On the other hand, Šmihula himself considers the waves of technological innovations during the modern age (after 1600 AD) only as a part of a much longer "chain" of technological revolutions going back to the pre-modern era.
Teisest küljest Šmihula ise peab modernse ajastu (post-1600 AD) tehnoloogilisi innovatsioone vaid osaks pikemast „ketist“, mis ulatub pre-modernsesse aega.