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Even though it is called the Brazilian Sahara - its 155,000 hectare extension is bigger than the city of Sao Paulo -, the Lencois Marahenses National Park is not exactly a desert, yet it has a landscape with those typical characteristics. It rains 3 times more in here than at the renowned African desert. The rainy season, from November to June, is so powerful that gives birth to huge temporary lagoons of crystalline fresh waters. Nevertheless, these lagoons are inhabited by fishes that later will be used as food by the migrating birds coming all the way from the North Pole, such as the Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) and the Treinta y tres. Meadows of white and golden sands, constantly changing their shape according to the creative mood and whim of the winds, extend around these oases as far as the eye can follow. Along 90 km of littoral, beautiful, extended and deserted beaches get linked. This unique ecological organization is located in the State of Maranhao, in the north-eastern part of Brazil. Another characteristic that makes this a unique area in Brazil is the superficiality of its subterranean waters. The waters under the earth are so close to the surface that a two metre pipe is enough to make this vital liquid outpour with an impetuous spout. Some families usually migrate to the savannahs of Marahenses during the rainy season, and build makeshift huts on top of the meadows to make use of the fishing resources in the temporary lagoons. Afterwards they will abandon Lencois during the dry season to make a living out of farming by the riverbanks. Visitors arriving to this part of Brazil will see white meadows everywhere in the horizon like cloths drying up under the sun. They are conformed by fine and light grains of quartz; some resemble mountains up to 40 m high and they sometimes cluster along 50 m of beaches and inland deserts as well. Add Your Travel Story your email address will not be published. Required field are marked * Comments will go through a verification process for security reasons.

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In Science our children are encouraged to think independently and raise questions. They demonstrate an increasing competence and confidence in a full range of practical skills, taking the initiative in planning and carrying out scientific investigations. Their excellent scientific knowledge is demonstrated in written and verbal explanations, solving challenges and reporting scientific findings. We aim to develop a passion for science and an understanding of its application to past, present and future technologies. Please see pages 136-170 to view KS1 and KS2 programme of study, within the document below:

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A pedodontist, or pediatric dentist, is a specialist who focuses on the oral health care of children from infancy through adolescence. Parents are encouraged to bring their child to visit a pediatric dentist every six months for a regular dental exam and cleaning. During these routine visits, your child’s dentist and team will gently clean your child’s teeth and check for any signs of dental problems. Pediatric dentists and teams work hard to put children at ease. They understand that building a positive, trusting relationship between your child and the dentist at a young age is important, and make sure to remain caring and gentle throughout your child’s entire visit. Making your child feel safe and comfortable is their top priority. You should also help your child develop good oral hygiene habits at home. Help your child learn to brush and floss his or her teeth every day, and help them maintain a balanced, healthy diet. Your pediatric dentist and hygienist can also provide information and instructions about this. Your pediatric dentist is a great resource for learning about your child’s dental health and oral development. We encourage you to speak with a pediatric dentist about any concerns or questions you may have.

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Is the thought of college overwhelming you? Are you confused about how to handle the whole thing? If you find college to be a daunting prospect, you have lots of company. There is help! Enjoy college! By using this advice, you will find college to be exciting. Before you go to college, make a short list of items you’ll need to bring with you. It is time to take responsibility for what you need. You can no longer rely on your parents help for everything. This is especially something to do if your classes aren’t that close to home. Apply to scholarships and other grants early. These important resources will help you to limit your future student loans. Come up with a good system for monitoring deadlines and be sure to turn in applications as early before deadlines as possible. Set reachable goals so that you do not put excess stress on yourself. If you are not a morning person, then scheduling a challenging class as your first class of the day is a recipe for disaster. Follow your biological rhythms when creating your schedule of classes. If you’re having troubles getting good grades, check if your school offers courses on study skills. Students that do well in high school might be surprised by the work they are given in college. Improving your study skills can enable you to succeed in your classes and reach all of your goals. When test day arrives, be certain you have the materials you need packed and ready to go. Not doing so can make you face a rather difficult disadvantage. The teachers often don’t lend items out, so you have to bring everything with you. You should have fun and enjoy your college life. The information you gain will affect your career, your personality and your experience and friendships. With the tips from this article, you will get the most out of your time in college.

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A newly published National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) study has concluded that a drought from 1998-2012 in the eastern Mediterranean was the region’s worst drought during the past 900 years. The drought’s history in Cyprus, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey was reconstructed by studying tree rings in order to understand the region’s climate and determine what shifts water to or from the area. Dry years are indicated by thin tree rings, and relatively wet years are indicated by thick rings, according to NASA. The research seeks to improve computer models that simulate climate in the present and the future. NASA’s team also discovered patterns in the geographic distribution of droughts that provide a “fingerprint” for identifying droughts induced by human-driven climate change. “The magnitude and significance of human climate change requires us to really understand the full range of natural climate variability,” said Dr. Ben Cook, lead author and climate scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies and the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at New York’s Columbia University. “If we look at recent events and we start to see anomalies that are outside this range of natural variability, then we can say with some confidence that it looks like this particular event or this series of events had some kind of human caused climate change contribution,” he said.

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What is a Meniscus Tear? The femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) come together to form the knee joint. The joint is the largest in the body. It supports, stabilizes, and moves the lower body. The meniscus is an important piece of soft cartilage in the knee joint. The meniscus is located between the femur and tibia—serving as a shock absorber that distributes weight and protects the bones from rubbing against each other. A meniscus tear occurs when a piece of the meniscus is torn. Most meniscus tears happen during sports and physical activities that require cutting, running, and jumping. The following are common symptoms of a meniscus tear: - Knee instability - An audible click when bending the knee Meniscus tears should be seen by an Orthopaedic Institute of Central Jersey (OIOCJ) specialist as soon as possible. Delaying a diagnosis can make symptoms and the injury worse. A physical examination and MRI are used to diagnose a meniscus tear. There are several different types of tears. OIOCJ specialists accurately diagnose meniscus tears. Proper treatment is ensured. How is a Meniscus Tear Treated? Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) are used to control initial pain and swelling. Pain and anti-inflammatory medications may also be prescribed. The following are included in a nonsurgical OIOCJ treatment plan: - Immobilization. Crutches and a knee immobilizer brace. - Physical therapy. Stretching and strengthening exercises. Surgical intervention may be recommended for some meniscus tears. During a minimally invasive arthroscopic meniscus repair, an OIOCJ specialist removes or repairs the torn meniscus. Physical therapy is prescribed two weeks after surgery. An OIOCJ approved physical therapist helps patients regain strength, flexibility, and function. To schedule your appointment with an OIOCJ specialist, call 732-276-4334 or visit our contact page.

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10 simple ways to practice mindfulness each day Here are 10 ways that you can practice mindfullness in your day. Start today with these 10 steps. - As you awaken in the morning, bring your attention to your breathing. Instead of letting your mind spin off into yesterday or today, take mindful breaths. Focus on your breathing, and sense the effects of breathing throughout your body. - Instead of hurrying to your usual routine, slow down and enjoy something special about the morning: a flower that bloomed, the sound of birds, the wind in the trees. - On your way to work or school, pay attention to how you walk or drive or ride the transit. Take some deep breaths, relaxing throughout your body. - When stopped at a red light, pay attention to your breathing and enjoy the landscape around you. - When you arrive at your destination, take a few moments to orient yourself; breathe consciously and calmly, relax your body, then begin. - When sitting at your desk or keyboard, become aware of the subtle signs of physical tension and take a break to stretch or walk around. - Use the repetitive events of the day- the ringing telephone, a knock on the door, walking down the hall - as cues for a mini-relaxation. - Walk mindfully to your car or bus. Can you see and appreciate something new in the environment? Can you enjoy walking without rushing? - As you return home, consciously make the transition into your home environment. If possible, after greeting your family or housemates, give yourself a few minutes alone to ease the transition. - As you go to sleep, let go of today and tomorrow, and take some slow, mindful breaths. By following the main elements of mindfulness - combining awareness of your breath with focusing on the activity at hand - you will be able to experience every moment as fully as possible. Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital

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New Interfaces for Textual Expression is a series of devices intended to create and manipulate text. Analogous to contemporary work in the field of New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME), New Interfaces for Textual Expression are intuitive but not literal: they map gestures not to characters (as with conventional writing devices, such as the keyboard and the pen), but to broader manipulations of language and layout. The devices suggest new syntaxes for composing, reading, and performing text. I kept a blog tracking my progress while making my thesis interfaces, which can be found here. At the end of the semester, I gave a twenty minute presentation that talked about the interfaces and some of the theory behind them; a link to this presentation is available on request. The rest of this post is a summarized version of my thesis paper (PDF). The Oulipo Keyboard is a commonplace computer keyboard—with a twist. A number keys on the keyboard have been rendered inactive—namely, every vowel key except e. The Oulipo Keyboard is an example of an interface that NIME theorists John Bowers and Phil Archer might call an “infra-instrument”: an existing instrument that has been broken or restricted. It’s the simplest implementation of a New Interface for Textual Expression. The writer must make tactical adjustments to their writing practices in order to compensate for the unexpected affordances of the interface. The resulting text bears the traces of the interface through which it was realized. Entropic Text Editor The Entropic Text Editor is a tool for creating concrete, nonsensical poetry. It consists of a keyboard, a repurposed analog expression pedal (originally intended for use with an electronic musical keyboard), and a text editor. The text editor is programmed to modulate the text according to the position of the pedal: as the pedal is pressed down further, more randomness is applied to the character being typed. Three kinds of “randomness” are applied to the text in response to the pedal’s position. The first is the letter’s identity—i.e., whether the letter comes out as itself, or a letter nearby in the alphabet. The kerning of the characters and the weight of the typeface are also affected. The Entropic Text Editor is another example of a simple New Interface for Textual Expression, what might be termed an “augmented” textual interface (by analogy with augmented musical instruments, such as Dan Overholt’s Overtone Violin). The hands are free to engage in the familiar act of typing, but another channel of information is added, which modifies how the typing works. The artifacts that result from the Entropic Text Editor incorporate not just the literal content of the text, but also a history of the writer’s gestures. The Poem Sphere is an example of a non-digital textual interface: purely physical, it operates without assistance from a computer. It consists of a four-pound medicine ball with linocut words glued to the outer surface. When you ink up the ball and roll it across a surface, it creates a composition: fragments of words, spread across the page. The Poem Sphere provides a new way of making text that is expressive but not literal. Using this tool, the writer’s choices about how the text unfolds involve tactile and choreographic decisions, rather than decisions about letters, words, and sentences. The goal was to create concrete poetry, in the vein of Apollinaire’s Calligrammes, the French Letterists, and bpNichol, while emphasizing the physical process that brought the text into being. Markov Live! is a physical interface for an algorithm: namely, a Markov chain. Here’s how the interface works. - A source text is loaded into the program; the text is broken up into tokens (words). - The writer/player pushes the “Select word” button to start the program; two sequential tokens, selected at random from the text, are printed to the screen. - The text is searched for all occurrences of the previous two tokens; the software builds a list containing all tokens that follow those two tokens, wherever they occur in the source text. Those tokens are then flashed to the screen one-by-one, in place. - The writer/player pushes the “Select word” button when the desired alternative is being displayed. Step 3 is then repeated, but using the most recently generated word along with the word before it. - At any time, the writer/player can push the “New line” button to advance the text one line. Markov Chains are a well-known tool for generating poetic texts, being first used for that purpose no later than Hugh Kenner and Joseph O’Rourke’s Travesty generator, released in 1984. Gnoetry uses a similar algorithm. The Markov Live! interface and Gnoetry are similar in that they both use human input to “guide” the algorithmic process. Markov Live! introduces a temporal dimension—decisions about the text are made in real time—and an element of performance: the writer/player must time their button presses carefully in order to achieve the desired text. Beat Poetry is an example of a synaesthetic textual interface: it maps the act of playing a musical instrument (specifically, drums) to the act of writing text. The interface consists of two electronic drum trigger pads, two drum sticks, a computer screen, and an audible indication of the beat. Here’s how it works: One drum pad is designated as the generator, and hitting this pad will produce a word. The other drum pad creates a new line when hit. At the beginning of the performance, the software reads in a chosen source text, and ranks the words in the text according to their frequency; the top ten percent are labeled “common,” and the bottom ninety percent are labeled “rare.” Hitting the generator pad on the beat will produce a random word from the “rare” set, while hitting the pad off the beat will produce a random word from the “common” set. Words from the “common” set tend to be shorter, monosyllabic words from the grammatical classes of article, pronoun and preposition (e.g., the, he, to, in, etc.), while those in the “rare” class tend to be heavier, polysyllabic nouns and verbs (e.g., refrained, instinct, dissimulation). Mapping rare words to the beat and common words off the beat tends to reproduce the natural lexical rhythm of English text (disregarding semantics). Here‘s a sample text generated from a Beat Poetry session (PDF). This text serves not just as a transcript of the textual performance, but of the musical performance as well. This fact has some interesting implications. In my utopian textual world, a bootleg of a musical performance won’t be an audio recording—it’ll be a printout of the text the musical performance created. NITE versus contemporary approaches in digital poetics NITE stands in contrast to some contemporary approaches in digital poetics, in its emphasis on creating new ways of writing text, rather than new ways of interacting with it. The following passage from poet and critic Talan Memmott’s essay Beyond Taxonomy: Digital Poetics and the Problem of Reading, contains language and metaphors that will help elaborate on this point. “Digital poetry presents an expanded field of textuality that moves writing beyond the word to include visual and sound media . . . . Its performance or poetic emergence requires the participation of a user or operator to initiate the computational process encoded by its author. Like a musician playing an instrument, a user could be said to play an application.” (My emphasis.) Although Memmott’s passage ends up in the same neighborhood as NITE—asserting that a text can be “played” like a musical instrument—the model he suggests for digital poetics is very different. That model looks like this: in digital poetry, the author creates a work (an application), then encodes it behind an interface; the user’s job (the term user is especially important, opposed here to author) is to decode the work obscured by the interface. The interface and the text generated by the interface are considered to be an inseparable unit. Digital poems, in this model, are standalone machines—ergodic texts, to use Espen Aarseth’s terminology. Here’s what that model looks like (the blue box represents the interface): The model proposed by New Interfaces for Textual Expression, on the other hand, places the interface between the text and the author. The interface mediates the text’s creation, but is not synonymous with it. The “user” of a New Interface for Textual Expression is the author, and the role of the audience is not to decode the interface, but to witness (whether during or after the fact) the author’s act of creating the text. Although the texts created with these interfaces require unique methods of reading in order to be fully understood, they need not be screen-based, multimedia, or interactive. Here’s what the NITE model looks like. The devices presented here are intended to establish a basic taxonomy of textual interfaces. Some possibilities for further work include physical interfaces for other common text generation algorithms (such as a context-free grammar), or for rearranging other formal units of text (sentences, paragraphs, verses, acts). Experimentation with the form of the interface—haptic, wearable, collaborative—also seems like a fruitful area of research. The possibility that interests me the most, however, is public performance of text. NITE’s new configuration of author, interface and audience suggests that the creation of text is itself a kind of performance. With the right interface, the writer—essentially a performer of text-creation—could become a (public) performer on the same level as the dancer, actor, and musician. Subsequent Interface Experiments Since I wrote and presented my thesis in 2008, I’ve made a number of other prototype programs and devices that fit under the NITE rubric. - Gutenberg Poetry Autocomplete: an autocomplete interface searching a database of all poetry on Project Gutenberg - Rhyming Keyboard: replaces every word you type, as you type, with a word that rhymes - Motion-Sick Keyboard: an in-browser text editing interface with unexpected visual effects - Linear L-System Poetry: an interactive interface for making poetry from L-Systems - Unexpected Animal Stories Keyboard: a keyboard that replaces what you type with unexpected animal stories - Strokeweight: gestures of a pen on a tablet translated to movement through a text - Text Lathe: use a MIDI controller to “shape” a streaming text

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Maria Sibylla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian was born in Frankfurt. Her father, Matthäus Merian the Elder, was a Swiss printmaker and publisher who died when she was still very young. Her mother later married Jacob Marell, a Flemish flower painter and one of Merin’s first teachers. From an early age Merian had an interest in drawing the animals and plants that surrounded her. In 1670, she moved to Nuremberg where she published her first illustrated books. Merian collected, raised and observed the living insects that she depicted in her work, rather than working from preserved specimens. Merian left Nuremberg in 1685 and moved, with her mother, to the Dutch Province of West Friesland. After the death of her mother, she returned to Amsterdam and eight years later she embarked on a three-month trip to the Dutch colony of Surinam in South America. She had seen some dried specimens from the area and she wanted to study them in their natural habitat. She ended up spending the next two years studying and drawing the indigenous flora and fauna until she was forced to go home with a bout out malaria in 1705. The book that resulted from this trip, “Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam” established Merian’s international reputation. “Dissertation in Insect Generations and Metamorphosis in Surinam” was published posthumously.

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At Milton Keynes Veterinary Group, we recommend vaccinating against the main diseases – parvovirus, distemper, infectious canine hepatitis and leptospirosis. Initially we strongly advise vaccinating all dogs as puppies twice (usually at eight weeks old and then at eleven to twelve weeks old), following the initial course a booster vaccination can be given one year later. The protection from vaccinations for leptospirosis does not last a long time and we advise yearly booster vaccinations against this disease. However the protection against the other diseases lasts longer, but it is not always for a lifetime. Therefore we recommend a ‘booster’ for these diseases every three years. Kennel cough should be vaccinated against if your dog is in contact with other dogs regularly (e.g. dog shows as well as going to kennels or travelling). Rabies is required under the PETS travel passport scheme and is a legal requirement to travel abroad. Each vaccination and duration of protection varies from each individual dog and many dogs can have sufficient protection against one or more of the diseases at the point the next booster is due. If they still have sufficient protection then potentially vaccination may delayed for that year. It is possible to blood test against parvovirus, distemper and hepatitis to measure antibody levels that will indicate whether your dog has a protective levels of antibodies against these diseases. However there is no such test for leptospirosis or kennel cough and therefore we recommend annual booster vaccinations to protect against these. From previous studies regarding vaccinating and immunity, after four years after the last booster vaccination a third or more of dogs tested had a negative result to one or more of the three diseases, meaning vaccination is needed. This is why we vaccinate against Parvovirus, Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Distemper on a three yearly basis. In the case where your dog needs a vaccine against one disease and not all three, your dog would need to be vaccinated against all three against as the viral components are mixed together to make up the vaccination preparation. In some cases we can gain false negative and false positive results on titre tests. False negative are not too important, however false positive can lead you to believe your dog is immune when they are not and therefore would not receive a vaccination and not be protected. There are in-house titre tests as well as external laboratory titre testing available for the veterinary market. We offer titre testing at Milton Keynes Veterinary Group, however this is a test that needs to be ordered in and therefore we need to know in advance of your appointment. Usually titre testing works out more expensive than the vaccination alone. Vaccinations are safe and effective, and a substantial proportion of dogs that are titre tested can have a negative result to at least one disease and therefore a full vaccination is required (we cannot vaccinate against just one of the diseases due to the vaccination preparation). We regard antibody-titre testing as a useful resource, however comparatively poor value for money.

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(Collectively Conscious) Becoming attached to people, things and situations is part of the conditioning of almost every human being. Attachment develops when we identify with a person or thing and begin to believe that we need this for our happiness. But attachment is not love. In its most extreme manifestation the self will do anything to keep the object of its attachment within its sphere of influence and control. An addiction to any person or thing leads to behaviors such as manipulation, abuse and even violence. In its milder form, attachment is manifested as clinging, believing that the self is enhanced by the object of desire. Grief, rage or depression most often follows if loss of the object occurs. Yoga teacher and Zen practitioner Michael Stone says; Non-attachment, often gets translated as “detachment,” which implies that you don’t care too much about the thing or person in question. Rather, attachment always involves clinging not to the person, but the story you are holding about them. Attachment is about your viewpoint, not about the world itself. When you hear “non-attachment,” he said, you should be translating that as a very deep engagement. In contrast to attachment, true love springs from the divine source within. Nothing can ever be added or taken away from an aware being. Therefore love does not seek to possess and capture. Love can only display its deepest nature by freely flowing and connecting in light with all other beings. Interconnectivity vs. codependence How do we balance the innate need for autonomy with the desire for connection and intimacy? We not only enjoy feeling wanted and appreciated but need to have a purpose. Investing mentally, emotionally and spiritually into partnerships provides a sense of importance and healthy interdependence through positive mirroring with feelings of love for another that reflect and encourage self love, provide unconditional support, and that special togetherness that feels liberating. Yet, if one partner gives too much, ignoring his or her boundaries and constantly feels unappreciated this dynamic can create a void in which a connection to the self is lost. This codependent cycle creates a thick residue of resentment, anger and regret which causes an eruption and, if expressed, an argument about the same thing can occur over and over again that can eat away at the happiness of both partners slowly and painfully day by day. Love in the now releasing expectations Yoga teaches that the root of all suffering begins with attachments and so often we cling to our relationships and attach our hopes, fears and even identities to our partner. It teaches trusting that all we can know and experience exists right here and now and not in some ideal or distant future. Instead, why not simply enjoy the beautiful moments you can spend together today, honor one another and invite gratitude in for the little things like laughing, holding hands and kissing? Mutually enhancing relationships A truly intimate loving relationship requires compassion for yourself first. If we can embrace all that the present moment has to offer, and live life as you freely choose then, you will happily experience that same freedom in your relationships. We often overstep each other’s boundaries, take on defensive or judgmental tones and project ideas onto another when we fear losing someone, or worse when we fear losing ourselves. If we confront our fears with gentleness we can respect what makes us feel insecure and also understand our partners vulnerabilities and learn to transcend these obstacles together with trust rather than critique or judgment. Connecting with source No person, thing or situation is the source of your happiness. Nothing outside of yourself can fill the emptiness and aloneness that we all sometimes feel. There is something deep within that you need to connect with, to rely upon, to gain wisdom and inspiration from. This is the divine source that is your true nature. There is little to be gained in seeking love or approval from others. Being loved by another is a gift that we have nothing to do with. We cannot create or control another’s love. Delighting in time spent and moments shared with people we love, enjoying things we appreciate in life, feeling content and fulfilled in particular situations such as fulfilling work, are all beautiful experiences. But we need to realize that we are all free spirits, passing through this world, seeking to overcome the limitations of our conditioning and to develop our capacity to love. Learning to love in freedom, and practicing non-attachment in this passing physical world are perhaps the biggest steps we can take towards growth in awareness. The story of who you think you are is vital for the way you move through the world. You just have to be willing to adjust, hone, and occasionally change your narrative about yourself and your relationships, which allows for a very deep form of paying attention. If we can keep telling our stories about ourselves and others mindfully, without clinging to them, then, perhaps, we can take Garth’s advice, and actually “Live in the now!” Source: Collectively Conscious You may also like:

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© Igor Stevanovic | Dreamstime.com The growth in Alzheimer’s disease prevalence is alarming. An abundance of research is trying to figure out how we can protect our brains from degeneration to keep the mind sharp and memory intact. Among the many supplements and vitamins for memory protection are the B-vitamins, including B12, B6, B9, and B3, or niacin. While the first two are more commonly associated with dementia and cognitive function, niacin benefits the brain as well, and it may play an important role in protecting against Alzheimer’s disease. Keep your mind sharp! Discover how to recognize dementia symptoms and slow memory loss. Claim your FREE copy, right now of our definitive guide on memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. B Vitamins for Memory Loss and Dementia Most attention on B vitamins for dementia focuses on vitamin B12, B6, and B9. This isn’t surprising; studies show that deficiencies in these vitamins are common in the elderly and can contribute to cognitive decline. Treatment with a complex of B-vitamins helps to prevent neurodegeneration. One study showed that over two years, vitamin B treatment slowed shrinkage of the whole brain, and further study showed that B vitamins reduced gray matter atrophy in regions of the brain specifically susceptible to Alzheimer’s-related degeneration. Niacin Helps Prevent Alzheimer’s Niacin treatments have led to improvements in cognitive test scores and overall function, while a deficiency in niacin (called pellagra) can cause symptoms of mental confusion and dementia, along with scaly skin, muscle weakness, and diarrhea. One study found that lower blood levels of niacin were more common among elderly patients with dementia than controls. A large study in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry looked at niacin intake and Alzheimer’s disease incidence in more than 6,000 people. The researchers found that those with the highest total intake of niacin were much less likely to get Alzheimer’s disease. Niacin intake through food sources was also inversely associated with Alzheimer’s risk. The study also showed that high food intake of niacin was associated with slower rate of cognitive decline. The authors conclude that “dietary niacin may protect against Alzheimer’s disease and age related cognitive decline.” Niacin is important for DNA synthesis and repair, the growth and formation of nerve cells, cell signaling, and antioxidant functions in the brain, all of which likely contribute to the niacin benefits for dementia. Niacin is also one of the more effective ways to lower bad cholesterol and raise good cholesterol. It turns out that cholesterol levels are linked to Alzheimer’s disease, so another way niacin may prevent Alzheimer’s is through keeping cholesterol in check. Getting More Niacin Foods rich in vitamin B3 include meats, fish, legumes, nuts, coffee, tea, and common enriched food products. Niacin can also be taken as a supplement – try a dose of between 17 and 45 mg. If you have symptoms of a niacin “flush,” including burning, itching, redness, or headaches, lower your dose and increase slowly. If you are at risk for cognitive decline and want to take steps to protect your brain, a B-complex vitamin that contains niacin as well as B12, B6, and folate is also a good option. Share Your Experience Do you take niacin? What other steps do you take to prevent memory loss or dementia? Share your thoughts in the comments section below.

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Glycemic Index Diet for DummiesBook - 2014 The glycemic load is a ranking system for carbohydrate-rich food that measures the amount of carbohydrates in a serving. The glycemic index indicates how rapidly a carbohydrate is digested and released as glucose (sugar) into the bloodstream. Using the Glycemic Index is a proven method for calculating the way carbohydrates act in your body to help you lose weight, safely, quickly, and effectively. The second edition of The Glycemic Index Diet For Dummies presents this system in an easy-to-apply manner, giving you the tools and tips you need to shed unwanted pounds and improve your overall health. You'll not only discover how to apply the glycemic index to your existing diet plan, but you'll also get new and updated information on how to develop a healthy lifestyle.Recommends foods that boost metabolism, promote weight loss, and provide longer-lasting energy Features delicious GI recipes for glycemic-friendly cooking at home Includes exercises for maintaining glycemic index weight loss and promoting physical fitness Offers guidance on shopping for food as well as eating at restaurants and away from home Glycemic Index Diet For Dummies, 2nd Edition is for anyone looking for an easy-to-apply guide to making the switch to this healthy lifestyle.

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Nathan Crick has crafted a new critical rhetorical history of American Transcendentalists that interprets a selection of their major works between the years 1821 and 1852 as political and ethical responses to the growing crises of their times. In The Keys of Power, Crick argues that one of the most enduring legacies of the Transcendentalist movement is the multifaceted understanding of transcendental eloquence as a distinct rhetorical genre concerned primarily and self-consciously with questions of power.Crick examines the Transcendentalist understanding of how power is constituted in both th self and in society, conceptualizing the relationships among technology, nature, language, and identity, critiquing the ethical responsibilities to oneself, the other, and the state, and defining and ultimately praising the unique role that art, action, persuasion, and ideas have in the transformation of the structure of political culture over historical time.What is offered hereis not a comprehensive genealogy of ideas, a series of individual biographies, or an effort at conceptual generalization,but instead an exercise in narrative rhetorical theory and criticism that interprets some of the major specific writings and speeches by men and women associated with the Transcendentalist movement-Sampson Reed, Amos BronsonAlcott, Orestes Brownson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Frederick Douglass-by placing them within a specific political and social history. Rather than attempting to provide comprehensive overviews of the life and work of each of these individuals, this volume presents close readings of individual texts that bring to life their rhetorical character in reaction to particular exigencies while addressing audiences of a unique moment. This rhetoric of Transcendentalism provides insights into the "keys of power"-that is, the means of persuasion for our modern era-that remain vital tools for individuals seeking to reconcile power and virtue in their struggle to make manifest a higher ideal in the world. The Keys of Power av Nathan Crick Fri frakt för privatpersoner! Skickas inom 2‑5 vardagar

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A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 2. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1973. This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved. 3. THE ABBEY OF SHREWSBURY Before the Norman Conquest a small wooden chapel dedicated in the name of St. Peter was built outside the east gate of Shrewsbury by Siward, son of Ethelgar, a wealthy Saxon. (fn. 1) Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, who visited it c. 1070, called it the poorest of the city churches but, according to his biographer, he prophesied that it would become the greatest of them all. (fn. 2) When Roger of Montgomery received the county of Shropshire in 1071 he gave the church to one of his clerks, Odelerius of Orléans, father of the historian Orderic Vitalis, and some twelve years later he undertook to found an abbey there. A full account of the foundation comes from the pen of Orderic himself, who, as a boy of eight learning his letters from the parish priest of St. Peter's, was presumably an eye-witness of the first ceremony; (fn. 3) in its essentials his account is supported by Domesday Book and by the abbey charters. In February 1083 Earl Roger publicly pledged himself to found a new abbey, laying his gloves on the altar of St. Peter and granting the whole suburb outside the east gate, in the presence of Warin the sheriff, Picot de Say, and other vassals. Work was begun on a new stone church, and two monks were brought from Earl Roger's earlier foundation of Séez to supervise the masons and receive gifts. When the buildings were sufficiently advanced, probably late in 1087, (fn. 4) regular life began under Fulchred of Séez, the first abbot. Most of the numerous monastic foundations made in the early years of the Norman settlement were dependencies of Cluny or of some Norman abbey; only a handful were independent Benedictine houses from the time of foundation. (fn. 5) One was the Conqueror's own foundation of Battle Abbey; two others, Chester and Shrewsbury, were founded in the chief towns of two great palatine earldoms. Shrewsbury was essentially the abbey of Earl Roger, founded either as an act of thanksgiving or to set the seal on his conquest of a county which, as Orderic notes, he had not acquired by hereditary right. (fn. 6) He himself, his vassals, and his clerks endowed it; he became a monk there on his death-bed and he was buried in the abbey church 'between the two altars'. (fn. 7) His clerk Odelerius, who had given up his house and rights in St. Peter's church at the foundation and later gave a hide in Charlton in Wrockwardine, (fn. 8) became a monk there and gave his second son as an oblate. (fn. 9) Warin the sheriff, who had married Earl Roger's niece, was one benefactor and Rainald, sheriff of Shropshire after Warin's death, was another. In 1086, before the first abbot had been appointed, the abbey held property valued at £46 18s. and assessed at just over 34 hides. (fn. 10) This included income from burgesses and mills in Shrewsbury, the lands at Boreton in Condover of the former church of St. Peter, the manors of Eyton, Emstrey, and Tugford, and eight churches: Baschurch, Berrington, Diddlebury, Hodnet, Morville, Great Ness, Stottesdon, and Wrockwardine. Soon afterwards Gerard de Tournai gave Betton in Hales, (fn. 11) and the Bishop of Chester's manor of Betton in Berrington seems to have been an early gift. (fn. 12) Before Earl Roger died he had added the churches of six more great manors: Condover, Donington, Edgmond, High Ercall, Tong, and Wellington, and two-thirds of his demesne tithes. Morville was a wealthy church with eight prebends (fn. 13) and some of the other Saxon churches had as much as two hides of land, (fn. 14) but the abbey had to wait for the reversion of some of the rectorial portions. Orderic described the endowment as moderate (fn. 15) and William of Malmesbury hinted that the monks of Shrewsbury lived on hope. (fn. 16) Roger's second son Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury, continued to support the monastery until his death in 1098. (fn. 17) Other gifts between 1086 and 1098 included Oswestry church, granted by Rainald the sheriff and Hugh Fitz Warin, (fn. 18) Albrighton near Shrewsbury, (fn. 19) and Hordley. (fn. 20) Earl Roger's third son, Roger of Poitou, gave a fishery in Thelwall (Ches.), (fn. 21) and the latter's men added lands and tithes in Thelwall, Garston, Woolston, and Poulton (Lancs.), and the church of Kirkham (Lancs.) (fn. 22) A hide at Baschurch was given by Earl Roger's eldest son, Robert of Bellême, (fn. 23) after whose rebellion in 1102 the patronage of the abbey escheated to the Crown. Thus less than twenty years after its foundation, and before all the gifts had taken effect, the abbey was deprived of the protection of its founders. Encroachments on the property began and holders of life-leases tried to make them hereditary. Siward, the Saxon founder of St. Peter's church, had surrendered all his claims in return for a life-grant of Cheney Longville, (fn. 24) but his son Aldred refused to relinquish the property until he had been paid £15; (fn. 25) the son of a canon of Morville tried to retain his father's prebend; though Richard de Belmeis (I), tenant of Betton Abbots, surrendered this estate on his death-bed (1127), his heirs tried for thirty years to retain it. (fn. 26) The abbey of Séez produced conflicting claims to property in Billingsley and probably also to rights of jurisdiction. (fn. 27) Some years passed before Henry I took effective action to protect Shrewsbury Abbey. He had issued some charters early in his reign: a grant of timber from the royal forests for the monastic buildings, (fn. 28) a confirmation of the freedom from toll granted by William II, (fn. 29) and a grant or confirmation of a threeday fair; (fn. 30) but his most important charters date from the time of Abbot Godfrey. In 1121 he issued a writ securing Godfrey in all the possessions that Fulchred had held (fn. 31) and in the same year he granted a general charter of confirmation. (fn. 32) He also granted the monopoly of multure in the town. (fn. 33) Local magnates continued their support: Hamo Peverel and his wife Sibyl gave Crudgington, Kynnersley, and Sleap, while lands in Loughton (Chetton), Wollerton (Hodnet), Norton in Hales, Pimley (Shrewsbury St. Mary), Booley (Stanton upon Hine Heath), Wigwig (Much Wenlock), and Winsley (Westbury) came from the Corbets, Fulk the sheriff, and others. (fn. 34) King Stephen granted a charter of confirmation (fn. 35) and the Empress Maud gave Aston in Wellington c. 1142. (fn. 36) Later gifts consisted of more distant properties: in Sutton and Mere (Staffs.), confirmed by Henry III; (fn. 37) in Isleham (Cambs.), from William FitzAlan, 1155-60; (fn. 38) Tadlow (Cambs.), from Fulk Fitz Warin, c. 1183, in return for the surrender of the abbey's claims to Alberbury church; (fn. 39) and salt-pans in Middlewich, Nantwich, and Droitwich, from Ranulf (II), Earl of Chester, William Malbank, and William FitzAlan. (fn. 40) The abbey's estates, centred as they were on the churches and demesnes of Earl Roger and his men, were scattered throughout all Shropshire except the south-west, where Roger's territorial influence was weak; the only isolated property near this region, Siward's former manor of Cheney Longville, was exchanged before 1135 with Henry de Say for the manor of Brompton in Berrington near Shrewsbury. (fn. 41) Until at least 1291 manorial demesnes were retained in the principal groups of estates (fn. 42) and probably served as centres for the collection of rents from the outlying properties. Nearest to the abbey, with its fields in Abbey Foregate and Monkmoor, were the estates at Emstrey, Betton Abbots, Brompton, and Boreton in Condover, south-east of Shrewsbury, and at Albrighton to the north. A second group centred on Eyton and Aston in Wellington, with woods on the slopes of the Wrekin. Slightly north of these were the manors of Sleap and Crudgington, in the Tern valley, with outliers at Kynnersley and Osbaston. Further north Wollerton and Betton in Hales lay one each side of Market Drayton, while to the north-west the estates of the great churches at Baschurch and Oswestry were important centres for rent and tithe collection. In south-east Shropshire the former estates of Morville church were the focal point: Astley Abbots, where four carucates were in demesne in 1291, remained directly subject to the abbey after the establishment of Morville priory. Towards Clee Hill was Tugford, while Stottesdon was a centre for the advance of cultivation into the forest at Loughton and the collection of rents from Alveley. The more distant properties in Staffordshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and, later, Cambridgeshire were each presumably separately administered. In the absence of records other than charters, methods of estate administration can only be surmised by comparison with similar houses. Shrewsbury was a medium-sized Benedictine house, owing no knight service and enjoying exemption from most secular burdens. Apart from building costs, which are likely to have been a drain on its resources for many years, running expenses were not high, and moderately efficient administration could keep the abbey out of difficulties during the 12th century. Other similar Benedictine monasteries in the West Midlands made a practice of farming out their manors as a whole to laymen for one, two, or three lives, or to groups of villagers, or to one of their own monks. (fn. 43) Shrewsbury certainly farmed out some properties to laymen, but was prepared to buy out claims to farms for more than one life to prevent them from becoming hereditary fee-farms. (fn. 44) It kept control of most of its properties, apart from a few such as Montford and Onibury where its claims were never effective, (fn. 45) and Billingsley, surrendered to the abbey of Séez in return for the recognition of Shrewsbury's claims in Lancashire. (fn. 46) The exceptions were part of Betton, which was granted to Hamo Lestrange, (fn. 47) Hordley, and half a hide in Petton. (fn. 48) Boreton was for a time in the hands of feoffees, but one half was recovered in the 13th century and the other half was surrendered in 1343 to endow a chantry in the abbey church. (fn. 49) There is no evidence that monks ever acted as farmers, and Shrewsbury established no dependent cells apart from Morville, where the initiative came from the bishop. From the 13th century at least some tithes and distant properties were farmed to other religious houses. (fn. 50) The 13th-century charters show that the monks took an active part in enlarging their holdings in and around Shrewsbury. They had held a number of properties there, including orchards, a vineyard, and a sand-pit, from the early 12th century; (fn. 51) they proceeded to acquire by sale, gift, and mortgage dozens of small properties in Abbey Foregate and Coleham, and a smaller number in Castle Foregate, the market place, and elsewhere in the town. (fn. 52) Property worth more than £100 was purchased by Abbot Nicholas in the late 14th century. (fn. 53) In Monkmoor, where Helgot had given a virgate in Earl Roger's lifetime, the monks had a farm worth £6 13s. 4d. at the Dissolution. (fn. 54) During the 13th century the demesnes were certainly exploited directly under bailiffs and stewards. There is one clear reference to farm servants at Betton in Hales in 1256 and a forester was appointed there at the same date; (fn. 55) another forester was appointed at Loughton c. 1230. (fn. 56) The abbey showed some interest in new pasture rights (fn. 57) but outside Abbey Foregate little effort was made to enlarge the demesnes. Instead property was consolidated by exchange and purchase, and disputes about boundaries, tithes, mills, and fisheries were settled. (fn. 58) Rents were already important and the abbey sought where it could to attract new tenants. Baschurch stands out as a centre of growing population; a market and a four-day fair from 31 October were granted in 1256 (fn. 59) and in 1339 the abbot granted privileges to his tenants in the new town there. (fn. 60) The assessment of 1291 (fn. 61) and incomplete minsters' accounts for parts of the estate in 1334, (fn. 62) 1355, and 1361 (fn. 63) indicate a sharp fall in demesne farming in the early 14th century. Twenty-one carucates in demesne were recorded on the Shropshire estates in 1291; by 1355 the number had fallen to twelve. At the latter date the demesnes of Baschurch, Emstrey, Brompton, Betton Abbots, Wollerton, Sleap, and Tugford were leased and those of Astley and Abbey Foregate had shrunk. A flock of 847 sheep was sheared in 1334: there are no other stock figures. The movement towards leasing continued: some demesnes were broken up into small tenant-farms and others leased to a single tenant, while service tenures were converted into copyholds. (fn. 64) For administrative convenience Emstrey, Betton Abbots, and Brompton were grouped together as the manor of Hernes, under a single bailiff. Elsewhere the old manorial units remained, the bailiff in each one being responsible for collecting all rents and dues payable there, including the profits from tithes. But individuals might act as bailiffs in two centres; in 1529 John Poyner was bailiff of Hernes and Albrighton, and also held Monkmoor on a long lease, while Eyton was held together with Tugford and Wollerton with Betton in Hales. Only a few acres within the precincts of the monastery and round the chief messuage at Betton Abbots were then kept in hand. Although some tithe corn was collected, food must have been purchased almost entirely in the Shrewsbury markets and in 1509 the abbot claimed that he spent 400 marks annually there in food and drink. (fn. 65) In 1536-9 the bulk of the original endowment was still in the hands of the monks. Some Staffordshire and Lancashire properties were alienated at an early date (fn. 66) and a few properties were surrendered to newer foundations: in 1410 the advowson of Tong was sold to endow the new college there, (fn. 67) and in 1449 the revenues of Isleham and Tadlow (Cambs.) were granted to the Crown for the foundation of St. Nicholas (later King's) College, Cambridge. (fn. 68) In 1536 the total profits were assessed at £532 4s. 10d. and expenses of £97 19s. 5½d. were allowed: twothirds of the revenue was derived from temporalities and one-third from spiritualities. (fn. 69) Revenues had been allocated to special purposes from the first. Tithes were frequently assigned to the building of the church, (fn. 70) the maintenance of the fabric, (fn. 71) the support of the poor, (fn. 72) or the needs of the monks: (fn. 73) an attempt, perhaps, to preserve the canonical division of such revenues. (fn. 74) In the 13th century revenues might be assigned to specific offices, including the almonry, the guardian of the works, or the kitchen of the monks, and several obedientiaries acquired revenues of their own. (fn. 75) The almoner received rents in Shrewsbury and a share of the tithes of Betton in Hales as well as 'almoner's orchard' in the Foregate. (fn. 76) Both the infirmary (fn. 77) and the kitchen (fn. 78) received gifts of lands and rents in Shrewsbury and Abbey Foregate. By a process of adaptation grants made for prayers for the souls of donors (fn. 79) were gradually allocated to the sacrist for candles, to the treasurer or kitchener for pittances, or to a particular altar or chantry in the abbey church. (fn. 80) From the early 13th century, when a substantial legacy came from Henry of Norton, (fn. 81) the chapel of St. Mary was an important recipient of gifts and purchases. (fn. 82) It stood east of the high altar and contained the tomb of Earl Roger: (fn. 83) mass was often said there for visiting bishops, abbots, and other great persons. (fn. 84) A monk-warden was appointed; William of Norton, probably a brother of Henry of Norton, being the first known. (fn. 85) A chantry was established in 1343-4 for Ralph, Bishop of Bath and Wells, out of the revenues of Boreton. (fn. 86) In 1414 new property was acquired to endow a chantry for John Burley of Broncroft, to be served by a monk and chaplain in the chapel of St. Katherine. (fn. 87) The abbey had had a special devotion for St. Winifred from the time that her relics were brought from Basingwerk, c. 1138, and placed in the church. (fn. 88) Her cult increased in the 14th century and a new shrine was built in the time of Abbot Nicholas Stevens. At this time a group of monks and servants of the abbey forcibly carried off the bones of her confessor St. Beuno from Rhewl near Chirk and enclosed them in a shrine in the wall of the church, beneath two statues of St. Winifred and St. Beuno; the abbey was fined for the felony but kept the relics. (fn. 89) Henry V, who had planned to establish a chantry for one chaplain in honour of St. Winifred, died before he could carry out his intention, but in 1463 Abbot Thomas Mynde secured the appropriation of the church of Great Ness to support a monk chaplain to celebrate at the altar of St. Winifred for the souls of King Henry and his heirs. (fn. 90) The same abbot established a perpetual guild to maintain the chantry in 1487, allocating more monastic property, including the pastures of Gay Meadow and 'Le Connynger'. (fn. 91) The abbey had only one dependent priory, the tiny cell established in Morville church at the instigation of the Bishop of Hereford for the provision of hospitality. (fn. 92) A number of other parish churches were appropriated for special purposes: (fn. 93) Baschurch between 1188 and 1198 for the needs of guests, pilgrims, and the poor; a portion of the tithes of Wellington in 1232, (fn. 94) in part to maintain hospitality; Condover 1312-15 to augment the monks' pittance. (fn. 95) Wrockwardine church was appropriated in 1333 to support two monks studying theology at a university (fn. 96) but, when its revenues were diminished by wars and other troubles and the abbey had several times been fined by the Benedictine general chapter for not having monks in the schools, (fn. 97) the obligation was reduced to the support of one monk scholar. (fn. 98) The church of Edgmond, which had been appropriated in 1254 (fn. 99) and carried a pension of 3 marks to the monks' kitchen, (fn. 100) was allocated in 1478 for the needs of the abbot's mensa. (fn. 101) Stottesdon (fn. 102) and Oswestry (fn. 103) churches were appropriated for the general needs of the monastery. The external history of the abbey is mainly concerned with its relations with the Crown and the growing town of Shrewsbury. The records do not show whether the king, as patron, claimed any voice in 12th-century elections. There may have been some irregularity in the election of Herbert in 1128; (fn. 104) though he was blessed by the Archbishop of Canterbury (fn. 105) he was deposed in a legatine council in Westminster in 1138. (fn. 106) A number of early abbots came from other monasteries: the first two were monks of Séez; Ralph, elected in 1175, was a monk of Canterbury; (fn. 107) Walter (1221-3) had been Prior of Leominster. (fn. 108) After the disputed election of 1250, however, when the two claimants, Adam, sacrist of Shrewsbury, and William, subprior of Coventry, were set aside by the pope and Henry, monk of Evesham, was appointed by papal provision, (fn. 109) abbots were invariably elected from within the community at Shrewsbury. The king's part in the 1250-1 election dispute had been outwardly a passive one: he had accepted the first candidate Adam, (fn. 110) then, after the Bishop of Coventry had refused to confirm the election, he gave his assent to William, who had the bishop's approval. (fn. 111) A year later, after papal intervention, he received Henry as abbot. (fn. 112) Nevertheless the Tewkesbury annalist accused him of imposing Abbot William, (fn. 113) and the king reprimanded Henry for appealing to Rome during the case. (fn. 114) Abbot Henry's career was subsequently chequered. The king sent him on an embassy to Spain in 1257; (fn. 115) he fell sick on the way, but recovered and successfully completed his mission. (fn. 116) Within a few months of his return he had resigned his office as abbot. (fn. 117) He was still alive in 1277 but had abandoned his habit, and the Benedictine general chapter included him by name in a statute to apprehend fugitive monks. (fn. 118) Relations between the abbey and the Crown may have become strained at the time: certainly during the Barons' Wars the abbey favoured Simon de Montfort and had to seek the king's pardon in 1267. (fn. 119) During vacancies the king had custody of the temporalities of the abbey, unless the prior and convent had fined for the custody, and he invariably retained the advowsons of churches at these times. (fn. 120) From the beginning of the 14th century retired royal servants were regularly despatched to the abbey as corrodiaries. (fn. 121) From 1333, in spite of protests from the abbey, the king successfully asserted his right as founder and patron to send a clerk, on the creation of each new abbot, to receive a pension until he could be beneficed. (fn. 122) Abbots were frequently employed on secular business, taking the assize of arms, (fn. 123) serving on embassies, (fn. 124) surveying Shrewsbury castle, (fn. 125) guarding hostages, (fn. 126) serving on commissions of the peace and of oyer and terminer. (fn. 127) They were summoned to and frequently attended great councils and parliaments from about 1261 (fn. 128) to the Dissolution. Before 1275 recurring business in London led Abbot Luke to buy a house in Bishopsgate: he assigned the revenues to the kitchen, reserving the right to lodge there for himself and his successors. (fn. 129) Abbot Richard Lye was actually attending Parliament at the time of his death in 1512. (fn. 130) The abbey sometimes lodged royal officials whose business took them to Shrewsbury and the presence of a copy of the Red Book of the Exchequer among the abbey's books during the 14th century (fn. 131) suggests that the Exchequer may have been in the abbey for a time when it came to Shrewsbury in 1277, (fn. 132) before moving to the castle. (fn. 133) In 1344 the abbot was instructed to store at the abbey royal revenues from the county. (fn. 134) It is almost certain that Richard II lodged there and that the Parliament of Shrewsbury was held there in January 1398. (fn. 135) Royal patronage brought some benefits, notably in grants of wood from the royal forests for building and fuel. (fn. 136) In 1227 the monks were exempted from payment of dues to sergeants of the peace in the Oswestry district (fn. 137) and their annual fair was extended to the vigil of St. Peter. (fn. 138) Most concessions were paid for: the abbot gave £100 in 1346 and an annual rent thereafter to have the 'haye' of Lythwood in place of a general right to take timber from the king's woods. (fn. 139) Most of the free gifts that came to the abbey in the later Middle Ages were from local men, often tenants on its estates, or burgesses of Shrewsbury. Though there was friction with the town on questions of franchise, many individuals placed sons as monks in the abbey or sought burial there. The abbey's monopoly of multure was a constant cause of hostility until the citizens successfully erected mills during the Barons' Wars, when they took the king's side and won his favour. A judgement of 1267 allowed them to retain three horse mills and one windmill in the town and to build two watermills, dividing the profits with the abbey; afterwards they extended their rights by building illegal mills. (fn. 140) The fair of St. Peter was a matter for compromise: the burgesses agreed to its extension to the Vigil of St. Peter in return for a payment of 40s., which was reduced to 38s. in 1298, when three of the four islands which had risen in the Severn between the Stone Bridge and the Dominican friary were adjudged to the burgesses. (fn. 141) Two hundred years later disagreement over the bounds of the abbey's liberty led to two lengthy suits in the Star Chamber in 1504 and 1509, (fn. 142) of which the first settled the abbot's rights to his liberties and the second defined their territorial limits; during the dispute there were complaints of violence and injustice on both sides. (fn. 143) There were always close personal ties between townsmen and the abbey: men like Robert Schitte, who in the early 13th century gave shops to support his anniversary, (fn. 144) or the burgess Hugh Fitz Hamon (d. 1252), who was the brother of both Nicholas Fitz Hamon, reeve of the Foregate, and Richard Fitz Hamon, prior of Shrewsbury Abbey (1244-58). (fn. 145) On the eve of the Dissolution Thomas Mytton, bailiff of Shrewsbury and one of the first members of the guild of St. Winifred, (fn. 146) may have been a kinsman of Richard Mytton, steward of the liberty of the Foregate; (fn. 147) both John Gittins of Shrewsbury, draper, and Richard Gittins of Shrewsbury, merchant of the Staple of Calais, received pensions and liveries in kind for many years. (fn. 148) The guild of St. Winifred brought together monks and burgesses in a common fraternity, and mutual interests at times drew abbey and town together: in June 1389 the bailiffs and commonalty of Shrewsbury assembled in the abbey in the presence of the Earl of Arundel, the abbot, and others, to draw up a composition concerning the government of the town. (fn. 149) After the Dissolution the townsmen welcomed the opportunity to acquire the abbey's franchise of the Foregate, (fn. 150) but they petitioned in vain that the abbey buildings might be preserved to receive the king or nobility of the realm on their visits to the town. (fn. 151) They were well aware of the value of the hospitality provided by the abbey. The abbey found other benefactors and servants among the local gentry and the tenants of its estates. Stephen of Stanley (fn. 152) and Adam of Bispham, (fn. 153) who surrendered their estates in return for life corrodies, were tenants of the abbey, and John of Prestcott, reeve of the Foregate, came from the abbey's estate at Prescott in Baschurch: (fn. 154) they are representative of the 'guests of the house' and manorial servants of the 13th century. Of the local gentry the Charltons of Apley later became prominent as protectors and estate managers: John Charlton, lord of Powys, had intervened to secure the appropriation of Condover church in 1312, (fn. 155) and in the early 16th century four of the family were active as stewards, bailiffs, and rent-collectors, drawing pensions and liveries on the abbey's estates: Sir William Charlton of Apley, his son Thomas, and Richard and Francis Charlton. (fn. 156) Sir William's cousin John Salter acted in the abbey's interests before the Council of the Marches (fn. 157) and Richard Salter, steward of the abbey under the chief steward George, Earl of Shrewsbury, (fn. 158) may have been another cousin. There were less intimate ties with the Kynastons, two of whom owed their positions as bailiff and steward of Baschurch to recent court influence, (fn. 159) while William Poyner, gentleman, and John Poyner held office in the manor of Hernes. (fn. 160) Smaller men too were rising in the abbey's service: Thomas Gery, rent collector of the Foregate, probably came from a yeoman family on the abbey's estate at Astley Abbots. (fn. 161) In the later Middle Ages the community numbered from twelve to eighteen monks, one of whom was normally absent as Prior of Morville, and each of the senior monks held several offices. (fn. 162) The abbot received papal licence in 1251 to wear the ring (fn. 163) and in 1397 to use the mitre, ring, and other pontifical insignia. (fn. 164) Few records of the monastic life survive, the archives and library alike having been lost. A list made in 1697 of the manuscripts of Henry Langley, descendant of the original purchaser of the abbey site, may consist largely or wholly of books from its library. If so there was a good collection of historical writings in addition to the standard works of the fathers and lives of saints normal in any Benedictine house. (fn. 165) The only work to survive from the pen of a Shrewsbury monk is the Life of St. Winifred by Robert, prior and later Abbot of Shrewsbury, written about 1140, (fn. 166) but the early monks from Séez and Earl Roger's household were certainly learned men, and after the maintenance of one or two monks in the Oxford schools became statutory in the 13th century the abbey produced a number of scholars. Thomas de Calton, Prior of Shrewsbury, was regent at Oxford in 1343. (fn. 167) Thomas Prestbury, elected abbot in 1399, was Chancellor of Oxford University 1409-12, and presided when the works of Wycliffe were burnt at Carfax. (fn. 168) His career brought him at times into political conflict: in April 1399 Richard II ordered him to be taken into custody 'for particular causes specially moving the king' and committed to the Abbot of Westminster for safe keeping. (fn. 169) When he was elected abbot four months later the king was already a captive, (fn. 170) a circumstance suggesting that Prestbury favoured the Lancastrians. He later intervened in an unsuccessful attempt to make peace before the battle of Shrewsbury. (fn. 171) Two other 15thcentury abbots, Thomas Ludlow (fn. 172) and Thomas Mynde, (fn. 173) were also graduates. Early-14th-century visitations showed fairly sound discipline in the abbey. Bishop Northburgh's principal complaints, c. 1324, were that too many monks were absent from the refectory, that novices were allowed to leave the cloister before they had been fully instructed in the Rule, and that obedientiaries did not render account. (fn. 174) In 1354 the bishop found all well, except that the buildings on many manors needed repair through the evils of the times, not the fault of the monks, and that the monks were neglecting their newly-acquired 'haye' of Lythwood. (fn. 175) Later difficulties increased. War and the partial breakdown of justice led to repeated outbreaks of violence, in which the monks were sometimes the aggressors. (fn. 176) Serious dissensions in the community called for the intervention of the bishop in 1394 (fn. 177) and the visitors of the Benedictine provincial chapter in 1426. (fn. 178) The visitation records of the period 1518-25 (fn. 179) show that under Abbot Richard Baker Shrewsbury was not an orderly or united house: many debts were not paid, no proper accounts were rendered, and many of the buildings were in a serious state of dilapidation; lands were being leased without the consent of the chapter, the previous abbot having given a substantial holding free of rent to his sister Joan and her husband; (fn. 180) the infirmary was in ruins and the subprior, Thomas Butler, was accused of carrying off the glass for the windows of his chamber; the dormitory was unlit and in bad repair; the revenues of the warden of St. Katharine's chapel were inadequate for his obligations. There seems to have been little or no improvement under Baker's successor Thomas Butler, for similar allegations were made in a savage attack on the abbot by Thomas Madockes of London in 1536: there was no infirmary; the roof above the high altar was collapsing so that rain dripped into the choir; masses were neglected and no scholars kept at Oxford; the abbot was pulling down his houses and selling off the timber and tiles. (fn. 181) These charges may have been exaggerated, for an earlier statement by one of the monks that Butler was 'a most envious and factious man' shows that he could make enemies. When the abbey was dissolved on 24 January 1540 a pension of £80 was assigned to the abbot and £87 6s. 8d. to the 17 monks. (fn. 182) The abbey was considered as one of the seats of a possible new bishopric, and the burgesses proposed that it might be kept as a residence for royal visitors or erected into a college or free school, (fn. 183) but finally it suffered the fate of the other Shropshire houses. After being leased to Thomas Forster in 1542 the site was sold in 1546 to Edward Watson and Henry Herdson, (fn. 184) who immediately conveyed it to the Shrewsbury tailor William Langley. (fn. 185) The western part of the church was preserved as the parish church of Holy Cross and the remaining buildings were either adapted to secular uses or pulled down. Considerable portions of the conventual buildings were still standing in 1743 but most have since been demolished. In particular the diversion of the LondonHolyhead road from the north to the south side of the church c. 1836 removed much of the remaining evidence of the layout. A partial reconstruction of the abbey's plan can be made with the help of 17th- and 18th-century drawings. (fn. 186) The ten-acre site was bounded on the south and west by the Rea or Meole Brook, just before its junction with the Severn, and on the north and east by a high embattled wall, considerable parts of which were still standing in the early 19th century. From the north transept to the western tower the wall was lower where it bounded the street. The gatehouse stood near the tower, appearing in Buck's view, published in 1731, as a building of two or more stories with square or octagonal turrets, and gave access to the outer court. Buck's view shows a long two-storey range of chambers with small irregular windows on the north side, facing the street; they may have included the almonry. Some 70 yards south-west of the church, near the river, was a detached block of buildings, possibly the infirmary, of which some walls still remain. Two gable-ends, traces of round-arched windows, and a number of rough Norman arches were clearly visible when Blakeway described the abbey in the 1820s. The main cloister, which lay south of the church, bounded the east side of the outer court, one side measuring 84 feet long and 12 feet broad. Buckler's drawings show the west cloister range, a long buttressed building of red stone with an upper floor which may have been the monks' dormitory: it was destroyed c. 1836 when the main road was driven through the site of the cloister. The frater, on the south side, had already disappeared, apart from a handsome early-14th-century pulpit which still survives. It is an octagonal structure of grey stone originally incorporated in the south wall of the frater, three of its sides projecting externally as an oriel window and three internally as a refectory pulpit. It was approached by steps in the thickness of the wall. As the wall itself, of which only part of the base remains, is of red sandstone, it is possible that the pulpit was a later insertion. Each of the six exposed sides consists of a narrow arched opening with moulded jambs and a trefoil head, the whole being surmounted by a vaulted roof. The internal projection is the more elaborately treated. It rests on a moulded corbel and within the three arches the sides of the pulpit are carved with ogee-headed panels containing representations of the Annunciation, St. Peter with St. Paul, and St. Winifred with St. Beuno. The central boss of the vault represents the Crucifixion. There is no trace of the chapter-house, which was presumably in the eastern range of the cloister. South of the refectory were other buildings, one of which had a high gable: the abbot's lodging and a guest hall were probably situated there. The church (fn. 187) itself suffered severely from neglect after the Reformation. Its original dimensions have been roughly calculated from the lead on the roof: it may have measured 302 feet internally from west to east, including the west tower and the Lady Chapel, which was 61 feet less than Wenlock and a modest length for a church of its importance. Only the nave, side aisles, porch, and west tower were preserved as the parochial church of the Holy Cross, and after the removal of the lead even this part suffered decay, so that the roof fell in. The Norman clerestory was still in existence in the 17th century but it was later taken down and the roof was rebuilt immediately above the triforium. Much early Norman work survives in the church, notably the short thick piers in the eastern half of the nave and the remnants of the original transepts. Considerable rebuilding at the west end took place in the 14th century. Sandford's description of the lost heraldic glass shows that the great west window was glazed c. 1388 in the time of Abbot Nicholas Stevens, who may also have been responsible for other 14thcentury alterations. Fragments of a stone screen of about the same date suggest that the chapel of St. Winifred stood on the north side of the nave, below the pointed arch of the arcade which faces the north porch. Stones with three sculptured figures, representing St. John the Baptist, St. Winifred, and St. Beuno, were found in a garden and have been restored to their original position in the screen. The present chancel and clerestory, as well as much other work in the church, date from two major restorations in the later 19th century. In 1540 the abbey had two chimes, each of five bells, one in the western and one in the central tower. The largest bell, weighing 34 cwt. and known as St. Winifred's bell, was in use until it cracked in 1730 and was then melted down. Abbots of Shrewsbury Ranulf, elected 1138 (?), occurs until c. 1147. (fn. 194) Hugh de Lacy, occurs between 1190 and c. 1220. (fn. 201) Henry, elected 1223, died or resigned 1244. (fn. 204) Adam, elected 1244, resigned 1250. (fn. 205) William, elected 1250, election quashed by the pope, 1251. (fn. 206) Henry, provided 1251, resigned 1258. (fn. 207) Thomas, elected 1259, died 1266. (fn. 208) William of Upton, elected 1266, resigned 1271. (fn. 209) Luke of Wenlock, elected 1272, resigned 1279. (fn. 210) John of Drayton, elected 1279, died 1292. (fn. 211) William of Muckley, elected 1292, died 1333. (fn. 212) Adam of Cleobury, elected 1333, died 1355. (fn. 213) Henry de Alston, elected 1355, died 1361. (fn. 214) Nicholas Stevens, elected 1361, died 1399. (fn. 215) John Hampton, elected 1426, died 1433. (fn. 218) Thomas Ludlow, elected 1433, died 1459. (fn. 219) Thomas Mynde, elected 1460, died 1498. (fn. 220) Richard Baker alias Marshall, elected 1512, resigned 1528. (fn. 223) Thomas Butler, elected 1529, surrendered 1540. (fn. 224) An impression of the abbey's pointed oval seal ad causas is attached to a deed of 1530. (fn. 227) It measures 3 × 2 in. and shows the standing figure of St. Peter, mitred and holding a key. Legend, lombardic: SIGILLUM ABBATIS ET CONVENTUS SALOPISBURIE AD CAUSAS

