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7 Commons Myths About Lice Here are a few common myths: 1. You’re more likely to get lice if you’re dirty “Head lice has nothing to do with hygiene,” says Andrew Bonwit, a pediatric infectious-disease expert at Loyola University Health System outside Chicago. “It has to do with whether the person was exposed to someone with head lice.” Bonwit says a louse, which is “about the length of George Washington’s nose on a quarter,” doesn’t have discriminating tastes: It wants warmth for its eggs and a regular “blood meal.” It doesn’t matter if the dish is dirty or clean. 2. Your pet can carry lice Lice feed only on humans. Fleas and ticks are another story. 3. Lice can jump and fly No. They just crawl. That’s why kids are so much more likely than adults to have lice: They often touch heads when interacting, whether playing or talking or sleeping together at slumber parties (which are top-notch settings for lice transmission). A few lice can quickly scuttle over hair to a new head while, say, kids press close to take photos, snuggle up to watch a movie or share a pillow. While adults can get lice from their children, they rarely are the family members to bring the bugs home. (As Bonwit points out, “In the typical office, there’s probably not a whole lot of hugging going on.”) 4. Your house can get infested with lice While scientists agree that lice almost always spread by crawling from head to head, they’re less sure how often they travel from head to pillow to head. The bugs “probably don’t voluntarily leave a scalp,” says Dale Clayton, a lice expert and biology professor at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. “Because if you think about it, that’s dangerous for them. But they may get brushed off from time to time.” Eckert says she tries to reassure clients that “Lice are very good at holding on to hair. And they are not microscopic. You’re going to see them if they’re on a pillow.” She also says there’s no need to wash everything in a home where lice have been spotted; she’ll tell people to wash their bedding not because there are bugs in the bed (there probably aren’t — and if there are, they’re dying) but because lice leave droppings, which look like tiny dark specks. “You don’t want to be sleeping on lice excrement,” she says. 5. You need special over-the-counter shampoos to get rid of the lice and nits Shampoos such as Nix and Rid kill live lice — but not always and not all of them. Many lice have developed resistance to the most common active ingredients, permethrin and pyrethrins. And they don’t kill all of the nits. In fact, use of these products has led to super lice, bugs that are developing a resistance to some insecticides. Already this year, at least one U.S. school district has reported an uptick in cases of super lice. “Evolutionary resistance has gotten much worse in the past 10 or 20 years,” Clayton says. When he grew up in Great Falls in the 1960s, he says, “I never heard of anybody who had lice. Now they’re very, very common.” 6. You can suffocate lice Eckert says she’ll show up for house calls and parents will come to the door with their child’s hair covered in petroleum jelly, wrapped in cellophane and topped with a shower cap. “They read online somewhere that you can suffocate lice with Vaseline, olive oil or mayonnaise,” she says. “They get dubious results at best, and it’s not going to kill the nits.” 7. If you have lice, your head will be itchy Many people with lice don’t itch. For those who do, the itchiness may not begin until a few weeks into the infestation. Since head scratching isn’t always present as a warning sign, many experts suggest that parents do periodic lice checks on their children.

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How Did the Term “OK” Start? There have been several theories as to the origin of the popular term “O.K.,” used worldwide to indicate approval. The one now accepted as accurate is that O.K. first stood for “oll korrect,” an intentional misspelling of “all correct.” Journalists in New York and Boston in the 1830s started a fad of humorously abbreviating common expressions, usually misspelling them. “O.K.” was one of their pet terms. It first appeared in print in the Boston Morning Post in 1839. Though political events of the time helped popularize “O.K.,” it can be traced directly to Boston, and “oll korrect.” Some people say it came from the Native American Indian tribe known as the Choctaw. The Choctaw word okeh means the same as the American word okay. Experts say early explorers in the American West spoke the Choctaw language in the nineteenth century. The language spread across the country. Other people say a railroad worker named Obadiah Kelly invented the word long ago. They said he put the first letters of his names — O and K — on each object people gave him to send on the train. Still others say a political organization invented the word. The organization supported Martin Van Buren for president in eighteen forty. They called their group, the O.K. Club. The letters were taken from the name of the town where Martin Van Buren was born — Old Kinderhook, New York. Not everyone agrees with this explanation, either. But experts do agree that the word is purely American. And it has spread to almost every country on Earth. Then there is the expression A-OK. This means everything is fine. A-OK is a space-age expression. It was used in nineteen sixty-one during the flight of astronaut Alan Shepard. He was the first American to be launched into space. His flight ended when his spacecraft landed in the ocean, as planned. Shepard reported: “Everything is A-OK.” However, some experts say the expression did not begin with the space age. One story says it was first used during the early days of the telephone to tell an operator that a message had been received.

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The blue crab is common to all North Carolina waters, but populations tend to live in most of the water on the East Coast from New England to Florida. In order to grow, a blue crab must shed its shell and form a new larger one. This process is called molting. It takes days for the soft crab to change back to a hard crab passing through the “paper shell” stage of its life. After molting, the crab’s new shell is approximately 35 percent larger than the old shell (see picture). Females molt 18 to 20 times after larval stage in their lifetime. Males tend to go through this process up to 25 times. The older a crab grows, the more difficult the molt. A mature male crab is called a “jimmy” and is easily recognized by the bright blue color of his shell and claws. An adult female crab is called a “sook” and can be distinguished by the rounded apron on her underside and red tips on her claws (some call it nail polish). Immature females are called “sallys” or “she-crabs.” Their underside aprons are triangular. The “sponge crab” is a female that has an egg mass on her abdomen. Crabs will only mate when the female crab has just molted between her immature stage and adult stage and is still soft. A mature female will never molt or mate again; she will release her egg masses 12 to 14 different times before she dies. A large sook can release up to two million eggs at a time. Sooks tend to live close to highly saline waters near inlets and in the ocean where they release their eggs. Jimmys tend to stay in brackish waters and are not harmfully affected by low salinity. If a crab loses a leg or a claw, it is able to grow a new one to replace the one it lost. The crab is able to detach its limbs voluntarily. If a crab is seized and held by one of its limbs, it may release that limb and escape. The limb is regenerated during the next molting cycle. Molting terms: Rank Peeler: hours prior to molt Buster: in the process of shedding its old shell Soft Shell: smooth, soft shell, immediately following molt Paper shell: slightly stiff shell, 12 hours after molt Buckram (or tinback): semi-stiff, crinkly-hard, or leathery shell; 24 hours after molt Hard shell: four days after molt, aka “whitey” or “white belly”. The only thing more delicious than the lump crab meat from a hard crab is the soft shell crab properly cleaned and sautéed: unless you stuff a large soft-shell crab with lump crab meat prior to cooking. Fortunately for Fairfield Harbour residents, blue crabs are plentiful here in the Harbour. They usually come out of the mud in late April or by the first full moon in May. They should be here through October. The best crabbing is after July through September and the best soft-shell action is from late May through mid-July. Happy crabbing.

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I have been remiss about writing, but when a friend sent me a news article about what some farmers from Europe are doing, I felt the need to return from my sabbatical and share my thoughts. As extension personnel we discuss soil health with farmers and gardeners as a way of increasing productivity and sustainability. Soil health is more than the amount of nutrients in the soil, though that is important. Complete soil health takes into account all the microbes, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, earthworms, and more. Measuring soil health can be tricky; however, some farmers across the big pond have discovered a method of measuring soil health that can be easily replicated in our area. Their method is a little unorthodox but has some additional benefits. This scientific method they have developed can aide in cleaning out your dresser and/or reduce your laundry load. Farmers across the pond are burying their skivvies to test the health of their soil. When I heard of their unique testing technique, I wondered, who came up with this? I am guessing it may be the one doing the laundry. Someone took one look at the undies and said, "I’m not doing it anymore,” went and buried them. In disgust the owner of the underpants went out to recover them and a scientific discovery was made. (Just my theory) This is the procedure that has been developed. You start with cotton underwear, cotton not rayon, polyester, or nylon. The material of the unmentionables is the basis of the testing procedure. Step two requires manual labor. You bury the Fruit of the Looms. (This is not an endorsement for Berkshire Hathaway.) When you bury the underwear, do not bury them to deep. Stay in the topsoil and above the clay pan. Third, wait two months before trying to recover the underpants. If the Fruit of the Looms are still intact, your soil health may be lacking. If all you find is the elastic waistband, your soil is healthy and ready to be productive. The reasoning behind this experiment is relatively simple. Soil is composed of living organisms made up of fungi, bacteria, microbes, and others. These organisms break down organic material and convert it into a form that is available for plants to use. A soil is healthy if it has high organic matter content and a large number of organisms to break the material down. The faster the underwear is broken down and consumed by the organisms, the healthier the soil. The amount of organic material in the soil has a direct effect on the water holding capacity of the soil. It has been shown that increasing soil organic matter increases the ability of soil to absorb rain water, rather than having it run off. As the organic matter in the soil increases, the plant-available water increases. Organic matter readily absorbs water and holds it until needed by plant roots. It has been estimated that for every one percent increase in organic matter in the soil, the plant-available water in the soil increases by 25,000 gallons per acre. During the rapid growing phase, corn in southeast Kansas uses about a quarter-inch of water per day. So every four days, a corn crop needs an additional one inch of soil water. Soils with greater amounts of organic matter would both increase the amount of water held in the soil and increase the water available to that growing corn crop. Coming from an area with limited topsoil, being able to increase the water holding capacity of our soil is a tremendous advantage. Increased microbial activity in the soil also enhances the plants ability to absorb needed nutrients. So how do we increase organic matter and microbial activity? One way is reducing tillage to the soil. Every time we till the soil, we are reducing organic material, breaking down soil structure, and disrupting plant root and fungal hyphae networks. Another way is adding organic material to our soil such as compost, litter, manure, etc. However, those materials can be loaded with nutrients, which may be problematic. Adding nutrients to the soil is not bad, but just like eating too much candy will give you a stomach ache, overloading the soil with certain nutrients can cause issues for plants as well. K-State does have a soil testing lab that can test for organic material, nutrients, soil pH, minerals, and more. From the results, a plan can be developed to help your land reach its maximum potential. Although, if you have some underwear you really don’t want to wash, you may try burying them and test the health of your soil. The bonus to all of this is that if your undies are already soiled, you are also increasing the nutrient value of your land. As life continues, keep looking between the barb wire.

