During that time the private dukedoms of Ukrainian potentates, such as the families of Kalinowski, Daniłowicz and Wiśniowiecki, rapidly expanded and the folwark–serfdom economy, only then (much later than in other parts of the Polish Crown) being introduced in Ukraine, caused still unprecedented levels of exploitation.
Sel ajal Ukraina võimukandjate eravürstkonnad, nagu Kalinowski, Daniłowiczi ja Wiśniowiecki perekonnad, laienesid kiiresti ja folwark–pärisorjuse majandus, Ukrainas alles siis tekkimas (palju hiljem, kui teistes Poola krooni osades), põhjustas endiselt enneolematut rõhumist.