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If you've ever wondered what it might be like to be inside of a giant crater on Mars, then check out this incredible footage NASA released this week from its Curiosity Mars rover. The video below is interactive, making the experience more realistic than simply looking at a picture. Just click on the video and drag your mouse across the screen to scan the Martian landscape like never before. (We recommend you select the highest quality available from the settings option in the lower right.) What you're seeing here is a brand new landscape unlike anything the Curiosity rover has encountered before during its time inside of Gale Crater, which is 96 miles wide. The region is called Bagnold Dunes, which is just one of the many areas on Mars covered with vast, active sand dunes. Right now, Curiosity is scooping sand from a nearby mound, called Namib Dune (shown below), which is between 13 to 17 feet tall: To the right of Namib Dune, you can see Mount Sharp in the distance. The Bagnold Dunes are located on the northwestern flank of Mount Sharp, which is a mountain at the center of Gale Crater. Mount Sharp is about three miles high with channels etched along its face, which scientists suspect were carved by flowing water at some point in Mars' distant past. And if you look closely at the shot below, you'll see a line straight down the middle that connects the two halves of the panorama. It's easier to see if you look into the distance at the rim of Gale Crater, shown below. Most of the photos from Curiosity are actually a mosaic of tens of individual shots that scientists then stitch together into, what looks like, one amazing photo. Stitching photos together takes time and effort, but, as you can see, it's absolutely worth it.

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As the post-MDG era approaches in 2016, reducing child undernutrition is gaining high priority on the international development agenda, both as a maker and marker of development. Revisiting Smith and Haddad (2000), this study uses data from 1970 to 2012 for 116 countries, finding that safe water access, sanitation, women’s education, gender equality, and the quantity and quality of food available in countries have been key drivers of past reductions in stunting. Income growth and governance played essential facilitating roles. Complementary to nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs and policies, accelerating reductions in undernutrition in the future will require increased investment in these priority areas. There is a related IDS working paper and research briefing This work is supported by the Department for International Development’s Transform Nutrition Programme which is led by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI Smith, L.C.; Haddad, L. Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era. World Development (2015) 68: 180-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.014] Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era

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A Fue Respectable Friends - The British Brass Band: A Musical and Social History by Trevor Herbert Oxford, 381 pp, £48.00, June 2000, ISBN 0 19 816698 2 George Orwell saw the patriotism of the British working class as an almost unconscious link with the middle and upper classes: ‘Just because patriotism is all but universal and not even the rich are uninfluenced by it, there can be moments when the whole nation suddenly swings together, and does the same thing, like a herd of cattle facing a wolf’ (The Lion and the Unicorn, 1941). Many working-class practices and institutions which embodied both this ‘universal’ patriotism and a desire for self-improvement were forged from a sturdy amalgam of tradition, religious observance, deference, support of the military, pride, dislike of change and adherence to class and community. The brass band movement in particular conformed to Orwell’s view of things: it was very class-conscious, but it subscribed to ideologies which socialists believed were those of the ruling class. Brass bands were not originally working-class institutions. They were led at first by what Trevor Herbert calls ‘the socially superior classes’; they depended on a musical establishment with a taste for classical and religious music; they were formed into a network and encouraged to compete at open-air shows by entrepreneurs, instrument makers and music publishers. Banding was, Herbert writes, ‘at the very least a consensual partnership between the organised working class and entrepreneurs’. But once the movement got going, for most of the bands most of the time, middle-class influences impinged only occasionally on their lives. In the 18th century, before brass bands, there had been parish, church and, above all, military bands. Pretty bad they were too, prevented from getting any better by the illiteracy of most of the musicians and sneered at by the professional middle-class musicians who played and appreciated serious music. But by the turn of the century, crucial changes were under way. Critical masses of amateur musicians, many trained by the Army, were being brought together by industrialisation, especially in Wales and Northern England; and the same process was producing self-confident, often literate bandleaders. Instrument makers and music publishers were seeking new markets; an audience was forming in working-class communities; and some of the new industrialists, whether from philanthropic, musical or self-aggrandising motives, were willing to fund works bands. One of the earliest was the Cyfarthfa band, in the iron-smelting centre of Merthyr Tydfil. Robert Crawshay, the owner of the Cyfarthfa works, in effect created a private orchestra. He employed a family of musicians from Bradford, members of London theatre orchestras and strolling players; and, like some Renaissance prince or 17th-century cardinal, gave them light jobs in the factory as well as (so they say) fees for performances and subsidised housing. George Hogarth, a journalist, went to hear the Cyfarthfa band and wrote in May 1850, in Dickens’s Household Words, that he was astonished at their proficiency . . . I heard them perform the overture to Zampa, the Caliph of Baghdad, and Fra Diavolo, Vivi tu and some concerto music from Roberto, Don Giovanni and Lucia, with a quantity of waltzes, polkas and dance music. The bandsman had them under excellent control; he everywhere took the time well and the instruments preserved it . . . I have seldom heard a regimental band more perfect than this handful of workmen, located far from any place where they might command the benefits of hearing other bands, in the mountains of Wales . . . Mr Crawshay . . . has shown what the intellectual capacity of the workman is equal to, and above all, he has provided a rational and refined amusement for classes whose leisure time would have been less creditably spent than in learning or listening to music. The habits and manners of these men appear to have been decidedly improved by these softening influences. For Hogarth – and for many, I suspect – band music was a healthy alternative to drinking, or worse. A photograph of the Cyfarthfa ensemble, taken in the mid-1850s (the earliest surviving photograph of a band), shows some twenty men grouped about a short flight of steps framed by columns, perhaps at the front of their employer’s mansion. They are smartly got up, their uniforms and caps making them indistinguishable from a military band. The full text of this book review is only available to subscribers of the London Review of Books.

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Teck said it spends about C$15-18 million (US$11.5-13.8 million) a year on water quality and aquatic health studies and monitoring. The reports have been prepared by professional scientists and are part of the Elk Valley Water Quality Plan, which was approved in 2014. The reports have been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMC), a group that provides science-based and Ktunaxa Traditional Knowledge advice and input to Teck and the BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy regarding monitoring designs and reports in the Elk Valley. The mining process in the area generates large quantities of leftover rock that contains naturally occurring substances such as selenium, an element that is essential for human and animal health in small amounts. Water from both precipitation and runoff flows through these rock piles and carries selenium and other substances, such as nitrate, into the local watershed. If present in high enough concentrations in the watershed, those substances can adversely affect aquatic health. Teck's goal is to implement solutions to stabilise and reverse the increasing trend of selenium and other substances to ensure the ongoing health of the watershed. Overall, Teck said, the report findings confirm that the targets for selenium and other substances established in the Elk Valley Water Quality Plan are appropriate and protective of aquatic life. They also indicate that while concentrations of selenium and other substances are generally trending as expected, they are not affecting fish populations. Effects on the percentage of some types of benthic invertebrates (certain types of mayflies) have been observed in specific downstream areas and further study work is being undertaken to determine the cause. Selenium and nitrate are the two constituents observed to most frequently exceed BC water quality guidelines, and, as such, are a primary focus of the initial implementation of the Elk Valley Water Quality Plan. Drinking water guidelines for selenium and nitrate are exceeded in some parts of the watershed, meaning that local health authorities should be consulted prior to use of surface water as a drinking water supply. It was also noted that groundwater from a small number (5 of 91) of wells exceeded the guideline for selenium. Further monitoring will be conducted of wells that exceed guidelines, as well as those that are within 30% of guideline. Marcia Smith, senior vice president, sustainability and external affairs, at Teck said: "Water quality is very important to communities, indigenous groups and the more than 4,000 Teck employees in the Elk Valley. "A lot of work continues to go into understanding water quality and aquatic health in the Elk River watershed, and we are pleased to share our data. We believe these reports will help people see the efforts underway to better understand and manage water quality in the area." Kathryn Teneese, Ktunaxa Nation council chair, said: "The Ktunaxa Nation Council is very pleased to learn that Teck will be providing public access to water-related environmental monitoring reports on their website. "There have been significant impacts to water in Qukin ʔamaʔkis (Elk Valley) due to coal mining, and transparency and a shared understanding of the current situation across indigenous, provincial, federal and state governments is important." Living Lakes Canada's executive director, Kat Hartwig, added: "Transparency from all sectors, including industry, is essential for more effective collaboration amongst First Nations and non-First Nations government, academia and community groups in order to address water quality and quantity challenges which are only intensifying with climate change."

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Shakespeare was in the business, all of his life, of probing the passions of his characters and arousing the passions of his audiences. His skill in doing so is almost universally acknowledged to have been unrivaled, but the inner sources of this skill remain largely unknown. Scholarship has tirelessly reconstructed at least something of his wide-ranging, eclectic reading, but his own passionate life—his access through personal experience and observation to the intense emotions he represents—is almost completely mysterious. None of his letters, working notes, diaries, or manuscripts (with the possible exception of “Hand D” in Sir Thomas More) survives. His sonnets have been ransacked for autobiographical evidence, but, though written in the first person, they are baffling, elusive, and probably deliberately opaque. Over centuries of feverish speculation, the most compelling reflections on the presence of Shakespeare’s emotional life in his plays—preeminently, James Joyce’s brilliant pages in Ulysses, but there are many others—have focused on Hamlet. This biographical attention to a work deriving from recycled materials and written for the public stage would seem inherently implausible, were it not for the overwhelming impression on readers and spectators alike that the play must have emerged in an unusually direct way from the playwright’s inner life, indeed that at moments the playwright was barely in control of his materials. I will attempt in what follows to trace Hamlet back to a personal experience of grief and to sketch a long-term aesthetic strategy that seems to have emerged from this experience. Sometime in the spring or summer of 1596 Shakespeare must have received word that his only son Hamnet, eleven years old, was ill. Whether in London or on tour with his company he would at best have only been able to receive news intermittently from his family in Stratford, but at some point in the summer he presumably learned that Hamnet’s condition had worsened and that it was necessary to drop everything and hurry home. By the time the father reached Stratford the boy—whom, apart from brief visits, Shakespeare had in effect abandoned in his infancy—may already have died. On August 11, 1596, Hamnet was buried at Holy Trinity Church: the clerk duly noted in the burial register, “Hamnet filius William Shakspere.” Unlike Ben Jonson and others who wrote grief-stricken poems about the loss of beloved children, Shakespeare published no elegies and left no direct record of his paternal feelings. It is sometimes said that parents in Shakespeare’s time could not afford to invest too much love and hope in any one child. One out of three children died by the age of ten, and overall mortality rates were by our standards exceedingly high. Death was a familiar spectacle; it took place at home, not out of sight. When Shakespeare was fourteen, his seven-year-old sister Anne died, and there must have been many other occasions for him to witness the death of children. In the four years following Hamnet’s death, the playwright, as many have pointed out, wrote some of his sunniest comedies: The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It. This fact is, for some, decisive evidence that the father’s grief must at most have been brief. But the plays of these years were by no means uniformly cheerful, and at moments they seem to reflect an experience of deep personal loss. In King John, probably written in 1596 just after the boy was laid to rest, Shakespeare depicted a mother so frantic at the loss of her son that she is driven to thoughts of suicide. Observing her, a clerical bystander remarks that she is mad, but she insists that she is perfectly sane: “I am not mad; I would to God I were!” Reason, she says, and not madness, has put the thoughts of suicide in her head, for it is her reason that tenaciously keeps hold of the image of her child. When she is accused of perversely insisting on her grief, she replies with an eloquent simplicity that breaks free from the tangled plot: Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words, Remembers me of all his gracious parts, Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form. If there is no secure link between these lines and the death of Ham-net, there is, at the very least, no reason to think that Shakespeare simply buried his son and moved on unscathed. He might have brooded inwardly and obsessively, even as he was making audiences laugh at Falstaff in love or at the wit contests of Beatrice and Benedick.1 Nor is it implausible that it took years for the trauma of his son’s death fully to erupt in Shakespeare’s work or that it was triggered by an accidental conjunction of names. For Hamnet and Hamlet are in fact the same name, entirely interchangeable in Stratford records in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare evidently named his son after his recusant neighbor and friend Hamnet Sadler, who was still alive in March 1616 when Shakespeare drew up his will and left 26 shillings, 8 pence to “Hamlett Sadler…to buy him a ringe.” Writing a play about Hamlet, in or around 1600, may not have been Shakespeare’s own idea. At least one play, now lost, about the Danish prince who avenges his father’s murder had already been performed on the English stage, successfully enough to be casually alluded to by contemporary writers, as if everyone had seen it or at least knew about it. Someone in the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, with an eye on revenues, may simply have suggested to Shakespeare that the time might be ripe for a new, improved version of the Hamlet story. For that matter, with his high stakes in the company’s profits, Shakespeare was sin- gularly alert to whatever attracted London crowds, and he had by now long experience of dusting off old plays and making them startlingly new. The likely author of the early play, Thomas Kyd, was no obstacle: he had died back in 1594, at the age of thirty-six, possibly broken by the torture inflicted upon him when he was interrogated about the charges of blasphemy and atheism brought against his roommate, Christopher Marlowe. In any case, neither Shakespeare nor his contemporaries were squeamish about stealing from each other. Shakespeare had certainly seen the earlier Hamlet play, probably on multiple occasions. When he set to work on his new tragedy, he likely had it by heart—or as much of it as he chose to remember. It is impossible to determine, in this case, whether he sat down with books open before him—as he clearly did, for example, in writing Antony and Cleopatra—or relied on his memory, but he had also certainly read one and probably more than one version of the old Danish tale of murder and revenge. At the very least, to judge from the play he wrote, he carefully read the story as narrated in French by François de Belleforest, whose collection of tragic tales was a publishing phenomenon in the late sixteenth century. Belleforest had taken the Hamlet story from a chronicle of Denmark compiled in Latin in the late twelfth century by a Dane known as Saxo the Grammarian. And Saxo in turn was recycling written and oral legends that reached back for centuries before him. Here then, as so often throughout his career, Shakespeare was working with known materials—a well-established story, a familiar cast of characters, a set of predictable excitements. If Shakespeare had died in 1600 it would have been difficult to think that anything was missing from his achievement and still more difficult to think that anything yet unrealized was brewing in his work. But Hamlet makes it clear that Shakespeare had been quietly, steadily developing a special technical skill. This development may have been entirely deliberate, the consequence of a clear, ongoing professional design, or it may have been more haphazard and opportunistic. The achievement was, in any case, gradual: not a sudden, once-and-for-all discovery or a grandiose invention, but the subtle refinement of a particular set of representational techniques. By the turn of the century Shakespeare was poised to make an epochal breakthrough. He had perfected the means to represent inwardness. The task of conveying an inner life is an immensely challenging one in drama, since what the audience sees and hears is always in some sense or other public utterance—the words that the characters say to one another or, in occasional asides and soliloquies, directly to the onlookers. Playwrights can pretend, of course, that the audience is overhearing a kind of internal monologue, but it is difficult to keep such monologues from sounding “stagey.” Richard III, written in 1591 or 1592, is hugely energetic and powerful, with a marvelous, unforgettable main character, but when that character, alone at night, reveals what is going on inside him, he sounds oddly wooden and artificial: It is now dead midnight. Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. What do I fear? Myself? There’s none else by. Richard loves Richard; that is, I am I. Is there a murderer here? No. Yes. I am. Then fly! What, from myself? Great reason. Why? Lest I revenge? Myself upon myself? Alack, I love myself. Wherefore? For any good That I myself have done unto myself? O no, alas, I rather hate myself For hateful deeds committed by myself. I am a villain. Yet I lie: I am not. Shakespeare is dramatizing his chronicle source, which states that Richard could not sleep on the eve of his death, because he felt unwonted pricks of conscience. But though it has a staccato vigor, the soliloquy, as a way of sketching inner conflict, is schematic and mechanical, as if within the character on stage there was simply another tiny stage on which puppets were performing a Punch-and-Judy show. In Richard II, written some three years later, there is a comparable moment that marks Shakespeare’s burgeoning skills. Deposed and imprisoned by his cousin Bolingbroke, the ruined king, shortly before his murder, looks within himself: I have been studying how I may compare This prison where I live unto the world; And for because the world is populous, And here is not a creature but myself, I cannot do it. Yet I’ll hammer it out. My brain I’ll prove the female to my soul, My soul the father, and these two beget A generation of still-breeding thoughts. Much of the difference between the two passages has to do with the very different characters: the one a murderous tyrant full of manic energy, the other a spoiled, narcissistic, self-destructive poet. But the turn from one character to the other is itself significant: it signals Shakespeare’s growing interest in the hidden processes of interiority. Locked in a windowless room, Richard II watches himself think, struggling to forge a metaphoric link between his prison and the world, reaching a dead end, and then forcing his imagination to renew the effort: “Yet I’ll hammer it out.” The world, crowded with people, is not, as he himself recognizes, remotely comparable to the solitude of his prison cell, but Richard wills himself to generate—out of what he pictures as the intercourse of his brain and soul—an imaginary populace. What he hammers out is a kind of inner theater, akin to that already found in Richard III’s soliloquy, but with a vastly increased complexity, subtlety, and above all self-consciousness. Now the character himself is fully aware that he has constructed such a theater, and he teases out the bleak implications of the imaginary world he has struggled to create: Thus play I in one person many people, And none contented. Sometimes am I king; Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar, And so I am. Then crushing penury Persuades me I was better when a king, Then am I kinged again, and by and by Think that I am unkinged by Bolingbroke, And straight am nothing. But whate’er I be, Nor I, nor any man that but man is, With nothing shall be pleased till he be eased With being nothing. Richard II characteristically rehearses the drama of his fall from kingship as a fall into nothingness and then fashions his experience of lost identity—“whate’er I be”—into an intricate poem of despair. Written in 1595, Richard II marked a major advance in the playwright’s ability to represent inwardness, but Julius Caesar, written four years later, shows that, not content with what he has mastered, Shakespeare subtly experimented with new techniques. Alone, pacing in his orchard in the middle of night, Brutus begins to speak: It must be by his death. And for my part I know no personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general. He would be crowned. How that might change his nature, there’s the question. It is the bright day that brings forth the adder, And that craves wary walking. Crown him: that! This soliloquy is far less fluid, less an elegant and self-conscious poetic meditation, than the prison soliloquy of Richard II. But it has something startlingly new: the unmistakable marks of actual thinking. Richard speaks of hammering it out, but the words he utters are already highly polished. Brutus’s words by contrast seem to flow immediately from the still inchoate toing-and-froing of his wavering mind, as he grapples with a set of momentous questions: How should he respond to the crowd’s desire to crown the ambitious Caesar? How can he balance his own personal friendship with Caesar against what he construes to be the general good? How might Caesar, who has thus far served that general good, change his nature and turn dangerous if he is crowned? “It must be by his death”: without prelude, the audience is launched into the midst of Brutus’s obsessive brooding. It is impossible to know if he is weighing a proposition, trying out a decision, reiterating words that someone else has spoken. He does not need to mention whose death he is contemplating, nor does he need to make clear—for it is already part of his thought—that it will be by assassination. Brutus is speaking to himself, and his words have the peculiar shorthand of the brain at work. “Crown him: that!”—the exclamation is barely comprehensible, except as a burst of passionate anger provoked by a phantasmatic image passing at that instant through the speaker’s mind. The spectators are pulled in eerily close, watching firsthand the forming of a fatal resolution—a determination to assassinate Caesar—that will change the world. A few moments later Brutus, intensely self-aware, describes for himself the molten state of consciousness in which he finds himself: Between the acting of a dreadful thing And the first motion, all the interim is Like a phantasma or a hideous dream. The genius and the mortal instruments Are then in counsel, and the state of man, Like to a little kingdom, suffers then The nature of an insurrection. Was it at this moment, in 1599, that Shakespeare first conceived of the possibility of writing about a character suspended, for virtually the whole length of a play, in this strange interim? Brutus himself is not such a character: by the middle of Julius Caesar, he has done the dreadful thing, the killing of his mentor and friend—possibly his own father—and the remainder of the play teases out the fatal consequences of his act. If Shakespeare did not grasp it at once, then certainly by the following year he understood perfectly that there was a character, already popular on the Elizabethan stage, whose life he could depict as one long phantasm or hideous dream. That character, the prince of the inward insurrection, was Hamlet. Even in its earliest-known medieval telling, Hamlet’s saga was the story of the long interval between the first motion—the initial impulse or design—and the acting of the dreadful thing. In Saxo the Grammarian’s account, the murder of Amleth’s father Horwendil (the equivalent of Shakespeare’s old King Hamlet) by his envious brother Feng (the equivalent of Claudius) was not a secret. Glossing over “fratricide with a show of righteousness,” the assassin claimed that Horwendil had been cruelly abusing his gentle wife Gerutha. In reality, the ruthless Feng had simply seized both his brother’s kingdom and his wife. No one was prepared to challenge the usurper. The only potential challenger was Horwen- dil’s young son Amleth, for by the time-honored code of this pre-Christian society a son was strictly obliged to avenge his father’s murder. Feng understood this code as well as anyone, so that it was reasonable to expect that he would quickly move to eliminate the future threat. If the boy did not instantly come up with a clever stratagem, his life would be exceedingly brief. In order to grow to adulthood—to survive long enough to be able to exact revenge—Amleth feigned madness, persuading his uncle that he could never pose a danger. Filthy and lethargic, he sat by the fire, aimlessly whittling away at small sticks and turning them into barbed hooks. Though the wary Feng repeatedly used intermediaries (the precursors of Shakespeare’s Ophelia, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern) to try to discern some hidden sparks of intelligence behind his nephew’s apparent idiocy, Amleth cunningly avoided detection. He bided his time, slipped out of traps, and made secret plans. Mocked as a fool, treated with contempt and derision, he eventually succeeded in burning to death Feng’s entire retinue and in running his uncle through with a sword. He summoned an assembly of nobles, explained why he had done what he had done, and was enthusiastically acclaimed as the new king. “Many could have been seen marvelling how he had concealed so subtle a plan over so long a space of time.” Amleth thus spends years in the interim state that Brutus can barely endure for a few days. Shakespeare had developed the means to represent the psychological experience of such a condition—something that neither Saxo nor his followers even dreamed of being able to do. He saw that the Hamlet story, ripe for revision, would enable him to make a play about what it is like to live inwardly in the queasy interval between a murderous design and its fulfillment. The problem, however, is that the theater is not particularly tolerant of long gestation periods: to represent the child Hamlet feigning idiocy for years in order to reach the age in which he could act would be exceedingly difficult to render dramatically exciting. The obvious solution, probably already reached in the lost play, is to start the action at the point in which Hamlet has come of age and is ready to undertake his act of revenge. In Saxo the Grammarian’s Hamlet, as in the popular tale by Belleforest, no ghost appeared. There was no need for a ghost, for the murder was public knowledge, as was the son’s obligation to take revenge. But when he set out to write his version of the Hamlet story, either following Kyd’s lead or on his own, Shakespeare made the murder a secret. Everyone in Denmark believes that old Hamlet was fatally stung by a serpent. The ghost appears in order to tell the terrible truth: “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown” (I.5.39–40). Shakespeare’s play begins just before the ghost reveals the murder to Hamlet and ends just after Hamlet exacts his revenge. Hence the decisive changes in the plot—from a public killing known to everyone to a secret murder revealed to Hamlet alone by the ghost of the murdered man—enabled the playwright to focus almost the entire tragedy on the consciousness of the hero suspended between his “first motion” and “the acting of a dreadful thing.” But something in the plot has to account for this suspension. After all, Hamlet is no longer, in this revised version, a child who needs to play for time, and the murderer has no reason to suspect that Hamlet has or can ever acquire any inkling of his crime. Far from keeping his distance from his nephew (or setting subtle tests for him), Claudius refuses to let Hamlet return to university, genially calls him “our chiefest courtier, cousin, and son,” and declares that he is next in succession to the throne. Once the ghost of his father has disclosed the actual cause of death—“Murder most foul, as in the best it is,/But this most foul, strange, and unnatural”—Hamlet, who has full access to the unguarded Claudius, is in the perfect position to act immediately. And such instantaneous response is precisely what Hamlet himself anticipates: Haste, haste me to know it, that with wings as swift As meditation or the thought of love May sweep to my revenge. The play should be over then by the end of the first act. But Hamlet emphatically does not sweep to his revenge. As soon as the ghost vanishes, he tells the sentries and his friend Horatio that he intends “to put an antic disposition on”—that is, to pretend to be mad. The behavior made perfect sense in the old version of the story, where it was a ruse to deflect suspicion and to buy time. The emblem of that time, and the proof of the avenger’s brilliant, long-term planning, were the wooden hooks that the boy Amleth, apparently deranged, endlessly whittled away on with his little knife. These were the means that, at the tale’s climax, Amleth used to secure a net over the sleeping courtiers, before he set the hall on fire. What had looked like mindless distraction turned out to be brilliantly strategic. But in Shakespeare Hamlet’s feigned madness is no longer coherently tactical. Shakespeare in effect wrecked the powerful and coherent plot that his sources conveniently provided him. And out of the wreckage he constructed what most modern audiences would regard as the best play that he had ever written. Far from offering a cover, the antic disposition leads the murderer to set close watch upon Hamlet, to turn to his counselor Polonius for advice, to discuss the problem with Gertrude, to observe Ophelia carefully, to send for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy upon their friend. Instead of leading the court to ignore him, Hamlet’s madness becomes the object of everyone’s endless speculation. And, strangely enough, the speculation sweeps Hamlet along with it: “I have of late—but wherefore I know not—lost all my mirth.” “But wherefore I know not”—Hamlet, entirely aware that he is speaking to court spies, does not breathe a word of his father’s ghost, but then it is not at all clear that the ghost is actually responsible for his profound depression. Already in the first scene in which he appears, before he has encountered the ghost, he is voicing to himself, as the innermost secret of his heart, virtually the identical disillusionment he discloses to the oily Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: O God, O God, How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie on’t, ah fie, fie! ‘Tis an unweeded garden That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature Possess it merely. His father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage, public events and not secret revelations, have driven him to thoughts of “self-slaughter.” By excising the strategic rationale for Hamlet’s madness, Shakespeare made it the central focus of the entire tragedy. The play’s key moment of psychological revelation—the moment that virtually everyone remembers—is not the hero’s plotting of revenge, not even his repeated, passionate self-reproach for inaction, but rather his contemplation of suicide: “To be or not to be; that is the question.” This suicidal urge has nothing to do with the ghost—indeed Hamlet has so far forgotten the apparition as to speak of death as “The undiscovered country from whose bourn/No traveller returns”—but rather with a soul-sickness brought on by one of the “thousand natural shocks/That flesh is heir to.” Hamlet marks a sufficient break in Shakespeare’s career as to suggest some more personal cause for his daring transformation both of his sources and of his whole way of writing. A simple index of this transformation is the astonishing rush of new words, words that he had never used before in some twenty-one plays and in two long poems. There are, scholars have calculated, more than six hundred of these words, many of them not only new to Shakespeare but also—compulsive, fanged, besmirch, intruding, overgrowth, pander, outbreak, unfledged, unimproved, unnerved, unpolluted, unweeded, to name only a few—new to the written record of the English language.2 Something must have been at work in Shakespeare, something powerful enough to call forth this linguistic explosion. As audiences and readers have long instinctively understood, passionate grief, provoked by the death of a loved one, lies at the heart of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Even if the decision to redo the old tragedy of Hamlet had come to Shakespeare from strictly commercial considerations, the coincidence of the names—the writing again and again of the name of his dead son as he composed the play—may have reopened a deep wound, a wound that had never properly healed. But, of course, in Hamlet it is the death not of a son but of a father that provokes the hero’s spiritual crisis. If the tragedy welled up from Shakespeare’s own life—if it can be traced back to the death of Hamnet and to the repeated writing of the name—something must have made the playwright link the loss of his child to the imagined loss of his father. I say “imagined” because Shakespeare’s father was buried in Holy Trinity churchyard on September 8, 1601: the handwriting may have been on the wall, but he was almost certainly still alive when the tragedy was written and may still have been alive when it was first performed. How might the father’s death have become bound up so closely in Shakespeare’s imagination with the son’s? Shakespeare undoubtedly returned to Stratford in 1596 for his son’s funeral. The minister, as the regulations required, would have met the corpse at the entry to the churchyard and accompanied it to the grave. Shakespeare must have stood there and listened to the words of the prescribed Protestant burial service. While the earth was thrown onto the body—perhaps by the father himself, perhaps by friends—the minister intoned the words, “Forasmuch as it hath pleased Almighty God of his great mercy to take upon himself the soul of our dear brother here departed, we therefore commit his body to the ground, earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust; in sure and certain hope of the Resurrection to eternal life.” Did Shakespeare find this simple, eloquent service adequate or was he tormented with a sense that something was missing? “What ceremony else?” cries Laertes, by the grave of his sis-ter Ophelia; “What ceremony else?” Ophelia’s funeral rites have been curtailed because she is suspected of the sin of suicide, and Laertes is both shallow and rash. But the question he repeatedly asks echoes throughout Hamlet, and it articulates a concern that extends beyond the boundaries of the play. Within living memory, the whole relationship between the living and the dead had been changed. Perhaps in conservative Lancashire, where Shakespeare may have sojourned briefly as a young man, if not closer to home, he could have seen the remnants of the old Catholic practice: candles burning night and day, crosses everywhere, bells tolling constantly, close relatives wailing and crossing themselves, neighbors visiting the corpse and saying over it a Pater noster or a De profundis, alms and food distributed in memory of the dead, priests secretly paid to say Masses to ease the soul’s perilous passage through Purgatory.3 All of this had come under attack for decades; everything had been scaled back, forced underground, or eliminated outright. Above all, it was now illegal to pray for the dead. Belief in Purgatory may well have been abused—plenty of pious Catholics thought it was—but it attempted to address fears and longings that did not simply vanish when people were told by the officials of the church and the state that the dead were beyond all earthly contact. Ceremony was not the only or even the principal issue: what mattered was whether the dead could continue to speak to the living, at least for a short time, whether the living could help the dead, whether a reciprocal bond remained. When Shakespeare stood in the churchyard, watching the dirt fall on the body of his son, did he think that his relationship with Hamnet was gone without a trace? Perhaps. But it is also possible that he found the service, with its deliberate refusal to address the dead child as a “thou,” its reduction of ritual, its narrowing of ceremony, its denial of any possibility of communication, painfully inadequate.4 And if he could make his peace with the Protestant understanding of these things, others close to him assuredly could not. His wife, Anne, must have stood at Hamnet’s grave, and so too Shakespeare’s parents, John and Mary. Indeed the grandparents had spent far more time with the boy than the father had, for while Shakespeare was in London, they were all living together in Stratford in the same house with their daughter-in-law and the three grandchildren. They had helped to raise Hamnet, and they must have tended Hamnet through his last illness. And about his parents’ beliefs with regard to the afterlife—specifically, about his father’s beliefs—there is some evidence. This evidence, which points to Catholic connections and half-concealed Catholic beliefs, suggests that John Shakespeare would have wanted something done for Hamnet’s soul, something that he perhaps appealed urgently to his son to do or that he undertook to do on his own. The arguments, or pleading, or tears that may have accompanied such appeals are irrevocably lost. But it is possible to surmise what Shakespeare’s father (and, presumably, his mother, linked by birth to a staunchly Cath-olic Warwickshire family) would have thought necessary, proper, charitable, loving, and, in a single word, Christian. Recusant Catholics, prevented from regular confession and communion, were often intensely fearful of a death that would prevent the ritual opportunity to settle the sinner’s accounts with God and to show appropriate, cleansing contrition. (This is precisely the death Hamlet’s father, murdered in his sleep, has suffered: “No reck’ning made, but sent to my account/With all my imperfections on my head./O, horrible! O, horrible! most horrible!”) Any stains that remained after death would have to be burned away in purgatorial agony, unless the living took steps to alleviate the suffering and reduce the afterlife prison term. In 1596, at the funeral of Hamnet, the issue would almost certainly have surfaced. The boy’s soul needed the help of those who loved and cared for him. John Shakespeare may well have urged his prosperous son William to pay for masses for the dead child, just as he no doubt wanted masses to be said for his own soul. For his father was getting old and would soon be in need of the “satisfactory works” that could shorten the duration of his agony in the afterlife. If this delicate subject was broached, did the playwright angrily shake his head no or instead quietly pay for clandestine masses for Hamnet’s soul? Did he tell his father that he could not give his son—or, looking ahead, that he would not give his father—what he craved? Did he say that he no longer believed in the whole story of the terrible prison house, poised between heaven and hell, where the sins done in life were burned and purged away? Whatever he determined at the time, Shakespeare must have still been brooding in late 1600 and early 1601, when he sat down to write a tragedy whose doomed hero bore the name of his dead son. His thoughts may have been intensified by news that his elderly father was seriously ill back in Stratford, for the thought of his father’s death is deeply woven into the play. And the death of his son and the impending death of his father—a crisis of mourning and memory—could have caused a psychic disturbance that helps to explain the explosive power and inwardness of Hamlet. All funerals invite those who stand by the grave to think about what, if anything, they believe in. But the funeral of one’s own child does more than this: it compels parents to ask questions of God and the universe. Shakespeare must have attended the regular services in his Protestant parish; otherwise his name would have turned up on lists of recusants. But did he believe what he heard and recited? His works suggest that he did have faith, of a sort, but it was not a faith securely bound either by the Catholic Church or by the Church of England. By the late 1590s, insofar as his faith could be situated in any institution at all, that institution was the theater, and not only in the sense that his profoundest energies and expectations were all focused there. Shakespeare grasped that crucial death rituals in his culture had been gutted. He may have felt this with enormous pain at his son’s graveside. But he also believed that the theater—and his theatrical art in particular—could tap into the great reservoir of passionate feelings that, for him and for thousands of his contemporaries, no longer had a satisfactory outlet. The religious reformation was in effect offering him an extraordinary gift—the broken fragments of what had been a rich, complex edifice—and he knew how to accept and use this gift. He was hardly indifferent to the success he could achieve, but it was not a matter of profit alone. Shakespeare drew upon the confusion, pity, and dread of death in a world of damaged rituals—the world in which most of us continue to live—because he himself experienced those same emotions in 1596, at the funeral of his child, and later, in anticipation of his father’s death. He responded not with prayers but with the deepest expression of his being: Hamlet. With Hamlet Shakespeare made a discovery by means of which he relaunched his entire career. The crucial breakthrough did not involve developing new themes or learning how to construct a shapelier plot; it had to do rather with an intense representation of inwardness called forth by a new technique of radical excision. He had rethought how to put a tragedy together—specifically, he had rethought the amount of causal explanation a tragic plot needed to function effectively and the amount of explicit psychological rationale a character needed to be strongly convincing. Shakespeare found that he could immeasurably deepen the effect of his plays—that he could provoke in the audience and himself a peculiarly passionate intensity of response—if he took out a key explanatory element, thereby occluding the rationale, motivation, or ethical principle that accounted for the action to be unfolded. The principle was not the making of a riddle to be solved, but the creation of a strategic opacity. This opacity, Shakespeare found, released an enormous energy that had been at least partially blocked or contained by familiar, reassuring explanations. Shakespeare’s work had long been wryly skeptical of official explanations and excuses—the accounts, whether psychological or theological, of why peo- ple behave the way they do. His plays had suggested that the choices people make in love are almost entirely inexplicable and irrational—that is the conviction that generates the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the tragedy in Romeo and Juliet. But at least love was the clearly identifiable motive. With Hamlet, Shakespeare found that if he refused to provide himself or his audience with a familiar, comforting rationale that seems to make it all make sense, he could get to something immeasurably deeper. The key is not simply the creation of opacity, for by itself that would only create a baffling or incoherent play. Rather, Shakespeare came increasingly to rely on the inward logic, the poetic coherence that his genius and his immensely hard work had long enabled him to confer on his plays. Tearing away the structure of superficial meanings, he fashioned an inner structure through the resonant echoing of key terms, the subtle development of images, the brilliant orchestration of scenes, the complex unfolding of ideas, the intertwining of parallel plots, the uncovering of psychological obsessions. This conceptual breakthrough in Hamlet was technical—that is, it affected the practical choices Shakespeare made when he put plays together, starting with the enigma of the prince’s suicidal melancholy and assumed madness. But it was not only a new aesthetic strategy. The excision of motive must have arisen from something more than technical experimentation; coming in the wake of Hamnet’s death, it expressed Shakespeare’s deepest perception of existence, his understanding of what could be said and what should remain unspoken, his preference for things untidy, damaged, and unresolved over things neatly arranged, well made, and settled. The opacity was shaped by his experience of the world and of his own inner life: his skepticism, his pain, his sense of broken rituals, his refusal of easy consolations. In “Death in the Family: The Loss of a Son and the Rise of Shakespearean Comedy,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 51 (2000), pp. 127–153, Richard P. Wheeler argues that the death of Hamnet left significant traces in the great comedies, particularly in Twelfth Night. ↩ See G.R. Hibbard, The Oxford Shakespeare: Hamlet (Oxford University Press, 1987). ↩ For the claim that William Shakespeare was the “Shakeshafte” mentioned in the will of a wealthy Catholic magnate in Lancashire, see Richard Wilson, Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion, and Resistance (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004). For a sharply dissenting view, see Rob- ert Bearman, “‘Was William Shakespeare William Shakeshafte?’ Revisited,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 53 (2002), pp. 83–94. Bearman’s arguments are in turn countered by E.A.J. Honigmann, “The Shakespeare/Shakeshafte Question, Continued,” Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 54 (2003), pp. 83–86. The argument is likely to continue. ↩ In The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–c. 1580 (Yale University Press, 1992), Eamon Duffy gives a rich and eloquent account of the consequences to the community and the individual of the Reformation assault on Catholic ritual practices. Duffy tends to assume that those practices were almost universally efficacious, an assumption one can certainly call into question. It is less easy to call into question the cumulative force of changes that a recent scholar has characterized as a cultural revolution: see James Simpson, The Oxford English Literary History: 1350– 1547: Reform and Cultural Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2002). ↩