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NIAID Fact Sheet HIV Infection in Women By the end of 2002, 159,271 adolescent and adult women in the United States were reported as having AIDS. Based on cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through December 2002, more than 57,376 women have been infected with HIV. Among adolescent and adult women, the proportion of AIDS cases more than tripled from 7 percent in 1985 to 26 percent in 2002. Nonetheless, AIDS cases in adolescent and adult women have declined by 17 percent and have plateaued in the past 4 years, reflecting the success of antiretroviral therapies in preventing the development of AIDS. Worldwide, more than 90 percent of all adolescent and adult HIV infections have resulted from heterosexual intercourse. Women are particularly vulnerable to heterosexual transmission of HIV due to substantial mucosal exposure to seminal fluids. This biological fact amplifies the risk of HIV transmission when coupled with the high prevalence of non-consensual sex, sex without condom use, and the unknown and/or high-risk behaviors of their partners. Younger women are also increasingly being diagnosed with HIV infection, particularly among African-Americans and Hispanics. Through December 2002, women aged 25 and younger accounted for 9.8 percent of the female AIDS cases reported to CDC. HIV disproportionately affects African-American and Hispanic women. Together they represent less than 25 percent of all U.S. women, yet they account for more than 82 percent of AIDS cases in women. Women suffer from the same complications of AIDS that afflict men but also suffer gender-specific manifestations of HIV disease, such as recurrent vaginal yeast infections and severe pelvic inflammatory disease, which increase their risk of cervical cancer. Women also exhibit different characteristics from men for many of the same complications of antiretroviral therapy, such as metabolic abnormalities. Frequently, women with HIV infection have great difficulty accessing health care, and carry a heavy burden of caring for children and other family members who may also be HIV-infected. They often lack social support and face other challenges that may interfere with their ability to adhere to treatment regimens. NIAID is studying the course of HIV/AIDS disease in women primarily through two cohort studies: the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) and the Women and Infant's Transmission Study. Clinical trials to investigate gender-specific differences in disease progression, complications and/or treatment are also being conducted by the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG), the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG), and the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). Natural History and Epidemiological Research NIAID supports studies in the United States and abroad of the natural history and manifestations of HIV infection in both non-pregnant and pregnant women, as well as the factors that influence the transmission of HIV to women. Investigators are studying the unique features of HIV/AIDS in women and developing treatment regimens for them. The WIHS, a multi-site, prospective cohort of predominantly minority HIV-infected and uninfected women, is conducting research on the natural history of HIV among women and has increased the number of women enrolled in their study. The increase in participants will enable WIHS to evaluate the natural history and clinical outcomes in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, such as The expansion is now complete, and projects have 2,580 women under active follow-up. A study conducted in the WIHS compared the rates of AIDS and/or death prior to (October 1994 to April 1996) and after (April 1996 to March 1999) the introduction of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). Mortality declined 21 percent for women with AIDS and 11 percent for those without AIDS at the start of WIHS. The researchers also quantified the level of immune reconstitution and viral suppression. Women with AIDS at study entry saw the greatest improvements in their CD4+/CD8+ cells and viral load. In another study, WIHS researchers showed that a baseline measurement of serum albumin (the main protein in the blood) was a strong predictor of 3-year survival in HIV-infected women. Women with serum albumin levels in the low-normal range had a higher risk of death compared to those with higher levels of serum albumin. This information could have important implications for women's treatment decisions, and given the low cost and availability of this measurement, it may have applications in resource-poor settings. Moreover, another study showed that after adjusting for age, serum albumin levels, body mass index, CD4 lymphocyte counts, and HIV-1 RNA levels, higher C-reactive protein levels (> 0.4 mg/dL) were associated with shorter survival. C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, may be a useful and inexpensive predictor of HIV disease mortality in women. In a study co-funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and NIAID, researchers found that the initial HIV viral load in women tends to be lower than in men regardless of CD4+ T cell count. Investigators need to do additional research to determine the significance of this finding because the rate of progression to AIDS in women appears to be similar to that in men. Because HIV is spread predominantly through sexual transmission, the development of chemical, biological, and physical barriers that can be used intravaginally or intrarectally to inactivate HIV and other sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogens is critically important for controlling HIV infection. Scientists are developing and testing new chemical and biological compounds that women could apply before intercourse to protect themselves against HIV and other sexually transmitted organisms. These include creams or gels, known as topical microbicides, which ideally would be non-irritating, inexpensive, and unobtrusive. The research effort for developing topical microbicides includes basic research, preclinical product development, and clinical evaluation. There are several promising investigational topical microbicides, such as PR02000/5 Gel (P), Cellulose Sulfate Gel, and PMPA Gel, currently in clinical trials in the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN). Less than 10 percent of the participants reported symptoms that could have been attributable to the product, and upon pelvic examination, approximately 90 percent had no visible vaginal or cervical abnormalities. Currently, researchers are planning a Phase III trial which will evaluate the effectiveness of Carraguard. (Carraguard is a gel derived from seaweed that prevents infection of appropriate target cells by HIV and other STIs.) In addition, HPTN has initiated several Phase I trials to study the safety and acceptability of other candidate microbicides and will be conducting a Phase II/IIb trial of two other promising microbicide candidates for vaginal use. Scientists are no longer studying nonoxynol-9 (N9) as a potential microbicide due to safety concerns and the potential for increased risk of HIV infection as reported at the 13th International Conference on AIDS in Durban, South Africa, in July 2000. Transmission of HIV to WomenIn the United States, most women are infected with HIV during sex with an HIV-infected man or while using HIV-contaminated syringes for the injection of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines. Of the new HIV infections diagnosed among women in the United States, through 2002, the CDC estimated that 70.3 percent were attributed to heterosexual contact and 27.6 percent to injection drug use. In the United States, studies have shown that during unprotected heterosexual intercourse with an HIV-infected partner, women have a greater risk of becoming infected than uninfected men who have heterosexual intercourse with an HIV-infected woman. In other parts of the world, however, this is not necessarily true. In Uganda, for example, one study demonstrated that the risk of HIV transmission from woman to man was the same as from man to woman. This difference may be due to the lack of circumcision in Ugandan men. Studies in both the United States and abroad have demonstrated that STIs, particularly infections that cause ulcerations of the vagina (for example, genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid), greatly increase a woman's risk of becoming infected with HIV. NIAID-sponsored cohort studies in the United States have also found a number of other factors to be associated with an increased risk of heterosexual HIV transmission, including alcohol use, history of childhood sexual abuse, current domestic abuse, and use of crack/cocaine. Consistent and correct use of male latex condoms greatly reduces the risk of becoming infected with HIV. In studies of heterosexual couples, in which one individual was HIV-positive and the other uninfected and regular condom use was reported, the rate of HIV transmission was extremely low. Studies using antiretroviral drugs to try to prevent transmission will be starting soon in the United States and internationally. HPTN Trial 052, which will be conducted in the United States and five other countries, will study approximately 1750 serodiscordant couples with CD4 counts above 300 cells. The trial will determine whether HAART, when given to the infected partner along with prevention counseling and interventions like condoms, prevents HIV transmission to the uninfected partner better than prevention counseling and prevention services alone. Another trial using an antiretroviral drug (tenofovir) to try to prevent HIV transmission in HIV negative sex workers in Cambodia will begin soon. Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV In the United States, approximately 25 percent of pregnant HIV-infected women who do not receive AZT or a combination of antiretroviral therapies pass on the virus to their babies. If women do receive a combination of antiretroviral therapies during pregnancy, however, the risk of HIV transmission to the newborn drops below 2 percent. The risk of MTCT is significantly increased if the mother has advanced HIV disease, high amounts of HIV in her bloodstream, or fewer-than-normal amounts of the CD4+ T cells. Other factors that may increase the risk include One NIAID-sponsored study found that HIV-infected women who gave birth more than 4 hours after rupture of the fetal membranes were nearly twice as likely to transmit HIV to their babies, as compared to women who delivered within 4 hours of membrane rupture. In the same study, HIV-infected women who used heroin or crack/cocaine during pregnancy were also twice as likely to transmit HIV to their babies as compared to HIV-infected women who did not use drugs. Most MTCT, an estimated 50 to 70 percent, probably occurs late in pregnancy or during birth. Although the exact ways the virus is transmitted are unknown, scientists think it may happen when the mother's blood enters fetal circulation or by mucosal exposure to the virus during labor and delivery. Research is underway to identify the mechanisms of MTCT and to develop interventions to reduce it. Notably, NIAID-funded investigators have identified regimens that reduce MTCT. The first regimen to prevent MTCT was identified in a landmark study conducted in 1994 by the PACTG. A specific regimen of AZT given to an HIV-infected woman during pregnancy and to her baby after birth was shown to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission by two-thirds. In another NIAID-sponsored study (HIVNET 012) in Uganda, researchers identified a highly effective and safe drug regimen for preventing transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn that is more affordable and practical than any other course of therapy examined to date. The study demonstrated that a single oral dose of the antiretroviral drug, nevirapine, given to an HIV-infected woman in labor and another dose given to her baby within 3 days of birth reduces the transmission rate by about half compared with a course of AZT given only during labor and delivery. Additional data from this study demonstrated the continued benefit and safety of nevirapine in reducing MTCT up to 18 months, even in a breastfeeding population. This study suggests that women in the United States who are identified as HIV-infected very late in pregnancy or at the time of labor and delivery could lower the rates of HIV transmission to their babies by following a nevirapine-containing regimen. Data from HIVNET 012 also showed that resistance to nevirapine was present in approximately 19 percent of women 6 to 8 weeks after the single dose of nevirapine. After 12 to 24 months, there was no nevirapine resistance detectable in these women using standard methods of HIV resistance testing. Nevertheless, these data are of concern because preliminary data from a small, uncontrolled trial presented at the 2004 Retrovirus Conference in San Francisco by Jourdain et al. showed that women who had received previous single dose nevirapine had poorer virologic outcome when treated with HAART than women who had never received nevirapine. Additionally, data from an AACTG study showed that subjects who had prior nevirapine, efavirenz, or delaviradine treatment (the anti-HIV drug class abbreviated "NNRTI") had poorer virologic outcomes than those who were NNRTI naïve. The conclusion was that low level, previously unidentified drug resistance can lead to future treatment failure. Given these data, researchers are planning several randomized clinical trials to assess the impact of prior single dose nevirapine on treatment outcomes in the mother, as well the infant, and to assess various strategies to prevent the emergence of drug resistance after single-dose nevirapine used for MTCT. HIV may also be transmitted from a nursing mother to her child. A series of studies have determined that breastfeeding increases the risk of HIV transmission by about 14 percent. Currently, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) recommends that HIV-positive women be educated and counseled so they can make an informed decision about how to best feed their children. Research is underway in areas of the world where the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks to identify effective strategies for reducing the risk of transmission through breastfeeding. This includes early weaning strategies, as well as evaluating drugs or vaccines to reduce the risk of transmission from breastfeeding. Studies are also underway or planned to determine if antiretroviral drugs given to the uninfected infant or to the infected, breast-feeding mother will prevent HIV transmission to the infant. An example is HPTN 046, which will evaluate the effects of nevirapine on uninfected infants born from HIV infected mothers who are breastfeeding. Data from several studies conducted by CPCRA found that HIV-infected women were also more likely than HIV-infected men to develop bacterial pneumonia. This finding may be explained by factors such as a delay in seeking care among HIV-infected women as compared to men, and/or less access to anti-HIV therapies or preventive therapies for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, or PCP. Woman-Specific Symptoms of HIV Infection Women also experience HIV-associated gynecologic problems, many of which occur in uninfected women but with less frequency or severity. Vaginal yeast infections, common and easily treated in most women, often are particularly persistent and difficult to treat in HIV-infected women. Data from WIHS suggest that these infections are considerably more frequent in HIV-infected women. Health care providers commonly use a drug called fluconazole to treat yeast infections. A CPCRA study demonstrated that weekly doses of fluconazole can also safely prevent oropharyngeal and vaginal, but not esophageal yeast infections, without resulting in resistance to the drug. Severe herpes simplex virus ulcerations, which are sometimes unresponsive to therapy with the standard drug acyclovir, can severely compromise a woman's quality of life. Idiopathic genital ulcers, with no evidence of an infectious organism or cancerous cells in the lesion, are a unique manifestation of HIV infection. These ulcers, for which there is no proven treatment, are sometimes confused with those caused by herpes simplex virus. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which cause genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer, occur more frequently in HIV-infected women. A precancerous condition associated with HPV, called cervical dysplasia, is also more common and more severe in HIV-infected women and more apt to recur after treatment. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) appears to be more common and more aggressive in HIV-infected women than in uninfected women. PID may become a chronic and relapsing condition as a woman's immune system deteriorates. Menstrual irregularities frequently are reported by HIV-infected women and are being actively studied by NIAID-supported scientists. Although menstrual irregularities were equally common in HIV-infected women and at-risk HIV-negative women in a WIHS survey, women with CD4+ T-cell counts below 50 per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood were more likely to report no periods than were uninfected women, or HIV-infected women with higher CD4+ T-cell counts. Early diagnosis of HIV infection allows women to take full advantage of antiretroviral treatments and preventive medicines for opportunistic infections when their health care providers think it is appropriate. Both appropriate therapy and preventive drugs can forestall the development of AIDS-related symptoms and prolong life in HIV-infected women as well as men. Early diagnosis also allows women to make informed reproductive choices. Health care providers should be alert to early signs of HIV infection in women. In addition, all women should consider HIV testing if they have engaged in behaviors that put them at risk of infection. In an analysis of several studies involving more than 4,500 people with HIV infection, women were 33 percent more likely than men to die within the study period. The investigators could not definitively identify the reasons for excess mortality among women in this study, but they speculated that poorer access to or use of health care resources among HIV-infected women as compared to men, domestic violence, homelessness, and lack of social supports may have been important factors. AIDSinfo is sponsored by the NIH Office of AIDS Research, NIAID, National Library of Medicine, CDC, Health Resources and Service Administration, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. For information specifically about clinical trials conducted by the NIAID Intramural AIDS Research Program, call 1-800-243-7644 (http://clinicaltrials.gov). Chronically Depressed Women With HIV Almost Twice as Likely as Others to Die From AIDS-Related Causes; Those With Mental-Health Services Had Half the Death Rate of Those Without This article was provided by U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

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“Sometimes the most important thing in a whole day is the rest we take between two deep breaths.” ~Etty Hillesum Today I’d like to discuss something that I’ve found to be very important: our breathing. “What do you mean our breathing? Don’t we do that all the time? Why do I need to read a blog post about it?” Yes, we do this involuntarily, but did you know that there are different ways we breathe? Improper breathing can affect how we feel, mentally and physically, and, in reverse, how we feel can lead to improper breathing (if, for example, we’re stressed). Imagine what’s going on in the following scenarios: You’re being chased by a grizzly bear. Chances are, you’re breathing rapidly, taking shallow breaths (drawing in minimal air to the lungs), expelling a lot of effort, and heavily expanding your chest. This is known as thoracic breathing, or chest breathing. Thoracic breathing switches on our sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for that fight-or-flight response we get when we sense any kind of danger, stress, or threat. Chest breathing doesn’t optimally use our lungs (via our diaphragm), and can even lead to hyperventilation. This type of breathing isn’t necessarily bad, since it gives us the ability to run from that grizzly bear and can help during vigorous exercise. But we often do this unnecessarily, and it makes us feel more anxious and stressed. You just did something relaxing and feel very calm. Chances are, you’re breathing slowly (drawing in optimal air to the lungs via the diaphragm), are expelling minimal effort, and are expanding your abdomen/belly as you take in air. This is known as as diaphragmatic breathing. This type of breathing stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which has the opposite effect of the fight-or-flight response, inducing a feeling of calm and relaxation. Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep/belly breathing, is beneficial to both of our minds and bodies. In fact, it has scientifically been shown to help those suffering with PTSD, pain, depression, anxiety, and other debilitating conditions. As someone who tends to exhibit the fight-or-flight response at unnecessary and non-threatening times (a work in progress!), I can personally attest to how deep breathing reduces the adverse effects of tension, stress, and anxiety. Back before I learned about deep belly breathing, I often went into fight-or-flight mode when I felt uncertain and worried about my relationships, finances, school, meeting deadlines, or my health, and it only made things worse. I didn’t want to continually work my body and mind into an unnecessary frenzy over situations that didn’t warrant it. Everything changed when I began my journey into the world of yoga. To help us improve our breathing, my teacher would often tell us to lie down on the ground and place one hand on our belly and the other on our heart. She’d then instruct us to visualize the breath expanding in our belly as we inhale, through contraction of our diaphragm, and notice our belly slowly deflating as we exhale. We would switch between inhaling through the nose and exhaling out through the mouth, as well as sighing out through our mouth as we exhaled. (Side note: I highly recommend sighing out through your mouth to release tension—it feels great! Make some noise with it too!) By the end of the class, we would work up to pranayama, which is the ancient practice of controlling the breath, and I would find myself feeling a sense of calm. If you’re interested, you can read more about pranayama here, and this TIME article provides some pranayama exercises as well. I’ve taken the breathing exercises I learned in my yoga classes and have started practicing them in my daily life. If I feel overwhelmed, stressed, anxious, or restless, I take a few minutes to perform some belly breathing and I instantly feel more at ease. It’s important to note that deep breathing isn’t a cure-all and won’t get rid of the underlying problems that are causing you stress. But it can at least provide you with a temporary sense of calm, which will help you find clarity and think rationally in difficult situations. If you’d like to give deep breathing a try, you may want to start with one of these exercises. General Deep Breathing This is a simple technique you can use anywhere. Find a place to sit or lie down and take a moment to breathe as you normally would. When you’re ready, breathe in slowly through your nose and feel your abdomen expand fully. I personally like to close my eyes, but you can leave them open if you prefer. Now breathe out slowly through your mouth or nose (whichever feels better) and feel your abdomen slowly deflate. If you’d like, you can place your hands on your belly so you can physically feel what it’s doing. I recommend trying this breathing technique for at least eight rounds of inhaling and exhaling. Play around with doing it for shorter or longer periods of time and breathing in/out through your mouth/nose, and make sure to do what works best for you. This practice makes use of counting while you inhale and exhale to maximize belly breathing. In this technique, you inhale through the nose and count to four, hold your breath for a count of seven, and then exhale for a count of eight. You can find a guided video here. Visual Breathing Guide This is a fantastic video that provides a visual reference to sync your breaths to. It could be an invaluable resource to help you slow down, calm down, and take deep breaths. *Note: If you ever find yourself feeling worse or hyperventilating after doing any breathing exercises, please stop practicing them. We are all unique, and what may work for one person may not work for another, so please be compassionate with yourself.* There you have it: why and how we can use our breathing to our advantage, physically, mentally, and emotionally. Breathing isn’t just a biological survival mechanism; we can also use it as a tool to help induce relaxation and reduce the effects of stress, anxiety, and tension. Who knew how much power our bellies hold? Go forth and give your belly (and your overall self) some much-needed, deep love! About Nina Hosmane Nina has a Ph.D. in Biology and is also a certified 200 hours yoga teacher. Aside from science and yoga, she enjoys blogging for Nina Is Inspired, reading, meditating, playing video games, exercising, and spending quality time with her loved ones.

