The military defeat, however, did not correspond to a disappearance of the Lombard culture: Claudio Azzara states that "the same Carolingian Italy is configured, in fact, as a Lombard Italy, in the constituent elements of society and culture".
Sõjaline kaotus ei vastanud siiski langobardi elemendi kadumisele: Claudio Azzara väidab, et "kujundati tegelikult sama Karolingide Itaalia, kui langobardide Itaalia, ühiskonna ja kultuuri koosseisus".