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|Posted on August 14, 2017 at 2:40 PM| We have been taught about the Revolutionary War battles of Bunker Hill and Yorktown but the Battle of Piqua (also called the Battle of Peckuwe) may have slipped our educators notice. It was the largest military engagement of the Revolutionary War west of the Allegheny Mountains and would greatly influence a 12 year old boy named Tecumseh. Today the location of the Shawnee Village Piqua and battlefield is being preserved and is located just outside the George Rogers Clark Park. A monument of Colonel Clark overlooks the battle site honoring both sides of this important conflict. The Davidson Interpretive Center is located at the battle site and offers displays and exhibits concerning both the battle and Shawnee village life. The center is open Monday - Friday. Piqua, Ohio, about a 45 minute drive up Interstate 75. Visit the Official Website of the Piqua Shawnee Tribe www.piquashawnee.com

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Zoomable map of the US and Canada pinpoints everyone with a dot. (Credit: Brandon Martin-Anderson/Census Dotmap) Now this is something different: an interactive and zoomable map of the United States and Canada, made not from political boundaries or geographic landforms but rather of tiny dots — 341,817, 095 of them, to be exact — each one representing an individual person counted in the 2010 (US) and 2011 (Canada) censuses. There’s no other feature on this map except those dots, each randomly placed within the regional blocks used by the census, yet we still end up with a very recognizable structure. So if you were listed in either of these censuses, you helped to make this map! The Census Dotmap is a project by Brandon Martin-Anderson, who wanted an image of human settlement patterns that didn’t use political boundaries. He wrote a script that organized all the census data into points that got drawn into the block-level counts… well, you can see more about how he made it here. (Just how accurate are population counts? According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 count was “exemplary”… although renters and certain minority groups are traditionally undercounted.) Dotmap of the Vancouver, BC area The bottom line is that this is really interesting to explore… if you live in a somewhat remote area, and you see a dot there, most likely that’s you! (It’s a little harder to determine who’s who in the more populated areas… the dots don’t pinpoint specific street addresses.) And yes, Alaska and Hawaii are on there too… they just didn’t fit in the screenshot above. In fact all of northern Canada is there too, the dots are just very few and widely spaced out. But it’s not blank. Check it out… you can even buy a print of the entire map, or a particular region or city. Now that’s leaving your mark on the world! Credit: Brandon Martin-Anderson. Tip of the hat to Inkwell Communications.

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Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy and HIV in Bafoussam, Cameroon Che Gilbert, Ambe MetadataShow full item record Adolescent pregnancies contribute significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality accounting for 23% of the overall burden of disease due to pregnancy and childbirth among women of all ages. Pregnancy in adolescence is also associated with HIV infection and a fourfold risk of maternal mortality among adolescents younger than 16 years of age. HIV positive adolescents, even when on highly active antiretroviral therapy, are less likely than adults to achieve viral suppression and hence have a higher morbidity and carry a higher risk of spreading the infection, compared to adults.

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|In this article, for the occasion of the International Day of Families observed on 15th May, Dr Miguel Cano Jiménez discusses the importance of the family for the establishment of a peaceful society and world, describing it as the basic unit or brick with which society and the world are built.| Social or community ethics aims to guarantee stability, cohesion and common happiness in the family, society, nation or world. Given that the family is the first and simplest social unit in which people are born, raised and educated, and that the desire to form a family is one of the most basic and universal human aspirations, we begin with the study of family ethics. Families are the basic units or bricks with which society and the world are built Families are like the cells of the social organism. Individuals cannot be these basic units or cells of society because, among other reasons, they cannot multiply or reproduce by themselves. In addition, the family structure is present universally in virtually all past and present cultures and societies, and all historical attempts to establish communities or societies trying to eliminate the family structure ended up in complete failure. The family is a microcosm of the universe The family is a microcosm that is governed by natural laws and unchanging moral laws. In fact, in the universe all beings and things exist in the form of pairs of masculine and feminine entities, and the most simple and general law of the cosmos is the universality of reciprocal interactions between pairs of complementary entities, or law of giving and receiving. These interactions are the ones that guarantee the existence, movement, stability and cohesion of all the systems of the universe. Similarly, the harmonious union between husband and wife is governed by that same general law that governs the universe; that is to say, it is realized through relationships consisting of the mutual exchange of love, care and services, which are the ones that guarantee the existence, multiplication, stability and happiness of the family. Universal and invariable family rules and conventional and variable rules For this reason, there are universal family norms which are invariable moral laws, such as the universal precepts of filial piety, conjugal fidelity, fraternity and paternal and maternal sacrificial love, as well as the prohibitions against incest and adultery. Proof of this is that the violation of these rules causes the deterioration or disruption of the give and take circuit between family members and the destruction of harmony and family happiness. In addition to these unchanging moral laws, in the family there are other less important or secondary rules or norms that are conventional and variable, such as the particular division of tasks or social roles. The role of the family as moral maker The most natural place, the most favorable circumstances and the most beneficial environment for human beings to form their character and conscience, acquire good habits and reach moral maturity or self-control is or should be the family. The majority of educators and psychologists, as well as all religions, agree on highlighting the extraordinary importance of the family in the moral development of individuals. The family: School of love, virtues and respect for norms We can affirm, then, that the family is the school of love, virtues and norms, as Reverend Sun Myung Moon emphasized in many of his lectures: The family is the school of love; it is the most important school in life. Within the family, children cultivate the depth and breadth of their heart to love others. It is education of love and emotion that only parents can provide, and it becomes the foundation stone to form the children’s character. The family is also the school teaching virtues, norms and manners. It is the way of Heaven that people receive academic education, physical education and technical education on the foundation of this primary education of heart and virtues. The family is the school of love par excellence in which the education of the heart is imparted The education of the heart is what teaches the most important and fundamental human needs, that is, to learn to give and receive love, to love and to be loved. First, children learn to receive love and, to a lesser extent, to give. As they grow, they cultivate their capacity to give love so that in the juvenile age they exercise in a reciprocal giving and receiving. And later, through experiencing conjugal and parental love, they develop even more the capacity to give love, to the point of being able to love unconditionally, that is, with the simple aim of making others happy. In this way, they may progress towards a moral maturity leaving behind the children's egocentric motivations, passing through the young people’s motivations of expectations of shared happiness, until reaching the unselfish and sacrificial motivations of parents. The family is the school where the more elementary good habits or virtues are cultivated, as well as the respect for the most basic moral norms In the first stage in which the children are dependent on them, trust and filial piety towards the parents is cultivated. At the same time, because of this trust and stimulated by rewards and punishments, the child learns to respect the elementary moral norms that their parents inculcate in them, such as not lying, not stealing, not hurting oneself or others, and sharing things or helping others. In the second juvenile stage of autonomy or independence, honesty, reciprocity, cooperation, trust and mutual help are cultivated, and moral norms learned to be respected, not because the parents dictate them, but by the call of the children’s own conscience. For example, they do not lie because this could break the relationships of love and mutual trust with friends or colleagues. Later, when a family is formed and children are born, the third stage of interdependence begins, in which one can cultivate mutual fidelity, benevolence, compassion and sacrificial capacity, as well as developing unconditional respect for certain universal moral norms, even if their observance is detrimental to themselves. The most essential and important education is the education of the heart Therefore, three types of education are imparted in the family; the education of the heart, the education of character or virtues, and the education of duty or respect for norms. However, the most essential and important is the education of the heart, which teaches to cultivate the potential or capacity to give love in an altruistic and sacrificial way. This is because human beings have been configured to experience maximum happiness or joy through establishing stable, fluid and intense relationships of reciprocal exchanges with their loved ones, namely, giving and receiving love, loving and being loved. In these relationships of love, persons find their identity, their value and the meaning of their lives. It is precisely this cultivation of the capacity to give love for the simple purpose of making others happy which guarantees the stability, fluidity and continuity of relationships and, therefore, maximizes the degree of shared joy and happiness. In fact, the formation of the character or acquisition of virtues and the respect for norms are only means to reach that end, just like being a good driver and respecting the traffic rules are only means to arrive safely at the desired destination. Reverend Sun Myung Moon even assigns a divine and eternal dimension to the parental, conjugal and filial love that is experienced in the family, as can be seen in this quote: God’s love abides where parents, husband and wife, and children are united in love. Where these three kinds of love come together, God dwells absolutely and for eternity. This family is God’s dwelling-place. Wherever there is unchanging parental love, unchanging conjugal love, and unchanging children’s love, God is always present. Author: Miguel Angel Cano Jiménez Philosopher, teacher and author of numerous books about peace education Dr Miguel Cano has a PhD in Philosophy and Educational Sciences and has taught philosophy for 15 years in a Senior High School in Spain. He has published 3 Books in Spanish language: “Science and Values”, “Global Ethics Consensus” and “Ethics and Peace”. He is currently in the process of translating them into the English language. He also organizes meetings with professors and educators in Spain to teach them the contents of his books. Sun Myung Moon, Speech Collection Books, Seoul, HSA-UWC, 271:80, (August 22, 1995). Sun Myung Moon, Speech Collection Books, Seoul, HSA-UWC, 131:112, (April 22, 1984).

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Five things you were afraid to know. In Excel, VLOOKUP is probably more feared than Pivot Tables. While the name stands for “Vertical Lookup”, VLOOKUP is most used to merge data from another Excel sheet (or tab) to the one you are currently working. For example, inventory descriptions may be in one Excel sheet and you need to place them in a column next to the inventory number in the current Excel sheet. Using sales representative details, this article will discuss the ins and outs of using VLOOKUP by way of five helpful tips. Assume your information technology (I.T.) department has just delivered a 1,000+ row data set showing all of the year-to-date (YTD) sales invoices. As you can see in this figure, they provided Rep ID numbers instead of the actual sales representatives’ names. In another sheet, a list is given that maps Rep ID numbers with the names, yet this is not very useful in a separate sheet. Using VLOOKUP, the Rep Name column will be added to each sales invoice using the Rep ID field as the map between the two sheets. In order for VLOOKUP to work, these simple rules must be followed: a) The left column of the lookup table needs to contain the key field. In this case, that will be the Rep ID field in column H. b) The values in the key field need to be the same type as the values in your database. In this example, the Rep ID field in both data sets is stored as text, with three digits. This will allow the VLOOKUP to work. Therefore, if the sales invoice register used a numeric 55 as the Rep ID for April Garza, the sales representative sheet must also have a numeric 55 and not a text based 055. The VLOOKUP requires four arguments: VLOOKUP(Lookup Value, Table Array, Column Index Number, Range Lookup) Lookup Value — This is the rep number that you are trying to find. In the current example, it would be the value in C2. Table Array — This is the range that contains the key field in the first column and the lookup values to be returned in the subsequent columns. You will specify this as an absolute reference, such as $H$2:$I$21. The dollar signs ensure that Excel always points to this range, even as the formula is copied down the worksheet. Column Index Number — In the current example, a column number of one would return the rep number found in column H and a column number of two would return the rep name. Range Lookup — For an exact match, use the value FALSE for the fourth parameter. In example number seven, you will see when to use TRUE. To quickly copy the formula down to all of your rows of data, double click the fill handle (the square dot) in the lower right corner of cell F2. Excel will quickly copy the formula and you will have filled in all of the rep names. 2. #N/A values indicate missing values in the lookup table It is always possible that a new sales rep was hired since last creating the sales rep lookup table. A quick scan of the VLOOKUP column’s results is useful to find the values that returned #N/A. This indicates that the Rep ID from the invoice sheet was not found in the lookup table. If there are too many records to easily scan, sort the dataset in descending order by the column filled with VLOOKUP. Any error cells will come to the top of the dataset in a descending sort. In the example, it looks like a new sales rep 199 was recently hired: Tip: When you add the new sales rep to your lookup table, insert them into the middle of the range. Your lookup table does not need to be sorted, and this will prevent you from having to reenter the VLOOKUP formula: 3. Prevent #N/A Errors in VLOOKUP If you want to prevent any #N/A errors in your VLOOKUP, you would have to use a series of functions: =IFERROR() will return TRUE if the result of the VLOOKUP is an error. You could also use =ISNA(). =IF() can be used to test if the ISERROR() returns True. If an error is returned, then specify alternate text to be used, perhaps “Unknown Rep.” If an error is not returned, then you have Excel put in the results of the VLOOKUP. The following formula will replace the #N/A errors with alternate text. 6. Convert your lookup values to be the same type and format as the lookup table. If none of the VLOOKUPs are working (all are returning a #N/A), it is possible that either the lookup value or the first column of the lookup table are in the wrong format. In this case, the values in column C are numeric and the values in column J are text. Use a function to transform C2 to the proper format and the VLOOKUPs will work: In this case the =TEXT() function converted numeric values to text with three digits. Some other useful functions for transforming data: =UPPER() will convert text to upper case =LOWER() will convert text to lower case =PROPER() will convert text to proper case =TRIM() will remove leading and trailing spaces from text =VALUE() will convert numbers stored as text to values. 5. Abandon the Exact Match argument to get a “fuzzy” match. The fourth argument in the VLOOKUP function is to add “FALSE” which tells Excel to look for an exact match. Occasionally, you might be trying to find the nearest value within a range of values. Say that your commission plan pays a base rate of one percent. Sales over $5,000 earn 1.1 percent. Sales over $12,500 earn 1.25 percent. Sales over $18,000 earn 1.35 percent. You could set up a special version of a lookup table with the lower limit of each range specified in the first column: You would then change the fourth parameter of the VLOOKUP to TRUE to allow a range lookup. Excel will select the lower value in the range (so for a value of $10,000, it will match to the $5,000 row). This approach can be used for names, addresses and Excel will do its best to find the closest matching record, just like it did in the range example above. VLOOKUP is one of Excel’s most powerful features as it allows for less data entry by joining multiple sheets worth of information. Try it the next time you need to compare multiple sheets together or simply to save some data entry.

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Fraud and financial crimes are a form of theft or larceny that occur when a person or entity takes money or property for their own use, or uses them in an illicit manner for their personal benefit. These crimes typically involve some form of deceit, subterfuge or the abuse of a position of trust, which distinguishes them from common theft or robbery. For most countries, one of the financial crimes which is more difficult to prevent, detect and prosecute is money laundering. Money laundering is the process in which the proceeds of crime are transformed into apparently legitimate money or other assets. These kind of processes usually follow specific transaction patterns that can be simplified as the following (see figure 1): 1) Collecting the money coming from illegal activities. 2) Placing it into a depositary institution. 3) Adding a layer to the transaction (such as a payment of a false invoice or a loan to another company). 4) Integrating the money into the financial system by purchasing financial/industrial investments, luxury assets etc. All the information regarding these transactions is registered by the banks and financial entities that take part in the process, and it can be represented as a graph, being each entity (person, company, organization…) involved a node and each transaction an edge of the network. Then, a fraud detection application would compare the before-hand known transaction patterns of previous prosecuted fraud cases with the patterns of our network to analyze if there are common points between them. Figure 2 is an example of a graph representing a money laundering fraud. In this case, Subject X transfers the illicit proceeds to the associate Company Y (placement), which pays a false invoice coming from Company Z. Company Z makes a loan to Company Y for the same amount than the false invoice, adding a layer to the process and making the fraud more difficult to spot. More layers can be added at this point, for instance, purchasing chips on a casino and changing them again for their value. Then, Company Y invests on a legit financial institution to integrate the money into the financial system, and finally it withdraws the capital transferring the earnings back to Subject X, who receives the “clean” money. As you can glimpse from Figure 2 a graph representation of the information would help us to more easily identify the loop that makes Subject X suspect of a possible fraudulent transaction. Although all the connections happen necessarily at a specific point of time -e.g. Company Y cannot transfer the “clean” money to Subject X before making all the other transactions- note that we don’t need this information to compare one pattern to another. Other similar use cases involving graph databases for fraud detection include tax evasion and illegal funding, where the key aspect also lies into searching known irregular patterns in the transactions graph. If you want to know more about graph database use cases, scenarios and success stories, you can search for the “use case” tag on the blog or visit the “scenarios” section of our website. Remember that you can download Sparksee 5.1 for free and use it for your project!

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Click a letter to see a list of conditions beginning with that letter. Click 'Topic Index' to return to the index for the current topic. Click 'Library Index' to return to the listing of all topics. Health Tip: Recognize Symptoms of Gallstones (HealthDay News) -- Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder contains a fluid called bile that is released in the small intestine to aid digestion. Gallstones can vary from the size of a grain of sand to that of a golf ball, the Mayo Clinic says. Some gallstones are small enough to be passed without symptoms. However, if there's significant pain or discomfort, surgery may be needed. Mayo mentions some potential symptoms of gallstones: Sudden and intense pain in the upper-right abdomen, or in the center of the abdomen just below the breastbone. Back pain between the shoulder blades. Pain in the right shoulder. Nausea or vomiting. Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. High fever with chills. Copyright ©2017 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

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Democracy is easily taken for granted but sorely missed if it is taken away and some new resources from Cool Australia in partnership with the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) explore the nature and origins of our democratic freedoms. The launch of the Story of Our Rights and Freedoms curriculum unit coincides with the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the defining document for human rights in the modern age. The 18-lesson unit for Years 7–10 will broaden students’ understanding of democracy and its function throughout history with curriculum for history and civics and citizenship classes. Download the lessons at the Cool Australia site. All lessons include videos and activities about human rights with a focus on relevant legislation and particular issues that affect individuals and groups both locally and internationally. The lessons have been built with accessibility in mind and are compliant with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. Cool Australia’s Founder and MD Jason Kimberley said Cool Australia was thrilled to collaborate with the AHRC to provide teachers with an engaging and interactive set of learning tools that are linked to the Australian Curriculum. “The Story of Our Rights and Freedoms will inform young people about their rights and freedoms as well as build 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, team work, communication and creative thinking,” he said. AHRC President Emeritus Professor Rosalind Croucher AO said education had the power to bring about positive change in communities across Australia. “One of the core functions of the Australian Human Rights Commission is to promote an understanding and public discussion in Australia about rights and responsibilities in relation to human rights,” she said. “Our newest series of resources will support Australian teachers and students to deepen their understanding of the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and some of the other core elements that underpin the protection of our rights and freedoms in Australia today.” Recommendations provide clear steps to maintain or improve the high standards of the teaching profession, strengthen child safety, and streamline teacher registration across Australia. Read More It’s now settled, parents’ incomes will be the basis of funding provided to schools, the approach is fairer but some sectors will be better off than others. Minister Dan Tehan’s extension of 2018 funding arrangements to 2019 provides immediate certainty for schools planning for the new year, while allowing time for further work to be undertaken on the issue. Read More The more things change the more they don’t, especially when it comes to graduate earning potential says the Grattan Institute’s Mapping Australian Higher Education report. Read More

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The UK’s ability to innovate and advance is threatened by the chronic STEM skills gap. Bold moves are needed to shift young people’s negative perceptions of STEM subjects and prepare them with 21st century skills and competencies to thrive in a digital world. Multi-stakeholder partnerships are key in helping to tackle the ongoing problem, particularly with the gender gap; no one organisation can do this alone. From the classroom to the boardroom, there is an urgency to develop these partnerships to help empower girls from the start of their career through strong role models and positive reinforcement. In almost every society, gender stereotyping is evident from an early age and is shaped by ideas passed on from parents, family member and by society. Having strong role models is important to help break down gender stereotypes that can have such a profound effect on girls and their future career choices. Teachers are, of course, influential role models from an early age can but also have unconscious bias – as we all do. A crucial step towards making a positive impact as role models, is to understand our own bias’s – and CA Technologies has taken this forward by rolling out unconscious bias training sessions to all staff but also to teachers via its STEM Ambassador Academy which launched this week. Educating teachers and giving them the platform to understand their own unconscious biases allows them to identify and manage stereotyping in the classroom. It is also important to give young girls the opportunity to see what exciting STEM careers look like. Following the success of People Like Me, WISE is collaborating with techUK on an ambitious plan to reach 200,000 girls, showing them that STEM subjects will open doors to a variety of jobs to suit their personality type. The digital platform will help girls to navigate the resources and explore exciting STEM opportunities. Training for teachers, parents and STEM Ambassadors to deliver the People Like Me resource will launch in April via an online platform. Find out more by contacting email@example.com. Change won’t wait for us; no single organisation can solve the problem. Business leaders, educators and government need to work together to address the skills gap. Addressing gender stereotyping is complex and multifaceted, and for substantial change to happen we must work collaboratively. International Women’s Day provides the opportunity to reflect on how far we have come, but also how much more there is to do. There is still a long way to go, the question is, what are you going to do? To see more posts like this, please visit the campaign week landing page.

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This is is an important paper as it discusses the impact of feedback mechanisms on climate change. The key recommendation is that if humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggests that CO2 levels will need to be reduced from the current levels of around 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm. Hansen says that once we understand that our climate is now far out of equilibrium because of current climate ‘forcings’ this “raises the spectre of ‘tipping points’; the concept that climate can reach a point where, without additional forcing, rapid changes proceed practically out of our control.” He gives the dramatic loss of Arctic sea ice and the changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet as examples of potential tipping points. He says that Arctic sea ice loss is magnified by the positive feedback of increased absorption of sunlight as global warming initiates sea ice retreat. In addition he notes that West Antarctic ice loss can be accelerated by several feedbacks, once ice loss is substantial. In the article Hansen says that alpine glaciers are in near-global retreat, and that , glacier loss will mean long summers of frequently dry rivers. The areas affected will include those areas watered by rivers originating in the Himalayas, the Andes and the Rocky Mountains that currently supply water to hundreds of millions of people. He says that, “Present glacier retreat, and warming in the pipeline, indicate that 385 ppm CO2 is already a threat.” Hansen also says that today’s 385 ppm CO2 means that we are already committed to sea level rise of at least several meters, judging from paleoclimate history. There is also heightened concerns about ice sheet stability, losses from Greenland and West Antarctica are growing. Therefore an initial CO2 target of 350 ppm, will need to be reassessed in the light of observations, the critical need is to restore the planetary energy balance. This is an important paper and will provide information to the debate about the need to drop ZERO CO2 targets in favour of NEGATIVE CO2 targets. Hansen’s work on tipping points is also important and needs to be understood in the light of other work on abrupt climate change. Download the paper: http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TargetCO2_20080407.pdf

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I recently traveled to South Sudan to investigate efforts to address trauma in a region that has experienced nearly 27 years of war since the 1980s. As a global development professional and trauma educator, I don’t need to be convinced of the need to address trauma as part of a portfolio of peacebuilding activities. Encouragingly, an increasing number of international donors and organizations are beginning to examine—and program around—the link between trauma and violence. Over the past two years, for example, the U.S. Agency for International Development in South Sudan has funded Morning Star, a local trauma awareness and resilience program based on Eastern Mennonite University’s STAR curriculum and training. Morning Star, like its parent program Strategies for Trauma Awareness & Resilience (STAR), is based on a framework first developed by the Center for Strategic and International Studies and later tested and adapted by peacebuilding practitioners, among them Olga Botcharova and Barry Hart. The STAR model, “Breaking Cycles of Violence, Building Resilience,” pictured below, links unhealed trauma with conflict and cycles of violence, drawing on a body of evidence from disciplines including neurobiology, psychology, restorative justice, and conflict transformation. Source: Eastern Mennonite University Experiencing traumatic events can cause people to get stuck in cycles of violence, depicted in the model as two closed-loop circles: “acting in” (manifesting in behaviors such as substance abuse, suicidal tendencies, rage, and fantasies of revenge and humiliation) and “acting out” (manifested as domestic abuse, for example, susceptibility to good vs. evil narratives, criminal activity, and violence in the name of honor, justice, or self-defense). These cycles of violence beget violence, and, in turn, more trauma. Only once individuals and groups break from these cycles can they sustainably support peace at the micro or macro level. In the STAR model, addressing unhealed trauma and its accompanying symptoms, attitudes, narratives, or behaviors is a prerequisite to embarking on the road to sustainable peace, whether that process entails truth telling, creating helpful historical narratives, memorializing those harmed, or administering justice, reconciliation, or social healing. In South Sudan, Morning Star delivers three- to five-day trainings based on this framework, offering young people, community leaders, clergy, civil society organizations, and health workers: - An understanding of how trauma affects the brain and body; - Capacity to identify cycles of violence in themselves, their families, and communities; - Practical tools to address unhealed trauma in their sphere of influence; and - A path to begin the journey to healing, reconciliation, and peace. The Morning Star team believes that people equipped with such knowledge and tools will be better able to draw on inner, familial, and cultural resources to begin to heal themselves and others, and prevent or end cycles of violence (this kind of intervention would not apply to acute or clinically diagnosed cases of trauma). Other development actors in South Sudan are realizing the potential of trauma healing. The Foundation for Democracy and Accountable Governance (FODAG), a South Sudanese organization, recently started providing trauma awareness training in addition to its suite of democracy building activities. FODAG Executive Director Jame David Kolok explained to me that the foundation had begun collecting testimonies to support the case for future judicial processes but realized that in order to ask people to share their stories, the foundation would need to address trauma. FODAG’s realization is backed by science: Unhealed trauma can create real mental barriers that inhibit victims of violence from telling their stories. If victims can’t recount their stories, then truth telling, transitional justice, and reconciliation are out of reach. My research in Juba suggests a high demand for such trauma awareness training. After my meetings in South Sudan, for instance, several people emailed me asking how they could access trauma training for themselves or their communities. Similarly, the Morning Star master trainers can’t keep up with demand; as soon as they finish a training, they begin fielding calls from participants requesting training on behalf of others or asking for additional resources. How can we develop a coherent, evidence-based, and thoroughly evaluated strategy for fully integrating trauma healing into development programming in post-conflict contexts? Building on the foundation established by pioneers such as Morning Star, I offer three areas on which to focus: - Develop a robust monitoring and evaluation strategy: At present, the Morning Star program measures pre- and post-training knowledge of trauma and collects anecdotal evidence of impact. Ultimately, however, we need to demonstrate that trauma awareness and healing services have a positive impact on attitudes and behaviors, empowering beneficiaries to choose peaceful responses to violent provocations or local conflict, as well as actively support peace during national and local peace processes. - Define “do no harm” principles in trauma programming: Addressing trauma, even if it’s just education, is psychosocial work—we’re addressing a phenomenon rooted in the deeper layers of the mind and body. How deeply can we go in communities where there is no mental health infrastructure? Can we responsibly train community health workers in this sensitive work? For people who have learned to dissociate to survive, do we do more harm than good by resurfacing trauma in a context where clinical psychiatric resources are minimal? These are questions we should examine closely. - Think strategically and unconventionally about who to target for trauma activities: Given short program life cycles and limited funding, we must be strategic about who we reach with training and services. How do we decide who to train to have the most impact on cycles of violence? We might want to target community-level and national influencers—in a place such as South Sudan that might be clergy, traditional leaders, or government officials—but we’ll also need to reach current and potential perpetrators of violence, such as military or militia leaders, acknowledging that they are also likely victims of violence acting out their trauma. We might also want to target youth, as their resiliency is so critical to the future stability of a nation. The strategy will differ for each program and context, but if we want to break cycles of violence we’ll need to think and program beyond our comfort zone.

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Literally, a Welsh chieftain or leader. From the Welsh verb, tywys "to lead"; plural tywysogion. In medieval Welsh law a tywysog was simply the holder of one or more commotes, over which the tywysog would exercise the authority of a king - each commote was therefore a kingdom in its own right. The tywysogion controlled the ownership of land, acted as judges and most importantly had the right to demand income from their subject population, either in the form of taxation or tribute. In practice commotes coalesced into kingdoms, where one dominant tywysog would be recognised as pre-eminent over the other tywysogion and be recognised as the king, and styled as such, for example, in Latin Rex Genedotae, King of Gwynedd. These combinations of commotes formed the basis for the Medieval kingdoms of Wales, and such kingships were hereditary. It was always important for kings to establish their legitimacy by demonstrating their descent from previous royal houses, irrespective of how they had come to power. A particularly successful tywysog who managed to obtain hegemony over all or most of Wales was likely to be honoured as Tywysog Cymru or King of Wales. Later, the English, or to be more precise their Norman conquerors, translated tywysog as prince, probably in order to emphasise the subordinate position of the Welsh kings. Hence Tywysog Cymru became the Prince of Wales, and Wales becomes known as The Principality. Modern Welsh follows this pattern and tywysog becames synonymous with prince and the word brenin has been coined to refer to king. But in the context of Medieval Wales it is more sensible to speak of kings and kingdoms for that is what they were. (And certainly what they were considered to be at the time.)

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The Pigeon Hole The Pigeon Hole, or Poll na gColum as it is known in Irish, is a cave located between Lough Corrib and Lough Mask just outside of Cong in the west of Ireland. It’s a popular destination for walkers and tourists alike. A steep flight of limestone steps leads down to the mouth of the cave, a fairly large chasm over 12 feet wide (1) covered in bushes and ivy where the pigeons for which the cave is named like to nest. Where Irish legend is concerned, this is the site of one of the most famous legends on the mysterious properties of caves. This cave is said to be home to a sacred trout, “the fairy trout,” which, according to legend, avoided bait and evaded capture. “The White Trout” (2) The legend begins with a beautiful young woman who lived in a castle by the lake (most likely Lough Corrib or Lough Mask). She was set to marry a king’s son, but as fate would have it, the prince was murdered before they were wed. Heartbroken, the young lady went mad with despair and then disappeared unexpectedly – taken away by the fairies, it is said. After a while, a white trout appeared in the illuminated portion of the subterranean river. The townspeople had never seen such a trout and rumors spread like wildfire. It was fable to be a fairy, and given the utmost respect. But in time, a “wicked soldier” came to put the rumors to the test. He decided to catch the trout and fry it up for dinner. He caught the fish and brought it home without a problem. But when he put it on the pan, he began to realize that the fish would not cook. After flipping the trout from side to side in the frying pan to no avail, he decided to eat the fish anyway, even though it showed no signs of being cooked. As he put his knife to the fish, it screamed, leaped from the pan to the floor, and transformed into a beautiful young woman. She held out her arm to show the soldier where he had cut her arm with his knife and explained that she was waiting for her true love in the river. She demanded he renounce his evil courses and take her back to the river. In the blink of an eye, the woman disappeared and in her place laid a small, white trout. The soldier quickly put the trout on a plate and rushed to the cave to put her back into the river. When he did, the river turned blood red momentarily. To this day it is said that one can find a white trout, with a little scar where it was cut, swimming in the sunny part of the river. The Pigeon Hole is a large cave that opens up to reveal a subterranean stream in Carboniferous limestone. The water in this underground stream flows from Lough Mask into Lough Corrib. Interestingly enough, Lough Mask has no natural drainages on the earth’s surface (3); all of the water is drained out of the lake through underground rivers and streams. As the water flows from one lough to another, it surfaces in caves such as Poll na gColum. This cave is the result of what is known as karst topography. Karst topography is a unique type of landscape that develops as a result of chemical weathering processes in limestone, a sedimentary rock that is made up of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Calcium carbonate is very soluble in acidic solutions such as rainwater which is slightly acidic with a pH of 5.6 (4). When it rains, limestone begins to dissolve, setting off a positive feedback loop: rain dissolves the limestone along points of weakness (bedding planes); this creates larger passages within the rock; this allows more rainwater to enter and be stored in the limestone; this dissolves and erodes the rock even further (5). (1) Geology of Cong and The Neale from Irish Tourist Association Survey, 1945 . Web.23 Oct. 2012. http://www.mayolibrary.ie/en/LocalStudies/IrishTouristAssociationSurvey/CongandTheNeale/Geology/PDFDocument,16120,en.pdf (2) Lover, Samuel. Legends and Stories of Ireland. New ed. London: H.G. Bohn, 1853. 40-44. Print. (3) “Walk 2: Underground Rivers & Dry Canal .” Geological Survey of Ireland. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Sites+Walks+Field+Trips/Walk+2+Underground+rivers+and+dry+canal.htm>. (4) Ophardt, Charles E. “Acid Rain.” Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College, 2003. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/190acidrain.html>. (5) “What Is Karst?” The University of Texas at Austin, Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.esi.utexas.edu/outreach/caves/karst.php>.

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Diversity and inclusion training that facilitates dialogue. What CITE does CITE programs create safety around highly charged workplace issues, facilitating honest dialogue, self-awareness and organizational learning on four levels: personal, interpersonal, group and institutional/community. CITE has the unique ability to take concepts of diversity and inclusion and make them real and personal for participant groups. Interactive theatre and facilitated dialogue from multiple points of view create a climate for participants that builds inclusion, fosters collaboration and gives participants knowledge and tools to take back to their own work environments. All CITE scenarios are multi-dimensional, revealing not only the dynamics of particular diversity issues, but also the dynamics of humaninteraction around the issues. How a CITE session works Each scripted scene performance depicts a complex and challenging interaction in a workplace characterized by diversity. Improvisatory question and answer period (Q&A): Each improvised Q&A between the audience and the actors-in-character serves to reveal the characters’ thoughts, feelings, and the motivations behind their actions. It also serves to evoke audience empathy and identification with each of the characters. The complexity of the interaction unfolds during the Q&A. Each facilitated discussion with the audience addresses, to some degree, the importance of: - Self-awareness and self-inquiry as tools for employees at all levels; - Awareness of how our thoughts, emotions, and assumptions influence our perceptions, which in turn influence our behaviors; - Listening to understand rather than find fault or place blame; - Attending to both intention and impact when addressing problematic communication and behavior; - Thinking outside “my own perspective”, and opening to multiple points of view; - Approaching problem-solving in a manner that maintains the dignity of everyone in a problematic situation. Print as PDF

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://hr.cornell.edu/professional-development/training/cite

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Description There has been increasing recognition of LGBTI populations within mental health and suicide prevention, and work has begun to ensure that programs and services are inclusive of and accessible to LGBTI people. However for many, their knowledge and understanding of LGBTI people is minimal, and so this task is daunting and not prioritised. To… Continue reading Network MindOUT Webinar: Introduction to LGBTI Mental Health » Knowledge Hub category: Intersex In 2009 Alzheimer’s Australia released a report it commissioned titled Dementia, Lesbians and Gay Men, prepared by Heather Birch. The aim of this current report, by reviewing the available literature, is to promote an informed discussion about the issues affecting transgender and intersex people with dementia or caring for someone with dementia. The Darlington Statement is a joint consensus statement by Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand intersex organisations and independent advocates, in March 2017. It sets out the priorities and calls by the intersex human rights movement in our countries, under six headings: a preamble, human rights and legal reform; health and wellbeing; peer support; allies; and education,… Continue reading Darlington Statement: Joint consensus statement from the intersex community » Web broadcast recording of the launch of the National LGBTI Mental Health & Suicide Prevention Strategy. The National LGBTI Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Strategy is a plan for strategic action to prevent mental ill-health and suicide, and promote good mental health and wellbeing for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people and communities across Australia. This strategy includes recommendations across the breadth of approaches in Australian mental health work including… Continue reading National LGBTI Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Strategy » In the most recent issue of “Reproductive Health Matters” Journal Morgan Carpenter wrote a piece entitled Intersex Human Rights: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change. Intersex people and bodies have been considered incapable of integration into society. Medical interventions on often healthy bodies remain the norm, addressing perceived familial and cultural demands, despite concerns… Continue reading MindOUT Webinar: Intersex Rights: Addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change » This webinar session is aimed to develop individual practitioner and organisational capacity to understand and provide inclusive psychosocial services to their clients with intersex variations. Participants will learn about the range of different topics including: Intersex: bodily variations, sexuality and gender identities Intersectionality of intersex issues Experiences and impacts of isolation, stigma and discrimination Human Rights implications Disclosure and self-awareness Inclusive language Current… Continue reading MindOUT Webinar: Understanding Intersex » Although most Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex (LGBTI) Australians live healthy and happy lives, research has demonstrated that a disproportionate number experience poorer mental health outcomes and have higher risk of suicidal behaviours than their peers. These health outcomes are directly related to experiences of stigma, prejudice, discrimination and abuse on the basis of… Continue reading Snapshot of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Statistics for LGBTI People » The National LGBTI Health Alliance is pleased to make a submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee on the Recognition of Foreign Marriages Bill 2014. We will focus on three key rationales for the recognition of foreign marriages in Australia: Health and wellbeing, economic and social benefits to Australian society, and safeguarding religious freedoms. The Passport is a tool to support clear communication between people and organisations on topics related to their genders, bodies, and relationships. This information is critical in a wide variety of settings, including health care, ageing & aged care, police, law, housing and education. A joint submission on a review of the Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, by Dr. Gávi Ansara, National LGBTI Health Alliance; Sue Webeck, A Gender Agenda; Morgan Carpenter, Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia; Peter Hyndal, Transformative; Sally Goldner, Transgender Victoria. The Australian Government has made impressive strides to reduce discrimination faced by LGBTI populations, including the addition of sexual orientation, relationship status, gender identity (including gender history, gender expression, and gender-associated characteristics), and intersex status to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (the SDA). The SDA prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination in the administration of… Continue reading Submission to inquiry on airport and aviation security »

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://lgbtihealth.org.au/resource-category/intersex-resources/

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Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) is a rapid heart beat that originates in one of the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart. To be classified as tachycardia, the heart rate is usually at least 100 beats per minute. A rapid heart rate can originate in either the left or right ventricle. Ventricular tachycardia which lasts more than 30 seconds is referred to as sustained ventricular tachycardia. A period of three to five rapid beats is called a salvo, and six beats or more lasting less than 30 seconds is called nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Rapid ventricular rhythms are more serious than rapid atrial rhythms because they make the heart extremely inefficient. They also tend to cause more severe symptoms, and have a much greater tendency to result in death. Although generally considered to be among the life-threatening abnormal rhythms, harmless forms of sustained V-tach do exist. These occur in people without any structural heart disease. Causes and symptoms Most ventricular tachycardias are associated with serious heart disease such as coronary artery blockage, cardiomyopathy, or valvular heart disease. V-tach is often triggered by an extra beat originating in either the right or left ventricle. It also occurs frequently in connection with a heart attack. V-tach commonly occurs within 24 hours of the start of the attack. It must be treated quickly to prevent fibrillation. After 48 to 72 hours of the heart attack, the risk of ventricular tachycardia is small. However, people who have suffered severe damage to the larger anterior wall of the heart have a second danger period, because V-tach often occurs during convalescence from this type of heart attack. Sustained ventricular tachycardia prevents the ventricles from filling adequately so the heart can not pump normally. This results in loss of blood pressure, and can lead to a loss of consciousness and to heart failure. The individual with V-tach almost always experiences palpitation, though some episodes cause no symptoms at all. Diagnosis is easily made with an electrocardiogram. Any episode of ventricular tachycardia that causes symptoms needs to be treated. An episode that lasts more than 30 seconds, even without symptoms, also needs to be treated. Drug therapy can be given intravenously to suppress episodes of V-tach. If blood pressure falls below normal, a person will need electric cardioversion ("shock") immediately. With appropriate drug or surgical treatment, ventricular tachycardia can be controlled in most people. A person susceptible to sustained ventricular tachycardia often has a small abnormal area in the ventricles that is the source of the trigger event. This area can sometimes be surgically removed. If surgery is not an option, and drug therapy is not effective, a device called an automatic cardioverter-defibrillator may be implanted. Atrial— Having to do with the upper chambers of the heart. Cardiomyopathy— A disease of the heart muscle. Cardioversion— A electrical shock delivered to the heart to restore a normal rhythm. Coronary artery— The artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle itself. Electrocardiogram— A visual representation of the heart beat. Fibrillation— Rapid, uncoordinated, quivering of the heart. Palpitations— Uncomfortable feeling of the heart beat in the chest. Valvular— Having to do with the valves inside the heart. American Heart Association. 7320 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231. (214) 373-6300. 〈http://www.americanheart.org〉. "Ventricular Tachycardia." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 23, 2018). http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ventricular-tachycardia "Ventricular Tachycardia." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.. . Retrieved September 23, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ventricular-tachycardia

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To build patterns you can use the following symbols: (.) Point. Replaces one letter (*) Asterisk. Replaces any string of letters Some examples that show how to construct patterns: re... words beginning with "re" and five letters. re* words beginning with "re" and any number of letters. re...* words beginning with "re" and at least five letters. co...s words beginning with "co" and ending with "s" and six letters. ...q... words with seven letters and a "q" in the fourth position. Findmewords list all the words that match the pattern introduced in the text box . It is a tool that can be very useful for issues related to English philology. To obtain the definition, part of speech, origin and etymology of any word just click on it.

