After the Union of Lublin in 1569 which formed the Commonwealth, Grand Duchy retained much of its autonomy, and Vilnius Voivodeship remained its capital voivodeship, just as Vilnius remained its capital city, although the capital of the Commonwealth was first in Cracow (Cracow Voivodeship) and later in Warsaw (Masovian Voivodeship).
Pärast Lublini uniooni aastal 1569, millega moodustati Rzeczpospolita, säilitas suurhertsogkond enamuse oma autonoomiast ja Vilniuse vojevoodkond jäi selle pealinna vojevoodkonnaks, nagu ka Vilnius jäi selle pealinnaks, kuigi Rzeczpospolita pealinn oli esialgu Kraków (Krakówi vojevoodkond) ja hiljem Varssavi (Masoovia vojevoodkond).