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Copy edit, missing citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A safety net is a net to protect people from injury after falling from heights by limiting the distance they fall, and deflecting to dissipate the impact energy. The term also refers to devices for arresting falling or flying objects for the safety of people beyond or below the net. Safety nets are used in construction, building maintenance, entertainment, or other industries. Action of a safety-net This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A safety-net, gives much-more time to a falling object to come into zero velocity than hard ground. In physical terms, this means more time for deceleration and kinetic energy transfer, resulting in a softer landing and much lower risk of damage. What-kind of net to-be used, depends upon many factors, (such-as the factors that could determine force of the impact) such as falling-objects's speed and mass. To encounter more-force, a more total-width of the net, is required. The minimum-distance of the spot on net at which object impacted, and the edge of net (nearest-edge), matters, and to be kept more than certain-limit. There is role of materials used to make the ropes of net (such-as an iron-rod-grid will-not work as-good-as flexible and extensible ropes), and the tension or stretch used to make the net (stored in the ropes), also have some roles. The net is to be set at an appropriate height from the hard-ground, so-that the object, along-with the rope, does not clash with the hard-ground. The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big that falling object/people/part-of-it could pass through the holes. Escape from a building during a disaster (including fire), construction-work, action-sports, etc. - Construction site safety - Fall arrest harness - Roof edge protection - Shock absorber - Buffer (disambiguation) - Buffer stop - Buffer (rail transport) - Damper (disambiguation) - Damped wave - Shock (mechanics) - Impact (mechanics) - Jerk (physics) - Impulse (physics) - Terminal velocity - Safety Net Systems // Occupational Safety & Health Administration - Safety nets: Fall protection for the construction industry / National Safety Council Data Sheet 608, February 2006 - Fall Protection in Construction, OSHA3146 / U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1998, page 6 "Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices", page 12 "Safety Net Systems" - Guide to Fall Protection Regulations, Workers Compensation Board, Canada, June 2013, page 11 - A technical guide to the selection and use of fall prevention and arrest equipment / Glasgow Caledonian University for the Health and Safety Executive 2005 - "7.0 FALL ARREST NETTING (SAFETY NETS)" pp 107–138 |This tool article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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Last Friday I gave you this perplexing specimen to identify: It was labelled as a Crab-eating Raccoon, but the facial region is much longer and narrower than other examples I’ve talked about, and it’s much less robust: Now the gracile build could just be because it’s the skull of a juvenile (which is what it looks like), but juveniles have shorter and relatively broader facial regions than adults, so that doesn’t work. Even the less robust jaws of the Common Raccoon are too short and wide for the mystery specimen (which I think may discount Robin Birrrdegg’s suggestion). Another crab-eating option was suggested by Daniel Jones who thought Crab-eating Fox. Now the overall proportions are a good match for this species, but there’s a problem. If the mystery object had teeth this would be much easier, but there are the holes in the maxilla to give us clues about the shape and size of the molars and as Allen Hazen pointed out: Three triple-rooted teeth. Are these three molars, or is the last premolar triple-rooted? If it’s three molars… Canids (usually) only have two upper molars… This is indeed the case and so this skull can’t be from a Crab-eating Fox. But again this really doesn’t look right – in particular the civets have a narrow constriction behind the orbital process, which is lacking in the mystery specimen. This was noticed by henstridgesj and he suggested that the closest option he’d been able to find was a Coati: Now the specimen of Coati above is a mature male that was mystery object 54 and it doesn’t look much like our most recent mystery object, but on checking the skulls of juvenile and female Coatis I realised that this is probably the best option so far. I still want to check some more specimens, but I’m really grateful for everyone’s input on this specimen – it’s been a challenge and you have all helped immensely! I’ll be back with another mystery object next Friday, but until then I’d like to wish you all a thoroughly enjoyable festive season!

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If you ask me, tomorrow – Sept. 12 – should be declared Jack St. Clair Kilby Day. Don’t feel bad if you’ve never heard of this electronics genius. Few investors have. But I believe the invention he unveiled 60 years ago tomorrow should make him as big a tech folk hero as Alexander Graham Bell, Steve Jobs, or Elon Musk. An amateur radio buff and inveterate tinkerer, Kilby (pictured below, center seated) invented the thermal printer and the handheld calculator. While those were important contributions to modern society, they pale in comparison to what he unveiled to his boss at Texas Instruments Inc. (Nasdaq: TXN) on Sept. 12, 1958. Historians now use that date as the day the world saw its first integrated circuit. Of course, that early model was crude by today’s ultra-small and power-packed semiconductors. But Kilby’s creation did manage to unleash a tidal wave of innovation that continues to this day to reshape the world around us, touching virtually every part of our lives. Today, I’m going to show you a tech play Kilby made possible that has been tripling the overall market’s returns for TK years. And will keep on doing so for years to come. Kilby’s Killer Innovations Now, despite Kilby’s early contributions, he remains largely overshadowed by Robert Noyce, the famous cofounder of Intel Corp. (Nasdaq: INTC). Noyce unveiled his early semiconductor a few months after Kilby, but was the first to receive a patent. This all got started in the summer of 1958. Texas Instruments had a mandated summer break that Kilby skipped as a new employee with only one month’s seniority. Plus, he was onto a new invention that demanded his time and considerable focus. So, while others were having fun at the beach, Kilby decided to combine a transistor, capacitor, and three resistors on a piece of exotic metalloid element known as germanium. The result was the first integrated circuit (IC). By today’s standards, it was massive. It had just one transistor and was a half-inch long. Today’s chips are smaller than a postage stamp and contain several billion transistors. Chips, of course, lie at the heart of what we’ve been the Convergence Economy, in which overlapping rings of technology keep combining – and then driving each other forward – at an exponential rate. I’m talking about a laundry list of advanced tech: smartphones, tablets, televisions, cars, stereos, PCs, the Web, artificial intelligence, and the cloud, just to name a few. No wonder Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000, five years before his death. To put Kilby’s breakthrough in context, consider the impact that just one IC-driven device – the smartphone – is having on the world. We’re talking yearly sales of more than 1.5 billion units, and a market worth roughly $480 billion, according to data aggregator Statista. I realize that chips are small part of a smartphone’s overall retail value. But the point is that’s nearly half a trillion dollars in sales for a device we wouldn’t even have if not for Kilby’s pioneering summer in 1958. And that’s just one aspect of the convergence economy the inventor helped create. Consider e-commerce, which relies on the web, PCs, and handhelds. Retail online sales are forecast to hit $4 trillion by 2020, according to eMarketer. As big as that sounds, it pales in comparison to the impact analysts expect to see from the emerging world of the Internet of Everything (IoE), in which some 50 billion devices around the world will be connected to one another, mostly through the wireless web. John Chambers, the former CEO of networking giant Cisco Corp. (Nasdaq: CSCO), pegs the value of the IoE at some $14 trillion. Bear in mind, that’s just accounting for the profits that companies will ring up from IoE applications… Our Top Convergence Economy Play Now, as important as the semiconductor is, it pays to look beyond it – and to invest in the whole range of technologies that form the Convergence Economy that shows no signs of slowing down. That’s why I continue to be so bullish on the iShares North American Tech ETF (IGM). Holding nearly 290 stocks, this exchange-traded fund covers satellite communications, the IoE, cloud computing, e-commerce, chips, robotics, AI, 3D printing, and much more. As you might expect, IGM owns some of the leading names in tech today – the companies have most helped the stock market deliver historic gains in the nine-year bull market. Take a look… - Micron Technology Inc. (NYSE: MU) has come to see the virtues of industry dominance. The memory and data storage chipmaker has made a string of purchases that has increased its sales pace and its global tech reach. Micron’s devices are used across the board, from data centers to smartphones, tablets, and laptops, to AI and supercomputing. - ServiceNow Inc. (Nasdaq: NOW) is making a fortune by helping its clients outsource their IT services. More than 800 members of the Forbes Global 2000 firms use ServiceNow products. A decade ago, the market for IT services delivered via cloud platforms barely existed. But this year, total global sales for this sector are projected to hit $127 billion. CEO John Donahoe formerly ran both eBay Inc. (Nasdaq: EBAY) and PayPal Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq: PYPL). - Adobe Systems Inc. (Nasdaq: ADBE) has made one of the more stunning movements from desktop publishing to cloud sales. Its Creative Cloud platform now offers far more than just Illustrator for creating, editing, and managing graphics and Photoshop for managing and editing pictures. Adobe says its total addressable market will be $80 billion at the end of 2020. Not bad for a firm that only got involved in digital content back in 2009. - RealPage Inc. (Nasdaq: RP) provides on-demand software for rental property managers and owners, making it a great play on the global real-estate market. The Dallas area-based firm serves more than 12,400 clients worldwide from offices in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Talk about scale – it helps manage rental properties with more than 30 million residents using a platform that processes more than 600 billion transactions yearly. A Market Crusher The firms captured in the iShares ETF make it a cost-effective way to play the Convergence Economy. It gives us broad diversification in the American firms that are the key drivers of innovation today. IGM has a cost ratio of just 0.48% and trades at roughly $210. For that price, you get market-crushing performance. Consider that so far this year, IGM has rallied for 24.5% gains. That compares with the S&P 500’s 2018 profit of 8.3%, meaning this ETF nearly tripled the broader market’s earnings. With this one investment, we get not only exposure to a wide range of chip leaders, but to just about every aspect of the Convergence Economy. In other words, this is the sort of investment you can count on to build your wealth for many years to come. And when it comes to spotting new tech trends, I’ve got another one that’s going to change how everything you currently use electricity or will work in the future. This new form of electricity is going to end the combustion engine as we know it and send electric car production through the roof. And that’s just the tip of the iceberg. According to Allied Market Research, this market could quickly balloon by more than 1,000% to $37.2 billion in the first few years. And there’s a tiny company at the center of this revolution that’s about to go from virtual obscurity to household name. Finally, before I go, I wanted to let you know we are coming up on another big tech anniversary that I will be telling you about soon. And I’ll show you a great way to cash in.