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Newswise — New research suggests that comprehensive sex education might lead to less teen pregnancy, and there are no indications that it boosts the levels of sexual intercourse or sexually transmitted diseases. "It is not harmful to teach teens about birth control in addition to abstinence," said study lead author Pamela Kohler, a program manager at the University of Washington in Seattle. Parents and educators have long argued over whether students should get instruction in birth control or simply learn how to say no. At issue is which approach will best postpone sex. Kohler and colleagues examined the results of the 2002 national survey and focused on heterosexual teens ages 15 to 19. The findings — based on responses from 1,719 teens — appear in the April issue of the Journal of Adolescent Health. After reviewing the results, which researchers weighted to reflect the U.S. population better, the researchers found that one in four teens received abstinence-only education. Nine percent — particularly the poor and those in rural areas — received no sex education at all. The other two-thirds received comprehensive instruction with discussion of birth control. Teens who received comprehensive sex education were 60 percent less likely to report becoming pregnant or impregnating someone than those who received no sex education. The likelihood of pregnancy was 30 percent lower among those who had abstinence-only education compared to those who received no sex education, but the researchers deemed that number statistically insignificant because few teens fit into the categories that researchers analyzed. While they also did not reach statistical significance, other survey results suggested that comprehensive sex education — but not abstinence-based sex education — slightly reduced the likelihood of teens having engaged in vaginal intercourse. Neither approach seemed to reduce the likelihood of reported cases of sexually transmitted diseases, but again the results were not statistically significant. The findings support comprehensive sex education, Kohler said. "There was no evidence to suggest that abstinence-only education decreased the likelihood of ever having sex or getting pregnant." Don Operario, Ph.D., a professor at Oxford University in England, said the study provides "further compelling evidence" about the value of comprehensive sex education and the "ineffectiveness" of the abstinence-only approach. Still, the study does not show how educators should implement comprehensive sex education in the classroom, said Operario, who studies sex education. "We need a better understanding of the most effective ways of delivering this type of education in order to maximize audience comprehension and community acceptability." Kohler PK, Manhart LE, Lafferty WE. Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. J Adolesc Health 42(4), 2008.

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https://www.newswise.com/articles/comprehensive-sex-education-might-reduce-teen-pregnancies

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Open Up Double Pass This can be a good warm up youth hockey drill that will get the goalies lots of shots and forwards a chance to work on opening up and making themselves available in the neutral zone. F1 & F4 start the drill by making a pass to the line across from them (F2 & F3) they then skate out across center ice and open up so they are always facing the puck. They then receive a pass back from either F3 or F2 and go in for a shot. Once the shots are taken, F2 and F3 do the same thing.

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Teptu believes that attracting young people to STEM and entrepreneurship is the key to closing the achievement gap, and eradicating the disparity in academic performance between disadvantaged and privileged students. In an effort to break the cycle of poverty in low-income communities, Teptu equips these students with the tools needed to learn about academic and life disciplines at an early age. Teptu's access programs provide extended learning opportunities to supplement and enhance in-school learning. The U.S. has lagged behind other countries in terms of global competitiveness in recent years; our competitiveness will improve only if we start molding the next generation of innovators at a young age. Teptu would like to achieve the following goals within in a period of 5 years: - Provide Low-income students access to extended learning environments that are aligned with the science and STEM components of Kindergarten through 12th-grade Common Core State Standards (CCSS). - Create an Opportunity for students in low-income neighborhoods to achieve academic growth and eradicate the disparity in academic performance of lower-income and higher-income areas. - Grant access to development and enrichment programs throughout the academic year but also during the summer to prevent summer learning loss. - Facilitate learning in an enjoyable, interactive, nurturing manner to keep students engaged and interested in learning and yielding a higher return on retaining information - Provide differentiated learning tools, allowing participants to learn at an individual pace - Equip low-income students with the tools needed to pursue STEM disciplines, academically and ultimately as professional if so inspired. - Provide Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) discipline and career exposure through STEM presentations, field trips and outside activities. - Provide students with an entrepreneurs program that will help disadvantaged students understand finance, taxes and how to be manage people. Teptu received its IRS 501(c)(3) nonprofit tax status in 2015. In addition to launching the science research and entrepreneurship competition, Teptu began as a way to provide low-cost after-school services to children in low-income households. We have often waived tuition altogether for high-need families lacking discretionary income in our predecessor for-profit programs. However, in the current economic climate, Teptu is stretched beyond its capacity to continue our worthwhile programs for disadvantaged youth without additional philanthropic support. How Teptu Differs From Other Agencies. Youth-development programs are increasingly recognized as playing a valuable role in improving academic achievement. However, the expectations for how such programs support young people’s engagement and learning are generally limited. Teptu's program goals are more rigorous than those of most existing after-school and summer programs. While most other out-of-school time STEM programs may aim to promote active, yet more cursory participation in STEM learning opportunities, Teptu's focus is on long-term STEM skills development. Teptu's ultimate goal is to prepare our participants for success in intermediate- and high-school, college and for pursuing STEM disciplines and for careers in STEM. Furthermore, Teptu focuses on equipping these students with a vigorous entrepreneurs program which includes: Leadership and Communication Seminars, Meditation and Handling Stress, Introduction to Tax Filing, Introduction to Finances, and Introduction to Commercialization. Teptu strongly believes, that students in the STEM field who display strong entrepreneur qualities, will be our next generation leaders to come up with the next cure, therapy, and solution to various problems we face in our society.

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But fortunately, unlike many other natural resources, darkness is renewable. A study was recently published which found that visitors to Maine's Acadia National Park value the nighttime sky. Nearly 90 percent of those asked for the study agreed or strongly agreed with the statements, "Viewing the night sky is important to me" and "The National Park Service should work to protect the ability of visitors to see the night sky." Well, of course. The only surprising thing there is that the number wasn’t 100 percent. But beyond the obvious – that people like to see stars at night, go figure – the researchers arrived at some surprising findings. According to the study, led by Robert Manning of the University of Vermont, 99 percent of the world's skies are victim to light pollution. And sadly, two-thirds of Americans can't see the Milky Way from their homes. Residents of major metropolitan areas are lucky to see even just a smattering of stars once the night washes over the heavens. It’s kind of crazy to think that even in National Parks, dark skies are threatened. Most light that hampers the nighttime views in National Parks comes from development, the study notes. Light from cities or towns can travel to parks and dim the view from as far away as 250 miles. "It's a typical story," Manning says. "We begin to value things as they disappear." Fortunately, he notes, there are things we can do to restore darkness in the parks. The study created data to help Acadia develop strategies to deal with the problem; those plans can be used by other parks as well. Tackling light pollution requires work from both inside and outside the park, Manning says. "Inside the park, you want to eliminate as much unnecessary light as possible," he says. "Outside, the goal is to minimize light trespass. That's more challenging, but possible." Manning suggests that for inside the park, visitors should use as little light – flashlights and headlights, for example – as possible. Since astronomical tourism is a growing market segment, it’s hopeful that nearby towns and cities may recognize the financial benefits of pitching in to help solve the problem. One action that would have a big impact is that older light sources disperse illumination horizontally rather than directionally. By converting to LEDs and/or other directional lighting, parks and neighboring developments can help a lot to reduce light pollution, says the study. Acadia has been successful in restoring darkness to their skies by working with the next-door neighbor city of Bar Harbor to implement a progressive lighting ordinance. Another example of success is Chaco Culture National Historical Park in New Mexico, which partnered with stakeholder groups, says the study, to successfully encourage the state legislature to pass the New Mexico Night Sky Protection Act. Until the value of seeing stars is recognized and worked towards in a much more mainstream way, however, there are still places to gaze at the heavens … and actually see them. Read 19 dark-sky parks where the heavens steal the show for more.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.treehugger.com/conservation/losing-nighttime-sky-light-pollution.html

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Hair care through ages On one hand hair care was one of the major things in the ancient Egypt but on the other part there were times in history when people made much more efforts on reducing unpleasant odours than real hair care. In Ancient Egypt healthy hair had an additional meaning because they associated it with sexuality, youth and appeal. The fact that they had more different hairstyles is proven also by tomb scenes or inscriptions. They cleaned their hair with water and citric juices. To moisturise and protect their hair from the weather they used almond oil and castor oil by massaging it to the scalp. In the old civilisations of Assyria people used to wear curled, black hair. To make it curly they used heated iron bars. And there is nothing new about colorizing our hair neither because noble Sumerian women used to do it by using gold dyes. In order to have parfumed hair they used small cones with aromatic scents. In the Babylonian period they started to use henna because they believed the pasta made of the plant had medical effects. And not to forget about old India where using natural ingredients were the base of hair care. For moisturizing they treated treir hair with coconut oil, almond oil or honey while using henna was a common way to make a difference about their hair colour. In Greece long hair was thought to be a present from God and the profession of a barber became really popular already in these ancient times and it had a great influence on the Roman Empire as well regarding barber shops. Hair care was important in both Empires. Massaging the hair, using oils (like olive oil) and lotions or aromatic scents made from flowers was common through the centuries just like trying to change the hair colour. MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE The middle ages brought significant changes in our history and made Germanic peoples dominating. The influence of The Catholic Church was really strong in this period. For Germans long hair had a great importance and it even showed some kind of hierarchies regarding military and social life. Shorn hair was for slaves and prisoners. Even these days wearing long hair was not something only for females. A change was generated by the Catholic Church around the 10th century when they started to give advices regarding how long hair to have and how to wear it in order to be a good Christian. Women had really long hair and it had an erotic feature but as years passed by they started to cover it with veils following the instructions of the Catholic Church. Trotula di Ruggiero, a celebrity of the period wrote her work about cosmetics including haircare and her advices were widely followed. For colourizing shell of wallnut, oak apples, oriental crocus and henna were also advised while hair growth was intended to be encouraged with a mixture of barley bread, salt and bear fat. In addition elm bark, linseed and the root of reed said to have the same affect if they were cooked with goat milk or water. The problem caused by dandruff was solved by vinegar, rosemary water, mint and other herbs. Reneissance was kind of a general rebirth. Changes happened in culture, religion and of course also in hairstyles. Blond hair became really very popular and desired. Even Nostradamus wrote his own work about elixirs of beauty and gave advices to women about how to gain this hair colour. His unctions contained ashes, rainwater, lemon, linseed, safflower, cumin and also some ingredients that sound really strange if the work is about haircare. These were moulted skin of a snake, oil of a live lizard or fat bacon just for a few examples. It is still natural but besides vegetable matter they opened to zoogenic ingredients. If I was asked to say one single word about the eighteenth century regarding the appearance of peopIe I would say artificial. In these years hair was still a very important part of style but there was a huge change about the desirable look. The nobles wanted gross and amazing hair so they started to use wigs. And not only the women. The happenings in history has an effect on the fashion as well and hairstyles became more sober… As the last century passed by considerable changes came again regarding haircare as well. Besides cleaning, nourishing and colouring the hair there was a new demand and it was about fixing. Gentlemen started to use waxes and oils for this reason. The most succesfull product was called Macassar oil which was made of coconut oil, palm oil and ylang-ylang. These were the years when the first beauty salons were established and big brands came into life just like Procter and Gamble. Haircare and hairdressing reached a new level by creating the barber licence and declaring the educational and practical requirements of the profession of a barber. From the 20th century it was not the noblesse but the cinema to define the fashion. The fashion which was so unsteady just like the happenings in history of the century. Political, economical or social events all had their effects on hairstyles which became a way of showing what people thought, what values they kept worth to follow … or denied to follow. This century brought the first perm machines, hair dryers and such big names in cosmetic industry like L’oreal, Clairol, Revlon or Schwarzkopf. It all meant that these days were not about home-made mixtures like in the past. If we have a look at hair care today we can easily see that it has become an industry since pepole bought their first shampoo or special products for hair colouring.

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I think it’s safe to say that we all have the goal of one day reaching financial independence. That is, the point at which we have enough money in savings and investments to support ourselves for the rest of our lives. So, how much money is enough? Most of the time that question is answered with a single big number. And it’s true that in the end you’re working towards a single total amount of savings and investments. But that total number is composed of many smaller numbers representing the savings you need to support each individual expense. What if you looked at it that way? What if you broke it down by how much money you’ll need to support each expense, each habit, and each indulgence for the rest of your life without ever working again? How Much Does That Gym Membership Really Cost? Let’s look at a single expense. Say your gym membership. And let’s say that costs you $40 per month. How much money do you need in order to support that expense for the rest of your life? Using the 4% rule, which says that you can withdraw 4% of your savings each year with minimal risk of ever running out of money, it becomes a simple math problem. Take the monthly cost, multiply it by 300, and you get your answer. In this case, $40 multiplied by 300 equals $12,000. That is, you need $12,000 in savings to support that monthly gym membership for the rest of your life. Values-Based Decision Making Looking at it this way can help you make more informed values-based decisions when it comes to spending and saving. For example, how long will it take you to save the $12,000 needed for your gym membership? And which do you value more? That habit or the ability to be financially independent a little sooner without it? What about a $500 per month car payment? That will require $150,000 in savings. Is that an expense you’d like to support? There are no right or wrong answers here. The goal is simply to understand how each expense affects your savings need and to make decisions based on what you value. How to Plan Differently Next time you look at your budget, I would encourage you to do a few things differently. Consider the options related to each expense. For example, you could have a $500 per month car payment or a $200 per month car payment or take the bus, let’s say that is $50 per month or walk, $0 per month. Then, for each category, multiply your monthly budget by 300 to see how much money you’ll need in order to support that expense for the rest of your life. Finally, step back, look at the numbers, and think about how they align with what you truly want out of life. You may find that you want to cut back on certain things. Or you may find that you want to save more in order to support important expenses. Either way, you’ll have a better understanding of what it takes to reach financial independence and put your money toward what is most meaningful to you. Image from http://tjlamb.com/the-overland-park-economy-saving-vs-spending/

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1950: Origin and Evolution of Man, Vol. XV Organizer: Milislav Demerec Demerec' choice of the "Origin and Evolution of Man" for the topic of the 1950 Symposium is interesting. As he put it: "The ultimate purpose of science, perhaps, is to assist man in understanding himself and his place in the universe", and Demerec may have felt that the mid-point of the 20th century was an appropriate to assess what was known of that place. It was also an interesting choice in the light of the eugenics studies which had flourished at Cold Spring Harbor between 1910 and 1930. The Eugenics Records Office (ERO) established by Charles Davenport with Harry Laughlin as Supervisor, had examined the inheritance of physical traits but rapidly concentrated on behavioral traits. The ERO also carried out anthropological studies, notably those by Morris Steggerda in Jamaica concerned with "race -crossing". By 1940, eugenics had fallen from grace and the ERO was shut down. Nevertheless, many of the issues that had interested Davenport, Laughlin and Steggerda were still pressing in 1950. Demerec had hoped that the meeting would encourage cooperation between geneticists and anthropologists, but it was clear that the two groups remained far apart in their approaches to the study of mankind. Nowhere was this more evident in the papers and discussions of the concept of race. For the geneticists, Ashley Montagu delivered a scathing critique of the presumed biological basis of race, while for the anthropologists William Sheldon extolled a "constitutional" approach. This the concepts of somatotype ("...the predicted projectory through which a particular human physique would pass); morphophenotype (what you can see at any particular time) and the morphogenotype (the underlying, unchangeable genetic influence). Sheldon was savaged by the geneticists. Washburn, for example, spoke of the types of classifications Sheldon was proposing as "useless" and Warren wrote that Sheldon's assumptions "...can only alienate the geneticist." Another controversial presentation was that by Ernst Mayr who expressed his dismay at the way in which the anthropologists so liberally named each hominid fossil with a different name. Even worse, to in Mayr's mind, was that these names were made up with no regard for the international Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. These rules stipulated, for example, that a name has validity only if it includes diagnostic characters. Instead of making up faux nomenclature, Mayr recommended using ordinary names such as the "Sterkfontain find". One feels that one objection the anthropologists had to such a proposal was that using vernacular names stripped away some of the authority conveyed by high-sounding Latin names. — Jan A. Witkowski

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Bob Hamilton, Explaining The Common Good Fund The aim of the project is to raise awareness and promote practical action to restore Scotland’s commons to those to whom they belong. This is being done by a process of identifying, researching and documenting the range of commons that exist and providing advice and assistance to those actively engaged in attempts to restore Scottish commons. Participatory Action Research at Govan Soil City walk The Common Good Awareness Project on an east end meander to observe and discuss the relationship between the concrete and social constructions of the city and soil on which it is built.

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Scuba diving (scuba originally being an acronym for Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, although now widely considered a word in its own right) is a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe underwater for recreation, commercial or industrial reasons. Unlike early diving, which relied exclusively on air pumped from the surface, scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas (usually compressed air), allowing them greater freedom than with an air line. Both surface supplied and scuba diving allow divers to stay underwater significantly longer than with breath-holding techniques as used in snorkelling and free-diving. Dependant on the purpose of the dive, a diver usually moves underwater by the use of fins attached to the feet, although external propulsion can come from the use of an underwater vehicle or using a sled pulled from the surface. Scuba diving is heavily reliant on technology to be successful, and the first development of the idea of scuba was developed by Alexander Lodygin many years before the term appeared. The first commercially successful scuba sets were the Aqualung open-circuit units developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, in which compressed gas (usually air) is inhaled from a tank and then exhaled into the water, and the descendants of these systems are still the most popular units today. The open circuit systems were developed after Cousteau had a number of incidents of oxygen toxicity using a rebreather system, in which exhaled air is reprocessed to remove carbon dioxide. Modern versions of rebreather systems (both semi-closed circuit and closed circuit) are still available today, and form the second main type of scuba unit, most commonly used for technical diving, such as deep diving.

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Almost all of us have suffered from sleep disorders at some point in our lives and sleep disorders in adults is a common problem. In most cases sleep disorders are temporary – caused by stress or tension and things get better with time, but chronic sleep disorder can interfere with daily life and health of an individual because it affects the quality of sleep and lack of restful sleep affects energy levels, emotional balance, and general health. Sleep disorder can range from night terrors and insomnia to sleep apnea, dyssomnia, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. In most cases, people face difficulty to fall asleep or stay asleep due to disturbed sleep. It is agonizing to depend on sleeping pills every time you want to get some rest. Acupressure and reflexology are an effective alternative in this case and the potent acupressure points for sleep can improve the quality of sleep by relieving stress, anxiety, fear, grief and pain. Acupressure therapy helps in distributing the energy evenly throughout the body and helps in relaxing the body. Types of Sleep Disorders Trouble in falling asleep or staying asleep throughout the night can be caused due to various factors. Some of the common sleep disorders are as follows: - Insomnia – It is a condition which is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep. - Central Sleep Apnea – In this disorder the breathing during sleep is disrupted because of improper brain functions. - Obstructive Sleep Apnea – This disorder is caused by partial or complete blockage of the upper airway during sleep. - Parasomnias – This is a disruptive sleep disorder that is caused during arousal from REM sleep and is characterized by nightmares, night terrors, sleeping walking, etc. - Nightmares – This is a problem in which an individual wakes up suddenly from sleep terrified from a disturbing nightmare. - Narcolepsy – This is a neurological disorder that disrupts the control of sleep and wakefulness. - Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder – In this disorder, the circadian rhythm or the internal body clock is disrupted. - Snoring – Snoring is a problem that not only disrupts the quality of sleep of your partner but also affects your own sleep quality. Symptoms of Sleep Disorders There are various types of sleep disorders. Some of the recognizable sleep disorder symptoms are as follows: - Feeling irritable and sleepy during the day - Difficulty in staying awake while watching television or reading a book - Falling asleep while driving - Memory problems - Slow reaction and response - Sudden emotional outbursts - Looking tired - Difficulty in concentrating at work or school - Staying awake with the support of caffeinated beverages 10 Useful Acupressure Points to Promote Restful Sleep Chronic stress, anxiety, and tension can create sleeping disorders. Here are 10 soothing acupressure points that treat insomnia and improve sleep. The point B38 or Vital Diaphragm is one of the most important acupressure and acupuncture pressure points for treating sleeping disorders and promoting restful sleep. This point is located in the back at the heart level, between the shoulder baled and the spine. Stimulating this point helps in balancing emotions of stress, anxiety, grief and fear that hinder sleep and it is one of the widely used acupressure points for insomnia. It also helps in treating coughing, respiratory problems and breathing difficulties. Place 2 tennis balls on the floor side by side and lie down on the balls so that they are placed between your shoulder blades. Close your eyes and breathe deeply for 1 minute. Acupressure point P6 or Pericardium 6 is a well-known point of treating nausea and vomiting. This point is called the Inner Gate point, and it is located in the central point of the inner side of the forearm, two and half finger widths from the wrist crease. This is one of the effective acupressure points for sleep that relieves insomnia and reduces anxiety, indigestion, and palpitations – some of the common problems that hinder sleep. This point is also beneficial for treating chest congestion, cardiac pain, depression, dizziness, asthma, cough, irritability, and malaria. This point can be stimulated by placing the right thumb on the inner side of the left wrist and pressing the point firmly for one minute and then pressing the point on the other hand. H7 or Heart 7 is commonly used in acupressure for sleep disorders treatment. This point is also known as the Spirit Gate, and it is located on the inner side of the wrist crease, in line with the little finger. Stimulating this point helps in relieving insomnia caused by overexcitement, emotional issues, anxiety and cold sweat. It also relieves cardiac pain, palpitations, chest pain, epilepsy, and irritability. This point can be activated by placing the thumb of the right hand on the wrist crease of the left hand and pressing the hollow in the crease for one minute and then switching sides. B10 or Urinary Bladder10 is a famous acupressure point for treating headache, neck pain and dizziness. This point is positioned on the back of the neck, one-half inch below the base of the skill, on the muscles locates on the outer side of the spine. It is also one of the significant acupressure and acupuncture points for sleep that relieves insomnia, stress and exhaustion that also aids in relaxing and clearing the head and bringing thoughts to rest. It is also useful for treating shoulder pain, back pain, nasal congestion, sore throat and skin problems. In order to stimulate this point curve your fingers and place the fingertips on the thick muscles on the back of the neck. Apply firm pressure on the muscles of 1 minute as you breathe deeply. Acupressure point GV16 or Governing Vessel 16 is yet another vital pressure point used in the treatment of sleep disorders. This point is also called the Wind Mansion, and it can be found in the center of the back of the head, in a large hollow under the base of the skull. This point helps in relieving insomnia and sleeping disorder caused by mental stress, palpitations, fear, fright, mania and suicidal thoughts. It also aids in treating earache, headache, throat swelling, eye problems, nosebleeds, asthma, chest tightness and spinal cord issues. In order to stimulate this point locate the hollow at the center of the base of your skull and place your middle fingers in this hollow. Tilt your head back and press firmly into this hollow for 1 minute while keeping your eyes closed and breathing deeply. GB20 or Gall Bladder 20 is a popular acupressure point for relieving migraine, headache, blurred vision, low energy, fatigue and symptoms of cold and flu. This point is also called the Gates of Consciousness, and it is situated below the base of the skull, in the hollow between the two vertical neck muscles. 2 to 3 inches apart based on the side of the head. This point helps in relieving insomnia and disturbed sleep. This point should be stimulated using the thumbs. Press your thumbs gradually and firmly under the base of your skull for 1 minute keeping your eyes closed and leaning your head back. You will feel an even pulse on the points. GV24.5 or Governing Vessel 24.5 is one of the best acupressure points for sleep apnea treatment that calms the mind, clarifies ideas and stimulates restful sleep. This point is also called the Third Eye Point, and it is located directly between the eyebrows, in the bend where the bridge of the nose meets the forehead. This point helps in relaxing the central nervous system and relieves anxiety, panic attacks, fear, depression, and insomnia. This is a local point for headache, sinusitis and nosebleeds. It also helps in treating dizziness, epilepsy, vertigo, and teeth and jaw pain. This point should be stimulated in combination with CV17. Place your right middle fingertip between your eyebrows and place the fingertips of your left hand on CV17, located in the indentations of the breastbone at the level of your heart. Apply pressure for 1 minute while keeping your eyes closed and breathing deeply. CV17 or Conception Vessel 17 in a useful acupressure point for relieving sleeping disorders located in the center of the breast one, three thumb widths up from the base of the bone. This point is known as the Sea of Tranquillity which helps in relieving insomnia caused by anxiety, nervousness and chest congestion. This point is also useful for treating cough, asthma, palpitations, breast issues like insufficient lactation and mastitis. This point should be stimulated in combination with GV24.5 as instructed in the previous point. K6 or Kidney 6 is also a significant acupressure point that promotes restful sleep. This point is called the Shining Sea, and it is located right on the inside of the ankle bone, in a slight depression. Stimulating this point helps in relieving insomnia, hypertension, and anxiety. This point is also useful for treating digestive disorders, dry and sore throat, irregular menstruation, eye problems, and epilepsy. This point should be stimulated in combination with B62. Use your thumbs to hold the K6 point of one foot and B62 point of the other foot. Press the points for 1 minute while breathing deeply. The acupressure point B62 or Urinary Bladder 62 is an important point for treating sleeping disorders. This point is located in the first indentation right below the outer anklebone. This point is also called the Extending Vessel, and it is extremely effective in relieving insomnia. It also helps in curing lower back pain, spinal problems, headache, stiff neck, nervousness, and epilepsy. This point should be stimulated in combination with K6 as mentioned in the previous point. Say no to sleeping pills and promote restful sleep naturally with these 10 potent acupressure points for treating sleep disorders.

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This blog is an exercise so that you can see how your memory works. I think it is really interesting and will only take you 10 minutes so give it a try. (I have taken this exercise from Accelerated Learning for the 21st Century, Colin Rose and Malcolm J Nicholl – it’s a good read if you are interested in more information). The following is a list of words: Relax, then focus on the words and read through them slowly – just once. When you have finished, follow the instructions below the words: You probably remembered the first words. As I mentioned in my last blog, you tend to remember more of the beginning of any learning session. So you probably recalled Grass and maybe Paper. You probably remembered the last words. You tend to remember more of what you learn at the end of each learning session, so you probably recalled Pen and maybe Stream. You typically remember what’s unusual. You probably remembered the word, Zulu. Why? Because it stood out from the rest of the list and a vivid mental image almost certainly sprang into your mind of a Zulu warrior. We tend to remember what is odd, bizarre, comical or rude. You generally retain information that is organised. You may have automatically written down some words in groups – objects and subjects that fit into the same category - Animals – Cat, Bird, Sheep. You remember “real” things more quickly. The list also contained words such as Love, Truth, Wisdom and Meaning. These are the least well remembered because they are not unique or concrete. They are not things; they are ideas. “Real” things are easier to remember than abstract ideas because you can picture them in your mind’s eye. Have a lot of beginnings and ends in your learning sessions– take breaks; We remember pictures many times better than words – so find a way to make a picture of what you are learning. Try to associate vocabulary (particularly) with a funny or unusual mental image. Organise what you are learning into groups or categories. This works because you are actively doing something with the information, not just passively looking at it. Enjoy stretching your brain in new ways. Joanne Ammerlaan is the National Manager of Vocational Language Learning Centre and a Master Practitioner of NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming)

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- Open Access Annual spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes wintering in Izumi based on satellite tracking and their implications for conservation © The Author(s) 2018 - Received: 9 July 2017 - Accepted: 18 June 2018 - Published: 12 July 2018 The Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) is listed as a vulnerable species by IUCN. Knowledge about the migration of the Hooded Crane is still limited. Here we reported the spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes wintering in Izumi, Japan, as well as important stopover areas for their conservation. Four adult and five subadult cranes, all wintering in Izumi, Japan, were fitted with satellite transmitters (GPS–GSM system) at their stopover sites in northeastern China in 2014 and 2015. We analyzed the time and duration of adults and subadults in spring and autumn migration, as well as the time and duration they stayed in breeding and wintering ground. In addition, we analyzed the land use of the cranes in stopover areas. Adult cranes took much longer time to migrate both north in spring (mean = 44.3 days) and south in fall (mean = 54.0 days) compared with subadult cranes (15.3 and 5.2 days, respectively). However, the subadults had longer wintering (mean = 149.8 days) and nomadic (breeding season for adults) seasons (mean = 196.8 days) compared with adults (133.8 and 122.3 days, respectively). Three important stopover areas have been identified: the region around Muraviovka Park in Russia, the Songnen Plain in China, and the west coast of South Korea, where cranes spent most of their migration time (62.2 and 85.7% in spring and autumn, respectively). During migration, nomadic period and winter, Hooded Cranes usually stay in croplands for resting and feeding. In non-wintering season, less than 6% of stopover sites were located within protected areas. Overall, our results contribute to understanding the annual spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes in the eastern flyway, and planning conservation measures for this species. - Eastern migration route - Hooded Cranes (Grus monacha) - Satellite tracking - Spatio-temporal migration patterns Tracking birds and identifying their important habitats over large spatial scales is technically difficult. In the early 1990s, it became possible to track the full annual migrations of individual birds (Jouventin and Weimerskirch 1990; Berthold et al. 1992; Meyburg et al. 1995; Kjellén and Alerstam 1997; Gschweng et al. 2012). Since then, an increasing number of studies including the year-round tracks of individual birds had been reported. This has resulted in important new knowledge about within- and among-individual variation in the temporal and spatial patterns of migration (Battley 2006; Hooijmeijer et al. 2014). Satellite-tracking has become a useful means for tracking the migration of medium and large-sized birds such as cranes (Higuchi 1996; Higuchi et al. 2002; Qian et al. 2009), waterfowl (Lorentsen et al. 1998; Javed et al. 2000) and storks (Berthold et al. 1992). This technique facilitates the determination of the location and migration distance, duration and speed (Robert et al. 2009; Minton et al. 2010; Klaassen et al. 2011) over medium and large scales and assessment of habitat characteristics at those scales (e.g., Fancy et al. 1988). The main advantages of this technique are the large spatial scales over which they can be employed and the fact that data can be collected from remote locations (Higuchi et al. 2004). The Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) is a vulnerable (VU) species according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2016). The estimated world population of this species is 11,600 individuals (IUCN 2016). Hooded Cranes breed in Russian Far East and northeast China (Li 1993; Liu et al. 2001; Guo et al. 2005), and winter in southern Japan, southern Korea, and the Yangtze River basin of China (Harris et al. 2000; IUCN 2016). The population that winters in China is estimated to consist of 1050–1150 individuals, and there are approximately 10,500 individuals wintering in Japan (IUCN 2016). Past studies of Hooded Cranes have mainly focused on their behavioral ecology, such as food habits at stopover sites (Huang and Guo 2015; Zhao et al. 2002), activity budgets in winter and breeding season (Zhou et al. 2016a, b; Xu et al. 2006), and habitat selection (Zhang et al. 2011; Zhao et al. 2013; Cai et al. 2014). In addition, some research assessed the population size and trends, threat and conservation actions for the Hooded Crane (Meine and Archibald 1996; Li et al. 2012; Harris and Mirande 2013). Although research has been conducted on other cranes distributed in East Asia, e.g. White-naped Crane (Grus vipio; Higuchi 1996; Higuchi et al. 2004), Red-crowned Crane (G. japonensis; Higuchi et al. 2002), Black-necked Crane (G. nigricollis; Qian et al. 2009), Demoiselle Crane (G. virgo; Guo and He 2017) and Siberian Crane (G. leucogeranus; Li et al. 2016), there is little knowledge about Hooded Cranes’ migration ecology, like accurate migration time and duration, stopover sites. The purpose of this study was to fill the gap of knowledge of migration of the Hooded Crane: to describe the pathway and pattern of Hooded Crane migration, to identify the sites that are important for conservation and to assess the effect of protected areas for this species. Information of tagged individual Hooded Cranes that wintered in Izumi, Japan Status at capture Number of locations 7 Apr. 2014–18 Apr. 2016 7 Apr. 2014–18 Apr. 2016 7 Apr. 2014–18 Apr. 2016 19 Oct. 2014–5 May 2016 3 Apr. 2015–22 Apr. 2016 15 Apr. 2015–28 Apr. 2016 15 Apr. 2015–18 Apr. 2016 20 Apr. 2015–11 May 2016 27 Apr. 2015–18 Apr. 2016 Data were received via the GSM system (CMCC, China), with information of date, time, longitude, latitude, speed, aspect, altitude, temperature and battery voltage. The total tracking dataset from 2014 to 2016 for the nine individuals contained 84,276 fixes. For every track, the best signal, based on “location class”, was categorized into five levels: A (± 5 m), B (± 10 m), C (± 20 m), D (± 100 m) and invalid. In this study, we only used locations categorized as A, B, and C. The starting point of the autumn track was the last fix from the respective breeding area or pre-migratory stopover area (see below), and thus the endpoint of the autumn track was the first point from the first wintering area (Izumi). The starting point of the spring track was the last fix from the last wintering area. The endpoint of the spring track was the first fix from the respective breeding area. Stopover sites (sites at which there was no movement) were identified when the crane’s speed was 0, and fly points were identified when the speed was greater than 10 km/h. In total, we obtained 69,420 location records from stopover sites and 2244 locations while birds were flying. The data are reported as mean ± SE. Spring and autumn migration It took approximately 44.3 ± 4.0 days (5 March–12 May) for adults to migrate from the wintering grounds in Izumi, to their breeding areas. During their northward migration, the average time spent at the three most important migration stopover areas was 27.5 ± 5.3 days. Subadult individuals spent 15.3 ± 2.8 days (22 March–19 April), followed by nomadism across large areas, including: the Greater Khingan Mountains, the Lesser Khingan Mountains, the Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain and Muraviovka Park. For their fall migration from their breeding areas to Izumi, adult cranes spent nearly 54.0 ± 4.1 days (26 August–29 October) on autumn migration, including 47.0 ± 4.9 days at the three most important stopover sites (Muraviovka Park, Songnen Plain, and west coast of South Korea). Subadult individuals aggregated around Songnen Plain in September and then flew south at the end of October. They only spent 5.2 ± 0.9 days (23 October–29 October) on migration, including 2 days resting along the west coast of South Korea. Breeding and wintering Migration dates and breeding areas of Hooded Cranes (n = 9 cranes) Status at capture 2015 spring migration 2015 autumn migration 2016 spring migration 24 Mar.–12 May 26 Aug.–29 Oct. The basin of Ulkan River 5 Mar.–26 Apr. 1 Sep.–29 Oct. 23 Mar.–4 May 1 Sep.–29 Oct. The wetland between Bokon Lake and Maja River 24 Oct.–29 Oct. To 18 Apr. 29 Aug.–28 Oct. The Akishm River 24 Oct.–29 Oct. 26 Mar.–13 Apr. 24 Oct.–28 Oct. 26 Mar.–29 Mar. 22 Oct.–1 Nov. 28 Mar.–19 Apr. 23 Oct.–31 Oct. 26 Mar.–11 Apr. Spatial distribution of Hooded Crane stopover sites in protected areas (n = 9 cranes) Number of sites Number of individuals Spring, autumn, nomadism Spring, autumn, nomadism Spring, autumn, nomadism Temporal distribution of Hooded Crane stopover sites in protected areas Number of locations Number of locations in protected area Based on satellite tracking data, we found that the behavior of nonbreeding individuals (subadults) and adults differed during the breeding season. They kept nomadic in the Greater Khingan Mountains, the Lesser Khingan Mountains, the Songnen Plain, the Sanjiang Plain and around Muraviovka Park after arriving at the Songnen Plain from Izumi. The subadults usually wandered in the region around Muraviovka Park and Songnen Plain, and sometimes entered the breeding grounds in China. This could answer the question raised by Zheng (1987) regarding whether the individuals observed in the Sanjiang Plain and eastern Inner Mongolia during summer were breeding. Non-breeding Hooded Cranes wintering in China also dispersed after their arrival at the Songnen Plain (Y. Guo, unpublished data). Thus, we argued that the Songnen Plain might be the gathering site for eastern and western migrating subpopulations, and it is also an important stopover area or breeding area for other six crane species which distributes in Northeast Asia (White-naped Crane, Red-crowned Crane, Siberian Crane, Common Crane Grus grus, Demoiselle Crane, Sandhill Crane G. canadensis; Zou et al. 2018). However, cranes in the Songnen Plain are threatened by the habitat degradation and loss, as well as the use of pesticides in farmland, illegal hunting, transmission lines and wind farms (Lu et al. 2007; Mao et al. 2016; Zhou et al. 2016a, b; Zou et al. 2018). Izumi was the most important wintering area for Hooded Cranes with over 10,500 individuals spending the winter there, although it only occupies 8.16 km2 (IUCN 2016). Artificial feeding is applied there to ensure that cranes can obtain sufficient food for wintering. However, this area is too small to accommodate so many birds, which makes it susceptible to the outbreak and transmission of avian influenza (Harris and Mirande 2013). This may lead to the death of a large number of individuals, and threaten the status and survival of this species (e.g., 4 individuals were sick or dying in Dec. 2010, and 18 died in Nov. 2016; http://afludiary.blogspot.com/). One method that can be adopted to avoid this problem is to disperse the population to other suitable locations with human aids, although it would be difficult for cranes to move away from established locations. Suitable places should meet the following criteria: (1) located on the migration route; (2) containing sufficient food and water resources; (3) providing open, shallow water areas for nighttime roosting; and (4) with little human disturbance. Human intervention could be employed to resolve if one or a few conditions are not completely met. Contact calls and crane models could be used to lure cranes to stay in suitable locations. The primary area for the dispersal of the wintering population in Izumi may be the west coast of South Korea, if adequate food with open and fresh water could be provided. In the future, the Yellow River Delta which is at a similar latitude could also be considered as another suitable wintering area for the cranes. Our results contribute to the better understanding of Hooded Cranes’ migration, providing information on the need for the protection of important sites, especially the Songnen Plain, which is a critical area. However, one limitation of our study was that only nine individuals with 2-year data were available. Nevertheless, our data are the best available, and our results provide information on both breeding and non-breeding individuals over the complete eastern migration cycle. Another limitation was that we only studied and described the eastern migration of Hooded Cranes. Future studies should focus on Hooded Cranes wintering further west, in the middle and lower basins of the Yangtze River in China. YG conceived the study and collected the data, and CM prepared and analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. APM and YG helped with the writing of the text. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We are grateful to Mr. Jianguo Fu for his help in the fieldwork, and to Ms. Chuyu Cheng for her help with editing of this manuscript. Thanks also go to the State Forestry Administration and Whitley Fund for Nature (WFN). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Consent for publication The investigations comply with the current laws of China in which they were performed. This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31570532). 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Paraguay–United States relations U.S. interests in Paraguay The United States and Paraguay have an extensive relationship at the government, business, and personal level. Paraguay is a partner in hemispheric initiatives to improve counter narcotics cooperation, combat money laundering, human trafficking, and other illicit cross-border activities, and adequately protect intellectual property rights. The United States looks to Paraguay, which has tropical forest and riverine resources, to engage in hemispheric efforts to ensure sustainable development. The United States and Paraguay also cooperate in international organizations. Paraguay has taken significant steps to combat terrorism financing activity in the tri-border area it shares with Argentina and Brazil. It participates in anti terrorism programs and fora, including the "Three Plus One Security Dialogue", with its neighbors and the United States. The United States strongly supports consolidation of Paraguay's democracy and continued economic reform, the cornerstones of cooperation among countries in the hemisphere. The United States has played important roles in defending Paraguay's democratic institutions, in helping resolve the April 1996 crisis, and in ensuring that the March 1999 change of government took place without further bloodshed. Bilateral trade with the United States has increased over the last four years, after a steady decline over several years due to a long-term recession of the Paraguayan economy. Although U.S. imports from Paraguay were only $51.28 million in 2005, down from $58.58 million the previous year, U.S. exports to Paraguay in 2005 were $895.53 million, up from $622.87 million in 2004, according to U.S. Customs data. (Not all exports and imports are reflected in Paraguayan government data.) More than a dozen U.S. multinational firms have subsidiaries in Paraguay. These include firms in the computer, agro-industrial, telecom, banking, and other service industries. Some 75 U.S. businesses have agents or representatives in Paraguay, and more than 3,000 U.S. citizens reside in the country. The U.S. Government has assisted Paraguayan development since 1942. In 2006, Paraguay signed a $34.9 million Millennium Challenge Corporation’s (MCC) Threshold Country Program (TCP) with the U.S. focused on supporting Paraguay’s effort to combat impunity and informality. Also in 2006, Paraguay signed and ratified an agreement with the U.S. under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act that provides Paraguay with $7.4 million in relief and zeroing out its remaining bilateral debt in exchange for the Paraguayan Government’s commitment to conserve and restore tropical forests in the southeastern region of the country. Separately, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) supports programs to strengthen Paraguay's democratic institutions in the areas of civil society, local government and decentralization, national reform of the state, rule-of-law, and anti-corruption. Other important areas of intervention are economic growth, the environment and public health. The total amount of the program was approximately $10 million in fiscal year 2006. The U.S. Department of State, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Department of Justice and the Department of Treasury provide technical assistance, equipment, and training to strengthen counter narcotics enforcement, combat trafficking in persons, promote respect for intellectual property rights, and to assist in the development and implementation of money laundering legislation and counter terrorism legislation. - On December 19, 2003, U.S. and Paraguayan officials signed a new Memorandum of Understanding to strengthen the legal protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in Paraguay. The MOU was extended in 2006 through the end of 2007. - Since 2003 the U.S. Government has had a Resident Justice Advisor in Paraguay to support efforts to combat money laundering and terrorist financing and other financial crimes as well as organized crime and corruption. - In 2006, the State Department’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) provided Paraguay with $494,000 in assistance to support its efforts to combat narcotics trafficking, money laundering, and violations of intellectual property rights. - Starting in 2004, a Resident Public Debt Advisor, a Resident Budget Advisor, and a Resident Tax Advisor from the Department of Treasury have been working with Paraguayan counterparts to implement essential reforms. The Peace Corps has about 160 volunteers working throughout Paraguay on projects ranging from agriculture and natural resources to education, rural health, and urban youth development. 2007 marked the 40th anniversary of the Peace Corps in Paraguay. The Office of Public Diplomacy also is active in Paraguay, funding Fulbright and other scholarships to the U.S., U.S. scholars to Paraguay, other short- and long-term exchanges, English scholarship programs, donations of books and equipment, and a cultural preservation project to restore Paraguay’s National Library. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) provides technical assistance and training to help modernize and professionalize the military, including by promoting respect for human rights and obedience to democratically elected civilian authorities. DoD also provides assistance to impoverished communities through its Humanitarian Assistance Program. A military training agreement with Asunción, giving immunity to US soldiers, caused concern after media reports initially reported that a base housing 20,000 US soldiers was being built at Mariscal Estigarribia within 200 km of Argentina and Bolivia, and 300 km of Brazil, near an airport which could receive large planes (B-52, C-130 Hercules, etc.) which the Paraguan Air Forces do not have. In September 2009 Paraguay's President Fernando Lugo revoked plans for US troops to hold joint military exercises and development projects after stating that he no longer thinks that hosting troops taking part in the US department of defence’s "New Horizons" programme was worthwhile. President Lugo referenced strong regional opposition from countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador to the expansion of US military bases in Colombia in his decision. In 1858, the Paraguay expedition was of gunboat diplomacy where the US sent a naval squadron to Paraguay to seek redress from Paraguay for the shelling of the USS Water Witch in 1855. It was quickly concluded after the force landed at Asunción on 25 January 1859, and followed by a Treaty of Amity and Commerce on 4 February 1859. - U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012 Gallup - "Bassett, Leslie A". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2016-02-16. - "U.S. Military Moves in Paraguay Rattle Regional Relations". International Relations Center. December 14, 2005. Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Retrieved April 2006. Check date values in: - US Marines put a foot in Paraguay, El Clarín, September 9, 2005 (in Spanish) - Moore, John Bassett (1906). Digest of International Law. United States Government Printing Office. p. 111.

