During the 12th and 13th centuries a wide variety of religious dissidents appeared in Northwestern Italy and in Rome (like the patarini, the dulcinians, Arnaldo da Brescia); however, all were eliminated.
12. ja 13. sajandil tekikis Loode-Itaalias ja Roomas mitmeid usulisi teisitimõtlejaid (nagu näiteks patarini, dulcinianid ja Arnaldo da Brescia), ent nad kõik kõrvaldati.