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A crank forward frame means that the bottom bracket has been positioned a little more forward than it would be on most common cruiser frames. This creates a comfortable riding position that is more upright, and it also places the seat a little farther back and a little lower. Riders who love this type of frame for daily riding not only like the upright riding posture, they really like being able to put both of their feet flat on the ground at a stop. For both of these reasons, crank-forward bikes make a great commuter E-bike. From a distance, most crank forward bikes look like a simple beach cruiser, so…if you move the seat back and down a little, and then move the pedals a little forward, it may not seem like a big deal, but…once you become serious about riding an E-bike to work almost every day, all the little things can really add up. Crank Forward History Between the time that the Starley “safety” bicycle was patented in 1885, and the Ford Model T made a car affordable to the masses around the 1910’s…those 25 years of the new-fangled “bicycles” were making big business around the world. This was the golden age of bicycles, and just about anyone who wanted a bike could afford it. As a result, there were tens of millions of bicycles sold, plus an incredible amount of clever innovation during this time. In the pic below, the 1896 Challand bicycle from France shows how early that a comfortable seating position was seriously considered. By todays’ standards, the bottom bracket (BB, the pedal axle) is far enough forward that the rider cannot “stand” on the pedals, but the riders torso is upright. This configuration classifies it as a “semi-recumbent”. The Jarvis from 1901 is an example of a classic full recumbent, that most bicyclists think is a modern idea, but all of these concepts were invented a very long time ago. If a semi-recumbent posture like the Challand appeals to you, the Day 6 bicycles may be what you are looking for. So where are the dividing lines between a common beach cruiser, a crank forward frame, and a slightly upright semi-recumbent? A crank-forward frame places the pedals as far forward as possible, but…it still allows the rider to stand on the pedals if they need to on occasion. Credit must be given to the Electra company for the recent popularity of the crank forward class of frames. The Electra company was formed in 1993 to fill a need for quality cruiser frames, and in 2003 they introduced their immediately popular Townie crank-forward frame, which created a fresh new excitement in the bicycle field that is sometimes referred to as “comfort cruisers”. Their advertising campaign for the Townie “flat foot” family of frames enlightened the general public to the benefits of this style. Benefits of a Crank Forward frame for E-commuters The benefits of the crank forward frames to the general public are listed above, but there are benefits of particular of interest to someone who wants to assemble an electric daily commuter. The first feature is this: Most of these frames have a very generous amount of space in the central frame triangle. This area is the best possible place to mount the weight and bulk of a significant battery pack. The pic below is Nick’s eTownie. Many high-performance off-road E-bikers really need a rear suspension frame, and that often means the most appropriate frames have a shock absorber mounted somewhere inside the frame triangle. Plus, most off-road frames have a smaller triangle in the first place. Whether you are using a triangle-shaped battery pack, or…the recently popular “dolphin” hard case (which are mounted to the common “water bottle” threaded bosses in the downtube), the frames listed below allow a wide variety of battery-mount options. The second major benefit is that these frames allow you to use extra fat tires. Though not as fat as the new “fatbike” 4-inch diameter tires, all of these frames will accept the 2.4-inch CST Cyclops, and the 2.5-inch Maxxis Hookworm tires. Some will even fit the 3.0-inch Kenda Flames. Since these frames are all “hard-tails”, they would benefit greatly from a suspension seat-post, like the Thudbuster ST and the Suntour NCX. However, do not discount how much of a benefit that having fatter tires can be in order to make the daily commute more comfortable. Most of these frames will easily accept a suspension fork on the front, but…since a crank forward frame shifts the riders body weight towards the rear, having two fatter tires and a suspension seat post is often all that is needed (for relatively smooth streets), if…you are limiting yourself to a common top-speed of 28-MPH (45-kph). Which electric kits? For the purposes of general commuter E-bike discussion, my point of reference will be two types of kits, which have proven to be popular with experienced E-bikers. The most popular level of performance is 48V X 25A = 1,200 watts (see our article here). Now, its true that more power = more fun, but…more power also costs more, so…1,200W is the sweet spot for riders who want to really use their E-bike to cut down on their car usage. One recommendation is the Bafang BBS02 mid drive. When the amps (and the resulting amp-heat) are kept at the stock 750W level, they have proven to perform well, and also to last, but…when unrestricted, the amps can be raised to 1,000W, and this drive can only survive that for short bursts. If you keep the amps up high for any length of time (this design has the controller and motor inside the same housing to reduce wiring clutter), the heat-shedding can’t take the 1,000W worth of amps for very long. The BBS02 has a max power of 1000W, so if you need a just a little bit more than this. I have the Bafang BBSHD, which can provide 1500W. This is the kit that I personally ride the most often right now. If your commute has extremely steep hills (I’m looking at you, San Francisco)…the best available 2600W mid drive kit is the Lightning Rods “small block” mid drive. When you add an electric motor to a pedal-bike, you really don’t need as many gears as you found useful before. This has been proven out with many E-bikers, so I am limiting this list of candidates to bicycle models with a single chainring, and a seven speed derailleur on the rear wheel, since most hubmotors come with an external sprocket-cluster. Of course mid-drives like the BBS02 can use an Internally Geared Hub (IGH), but…the much more powerful Lightning Rods mid drives are strong enough that they would break most IGH’s, so….again, an external derailleur would be recommended in that case. 1. Electra Townie This is the bike that ignited the recent interest in bikes with a crank forward posture, back in 2003. They are also still the sales leader, due to the quality of this bikes features. It has an aluminum frame and a steel fork, with common V-brakes front and rear. On an added note, some riders prefer a low pedal-cadence, but…they also want to add pedaling at their top-speeds to help the battery last for more miles (along with getting some exercise!), and the Townie frame will accept the large chainrings from 52T to 60T, which some E-bikers have upgraded to (in order to be able to add pedaling to the motor at a high top speed). The BB-shell on the Townie is 68mm wide. 2. KHS Manhattan Smoothie The Manhattan Smoothie has the distinction of having the lowest top-bar (without specifying a “step-through” model), and also the lowest possible seat position out of all of these candidates…for those riders who want that (make note of how high the top of the seat-tube clamp is, in relation to the top of the rear tire). Also…their step-through model has the lowest step-through height out of all of these candidates, if physical issues limit how high you can bend your legs. Here is a Smoothie build with a BBS02 mid drive and a dolphin hard case battery pack from ES member tomjasz. 3. Trek Pure In 2014, the global Trek company (based in Wisconsin USA, manufactured in Taiwan) purchased control of Electra. It is a tribute to the following of the Townie product that…Trek continues to produce it, even though they had already been selling a competing crank-forward cruiser called the Trek Pure. The Trek Pure is reported to have a 73mm wide BB-shell, which can affect the choices of potential mid drive candidates. 4. Mango Longboard I found the Mango Longboard on bikesdirect.com. It is an aluminum framed classic-style cruiser, but it has been stretched slightly and had the seat-tube angled more. It looks like it uses a 104-BCD chainring, so I suspect it has a 68mm BB (not verified yet). 5. Phat Cycles, Del Rey This is a recent addition in the spring of 2016, $440 for the 7-speed 6. Fuji Barnebey 7 The Fuji company has been making bicycles since 1899, but they had only just begun competing in North America since 1971. Their unorthodox crank forward frame is the “Barnebey”, and I like them. The unconventional reverse curve of the top tube provides a generous amount of “stand over” height, for those riders who like that….while still providing a lot of triangle space for the batteries. The Barnebey is not well-known, but I have seen one in person (not ridden), and I was impressed. This frame is able to adjust to a very low seat height, and only the Manhattan Smoothie can be adjusted lower. Well…the actual “lowest seat” award goes to the Micargi Mustang GTS (a few posts below), but the Mustang is not something that most commuters would actually consider. 7. Specialized Expedition This particular model barely qualifies as a crank forward (since the seat-tube is inclined to a slightly more vertical orientation), but it has enough of the features mentioned above that it deserves a mention. One thing in its favor is that…even though it’s price is similar to the 5 bikes above it, this one also has a suspension fork from the factory. As pictured, it has V-brakes front and rear, but…it also has disc brake mounting lugs, so it would be very easy to upgrade to a front disc (the Avid BB7 brakes are a great model to start with, and there are better hydraulic disc brakes, if your budget allows). 8. Sun Drifter I haven’t been able to find any useful info on the Sun Drifter, but if I find any…I will post a link here. 9. K2 Big Easy Deuce A few years ago, K2 was struggling, and at that time they were bought out by a large conglomerate. Since then they have greatly diversified the models that they carry, but there is little information on them. This is the best picture I could find of their crank forward Big Easy Deuce. 10. Rans Alterra 29 The Rans Bicycle Company is what results when people who build aircraft decide to make bicycles on the side. They have a wide variety of frame styles, with all of them being some type of recumbent. The Alterra qualifies for this list, but just barely as it is the one Rans frame that has the most vertical seat-tube in their catalog (the rest have even more slope to them). The price is a shocking $4700, and…although the components are the finest available, the frame is only 7005 aluminum alloy with a cromoly steel fork (there is an optional Rock Shox suspension fork for an additional $640), so…don’t expect titanium or carbon-fiber. The tires are 29 X 2.1 (not especially fat). This is obviously not really a common-sense commuter, but…if this article is about crank forward bikes, we simply have to include Rans (from south-west Kansas, USA). Most modern bicycles have the crank-arms as separate pieces from the spindle (3-piece crank), but the bikes below have the old-style one-piece cranks. There is an adapter available from sickbikeparts.com that allows you to mount a modern BB cartridge into the larger BB shell of a one-piece “Ashtabula” style crank. Pic courtesy of the BMX museum. 11. Firmstrong CA-520 This bike appears to be very similar to the Electra Townie. 12. Firmstrong Chief This frame probably has the most space available inside the triangle, compared to the others listed here (due to the high curve of the top-bar), and that can be useful for mounting a very large battery pack. 13. Micargi Rover In the pic below, the seat has been adjusted as far forward as possible (and can be moved back some), but even so…if the bottom bracket was located a few inches farther back (centered on the bottom of the seat-tube), it would be the same posture as a very common beach cruiser, so…it does qualify as a crank forward, but…just barely. 14. Fito Modena GT This bike also barely qualifies as a crank forward (as opposed to a simple beach cruiser), but it also does have a lot going for it. It comes stock with dual disc brakes (entry level cable-operated calipers), and…even though the tires’ outside diameters are 26-inches, they achieved that by using 24-inch rims and mounting 3.0-inch semi-fat tires (Kenda Flame 24 X 3.0). Fatter tires at a lower air-pressure will soak up a lot of the roads’ irregularities, to smooth-out the ride. Here is a build of one of these bikes with more pics. 16. Firmstrong Urban Man Deluxe Micargi Mustang GTS Both of these models are very similar, so I’ll just use the pic for the Micargi Mustang GTS. I’m not going to claim that this is a realistic candidate for a daily commuter, but you can stand on the pedals, your feet definitely are flat on the ground at a stop, it does have a lot of frame area to mount a central battery pack, and it definitely has a crank forward posture, so… 17. Micargi Royal If you like the “Rat Rod” street bicycle style of the Mustang GTS above, but…you want something with a little shorter wheelbase, they also carry the Royal. I believe this style was originally designed by a Dutch company called Project 346, and the frame model is the “Basman”. Edit for 2016 Crank-forward bicycles are growing in popularity. I personally use an Electra Lux Fat 7D cruiser as my daily commuter. There are now many imitations of popular frames coming from Chinese bicycle importers. I found a website recently that has a fairly large selection of crank-forward frames in a variety of styles, called “Bike Attack“. Crank Forward from 1922 I am looking for more information about this bike. All I have found is that it is from Stuttgart Germany, that is reported to be made in 1922, and it is unlikely that many of them were made. However…it is clearly a well-made product and would have been considered an expensive bicycle that someone felt was worth investing in for their manufacture. The chainring looks altered in this pic, but it is actually an early example of an oval chainring, the design of which hopes to make pedaling slightly more efficient. Written by Ron/spinningmagnets, June 2015

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History Of Barber Poles THE HISTORY OF BARBER POLES Throughout early times, barbers performed operations on clients, in addition to tooth extractions. The first poles used brass washbowls in the top (representing the place where leeches were retained) and bottom (symbolizing the basin that consumed the bloodstream). The pole itself signifies the rod that the individual gripped through the method to promote blood circulation. Following Pope Alexander III's banning of clergymen from carrying out the process, barbers added bloodletting--some doctors of the day believed essential but too menial to perform themselves--for their repertoires. Called barber-surgeons, they also took on these additional activities such as pulling teeth and healing wounds. Ambroise Pare, a 16th-century Frenchman believed the father of modern surgery, began his career as a barber-surgeon. Following the creation of the United Barber Surgeon's Business in England, a statute took that the barber to utilize a white and blue rod along with the surgeon to utilize a red rod. Back in France, surgeons used a red rod using a basin attached to spot their offices. Blue often seems on sticks in the USA, maybe because of homage to its federal colors. Yet another, more fanciful interpretation of those barber pole colors is that red represents blood glucose, blue is emblematic of venous blood, and white depicts the bandage, which you may find at the best men's barbershop Denver has seen since the 1500's. From the mid-1500s, English barbers were prohibited from supplying surgical remedies, even though they could keep on extracting teeth. The two barbers and surgeons, however, remained a part of the identical trade guild till 1745. While bloodletting largely dropped from favor with the medical community in the 19th century, it is still used now to deal with a few conditions. Before 1950, there have been four producers of barber poles in the USA. In 1950, William Marvy of St. Paul Minnesota began fabricating barber poles. Marvy produced his 50,000th barber pole in 1967, and by 2010, over 82,000 were created. The William Marvy Company remains the principal manufacturer of barber poles in North America. Even though it's numbers do not signify what they did in the 1960's, the barber motif is coming back along with barber pole earnings are climbing. In final, South Korea, barber's rods are used both for real barbershops and also for brothels. All these brothels generally use two rods to signify you are likely to get more than a haircut. So the next time you are in Seoul, just be certain that you understand what you're searching for before you walk in.