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Text and photos by Robert Scheer The ancient city of Cusco, Peru, was laid out in the shape of a stylized puma, and Sacsayhuaman is at its head. As a matter of fact, another name for Sacsayhuaman is Saca Huma, which means the head of a puma. Although it sounds like “sexy woman”, Sacsayhuaman is Quechua for “satisfied falcon,” a name that refers to the carrion-eating birds that feasted on the dead after a hideous battle was fought here in 1536, when Spanish invaders annihilated the defending Inca forces. Now, Sacsayhuaman is the site of Cusco’s largest annual festival, Inti Raymi, (seen in photo at the left) held during the June 21st winter solstice. Three parallel walls, built in a zig-zag pattern, were part of the defensive fortress, and correspond to the teeth of the puma. Sacsayhuaman is noted for its irregularly-shaped, gargantuan stone blocks, one of which weighs more than 300 tons. They are fitted together without mortar, and the ones now remaining have withstood not only attempts by the Spanish to knock them down, but also more than half a millennium of earthquakes and other natural forces. Pictured at the right is an entrance near which a serpent pattern is carved into the rock. Almost exactly the same size as the human brain and spinal column, this carving is believed to represent the seven chakras, and it is said that the seven gouged-out areas were once filled with gold, crystals and gemstones. Mark Amaru Pinkham, author of the book The Return of the Serpents of Wisdom, regularly leads groups to sacred sites in Peru, through Soluna Tours. Mark says that another name for Sacsayhuaman is the Serpent-Lightning Temple, because it is believed that in ancient times the Incas performed rituals here to awaken the inner serpent, or kundalini energy, located at the base of the human spine. Another area of Sacsayhuaman was probably a mystery school, used for teaching secrets of the universe and initiating new students into the priesthood. In this area are many mysterious stone carvings, including the one pictured at the left, where it seems like the underside of a stairway has been carved into the solid rock. Could this represent steps leading into another dimension? Sacsayhuaman is located only 2 kilometers from Cusco, and the distance can be walked in about 45-minutes, although the climb is steep, and at an altitude of 3500 meters (more than 10,000 feet above sea level), it can be strenuous, so you’re best to go by taxi or tourist bus. There is an admission charge, and if you are not traveling as part of an organized group, you should remember to get a Cusco Tourist Ticket first at the Galeria Turistica office in Cusco. This ticket costs about $10, and is good for admission to the Korikancha, Cusco Cathedral, Quenko, Tambo Machay, Pisac, Ollantaytambo and several other attractions besides Sacsayhuaman.

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If you’re lucky, you can manage to avoid the common cold entirely. If not, you’ll probably only have to deal with the sniffles and a fever for a few days. For some with conditions such as asthma or other respiratory diseases, the common cold can be far more dangerous. A cure for the common cold has been little more than a pipe dream, though scientists have taken the first tiny steps into a world where the common cold can be stopped. The key to the discovery is in tweaking enzymes in our body rather than trying to adapt to the cold virus itself. Part of the reason why it’s been so difficult to treat is because it is good at mutating itself, making a single vaccine nearly worthless. Scientists looked at molecules that interact with an enzyme that attaches fatty acid molecules onto proteins. These bits on their own didn’t do much to inhibit the cold from spreading, but after they are chemically stitched together they become far more effective, preventing the virus from creating the protein coat that surrounds the genetic bits of the virus. The team say the molecule appears to completely prevent the virus from replicating, whether it is added one hour before, one hour after or at the same time as the cells are infected, and that it remains effective up to three hours after infection. The approach was also found to prevent the replication of other viruses in the same family as rhinovirus – including polio and foot-and-mouth disease. That sounds pretty promising, but don’t get too excited quite yet. Most don’t realize they’ve been infected for at least a day or two after they’ve been exposed, so researchers will at the very least need to figure out how to extend the potency of their concoction. Another hurdle is that the research is currently being conducted in a Petri dish full of human cells. There are quite a few more steps between where they’re at and even animal trials let alone human trials. It is, however, a start, which is promising.Source: The Guardian

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Sri Lanka produces 80–90% of the world's supply of Cinnamon, and there are several uses of this spice. The soft outer bark of cinnamon wood is stripped off using a fine rounded rasp knife in a process known as peeling. Workers sit on the ground with their legs covered with the yellow bark dust. Leaves are also used to produce Cinnamon Bark essential Oil, used in food recipes to flavor but mainly in the perfumes industry. “The Raw Gold of Sri Lanka” is a gorgeous documentary series of environmental portraits by Giacomo Bruno, documentarist, storyteller and portrait photographer. Giacomo is a 27-year-old self-taught photographer and filmmaker who was born in Reggio Emilia and currently lives and works in Milan, Italy. Giacomo Bruno has traveled in many different countries such as Central and South America, North and South Africa, and Asia with India,Sri Lanka and China. His personal interest focus on human beings,on their cultures, working tradition with a special attention to their environment. In both photography and documentary the story develops around the portrait of one ore more characters, trying to enhance with an emotional touch, the subject and his background, as an equally important element to better tell a story. Aluthwala, Sri Lanka. The post The Raw Gold of Sri Lanka: Cinnamon by Giacomo Bruno appeared first on Photogrist Photography Magazine.

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NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant SP.NUKR.CLG.982285 Black Sea Ecosystem Recovery is a Basis of Regional Environmental Security (2006-2009) The overall goal of the project is to reduce scientific uncertainties in the processes of mixing in the Black Sea and in particular related to the vertical mixing across the thermocline, and horizontal cross-frontal transport between the shelf and open sea regions induced by meso-scale dynamic. The project helps to reveal the pathways of pollutants based on the modern information from direct high-precision measurements of currents and remotely sensed data and obtain a better understanding of how these features influence losses/gains of pollutant/nutrients and hence the biological productivity and environmental stability of the Black Sea. This work is important for future management decisions affecting the Black Sea. The effective control of eutrophication requires major changes in land-based activities that should be advised by solid science. Present uncertainties regarding the behaviour of the system do not allow sufficiently precise modelling for new goals to be set. By reducing the uncertainties, the project will help to improve the environmental security and stability of the Black Sea. - Professor Georgy Shapiro (University of Plymouth, UK) - Dr Evgeny Lemeshko (Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Ukraine) The Black Sea is a large semi-enclosed basin located at the South-Eastern edge of Europe between latitudes of 41° to 46°N and longitudes of 28° to 41.5°E. Limited water exchange with the open basins and weak vertical mixing due to strong density stratification and very small tidal streams result in an almost completely anoxic deep sea basin with poor ecological conditions. The catchment area of the Black Sea is home to over 160 million people spanning 23 countries and drains some of Europe’s largest rivers. Over the last 30 years the Black Sea has suffered one of the worst environmental crises of the world’s marine ecosystems. The dramatic increase in nutrient loads introduced by rivers promoted wide-spread eutrophication, particularly in the shelf zone which is more nutrient-rich and productive as compared with the open Black Sea. So, investigation of horizontal and vertical mixing processes, especially of the processes of shelf/open sea water- and nutrients exchange in the Black Sea is of the great importance. Satellite and hydrographic observations during the last 10–15 years have shown that horizontal water exchange in the Black Sea is substantially determined by mesoscale eddy dynamics. However, the influence of mesoscale eddies on spatial distribution of hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics is still poorly known and poorly quantified. Field phase (co-sponsored by EU PF6 SESAME project and Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) and visits There were two field campaigns associated with this project and co-sponsored by relevant national/international projects: - POSEIDON-363 (7-25 March 2008), and - FELUGA-2009 (16-21 March 2009). NW Black Sea, 7-25 March 2008, Chief scientist Jana Friedrich, AWI, Germany. Four member of staff from UoP and MHI participated in this cruise: G. Shapiro (University of Plymouth, leader of the oceanography group), D. Aleynik (University of Plymouth, member of the oceanography group), D. Soloviev ( MHI, member of the oceanography group) and L. Mee (University of Plymouth, deputy chief scientist). The aims of the oceanography group were: - collect oceanographic water column data (temperature, salinity, oxygen, current velocities) and remotely sensed data (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll – a concentration) for the study of the water column processes on the western and north-western shelves of the Black Sea - collect water samples for the geochemistry and biochemistry group and for the Institute of Oceanology (Varna) - operate Fast Rate Repetition Fluorometer (FRRF) and pass the data to the biochemistry group. Lemeshko E.M., Morozov A.N., Stanychny S.V., Mee L.D., Shapiro G.I. 2008. Vertical structure of ocean currents in the northwest Black Sea as determined by LADCP data in May 2004. Physical Oceanography, No 6, 25-37. (pdf) McQuatters-Gollop, A., Mee, L.D., Raitsos, D.E. and Shapiro, G. I. 2008. Non-linearities, regime shifts and recovery: the recent influence of climate on Black Sea chlorophyll. Journal of Marine Systems, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.06.002 Shapiro, G.I., Aleynik, D.L. and Mee, L.D. 2008. Long term trend in the sea surface temperature of the Black Sea. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-00996, 2008. SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-00996. EGU General Assembly 2008 (abstract). Aleinik, D.L., Shapiro, G.I., Mee, L.D. and Lemeshko, E.M. 2007. Using a Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler for Measuring Current Velocities in the Black Sea, Oceanology, Vol. 47, No. 1, 127–134. (pdf) Shapiro, G.I., Mee,L.D., Aleynik, L. D. and Enriquez, C. E. 2006. Mesoscale Variability in the Western Black Sea – Observations and Numerical Modelling. Challenger Conference for Marine Science, Oban, UK, 11-14 September 2006., Poster 15. Shapiro, G.I., Aleynik, D.L. and Mee, L.D., 2006. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the physical environment in the Black Sea revisited. European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 02 – 07 April 2006. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 8, 00985, 2006, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU06-A-00985

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The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) on October 17, 1986. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) reflected EPA's experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. SARA: - stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites; - required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws and regulations; - provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools; - increased State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program; - increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites; - encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up; and - increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion. SARA also required EPA to revise the Hazard Ranking System to ensure that it accurately assessed the relative degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that may be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL).

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Our ears may possibly be our most mistreated body part. We pierce them, subject them to deafening noise, shove cotton swabs inside them, and burn them with ear candling. In spite of providing us with one of our most critical senses, we rarely give our ears, or our hearing, much appreciation or thought. That is, up until there are problems. After that, we understand just how important healthy hearing really is—and how we ought to have figured out proper ear care sooner. The trick is to recognize this before the injury is done. If you want to avoid issues and protect your hearing, avoid these 4 unsafe practices. 1. Ear Candling Ear candling is a technique of removing earwax, and also, as one researcher put it, “the triumph of ignorance over science.” Here’s how ear candling is conducted. One end of a slim tube composed of cotton and beeswax is placed into the ear. The other end is set on fire, which purportedly creates a vacuum of negative pressure that draws earwax up into the tube. Except that it does not, for two reasons. First, the ear candle doesn’t create negative pressure. As stated by Lisa M.L. Dryer, MD, earwax is sticky, so even if negative pressure was created, the pressure needed to suck up earwax would end up rupturing the eardrum. Second, although the wax and ash resemble earwax, no earwax is actually discovered within the ear candle following the treatment. Clinical psychologist Philip Kaushall tested this by burning some ear candles the customary way and burning other candles without placing them into the ear. The residue was exactly the same for both groups. Ear candling is also harmful and is strongly opposed by both the FDA and the American Academy of Otolaryngology (physicians specializing in the ear, nose, and throat), if you require any additional reasons not to do it. 2. Employing cotton swabs to clean your ears We’ve written about this in other articles, but inserting any foreign object into your ear only forces the earwax against the eardrum, generating an impaction and potentially a ruptured eardrum and hearing loss. Your earwax consists of advantageous antibacterial and lubricating properties, and is organically eliminated by the normal movements of the jaw (from talking and chewing). All that’s required from you is standard showering, or, if you do have problems with excessive earwax, a professional cleaning from your hearing specialist. But don’t take our word for it: just look at the back of the package of any pack of cotton swabs. You’ll find a warning from the manufacturers themselves advising you to not enter the ear canal with their product. 3. Listening to excessively loud music Our ears are just not equipped to deal with the loud sounds we’ve learned how to create. In fact, any sound louder than 85 decibels has the potential to produce irreversible hearing loss. How loud is 85 decibels? An ordinary conversation registers at about 60, while a rock performance registers at over 100. But here’s the thing about the decibel scale: it’s logarithmic, not linear. Which means the jump from 60 to 100 decibels does not make the rock concert twice as loud, it makes it about 16 times as loud! In the same way, many earbuds can achieve a similar output of 100 decibels or greater—all from within the ear canal. It’s no surprise then that this can create permanent injury. If you want to preserve your hearing, ensure that you wear earplugs to live shows (and while at work if needed) and maintain your portable music player volume at about 60 percent or less of its max volume (with a 60 minute listening time limit). It may not be cool to wear earplugs to your next concert, but premature hearing loss is not much cooler. 4. Overlooking the signs of hearing loss And finally, we have the distressing fact that individuals tend to wait almost 10 years from the start of symptoms before searching for help for their hearing loss. That means two things: 1) people unnecessarily experience the negative effects of hearing loss for ten years, and 2) they render their hearing loss a great deal harder to treat. It’s true that hearing aids are not perfect, but it’s also true that with modern technology, hearing aids are remarkably effective. The amount of hearing you get back will depend on the seriousness of your hearing loss, and seeing that hearing loss has a tendency to get worse over the years, it’s best to get tested and treated the moment you notice any symptoms.

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Official website of the Johns Hopkins Antibiotic (ABX), HIV, Diabetes, and Psychiatry Guides, powered by Unbound Medicine. Johns Hopkins Guide App for iOS, iPhone, iPad, and Android included. Explore these free sample topics: -- The first section of this topic is shown below -- - Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure of mineral content for a given bone area or volume. - Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mineral density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. - Bone architecture consists of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) which form hydroxyapatite crystals, as well as type I collagen and other proteins. - Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): BMD lower than age-matched healthy population; at higher risk for fracture compared to age-matched population. - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): BMD normal to higher than age-matched healthy population; may be at higher risk for fracture despite normal to high BMD.

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This is right in the intersection of Supply Chain and Artificial Intelligence. One of the most common processes within Supply Chain is warehouse management, which includes a variety of tasks, like receiving, shipping, picking, kitting, and others. There are multiple companies which have developed warehouse management solutions that are voice enabled. That is, instead of generating paper forms for the warehouse workers, or displaying data in some type of electronic device, these systems transmit orders to workers using a voice interface. And this is already bringing cost savings to warehouses. See for example this. And why is this relevant, you may ask? There are already automated warehouses, run mostly by robots. The voice enabled software reminds me of a short story by Marshall Brain, of HowStuffWorks fame. In this dystopian story, a voice enabled software program manages a small restaurant. Initially replacing a few human jobs, but eventually becoming an overarching artificial intelligence that leaves most of the planet unemployed and unemployable. You should read it. Over the last few months we have been hearing a lot about self-driving cars and trucks. The job of a taxi driver is on the way to becoming automated. I think one key is that there is already a system which provides the navigation, the knowledge of the world. In some way the phone does the part of the job that requires intelligence, which is understanding the environment and finding an optimal route. While the human does something that doesn’t require a lot of intelligence, at least for a human, which is driving. The voice picking systems are similar in the sense that the smart actions (determining the optimal route in the warehouse, what to pick and where to take it) are implemented in software, and the more menial work is done by a human. Unfortunately for many, this seems to be a trend that is here to stay. I suspect over the course of the next few years we will see more and more of these systems. And at some point robotics will reach a point of maturity where the entire job can be automated.

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Rodent testing, the bedrock of modern pharmacology and toxicology, owes its prominence in part to coincidence. At the turn of the century, when some of the “fancy” mice being bred by a woman named Abbie Lathrop developed skin lesions—a problem that threatened sales to hobbyists—Lathrop sent samples to the famed cancer pathologist Leo Loeb. Marvelling at the symptomatic parallels between his own patients and Lathrop’s mice, Loeb asserted that rodents might serve well as models for human disease. Since then, science labs have been filled with mice. But the approximation between their physiology and ours is crude. A collaborative study by academics, government, and private corporations found that pharmaceuticals testing in rodents accurately predicts human toxicity less than half the time; a recent publication on inflammatory diseases described mouse models as “close to random” in terms of predicting human outcomes. “We know that they’re not right,” said Donald Ingber, a professor of bioengineering at Harvard University, referring to animal models. “But we use them anyway.” So what should scientists use instead? Ingber, who works in a modern glass building in downtown Boston and is the founding director of Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, has a replacement in mind: organs on chips. According to him, drugs of the future won’t be tested on rodents with pink noses and whiskers; they’ll be tested on pliable strips of tissue-infused silicon which are less than human in appearance but surprisingly human in function. A paper that Ingber co-authored in 1994, “Engineering Cell Shape and Function,” laid the foundation for this technology. At the time, toxicology and pharmaceuticals researchers were struggling with in-vitro cells, which muddied their results and made experimental replication difficult. The cells grew in blobs, not grids, and were impossible to train. With colleagues at Harvard and M.I.T., Ingber demonstrated how to precisely organize tissue cells on gold wafers using a stamping tool common on microchip assembly lines. The process was relatively straightforward: first, a stamp imprinted a pattern of troughs and ridges. The troughs were filled with a protein repellent that limited tissue growth. On the ridges, researchers applied a protein-adherent material, and, on top of that, cultured liver cells from a rat. This process allowed tight control over the path and pattern of tissue growth—a cellular sandbox, with castles made of rat liver. In the years since his proof of concept, researchers have introduced increasing complexity to the model, starting with controlled cell death on each wafer. The medium changed from gold to silicon, and then miniature canals capable of carrying fluids were added. Slowly, different types of tissue have been layered on, mimicking the composition of organs. Recent efforts have led to fully functioning “organs-on-a-chip,” named with a nod to their roots in microchip manufacturing. A critical and deceptively simple benefit of these organs-on-a-chip is that they simulate, in a rudimentary way, the mechanical motion essential to organ function. Ingber received an avalanche of press last year for his research team’s “lung-on-a-chip,” which looks nothing like a human lung. It looks like a small domino, a rectangle of transparent silicon with three parallel channels running down its length and branching into circular valves. The two side channels are pressure-controlled chambers that can reproduce the metered expansion and contraction of breathing. The central channel, which is split into two levels and coated with human pulmonary cells, can carry air on one side and blood plasma on the other. A membrane between the sides is perforated with tiny holes that allow for the exchange of oxygen, for example, or pharmaceutical compounds. The physical mechanics of organs-on-a-chip—the lung-on-a-chip can “breathe” like a normal lung—provide an essential advantage over inert cells grown in a petri dish. For instance, in a recent experiment conducted by Ingber’s lab, when a set of the lungs-on-a-chip that could “breathe” were dosed with the cancer medication interleukin-2, they were afflicted by a well-documented side effect of the medication in humans, severe pulmonary edema; only mild symptoms appeared in a model of the lungs-on-a-chip that didn’t breathe. “We’ve ignored mechanics for a century,” Ingber said. In parallel with a few dozen labs around the world, Ingber is pushing to develop a full menu of micro-organs—hearts, livers, kidneys, guts, brains, skin. Pharmaceutical companies are keenly interested in the potential for clearer insight into human pathology and dramatically lower development costs. Right now the Food and Drug Administration approves fewer than one in ten pharmaceuticals that make it to human trial; slender success rates inflate development costs to about five billion dollars per marketed drug. “In pharmaceutical testing, the move from cells in petri dishes to mice to humans—those jumps are simply too great,” said John Wikswo, director of the Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education. “The pharmaceuticals that are tested often fail somewhere late along this chain, or are thrown out too early.” Organs-on-a-chip also promise to benefit research that precludes human trial, according to Thomas Hartung, a professor at Johns Hopkins University and the former head of the European Commission’s Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. For instance, human trials are ethically red-lined in the case of acute radiation sickness: researchers can’t bomb people with radiation and then experiment with various treatments. In August, Ingber’s group received $5.6 million from the F.D.A. Medical Countermeasures Initiative to tackle this problem and study how the lungs, gut, and bone marrow respond to heavy radiation exposure. Pediatrics presents a similar case: strict oversight requires that pharmaceutical trials use adult subjects in lieu of children, but companies could instead use organs-on-a-chip made from pediatric cells—perhaps a better approximation. The Food and Drug Administration, alongside other interested agencies, has not yet given its regulatory imprimatur to organs-on-a-chip; they must first be validated against a battery of well-established animal models. But the prospect seems tenable. Organs-on-a-chip have already proven to be a more effective tool than mice in some cases: Ingber’s lung-on-a-chip, for example, illuminated a previously unknown connection between the human immune system and pulmonary edema, while another group from the University of California, Irvine, replicated human vasculature for insights into tumor metastasis and environmental-chemical toxicity. Experiments with a gut-on-a-chip have even successfully grown a representative human microbiome. And one University of Michigan experiment using lungs-on-a-chip replicated the crackle that doctors are trained to listen for—stethoscope on chest, breathe in, breathe out—when diagnosing lung disease. In this case, the test exposed that crackling is not only a symptom of pulmonary trouble but also a source of it. Aside from regulatory approval, a stiff set of engineering challenges remains. “These are finely engineered, teeny-tiny systems, the membranes a few micrometres thick,” Ingber said. Only about six of every ten lungs-on-a-chip that his team creates function—not a viable production rate for industrial-scale manufacturing. These failures have primarily resulted from air bubbles slipping into the hollow channels, tearing off cell cultures or herding them into clumps. (The Wyss Institute this year formed a partnership with Sony to help refine the production process.) Precise control over the tiny fluid volumes requires miniature pumps and valves that, in some cases, don’t yet exist. A final key puzzle is the appropriate scaling of organs. Shrinking the body down to chip size is not as straightforward as suggested by “Tron,” in which the complexity of a piece of fruit is interchangeable with the complexity of Jeff Bridges. But this accurately scaled diminution is essential to the final goal, which is to link the micro-organs together and monitor their interactions—resulting in the Body-on-a-Chip, as the European Union grandly puts it. DARPA and the N.I.H. have posted a call, backed with a hundred and forty million dollars, for a network of ten “plug-and-play” organs that survive for four weeks and can, like Legos, be easily rearranged in different orders. Only a handful of labs worldwide have so far constructed a system with more than one organ, but such an innovation could be realized in its most basic form by 2017. It would ideally illustrate how chemicals flowing through a body are absorbed, metabolized, and then disposed. What happens if an aerosol medication inhaled into the lungs passes through the heart then moves into the liver and gut? These multi-organ projects create a challenge all their own, what Wikswo calls “the missing-organ business.” Despite the E.U.’s flashy Body-on-a-Chip terminology, nobody intends to fully replicate, in shrunken form, all of human physiology. “We’re not trying to make a perfect model of a human, because then we’re going to fail,” Wikswo said. Even if ten organs are linked together, this setup ignores the vast majority of our internal anatomy. The missing organs that are relevant to a particular experiment will thus need mechanical substitutes—an insulin pump in place of a pancreas, an endocrine pump in place of a thyroid. “In the end, the question is always, ‘What we can learn from an imperfect model?’” Wikswo said, whether we’re talking about mice, monkeys, or organs-on-a-chip. The hope is simply that each model improves upon the last. “I’m deeply optimistic on this question,” he continued. “There’s a tremendous amount of horsepower being brought to bear on the challenge.” At a time when the limits of animal testing are increasingly clear and drug development costs are spiking, “it’s great that we’re getting bioengineers into the field of safety assessment,” Hartung said. “I think—I hope—that we’ve now reached something of a turning point.” If Hartung is right, and a turning point is near, then perhaps the hundreds of millions of mice selectively bred and given to science each year will return, like a flood, to the realm of hobbyists. Photograph by Kris Krug.

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Fairport, Pittsford, Rochester NY Our teeth are naturally designed to withstand a great deal of force when biting and chewing. However, they can become quite fragile in the absence of good oral care. This often results in oral health concerns that are common among both children and adults. What exactly are the most common problems when it comes to your oral health, and what can you do about it? Tooth decay or cavities are more common than you may realize. In fact, it is the number one disease that affects children in the U.S., and approximately 91% of adults ages 20-64 have experienced tooth decay to some degree, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Tooth decay begins from the bacteria that naturally live inside of our mouths. This bacteria thrives off of the bad foods that we eat, especially those containing sugar, and carbohydrates. When proper oral hygiene measures are not followed, this bacteria begins eroding dental enamel, causing cavities. If not treated, cavities will only get worse and eventually cause an infection that leaves you in severe pain. Bad Breath and Dry Mouth Bad breath occurs in just about everyone at some point. While it can be caused by certain potent foods such as onions or garlic, some people experience bad breath on the regular. Bad breath is also caused by tooth decay, gum disease, and dry mouth. If you experience chronic bad breath and do not have any cavities or gum disease, try drinking more water. It could be that you have dry mouth more often than you may realize. If you notice that you have bad breath even after brushing and flossing your teeth, it could be that you have an underlying health issue that needs to be assessed by your dentist in Pittsford, Dr Sam Guarnieri at Pittsford Dental Excellence Center. Gum disease is most certainly one of the most common oral health concerns out there. In fact, many adults have some degree of gum disease, yet do not even know that they have it! Gum disease is an infection of your gums and supporting bone structure of your mouth. It often develops from a lack of oral hygiene, and if not treated, can lead to tooth decay, or even tooth loss. Worn Dental Enamel and Tooth Sensitivity Our dental enamel is the outermost layer of our teeth. It is the strongest substance in the human body, although it can still succumb to the devastating effects of acid erosion. Certain foods and beverages specifically sodas that contain sugar and are also acidic can erode our dental enamel causing it to weaken. In turn, this causes tooth sensitivity and increases the risk of cavities. How to prevent these common dental problems It goes without saying that each of these oral health concerns is preventable in most cases. To protect your teeth against decay, infection, or worse, be sure that you practice good oral hygiene by brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing daily. By doing this, you are removing the bacteria, sugars, and acid from your teeth. It is also important to visit your Pittsford family dentist at Pittsford Dental Excellence Center at least twice per year for routine dental checkups and examinations. Even if you are consistent with brushing and flossing your teeth, everyone accumulates tartar buildup on his or her teeth that can only be removed by a professional dental cleaning. Preventive efforts can spare your oral health from these common dental problems. If, however, you have already experienced any one of these conditions, Pittsford Dental Excellence Center can restore your smile so that you can smile with confidence again. Family Dentist in Pittsford If you would like to learn more about preventive measures to protect your oral health, call Pittsford Dental Excellence Center today at (585) 248-2575 and schedule a consultation. Patients from throughout the Pittsford, Fairport, and the greater Rochester NY area area seek the care of Dr Sam Guarnieri for his outstanding treatment results, expertise, compassion, integrity, honesty, and understanding.

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June 26, 1875 MANILA, June 26 — On June 26, 1875, a royal decree was issued by the king of Spain authorizing the preparation of a general plan for a railroad in Luzon. Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, then head of the Public Works Office of the Philippine Islands, submitted a plan which got royal approval on May 11, 1883. The concession for the Manila-Dagupan Line was awarded to Edmundo Sykies on January 21, 1887, and later transferred to the Manila Railroad Company Ltd. of London. The cornerstone of the main station building at Tutuban in Manila was laid on July 31, 1887. The entire Manila-Dagupan line, with a total length of 195 kilometers, was completed and inaugurated on November 24, 1892. Also on this same day in 1908, Pablo T. Tapia, banker and pioneer in cooperative movement, was born in Tanauan, Batangas. Tapia founded the Philippine Banking Corporation and received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1964. (PNA)

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This can be a whole new idea or it can be a new way of showing information that already exists online. The website can be based on any area of interest such as hobbies, sports or fashion. Websites will be judged on: Creativity and Innovation (50%) • How has a new angle been taken with the topic or the site? (this could be the way the website is presented, taking a different starting point than is usually presented or relating the topic to a specific locality) • What is different about the mix of media used, when compared to sites that focus on a similar topic? • What new elements have been added to any template used and do they add to the usefulness or level of engagement with the site? • Does the chosen design, layout and use of colour work for the topic? • Is the chosen design, layout and use of colour appropriate for the audience? (size and colour of text/amount of material on each page) • Is the navigation functional and easy to use? • Is it clear how to get to the content or page you want? • Does the content of the website suit the topic? • How much of the content was created by the entrant and how much sourced from the web? • Is the content appropriate to the audience? • What mix of media has been used? (text/graphics/photos/video/audio) • Does this mix best represent the topic? • Does this mix engage the audience? • How useful are the apps or widgets used on the site for the key audience? • How do they help explain/expand the topic? • Do they help the users engage more with the topic? Tip: Think about the future of the Internet, what will we use it for? Be innovative, try using different mediums and tools.

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SNOHOMISH COUNTY, Wash. –-- More 5 and 6 year olds in Snohomish County had all the vaccines they needed to enter school last year, according to recent data released by the state Department of Health. For the 2012-2013 school year, 86.3 percent of local kindergarteners were up to date on their shots, better than past years and higher than the state average of 85.6 percent. Vaccines are required for school children because they prevent disease in a community setting. The rate of vaccination has continued to climb since an all-time low in 2008-2009. School districts report vaccination rates to the state. The highest immunization rates for all grades (K-12) in Snohomish County last school year were in Lakewood (94.8%) and Everett (94.7%) school districts. A small percentage of families seek exemption from the vaccination requirement, an average of 5.3 percent in Snohomish County schools compared to 4.5 percent statewide for children entering kindergarten. In 2011 the process for parents or guardians to exempt their child from school or child care immunization requirements was changed. Parents need to see a medical provider to get a signature on the Certificate of Exemption form for their child’s school. More information about the form and the law is available online at www.doh.wa.gov/cfh/Immunize. Although exemptions are allowed for medical, religious, or personal reasons, the best disease protection is to make sure children have all their recommended immunizations. Children may be sent home from school, preschool, or child care during outbreaks of diseases if they have not been immunized. Summer is a good time to make sure your children are up to date on required shots. The cost of childhood vaccines is subsidized by federal and state government so that every parent can choose to have their child protected without regard to cost. Required childhood vaccines are available for the school year 2013-2014. - Two doses of chickenpox (varicella) vaccine or doctor-verified history of disease is required for age kindergarten through grade 5. Students in grade 6 are required to have one dose of varicella or parental history of disease. - The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine, Tdap, is required for students in grades 6-12 who are 11 years and older. Recommended vaccines also are available. - Varicella vaccine for children in grades 7-12 who have never had chickenpox. - Meningococcal vaccine for adolescents age 11-12. A second (booster) dose at age 16-18 if first dose was given at ages 11-15. - A three-shot series of human papillomavirus (HPV) for both adolescent boys and girls age 11 and older. - Children 12 months and older should receive hepatitis A vaccine, a two-shot series. - Flu vaccine for all people age 6 months and older. Snohomish Health District promotes routine vaccination of children and adults. Snohomish Health District’s Immunization Clinic will serve you if your family does not have a health care provider. A visit to a Health District clinic includes a check of your child’s record in the Washington Immunization Information System, the state’s immunization registry. Parents should beat the rush by making appointments now with their child’s health care provider. At the Health District, parents can make an appointment during normal clinic hours at either the Lynnwood or Everett office. A parent or legal guardian must accompany a child to the clinic, and must bring a complete record of the child’s immunizations. You need to fill out a Snohomish Health District authorization form to have another person bring your child to the clinic. Ask the clinic staff to mail or fax a form to you. Health District clinics request payment on the day of service in cash, check, debit, or credit card. Medical coupons are accepted, but private insurance is not. The cost can include an office visit fee, plus an administration fee per vaccine. Reduced fees are available by filling out a request based on household size and income. Teens also occasionally require travel vaccines for out-of-country mission work or community service. The Health District offers those immunizations and health advice for traveling in foreign countries. Please call if you have questions, concerns or to schedule an appointment: SHD Immunization Clinic 425.339.5220. Read more about the state’s vaccine requirements for school-age children and child care. Find more information about Washington’s school immunization data. Established in 1959, the Snohomish Health District works for a safer and healthier community through disease prevention, health promotion, and protection from environmental threats. Find more information about the Health District at www.snohd.org. Back-to-school shots hours: SHD Everett Immunization Clinic, 3020 Rucker Ave, Suite 108, Everett, WA 98201 By appointment: 8 a.m.-noon and 1-4 p.m. Monday-Wednesday-Friday SHD Lynnwood Immunization Clinic, 6101 200th Ave SW, Lynnwood, WA 98036 By appointment: 8 a.m.-noon and 1-4 p.m. Tuesday and Thursday NOTE: Both clinics will be closed on weekends and on Labor Day, Sept. 2.

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An Introduction to Multiple Sequence Alignments Sequence Alignments This course is a primer on multiple sequence alignment methods. Its purpose is to show how multiple sequence alignments can be used, and what are the most basic algorithmic techniques for computing such alignments. All these tools will be presented in an evolutionnary context and several practical applications will be proposed. At the end of the course, students should know how to use the most basic sequence alignment methods while understanding their main limitations. |1||UPF||LECTURES||An Introduction to Multiple Sequence Alignment Methods||L| |Paper||BIBLIO||A Review on Multiple Sequence Alignments||P| This Entire Course Was Automatically Generated Using BED, the Bioinformatics Exercise Database. BED is a freeware available on request Cedric Notredame

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Related Story:Want to Target Online? You Better Build Trust Behavioral Information Makes for More Effective Ads, but Amid Facebook Glitches and FTC Guidelines, Even Google Is Calling for Privacy Legislation Eight groups, including the American Psychological Association, the Center for Digital Democracy and Children Now, argued that younger children can't adequately distinguish between ads and other content. They said teens, while more sophisticated, are still less able to understand the long-term impact of providing information to advertisers and third parties and are unable to meaningfully consent to providing information. "Children do not realize that websites collect personal information for advertising purposes. Behavioral advertising presents a prime example of how children ... cannot understand and make meaningful choices concerning online data collection. The FTC must protect this vulnerable population," the groups said. The Network Advertising Initiative, an ad network trade group, agreed that children under 13 shouldn't be targeted by ads and stated as such in its new guidelines. However, in a filing to the FTC, it said that "online behavioral advertising has not [been] shown to create increased risk to consumers," and that behavioral advertising provides "significant benefits" to consumers and businesses, helping to make high-quality content and services on the internet free and providing consumers with information tailored to products and services they are interested in. Like the NAI, nine ad groups, including the Association of National Advertisers and the American Association of Advertising Agencies, question the rationale of regulating behavioral targeting before its hurtful effect on consumers has been demonstrated. The competing views of what the FTC should do were filed last week in the opening round of a key debate over how closely the government should regulate behavioral tracking. The FTC earlier this year offered some suggestion of what minimum industry self-regulatory standards would be but asked for comments. The comments were due Friday. "In the technological battle with online advertisers, the consumer is outgunned," the Consumer Federation of America and Consumers Union charged in a joint filing. "There is a fundamental mismatch between the technologies of tracking and targeting and consumers' ability to exercise informed judgment and control over their personal data." 'Invasion of privacy' They called behavioral targeting "an invasion of privacy and an inherently deceptive practice" and proposed the FTC establish a "do not track" registry, similar to its "do not call" list. They also proposed the collection of "sensitive data" be banned. (This tactic was first proposed last fall, at an FTC town hall meeting that addressed behavioral targeting.) The Online Publishers Association, however, pressed the importance of advertising to support high-quality content and services. "Online advertising is the lifeblood of digital publishing," wrote OPA President Pam Horan. "Over 90 percent of the revenue generated by OPA members is generated by advertising and the ability of OPA members to continue to sell high-value, targeted advertising will be critical to their future ability to create and distribute high-quality news, information and entertainment content on the Web, free of charge." Microsoft and Google, in separate filings, argued that tracking -- including tracking of personally identifiably information -- should be allowed, but the key is clearly separating day-to-day information used to track usage and generate ads from tracking of more sensitive data. Microsoft proposed the FTC examine privacy as a five-tiered pyramid: the idea is that there are various levels of tracking, each posing a different threat level . Presenting the least amount of risk are sites that simply track their own visitors and page views -- basic ad-serving technologies. From there, marketers move into targeting people based on data from multiple sites; behavioral targeting; personally identifiable information; and, finally, opt-in sensitive personally identifiable information, which poses the greatest risk and should be treated with the highest scrutiny. Microsoft said sites should be able to gather personally identifiable data as long as users are given a chance to opt out. Sites should also be able to combine personally identifiable information gathered offline with non-personally identifiable profiles gathered online, as long as it gets a user's consent. Google urged the FTC to distinguish between contextual advertising that gives consumers ads based on search terms and behavioral advertising, which delivers ads based on profiling of what a consumer does online. It suggested contextual "provides great benefits to our users" with little harm, even when it delivers medical information, because no personally-identifiable information is given. The National Retail Federation's Shop.org also questioned whether consumers were being harmed by profiling, saying the FTC's concern may be "premature." It also suggested that while there are legitimate concerns about "sensitive" data, defining what is "sensitive" has to be done carefully. It noted that some broad definitions could limit advertising of religious group sites, sites that sell vitamins or travel sites selling to recently divorced or gay adults.

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National Geographic : 1964 Oct NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC o SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D. C. Organized "for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge" RATED The National Geographic Society is chartered in Washington, D. C ., in accordance with the laws of the United States, as a nonprofit scientific and educational organization for increasing and diffusing geographic knowledge and promoting research and exploration. Since 1890 the Society has supported more than 200 explorations and re search projects, adding immeasurably to man's knowledge of earth, sea, and sky. It diffuses this knowledge through its monthly journal, NATIONAL GEO GRAPHIC; more than 28 million maps distributed each year; its books, globes, and atlases; 30 School Bulletins a year in color; information services to press, radio, and television; and the publication of technical monographs. Articles and photographs of travel, natural history, and expeditions to far places are desired. For material used, generous remuneration is made. MELVILLE BELL GROSVENOR, President and Editor MELVIN M. PAYNE, Executive Vice President and Secretary ROBERT V. FLEMING, Vice President and Treasurer FREDERICK G. VOSBURGH, Vice President and Associate Editor LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Vice President for Research and Exploration ROBERT E. DOYLE, Vice President and Associate Secretary THOMAS M. BEERS, Vice President and Associate Secretary VERNON H. BREWSTER, WM. T. BELL, HERBERT T. HENDERSON, C. VERNON SANDERS, Associate Secretaries ARTHUR B. HANSON, General Counsel COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Chairman ALEXANDER WETMORE Vice Chairman MELVIN M. PAYNE Vice Chairman Rear Adm. L. O . COLBERT HUGH L. DRYDEN A. REMINGTON KELLOGG Research Associate Smithsonian Institution Vice Adm. EMORY S. LAND T. DALE STEWART Director, Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution MATTHEW W. STIRLING Research Associate Smithsonian Institution JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR. CONRAD L. WIRTH PAUL A. ZAHL and the Senior Officers of the Society BARRY C. BISHOP, Secretary BOARD OF TRUSTEES GILBERT GROSVENOR, Chairman of the Board, formerly President, National Geographic Society, and Editor of its magazine (1899-1954) THOMAS W. McKNEW, Vice Chairman of the Board, formerly Executive Vice President and Secretary (1932-1962) LEONARD CARMICHAEL WALTER K. MYERS, M.D . Vice President Physician National Geographic Society MELVIN M. PAYNE LEO OTIS COLBERT Executive Vice President Rear Admiral, U. S. Coast National Geographic Society and Geodetic Survey, Retired LAURANCE S. ROCKEFELLER HUGH L. DRYDEN Chairman of the Board, Rockefeller Deputy Administrator, National Brothers, Inc., and President Aeronautics & Space Administration Jackson Hole Preserve ROBERT V. FLEMING JUAN T. TRIPPE Advisory Chairman of the Board Chairman of the Board and Chairman, Executive Committee, Pan American World Airways Riggs National Bank FREDERICK G. VOSBURGH CRAWFORD H. GREENEWALT Assoc. Editor, National Geographic Chairman of the Board, E. I. du Pont JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR. de Nemours & Company Assistant Secretary of the Navy for MELVILLE BELL GROSVENOR Research and Development Editor, National Geographic EARL WARREN EMORY S. LAND Chief Justice of the United States Vice Admiral, U. S. Navy, ALEXANDER WETMORE Retired, formerly President Research Associate Air Transport Association Smithsonian Institution CURTIS E. LEMAY LLOYD B. WILSON Chief of Staff, U. S. Air Force Honorary Board Chairman, Chesa H. RANDOLPH MADDOX peake & Potomac Telephone Co. Vice President, American Tele- CONRAD L. WIRTH phone & Telegraph Company (Ret.) Former Director BENJAMIN M. McKELWAY National Park Service Editorial Chairman, Washington Star U. S. Department of the Interior Asst. Secretaries: OWEN R. ANDERSON, HERMAN J. A . C . ARENS, CHARLES P. BIXEL; Asst. Secretary and Asst. Treasurer: HILLEARY F. HOSKINSON; Asst. Treasurer: WM. H . McCAULEY HERMAN J. A. C. ARENS, Executive Assistant, LEONARD J. GRANT, Editorial Assistant, and Gail H. Carroll, Secretary to the President and Editor; Sibyl Peck, Assistant to the Chairman of the Board; Lenore W. Kessler, Secretary to the Vice Chairman of the Board SCOVER: Glaring mask and silk brocade deck a dancer of the Royal Cambodian Ballet (page 531). NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE MELVILLE BELL GROSVENOR, Editor MELVIN M. PAYNE, Executive Vice President FREDERICK G. VOSBURGH, Associate Editor FRANC SHOR, Senior Assistant Editor JAMES M. DARLEY, CartographerEmeritus EDITORIAL STAFF Assistant Editors: Newman Bumstead, James Cerruti, Robert L. Conly, Allan C. Fisher, Jr., Kenneth MacLeish, John Scofield, Mason Sutherland Senior Staff: Lonnelle Aikman, Jules B. Billard, Andrew H. Brown, William Graves, Gilbert M. Grosvenor, Stuart E. Jones, Nathaniel T. Kenney, Howard La Fay, Edward J. Linehan, Luis Marden, Samuel W. Matthews, Carolyn Bennett Patterson, Howell Walker, Kenneth F. Weaver, Paul A. Zahl (Natural Sciences) Foreign Staff: W. Robert Moore (Chief); Thomas J. Abercrombie, David S. Boyer, Kip Ross, Volkmar Wentzel Issue Editor: Rowe Findley Editorial Staff: Wayne Barrett, Edward Cornish, John R. Hoopes, Werner Janney, Jay Johnston, Robert P. Jordan, Bart McDowell, Frank Sartwell, Peter T. White; Joanne M. Hess, Winifred M. Myers, Betty T. Sanborne (Assts.); Dorothy M. Corson (Indexes); Rosalie K. Millerd (Files); Elizabeth A. Moize (Correspondence); Arnvid Nygaard (Chief Translator); Mary Webster Parkhurst EditorialLayout: Howard E. Paine (Chief); Charles C. Uhl Book Service: Merle Severy (Chief); Ross Bennett, Seymour L. Fishbein, Mary Swain Hoover, Anne Dirkes Kobor, Patricia Coyle Nicholson, Edwards Park, John J. Putman Geographic Art: Newman Bumstead (Chief); William Palmstrom (Asst. Chief). Artists: Irvin E. Alleman, Joseph E. Barrett, Gilbert H. Emerson, Victor J. Kelley, John W. Lothers, Robert C. Magis, Robert W. Nicholson. Research: George W. Beatty, Walter Q. Crowe, Eugene M. Scheel School Service: Ralph Gray (Chief); Thomas M. Canby, Lea Ridgley Fuller, Arthur P. Miller, Jr., Charles H. Sloan, Janis Knudsen Wheat News Service: Windsor P. Booth (Chief); Louis de la Haba, Matt C. McDade, Sabin Robbins, Paul G. Sampson; Isabel Clarke (Asst.) Television Service: Robert C. Doyle (Chief) Phototypography:Robert C. Ellis, Jr. (Chief); John McConnell (Asst. Chief), Elizabeth L. Donley Editorial Research: Margaret G. Bledsoe (Chief); Ann K. Wendt (Asst. Chief), Mary Ann Harrell, Levenia Loder, Patricia Rosenborg GeographicResearch:George Crossette (Chief); Newton V. Blakeslee (Asst. Chief), Leon J. Canova, Virginia A. LeVasseur, Jean B. McConville Library: Esther Ann Manion (Librarian); Virginia Carter Hills (Asst. Librarian), Vera Cassilly, Katharine P. O'Donnell Editorial Administration: Patricia M. Watkins ILLUSTRATIONS STAFF IllustrationsEditor: Herbert S. Wilburn, Jr. Art Editor: Andrew Poggenpohl Asst. Illust. Editors: Robert L. Breeden, W. E . Garrett, Mary S. Gris wold, Thomas R. Smith, Charles Allmon (Incoming Photographs) Director of Photography: Robert E. Gilka. Asst. Director: Joseph Baylor Roberts. Photographers: B. Anthony Stewart (Chief); James P. Blair, Dean Conger, John E. Fletcher, Otis Imboden, Bates Littlehales, George F. Mobley, Albert Moldvay, Thomas Nebbia, Winfield Parks, Robert F. Sisson Picture Editors: Lee E. Battaglia, Donald J. Crump, O. Louis Mazzatenta, Charlene L. Murphy, Robert S. Patton, Arthur A. Terry; Geraldine Linder (Asst.). Librarian: Caro Stillwell Photo Lab: Edwin L. Wisherd (Chief); Richard H. Stewart (Asst. Chief), Milton A. Ford, Donald McBain, Robert S. Oakes, Carl M. Shrader Guy W. Starling PictorialResearch: Walter Meayers Edwards (Chief) Artists: Walter A. Weber (Naturalist), Peter V. Bianchi Engraving& Printing:Dee J. Andella (Chief); Joe M. Barlett, Frank S. Oliverio, William W. Smith CARTOGRAPHIC STAFF Asst. Chief Cartographers:Wellman Chamberlin, Athos D. Grazzini Production Manager: William T. Peele. Base Maps and Revisions: Charles L. Stern (Supervisor); John F. Dorr, Harry C. Siddeley Map Drawings: Douglas A. Strobel (Supervisor); John J. Brehm, Robert W. Northrop. GeographicNames: Richard J. Darley (Super visor); Carol J. Cunningham, Donald A. Jaeger, George E. Stuart Oceanography: Apphia E. Holdstock, David W. Cook. Map Editing: Ted Dachtera, Russel G. Fritz, Richard K. Rogers. Administrative Assistant: Catherine M. Hart SECRETARY'S STAFF Administrative: Edwin W. Snider, Raymond T. McElligott, Jr., Richard E. Pearson. Accounting: George F. Fogle, Martha K. Alien. Cashier: Frank S. Delk. Statistics: Everett C. Brown. Procurement: J. P. M . Johnston, Robert G. Corey. Payroll and Retirement: Joseph B. Hogan. Membership Fulfillment:Roy J. Klockenbrink. Promotion: James Heermance, Stan Jennings, E. M. Pusey, Jr., Gordon Young. Personnel: J. B . Mahon, Mary Louise Cross, Frank A. Holman. Medical: Thomas L. Hartman, M.D . EUROPEAN OFFICE W. E. Roscher (Director) 11 Stanhope Gate, Mayfair, London, W. 1, England ADVERTISING Director:John F. Connery, New York Advertising Manager: Harley L. McDevitt, New York Chicago: William Turgeon. San Francisco:Thomas Martz Los Angeles: Jack V. Sheehan Automotive Manager: William A. Boeger, Jr., New York Copyright © 1964 National Geographic Society. 17th and M Streets N.W., Washington. D. C . 20036. All rights reserved. Reproduction or use of the whole or any part of the contents without written permission is prohibited. Printed in U.S.A. Second class postage paid at Washington, D. C .. and at additional mailing offices. Cover design and title protected by international trademark.

