", "text": "By coincidence, Robertson had recently read Simon Singh's book Big Bang, and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe." }, { "section_header": "Production | Theme song", "text": "Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | Sheldon and Amy's relationship", "text": "Consequently, Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season, and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | \"Nerd\" media", "text": "Wednesday night is the group's designated \"comic book night\" because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | Leonard and Penny's relationship", "text": "One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny." }, { "section_header": "Production | Actors' salaries", "text": "The duo, who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons, Galecki, and Cuoco, signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight." }, { "section_header": "Production | Theme song", "text": "Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band's concerts in Los Angeles." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | \"Nerd\" media", "text": "Additionally, Howard can speak Sindarin, one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings." }, { "section_header": "Reception | U.S. ratings", "text": "The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | \"Nerd\" media", "text": "The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | Sheldon and Amy's relationship", "text": "In \"The Cooper/Kripke Inversion\" Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that \"it's a possibility\" that he could one day have sex with Amy." }, { "section_header": "Recurring themes and elements | \"Nerd\" media", "text": "The four main male characters are all avid science fiction, fantasy, and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors." }, { "section_header": "Production | Theme song", "text": "By coincidence, Robertson had recently read Simon Singh's book Big Bang, and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe." }, { "section_header": "Production | Theme song", "text": "Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ivanhoe: A Romance () is a historical novel by Walter Scott, first published in late 1819 in three volumes, one of the Waverley novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "There have been several adaptations for stage, film and television." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "An operatic adaptation of the novel by Sir Arthur Sullivan (entitled Ivanhoe) ran for over 150 consecutive performances in 1891." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "There have also been many television adaptations of the novel, including: 1958: A television series based on the character of Ivanhoe starring Roger Moore as Ivanhoe 1970: A TV miniseries starring Eric Flynn as Ivanhoe. 1982: Ivanhoe, a television movie starring Anthony Andrews as Ivanhoe." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "2005: A Channel 5 adaptation entitled Dark Knight attempted to adapt Ivanhoe for an ongoing series." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "The novel has been the basis for several motion pictures: Ivanhoe, United States 1911, directed by J. Stuart Blackton Ivanhoe United States 1913, directed by Herbert Brenon; with King Baggot, Leah Baird, and Brenon." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "Other operas based on the novel have been composed by Gioachino Rossini (Ivanhoé), Thomas Sari (Ivanhoé), Bartolomeo Pisani (Rebecca), A. Castagnier (Rébecca), Otto Nicolai (Il Templario), and Heinrich Marschner (Der Templer und die Jüdin)." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "The Revenge of Ivanhoe (1965) starred Rik Battaglia (an Italian peplum) Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman (1971) aka La spada normanna, directed by Roberto Mauri (an Italian peplum) The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe (" }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "1999: The Legend of Ivanhoe, a Columbia TriStar International Television production dubbed into English starring John Haverson as Ivanhoe and Rita Shaver as Rowena." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "Ben Pullen played Ivanhoe and Charlotte Comer played Rebecca." }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "Ivanhoe, Wales 1913, directed by Leedham Bantock, filmed at Chepstow Castle" }, { "section_header": "Film, TV or theatrical adaptations", "text": "1986: Ivanhoe, a 1986 animated telemovie produced by Burbank Films in Australia. 1995: Young Ivanhoe, a 1995 television movie directed by Ralph L. Thomas and starring Kristen Holden-Ried as Ivanhoe, Rachel Blanchard as Rowena, Stacy Keach as Pembrooke, Margot Kidder as Lady Margarite, Nick Mancuso as Bourget, and Matthew Daniels as Tuck. 1997: Ivanhoe the King's Knight a televised cartoon series produced by CINAR and France Animation." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ivanhoe: A Romance () is a historical novel by Walter Scott, first published in late 1819 in three volumes, one of the Waverley novels." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "There have been several adaptations for stage, film and television." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first installment in the Indiana Jones franchise, the film stars Harrison Ford as archaeologist Indiana Jones, who battles a group of Nazis searching for the Ark of the Covenant." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "The outer package was labeled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film's prequel and its sequel." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark (later marketed as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman." }, { "section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga." }, { "section_header": "Plot", "text": "The Nazis take Jones and Marion to an area where the Ark will be opened and tie them to a post to observe." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It also includes a prequel television series (The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles) and numerous video games." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "At the time of its release Raiders of the Lost Ark was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike." }, { "section_header": "Influence", "text": "A TV series, entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, was also spun off from this film, and details the character's early years." }, { "section_header": "Release | Merchandise", "text": "This was followed with the comic book series The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones which was published monthly from January 1983 through March 1986." }, { "section_header": "Release | Merchandise", "text": "In 2008, to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line—which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark—and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline, Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures, which was developed by Traveller's Tales." }, { "section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "With four illustrators, Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg's most storyboarded film of his career to date, further helping the film economically." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The first installment in the Indiana Jones franchise, the film stars Harrison Ford as archaeologist Indiana Jones, who battles a group of Nazis searching for the Ark of the Covenant." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Huston, who was not only John Huston's daughter but also Jack Nicholson's girlfriend at the time, wrote in her 2014 memoir" } ]

[ { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film received seven nominations at the 58th Academy Awards (including for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor) with Huston winning for Best Supporting Actress." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "She would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, beating both Nicholson and her father in their respective nominations for Best Actor and Best Director." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It stars Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, Robert Loggia, William Hickey, and Anjelica Huston." }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Huston, who was not only John Huston's daughter but also Jack Nicholson's girlfriend at the time, wrote in her 2014 memoir" }, { "section_header": "Production", "text": "Anjelica Huston was paid the SAG-AFTRA scale rate of $14,000 for her role in Prizzi's Honor." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prizzi's Honor is a 1985 American black comedy crime film directed by John Huston from a screenplay written by Richard Condon and Janet Roach based on Condon's 1982 novel of the same name." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "Prizzi's Honor was theatrically released on June 14, 1985 by 20th Century Fox." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Pauline Kael wrote:\"This John Huston picture has a ripe and daring comic tone." }, { "section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Jack Nicholson's average-guyness as Charley, the clan's enforcer, is the film's touchstone: this is a baroque comedy about people who behave in ordinary ways in grotesque circumstances, and it has the juice of everyday family craziness in it.\" Roger Ebert gave the film three and half stars out of four and wrote:\"This is the most bizarre comedy in many a month, a movie so dark, so cynical and so funny that perhaps only Jack Nicholson and Kathleen Turner could have kept straight faces during the love scenes.\" On Rotten Tomatoes Prizzi's Honor holds an 86% rating based on thirty-six reviews." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the last of John Huston's films to be released during his lifetime." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "According to her father, the surname Fonda came from an Italian ancestor who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1500s." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Fonda also has English, French, and Scottish ancestry." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "According to her father, the surname Fonda came from an Italian ancestor who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1500s." }, { "section_header": "Political activism | Fonda and Kerry", "text": "Republican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie called Kerry a \"Jane Fonda Democrat\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "Jane Fonda has been married and divorced three times." }, { "section_header": "Acting career | Continued box office success, exercise videos, retirement (1980–1990)", "text": "In 1982, Fonda released her first exercise video, titled Jane Fonda's Workout, inspired by her best-selling book, Jane Fonda's Workout Book." }, { "section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Jane Seymour Fonda was born in New York City on December 21, 1937." }, { "section_header": "Acting career | Return and new career prospects (2005–present)", "text": "Fonda is the subject of an HBO original documentary entitled Jane Fonda in Five Acts, directed by the documentarian Susan Lacy." }, { "section_header": "Acting career | Resurgence and critical acclaim (1970–1979)", "text": "Between Klute in 1971 and Fun With Dick and Jane in 1977, Fonda did not have a major film success." }, { "section_header": "Acting career | Continued box office success, exercise videos, retirement (1980–1990)", "text": "The Leni Workout became the Jane Fonda Workout, which began a second career for her, continuing for many years." }, { "section_header": "Acting career | Resurgence and critical acclaim (1970–1979)", "text": "The two directors then made Letter to Jane, in which the two spent nearly an hour discussing a news photograph of Fonda." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Rivera has one older sister, Delia, and two younger brothers, Alvaro and Giraldo." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Mariano Rivera was born in Panama City, Panama, on November 29, 1969, to Mariano Rivera Palacios and Delia Jiron." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1995–2013) | 2013", "text": "Many teams made donations to the Mariano Rivera Foundation, the pitcher's charitable organization." }, { "section_header": "Summary", "text": "A devout Christian, he has been involved in charitable causes and the religious community through the Mariano Rivera Foundation." }, { "section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Are there guys now who have stuff as nasty as Mariano?" }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They have three sons: Mariano III, Jafet, and Jaziel." }, { "section_header": "Honors and recognition", "text": "A statement on whitehouse.gov said: \"Off the field, through the Mariano Rivera Foundation, he has helped provide children in need with an education, empowering them to achieve a better future." }, { "section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Mariano III pitched for Iona College in New Rochelle, not far from his home." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Supported by Mariano Sr.'s job as captain of a fishing boat, the family lived in Puerto Caimito, a Panamanian fishing village that Rivera described as \"poor\"." }, { "section_header": "Personal life | Religion and philanthropy", "text": "For years, the Mariano Rivera Foundation was a private institution, but during his final baseball season in 2013, many teams wanted to commemorate the pitcher by donating to his foundation." }, { "section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1995–2013) | 2013", "text": "In a Fox Sports documentary chronicling his final season, entitled Being: Mariano, Rivera said that his farewell to baseball had mentally and physically drained him and that by September, he had \"no desire\" left for the sport." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "Rivera has one older sister, Delia, and two younger brothers, Alvaro and Giraldo." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Zenger family immigrated to New York in 1710 as part of a large group of German Palatines, and Nicolaus Zenger was one of those who died before settlement.:1123 The governor of New York had agreed to provide apprenticeships for all the children of immigrants from the Palatinate, and John Peter was bound for eight years as an apprentice to William Bradford, the first printer in New York." } ]

[ { "section_header": "Libel case", "text": "James Alexander was Zenger's first counsel, but the court found him in contempt and removed him from the case." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was a school teacher in Impflingen in 1701." }, { "section_header": "Death", "text": "Zenger died in New York on July 28, 1746, with his wife continuing his printing business." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was the father of many children by his second wife, six of whom survived." }, { "section_header": "Libel case | \"Cato\" article", "text": "In an issue of The New York Weekly Journal prior to Zenger's arrest, it is a typical attack against the government in Zenger's newspaper." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Zenger family had other children baptised in Rumbach in 1697 and in 1703 and in Waldfischbach in 1706." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Zenger family immigrated to New York in 1710 as part of a large group of German Palatines, and Nicolaus Zenger was one of those who died before settlement.:1123 The governor of New York had agreed to provide apprenticeships for all the children of immigrants from the Palatinate, and John Peter was bound for eight years as an apprentice to William Bradford, the first printer in New York." }, { "section_header": "Early life", "text": "On 28 May 1719, Zenger married Mary White in the First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia." }, { "section_header": "Libel case", "text": "Supported by members of the Popular Party, Zenger's New-York Weekly Journal continued to publish articles critical of the royal governor." }, { "section_header": "Primary sources", "text": "pp: 223-245. pp: 223-245. online John Peter Zenger; his press, his trial, and a bibliography of Zenger imprints ... also a reprint of the first edition of the trial by Livingston Rutherfurd New York : Dodd, Mead & company 1904" } ]