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Sanskrit Inscription, Carbon 14 Test, Koranic Patches Prove Taj Mahal as Shiva Temple The controversy surrounding Taj Mahal isn’t yet solved though there have been numerous proofs to justify that it was a Hindu structure, or to be specific a Shiva temple. Evidences have been hidden by the so called modern historians who followed their masters for petty positions and power. Even documents left behind by the Mughals such as Badshahnama (by Abdul Hamid Lahori, a traveller and historian during the period of Shah Jahan who later became his court historian) validate this point. Many of their own historians praised their own conquests and murders of innocent Hindus! Shri P.N. Oak, an ex-soldier of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s INA, had presented many evidences which was rejected by so called historians as they could not allow such truth to be published. Besides the many evidences, the following data suggests that Taj Mahal is a Hindu structure, a Shiva temple: A Sanskrit inscription supports the claim that the Taj Mahal was originally a Shiva temple. Wrongly termed as the Bateshwar inscription (currently preserved on the top floor of the Lucknow museum), it refers to the raising of a “crystal white Shiva temple so alluring that Lord Shiva once enshrined in it decided never to return to Mount Kailash, his usual abode”. That inscription dated 1155 A.D. was removed from the Taj Mahal garden at Shah Jahan’s orders. Historians and archaeologists have blundered in terming the inscription as Bateshwar inscription when the record doesn’t say that it was found by Bateshwar. It ought, in fact, to be called The Tejo Mahalaya inscription because it was originally installed in the Taj garden before it was uprooted and cast away at Shah Jahan’s command. A clue to the tampering by Shah Jahan is found on pages 216-217, vol. 4, of Archaeological Survey of India Reports (published 1874) stating that a “great square black ballistic pillar which, with the base and capital of another pillar….now in the grounds of Agra, …it is well known, once stood in the garden of Taj Mahal”. Carbon 14 Test A wooden piece from the riverside doorway of the Taj subjected to the carbon 14 test by an American Laboratory and initiated by Professors at Pratt School of Architecture, New York, has revealed that door to be 300 years older than Shah Jahan. The doors of the Taj, broken open by Muslim invaders repeatedly from the 11th century onwards, had to be replaced from time to time. The Taj edifice is much more older. It belongs to 1155 A.D, i.e., almost 500 years anterior to Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal is scrawled over with 14 chapters of the Koran but nowhere is there even the slightest or the remotest allusion of Islamic overwriting to Shah Jahan’s authorship of the Taj. Had Shah Jahan been the builder he would have said so in so many words before beginning to quote Koran. That Shah Jahan, far from building the marble Taj, only disfigured it with black lettering is mentioned by the inscriber Amanat Khan Shirazi himself in an inscription on the building. A close scrutiny of the Koranic lettering reveals that they are grafts patched up with bits of variegated stone on an ancient Shiva temple. Tajmahal The True Story authored by Shri P.N. Oak: A. Ghosh Publisher, 5720 W. Little York # 216, Houston, Texas 77091. Visit Indian History Real Truth Facebook group to view related posts. This article is part of ‘JEWELS OF BHARATAM SERIES [TM]‘ by the author. Disclaimer: The views expressed here are solely of the author. My India My Glory does not assume any responsibility for the validity or information shared in this article by the author. Featured image courtesy: Krishna Path. Related Post: Nalanda: 9 Million Books Burnt in 1193 by Bakhtiyar Khilji.

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False Klamath Rock Special Closure Like state and national parks protect wildlife and habitats on land, marine protected areas (MPAs) conserve and restore wildlife and habitats in our ocean. Under the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) passed in 1999, California began a historic effort to establish a science-based, statewide network of MPAs through a collaborative effort that includes the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and California State Parks. California is taking a regional approach to the design and implementation of MPAs, and has divided the state into five regions: the north coast, south coast, north central coast, central coast and San Francisco Bay. MPAs contribute to healthier, more resilient ocean ecosystems that can better withstand a wide range of impacts such as pollution and climate change. By protecting entire ecosystems rather than focusing on a single species, MPAs are powerful tools for conserving and restoring ocean biodiversity, and protecting cultural resources, while allowing certain activities such as marine recreation and research. There is a global body of scientific evidence about the effectiveness of marine protected areas and reserves to restore marine ecosystems (http://www.piscoweb.org). In the waters adjacent to Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park, there is one Special Closure, False Klamath Rock Special Closure. Special Closures are areas designated by the Fish and Game Commission that prohibit access or restrict boating activities in waters adjacent to sea bird rookeries or marine mammal haul-out sites (restrictions vary). - False Klamath Rock Special Closure - From the mean high tide line to a distance of 300 feet seaward of the mean lower low tide line of any shoreline of False Klamath Rock, located in the vicinity of 41° 35.633' N. lat. 124° 06.699' W. long during the period of March 1 to August 31. - False Klamath Rock Special Closure protects approximately 45,000 breeding and roosting seabirds from vessel disturbances and disturbance by humans during low tides. This rock is part of a larger colony that is of global importance. Breeding species known to utilize False Klamath Rock include: Black Oystercatcher, Brandt’s Cormorant, Common Murre, Double-crested Cormorant, Pelagic Cormorant, Pigeon Guillemot, Tufted Puffin (species of special concern) and the Western Gull. - Permitted/Prohibited Uses: Take of all living marine resources is prohibited. - Other Regulations: - Except as permitted by federal law or emergency caused by hazardous weather, no vessel shall be operated or anchored from the mean high tide line to a distance of 300 feet seaward of the mean lower low tide line of any shoreline of False Klamath Rock during the period of March 1 to August 31. - No person shall enter the area during the period of March 1 to August 31, except for agencies identified in Title 14, Section 632 CCR, when performing their official duties This information does not replace the official regulatory language found in California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 632, including commercial allowances and restrictions. - A fishing license is required for any fishing. - All existing take regulations still apply in addition to the ones listed above. - Unless otherwise stated, all non-consumptive recreational activities are allowed. For additional information on MPAs please visit the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s website: https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/MPAs For resources related to MPAs, please visit the Marine Protected Areas Education and Outreach Initiative’s website: http://www.CaliforniaMPAs.org

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About this item Master the popular art of Japanese Amigurumi and take your skills to the next level with this enchanting illustrated guide for creating pandas, rabbits, penguins, and other animals from the author of Ami Ami Dogs, Ami Ami Dogs 2, and Ami Ami Kittens. The Japanese art of Amigurumi—which translates to knitted stuff toy—is a crocheting technique that creates adorable stuffed animals with large heads and small bodies. In her previous books, Mitsuki Hoshi taught crocheters how to make cute Amigurumi dogs and cats. Now, she shows them how to knit a range of popular animals, including a chick, chicken, parakeet, penguin, panda, frog, pig, rabbit, mouse, and bear. Super Easy Amigurumi begins with basic crochet techniques to create four animals, each increasing in complexity: the chick, chicken, parakeet and penguin. Clear and easy photos demonstrating the fundamental crochet skills accompany and guide you through the instructional crochet charts. Starting off with basic crochet techniques for beginners and developing into more challenging patterns for experts, Super Easy Amigurumi is perfect for knitters of any level!

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PDF (Acrobat) Document File Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. Use these 5 de mayo (cinco de mayo) 4 DIFFERENTIATED pictures (total of 16 sheets) to help your kiddos enjoy practicing their 2 digit addition and subtraction within 100. There are 4 different pictures. They are easy to differentiate: each picture has 1 sheet for addition without regrouping, 1 sheet for addition with regrouping, 1 sheet for subtraction without regrouping, and 1 sheet for subtraction with regrouping. Answer keys are included for each sheet. Download the preview to get a better look at what you're getting. Use these sheets for math centers, early finishers, morning work, or fun homework. Perfect for on level 2nd graders, 3rd graders who need a little practice, or advanced 1st graders! Looking for more color by code resources? Need some 2nd grade math homework? 2nd grade addition and subtraction within 100 word problems: 2nd grade addition & subtraction task cards: For other math resources, check these out: I'm always working on fun stuff and freebies, so please click the green star at the top of the page (by my name) to follow my store so that you can be notified when new resources and freebies are available. Please also remember to leave me some feedback since that's how I know how to please my customers:) You can complete the feedback form on your "my purchases" page....and extra bonus - you earn points to make your next purchase cheaper just by completing the feedback form! yeay!!!

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A 3D printer can be purchased for less than $500 now, with inexpensive units moving into schools, universities, offices, and homes. Global sales of 3D printers are forecasted to approach 500,000 units by the end of 2016, and then more than double each of the next three years, according to Gartner Inc., a technology research and advisory firm. Even as their use increases, chemical emissions from desktop 3D printers have not been studied extensively. The potential health effects may be an emerging issue for general liability and workers' compensation insurers. Desktop 3D printers emit contaminants through a thermal extrusion process, known as fused deposition modeling (FDM). The FDM process involves feeding, heating, and extruding thin filaments of polymer through a computer-controlled movable nozzle, which deposits a layer of plastic onto a heated base plate. Layer by layer, the process is repeated to build up and print the object. The heating and extrusion may emit vapors and particles, with these contaminants posing a potential hazard to people using or working near the printer. A number of operating factors can affect commercial 3D printer emissions, based on the findings of a recent joint study by the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Ecole des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris, and University of Texas-Austin. The researchers, P. Azimi, D. Zhao, C. Pouzet, N. Crain, and B. Stephens, reported this important finding in their paper, Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments, published in the January 2016 issue of Environmental Science & Technology. The study considered emissions associated with 16 different combinations, encompassing five types of commercial 3D printers, nine different filaments, and varying bed temperatures. The paper clarifies how the types and amounts of contaminants vary with operating conditions. By measuring the emission rates in a test chamber, the authors estimated the concentrations of contaminants that could build up in a small office. The study didn’t verify the estimated concentrations through actual sampling. The authors found that the estimated concentration of caprolactam from nylon filaments exceeded environmental levels adopted by California, which account for health effects on infants, children, and other sensitive populations. Adverse health effects With the potential for adverse health effects associated with the estimated levels of caprolactam, styrene, and ultrafine particles, and lacking personal exposure data, the authors recommend carefully considering the potential for emissions before placing a 3D printer in a space, such as a small office, that’s poorly ventilated or lacks a filter or other means to capture emissions. The Environmental Science & Technology article is just one of the topics covered in scores of news and technical reports that Verisk Insurance Solutions’ Engineering and Safety Service (E&S™) recently sent to subscribers. We offer a wide variety of risk control information, with topics vital to our loss control audience. Our experts provide reports and technical services to subscribers on fire protection, workers' compensation, industrial hygiene, commercial vehicles, product liability, general liability, and other topics. You can distribute many E&S reports to policyholders to help educate them on sound risk control. For more information about E&S, click here or download the brochure.

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Imagine: How Creativity Works that the opposite is actually true. He says that all people have the ability to be creative, that it’s just another skill people can learn. He goes in depth about the science behind creativity, discussing creative minds like Bob Dylan, William Shakespeare, and Arthur Fry, the man who invented Post-It Notes. I enjoyed this book. It was science heavy, but Lehrer did a good job of making it easy to understand and also interesting at the same time. Besides discussing the science behind creativity, Lehrer also provides lots of tips on how to become more creative. If you like this book, you might also like Disciplined Dreaming: A Proven System to Drive Breakthrough Creativity by Josh Linkner.

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Home / uncategorized / women abuse essay | women abuse paper domestic violence against women is a serious problem that threatens the physical and emotional. This escalation in crime and violence is seen in its worst from in the case of crime against women chain-snatching, rape, molestation of women is on the increase. And the second being the rampant cases of sexual violence against women feminism in india: violence if you are the original writer of this essay and. Violence is the behavior which involves physical force with the intention to hurt, damage or kill someone in india, many times we see discrimination based on the gender. Speech by acting head of un women lakshmi puri on ending violence against women and children at the acp-eu parliamentary assembly on 18 june 2013, in brussels. Violence against women in india there are ethical and humanitarian reasons for censoring violence against women in the mass media essay on illiteracy in india. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1 general description of violence against women 2 domestic violence 3 criminal violence 4 social violence 5. Violence against women in india essay for class 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 find paragraph, long and short essay on violence against women in india for. Violence against women essays - domestic violence against women south asia has an impressive record of women reaching the highest political positionsindia. Here given is an expert-written essay sample on the topic of violence against women in popular culture feel free to use this plagiarism-free paper. Nature of violence against women in india violence against widows in india – essay comments are closed before publishing your articles on this site. Violence against women essay reports of sexual violence against women in india, sexual violence remains an underreported crime because of the stigma and social. I introduction newspapers and periodicals of all hues in india often carry reports about violence against women these include among others incidents of y. The problem of violence and atrocities against women in india is one important problem relating to women who cannot be ignored. Undesired: violence against women in india violence against women is not only the most widespread example of a human rights violation. Essay-majority of indians are vegetarians and those who do eat meat, do so once or twice a week as a religious duty, all indian, particularly hindu. Crimes against women increase in india as anti-rape protests continue in delhi, statistics paint a bleak and worsening picture of gender-based violence. India should hang its head in shame over an ongoing rape crisis and dire standards of public sanitation, india’s new prime minister narendra modi told the nation in. Domestic violence in india saved essays save your essays domestic violence may be reffered to as the violence against women. Essay on women empowerment: its meaning and importance reduction in domestic violence: women empowerment leads to decrease in how to empower women in india. Independence day violence against women in india essays of discrimation of homosexuals in the workplace india school speech independence day of india respected. Acid attacks are one of the much hideous violence against women which destroy the lives of young women with dreams and aspirations ironically, history and religion. Violence against women in india essays t domestic violence against women in india the domestic violence or intimate - person violence (ipv) as it is otherwise known. Home / blog / e-essays from zubaan | 21 september, violence against women this essay traces the women’s movement in india in the mid-seventies and early. The issue the government of india has committed to eliminating violence against women and girls through numerous policies, laws, and programs, yet one in three women. This free criminology essay on essay: domestic violence is perfect for criminology factors for increased reports of sexual violence against women in india. Assignment topic- domestic violence against women in india broad overview 1 introduction 2 what is domestic violence 3 domestic violence against women in. Panel discussion with the media on ending violence against women court of india on ending violence against women and domestic violence photo essays. Andhra pradesh and delhi have a special place in annals of crimes against women in india in recent times if we are to take a look at the statistics provided by the. Women once venerated as the mother and the perpetuating angel of mankind has come to be looked upon as ‘the unblessed creature of god’ in india, thanks to the. Violence against women is widespread in both developed and developing countries physical abuse is common in all parts of the world no matter how hard we try to.