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When Shall We Overcome? by Joseph Stiglitz – March 12, 2018 In 1968, the year after riots erupted in cities throughout the US, the Kerner Commission, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson, famously concluded that the country was “moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal.” Sadly, it is a conclusion that still rings true. In 1967, riots erupted in cities throughout the United States, from Newark, New Jersey, to Detroit and Minneapolis in the Midwest – all two years after the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles exploded in violence. In response, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed a commission, headed by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner, to investigate the causes and propose measures to address them. Fifty years ago, the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (more widely known as the Kerner Commission), issued its report, providing a stark account of the conditions in America that had led to the disorders. Click here for the full article: Project Syndicate

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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained. A communal settlement in Israel, typically a farm. community, colony, outpost, encampmentView synonyms - ‘I grew up on a border kibbutz in Israel, on the front line of the 1967 war.’ - ‘In most cases, the sites of destroyed villages are not submerged under housing projects, but have been covered over by national forests or have been handed over to economically stagnant kibbutzim.’ - ‘In the epilogue, one example of socialism that ‘worked’ is held up in the kibbutzim of Israel.’ - ‘All I know is that when I was 17 I went to Israel to work on a kibbutz for seven months, and when I came back I was half a foot taller, and my voice had broken.’ - ‘The pioneering moshavs and kibbutzes first planted vines in 1976, and initially the grapes were sold to the large coastal cooperatives.’ - ‘The progression of kibbutzes from socialist ideals to capitalism tells an interesting tale of structural change.’ - ‘Explore the workings of democracy in a vibrant community; get to know the kibbutz through its leaders; learn about the history of the kibbutz movement.’ - ‘Other studies of kibbutzim have found helping behavior between organizations that share ideologies.’ - ‘She travelled to France and went on to live on a kibbutz in Israel where she experienced the realities of living in a socialist constructed life.’ - ‘Some went to live on collective farms, the kibbutzim, which were among Israel's most imaginative innovations.’ - ‘She went to Israel for seven months to work on a kibbutz, came home and trained as a masseur.’ - ‘Moreover, she says, the way decisions are made today about building in kibbutzim does not permit a real participation of the potential occupants.’ - ‘After graduating he cofounded a kibbutz, working with others to transform deserts into green pastures and orchards.’ - ‘As the kibbutzim grew prosperous, the idealism faded.’ - ‘And so I arrived in Israel, still 19, to work on a kibbutz, and found myself among people who had no means of checking anything I said.’ - ‘On the kibbutz they farmed avocado, bananas and dates, and ran a dairy farm and a small industrial tools factory.’ - ‘In the past 20 years, the kibbutzes have lost one-fourth of their population and members today number 120,000, a small fraction of Israel's 7 million people.’ - ‘Today, the Golan Winery is a company owned by four kibbutzes and four moshavs.’ - ‘Paths lined with eucalyptus planted by the early Jewish settlers lead to thriving kibbutzim, to guesthouses and fine restaurants.’ - ‘Our first night is spent in one of the oldest kibbutzim in Israel, En Gev in the Golan Heights.’ 1930s: from modern Hebrew qibbūṣ ‘gathering’. Top tips for CV writingRead more In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.

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Chloride is an electrolyte. It is a negatively charged ion that works with other electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, to help regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid-base balance. This test measures the level of chloride in the blood and/or urine. Chloride is present in all body fluids but is found in the highest concentration in the blood and in the fluid outside of the body's cells. Most of the time, chloride concentrations mirror those of sodium, increasing and decreasing for the same reasons and in direct relationship to sodium. When there is an acid-base imbalance, however, blood chloride levels can change independently of sodium levels as chloride acts as a buffer. It helps to maintain electrical neutrality at the cellular level by moving into or out of the cells as needed. We get chloride in our diet through food and table salt, which is made up of sodium and chloride ions. Most of the chloride is absorbed by the digestive tract, and the excess is eliminated in urine. The normal blood level remains steady, with a slight drop after meals (because the stomach produces acid after eating, using chloride from blood). How is the sample collected for testing? Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? No test preparation is needed. How is it used? A chloride blood test is used to detect abnormal concentrations of chloride. It is often ordered, along with other electrolytes, as part of a regular physical to screen for a variety of conditions. Chloride is an electrolyte. It is a negatively charged ion that works with other electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, to help regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid-base (pH) balance. Chloride and electrolyte tests may also be ordered to help diagnose the cause of signs and symptoms such as prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and difficulty breathing (respiratory distress). If an electrolyte imbalance is detected, a healthcare practitioner will look for and address the disease, condition, or medication causing the imbalance and may order electrolyte testing at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. If an acid-base imbalance is suspected, the healthcare practitioner may also order tests for blood gases to further evaluate the severity and cause of the imbalance. In persons with too much base, urine chloride measurements can tell the healthcare practitioner whether the cause is loss of salt (in cases of dehydration, vomiting, or use of diuretics, where urine chloride would be very low) or an excess of certain hormones such as cortisol or aldosterone that can affect electrolyte elimination. When is it ordered? The blood chloride test is almost never ordered by itself. It is usually ordered as part of an electrolyte panel, a basic metabolic panel, or a comprehensive metabolic panel, which are ordered frequently as part of a routine physical. - Prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea - Weakness, fatigue - Difficulty breathing (respiratory distress) Electrolytes may be ordered at regular intervals when a person has a disease or condition or is taking a medication that can cause an electrolyte imbalance. Electrolyte panels or basic metabolic panels are commonly used to monitor treatment of certain problems, including high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and liver and kidney disease. A urine chloride test may be performed along with a blood or urine sodium when evaluating the cause of low or high blood chloride levels. A healthcare practitioner will look at whether the chloride measurement changes mirror those of the sodium. This helps the healthcare practitioner determine if there is also an acid-base imbalance and helps to guide treatment. What does the test result mean? An increased level of blood chloride (called hyperchloremia) usually indicates dehydration, but can also occur with other problems that cause high blood sodium, such as Cushing syndrome or kidney disease. Hyperchloremia also occurs when too much base is lost from the body (producing metabolic acidosis) or when a person hyperventilates (causing respiratory alkalosis). A decreased level of blood chloride (called hypochloremia) occurs with any disorder that causes low blood sodium. Hypochloremia also occurs with congestive heart failure, prolonged vomiting or gastric suction, Addison disease, emphysema or other chronic lung diseases (causing respiratory acidosis), and with loss of acid from the body (called metabolic alkalosis). An increased level of urine chloride can indicate dehydration, starvation, Addison disease, or increased salt intake. If both chloride and sodium levels are high in a person on a restricted salt diet, the person is not complying with the diet. Is there anything else I should know? Drugs that affect sodium blood levels will also cause changes in chloride. In addition, swallowing large amounts of baking soda or substantially more than the recommended dosage of antacids can also cause low blood chloride. Are there dietary recommendations for chloride? Yes. The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine recommends that adolescents and adults ages 14 to 50 years consume 2.3 g/day. The recommendations vary based on age, sex, and other factors. Chloride is readily available in the food supply and most Americans probably consume more than necessary, in the form of table salt and salt in prepared foods. It is also found in many vegetables and in foods such as salted meats, butter, tomatoes, lettuce, celery, and olives. What treatment is prescribed for abnormal chloride levels? On This Site Tests: Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Electrolytes, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Basic Metabolic Panel, Blood Gases Conditions: Acidosis and Alkalosis, Addison Disease, Cushing Syndrome, Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure, Lung Diseases, Kidney Disease, Diarrhea Elsewhere On The Web

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Exposure to nature’s elements is a natural, quick remedy for our mental and physical health. Here are few listed below to take advantage of right outside your home, or at one of our local nature areas! A variety of our bodies’ functions are directly affected by sunlight. All of the wavelengths provided by sunlight that our bodies need, are not found in the electrical lighting used by individuals daily. This everyday contact with false lighting can eliminate our connection with the sun’s daily and seasonal cycles. The use of the sun to light the indoors has been proven to enhance school and workplace production. Sunshine exposure on the hands and face alone can lessen winter depression. Numerous studies have discovered the direct importance of sunlight exposure. Consistent sunshine can improve heart health, muscle strength, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Melatonin production also increases through sunlight, along with the body’s feel good neurotransmitter, serotonin. 2. Dark nights On the contrary, our bodies are prompted to fall asleep by the night’s darkness. Street, traffic and porch lights interfere with those indications to fall asleep. Discoveries have proved that if there is an abundance of light in the bedroom it will disrupt melatonin production and furthermore the sleep cycle. That disruption in the sleep cycle causes negative health effects similar to jet lag. Today’s modern habit of texting or checking emails before bed throws off many sleep cycles. The electronic screens blue lights imitate sunshine, tricking our bodies’ natural sleep pattern, resulting in insomnia. Recommendations for those with sleeping problems, should use warm, red based light within two hours before bedtime, or set device settings to nighttime appropriate displays. These tricks prevent blue light from disrupting the circadian rhythms. Plant therapy is a field of psychology that studies the care provided for plants gives humans a sense of meaning joy. Our subconscious mind is triggered when we see lush, green plants. Patients who see greenery recovery more quickly in hospitals; and the presence of plants in windowless offices helps employees work more efficient and lowers blood pressure. Urban neighborhoods with an abundant amount of greenery atmospheres has helped foster social connections. 4. Sensory nourishment Our bodies senses flourish on transforming and rich textures. Our eyes are working best when there are a variety of lighting levels in a room, because there is an abundance of color scales to explore visually. This causes a visual shift between near and far focus from time after time. Our auditory nerves adapt best to quiet and variable background noises including the sound of a river, birds singing and wind in the trees. On the contrary, loud noises consisting of traffic, construction and monotonous sounds dull our energy. Our olfactory nerve retrieves information about scents whether it be familiar or unfamiliar. Our sense of smell will warn us of danger such as smoke from a fire, or poisonous gases. Most importantly, taking a deep breath in a forest or in the mountains, provides a natural and relaxing sense of relief for mental health. Take note of your senses where you spend time the most. Would it be possible to provide anything that can positively trigger the visual, auditory, or olfactory senses? On the other hand, take note of how you can minimize unflattering and monotonous sensory? Without a doubt, drinking water is vital for survival and overall health, however there are numerous methods water provides. Soaking in water or gazing at it is beneficial for our bodies, too. Studies prove that soaking in warm water balances the nervous system and reduces stress. Patients with anxiety disorders felt more at ease after 15 minutes of warm water immersion. A bath with chamomile and lavender oils can help ease your way into a good night’s sleep. For many athletes and active individuals, a warm Epsom salt bath can soothe overexerted muscles and joints. Installations of ponds, fountains, or waterfalls provides a primal need of water in your views cape. Try for installations indoors at home and in the work space.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://sctlandtrust.org/2018/05/14/element-exposures/

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Tuna is a highly migratory species that can travel through thousands of miles of ocean throughout its life and is fished in diverse regions around the globe. More than 70 countries worldwide fish tuna including major fishing nations such as the United States, Japan and Spain as well as states as diverse as Ecuador, France, Ghana, the Philippines and the smallest island nation in the world, Nauru. Although tuna is found in all major bodies of oceanic water except the polar seas, the majority of the global tuna supply comes from the Pacific Ocean – which accounts for 2.3 million tons or about 66 percent of the total world catch. The rest of the commercial tuna sold around the world comes from the Indian Ocean (20.7 percent), the Atlantic Ocean (12.5 percent) and the Mediterranean and Black Seas (0.8 percent). Of the many species of tuna, five are the main focus of commercial fishing. Here is a little more information about the tuna you eat: If you’ve eaten “white” canned or pouched tuna, you’ve enjoyed Albacore tuna. Albacore is the only species that can be marketed as “white meat tuna” in the United States. Because of its mild flavor and prized white flesh (sometimes with a hint of pink), Albacore is a premium variety of canned tuna. Like all other tuna species, Albacore tuna is rich in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Also like other species of tuna, Albacore tuna is highly migratory and is found throughout the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Albacore caught in the Pacific Ocean are an important source of canned tuna. Albacore tuna can range up to 4.2 feet in length and weigh up to 88 pounds. The maximum lifespan of Albacore in the Atlantic is 13 years, while it is only 9 years in the Mediterranean. Albacore tuna feed on smaller fish, crustaceans and squid. Did you know? A 44 pound female Albacore may produce 2 to 3 million eggs per season. Have you ever seen “ahi” tuna on a menu or at the fish counter in your grocery store? That’s Bigeye tuna-known in Hawaii as “ahi”. Known primarily as a sashimi fish, Bigeye are similar in appearance to Yellowfin tuna (which are also sometimes called “ahi”) and are the deepest ranging of all tuna species with a greatest concentration at 150 to 250 fathoms (900 to 1200 feet). Bigeye tuna is mild in flavor and is not a main source of canned tuna. Bigeye is found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate oceans, but not the Mediterranean Sea. These tuna vary in length between 1-7ft. They feed on a wide variety of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans during the day and at night. Did you know? In the Atlantic Ocean, the record for the largest Bigeye tuna caught recreationally is a 392 pound, 6 ounce fish caught off the coast of Puerto Rico. Love a tender, delicate piece of tuna sushi or sashimi? You may be enjoying a piece of Bluefin tuna, which is used almost exclusively for sushi dishes. Bluefin is not used in canned tuna. Bluefin is the darkest and fattiest of any tuna – and also the largest of the commercially caught tuna species. Bluefin tuna can weigh over 1,000 pounds. Young Bluefins have a lighter flesh and are milder in flavor. As they grow into adulthood, their flesh turns dark red and their flavor becomes more pronounced. Bluefin tuna are found in oceans throughout the world and are also highly migratory, sometimes ranging over 6,000 nautical miles. They mature slowly and can live up to 30 years. Bluefin reach up to 10 feet in length and can weigh 1,200 pounds. Bluefin can swim at speeds of up to fifty miles per hour. They eat smaller fish, krill, pelagic red crab and squid. Because of their size, taste and their popularity in sushi and sashimi, Bluefin tuna is a fish that is in high demand and highly prized. Bluefin is a delicacy in Japan where the price of a single giant tuna can exceed $100,000 on the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo. Because it is slow to reproduce, the popular Bluefin tuna is over-fished and this has led governments and regulatory agencies worldwide to enact measures aimed at creating more responsible fishing of Bluefin to help ensure the long-term sustainability of the species. Did you know? Fishing for Bluefin dates back thousands of years to the Mediterranean, where they were trapped and roasted whole on spits. Skipjack is the most common species of canned and pouched lightmeat tuna available on the US market. Skipjack are similar in flesh to Yellowfin, but are a relatively smaller tuna. Skipjack can weigh up to 40 pounds, but typically range from 6 to 8 pounds. The fish get their name because of their lively movement in the water where they seem to skip along the surface. Skipjack are common in tropical waters throughout the world, but like other tuna travel great distances throughout the ocean during their lives. They are found in surface waters and to depths of 850 feet during the day, but seem to stay near the surface at night. Skipjack prefer warm, well-mixed surface waters and are often found in large surface swimming schools, sometime of up to 50,000 fish, throughout the Pacific. These tuna feed on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods and mollusks, but are themselves an important prey species for large pelagic fishes and sharks. Did you know? In Japanese cuisine, Skipjack Tuna is known as “katsuo” and is commonly smoked and dried to make “katsuobushi”, an important ingredient in making “dashi” (fish stock). Along with Bigeye, Yellowfin is also called “ahi”, but is probably better known as “light” canned or pouched tuna, named so for its pale pink flesh. Yellowfin has a flavor slightly more pronounced than Albacore. Yellowfin tuna are found in tropical and subtropical ocean waters throughout the world and tend to school with fishes of the same size, including other species of tuna such as Skipjack and Bigeye. As a tropical species, Yellowfin occupy the warm surface waters of all oceans. Yellowfin can grow to be up to 7 feet long and weigh up to 440 pounds and eat other fish, crustaceans and squid. Did you know? Yellowfin is also known as “ahi” tuna. “Ahi” is the Hawaiian word for “fire”, due to the smoke from their fishing ropes rubbing violently on the gunwales of the Hawaiians’ wooden canoes while pulling the fish in.

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/ tʃʌŋk / - A large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape : >>a chunk of bread / 'kru:ʃəl / - Something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it SYN vital >>This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies. crucial in/to doing something >>The work of monks was crucial in spreading Christianity. * Crucially adverb / dɪ'lɪbərət / 1. Intended or planned OPP unintentional SYN intentional : >>The attack on him was quite deliberate. 2. Deliberate speech, thought, or movement is slow and careful : >>He approached her with slow, deliberate steps. * Deliberateness noun * Deliberately adv / dɪ'preʃən / 1. A medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life : >>women who suffer from post-natal depression (= that sometimes happens after the birth of a baby ) 2. A feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future : >>Lucy’s mood was one of deep depression . + Sự suy yếu, suy nhược, chán nản / ɪn'ɡeɪdʒ / 1. To be doing or to become involved in an activity >>Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise. 2. To attract someone’s attention and keep them interested engage sb’s interest/attention >>The toy didn’t engage her interest for long. 3. formal to employ someone to do a particular job engage somebody to do something >>Her father engaged a tutor to improve her maths. engage somebody as something >>We’d be able to engage local people as volunteers. + Tham gia, lôi kéo, thuyết phục, cam kết / ɪn'dʌstriəs / - Someone who is industrious works hard SYN hard-working * Industriously adverb + Cần cù, siêng năng 1. Relating to the ability to understand things and think intelligently → mental intellectual development/ability/activity etc >>a job that requires considerable intellectual effort 2. An intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc → academic : >>Mark’s very intellectual. * Intellectually adverb : + (Thuộc) Trí óc, trí tuệ, / 'mɪəli / 1. Used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is SYN only : >>He’s merely a boy – you can’t expect him to understand. 2. Used to emphasize that nothing more than what you say is involved SYN just : >>We’re merely good friends. + Chỉ, đơn thuần / əʊ'bisɪti / - When someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy + Béo phì / 'ɒbviəs / - Easy to notice or understand : >>The obvious way of reducing pollution is to use cars less. it is obvious (that) >>It was obvious that Gina was lying. >>It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. — obviousness noun [ uncountable ] + Rõ ràng, rành mạch dễ hiểu / əʊvə'welmɪŋ / 1. Having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react : >>She found the city quite overwhelming when she first arrived. 2. Very large or greater, more important etc than any other : >>There is overwhelming evidence that smoking damages your health. * Overwhelmingly adverb : * Overwhelm verb: + Tràn ngập, vượt trội, áp đảo / rɪ'dʒuvəneɪt / 1. To make something work much better or become much better again : >>plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas 2. To make someone look or feel young and strong again : >>I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated. * Rejuvenation noun: + (Làm) trẻ lại, khoẻ lại / rɪ'lʌktənt / - Slow and unwilling OPP willing : >>She gave a reluctant smile. reluctant to do something >>Maddox was reluctant to talk about it. * Reluctantly adverb : >>Reluctantly, he agreed. + Miễn cưỡng, bất đắc dĩ 1. To experience physical or mental pain : >>At least he died suddenly and didn’t suffer. Mary’s suffering from ill health at the moment. + Trải qua, chịu đựng

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Butterflies at Stockbridge Down The chalk hills of Stockbridge Down are a wildlife oasis. It's a stronghold of characteristic chalk plants, offering habitat to over 40 species of butterfly. On warm, sunny days you can be surrounded by clouds of this delicate insect. Notable species that can be found here are the rare duke of burgundy and pearl-bordered fritillary. Both are in rapid decline and considered a conservation priority. It’s therefore vital work for our rangers to give them opportunities to thrive in the wild. Butterfly Conservation Trust has funded winter scrub clearance on Stockbridge Down to assist these species in recent years. Degenerative scrub has been cut back to ground level, allowing regeneration and fresh growth for ground flora.The resulting blooms attract hundreds of butterflies, as well as bees and other invertebrates. Rare species at Stockbridge Down The Duke of Burgundy is characterised by orange and brown colouring, with rows of white spots on the underside of its wings. Most sightings are of the territorial males, perching on prominent leaves at the edge of scrub. The females are more elusive and spend much of their time resting or flying low to the ground looking for suitable egg-laying sites. The Pearl Bordered Fritillary is distinguishable by two large silver 'pearls' and row of seven outer 'pearls' on the underside hind wing, with red chevron markings around the outer pearls and a small central spot on the hind wing. It flies close to the ground, stopping regularly to feed on spring flowers. Other species that thrive on the Down are grizzled and dingy skippers, marbled whites, dark green fritillaries and members of blue family, including holly, common and small blue. Carried out by our area ranger, butterfly surveys are ongoing throughout summer, to keep track of these rare species and help inform future conservation work. These are carried out across the whole estate by both staff and volunteers. Stockbridge Down walking trail See what species you can spot with a summer walk across Stockbridge Down.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/mottisfont/features/butterflies-at-stockbridge-down

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The technology was developed in our Department by visual prosthetics researcher Dr Stephen Hicks with support from the Oxford Eye Hospital. Hicks’ team used their understanding of how the brain interprets visual information to develop algorithms that replicate our natural visual interpretation process. Behind these glasses is ten years of work developing a real-time computer vision algorithm that mimics some of the basic components of human visual perception. The algorithm detects the distance to nearby objects and forms a depth-map which is then enhanced and displayed on the inside of a pair of glasses. It highlights edges and features which make many objects easier to see, especially in low light where many people struggle. - Dr Stephen Hicks The OxSight smart glasses use a unique camera system and computer vision algorithms to detect and highlight objects, separating them from the background in real-time. This allows people with even the lowest amount of sight make better use of their vision in challenging everyday scenarios. Participants in the trial reported that they were able to describe people standing several meters away and in some cases even recognise their faces and expressions. OxSight has successfully raised a seed funding round from Oxford angel investor Mr Zhang Jiangong. The company will use the funding to continue to develop the smart glasses. Existing partners include Google, the Royal National Institute of Blind People, the University of Oxford, the NIHR i4i scheme, the Royal Academy of Engineering and Oxford University Innovation. Both Mr Zhang and RTC Innovation, a UK-based technology transfer company have provided valuable support to OxSight over the last 3 years.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/news/spinout-develops-smart-glasses

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The Logic of American Politics, 5th edition The American people and their government are deeply at odds over how best to overcome the obstacles currently facing the country. After observing the strains of intense partisanship and divided government, your students are probably asking what logic, if any, can be found in politics. The new fifth edition of Logic reaffirms this best-seller s place as the most accessible smart book on the market. Weaving together historical context, current politics, and analytic concepts, Logic builds students understanding of political institutions and practices as imperfect solutions to collective action problems.Consistently praised for its engaging narrative, Logic hooks students with great storytelling while arming them with a toolkit of institutional design concepts command, veto, agenda control, voting rules, delegation.Walking students through examples of how each concept works, the authors also highlight passages that apply collective action themes so students cannot miss key points.Up-to-date in its coverage of such hot-button issues as health care and financial reform, the midterm elections, and racial profiling and immigration, this fifth edition also pays special attention to political polarization. Throughout the book, the authors consistently return to the country s divide among constituents and in government as they guide students through the fundamentals of American politics.More than 100 tables, figures, and maps offer visual context to an array of political data and analysis, while over 230 carefully chosen photographs enhance the book s examples and insights. Bolded key terms, a glossary, annotated reading lists, review questions, and a companion website help students read, think, and study. For more information about Logic of American Politics, click here. California Politics: A Primer If you find yourself with only a week or two to squeeze coverage of California politics in to your intro to American government class, CQ Press has the perfect solution: a short, engaging and inexpensive primer! Giving students the right level of detail, yet underscoring the essentials for understanding how the state s political system works, author Renee Van Vechten delivers on the basics. Concise chapters offer up nuts-and-bolts information while showing how a unique set of rules and a rich political history are key to getting a handle on the Golden state. Photos, cartoons, maps, tables, and figures help to make this supplement a go-to resource.For more information about California Politics, click here. Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc You may also be interested in... Please sign in to write a review Thank you for your reservation Your order is now being processed and we have sent a confirmation email to you at When will my order be ready to collect? Call us on or send us an email at Unfortunately there has been a problem with your order Please try again or alternatively you can contact your chosen shop on or send us an email at

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-logic-of-american-politics-5th-edition-california-politics/gary-c-jacobson/samuel-kernell/9781452202105

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What is the role of a teacher essay this is followed by the teacher of publication in parentheses, what one problem students run into the starting a research paper. Role of media in education essay of more dynamic portrayal of men in mediaessays- largest database of quality sample essaysand researchthe roleof social media. Defining the role of the library in the ib programme extended essay tools and media from signing. Concept map & essay the media specialist must promote the school library media program i could identify four distinct components in this role: teacher. Media can be used in almost any library using media to enhance teaching and learning why use media to enhance teaching and learning why use media to. In order to be an effective teacher, the school library media specialist your role as a professional by today's library media program of course a teacher. The role of the school library media of the role of the library media specialist in understand that the library media specialist. Sample job description the school librarian demonstrates his or her role as a middle/high school school library media section of the new york library. Teacher/school +leaderpreparation can$play$aconsiderable$role$in$supporting$their$successful standardspeggedlibrarymediaspecialistsasinstructional. Media play an important role in increasing of page 67-70 role of media in social awareness being taught by just one teacher. Category: librarians library media specialist role essays title: a media specialist’s role in the research process. Essay on the importance of library of the library is often a clerk or an indifferent teacher had been playing a dominant role in urban areas. Your article library the next role of mass-media in education in india principles of using mass media: the teacher should make all necessary arrangements. Experience with, the role of the library media center and library media specialist” teacher-librarians and novice teachers, in an effort to improve practice. Emphasis is on the parent's role as the child's first teacher to as library media my essay work by reading library books and taking. Role of teachers in character building if students are said to be “the documents similar to essay on role of teachers. Reflective essaythe school library media program at towson university the role of teacher extends to documents similar to introductory reflective essay. Society in essay of social role media essay on 21st century teacher images on low self esteem essay report about school library fantastic mr fox.View

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A number of radioisotopes are currently utilized as markers and for purposes in various medical, scientific, industrial and other applications. However, radioisotopes frequently have a relatively short half-life, from a few hours to a few minutes. In Positron Emission Tomography (PET) facilities, radioisotopes are derived from targets by bombarding them with high-energy protons or deuterons obtained from a cyclotron accelerator. Unfortunately, cyclotron accelerators suitable for use in the medical environment are very expensive, large and heavy, and require a trained staff to operate and maintain the apparatus. Thus, the accelerator must be physically located in a medical center located within a short distance from the PET scanning apparatus. Researchers at the University of Michigan have developed a new method and apparatus for generating high-energy ions and inducing small nuclear reactions. This invention employs a high-energy laser and results in high-current, high-gradient ion acceleration capable of inducing nuclear reactions on a small scale at much lower cost than conventional methods. Specifically, this approach produces energetic ions from plasmas by focusing an intense, short duration optical pulse form a laser onto a target, whereby the concentrated energy contained in the focused laser beam ionizes the target material, raising it to temperature for production of plasma consisting of free electrons and ions. Applications and Advantages - Instant production of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine - Lower cost, compact equipment - Does not use long life radioisotopes,-nl-simplifying nuclear material management

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http://inventions.umich.edu/technologies/1905_high-energy-particle-generation-and-nuclear-transformation-using-a-short-pulse-laser

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Role playing can be employed in order to help unique learners learn how to interact with others. Students can discover that they have a choice to engage in another person’s anger and perpetuate a trigger of their own negative thinking, or to stay calm and express compassion. Staying calm prevents the chemical burst of anger in their own body. Ready To Take Action? Unique Learner Solutions You should assume the owner of this website and or blog has an affiliate relationship and or another material connection, to any suppliers of goods and services that may be discussed here, and may be compensated for showing ads or recommending products or services, or linking to the supplier’s website.

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Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. The forearm muscles and tendons become damaged from overuse repeating the same motions again and again. This leads to pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow. Any activity, including playing tennis, which involves the repetitive use of the extensor muscles of the forearm can cause acute or chronic tendonitis of the tendinous insertion of these muscles at the lateral epicondyle of the elbow. The condition is common in carpenters and other laborers who swing a hammer or other tool with the forearm. The site of the pain in tennis elbow is where some tendons from your forearm muscles attach to the bone around your elbow. The pain is thought to be due to an injury, or several tiny injuries, to one or more of these tendons. An injury can cause a tiny tear to a tendon and lead to inflammation and scarring of the tendon. Injuries are usually caused by overuse of your forearm muscles in repeated actions such as wringing clothes or manual work (particularly with twisting movements such as using a screwdriver). Playing tennis or other racquet sports can also cause tendon injuries. However, despite being called tennis elbow, racquet sports are only thought to be the cause in about 5 in 100 cases. In most people, tennis elbow affects your dominant arm (the arm that you write with). The pain associated with tennis elbow may radiate from the outside of your elbow into your forearm and wrist. Pain and weakness may make it difficult to: - Shake hands - Turn a doorknob - Hold a coffee cup Your doctor or nurse will examine you. The exam may show: - Pain or tenderness when the tendon is gently pressed near where it attaches to the upper arm bone, over the outside of the elbow. - Pain near the elbow when the wrist is bent backwards. However, there are treatments that can be used to improve your symptoms and speed up your recovery. - It’s important that you rest your injured arm and stop doing the activity that’s causing the problem. - Holding a cold compress, such as a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a towel, against your elbow for a few minutes several times a day can help ease the pain. - Taking painkillers, such as paracetamol, may help reduce mild pain caused by tennis elbow. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can also be used to help reduce inflammation. Tennis elbow often gets better on its own. But if over-the-counter pain medications and other self-care measures aren’t helping, your doctor may suggest physical therapy. Severe cases of tennis elbow may require surgery. Learn proper form. Your doctor may suggest that experts evaluate your tennis technique or the movements involved with your job tasks to determine the best steps to reduce stress on your injured tissue. - Exercises. Your doctor or a physical therapist may suggest exercises to gradually stretch and strengthen your muscles, especially the muscles of your forearm. - Braces. Your doctor may also suggest you wear a forearm strap or brace to reduce stress on the injured tissue. If your symptoms haven’t improved after six to 12 months of extensive conservative therapy, you may be a candidate for surgery to remove damaged tissue. These types of procedures can be performed through a large incision or through several small incisions. Rehabilitation exercises are crucial to recovery. You often cannot avoid a sudden overuse of the arm, which can cause tennis elbow. However, if you increase the strength of your forearm muscles, it may help to prevent a further bout of tennis elbow in the future. The aim is to exercise and strengthen the muscles, but to avoid twisting movements. It is best to see a physiotherapist for advice on how to strengthen your forearm muscles.

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History of Port Sultan Qaboos The Sultanate of Oman is a sea-faring nation from time memorial given its geography and location. The country is flanked in the north by the Gulf of Oman, in the east & south by the Arabian Sea and in the west by United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Historically, the nation’s contact with the rest of the world is by sea that links it to foreign lands as well as the coastal towns of Oman. From time immemorial the ports in Oman have always been the important trade destinations for the sailors traversing the silk route. The nation’s history is intertwined with the history of its ports. During the reign of Sayyid Sultan bin Ahmed in the 18th century, Oman’s trading activity again increased and the capital area’s two harbors – Muscat & Mutrah – diversified, Mutrah was quickly established as a commercial port while Muscat was used for naval operations. The ruler’s son Sayyid Said continued to expand maritime commerce although it again went into decline after his death in 1856. Maritime activity was limited to the import of essential items, mainly from India by old-style wooden dhows. Ships had to anchor offshore and sometimes wait for days before cargo could be unloaded manually into small boats. This was all to change with the accession of HM Sultan Qaboos bin Said who inaugurated a new era of maritime commerce and prosperity in Oman when His Majesty established Mina Qaboos (now Port Sultan Qaboos) in 1974. Port Services Corporation (S.A.O.G) is Oman’s most experienced port operator managing the premier multi-purpose port at Muscat in the Sultanate of Oman. PSQ is the gateway of the nation to the International Markets with shipping connectivity to the premier ports in the world. Port Services Corporation (S.A.O.G) (“The Corporation”) is registered as a Public Joint Stock Company in the Sultanate of Oman and established vide Royal Decree ’46 / 76’ issued on 17th November 1976 and registered at the Commercial Register of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry under Commercial Registration No. 1/071670/0. The Corporation manages and operates Port Sultan Qaboos (“The Port”) under a concession agreement with the Government of the Sultanate of Oman. The boom in global trade fuels the demand for more sophisticated facilities by the trading community in Oman. Port Services Corporation beckons the shippers and consignees in Oman with cost-effective and viable solutions with developed infrastructure and state-of-the-art facilities and services to facilitate quick delivery and turn round time for vessels, cargo / container and trucks. The strategically located port continuous to remain relevant in the midst of the technological revolution in the International Port System through its progressive and proactive approach to meet the infrastructure needs of Oman in specific and International markets in general. Towards providing its customers with the best facilities and on par with any international seaport, Port Services Corporation has invested substantially in state-of-the-art equipment, Information Technology and other facilities. These investments not only facilitate greater effectiveness in the management of its business but also succeed in building an excellent relationship with ship owners, their agents and port customers. Port Sultan Qaboos – Navigating to the Future Port Services Corporation (S.A.O.G) |Office Address||:||Port Services Corporation (S.A.O.G); Port Sultan Qaboos; P.O.Box 133,P.Code: 100; Muscat Sultanate of Oman. |Telephone||:||+968- 24714000/1/2/3/4/5/6 (6 Lines)| Click here to CONTACT US Port Sultan Qaboos – At the Heart of Oman’s Maritime History

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Unfortunately they cannot survive in an urban environment as they are aquatic and need fresh water bodies around. Those large pink blobs are its eyes. These huge eyes help them see in all directions. Although changing colour is not part of its camouflage technique, the dragonflies I found were hardly visible in the backdrop of the leaves and brush and the trees on which they were seen. Look at this golden one hardly visible to be naked eye in the bright sunlight. Its eyes appeared to be spots on the leaves, and its body a glint from the sun. These dragonflies have bodies which are barely 2-3 inches and are not easily seen if they are still. I mistook this red dragonfyl for a pretty flower until I zoomed in with my telephoto lens. This dragonfly has a yellow and black striped body and it merges with the dried grass and leaves in the background. Whether or not dragonflies change colour, they certainly know which area to hang around in! The large pink round orbs are the eyes and this dragonfly has a smile on its face! A clearer picture of this beautiful yellow and black dragonfly. It's body reminds one of the stalk of a sugarcane plant! The straw and grass in the background merges perfectly well with the tiny body of this dragonfly making it very difficult to see in the brush. The back of a dragonfly with turquoise blue netted wings. The wings of dragonflies are amazing, delicated netted things which move faster than the eye can see.

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1. Send DNA To Distant Planet. 2. Reconstruct Humans On Site. Some scientists believe that humanity's best shot at colonizing other planets lies in working within existing physics using organisms -- in this case, bacteria encoded with human DNA -- that can survive the trip. Kecia Lynn has worked as a technical writer, editor, software developer, arts administrator, summer camp director, and television host. A graduate of Case Western Reserve University and the Iowa Writers' Workshop, she is currently living in Iowa City and working on her first novel. What's the Latest Development? At the recent Future is Now conference in Washington, NASA's Adam Steltzner proposed a method of space exploration that turns the traditional approach on its head: Rather than figuring out ways to work around the laws of physics so that humans can travel to distant planets as easily as they appear to in science fiction, let's try encoding human DNA onto microbes, sending them to a planet, and then "printing" humans from the DNA once they arrive. What's the Big Idea? The first part of Steltzner's idea isn't very farfetched. Microbes have survived the trip from Earth to Mars, and it's possible to "[use] bacteria like computer memory," says Harvard biologist Gary Ruvkun. It's the second part -- rebuilding humans upon arrival -- that's the real challenge. One possible solution could be to send a robot that would, in time, receive the necessary data to construct a human on site. Steltzner says, "The idea of 3D printing is, something's created out of matter at the location, just with the information. And that's kind of what we're talking about here." Photo Credit: Shutterstock.com Personal Note: This will be my last post for IdeaFeed. I hope readers have learned as much from the ideas presented here as I have since joining BigThink in 2012. See you out in the universe... Your fellow explorer, These five main food groups are important for your brain's health and likely to boost the production of feel-good chemicals. We all know eating “healthy” food is good for our physical health and can decrease our risk of developing diabetes, cancer, obesity and heart disease. What is not as well known is that eating healthy food is also good for our mental health and can decrease our risk of depression and anxiety. Infographics show the classes and anxieties in the supposedly classless U.S. economy. For those of us who follow politics, we’re used to commentators referring to the President’s low approval rating as a surprise given the U.S.'s “booming” economy. This seeming disconnect, however, should really prompt us to reconsider the measurements by which we assess the health of an economy. With a robust U.S. stock market and GDP and low unemployment figures, it’s easy to see why some think all is well. But looking at real U.S. wages, which have remained stagnant—and have, thus, in effect gone down given rising costs from inflation—a very different picture emerges. For the 1%, the economy is booming. For the rest of us, it’s hard to even know where we stand. A recent study by Porch (a home-improvement company) of blue-collar vs. white-collar workers shows how traditional categories are becoming less distinct—the study references "new-collar" workers, who require technical certifications but not college degrees. And a set of recent infographics from CreditLoan capturing the thoughts of America’s middle class as defined by the Pew Research Center shows how confused we are. SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by The Big Think, Inc. All rights reserved.

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A celebrated novelist one time said “ if there ‘s a book you truly want to read but it has n’t been written yet, so you must compose it ” and that celebrated novelist is Toni Morrison, who is besides known as Chloe Ardelia Wofford. She was born on February 1930. Not merely she ‘s the first Afro-american to win the Nobel Prize, which is the most celebrated international award that is considered to be a great award for any author ( Haskins 9 ) , she besides happens to be and editor and a professor. Toni is well-known for two celebrated novels “ Beloved ” and “ Song of Solomon ” , in add-on to her singular work is her first and merely short narrative which is “ Recitatif ” . This short narrative was written in 1983, the word “ Recitatif ” , besides can be written as “ recitative ” , is defined harmonizing to Merriam Webster dictionary site as “ a rhythmically free vocal manner that imitates the natural inflexions of address and that is used for duologue and narrative in operas and cantatas ” . Furthermore, the events in the narrative revolves around two misss from different races who meet in an orphanhood during their staying they become best friends after they both departure they encounter each other several times through the narrative. although the narrative seems consecutive frontward without any complications, but I will be speaking about black vs. white and the possible anticipations, Maggie and the interior struggle, and the category differentiation in the narrative. Before get downing with my three subjects, Ii??ll define foremost what pragmatism is since the narrative is realistic. Harmonizing to Donna is “ the faithful representation of world ” and a continuance to what she said i??realism is a technique, it besides denotes a peculiar sort of capable affair, particularly the representation of middle-class lifei?? ( 2010 ) the just definition that can explicate pragmatism. First, the black vs. white and the possible anticipations in the narrative, Toni tried so difficult non uncover which 1 of the misss is black and which one is white, even though she told us in the beginning of the narrative that they ‘re both from different races “ it was something else to be stuck in a unusual topographic point with a miss from a whole other race ” ( Baym 2638 ) but she did n’t stipulate them. the author used this method to dispute the readers, make them believe and do some anticipations while reading the narrative, the possible ground for her deliberately making this is that she wants us to see them as homo non by their race ( Kusumoto 12 ) . throughout the narrative several intimations were given so the reader can get down his/her premises, like when the two misss ‘ were introduced to each Twyla remembered what her female parent said “ she said that they ne’er washed their custodies and they smelled good story ” ( Baym 2638 ) this makes us believe that Twyla is white and Roberta is non. But when the female parents we ‘re sing them in the orphanhood Roberta ‘s female parent refused to agitate custodies with Twyla ‘s ma “ she did n’t state anything, merely grabbed Roberta ‘s manus with her bible-free manus and stepped out of line, walking rapidly to the rear of it. ” ( Baym 2641 ) by this we can presume that Roberta is white and Twyla is black cognizing at that clip white people had no regard for black people. However this thought changes when Roberta negotiations about jimi Hendrix, who is an African American instrumentalist and a stone star, and Twyla ne’er heard of him ( baym 2638 ) . Still we ca n’t find who is white and who is black their race is still equivocal, we can non truly make up one’s mind at the terminal. Second, Maggie and the interior struggle, many things in the narrative can bespeak to other things that should non be ignored like objects, colourss, topographic points, and even characters. The most of import thing I ‘ll be concentrating on is the character Maggie. In the narrative, Maggie is an old adult female in the orphanhood with some disablements ; she has been abused and beaten by the large misss. Furthermore, both of the adult females, Twyla and Roberta, remembered Maggie otherwise and both of them thought that she represented their female parents and them. For Twyla, she focused more on Maggie ‘s physical disablement when she said “ the kitchen adult female with legs like parentheses ” ( Baym 2639 ) this can stand for her female parent who dances all dark. On the other manus, Roberta focused on her mental disablement when she said “ and because she could n’t speak good, you know, I thought she was brainsick. She ‘d been brought up in an establishment like my female parent was and like I thought I would be excessively ” ( Baym 2651 ) which besides represented her ill female parent and she mentioned she represented her. Even though Twyla and Roberta remembered Maggie otherwise and both of them said that she resembles both of their female parents, but both of them desired to crush her so bad but they could n’t and wanted the large misss to ache her, this average both of them had issues with their female parents, and had strong feelings toward them. Third, the category differentiation in the narrative, at that clip category differentiation was really common and it is obvious in the orphanhood when the separate categories were given on the top we have the fathead which is in the upper category, so after that there are the large misss, which are the adolescents mentioned in the narrative “ those misss with lip rouge and eyebraw pencil ” those misss are the most feared 1s in the orphanhood, they bully the childs and Maggie. And beneath the large misss there are the existent orphans “ with beautiful dead parents in the sky ” ( Baym 2639 ) . After that there is Twyla and Roberta the two dumped misss by their female parents, they are normally bullied by the large misss and the other childs did non desire be near them. Then there is Maggie in the last she is bullied by everyone. Those categories were organized from the stronger to the weaker. In decision, the short narrative “ Recitatif ” was attractively written by Toni Morrison. Even though it is still equivocal to distinguish who is black and who is white, how Maggie resembles the two misss and their female parent, and the obvious category differentiation in the orphanhood, the narrative still entertaining to read, and it is written in a originative manner and good structured. Baym, Nina i??The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 2637-2651.i?? W. w. Norton & A ; company, inc. New York. Kusumoto, Jitsuko i??Memories of the Daughters from i??Recitatifi?? to Belovedi?? , 21-24.i?? Research Reports of KNCT Vol.35 ( 2008 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merriam-webster.com/ Haskins, Jim i??Toni Morrison: The Magic of Words, 9i?? the Millbrook Press, Inc. 2001 Campbell, Donna M. “ Realism in American Literature, 1860-1890. ” Literary Motions. Dept. of English, Washington State University. 03/22/2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm. 12/30/2010

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Eruption of red bumps on the upper side and back of the arms are common skin conditions. As per statistics, they occur in about 50 percent of the world's population. The frequency of occurrence is higher among youngsters, which accounts to about 80 percent. Also, the ratio is higher in women than men. In majority of the cases, bumps on skin are manifested as a result of keratosis pilaris. This skin disease is more common amongst people who have dry and sensitive skin. Causes of Bumps on the Arms Bumps on specific body areas, manifested as a result of keratosis pilaris, are developed due to excess accumulation of a skin protein, known as keratin. The protein buildups block the skin pores and trap the hair follicles, thus resulting in unusual thickening of skin. As a consequence, the skin lacks the ability to shed dead cells and keratin. Over a period of time, small raised spots are formed in the specific areas. In addition to the arms, small bumps may be developed in thighs and other parts of the body such as face, chest, buttocks and back. - The bumps related to keratosis pilaris usually resemble acne or pimples. This is the reason as to why, they usually go unnoticed. - They may appear reddish and irritated, but itching rarely occurs. - Very often, ingrown hair are present inside the lesions. - Some people have red, inflamed bumps, while others do not experience inflammation. - Owing to the skin appearance, this medical condition is alternatively known as chicken skin. - Symptoms may worsen during low humidity conditions, especially during winter months, as the skin becomes dry. - Similarly, the skin condition exacerbates after exposure to harsh sun for prolonged hours. Diagnosis and Treatment Bumps on the back of arms manifested due to keratosis pilaris is a hereditary problem. Hence, it is quite obvious that this disease runs in families. On the brighter side, it is noncontagious, which is not the case with some of the common skin problems. For correct diagnosis, the dermatologist may analyze medical history and conduct culturing of the cell sample collected from the raised skin areas. Based on the test results, appropriate treatment will be prescribed by the doctor. There is no cure for bumps on the arms, if the resulting symptoms are due to keratosis pilaris. However, there are several potential treatment options for this unsightly condition. The treatment for keratosis pilaris is focused on softening and exfoliating the skin to open the clogged pores. Skin creams and ointments containing lactic acid are effective for treating these tiny lesions. The lactic acid acts as an exfoliating agent, thereby aiding in gentle shedding off the thickened skin. However, make sure that the usage directions are followed religiously to get prompt results. In severe cases, the physician may prescribe usage of topical corticosteroids, retinoid lotion and alike retinol products for addressing the unsightly bumps. For stubborn cases, chemical peels containing alpha hydroxy acids, microdermabrasion, laser therapy and more serious procedures may be considered for treatment. As for Staphylococcus infection related skin eruptions, an antibiotic course is recommended for treating the skin condition. As skin dryness is a triggering factor for onset of bumps, make a point to keep the skin moisturized at all times. Speaking about home remedies to combat bumps on the back and upper arms, - One should avoid hot showers and usage of scrubbers during bathing. Doing so causes further irritation to the skin and worsens the symptoms. - Use of a room humidifier is an effective way for hydrating skin, and preventing it from drying. - Do not use harsh, perfumery soaps over the affected areas. An antimicrobial soap is the best choice, which also helps in controlling infection. - Last but not the least, do not pop the bumps as far as possible. Though popping is not harmful, it can lead to formation of scars. Disclaimer: This HealthHearty article is for informative purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for expert medical advice.