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Compassion is a heart felt response to the suffering of others, regardless of species. When we are compassionate we allow ourself to be moved by the suffering of others, and experience a natural motivation to help. Qualities of compassion are patience, wisdom; kindness and the will to be of service. The great Tibetan traditions focus very much on compassion and have various techniques to cultivate this way of being. In Satya Loka we integrate daily the practice of compassion through the fundamental understanding that when we take time to free ourselves from our own suffering, and come to recognise our natural state of being, then naturally and effortlessly we help others, both through activity and also through our presence. Here are two valuable techniques to cultivate compassion and to directly help others. Meta is an act of sending the merits and good wishes of our practices to others. This can be done in a number of ways, and is more commonly done at the end of the session. You can send Meta in the following ways: By sending love from the Heart to individuals, animals, situations or to groups of people Meta can also be expressed with words such as, “We dedicate this practice for all benefit of all sentients beings, may it be a drop in the ocean of the tireless work of all the Yogis, Buddhas and Saints.” Or by chanting a mantra such as, Lokha Samastha Sukhino Bhavantu (May all the beings in all of the worlds be happy). In the practice of Tonglen, one visualizes taking onto oneself the suffering of others on the in-breath, and on the out-breath praying for and offering love, light and peace. There are different ways to practice Tonglen here we practice the meditation through the Spiritual Heart as experienced in the Hridaya meditations. There is an initial stage of this meditation where we perform the meditation on ourselves to promote self love and compassion; we can then offer this compassion as we use Tonglen for close friends and family. Eventually with the fruits of the meditation one will comfortably be able to perform the meditation to any one or group of people. In doing this meditation one changes the attitude of seeing oneself as more important than other beings; one will come to consider others as more important than oneself. This is the ultimate aim of spiritual accomplishment to diminish the ego. This style of meditation can sometimes arouse concerns that by doing the practice they will have to lose happiness and experience suffering. However whatever happens to oneself is solely a result of one’s karma. So by offering this meditation we will only bring good to ourselves and others. The practice of Tonglen involves all of the Six Perfections; giving, ethics, patience, joyous effort, concentration and wisdom. These are the practices of a Bodhisattva. The gifts of the practice are to reduce selfish attachment,, increase a sense of renunciation,, create positive karma by giving and helping and to develop and expand loving-kindness and Bodhicitta. The ultimate Bodhicitta is experienced when all one’s thoughts are calmed; one’s clinging to dualism assuaged; one just rests in the state of peace, of meditation. One dissolves into emptiness and just rests in the true nature of the being. “Whether this meditation really helps others or not, it gives me peace of mind. Then I can be more effective, and the benefit is immense.”H.H. Dalai Lama

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This book is all about making devices that run on energy from the Sun. In 1869, the era of Jules Verne, there were no electronic components. There were no solar panels, no wiring, no plastic or high-end manufacturing techniques. Yet, the engineers of that era designed mechanical devices, often partly or fully automatic, to collect solar energy and use it to pump water up hill, melt metal, run engines, cook food and much more. Different people will use this book in different ways, depending on what they want from it. If you are a maker or an engineer who wants to find diagrams of a variety of solar devices, or if you want to build these non-electrical steampunk devices, the last chapters of the book will be most interesting. If you are interested in the ancient history of solar engineering, the first part of the book is most important. If you want to learn the issues of solar engineering so that you understand how to develop and improve new solar devices, it is best to read the book straight through. You will notice that M. Mouchot is obsessed with generating steam power– In his day, mechanical transport meant ‘steam trains,’ and most industrial equipment was run by coal-fired steam engines. Designing devices that could generate steam pressure with solar heat allowed him to connect to, and run, a wide range of ready-made equipment. If you want to make Steampunk devices that are authentically from the Era of Steam, and yet are fully grounded in green engineering, or if you are interested in Solar Energy and want to read about devices besides solar ovens that can run on solar energy, this is the book for you.

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Best help on how to write an analysis essay: analysis essay examples, topics for analysis essay and analysis essay outline can be found on this page. Album analysis essay (draft) (5%) in this essay, you will write 1000-1250 words about country music album of your choice your purpose is to introduce the album to. Robert diyanni sound and sense: writing about music music writing, nonetheless analysis essay. Music analysis essay - why be concerned about the essay receive the necessary help on the website if you want to know how to write a perfect dissertation, you need. Music is one of the most important and powerful things in my life my life without melodies and harm. Read this music and movies essay and over 88,000 other research documents music analysis: changes by tupac shakure music analysis: changes by. Download essay the case study mini-ethnography” of a musical to ted canning and scott currie for their assistance with the musical analysis of “music in. More music essay topics celine dion’s “my heart will go on,” from the titanic soundtrack, provides a wonderful example of how musical elements can be used to. This class is an introduction to the analysis of tonal music students develop analytical techniques based upon concepts learned in 21m301-21m302 students study. Critical essay on my last duchess alpha methylene gamma butyrolactone synthesis essay my best friend is the most important person in my life essay immigration in the. This resource covers how to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author’s understanding of the rhetorical. Writing about music: a guide to writing in a & i 24 same techniques of careful observation and analysis writing about music, like writing about any subject. On this page you can learn about writing a music essay, download free sample of music essay and find out what type of writing should a music essay utilize. Music analysis - the beatles essays: over 180,000 music analysis - the beatles essays, music analysis - the beatles term papers, music analysis. Read music video analysis free essay and over 88,000 other research documents music video analysis media manipulates the opinions, views and ideas of many people. Sir donald tovey's essays in musical analysis are a series of analytical essays on classical music the essays came into existence as programme notes, written by.

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Proust at the Edges of Modernity Proust’s modernism is the result of an experiment. Nearly a quarter of a century after Proust’s passing in 1922, his niece opened a cabinet in her home to reveal stacks of notebooks and piles of torn draft pages that had been hidden away since the close of the nineteenth century. The mass of archival material, generated more than two decades before the appearance of Du Côté de Chez Swann, composed the manuscript pages of Proust’s nineteenth century novel—a novel Proust never finished. The status of the manuscript materials that compose Proust’s unfinished early novel embody Proust’s non-linear sense of time. The narrative is fragmented across torn stacks of paper and seventy notebooks, some numbered and others left with no clear indication of their eventual location in the book. Throughout the pages, narrative contradiction and inconsistency are pervasive: the names of main characters often change suddenly and the same narrative episode can be found in multiple scenes, the details of which contradict each other. Proust constantly slips between third-person and first-person narration. The discontinuous shards of narrative that exist across these manuscript pages gesture toward a complete novel that will never exist, leaving Proust’s incomplete experiment at the edges of narrative fulfillment, in which the continuities of time, character, and narrative itself exist in a state of perpetual rupture. These are the materials that were handed from Mme. Gérard Mante-Proust to Bernard de Fallois, a doctoral student who, together with André Maurois, edited the first edition of Proust’s book, published in 1952. In order to bring Proust’s book to a state of editorial completion, Maurois and de Fallois stitched together the narrative ruptures that pervade in the original manuscript, silently correcting pronoun slips, editing and arranging contradictory fragments, and ordering the episodes such that they track the growth and maturation of Proust’s main protagonist. The published editions of Proust’s novel are named after the protagonist: Jean Santeuil. The first edition of the novel, informed by editorial principles invested in finishing the composition that Proust abandoned in 1899, creates what is in many ways a nineteenth century novel. The first published edition of Jean Santeuil tracks the maturation of its protagonist from infancy to young adulthood. Rather than ending where it begins, or by deploying a telescoping first-person narrative to multiply the identities and epistemologies of its narrator/protagonist, this version of Proust’s early novel tracks the linear gestalt of Jean. In so doing, it elides the fractures and fissures that are essential to the formation of Proust’s modernist technique, deployed so masterfully in À La Recherche du Temps Perdu. The task of faithfully representing the unfinished status of Proust’s manuscript was taken up by the editors of the second edition of the novel, Pierre Clarac and André Ferré, whose scholarly edition of Jean Santeuil first appeared in 1971. Rather than tracking the linear maturation of Jean, this edition represents the constant splitting and shifting of its protagonist, as Proust confuses him with his friend Henri, as the narrative frame in which his story is encapsulated constantly shifts and cracks, and as the events of his life are fragmented across contradictory versions of the same narrative episodes. Rather than concluding with the knowledge and experience of Jean’s early adulthood, this edition of the novel ends in pages of unsettled narrative fragments, disconnected shards of Jean’s life that shift between memories of his childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, memories which never resolve into a complete chronology. The difference between the 1952 and 1971 editions of Jean Santeuil is more than the difference between two editorial principles. Each edition represents a different image of Proust’s early engagement with the techniques of modernism. The tension between rupture and continuity, between linear gestalt and between unresolved fragments of memory, situate Proust’s book at the edges of modernity. Reading the difference between the two editorial efforts to bring Proust’s modernist experiment to light offers an opportunity for working through Proust’s place as a modernist, as it engages with his concepts of temporal and individual development. Versioning these two instantiations of Jean Santeuil represents Proust’s modernist experiment on the cusp of nineteenth century realism, as it negotiates between linear and fragmented notions of chronology, as it wrestles with the stability of its protagonist’s identity, and as it embodies the tension between continuous and shattered constructions of narrative. The project of versioning Jean Santeuil does not simply invite the reader to view the genesis of Proust’s modernist technique, but to actively work through the genesis of that technique as it is reconstructed through an electronic interface. The process of reading and representing Proust’s modernist experiment online therefore reactivates the editorial process of constructing Proust’s modernism, inviting the reader to participate. More details on how the computational processes used to version Proust activate Proust’s complicated understanding of temporality will follow in my next post. Featured images for this post care of Alex Christie and his use of the MVP’s modVers tool. This post originally appeared at http://maker.uvic.ca/modernity/. It was edited by Jentery Sayers, Karly Wilson, and the Maker Lab in the Humanities. Associate Professor | English | CSPT | U. of Victoria

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The story of Jesus walking on water was given a significant place in the oral tradition of the early church. It was integrally linked to the feeding of the 5,000, and when finally the oral tradition was documented, all four gospels recorded the two stories together. Literary evidence exists showing that the ancients were quite interested in the ability of the gods to exercise control over nature and its elements. The miracle, at this level, evidences divine authentication . The account also reveals Christ's mastery over the sea, not just water, but the sea as chaos. For the Jews the sea was a dark and forboding place, not just because of its many dangers, but because it was the dwelling place of dark powers, of Leviathan. The stilling of the sea is therefore not only christological in orientation, but also eschatological; Jesus is even now stilling the deep. Matthew's addition of the Peter incident focuses attention on Jesus' saving power. The gospel tradition was shaped by oral transmission such that the stories developed their own particular shape in different geographical regions and churches. When it came time to write these stores down (prompted by the increasing age and death of the apostles) the gospel writers selected, shaped and edited the tradition to enhance their own particular theological agenda. Although there are differences between Matthew and Mark's accounts of Jesus' walking on water, the theological perspective is much the same. Both reveal divine authentication, both image Jesus' preemptive struggle and victory over the powers of darkness, and both reveal the fulfilment of Israel's messianic hope in the prophet like unto Moses - when even the wind and the waves obey him. Ultimately the story is about having faith when the going gets tough. Fix on something beyond the immediate and you will ride the storm and be at peace.

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Taught by Daniel Walkowitz, this N.Y.U. course, entitled New York City: A Social History, covers the following ground: New York City, growing from the small Dutch commercial settlement of New Amsterdam early in the seventeenth century into a bustling multi-cultural city of more than 7 million and metropolis of more than 15 million by the twentieth century, is a place with many stories. A semester of 14 weeks can only touch on some of them. This course will focus on the social history of the city – the peoples who have built the city and competing efforts by different numbers to authorize their dreams for the city. As arguably the capital for global capitalism today, one focus of this course will seek to plot its development and legacy for the shaping of the city. A more particular and related local story will be studied as well, however: the political and cultural interests, ideologies and players who shape and reshape the city as Manhattan, as New York and as the Metropolis. You can watch the 26 lectures above, or find them on YouTube and iTunes. New York City: A Social History will be added to our collection of Free Online History courses, a subset of our collection, 1,300 Free Online Courses from Top Universities. If you'd like to support Open Culture and our mission, please consider making a donation to our site. It's hard to rely 100% on ads, and your contributions will help us provide the best free cultural and educational materials.

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Game items (boards, grids, markers, wild cards) for kids learning English to download and print. Scroll down to explore! Enjoy our selection of various game items and accessories, including game boards, wild cards and markers. You can mix them and use in a variety of ways to play different learning games: Originally created as components of our classroom games, these resources can be used separately to practise any vocabulary words your students are currently learning. Each resource image below is a direct link to the pdf file. Simply click the image you are interested in and print your game accessories. Our printables are in pdf format. You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print these resources.. Below you will find game boards that we use in our games. They can be easily adapted to any language concept. For future use, you can stick the printout onto the heavy paper and laminate.