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JULY 31, 2015 MARTIN FORD’s Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future is a long-form exercise in dystopian scenario planning. Given how that genre reads, reviewers have naturally focused on this book’s grim prognosis and radical solution for avoiding disaster. They’ve assessed the likelihood of innovation-driven capitalism collapsing under the weight of mass unemployment and decimated consumer purchasing power and confidence. And they’ve judged the cost and consequences of giving citizens a guaranteed minimum income as a safety net and as a risk-taking incentive. Tempting as it is to offer my own predictions, I think other avenues need to be explored. In particular, there’s still much to learn from Ford’s technology-driven concern that “a great many people will do everything right […] and yet still fail to find a solid foothold in the new economy.” Ford has thought long and hard about automation. Back in The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future (2009), he cast aspersions on the so-called “Luddite Fallacy,” a development economics concept often used to dismiss arguments about the end of work: “while technological progress will cause some workers to lose their jobs as a result of outdated skills, any concern that advancing technology will lead to widespread, increasing unemployment is, in fact, a fallacy.” Ford moved the conversation about jobs in an interesting direction by questioning whether history is really caught in an ever-repeating loop. Think of it this way: The market seems resilient because new jobs are created when gains in technological efficiency render older ones obsolete. As the much-repeated story goes, after agricultural work became mechanized, society didn’t grind to a halt. On the contrary. While the rise of factory-style farming may have created temporary employment problems, over the long haul those who would have been farmhands were incentivized to get different jobs, including ones using new machines. Sure, the world lost a sizable number of manually laboring hands that had been planting and harvesting on small, locally owned farms. Sustainability advocates then lamented eroding agrarian sensibilities, the diminished quality of modern agribusiness food, and the increasingly normalized maltreatment of animals. But, all this said, deploying a narrow neo-economic lens has meant focusing rather on the flipside of loss — that is, on how well the engine of prosperity chugs along. Wages rise and the price of many desired goods drops. It’s all good from this perspective. But even if we perform the narrow economic squint, prosperity isn’t guaranteed to last forever. What if the familiar two-step pattern of old-job-ending/new-job-beginning gets disrupted and the old happy endings are no more? What if the majority of workers displaced by advancing technological modes of production don’t get opportunities because their hands, hearts, and minds are too slow or too costly to employ? What if meeting the demands of growth incentivizes companies to hire technological surrogates? Indeed, what if advanced machines stop needing human operators to get jobs done, and the soulless logic of capitalism fuels ever-growing inequality? These questions may seem purely hypothetical. But Ford sees plenty of evidence that justifies soberly posing them at this particular historical moment, when “machines themselves are turning into workers, and the line between the capability of labor and capital is blurring as never before.” On the one hand, old stories, like the one about agricultural work, are getting updated. For example, the Japanese are now using devices to identify ripe strawberries by color and pluck them within a matter of seconds. On the other hand, automation isn’t just taking over repetitive, assembly-style mechanical labor. In other words, it isn’t just limiting options for human employment in expected sectors. Rather, Ford claims that the future of the service industry writ large might well be affected, as exemplified by Momentum Machines. This San Francisco start-up is poised to introduce cost-cutting technology designed to whip up, in rapid-fire fashion, gourmet burgers “at fast food prices.” Such technology won’t just supply restaurants. Momentum Machine’s business plan includes stores and “perhaps even vending machines.” More shocking, Ford proclaims that even white-collar jobs are becoming precarious. Everywhere he sees signs of their impending obsolescence. Forbes and other venues are publishing computer-generated news. Law firms are using eDiscovery software to analyze documents. Professors are handing off essays to computers to grade. The London Symphony orchestra played a well-received musical composition created by a computer. The technological developments driving these examples lead Ford to conclude “there are good reasons to believe that America’s economic Goldilocks period has […] come to an end.” A “Goldilocks economy” exists “when growth isn’t too hot, causing inflation, nor too cold, creating a recession.” Like Goldilocks’s porridge, it is “just right.” Ford appropriates the related idea of a “Goldilocks period” from Jared Diamond’s account of the 19th-century European colonization of Australian agriculture: Like American economists in the 1950s, the Australian settlers assumed that what they were seeing was normal, and that the conditions they observed would continue indefinitely. They invested heavily in developing farms and ranches on this seemingly fertile land. Within a decade or two, however, reality struck. The farmers found that the overall climate was actually far more arid than they were initially led to believe. They had simply had the good fortune […] to arrive during a climatic “Goldilocks period” — a sweet spot when everything happened to be just right for agriculture. Today in Australia, you can find the remnants of those ill-fated early investments: abandoned farm houses in the middle of what is essentially a desert. Heated debate surrounds the future of the United States, and Ford marshals plenty of evidence to justify pessimism. To give two examples, he emphasizes that, “as of 2013, a typical production or nonsupervisory worker earned about 13 percent less than in 1973 […] even as productivity rose by 107 percent and the costs of […] housing, education, and health care have soared.” And the other example: “The first decade of the twenty-first century resulted in the creation of no new jobs” and “income inequality has since soared to levels not seen since 1929.” Reviewing all of Ford’s statistics as well as chasing down interpretations that challenge his analyses would lead us down a well-traveled economist’s rabbit hole. To get a fresh perspective, we ought instead to consider whether Ford is right in identifying a techno-optimism bubble that impedes smart discussion of the economic consequences of innovation. Ford only uses the word “bubbles” a few times in his book. An important use occurs when he differentiates recurring economic issues from the stark new problems that technology poses. Consider the following paragraph: Among practitioners of economics and finance, there is often an almost reflexive tendency to dismiss anyone who argues that this time might be different. This is very likely the correct instinct when one is discussing those aspects of the economy that are primarily driven by human behavior and market psychology. The psychological underpinnings of the recent housing bubble and bust were almost certainly little different from those that have characterized financial crises throughout history […] It would be a mistake, however, to apply that same reasoning to the impact of advancing technology. Here he runs the risk of conflating two different things: 1) whether something new is actually happening with technology itself; and 2) whether longstanding psychological tendencies make it hard to detect technological novelty. Indeed, if many readers find Ford’s skepticism ridiculous, maybe their ridicule goes beyond standard disbelief supported by wonky economic calculations. Maybe naysayers like Ford have a hard time being taken seriously because of the “social-psychological phenomena” that give rise to contagiously optimistic bubble-thinking. Vincent Hendricks, professor of Formal Philosophy and director of the Center for Information and Bubble Studies at the University of Copenhagen, notes: “The term ‘bubble’ is no longer confined to just financial movements […] [I]t can refer to irrational, collective, aggregated behaviour, beliefs, opinions or preferences based on social proof in all parts of society.” According to Hendricks, “boom-thinking, group-thinking, herding [and] informational cascades” are some of the main mechanisms that lead to bubbles forming and not bursting until devastating damage occurs. Perhaps these or related mechanisms partially account for the tendency that most bothers Ford — the tendency to anchor the future in “lessons gleaned from economic history.” They don’t concede or recognize that “the question of whether smart machines will someday eclipse the capability of average people to perform much of the work demanded by the economy will be answered by the nature of the technology that arrives in the future.” When seen through the lens of bubble phenomena, it does indeed seem that many people may be in denial about the likely devaluation of human labor with advancing information technology. Professionals and intellectuals of various stripes are happy to concede that low-skill and low-education jobs are vulnerable to automation (and, of course, globalization), but assume their own jobs will be shielded from technological takeover. They cling to the outdated belief, shouted across the marketplace and educational sectors, that investing in higher education of an intellectually demanding sort will ensure success in those jobs that computers can’t dominate. It’s an understandable conviction. If it’s wrong, then today’s lucrative positions, now showered with social prestige, will be eliminated. Widespread advice about how to stay a step ahead of machines will come to seem hopelessly idealistic. And cherished convictions about sophisticated human judgment being irreducible to computational processes will be nothing more than Pollyannaish dogma. Ford challenges comforting status quo thinking on the subject by declaring: As the technological frontier advances, many jobs that we could today consider nonroutine, and therefore protected from automation, will eventually be pulled into the routine and predictable category. The hollowed-out middle of the already polarized job market is likely to expand as robots eat away at low-wage jobs, while increasingly intelligent algorithms threaten high-skill occupations. Ford does concede some fields will better withstand the automation onslaught than others. For examples, he characterizes healthcare as an especially robust sector. While those “areas of medicine” that “don’t require interaction with patients” (e.g., radiology) are on shaky ground, healthcare workers who physically and conversationally engage the sick are in much better shape. In the end, however, Ford depicts resilient professions as rare. He foresees a tidal wave of apocalyptic destruction arising from potent overlaps between big data (exploding through cloud computing) and artificial intelligence (amplified by deep learning): organizations are collecting incomprehensible amounts of information about nearly every aspect of their operations, and a great many jobs and tasks are likely to be encapsulated in that data — waiting for the day when a smart machine learning algorithm comes along and begins schooling itself by delving into the record left by its human predecessors. Like escaped prisoners too busy focusing on where they’re going to notice the trail of clues they’re leaving behind for their captors, workers everywhere, according to Ford, are creating massive digital footprints that reveal how they deliberatively and intuitively solve problems. Ever-smarter machines will follow their tracks in order to turn the data into reliable, computational heuristics and problem-solving techniques. And that, in a nutshell, is the root of Ford’s diagnosis of the problem. We’re human. In the absence of specialized training that pushes against our natural inclinations, we’re biased to see the world through human eyes. From such a perspective, today’s accomplishments will be met or exceeded by future generations of humans. But the world looks different from a machine’s perspective. The machine’s focal point will be massive databases and other digital repositories overflowing with enough raw material to create templates of skill that don’t require humans for their operation. Ford’s bubble hypothesis suggests we’re too optimistic about the future for three reasons: we’ve got all-too-human sensibilities; we’re biased to believe experts, including economists, who channel such sensibilities; and there’s little incentive to depart from status quo thinking because, if we do, then we’re left with only two rational options — to pursue healthcare work; or, against the odds, to become precisely those disruptive entrepreneurs creating technologies that speed up our collective impotence. These aren’t great choices for a lot of us. As for shifting to a collective action solution, like demanding a guaranteed income for all, this seems inconceivable in the American political context. One way to assess the bubble hypothesis is to see how it stands up when applied to specific cases. Let’s take the future of law. In “Four Futures of Legal Automation,” Frank Pasquale and Glyn Cashwell essentially pump the brakes on enthusiasm for automating legal work; they note that while some parts of the litigation process have been delegated to machines, more complex areas of the law — many of which, it seems, cannot be fully understood without direct experience or rich sociological understanding of their operations — are less amenable to computerization. Highlighting the differences, they caution against prognosticators who extrapolate from cherry-picked cases (supporting the “humans-out-of-the-loop” model) to the field in general: Classic values of administrative procedure, such as due process, are not easily coded into software language. Many automated implementations of social welfare programs, ranging from state emergency assistance to Affordable Care Act exchanges, have resulted in erroneous denials of benefits, lengthy delays, and troubling outcomes. Financial engineers may quantify risks in ever more precise ways for compliance purposes, but their models have also led to financial instability and even financial crisis. Pasquale and Cashwell also argue that “difficult cases” that go beyond “settled law,” such as deciding how to handle emergencies like cybersecurity breaches, might strain the ability even of highly advanced artificial intelligence. In these instances, competing value-based judgments would need to be made, and computers might lack the tacit knowledge and normative sensibilities to make those judgments. And then there’s the diagnostic problem. When automation skeptics point out problems with existing systems, they’re essentially providing uncompensated labor that helps software companies remedy mistakes. This criticism-response dynamic can become a perverse feedback loop that funnels into automation advocates and scholars claiming “progress.” It might have disincentived Pasquale and Cashwell from disclosing specific problems they’ve encountered with automated legal software. Finally, there’s the political problem. Pasquale and Cashwell argue that in the years ahead it will take more than “the degree to which tasks are simple or complex” to determine which legal jobs get assigned to humans and which to machines. Sociological and political factors will also play a role, with “extralegal developments” proving “crucial” for “determining the future balance of computational and human intelligence in the law.” For example, if political will grows for combatting inequality, then society may determine that “human judgment” is needed to execute the critical legal tasks associated with reviewing complex regulations and drafting measures for better regulating markets and sectors that challenge social justice ideals. These issues — selective choice of examples, misjudging the computer’s perspective, market complications holding back automation critics, and automation speculators’ tendency to divorce technological options from political decisions — apply to prognostication in lots of fields, not just in the law. As the debate about automation continues, it will become increasingly important to weigh them against the biases that concern Ford. And that’s why it’s not enough to fight predictions with counter-predictions. Whether we live in a bubble that prevents us from looking into the abyss of future unemployment depends in part on the psychological, social, political, economic, and even technological conditions that shape the marketplace of opinions on the matter. Futurism needs to be tempered by rigorous inquiry into its own underlying dynamics.

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A Solution of the Figure-ground Problem for Biological Vision MetadataShow full item record A neural network model of 3-D visual perception and figure-ground separation by visual cortex is introduced. The theory provides a unified explanation of how a 2-D image may generate a 3-D percept; how figures pop-out from cluttered backgrounds; how spatially sparse disparity cues can generate continuous surface representations at different perceived depths; how representations of occluded regions can be completed and recognized without usually being seen; how occluded regions can sometimes be seen during percepts of transparency; how high spatial frequency parts of an image may appear closer than low spatial frequency parts; how sharp targets are detected better against a figure and blurred targets are detector better against a background; how low spatial frequency parts of an image may be fused while high spatial frequency parts are rivalrous; how sparse blue cones can generate vivid blue surface percepts; how 3-D neon color spreading, visual phantoms, and tissue contrast percepts are generated; how conjunctions of color-and-depth may rapidly pop-out during visual search. These explanations arise derived from an ecological analysis of how monocularly viewed parts of an image inherit the appropriate depth from contiguous binocularly viewed parts, as during DaVinci stereopsis. The model predicts the functional role and ordering of multiple interactions within and between the two parvocellular processing streams that join LGN to prestriate area V4. Interactions from cells representing larger scales and disparities to cells representing smaller scales and disparities are of particular importance.

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Henri Fayol is considered by some to be a founder of modern management theory. He wrote around the turn of the 20th century from personal work experience. He had worked his way up the ladder to become the director of a 1,000-employee mining company in France. While many of his 14 points are routinely accepted in the workplace today, they were a novelty in his time. Administrative and Scientific Fayol was a contemporary of Frederick Taylor, who founded the scientific management school of thought. Taylor's work focused on making employees more efficient by studying how they worked and training them to use more efficient methods. Fayol, on the other hand, directed his attention at the organization and its administration. The advantages of these principles are obvious when you see how well they apply to the modern environment. Twenty-First Century Applications Adapting Fayol's principles to the 21st century workplace is an easy application. While technology and globalization have accelerated the rate of change, creating more uncertainties and less stability, the entrenched values behind Fayol's principles remain a stabilizing force in the modern workplace. Fayol describes a hierarchical structure, which is typical of a manufacturing organization. While the hierarchy is much flatter today than what Fayol saw, how an organization is structured remains a key element. In fact, Fayol's premise that employee's should be well-informed and as close as possible to the decision-makers, which is Point 8, is as true today as it was then. An Evolving Workplace As the American economy has shifted from a manufacturing base to a service and knowledge base, some of Fayol's points have been stretched. Specialization of labor (Point 1) is a cornerstone of economic theory. Managers who have authority (Point 2), however, now empower their employees with more diverse responsibilities. Discipline (Point 3) is still maintained, but it is more informal in many work environments. While Fayol maintained that an employee should report to only one supervisor (Point 4), many employees today have multiple supervisors, a circumstance that may not work in all instances. Working for a common cause (Point 5) and subordinating oneself to the general interest (Point 6) are objectives that are unchanged from 100 years ago. Acceptance in the Workplace The American workplace has evolved since Fayol published his 14 points. Ideas that caused managers to pause then are accepted without a second thought today. Keeping workers informed where they stand in an organization (Point 9), maintaining a clean workplace (Point 10), fair management (Point 11), minimizing employee turnover (Point 12), giving employees the freedom to do their jobs (Point 13) and fostering good employee morale (Point 14) are all goals that employees expect and any manager would aspire to reach. Fair pay, which is Point 7, remains a motivating force in any workplace. - Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images

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False confessions cannot be entirely eliminated. However, each of the following six reforms would reduce the number of false confessions or mitigate the tragedy resulting from them. If the entire package were adopted, the problem of false confessions would become far less severe. In recent years, the idea of videotaping all police interrogations has begun to take hold. Such a policy serves two principal purposes. First, if they know that judge and jury will eventually see the interrogation, police are more likely to avoid overly aggressive or controversial tactics. Second, when they see an improper interrogation, judges may exclude the confession from evidence or juries may discount its significance. However, only seven states (and a number of municipalities) currently require videotaping. In quite a few jurisdictions, police tape only the confession, not the interrogation that preceded it. This is inadequate, as it may leave the judge and jury unaware of what it was that made the defendant confess. Also, the confession may include details about the crime – details that were directly or indirectly fed to the defendant during questioning. Social psychologists explain how false confessions predictably result from certain standard interrogation tactics: “minimization” and “maximization.” Minimization entails downplaying the suspect’s alleged actions or their consequences. This might mean, for example, assuring the suspect that the crime was not serious or that the victim was asking for trouble. Most commonly, it involves the suggestion that a confession will bring about lenient treatment. Maximization goes the opposite route, with the suspect made to fear that, absent a confession, he faces especially severe consequences. Maximization also may involve exaggerating the severity of the charges and exaggerating or fabricating evidence of the suspect’s guilt. Minimization and maximization are commonly resorted to simultaneously, with the suspect assured that he will be treated leniently if he confesses but face severe punishment, such as execution, if he does not. Critically, these tactics represent common and accepted interrogative practice. Although minimization and maximization cover a range of interrogative behavior, they can usefully be simplified into two categories: threats (maximization) and promises (minimization). Long before psychologists explained the nature and nuances of minimization and maximization, judges understood that threats and promises can induce false confessions. Throughout the Nineteenth Century, many state and federal courts expressed wariness of confessions that followed threats or promises. Near the end of the Nineteenth Century, the U.S. Supreme Court adopted a categorical rule prohibiting the introduction of confessions induced by threats or promises. Yet, more than a century after the Supreme Court established the rule, threats and promises remain a staple of interrogation, and the confessions they produce are often upheld, even when procured by the most egregious minimization and maximization. What happened? Quite simply, almost from the day the Supreme Court penned its categorical rejection of threats and promises, this case was ignored or circumvented. Then, in a 1991 case, the Supreme Court explicitly abandoned the rule, without explanation. Oddly, even as we learn more about the perils of false confessions, we safeguard against them less. If the courts returned to and strictly enforced the holding that excludes confessions obtained through promise or threat, law enforcement would be discouraged from dangerous interrogative practices and injustice would be prevented on occasions when such practices occurred. Because it is so counterintuitive that people confess falsely, it is crucial for the defense to present an expert witness who can educate the jury about the phenomenon. However, many judges rule such testimony inadmissible. The bizarre rationale is that their testimony involves matters already within the common sense knowledge of jurors, who consequently don’t need expert assistance. This notion boggles the mind. Far from a matter of common sense, the idea that people confess falsely is deeply counterintuitive. The expert witness on false confessions typically offers three generic pieces of expertise (in addition to discussing the particular confession at hand): the frequency of false confessions; the capacity of different interrogative practices to induce them; and the importance of testing the fit of the confession with other evidence. Of these, only the last can possibly be considered a matter within the knowledge of laypeople, and it is meaningless unless the first two points have been driven home. If people accept a confession as virtually infallible evidence of guilt, they are unlikely to give full consideration to other evidence in the case. Traditionally, when a court of appeals determined that a confession was wrongly admitted (usually because it wasn’t voluntary or the defendant wasn’t read his Miranda rights), an automatic reversal of the defendant’s conviction resulted. However, in 1991, the Supreme Court held that wrongful admission of a confession is subject to “harmless error” review, which means the conviction stands if the court of appeals decides that the defendant would have been convicted even without the confession. There are major problems with this holding. First, a confession is so prejudicial that it is dubious to conjecture that a jury would have reached the guilty verdict even without it – a confession tends to skew the perception of other evidence. Second, an automatic reversal rule is needed to deter police and prosecutorial misconduct. As things stand, law enforcement can coerce a confession through improper interrogation, and prosecutors fight to get it admitted, knowing that even if the confession is found on appeal to have been wrongly admitted, it will have done its damage and no reversal of the conviction will result. Another problem with harmless error review of wrongly admitted confessions is that court of appeals judges will predictably err on the side of finding harmless error. In deciding whether an error is harmless, appellate judges are not supposed to consider their own view of the defendant’s guilt or innocence. But judges cannot help but be influenced by awareness that the defendant confessed. The idea that an innocent person would confess is so counterintuitive that no one, judges included, can be relied on to escape the intuition, and it is fanciful to assume that a judge convinced of the defendant’s guilt can undertake the harmless error analysis properly. Empirical data support this assumption. In both state and federal cases, confessions found or assumed to be improperly admitted have been deemed harmless error in a high percentage of cases. In some of these cases, the finding of harmless error is impossible to justify. One final measure for reducing the tragedy of false confessions concerns what happens even later in the process. In many cases where DNA testing exonerates persons convicted of crimes based on false confessions, prosecutors refuse to acknowledge the innocence of the defendant. Instead, they resist his release. In some of these cases, the resistance is absurd, with prosecutors stubbornly denying reality and, for example, shifting to a new theory of the case entirely unsupported by evidence. Without the prosecution’s cooperation, the defendant remains incarcerated for long periods while the case winds its way through the bureaucracy unless and until a court order, re-trial, or governor’s pardon finally results in vindication and freedom. This phenomenon reflects the fact that, like everyone else, prosecutors find it counterintuitive that an innocent person would confess. But there’s another key factor at work as well. Prosecutors, like all people, have a powerful need to rationalize: those who put people behind bars cannot easily admit — to themselves or others — such egregious error. A relatively simple solution is available. When a credible case of DNA exoneration is made, responsibility for the defendant should be transferred to a different office from that which prosecuted him. The new prosecutor can evaluate the matter with a clear head and conscience, unburdened by past association with the case and any need to rationalize his involvement in it.

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While there are hopes of one day channeling photosynthetic outputs directly to our needs, many key details of the process, including the actual efficiency, are still incompletely known. Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have just received a big grant to map the molecular events that take place inside one the most complex biological machines known to man — a group of electron-shuffling proteins known as photosystem II. Subscribe Today to get the latest ExtremeTech news delivered right to your inbox. This newsletter may contain advertising, deals, or affiliate links. Subscribing to a newsletter indicates your consent to our

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Original Research ARTICLE Plasma Exosomes Spread and Cluster Around β-Amyloid Plaques in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease - 1Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China - 2Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, have been shown to be involved in many disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Exosomes may contribute to the spread of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein. However, the specific diffusion process of exosomes and their final destination in brain are still unclear. In the present study, we isolated exosomes from peripheral plasma and injected them into the hippocampus of an AD mouse model, and investigated exosome diffusion. We found that injected exosomes can spread from the dentate gyrus (DG) to other regions of hippocampus and to the cortex. Exosomes targeted microglia preferentially; this phenomenon is stable and is not affected by age. In AD mice, microglia take up lower levels of exosomes. More interestingly, plasma exosomes cluster around the Aβ plaques and are engulfed by activated microglia nearby. Our data indicate that exosomes can diffuse throughout the brain and may play a role in the dynamics of amyloid deposition in AD through microglia. Exosomes are a bioactive vesicle (40–100 nm) secreted by various cells in vitro and in vivo under physiological and pathological conditions. They have been isolated from biological fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine (Pisitkun et al., 2004; Caby et al., 2005; Vella et al., 2008). A number of proteins related to neurodegenerative disorders, including prion disease, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), have been shown to be released by cells in association with exosomes (Coleman and Hill, 2015). Evidence demonstrates that exosomes can facilitate the unique transmissible nature of prions (Fevrier et al., 2004; Vella et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2016); the exosomes from human-derived prions infected cells are efficient initiators of prion propagation in uninfected recipient cells and produce clinical prion disease when inoculated into mice (Vella et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2016). While prion disease has traditionally been thought to be the only neurodegenerative disease that is transmissible, misfolded forms of key proteins involved in other neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may also spread in a similar way (Bellingham et al., 2012; Coleman and Hill, 2015). AD, the most common type of dementia, is pathologically characterized by extracellular deposition of senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (Kandimalla et al., 2016a,b; Manczak et al., 2016). A growing number of studies suggest that AD, including amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles, develops in a prion-like manner (Eisele et al., 2009; Frost and Diamond, 2010; Coleman and Hill, 2015). Experimental seeding of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology has been shown in primates and transgenic mice by intracerebral or peripheral inoculation with AD brain homogenate (Baker et al., 1994; Meyer-Luehmann et al., 2006; Eisele et al., 2010; Hamaguchi et al., 2012; Heilbronner et al., 2013). An autopsy study also found marked deposition of gray matter and vascular Aβ in relatively young patients with iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (Jaunmuktane et al., 2015). Therefore, exosomes have been suspected to participate in the prion-like propagation of lesions in AD (Bellingham et al., 2012; Vingtdeux et al., 2012; Coleman and Hill, 2015). This idea is supported by the observation that exosomes isolated from either neuronal cell cultures or brain contain Aβ precursor protein (APP) and APP-processing products, including C-terminal fragments and Aβ (Vingtdeux et al., 2007; Perez-Gonzalez et al., 2012). Moreover, exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier and are exploited as drug delivery vehicles in many studies (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2011; Haney et al., 2015). Exosomes contribute to the long distance transmission of biological information and therefore affect many physiological and pathological processes. However, the specific diffusion process of exosomes in the brain is still unclear. In addition, it is unknown if the peripheral circulation can communicate with the central nervous system via exosomes. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, phagocytose dead cells and help to clear misfolded protein aggregates such as amyloid plaques in AD (Bard et al., 2003). In vitro studies show that neuron-derived and oligodendrocyte-derived exosomes are incorporated into microglia (Fitzner et al., 2011; Yuyama et al., 2012). It is unknown, however, whether microglia are also the final destination of peripheral exosomes. Exosomes from brain can enter the bloodstream and have been explored as potential biomarkers of preclinical AD or other neurodegenerative diseases (Shi et al., 2014; Fiandaca et al., 2015; Goetzl et al., 2015). Exosomes are reported to dramatically stimulate Aβ fibril formation by its surface glycosphingolipids, and mediate Aβ fibrils uptake into microglia in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner (Yuyama et al., 2012). Intracerebrally injected exosomes result in reduction of Aβ pathology (Yuyama et al., 2014, 2015). Secretion of exosomes is decreased in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia (Benussi et al., 2016). However, Dinkins et al. (2014) show that exosomes interfere with the uptake of Aβ by primary cultured astrocytes and microglia in vitro. Preventing exosome secretion with GW4869 can reduce amyloid plaque formation in vivo. Conversely, increasing the secretion of exosomes enhances plaque formation (Dinkins et al., 2014, 2015). Furthermore, reducing exosome secretion by genetic neutral sphingomyelinase-2 defects in 5XFAD mice ameliorates AD-associated pathology and improves cognition (Dinkins et al., 2016). Further studies are needed to explore the role of exosomes in AD pathology, especially in amyloid deposition. In the present study, we traced the spread of exogenous plasma exosomes to explore the specific diffusion processes of exosomes in mouse brain and their target cells. In addition, we investigated the role of exosomes in amyloid deposition in an AD transgenic mouse model. Materials and Methods hAPP-J20 mice expressing human APP with Swedish and Indiana (KM670/671NL, V717F) mutations were purchased from the JAX MMRRC (Stock # 034836). They were housed in groups of five under a normal 12 h light/dark cycle, kept under standard temperature and humidity and in pathogen free conditions. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhejiang University and carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the use of laboratory animals. The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y (SY5Y) expressing GFP was cultured using Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37°C. Blood Collection and Platelet Free Plasma (PFP) Preparation We collected blood from hearts of 2 months old C57BL/6 mice, then prepared platelet free plasma (PFP) as described previously (György et al., 2014; Osteikoetxea et al., 2015) and in accordance with the standardization of International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis on blood sampling and handling for MV analysis (Lacroix et al., 2013). Briefly, in order to prevent release of platelet-derived EVs in vitro, blood was collected into acid-citrate-dextrose tubes (Greiner Bio-One; György et al., 2014). Blood was centrifuged (2 × 15 min, 3000 g at 4°C). PFP was stored at −80°C until use. We isolated exosomes from PFP using total exosome isolation reagents (Life Technologies). Vesicles were enriched according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Briefly, the plasma sample was centrifuged (20 min, 2000× g; 20 min, 10,000× g at room temperature) to remove cells and debris. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube, then 0.5 volumes of 1× PBS were added and mixed, before adding 0.05 volumes of Proteinase K, followed by 10 min incubation at 37°C. Then 0.2 volumes of exosome precipitation reagent was added to the sample following by incubation at 4°C for 30 min. After incubation, the sample was centrifuged at 10,000× g for 30 min at room temperature. Exosomes were contained in a pellet at the bottom of the tube. Exosomes were resuspended in PBS at a concentration of 100 μg protein/ml. The exosome mixture was then applied to the grid and negatively stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid. Transmission images were acquired using an HT-7700 transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis To quantify exosomes and characterize their dispersion and size distribution, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was performed using a NanoSight LM10 instrument (Malvern, Instruments) and NTA Version 2.3 Build 0034 software. For NTA, 100 μl of exosomes were diluted in 50 ml PBS, and particle size was calculated automatically for at least 5000 particles. PBS was assessed before the experiment to ensure that it was particle-free. Western Blotting Analysis Exosome samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE on 12% gels, followed by Western blotting. Proteins were blotted to PVDF membranes, and membranes were blocked in 5% milk in PBS/0.1% Tween 20 (PBS/Tween). The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-ALIX (1:1000, Abcam, ab88388), rabbit anti-Tsg101 (1:2000, Abcam, ab125011), rabbit anti-GM130 (1:1000, ABclonal, A5344). Blots were visualized using HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and the ECL Detection Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and were imaged on a LAS3000 image reader (Raytest, Germany). Exosomes were labeled with a red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; Beyotime, C1036), allowing monitoring of exosome movement. DiI emits strong fluorescence when excited by green light and incorporated into membranes, and does not disrupt the membrane properties. Exosomes were resuspended in sterile PBS and incubated with 5 μM DiI for 10 min. DiI-exosomes were then washed and resuspended in sterile PBS three times to remove free DiI and other impurities such as lipoproteins. The control was prepared by DiI incubation with PBS, which was washed as for the DiI-exosome preparation. Cell Incubation with DiI-Exosomes DiI-exosomes were administered to SH-SY5Y cells and incubated for 24 h in serum-free conditions at a working concentration of 2 μg protein/ml. Images were acquired using an inverted microscope (Olympus, IX53). Stereotaxic Injection of Exosomes into the Mouse Hippocampus The DiI-exosome solution (3 μl at 1 μg protein/μl) and the control (3 μl) was stereotactically injected into the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse hippocampus using a stereotactic apparatus (KOPF), at the following coordinates (relative to Bregma): anterior posterior: −2.0, medial lateral: ± 1.6, dorsal ventral: −2.1. The brains were perfused with cold 0.9% saline and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 3–20 days after injection. Mice were perfused transcardially with 0.9% saline. Brains were removed immediately and immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde. After dehydration in 30% sucrose, coronal brain sections (20 μm) were prepared with a sliding microtome (Leica). Brain slices were stained as previously described (Zheng et al., 2015). In brief, brain slices were blocked with blocking buffer (10% fetal bovine serum, 1% nonfat milk, 0.2% gelatin in PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100) and incubated with primary antibodies: rabbit anti-MAP-2 (1:600, #4542, CST), rabbit anti-IBA1 (1:600, 019-19741 Wako), mouse anti-6E10 (1:1000, SIG-39320, Covance), monoclonal anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:400, G3893, Sigma). After incubating with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C, the brain sections were washed three times with PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and three times with PBS. Slices were then incubated with the appropriate secondary antibodies: AlexaFluor 488 AffiniPure donkey anti-rabbit lgG (1:300, 711-545-152, Jackson ImmunoResearch), AlexaFluor 647 donkey anti-rabbit (1:1000, A-31571, Invitrogen), AlexaFluor 488 donkey anti-mouse (1:1000, A-21206, Invitrogen). After incubation with secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature, the brain sections were washed once with PBS containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and three times with PBS. Free floating brain sections were mounted on glass slides with a drop of 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) Fluoromount-G mounting medium (0100-20, Southern Biotech). Images were taken using confocal microscope (OLYMPUS FV1000) and a large field of view CCD system (Zeiss, Axio Scan.Z1). Then images were processed using Fluoview Viewer (FV10-ASW; Olympus) and the ZEN 2 (blue edition, V1.0 en; Zeiss) software packages, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.05 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). All values in the figures are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences between two means were assessed with unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Characterization of Exosomes Exosomes were analyzed for morphology and size distribution using a Nanosight system and transmission electron microscope, respectively (Figures 1A,B). Consistent with recent reports (Momen-Heravi et al., 2012; Chernyshev et al., 2015), the exosomes were observed as a homogenous population with low dispersity and with a peak in particle size at 137 nm (Figure 1A). Streaming, a factor related to Brownian motion of small particles, caused the reported size distribution to be larger than actual size distribution (Scott et al., 2005). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the media contain morphologically distinct particles of approximately 60–110 nm diameter that are membrane bound and “cup shaped” (Figure 1B) as previously described. The presence of exosomes was confirmed by detecting the exosomal markers Alix and Tsg101, and negative marker GM130 in Western blotting analysis (Figure 1C). Figure 1. Characterization of plasma exosomes. (A) Exosomes were measured via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) analysis to quantify exosomes and show their size distribution. Exosomes comprise a homogenous population with a peak in diameter at 137 nm and low polydispersity. (B) Exosomes (1,00,000× g pellet) underwent negative staining with phosphotungstic acid and were examined by electron microscopy. Scale bars, 100 nm. (C) Fractions of exosomes were analyzed by Western blotting to detect the exosomal markers Alix and Tsg101, and the negative marker GM130. All approximate protein masses are represented in kDa. Exosomes Can Diffuse Over Great Distances in Mouse Brain Several reports have revealed that exosomes facilitate the unique transmissible nature of prions (Vella et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2016). Key proteins involved in other neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may also spread via misfolded proteins similar to prions (Bellingham et al., 2012; Coleman and Hill, 2015). To identify the trail of exosomes in the brain, we injected DiI-labeled exosomes into the mouse DG and traced the movement of the exosomes over time (3, 6 and 20 days after injection). We found that exosomes could spread from the injection site to other areas of hippocampus gradually and moved to the cortex as time went on (Figures 2A–C). Fluorescent images showed the most abundant exosomes in the cortex on day 20, but none were observed on day 3; a small portion of exosomes began to appear in the cortex on the 6th day after injection (Figure 2A). On the 20th day, most of the exosomes had spread from hippocampus to the cortex and only a few exosomes were retained in the hippocampus (Figures 2B,C). We prepared 15 coronal brain sections at approximately 200 μm intervals from mice brains 20 days after injection. Exosomes were observed in most brain sections (approximately 12–13 brain sections, Supplementary Figure S1). In the hippocampus, exosomes were concentrated in the CA3 region of mouse hippocampal slices, very little were observed in CA1 or CA2 of the hippocampus (Figure 2D). Meanwhile, the control group showed little red fluorescence in the hippocampus and cortex at 3, 6 and 20 days after injection (Figure 2E, Supplementary Figure S2). Yuyama et al. (2014) continuously injected exosomes intraventricularly for 14 days and found significant reductions in Aβ levels and Aβ-associated synaptotoxicity in the mouse hippocampus, as well as reductions in Aβ deposition. Figure 2. Exosomes diffuse over great distances in mouse brain. Images were captured at 3, 6 and 20 days after injection of DiI-stained exosomes into the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region. DiI-exosomes can emit red fluorescence. (A) Representative photomicrographs showing the distribution of exosomes in cortex. In order to show the structure more clearly, we marked the forceps major corpus callosum (fmj) in figures. The content of exosomes increased with time in cortex. (B,C) Representative photomicrographs showing the distribution of exosomes in hippocampus in front of (B) and behind (C) the injection point. Exosomes show better diffusion in hippocampus on day 6 than on day 3. On the 20th day, most of the exosomes spread from the hippocampus to the cortex. (D) Images were captured 3 days after injection of exosomes in hippocampal DG region. The figure on the left show DiI-exosomes and counterstain with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), while the figure on the right shows DiI-exosomes only. The arrow shows the projection direction from the DG region to CA3. Exosomes concentrated in hippocampal CA3 region. In contrast, very few exosomes are observed in area CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus. (E) The control (DiI incubation with PBS and being re-isolated, washed, resuspended in sterile PBS for three times as the DiI-exosomes’ preparation) were injected into hippocampal DG region. Representative photomicrographs show images captured at 20 days after injection and the images captured at 3 and 6 days after injection are shown in Supplementary Figure S2. Scale bars, 50 μm. Exosomes Target Microglia Preferentially and Stably in Mouse Brains As the resident immune cells of brain, microglia have been involved in brain injury and various neurological disorders. Recent studies show that oligodendrocyte-derived and N2a-derived exosomes were preferentially internalized by primary microglia in vitro (Fitzner et al., 2011). When exosomes were administered into mouse brain, microglia engulfment of exosomes was observed a few hours later. To further follow the fate of exosomes over a period of time in brain, we detected their presence in target cells on the 20th day after intracerebral injection. We observed that exosomes were still predominantly localized in Iba1-positive microglia in cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Figures 3A,B). In contrast, very little uptake of exosomes was observed in GFAP-positive astrocytes (Figure 3C) or MAP-2-positive neurons (Figure 3D) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Weak fluorescent signals could be occasionally detected in neurons of the DG, suggesting limited neuronal uptake of exosomes. Accumulation of exosomes may occur in the hippocampal CA3 region along the projection from the DG to the CA3 region (Figure 2D). We next used the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with DiI-exosomes in vitro. After 24 h incubation with labeled exosomes, fluorescent signals were observed in the medium but rarely detected inside SH-SY5Y cells (Figure 3E). Combined with previous experimental results (Fitzner et al., 2011; Yuyama et al., 2012), our data demonstrated that exosomes target microglia preferentially and stably in mouse brains. Figure 3. Exosomes target microglia preferentially and stably. Images were captured at 20 days after DiI-exosome injection in non-transgenic mice (17 months old). (A,B) Microglia in the hippocampus and cortex were stained with anti-Iba1 antibody. Merged figures show that the majority of exosomes are localized in microglia. Inset, higher magnification of an exosome-containing microglia cell labeled with Iba-1 antibody. (C,D) Exosomes (red) are not taken up by astrocytes labeled with anti- glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody (green, C) or neurons labeled with anti-MAP2 (green, D) in cortex and hippocampus. (E) SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with DiI-exosomes in vitro. After 24 h incubation, images were acquired using an inverted microscope. Compared with the control group (DiI incubation with PBS and being re-isolated, washed as the DiI-exosomes’ preparation and the same volume of control was incubated with sy5y cells), fluorescent signals are observed in the medium incubated with DiI-exosomes but are rarely detected in SH-SY5Y cells and cannot be detected in the control group. Aging Does Not Affect the Phagocytosis of Exosomes by Microglia Age-associated microglial senescence in the brain leads to abnormal function and may eventually promote neurodegeneration (Luo et al., 2010). Since cellular internalization of exosomes occurs through phagocytosis in microglia, we investigated whether aging could affect the ability of microglia to engulf exosomes. We compared phagocytosis of exosomes by microglia in the hippocampus between young (3.7 months old) and old (17 months old) mice. No significant difference was observed (Figures 4A–C, Supplementary Figure S3). Figure 4. Aging does not affect the phagocytosis of exosomes by microglia DiI-exosomes were stereotactically injected into the hippocampus. Hippocampal immunofluorescence staining was detected after 20 days. (A,B) Hippocampal sections from 3.7 (A) and 17 (B) month old mice were stained with anti-Iba1 antibody (green). (C) Quantification of the relative uptake of exosomes by microglia (mean gray value of exosomes co-localized with microglia/total exosomes) in hippocampus of 3.7 and 17 months old mice (double-blinded, ImageJ analysis). ns, no statistically difference. EXO, exosomes. (D,E) Exosomes target microglia in hAPP-J20 mice with lower efficiency. Hippocampal sections from hAPP-J20 transgenic mice (D) and non-transgenic mice (E) were stained with anti-Iba1 antibody. (F) Quantification of the relative uptake of exosomes by microglia in hippocampus of hAPP-J20 transgenic mice and non-transgenic mice. N = 3 (5 brain slices for each mouse); **P < 0.01, two-tailed student’s t test was used. The Ability of Microglial Engulfment of Exosome in AD Transgenic Mouse Brain Is Reduced Several studies revealed that microglial phagocytic capacity is impaired in AD (Hickman et al., 2008). In this study, we compared microglial phagocytosis of exosomes in hippocampus between 17 month-old hAPP-J20 mice and littermate controls. We observed that microglial phagocytosis of exosomes was lower in hAPP-J20 mice (Figures 4D–F, Supplementary Figure S4). Exosomes Cluster Around the Aβ Plaques and Are Engulfed by Activated Microglia Nearby One pathological feature of AD is extracellular amyloid deposition and the presence of senile plaques (Beyreuther and Masters, 1991). Continuous intracerebral injection of neuroblastoma-derived or neuronal exosomes into AD transgenic mice results in marked reduction in Aβ pathology (Yuyama et al., 2014, 2015). However, injection of the astrocyte-derived exosomes into the brains of 10-day-old 5XFAD mice stimulates aggregation of Aβ in vivo (Dinkins et al., 2014). Here, we injected plasma exosomes into 17-month old AD mice to assess the relationship between plasma exosomes and Aβ plaques. We observed that exosomes clustered around the Aβ plaques, especially the large plaques (Figure 5). It has been demonstrated that extracellular Aβ plaques are often surrounded by activated microglia in both humans with AD (Styren et al., 1990) and AD animal models (Frautschy et al., 1998). We confirmed this phenomenon in hAPP-J20 mice (Figure 5). It is interesting that most exosomes clustered around Aβ plaques were localized in activated microglia (Figure 5), suggesting that microglia may play a role in AD pathogenesis through engulfing exosomes. Figure 5. Exosomes cluster around the Aβ plaques and are engulfed by nearby activated microglia. (A) Representative photomicrographs showing the distribution of DiI-exosomes in hippocampus of hAPP-J20 transgenic mice. Microglia are labeled with anti-Iba1 (blue), exosomes are labeled with DiI (red) and anti-6E10 is used to label Aβ plaques (green). (B) Higher magnification images of the boxed areas in (A) show a single Aβ plaque. Exogenously injected exosomes and microglia cluster around the Aβ plaque. Moreover, the exosomes are largely localized in this microglia. (C) Representative confocal image through a single plane of exosome (red) internalized by microglia (green) in the hippocampus. Neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, begin with dysfunction in a discrete region, and involve much larger areas of the brain at later stages. AD pathology has been proposed to spread through functionally and anatomically connected brain regions (Braak and Braak, 1991; Buckner et al., 2005; Braak et al., 2006; Harris et al., 2010), perhaps by a prion-like mechanism (Eisele et al., 2009; Frost and Diamond, 2010; Acquatella-Tran Van Ba et al., 2013; Marciniuk et al., 2013). Previous studies have demonstrated that exosomes facilitate the unique transmissible nature of prions (Vella et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2016). Many proteins associated with AD including APP and the APP-processing products, C-terminal fragments and Aβ can be found in exosomes from both neuronal cell cultures and brain tissues (Rajendran et al., 2006; Vingtdeux et al., 2007; Perez-Gonzalez et al., 2012). Pathogenic proteins involved in other neurodegenerative disorders also have been shown to be released by cells in association with exosomes (Bellingham et al., 2012). In our study, we observed that exosomes diffused from the injection site in the DG to other brain regions, which could indicate the potential for exosome-bound pathogenic proteins to travel great distances in the brain. Previous studies have also shown that exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier. When combined with our result that plasma exosomes can spread in the brain parenchyma, these data suggest that exosomes from peripheral blood may communicate with the CNS in physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we found that exosomes concentrated in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. In contrast, very few exosomes were observed in the CA1 and CA2 areas of the hippocampus. This may due to projections from the DG to CA3 region. Synaptic connections between the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the DG and CA3 neurons, and the Schaffer collaterals from CA3 to CA1 neurons constitute the forward hippocampal polysynaptic circuit in mice (Harris et al., 2010). Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between exosomal diffusion and axonal projections in the hippocampus. It is reported that approximately 98% of all potent drugs that may be therapeutic for many neurological diseases in the CNS failed in clinic trials because of their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (Pardridge, 2012). Exosomes have been increasingly used as delivery platforms, encapsulating reagents or siRNAs (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2011; Haney et al., 2015). Therefore, the exosomal diffusion in brain observed in our study further supports the feasibility of using exosomes as a delivery system from the peripheral circulation to the brain. Our data are consistent with previous observations that oligodendrocyte-derived exosomes are specifically and efficiently taken up by microglia (Fitzner et al., 2011). Harris et al. (2010) reported that oligodendrocyte-derived exosomes are selectively taken up by microglia via micropinocytosis; Yuyama et al. (2012) further showed that microglia engulf exosomes in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. In agreement with these previous studies, we found that plasma exosomes were efficiently taken up by microglia. Unlike short-term tracking in a previous report, we investigated the diffusion of exosomes in the brain for up to 20 days. Our results showed that exosomes can spread stably in the brain and are largely taken up by microglia. A portion of exosomes not engulfed by microglia were observed in the cortex and hippocampus, which rules out the possibility that the spreading of exosomes is due to the migration of microglia containing labeled exosomes. To evaluate whether neurons and astrocytes also engulf exosomes, we tested fluorescently-labeled exosomes in these cells. In contrast to microglia, very little uptake of exosomes was observed in astrocytes or neurons in cerebral cortex or hippocampus, which is supported by in vitro results (Fitzner et al., 2011). The proteins and nucleic acids carried by exosomes play important roles in signal delivery and material exchange between cells. In a similar fashion, microglia may communicate with the other cells in brain through exosomes. However, exosomes can potentially carry pathogenic proteins, such as prions, propagating their toxic assemblies and promoting the progress of diseases (Vella et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2016). Engulfment of exosomes by microglia may prevent the propagation of exosome-bound pathogenic proteins to other cells. Interestingly, insulin-degrading enzyme and Aβ-degrading enzymes have been found in the exosomes secreted by microglia (Tamboli et al., 2010). Therefore, exosomes may enhance the ability of microglia to clear pathogenic proteins. Further studies are required to clarify the roles of exosomes in the CNS and their specific relationships with microglia. Aging effects on microglial phagocytosis has been widely studied. A recent report suggests that the ability of primary murine microglia to take up exosome-associated oligomeric α-synuclein is compromised in aged mice (Bliederhaeuser et al., 2016). Moreover, phagocytic deficits are found in human monocytes from elderly individuals (Bliederhaeuser et al., 2016). Our studies in mouse brain show that aging did not alter the ability of microglia to take up plasma exosomes, suggesting that dysregulation of microglia caused by aging may not influence the engulfment of plasma exosomes. Impaired microglial phagocytic capacity has also been observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Here we show that exosomes targeted microglia in hAPP-J20 mice with lower efficiency compared with control littermates. Microglia pro-inflammatory activation and dysfunction has been observed in AD brains. However, both the decreased amyloid-clearing ability of microglia (Flanary, 2005) and the damage to microglia by amyloid (Korotzer et al., 1993) have been reported in AD brain. von Bernhardi (2007) proposed that AD is caused by dysfunctional microglia rather than by hyperactive microglia. Microglia from aged PS1-APP mice have a 2–5 fold decrease in the expression of the Aβ-binding scavenger receptors RAGE, scavenger receptor A and CD36 compared to their littermate controls (Hickman et al., 2008), which indicates microglial dysfunction in AD and supports the idea that microglia senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, the observation in our study that engulfment of exosomes is reduced in the AD mouse model may due to phagocytic deficits of microglia in AD. Recently, in vitro studies demonstrate that a fraction of Aβ peptide is released in association with exosomes (Rajendran et al., 2006). Exosomes enhance conformational changes in Aβ to form nontoxic amyloid fibrils and promote the uptake and clearance of Aβ by microglia (Yuyama et al., 2012). These findings suggest that exosomes are involved in Aβ metabolism in the brain. Here, we observed that exogenously injected exosomes clustered around Aβ plaques, especially large plaques, in hAPP-J20 mice. Interestingly, exosomal markers are found to be enriched in amyloid plaques in the brains of Tg2576 mice (Kokubo et al., 2005) and postmortem human AD patients (Rajendran et al., 2006). Meanwhile, activated microglia were found to surround the extracellular Aβ plaque as previously reported (Rogers et al., 1988; Frautschy et al., 1998; Stalder et al., 1999; Buckner et al., 2005). The confocal images show that most of the exosomes around the plaques are localized in these activated microglia. Yuyama et al. (2014, 2015) reported that glycosphingolipids are abundant in exosomes and Aβ can bind to the exosome surface via the glycan moieties of glycosphingolipids. Exosome-bound Aβ is then transported into microglia for degradation, resulting in a decrease in Aβ levels, Aβ plaques and Aβ-related pathologies in APP mice. Combined with the observations in our study, these data suggest that exosomes may play a role in trafficking of Aβ aggregates through microglia during disease progression. However, injection of astrocyte-derived exosomes into the brains of 10-day old 5XFAD mice stimulated aggregation of Aβ in at the site of injection (Dinkins et al., 2014). Increasing serum exosome content by treating 5XFAD mice with ceramide ultimately enhanced plaque formation (Dinkins et al., 2015) The size of amyloid plaques changes over days in brains of AD model mice (Bolmont et al., 2008). Whether the plasma exosomes support this change needs further exploration. It is worth noting that although engulfment of exosomes by microglia is inefficient in AD transgenic mice overall, the activated microglia clustering around plaques can take up exosomes effectively. This may indicate that phagocytosis in microglia clustering around plaques is stronger than other parts of the brain. Whether the plasma exosomes can decrease Aβ plaques and play a role in pathological process of AD, as well as which type of cells these functional exosomes come from, needs further investigation. Overall, our study described the movement of exosomes across great distances in the brain, which can help to advance medical research of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, exosomes may play roles in amyloid deposition through microglia in AD. BZ, BS and TZ conceived and designed the study; TZ, JP, YC, YM, ZG, HP, LZ and HZ performed the experiments; JP and TZ processed and analyzed all data; BS and BZ wrote the manuscript with input from TZ. 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Enrichment of prion protein in exosomes derived from ovine cerebral spinal fluid. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 124, 385–393. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.002 Vella, L. J., Sharples, R. A., Lawson, V. A., Masters, C. L., Cappai, R., and Hill, A. F. (2007). Packaging of prions into exosomes is associated with a novel pathway of PrP processing. J. Pathol. 211, 582–590. doi: 10.1002/path.2145 Vingtdeux, V., Hamdane, M., Loyens, A., Gelé, P., Drobeck, H., Bégard, S., et al. (2007). Alkalizing drugs induce accumulation of amyloid precursor protein by-products in luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18197–18205. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M609475200 Vingtdeux, V., Sergeant, N., and Buée, L. (2012). Potential contribution of exosomes to the prion-like propagation of lesions in Alzheimer’s disease. Front. Physiol. 3:229. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00229 Yuyama, K., Sun, H., Mitsutake, S., and Igarashi, Y. (2012). Sphingolipid-modulated exosome secretion promotes clearance of amyloid-β by microglia. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 10977–10989. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.324616 Yuyama, K., Sun, H., Sakai, S., Mitsutake, S., Okada, M., Tahara, H., et al. (2014). Decreased amyloid-β pathologies by intracerebral loading of glycosphingolipid-enriched exosomes in Alzheimer model mice. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 24488–24498. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.577213 Yuyama, K., Sun, H., Usuki, S., Sakai, S., Hanamatsu, H., Mioka, T., et al. (2015). A potential function for neuronal exosomes: sequestering intracerebral amyloid-β peptide. FEBS Lett. 589, 84–88. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.027 Keywords: exosomes, Alzheimer’s disease, microglia, aging, β-amyloid plaques Citation: Zheng T, Pu J, Chen Y, Mao Y, Guo Z, Pan H, Zhang L, Zhang H, Sun B and Zhang B (2017) Plasma Exosomes Spread and Cluster Around β-Amyloid Plaques in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 9:12. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00012 Received: 16 November 2016; Accepted: 17 January 2017; Published: 01 February 2017. Edited by:Mohammad Amjad Kamal, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia Reviewed by:Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico Ramesh Kandimalla, Texas Tech University, USA Copyright © 2017 Zheng, Pu, Chen, Mao, Guo, Pan, Zhang, Zhang, Sun and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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After the Wall Street Journal published its story on suicides at a Foxconn manufacturing plant in May 2010, Steve Jobs learned that his loyal followers were deeply concerned about the working conditions of workers who assemble iPhones and other branded electronic gadgets. A few weeks later, while Steve Jobs was promoting new iPhone 3 features, Apple users demanded accountability for the Foxconn suicides. In fact, Apple users went further and demanded accountability for the working conditions at all Apple manufacturing plants, and they demanded it very loudly. Apple has been listening. For many years, electronic companies like HP, Intel, Motorola, Nokia, Microsoft, Dell and others argued for transparency and broader disclosure to consumers of processes and practices used in sourcing materials for production of their devices. Over 80% of the world production of minerals commonly used in Smartphones, such as tantalum, tungsten, tin and gold has been sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Profits from mining these minerals are claimed by local warlords, fueling the bloody conflict in Congo and surrounding areas. According to the International Rescue Committee, since 1998 over 5.4 million people have died as a result of this conflict. Many deaths are of children, who are forced to work in very dangerous underground mining operations. On July 21, 2011 President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which contained a controversial section 1502(c), referred to as the Conflict Minerals provision. The State Department and the SEC were mandated to develop specifics of the policies within a year. Details on a months-long, highly charged debate on the Dodd-Frank Act are dramatic. At the 11th hour of debate, the Conflict Minerals provision was inserted, requiring public companies that are manufacturers of electronic products, to implement a two stage certification system for metals used in the production of their devices: (1) an independent third-party supply chain traceability audit, and (2) reporting the result of the audit to the SEC and to the public. The Conflict Minerals provision was a significant victory for the companies united around the principle of sourcing transparency. However, there continue to be many critics of this provision, such as Paul Griffin, a professor in the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, Davis, who argue that the audit requirements will increase the cost of electronic products and reduce competitiveness of US electronic manufacturers. For years, watchdog organizations and some media outlets have followed electronic manufacturers and their sourcing transparency policies. One such organization, The Enough Project, has rated 24 electronic companies on their progress towards responsible sourcing of minerals. On one end of the spectrum, companies such as HP, Intel, Motorola, Nokia, Microsoft and Dell lead the pack with implementing audit and disclosure requirements voluntarily. On the other end of the spectrum, Nintendo, Sharp, Canon and Panasonic have not made any progress towards transparency in their sourcing. On August 16th, CNN reported on the state of conflict minerals and pointed out that Nintendo received a score of 0 for its transparency practices of mineral mining. Nintendo told CNN that it “outsources the manufacture and assembly of all Nintendo products to our production partners and therefore is not directly involved in the sourcing of raw materials that are ultimately used in our products.” However, Nintendo added, “we nonetheless take our social responsibility as a global company very seriously and we expect our production partners to do the same.” Nintendo’s attitude is a recent example of the ways in which global companies extol the virtues of responsible sourcing but fail to act in accordance. Reading between the lines, Nintendo’s policy may sound more or less like this: We, Nintendo management, outsource manufacturing to lower cost destinations so we can increase our profits and deliver the highest returns on capital to our shareholders. This is, after all, the principle of capitalism. Profit, not values, is the goal of capitalism. For Nike in the 1980s and Apple in 2010, values translated into consumers’ support, which in turn translated directly into the price of stock. Therefore, values do in fact carry a tangible material value, which can greatly impact the return on capital to shareholders. That’s why companies aggressively protect their brands, as brands represent values. This is a lesson that Nintendo has failed to learn. Or perhaps they did, but still decided to gamble. This author cannot help but wonder if the Nintendo policy of outsourcing social responsibility was calculated based on the fact that, unfortunately, many Nintendo consumers do not even know where Democratic Republic of Congo is, or what drives the bloody conflict there. And for Nintendo users, unlike for Apple users, “blood phones are cool” – as expressed by numerous bloggers. On August 22nd, the SEC voted to uphold the requirement of third-party audits and disclosure of the source of conflict minerals. Therefore, the Nintendo-style (and Sharp-style, and Canon-style) outsourcing social responsibility practice will not be sufficient, or even legal, under US law. Nintendo and other similar companies are obligated to implement the audit and report the source of conflict minerals. Thus these values have been written into the capitalistic profit equation for the US public companies. We have now entered a new phase of outsourcing social responsibility: the phase of bringing values and social accountability into a global financial accounting systems. Indirectly, but clearly, values are making their ways into P&L statements. And more is to come. Stay tuned for additional developments in the debate of outsourcing and social responsibility. In a follow-up article, I will discuss how Apple and Foxconn, unlikely partners in accepting social responsibility, passed the outsourcing social responsibility test with impressive marks. □ Dr. Wanda Lopuch is the Past Chair of the Board of the Global Sourcing Council as well as leading MDA Associates, Inc., a consulting organization focusing on “greening” global operations and their supply chains while improving economic outcomes of businesses in the life sciences, IT, FMCG and financial sectors. Prior to joining MDA Associates Inc., Ms. Lopuch was the president of Medical Data Management Inc., the company she founded and grew into a multi-million dollar business with locations in seven countries. After the successful acquisition of Medical Data Management by Dendrite International, Wanda served as the Vice President and General Manager of Dendrite Central and Eastern Europe. Ms. Lopuch holds a Ph.D. in Administration and Supervision from Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, and an MS in Computer Sciences from the Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland. She may be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.org

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Houston Quilting Show The post of Houston Quilting Show was published at November 15, 2017 at 2:35 am. This article is posted at the Quilt category. Houston Quilting Show is tagged with Houston Quilting Show, Houston, Quilting, Show.. HoustonHous•ton (hyo̅o̅′stən),USA pronunciation n. - Sam(uel), 1793–1863, U.S. soldier and political leader: president of the Republic of Texas 1836–38 and 1841–44. - a city in SE Texas: a port on a ship canal, ab. 50 mi. (80 km) from the Gulf of Mexico. 1,594,086. Quiltingquilt•ing (kwil′ting),USA pronunciation n. - the act of a person who quilts. - material for making quilts. - a heavily padded wrapping, as for fragile cargo. Showshow (shō),USA pronunciation v., showed, shown or showed, show•ing, n. - to cause or allow to be seen; - to present or perform as a public entertainment or spectacle: to show a movie. - to indicate; point out: to show the way. - to guide, escort, or usher: He showed me to my room. Show her in. - to explain or make clear; make known: He showed what he meant. - to make known to; inform, instruct, or prove to: I'll show you what I mean. - to prove; demonstrate: His experiment showed the falsity of the theory. - to indicate, register, or mark: The thermometer showed 10 below zero. - to exhibit or offer for sale: to show a house. - to allege, as in a legal document; plead, as a reason or cause. - to produce, as facts in an affidavit or at a hearing. - to express or make evident by appearance, behavior, speech, etc.: to show one's feelings. - to accord or grant (favor, kindness, etc.): He showed mercy in his decision. - to be seen; be or become visible: Does my slip show? - to be seen in a certain way: to show to advantage. - to put on an exhibition or performance; display one's goods or products: Several dress designers are showing in New York now. - to be present or keep an appointment; show up: He said he would be there, but he didn't show. - to finish third in a horse race, harness race, etc. - show off: - to display ostentatiously: The parade was designed to show off all the latest weapons of war. - to seek to gain attention by displaying prominently one's abilities or accomplishments. - show up: - to make known, as faults; - to exhibit in a certain way; appear: White shows up well against a blue background. - to come to or arrive at a place: We waited for two hours, but he didn't show up. - to make (another) seem inferior; - a theatrical production, performance, or company. - a radio or television program. - a motion picture. - an exposition for dealers or the public of products by various manufacturers in a particular industry, usually held in an exhibition hall, convention facility, or the like: the annual boat show. - any kind of public exhibition or exposition: a show of Renoirs. - ostentatious display: nothing but mere show. - a display, exhibition, or demonstration: a true show of freedom. - an indication; trace: He frowned on the slightest show of emotion. - the position of the competitor who comes in third in a horse race, harness race, etc. Cf. place (def. 27b), win 1 (def. 17). impression: to make a sorry show. - a sight or spectacle. - an unreal or deceptive appearance: The actress's tears had the show of grief. - an act or instance of showing. - a motion-picture theater. - a chance: to get a fair show. - the first appearance of blood at the onset of menstruation. - a blood-tinged mucous discharge from the vagina that indicates the onset of labor. - [Chiefly Brit. Informal.]any undertaking, group of persons, event, etc.; - make a show of, to be ostentatious about; affect: Whenever there are visitors, the bosses make a show of being nice to their employees. - run the show, to control a business, situation, etc.; be in charge: My father runs the show in our house. - steal the show: - to usurp the credit or get the applause for something: That woman can act, but the child stole the show. He did all the work, but his partner stole the show. - to be the most pleasing or spectacular item or person in a group. - stop the show, to win such enthusiastic applause that a theatrical performance is temporarily interrupted. Houston Quilting Show have 7 pictures it's including Houston Quilting Show #1 Everfest, Houston International Quilt Market 2016 - YouTube, Houston Chronicle, Mary M. Covey Designs, Amazing Houston Quilting Show #5 Isn't ., Rhonda Bracey, Houston Quilting Show #7 Houston Quilt Show 2014. 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In cases like this, there are a few considerations in choosing an office chair for the business, you need to know and contemplate. Pick a certain company office chairs, office chairs will often have a guarantee of 2 years, both feet of the seat, hydraulic, and also the arms of the chair during the predetermined (NEW). Related Images of Houston Quilting Show - How To Install Dog Door In Wall - Kohler Bancroft Pedestal Sink 24 - Microsift Office - 3 Bedroom Houses For Sale In Slough - Diy Ceiling Fan Pulls - How To Cut A Hole In Concrete Floor - Kitchenaid Cabinets - Concrete Countertop Kit - Mason Jar Lamps How To Make - Benefits Of A Firm Mattress - 2 Bedroom Apartments Tenerife Playa Las Americas - Bedroom Headboard Ideas - Circular Storage Ottoman - Jack Daniels Quilt Cover - Out Of The Closet - Fall Ceiling For Small Living Room

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Aztec houses were made with adobe bricks or of a wattle-and-daub construction with wooden braces. Some homes had flat-pole roofs, while others were constructed with peaked roofs. Others were built on the ground and some were built on a platform. The size of the house was dependent on the location and the wealth of the family that built it, much like today.Continue Reading Regardless of size, each house would have been a single room with perhaps another small room adjoining it. There may have been two doors and no windows. A typical house would be 50 to 82 square feet in size, and there was usually a recess in the wall in order to display a religious statue or shrine. Houses built on platforms were usually about 15.75 inches off the ground; most homes, however, were built on the ground. Families would build their houses together and share neighboring walls to reduce building time and costs, utilizing the outside spaces for cooking. The adobe bricks used in construction were common materials used by the Aztecs to build houses, but wattle-and-daub houses used a wooden frame and walls made of sand, clay and earth mixture. Inside walls were lime-plastered. Often, the roofs were made with straw and the floors were made with earth and stones or lime plaster.Learn more about Ancient History

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This study presents results from computer calculations of the sky brightness due to proposed operations in the Rosemont Copper Mine (RCM) when viewed from six observation points, three of which are astronomically sensitive sites. The analysis shows that there would be an increase in sky glow at all sites due to RCM operations. At the astronomical observatory sites, including Fred L Whipple Observatory (FLWO), Jarnac, and Empire Ranch, the increase in brightness of the zenith is 1%, 2% and 4% respectively. In the astronomically "useful" portions of the sky, which we consider here to be out to zenith angle of 70°, the maximum brightening at these sites due to the proposed RCM lighting will be much more significant, reaching 10%, 22% and 32%, respectively. Dark Sky Partners LLC. 2011. An Assessment of the Impact of Potential Mining Operation at the Rosemont Copper Mine on the Night Sky of Southern Arizona. Prepared for SWCA Environmental Consultants. Tucson, Arizona: Dark Sky Partners LLC. January.

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World Photography Day is celebrated every year on 19th August. Giri Stills and team celebrates the World Photography Day along with photography lovers all around the world, past and present. World Photo Day originates from the invention of the photographic process called Daguerreotype. This process was developed by Joseph Nicèphore Nièpce and Louis Daguerre in 1837. On January 9, 1839, The French Academy of Sciences announced the daguerreotype process. A few months later, on August 19, 1839, the French government purchased the patent and announced the invention as a gift “Free to the World”.

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The Carving Stone Company This is the introductory page to a section that has been created to explain some of the diverse and sometimes confusing terminology used regarding carving stone. The list of terminology that we have created is drawn from various areas, but all of it is meant to be relevant to the stone sculptor.To find out more information about how a mineral is different from a rock and the properties of minerals that are important for sculpture visit our Mineral Properties page. To find out information about characteristics that are important to stone carving visit our Stone Characteristics page (currently under construction). These pages have been created from our desire to help you have a better understanding of stone and because of your requests for information. If you have any suggestions regarding information you would like to see included in these pages let us know. The following information will hopefully help clarify some of the terminology that is used on our website, amongst stone sculptors, and in the commercial stone industry, the latter of which is especially known for using many different terms without consistency. This list uses red for generic terms that are used commonly by industry, and blue for more precise mineral names. Mineral names are followed by the chemical composition (except those that are more complex) and the symbol "H" with a number indicating the hardness. This information is not meant to be comprehensive as there are many more (possibly hundreds) of stones that can be carved so we have tried to cover the most commonly carved stones, and some of the more unique carving stones that we may have in stock. Alabaster - Usually describes the mineral Gypsum, especially the varieties that are compact, take a good polish, and often have some degree of translucency. This term has occasionally been applied to some types of very pure, fine grained and semi-translucent Marbles such as much of the stone used in ancient Egypt for both functional and decorative objects. Anhydrite - (Calcium Sulfate - H 3.0 - 3.5) Similar composition as Gypsum less chemically combined water molecules giving the stone its name which means "without water". Anhydrite can be formed by the loss of the water molecule from Gypsum, or vice versa - Gypsum can be formed by the hydration of Anhydrite. A rare variety of Anhydrite of light blue color is known as "Angelite". Although it has a hardness greater than Alabaster, Anhydrite often has some of the same desirable sculptural qualities such as a beautiful color and a high level of translucency, in addition to taking an excellent natural polish. Argillite - A non-fissile (no layering) variety of shale or slate. A sedimentary rock formed predominantly from a mixture of clay and other minerals. Its extremely fine grain is known to take excellent detail in carving. Most commonly having a grey to black coloring, but many other colors are known. See Pipestone. Brucite - (Magnesium Hydroxide - H 2.0 - 2.5) Sometimes occurs with and is sometimes confused with Soapstone because of its appearance and softness. Commonly found in association with dolomite, which will increase the hardness of the stone. Has an appearance most commonly ranging through white, yellow, lime green to dark green and grey. Is mined commercially because of its high magnesium content, but is a somewhat rare mineral. Calcite - (Calcium Carbonate - H 3.0) Calcite is one of the most common minerals on the earth and makes up or is strongly related to a large part of the stones that are used for sculpture, namely marble and limestone, dolomite, travertine in addition to others. Pure Calcite is used as the indicator for 3.0 on the hardness scale. Chlorite - (H 2.0 - 3.0) This term is often used to distinguish a group of similar minerals, but is often treated as one mineral. Most often in shades of green to black, but can be found in other colors. Due to its common occurrence with Talc and its relative softness is sometimes classified as soapstone. Dolomite - (Calcium Magnesium Carbonate - H 3.5 -4.0) Similar composition to limestone but with higher magnesium content. Often called "Dolomitic Limestone", "Magnesium Limestone" or "Dolostone". Often cannot be distinguished from Limestone/Marble without further field or laboratory testing. This stone is a little bit harder and is more resistant to weathering (or acids) than a true Limestone/Marble. Fuchsite - One variety of a class of mica which is known as Muscovite. Fuchsite is also known as Mariposite. Green to Bright emerald green in color. Granite - Used to identify a group of minerals that often contains Quartz, Feldspar, Plagioclase, etc and are igneous (or seem to be) in origin. In the building stone market, has been expanded to include some stones that have "Granite - like" qualities. Stones classified as Granites are generally quite hard. Gypsum - (Hydrated Calcium Sulfate - H 2.0 - 2.5) Most commonly formed from precipitation of sea water or alteration of Anhydrite. Pure gypsum is used as the indicator for 2.0 on the hardness scale. An important industrial mineral used for the manufacture of plaster and wallboard. Jade - This term has been applied to two different minerals similar in appearance, both being relatively hard, and tougher than steel. The first is Jadeite (H 6.5 -7.0) more commonly known as the stone traditionally carved in Asia and central America and is considered by some to be more valuable of the two varieties. The other variety is a variety of the mineral Actinolite (Nephrite, H 5.0 - 6.0). Both of these stones are most commonly recognized in the green variety, but also can be found in white., black and brown as well as other colors. Limestone - (Calcium Carbonate) Limestone by definition contains at least 50% calcium carbonate by weight. A sedimentary rock formed by a chemical transformation in relation to various organisms such as coral, algae, and bivalves. Also formed as a carbonate precipitate around small particles in water (eg. Indiana Oolitic Limestone), or is deposited by waters rich in calcium carbonate (Travertine). Fossils are often visible in Limestone. Magnesite - (Magnesium Carbonate - H 3.5 - 4.5) Another carbonate having "Marble-like" qualities and appearance. Marble - Applied to a range of carbonate based rocks, most often to describe a recrystalized limestone, or a non-crystalline Limestone, Magnesite or Dolomite which is able to take a good polish. This term is often one of the most widely used in the commercial stone trade and has also been (mis-)applied to a wide range of different non-carbonate types of rocks that have some kind of "Marble like" texture or patterning and can take a good polish. One of the most common examples of this is a type of green Serpentine that often has white veining, which is labeled Verde Antique Marble. Onyx - This word was originally used only to describe a black and white banded Chalcedony (Quartz), specifically one with wide and flat bands. However in commercial terminology this term has been adapted for many types of semi-translucent to translucent banded varieties of many different stones. This includes other types of Quartz as well as Calcite, Marble and Travertine (often called Onyx Marble) and even some Alabasters. The so-called "Mexican Onyx" is a very common example of a multicolored and banded Calcite. Pyrophyllite - (Hydrous Aluminum Silicate - H 1.0-2.0) This mineral is very similar to talc in chemical makeup and in appearance and there is sometimes difficulty in distinguishing between the two minerals without analysis. Pyrophyllite has similar industrial uses to talc, although its occurrence is not as widespread. Much of the pyrophyllite used for carving purposes has a hardness greater than soapstone, somewhere between the hardness of alabaster and marble. One of the most commonly carved types of pyrophyllite is a variety from Africa known as African Wonderstone. Pipestone - Denotes a term that carvers have used for the mineral Argillite generally of the reddish brown variety which is also known as Catlinite. Serpentine - Relatively common, usually classified as a group of related minerals in the Hydrous Magnesium Iron Silicate family (similar to Talc and Chlorite) and can have a hardness ranging from 2.5 to 4.0. Usually colored green with shades of white, yellow and black. Is commonly sold as polished slabs and tile under the name Verde Antique Marble. Soapstone - Most commonly used to describe a stone that is predominately composed of talc, from which its slippery feel it got its name. As a generic term has sometimes been used to include stones that are often geologically related to talc (eg. Chlorite, Serpentine) and occasionally is applied to stones that are not related to talc at all. Another stone that is sometimes grouped in this classification is the mineral pyrophyllite (also known as Wonderstone), which has similar chemical composition and appearance, and is usually slightly harder than Talc. Steatite - This term was traditionally used to describe massive talc of high purity, generally interchangeable with the term Soapstone although may imply a slightly greater hardness than is associated with the term soapstone. This greater hardness of Steatite may be due to other minerals in the stone other than talc, or a crystal structure that is finer or denser. Talc - (Hydrous Magnesium Silicate - H 1.0) Pure Talc is used as the indicator for 1.0 (the softest mineral) on the hardness scale. Talc is an important material for many industrial applications because of its resistance to heat electricity and acid and is used in many applications as a filler or as a whitener. Two of the most common occurrences of talc are "Ultramafic" (meaning ultra-dark) and "Carbonate hosted". Ultramafic talcs usually come in darker shades of brown, green and black. Other carving stones associated with this type of deposit are Chlorite and Serpentine. Carbonate hosted talcs are associated with Dolomitic marbles and generally come in lighter shades of white, pink and green. Travertine - A Limestone deposit formed by the evaporation of spring water rich in calcium carbonate. Tends to be porous and often has banding or layering from various impurities. Wonderstone - This is a term commonly used to describe the stone Pyrophyllite. Most well known is a dark grey to black variety found in Africa, although there are additional occurrences in many countries throughout the world in a variety of colors. Continue to Mineral Properties page home | stone | tools | order info | contact us | links

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By Cyrille Lothaire. Electrical Wiring. Publised at Thursday, December 28th 2017, 05:00:05 AM. When implementing a real-time system, we find a circular buffer critical whether we are using a DSP processor or a general purpose processor (GPP). However, with a GPP we may have to implement the circular buffer in software. As discussed in the previous section, with each new sample, we have to update the pointer which contains the address of the newest sample. With a circular buffer implemented in software, the programmer needs to take care of updating the buffer pointers after each read and write operation. When the pointer reaches the end of the buffer, the program must wrap the pointer back to the beginning of the buffer. By Mailys Laurent. Motor Wiring. Published at Thursday, January 11th 2018, 08:55:14 AM. Speed can be varied by either changing the voltage or pulsing the motor. Most computer controlled DC motors are pulsed. Pulses of a fixed voltage are sent to the motor, usually by an Electronic Speed Controller or ESC. A pulse of 1.5 ms causes no motion. Wider pulses cause faster spinning in one direction. Shorter pulses cause faster spinning in the opposite direction. Eventually, an overstressed ESC stops pulsing and turns one wire on and one wire off, depending on the direction. By Claudine Nicolette. Motor Wiring. Published at Thursday, January 11th 2018, 07:00:17 AM. 3 wires. Brushless motors are more expensive than dc brushed motors. Lots of PC fans are brushless motors. The motor that drives the paper path in laser printers is brushless. They are build differently than servo or brushed motors. There are no places where metal is rubbing against metal. Brushless motors will last longer, spin faster, help batteries last longer. They have three wires instead of two. There are two types: inrunner and outrunner. By Mailys Laurent. Electrical Wiring. Published at Thursday, January 11th 2018, 06:19:01 AM. digital signal processor is a specialized microprocessor for the kind of algorithms employed in digital signal processing (DSP). The main goal is to accelerate the calculations while keeping the power consumption as low as possible. In this article, we review a basic addressing capability of DSP processors, i.e. circular buffering, which allows us to significantly accelerate the data transfer in a real-time system. Please note that since the acronym “DSP” stands for both “digital signal processing” and “digital signal processor," we will use the term “DSP processor” when referring to the hardware rather than the algorithm. By Mailys Laurent. Car Wiring. Published at Thursday, January 11th 2018, 06:17:26 AM. STARTER MOTOR — This is a powerful electric motor that engages the cars flywheel in order to spin the crankshaft. As in all electric motors, the starter is composed of windings of wire that form loops, ending at the commutator segments "remember these from the generator". The armature coils are mounted on the motors central shaftsupported with bearings and the field coils are formed into four or more "shoes", placed inside the steel frame of the starter. By Mailys Laurent. Motor Wiring. Published at Thursday, January 11th 2018, 00:05:55 AM. Stepper motors are like a servo motor in that they move to a spot and hold their position. But they can also spin like a DC and Brushless Motor. They can not hold their position as strongly as a servo motor, and they can not spin as fast as a brushed or brushless motor. By Dorian Yannic. Electrical Wiring. Published at Wednesday, January 10th 2018, 17:48:38 PM. The datasheet goes on to say that "the nRESET pin is internally connected to VDD with a pull up resistor of 50 kΩ." So... why are there two options for how to configure the nReset pin when it is not being used? Why not just recommend that it should be left floating (since it is already pulled high internally)? And, if there are indeed technical reasons for when the pin should be externally pulled up to VDD (for better noise immunity, as an example) then let us know what those technical reasons are. By Adrienne Emmanuel. Motor Wiring. Published at Wednesday, January 10th 2018, 10:58:15 AM. Identical model motors vary, so each needs to be calibrated by banging against some edge ... think of the banging noise when an inkjet printer is turned on. Servo motors are good for robot wheels that have to turn a certain distance then stop. They are good for robots that have to balance themselves somehow. Auto pilots can use these to navigate a hallway. They are not good for spinning propellers like brushed dc motors and brushless motors. Nolanwebdev - Wiring Diagram Images Collection Copyright © 2003 - 2018 Domain Media. All sponsored products, company names, brand names, trademarks and logos arethe property of their respective owners.

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“I was captivated by the marvels of the Galapagos Islands, and through them, Darwin’s writings on evolution. How glorious, that endless forms most beautiful and wonderful are wrought with neither knowledge nor intent! And how profoundly tragic, that the font of life is heedless of suffering. Perhaps we – gifted with the moral compass that evolution lacks – are burdened with learning its secrets, and with wisdom and loving kindness, remedying the flaw in creation.” Kevin Esvelt’s description of how he was inspired to become “an evolutionary engineer, first and foremost” is worth bearing in mind when reading his new PLOS Biology perspective piece. Esvelt leads the Sculpting Evolution Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his article, co-authored with Neil Gemmell from the University of Otago, New Zealand, explores the risks of using self-propagating gene-editing systems to eradicate New Zealand’s invasive species. It’s a stark warning from the scientist who first identified the possibilities that such systems, based on a gene-editing technique known as CRISPR, could hold for conservation efforts. I interviewed Esvelt via email to find out more about this research and about how Esvelt’s own “moral compass” shapes his work. You head up the “Sculpting Evolution” group at MIT. What does your group work on? KE: We seek to understand, redirect, and harness evolution in a spirit of wisdom and humility. From evolving molecular tools to developing ways of altering entire populations and ecosystems, we aim to benefit the world while holding ourselves morally responsible for the consequences. To that end, we work to ensure that all research intended to alter the shared environment is open and community-guided from the outset. What is CRISPR genome editing, and how can it be made heritable, so that it passes from parent to offspring? KE: CRISPR is a molecular scalpel that can be programmed to cut and edit just about any gene in any organism. Encoding CRISPR in an organism’s genome can cause it to edit a particular sequence in every descendant that inherits the instructions. By ensuring that the instructions are themselves copied and therefore inherited by most or all offspring, we can build a standard “gene drive” system that, over many generations, could alter an entire population of organisms. You were the first to identify that CRISPR-based “gene drive” systems could be used to alter wild populations of organisms. Why might this be useful? KE: When we edit a genome – whether through selective breeding or CRISPR – we typically reduce the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its ancestral habitat, meaning natural selection will swiftly eliminate our changes. Gene drive systems ensure their own inheritance, so should not be eliminated in this way. CRISPR-based gene drive systems could potentially be a targeted, effective way to eradicate diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis. In your new PLOS Biology article, you caution against the use of self-propagating CRISPR-based gene drive systems. What are these systems, and why are you concerned about their use? KE: If the encoded CRISPR system is programmed to copy itself, it can spread indefinitely. Our recent mathematical models (released as a bioRxiv preprint, “Current CRISPR gene drive systems are likely to be highly invasive in wild populations”) predict that this form of gene drive is highly likely to spread across international borders to every population of the target species. That may be necessary to eradicate malaria, but it’s hard to imagine countries agreeing to many other applications, and any unauthorized release of a self-propagating gene drive systems could seriously damage public trust in science and governance. Could you describe “daisy drives” and how they differ from self-propagating gene drives? KE: To build a daisy drive, we scatter the components of the CRISPR system across an organism’s genome and arrange them in a daisy-chain such that each link causes the next to be copied. The first daisy link isn’t copied, so some of the organism’s offspring won’t inherit it. That means that the next link won’t be copied, and so on down generations until eventually the last link is gone and the daisy drive stops. We refer to daisy drives as “self-exhausting” because they’re limited to a certain number of generations. A daisy drive could be used, for example, to spread infertility, precisely removing a population of invasive predators. New Zealand is considering genetic technologies to help eliminate mammalian pests such as rats and stoats. If you were advising the country, what would you recommend? KE: I would advise policymakers to use the smallest possible change capable of solving the problem, and to start small and local before scaling up. That can’t be done with a self-propagating gene drive system, so we shouldn’t even try. Daisy drives and equivalents systems may have potential, but only if developed openly with community guidance and independent assessment. I would recommend inviting advice and criticism from locals, for native wisdom may offer unique insights. How do you hope and expect that CRISPR technology will affect conservation in future? KE: The language of nature is written in DNA, a tongue we are only now beginning to learn. If approached with humility, inviting everyone to share their concerns and criticisms, I hope that we may learn to precisely solve ecological problems without using poisons and dramatically reduce animal suffering. What do you hope that your PLOS Biology publication might achieve, and what are the next steps for your research? KE: If we’re lucky, this note of caution may help remedy my earlier mistake by dissuading others from developing self-propagating gene drive systems for applications that would be neither wise nor practical. In the lab, we’ve just started to develop local, community-guided alternatives such as daisy drive systems in a variety of organisms, including invasive species. I hope that these will benefit conservation. More broadly, I hope that we can change scientific incentives so that all technologies intended to alter the shared environment are developed in the open light of day. Images Credits: Gemmell and Esvelt, 2017; Kevin Esvelt

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There have been a reported number of infections and deaths implicating the H5N1 and H1N1 virus outbreak. Vietnam does not have any cases involving the A/H7N9 virus that caused multiple deaths in China, said Dr. Tran Dac Phu, chair of Department of Preventive Medicine. Authorities are on high alert for the virus during the wet season. |Ministry of Health has warned people not to eat diseased or ill poultry.| The virus H7N9 is quite hard to detect compared to A/H5N1 but it can easily cause death when transmitted to humans, said Dr. Phu. Most deaths from the virus in China occurred because they contacted with diseased poultry. There have so far been a reported two deaths in the southern provinces of Dong Thap and Binh Phuoc caused by the H5N1 virus. Outbreaks of H5N1 bird flu are recorded in some provinces such as Quang Ngai, Khanh Hoa in the Central, Nam Dinh in the North, Kon Tum in the Highland, Tay Ninh, Ca Mau, and Long An. Nearly 70 percent of poultry samples test positive for H5N1 virus, especially among free-range waterfowl in the Mekong Delta. Over 60 percent poultry sold in markets are positive for the virus. The Ministry of Health has warned people not to eat diseased or ill poultry without clear indication origins. The ministry also warns citizens to practice good personal hygiene and wash hands before meals. Please inform local governments and vets when experiencing poultry deaths. Citizens should promptly head to nearby medical clinics when experiencing fever, cough, breast pain and breathing problems. Eleven Provinces Report Bird Flu The Department of Animal Health under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has set up 15 mission teams to check bird flu prevention tasks in provinces. Recently outbreaks of bird flu occurred in the central provinces of Khanh Hoa, Quang Ngai, Phu Yen; the highlands province of Dak Lak, Kon Tum, and the southern provinces of Tay Ninh, Long An and Ca Mau. Medical workers from the Department of Preventive Medicine in Can Tho City keep their eyes on those who had contacted diseased in Phong Dien District as well as issued guideline on preventive measures to local residents. There are about 40 million poultry in Mekong delta provinces including more than 16.7 million chickens, 50 percent of them vaccinated, and nearly 21.4 million ducks, 80 percent of them vaccinated.

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Return to Homepage URBAN PLANNING 1794-1918: An Introduction to the Anthology John W. Reps Urban planning in the early years of its modern phase dealt largely with how to create a healthy, attractive, efficient, and safe community. Thus, most of the selections in this anthology focus directly on forms, patterns, locations, and interrelationships of streets, public and private building sites, parks and recreation areas, shopping and industrial districts, and other parts of the fabric of towns and cities. The authors of other papers explored closely related legal and social issues like public control of land use and building height and bulk and enactment and enforcement of housing standards. Although these aspects of the urban environment were once the accepted domain of city planning, few of the writers whose works appear here would recognize today's expanded definition of the field. As presently perceived by its intellectual leaders, city planning now embraces virtually all aspects of urban public administration. Environmental protection, economic development, income redistribution, crime prevention, conflict resolution, prevention of gender, racial, ethnic, and age discrimination, allievating family disorganization--these and other topics in the economic, political and social arenas are regarded as the subjects planners should be concerned with. Here and there, seemingly almost as an afterthought, some academic leaders of the field concede that urban planning should also concern itself with the physical framework in which the social, political, and economic life of the community takes place. Rarely, however, does the academic training of today's city planner provide him or her with more than the vocbulary of the subject and little other than a dilettante's smattering of knowledge. Indeed, in some circles, to confess a serious interest in this subject is to brand oneself as a hopelessly reactionary. In the real world beyond the walls of the academy, most practicing city planners necessarily give a higher priority to these workaday elements of the modern city, leaving the academics to pursue the loftier and more imperialistic objectives that has captured their interests. In concentrating on the physical components of the city, these modern practical planners form a link with their predecessors in the early years of the twentieth century and the last quarter of the previous one. It was then that the modern field of city planning emerged as a separate activity--perhaps something that could even be called a profession. This collection of readings takes us back to that earlier (some would say, more realistic, others, just simplistic) approach to city planning. Then the questions to be answered all revolved around the issues of how best to arrange land and buildings to meet the needs of a modern urban civilization. From the time of city development in the Indus Valley, ancient Egypt, classical Greece, and the Roman empire, city planning had been defined in these terms. Given the range of serious difficulties facing cities today, one would be foolish to maintain that this is the most critical urban issue to be addressed. Nevertheless, since at best our cities are far from perfect and at worst not even acceptable physical environments, we may be able to learn useful things from what utopians, theorists, and practitioners had to say on this subject before World War I. For however ranked in the hierarchy of problems in today's cities, physical planning and urban design remain important subjects that must be considered. Quite aside from any lessons these proposals have to teach about modern issues, their value in tracing the development of modern thinking about city planning is unmistakable. It will surprise most of the readers of these documents--as it surprised the compiler--to find how widespread was the interest in planning during the period covered by the anthology.. Contributions by journalists, lawyers, writers of fiction, publicists, and others join with statements by architects, engineers, surveyors, public health experts, housing reformers, and landscape architects. Even among those written by members of the land-based professions of architecture, engineering, surveying, and landscape architecture, a surprising number appeared in magazines or journals not devoted to design or municipal affairs but aimed at broader audiences. This is one indication that many persons of diverse interests and occupations shared a concern for how their cities might be better designed. This enthusiasm for city planning was but one segment of a larger effort to reform municipal government and civic life. This, in turn, was itself a major component of the progressive movement that--especially in the United States--aimed at even broader changes in society, politics, and economic affairs. The past quarter century has seen the publication of a good many other books and even more articles and conference papers on American planning history. A very high percentage of these focus on the twentieth century and explore the city beautiful movement, trace the evolution of planning thought and practice in the early years of the modern period, examine the development of zoning and other land use regulations, survey the split between those concerned with housing conditions and those involved in other aspects of planning, and--more recently--move on to analyze developments in the post World War II era. Virtually all of these studies try to place their subjects within the context of American political, economic, and social trends. Much the same can be said for recent scholarship in other countries, although with inevitable differences in emphasis because of changed circumstances. What readers will find here is a broad selection of writings on urban planning written--not by historians--but by those who were actual participants in a still-nascent field of endeavor. Although a few articles review the state of planning at the time the authors wrote, most concentrate on suggesting or proposing what might be--not reflecting on what had gone before. A few writings dating from before 1860 have been chosen to remind readers that there has always been continuity of planning thought. Just as present planners are the intellectual offspring of those who preceeded them, so, too, did early twentieth-century planning evolve from the beliefs, opinions, and proposals put forward by an earlier generation of those concerned with urban affairs. Many--perhaps most--of these readings have not appeared in earlier anthologies, and several may challenge or modify interpretations by historians or critics of our own time. Several selections contain material that seems--at least to the compiler--essentially undated and still fully valid today. Other readings suggest that a little humility may be in order, for concepts and proposals that we think of as belonging to our own time have often been anticipated years earlier by planners whose names have now been forgotten. The selections identified below provide a small sample of the diverse contents of the anthology. Use the author links to take you to the document, or return to the homepage or the list of bibliographies. Adams, John Coleman, "What a Great City Might Be--A Lesson From the White City." The New England Magazine New Ser. 14 (March 1896):3-13. Anon. "Architecture In The United States." The American Journal of Science and Arts 17 (January 1830):99-110; and (April 1830):249-273. Baxter, Sylvester. "The German Way of Making Better Cities." Atlantic Monthly 104 (July 1909): 72-85. Buls, Charles. "City Aesthetics." Municipal Affairs 3 (December 1899):732-741. Bushnell, Horace. "City Plans." In Bushnell, Work and Play: Or Literary Varieties (New York: Charles Scribner, 1864):308-336. Ford, George B. "The City Scientific." Engineering Record 67 (May 17, 1913):551-52. Hughes, T. Harold. "The Principles to be Observed in Designing and Laying Out Towns Treated from the Architectural Standpoint." Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (7 December 1912):65-82; and (21 December 1912):125-132. Knibbs, G.[eorge] H. "The Theory of City Design." Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1901 35 (1901):62-112. Lamb, Charles R. "City Plan." The Craftsman 6 (April 1904):3-13. Marsh, Benjamin. "City Planning In Justice To The Working Population." Charities and the Commons 19 (February 1, 1908):15141518. Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr. "Introduction." In John Nolen (ed.), City Planning: A Series of Papers Presenting the Essential Elements of a City Plan (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1916):1-18. Perkins, Lucy Fitch. "Municipal Art." The Chautauquan 36 (February 1903):516527 Price, W.[illiam] H. "Town Planning: Laying Out New Towns and Cities." In Thomas Cole, ed., Proceedings of the Institution of Municipal and County Engineers 34 (1912-1913), 42-57. Royal Institute of British Architects, Town Planning Committee. "Suggestions To Promoters Of Town Planning Schemes" Royal Institute of British Architects Journal 3rd ser. 18, (26 August 1911):661-668. Stübben, F. [sic]. "Practical And Aesthetic Principles For The Laying Out Of Cities." trans. by W. H. Searles, Prepared for the International Engineering Congress of the Columbian Exposition, 1893 as an advance Copy of a portion of the Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. [Originally presented at a meeting of the Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche Gesundheitspflege, held at Freiburg, Germany, September, 1885.] Waring, J. B. "On The Laying Out Of Cities." Papers Read at the Royal Institute of British Architects. Session 187273. London: The Institute, 1873: 141155. Written and formatted as a web document by John W. Reps, Professor Emeritus, Department of City and Regional Planning, West Sibley Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. Tel: (607) 255-5391, Fax: (607) 255-6681, E-mail: email@example.com To Top of Page To Homepage To Bibliographies

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