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Scaevola ‘Mauve Mist’ Scaevola ‘Mauve Mist’ is a member of the Goodeniaceae family and is a cultivar of Scaevola albida. Species in this genus are usually known as Fan Flowers. The name refers to the flower shape. ’Mauve Mist’ is a dense, suckering ground cover that forms a mat that may reach a diameter of one metre. The small fleshy leaves are up to two centimetres long, crowded and deep green. Purplish-mauve, fan-shaped flowers are about one centimetre across and are both profuse and conspicuous. Plants will carry blooms for many months. Mauve Mist’ has proved to be very hardy, long lived and free flowering. The suckering growth habit helps to increase the ground covering density. Warren and Gloria Sheather

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A random password generator is a software program, hardware device, or online tool that automatically generates a password using parameters that a user sets, including mixed-case letters, numbers, symbols, pronounceability, length, and strength. There are three kinds of random number generators that help make your new passwords: Pseudorandom number generators True random number generators Cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generators Now, take a look at these 5 randomly generated passwords I created using Dashlane’s Password Generator: Notice any patterns or trends? Of course not, because these passwords are random…right? In fact, randomly generated passwords may not be as “random” as they seem. In this post, I’ll explain what a random number generator is, how it works to create your passwords, and if the results they produce are truly random. What makes something “random”? If I use a random password generator 5, 10, 100, or 100 times with the same parameters, there’s little chance that the generator will create the same result twice because it’s supposed to be random–meaning the results will be unpredictable, won’t follow a set pattern, and a previous result will have no effect on any of the following outcomes. But the results I see aren’t really random, they only appear to be random. In a BBC broadcast, Marcus du Sautoy, the Oxford Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford, says that “randomness” is non-deterministic, meaning you will not be able to work out what is going to happen based on previous information. Sautoy uses the example of rolling dice, and claims that if you know the exact “initial setup” of the dice prior to rolling them–their dimensions, weight, the amount of force applied to the dice, the contours of the surface the dice land on, the distance and speed traveled before landing on the table, etc.–then you should be able to predict where they will land. “But the point is that we can never know the precise initial setup of dice, meaning it’s non-deterministic,” he said. We can apply this same logic to shuffling cards, the lottery, playing a roulette wheel at a casino, and other games of chance. Aren’t random password generators supposed to be “random”? No, not all “random password generators” create truly random results. If I use a generic random password generator to create 10,000 new passwords, the passwords I generated are the result of a phenomenon called pseudo-random, meaning the results appear random when they really aren’t. Steve Ward, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, says traditional computer systems aren’t great at generating random results. “They’re deterministic, which means that if you ask the same question you’ll get the same answer every time,” he says. “In fact, such machines are specifically and carefully programmed to eliminate randomness in results. They do this by following rules and relying on algorithms when they compute.” According to Ward, a completely deterministic machine can’t generate truly random number sequences because it follows the same algorithm to produce its results. “Typically, that means it starts with a common ‘seed’ number and then follows a pattern,” he says. Therefore, your randomized passwords aren’t truly random because they were created by the same algorithm. For my computer to generate a truly random result from rolling dice, for example, my computer would have to actually roll the die itself. Since it’s extremely difficult to connect a real die to a computer (and the obvious fact that computers don’t have hands), it’s easier for computers to generate truly random results if they rely on unpredictable processes, like physical phenomena: the movements of your computer mouse, background or atmospheric noise, radioactive decay, or snapshots of lava lamps. If my passwords aren’t truly random, are they safe? Generally, yes! In Andrea Rock’s study on Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications, she notes that many random generators, “use cryptographic primitives like hash functions (e.g. SHA-1 or MD5) or block ciphers (DES, Triple-DES, AES)” to prevent cryptanalytic attacks, input based attacks, and state compromise extension attacks. However, Rock also encourages consumers to examine a password generator more closely before using it. Some password generators do not take the same security precautions as others, which highlights the difference between pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) and a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generators (CSPRNGs). While you might be able to find a free PRNG via a simple Google search, CSPRNGs, like Dashlane’s Password Generator, are strategically used to create randomized passwords, generate encryption keys, encrypt user data, and other security related in-app processes. According to technology consultants at Paragon Initiative Enterprises, the reason some PRNGs suffer from “weak” security is because the “seed” number of their algorithms is a 32-bit integer, meaning the generator can only produce up to 4 billion possible results. Sure, 4 billion results appear to be a fairly large number, but as Paragon consultants demonstrate, those results could easily fit into a generic USB drive and “it will take a resourceful attacker only a few minutes to generate such a list from your algorithm.” Consultants also point out that in weak PRNGs, hackers can often recover the seed number from a few generated results and can then predict most, if not all of its future outputs. But, the good news is that there is a way to improve the performance and security of pseudorandom generators. Dashlane’s Head of Security, Cyril Leclerc, told me that the secret ingredient found in all CSPRNGs is high entropy. In previous blog posts, we generally talk about password entropy, which is the measure of a password’s strength and unpredictability. Similarly, entropy, in the context of computing, refers to the unpredictability of gathered data used for cryptographic and security functions. Mark Ward, a BBC News Technology correspondent, simplifies our definition of entropy like this: “An unshuffled pack of cards has a low entropy, said Mr. Potter, because there is little surprising or uncertain about the order the cards would be dealt. The more a pack was shuffled, he said, the more entropy it had because it got harder to be sure about which card would be turned over next.” Remember when I said that it’s easier for computers to generate truly random results if they rely on unpredictable processes? Well, the same holds true for generating high entropy. The entropy in a CSPRNG is higher than a regular PRNG because it is usually generated by unpredictable phenomena or physical activity, such as network activity, hard drive activity, keyboard strokes, mouse movements, etc. This data is then used to create the “seed” number, which helps create your new random password. In sum, the higher the entropy, the harder a random number or password should be to predict. Should I use a “true” random password generator? Quite frankly, seeking out a “true” random password generator isn’t necessary to generate a strong password. For starters, pseudo-random numbers are extremely valuable, especially for statisticians, computer scientists, mathematicians, and cryptographers because they’re easier to produce than truly random numbers. Also, in her study, Rock lists three disadvantages of true random number generators (TRNGs): - TRNGs are biased. “On average their output might contain more ones than zeros and therefore does not correspond to a uniformity distributed random variable,” she says. Rock says there are ways of balancing out those results, but it would impact the “number of useful bits” and the generator’s efficiency. - TRNGs are costly. True random number generators are very expensive or need an additional hardware device to operate. - TRNGs can’t keep up. Finally, TRNGs are usually “too slow for the intended applications,” she says. Phew! That was a lot of detailed information, but I hope you learned something new about randomness and how password generators work. If you have any questions, feel free to leave your thoughts in the comments below!

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Gravity is everywhere, it is the force that keeps us stuck to the ground, drives the planets around the sun and the same force that pulls you down a slide. So what is gravity? Gravity is the force of attraction between any two bodies in this universe, yes everything attracts everything else in the universe with some amount of force, but this force is too weak to be observed in most of the cases. Sir Isaac Newton proposed the universal law of gravitation in the year 1680. So what is the law of gravity? The law of gravity states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Calculation of force of gravitation: Consider two bodies \(A\) \(F m_1 m_2\) To get an equation we will now introduce a proportionality constant in this expression, This constant which is denoted by ‘\(G\) On earth the force of gravity acting on a body would be that body’s weight, this explains to us why astronauts experience less weight on the surface of moon and can easily jump and stay airborne for several seconds, as the mass of moon is approximately 80 times less than that of earth and the radius of moon is 1/4 of that of earth’s, therefore, using the law of gravitation the force of gravity on the surface of moon is roughly 1/6 of that on earth. Gravity has various applications, most of our deep space missions and other interplanetary missions like the mars orbiter mission – Mangalyaan made use of what is called interplanetary slingshot which basically means using gravity of other celestial bodies like planets and moons to propel a spacecraft, this is the most efficient mode of transport, gravity is used to power hydroelectric power plants where the flowing of water downstream due to gravity rotates a turbine to generate electricity. You can go through this video to attain more knowledge regarding the history of gravitation. Stay tuned with Byju’s to learn more about gravity, acceleration due to gravity and much more. Practise This Question |CBSE Physics Syllabus Class 6||CBSE Physics Syllabus Class 7||CBSE Physics Syllabus Class 8||CBSE Physics Syllabus Class 9||CBSE Physics Syllabus Class 10|

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Over 400 previously undocumented Svalbard surge-type glaciers identified Department or Program airborne sensing, crevasse, glacier dynamics, glacier surge, ice ridge, paleoclimate, aerial imagery, crevasse squeeze ridges, Svalbard Identifying glaciers that exhibit surge-type behavior is important when using evidence of ice front fluctuations as a proxy for reconstructing past climate oscillations. This study identifies previously undocumented surge-type glaciers in Svalbard, based on the presence of crevasse squeeze ridges in glacier forelands. Crevasse squeeze ridges are landforms suggested to be unique to surging glacier land systems. Estimates vary greatly as to the actual percentage of surge-type glaciers in Svalbard, and consequently their distribution pattern is poorly understood. A detailed survey of recent (2008-2012), high-resolution aerial imagery from TopoSvalbard, provided by the Norwegian Polar Institute, allowed for a survey of all the glacier forelands in Svalbard. Before our study, 277 individual glaciers in Svalbard have been documented to exhibit surge behavior. By using crevasse squeeze ridges as indicators of surge behavior, we have identified 431 additional glaciers that have surged. We suggest that this is a modest value as the unique surge landforms were not visible in approximately one-third of the forelands with documented surge histories. Limits to the crevasse squeeze ridge technique are presented and potential controlling factors for crevasse squeeze ridge formation/preservation are discussed. Farnsworth W.R., Ingólfsson Ó., Retelle M., and Schomacker A. (2016) Over 400 previously undocumented Svalbard surge-type glaciers identified. Geomorphology, 264: 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.03.025

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Just over 1 percent of the population is affected by Schizophrenia. People who suffer from the condition often experience a barrage of severe and debilitating symptoms. In many cases, individuals who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia are unable to work and, in some cases, cannot be left unattended. The financial repercussions of the disorder can be devastating. Fortunately, Social Security Disability benefits can often help those who have been diagnosed with a schizophrenic condition. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with Schizophrenia and you would like to obtain Social Security Disability benefits, the following information can help you through the Social Security Disability process. Schizophrenia - Condition and Symptoms Schizophrenia, also referred to as split personality disorder, is a chronic mental illness. The condition affects more than 2 million people in the United States alone and is more prevalent among men than it is in women. The symptoms of Schizophrenia can be debilitating in nature. People who suffer from the condition will often experience hostility, paranoia, emotional impairment, depression, hallucinations, disrupted sleep patterns, odd or irrational statements, forgetfulness, poor concentration, extreme reactions to criticism, improper word use, difficulty maintaining relationships and social isolation. The specific symptoms and the severity of those symptoms will vary from individual to individual. The symptoms suffered by an individual who is diagnosed with Schizophrenia may depend on the type of Schizophrenia the person is diagnosed with. There are four main categories of Schizophrenia including paranoid Schizophrenia, catatonic Schizophrenia, disorganized Schizophrenia and undifferentiated Schizophrenia. A person who is diagnosed with paranoid Schizophrenia will display anxiety, a tendency to argue and uncontrolled anger. Those who are diagnosed with catatonic Schizophrenia will suffer from increased agitation, rigid muscles, an increased pain tolerance and a negative emotional state. Individuals who suffer from disorganized Schizophrenia will display inappropriate laughter, incoherent speech and immature, repetitive behavior. When a person is diagnosed with undifferentiated Schizophrenia, it means that they exhibit symptoms from more than one category of the illness. Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed by observing a patient's emotions and actions. Some tests may also be conducted to diagnose a schizophrenic condition, such as interviews and assessment questionnaires. In many cases, blood tests and brain imaging tests will be conducted to rule out physical causes of the symptoms a patient is suffering from. Once a schizophrenic condition has been diagnosed it is very important that treatment is provided. While there is no cure for Schizophrenia, treatment can help manage the symptoms of the condition. Common treatments for Schizophrenia include behavioral therapy, mood stabilizing drugs and anti-psychotic medications. In severe cases, hospitalization will be necessary in order to care properly for a schizophrenic patient. Filing for Social Security Disability with Schizophrenia Fortunately, Schizophrenia is a qualifying condition for Social Security Disability benefits according to the Social Security Administration's published disability guidelines. The Social Security Administration (SSA) publishes a listing of impairments that is known as the “Blue Book”. Schizophrenia is covered under these listings in Section 12.03. A diagnosis of Schizophrenia is not enough, in and of itself, to qualify an individual for Social Security Disability benefits. Because the severity of Schizophrenia varies from person to person, certain guidelines must be met in order to qualify for disability benefits. According to Section 12.03 of the SSA Blue Book, an individual must suffer from delusions, hallucinations, catatonic behavior, patterns of illogical thinking and/or emotional isolation in order to qualify for Social Security Disability benefits. You must also be able to prove that your condition has lasted for at least two years and that you are not able to function in the outside world without a significant amount of support. Schizophrenia and Your Social Security Disability Case In some situations, an individual who applies for Social Security Disability benefits due to Schizophrenia will be approved at the initial stage of the disability application process. Most of the time, however, it will be necessary to file an appeal in order to receive the benefits you are entitled to. This is largely due to the fact that it can be difficult to prove that Schizophrenia is preventing an individual from performing substantial gainful activity. Approximately 70 percent of disability applications are denied at the initial stage of the application process. If you are looking to file for Social Security Disability benefits or have already been denied, you should consider retaining the services of a Social Security Disability attorney. Your attorney can help you gather the information and evidence needed to prove the extent of your disability to the SSA and can represent you during the hearing stage of the disability appeal process. Statistics show that applicants who have legal representation during all stages are more likely to receive a favorable decision on their disability claim than those who do not.

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Among the many scholastic fields, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), have been closely tied to indicators of innovation, and are therefore critical for economic development in all countries and for trade in the global marketplace. For the past six years (or more) we have been hearing about the unprecedented advancement in robotics and artificial intelligence. But it wasn’t until earlier this year that AI and robots grabbed the attention of a much wider general audience. Sex robots aside, the biggest development in robotics has all of us wonder: how will this ever-evolving technology change the way we work? While the issue of human migration continues to create polarizing tensions between political parties in the United States, it is undeniable that immigration has historically had a deep and profound impact on the political, social, and economic landscape globally. With globalization continuing to dominate every aspect of modern life, migration—including immigration, emigration, and the displacement of refugees—has had an especially large influence on the world economy and the job market. While the idea of gamification of learning has been around for quite some time, new and emerging technologies—such as VR headsets and mobile applications—are allowing the concept of gamification to impact education and workforce training in new ways.

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In the cosmic scale of things, black holes are a dime a dozen. Despite this, and despite what Christopher Nolan’s sci-fi blockbuster “Interstellar” would have you believe, we humans have never actually seen one with our eyes. That may be about to change. A team of researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s artificial intelligence laboratory and the Harvard University revealed Monday that they had developed an algorithm that may allow us to actually “see” black holes. “We would never be able to see into the center of our galaxy in visible wavelengths because there's too much stuff in between,” Katie Bouman, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science who led the development of the new algorithm, said in a statement. “A black hole is very, very far away and very compact. It's equivalent to taking an image of a grapefruit on the moon, but with a radio telescope. To image something this small means that we would need a telescope with a 10,000-kilometer diameter, which is not practical, because the diameter of the Earth is not even 13,000 kilometers.” The algorithm, which the researchers call Continuous High-resolution Image Reconstruction using Patch priors, or CHIRP, will essentially fill in the gaps in data collected by radio telescopes spread across the surface of the planet — thereby mimicking one giant telescope — in order to create an image of the black hole. The algorithm would do so by sifting through the vast pile of gathered data, removing the interference and noise, and then translating what’s left into a visual image. “You could think of the model as a rubber sheet covered with regularly spaced cones whose heights vary but whose bases all have the same diameter,” the researchers explained in the statement. “Fitting the model to the interferometric data is a matter of adjusting the heights of the cones, which could be zero for long stretches, corresponding to a flat sheet. Translating the model into a visual image is like draping plastic wrap over it: The plastic will be pulled tight between nearby peaks, but it will slope down the sides of the cones adjacent to flat regions.” So far, six observatories that are a part of an international collaboration known as the Event Horizon Telescope, which seeks to capture an image of Sagittarius A* — the black hole at the centre of our galaxy — have signed up to join the project.

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Students learn important safety lessons Bellevue volunteer firefighters hold safety camp Even though most elementary schools around the metro are not yet in session, students in Bellevue are already learning very important lessons -- ones that could end up saving their lives. The students are participating in Bellevue's Fire and Safety Camp. "We aren't just talking to them and showing them a slideshow with the demonstrations, we are showing them actual hands-on stuff," said Brian Koontz, a public safety officer with the Bellevue Fire & Rescue Department. Demonstrations included the use of a rollover simulator to show kids exactly what can happen without a seat belt. "I think it's important for them to actually see how serious something like that is," Bellevue firefighter Jason Love said. The kids also saw an example of how a seat belt can help with a machine called The Seat Belt Convincer. "We did the car thing, and we always have to buckle up," 7-year-old Ella Love said. In addition to seat belt safety training, students learned how to dial 911, the importance of using sunscreen and how crews respond to an emergency situation. "The firefighters may look a little scary, but they are here to help you," 7-year-old Nathan Lentsch said. Most of the classes throughout the day only last 20 to 25 minutes. "Since it's new information, we try to keep it exciting and interactive," Koontz said. The kids are learning important lessons about safety. But Koontz said they're not just students, they're also teachers. "The kids are telling mom and dad, 'We need to do it this way because this is the way the firemen taught me how to do it,'" Koontz said. Those kids want to make sure that message gets delivered. "This is for my grandma and grandpa. Always wear your seat belts!" Lentsch said.

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A new study suggests that daily consumption of fresh fruit may significantly benefit people with diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes caused more than 1.5 million deaths in 2012. In the U.S., diabetes is a leading cause of death, accounting for almost 80,000 yearly deaths, according to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Fresh fruit and vegetables are healthful for most of us, but people with diabetes may abstain from eating fresh fruit because of its high sugar content. This is why a team of researchers - led by Huaidong Du of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom - decided to investigate the health effects of consuming fresh fruit in patients both with and without diabetes. The authors were also motivated by the fact that, to their knowledge, no studies have so far investigated the long-term effects of fresh fruit consumption on the rate of diabetes or on the risk of diabetes-induced cardiovascular events. The research was published in the journal PLOS Medicine. Fruit consumption lowered risk of complications in people with diabetes The researchers examined the effects of fruit consumption on almost 500,000 people enrolled in the China Kadoorie Biobank national study. Participants were aged between 30 and 79 and lived in 10 different areas across China. The participants were clinically followed for approximately 7 years. During this follow-up period, 9,504 cases of diabetes were identified in participants who did not have diabetes at the beginning of the study. Using Cox regression models, researchers analyzed the correlations with consumption of fresh fruit while also adjusting for age, sex, location, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), and family history of diabetes. In total, 18.8 percent of the participants said that they consumed fresh fruit every day, and 6.4 percent said that they never or rarely consumed them. Those who had been previously diagnosed with diabetes were three times as likely to not consume fruit than those without diabetes or with screen-detected diabetes. The team found that people who did not have diabetes at the beginning of the study and consumed fresh fruit in high amounts had a significantly lower risk of diabetes. Additionally, those who had diabetes at the beginning of the study and consumed high amounts of fruit had a significantly lower risk of dying from any cause, as well as a lower risk of developing cardiovascular complications. More specifically, in comparison with the other study participants, those who consumed fresh fruit daily had a 12 percent lower relative risk of developing diabetes. Study participants who had diabetes at baseline but consumed fresh fruit more than three times per week had a 17 percent lower risk of all-cause mortality and up to a 28 percent lower risk of developing both major and minor cardiovascular complications. "Major" cardiovascular complications refer to events that affect large blood vessels (ischemic heart disease and stroke, for instance), while "minor" refers to those affecting small blood vessels (such as kidney diseases, eye disease, and neuropathy). In absolute terms, this means that daily fruit-consumers had a 0.2 percent decrease in their absolute risk of developing diabetes over a 5-year period, and people diagnosed with diabetes had a 1.9 percent absolute reduction in the risk of mortality from all causes. Du and team explain the significance of these findings: "These findings suggest that a higher intake of fresh fruit is potentially beneficial for primary and secondary prevention of diabetes. For individuals who have already developed diabetes, restricted consumption of fresh fruit, which is common in many parts of the world [...] should not be encouraged." The study was purely observational, so no conclusions were drawn regarding causality.

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Lloyd's is the world's leading specialist insurance market, and is often the first to insure new, unusual or complex risks. So it's no surprise that Lloyd's is one of the many companies that use R and its advanced capabilities for data analysis to help manage its insurance risks. At the useR! conference last month, Lloyd's analysts Markus Gesmann, Viren Patel and Gao Yu presented a poster "Using R in Insurance: Examples from Lloyds" showing how the insurance giant makes extensive use of R. After the jump you'll find examples from the poster of how Lloyd's uses R for performance management, exposure analysis, Monte-Carlo simulation, data visualization, reporting, and much more. Lloyd's syndicates are compared to the market and against their individual business plans. A combination of R and LaTeX is used to generate bespoke analytical reports for more than 80 syndicates. Exposure analysis and reinsurance Lloyd's uses R to manage its exposure by analyzing reinsurance and catastrophic risk. Interactive Data Visualization A general statistical toolset Lloyd's also uses R as a general-purpose data analysis and visualization tool, as for example in this Monte Carlo simulation of loss distributions.

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The flute has played a key role in India’s artistic life since antiquity. This is evident from writings on dance-drama, mythology, sculptures and paintings. Its playing technique must have been highly developed for a very long time. Different names are used for it, for instance kuzhal (pronounced like “kulal” or “kural”) in Tamil speaking regions; and bansuri in northern India. In poetry, song lyrics, classical dance items and films, words like venu and murali evoke its association with Krishna, the ‘dark skinned’ cowherd and flute player. Early Tamil and Sanskrit poets describe the creation of the original bamboo flute. This did not even require any human intervention: it is an easily observed fact that bumble bees make holes in bamboo stems (Sanskrit vamsha) for their nests. These openings later invite the wind to create ever changing tunes in bamboo groves like those found in some parts of the Western Ghats. Here, and in the hills of North-East India, grow the varieties of bamboo preferred by flute makers. The nest holes made by some insects have indeed the same size as the blowing and finger holes still seen in most bamboo flutes. Any human being living close to nature is bound to be inspired by such phenomena while making music, dancing or telling stories. As expressed in song lyrics, these sounds are remembered as enchanting experiences and therefore regarded as a gift from heaven. Listening to the nuances of bird song has further contributed to a musical symbiosis that emerges time again in different places. The symbolism associated with the seven notes – and also the rāgas derived from them – still echoes such deeply rooted sentiments. It hardly surprises, therefore, that Pannalal Ghosh, the pioneer of Hindustani flute music, was influenced by tribal musicians belonging to the Santal people. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), India’s first Nobel laureate, established his Santiniketan school and Viswa-Bharati University amidst Santal villages. He compares the infinite Being to a flute player whose ‘music of beauty and love helps us to transcend our egotistic preoccupations’.* The world famous poet, composer, pedagogue, painter and scholar is part of a tradition wherein barriers such as language and faith are best overcome with the help of music. His poetry also reminds us of the fact that the flute is the most ‘democratic’ of all instruments. * Source: My memories of Einstein (German ed. ’Meine Erinnerungen an Einstein’, 1931) in Das Goldene Boot, Winkler Weltliteratur, Blaue Reihe (2005) – WorldCat.org >> Ludwig Pesch specialized in the Carnatic bamboo flute at Kalakshetra College under the guidance of Ramachandra Shastry (1906-1992) whom he accompanied on many occasions. More>>

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Typically oxygen is concerned, but hydrogen burning in chlorine also creates a flame, producing hydrogen chloride (HCl). Other probable combos generating flames, amongst many, are fluorine and hydrogen, and hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Hydrogen and hydrazine/UDMH flames are in the same way pale blue, when burning boron and its compounds, evaluated in mid-twentieth century like a large Electricity gasoline for jet and rocket engines, emits powerful inexperienced flame, resulting in its informal nickname of "Eco-friendly Dragon". The frequent distribution of the flame under regular gravity problems relies on convection, as soot has a tendency to increase to the top of the general flame, as inside a candle in typical gravity ailments, rendering it yellow. In micro gravity or zero gravity, for instance an ecosystem in outer House, convection now not takes place, plus the flame gets to be spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and much more efficient (even though it may well head out Otherwise moved steadily, as being the CO2 from combustion won't disperse as easily in micro gravity, and tends to smother the flame). Wildfire avoidance systems world wide could make use of strategies including wildland fire use and prescribed or controlled burns. Any enemy struck whilst previously on fire will acquire excess damage. The upper the Enchanting talent, the greater damage dealt. Works by using Fire can result in big quantities of damage with your assets. Nonetheless, there are actually other damages that will seriously influence the building likewise. Smoke odor invades making supplies and private belongings of all kinds. ^ Early humans harnessed fire as early as 1,000,000 several years ago, Substantially before than Formerly assumed, indicates proof unearthed in a cave in South Africa." Additionally, lots of insurance policy businesses divide fire damage into two groups: Key and secondary. The former refers to damage brought on by the flames, even though the latter refers to damage because of smoke or other substances from the fire. software of drinking water, which gets rid of warmth from the fire a lot quicker compared to the fire can deliver it (similarly, blowing tough over a flame will displace the warmth of the now burning gas from its gasoline supply, to the identical conclusion), or Fire is incredibly hot because the conversion on the weak double bond in molecular oxygen, O2, for the stronger bonds from the combustion solutions carbon dioxide and h2o releases Power (418 kJ for each 32 g of O2); the bond energies of your gas Participate in only a minor position listed here.[two] At a specific issue during the combustion reaction, known as the ignition point, flames are produced. The "adiabatic flame temperature" of the given gas and oxidizer pair implies the temperature at which the gases accomplish secure combustion. To provide the optimal encounter when using This web site, you need to update your browser. You might want to check out among the next solutions: Shoring and transferring of resources to aid secure Safe and sound entry of fire Division and licensed personnel during the fire damage restoration approach. By the Neolithic Revolution,[citation required] in the introduction of grain-centered agriculture, persons all over the world made use of fire to be a Resource in landscape management. These fires were typically managed burns or "amazing fires",[citation necessary] instead of uncontrolled "scorching fires", which damage the soil. Hot fires damage vegetation and animals, and endanger communities. This is particularly a problem during the forests of currently the place conventional burning is prevented in order to really encourage the growth of timber crops. Neat fires are normally performed in the spring and autumn. They apparent undergrowth, burning up biomass that can result in a incredibly hot fire must it get too dense. They offer a better variety of environments, which encourages video game and plant variety. For individuals, they make dense, impassable forests soot cleanup traversable. One more human use for fire with regard to landscape administration is its use to apparent land for agriculture. When you’ve just expert a fire or smoke damage at your private home or business, then you need Expert aid. That’s why we’re listed here in any way hrs, every single day on the 12 months that can assist you Get well – 24/7, 365 days a yr.

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Improving Health in Africa ..begins with access to safe Water Did you know that half of the world's hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a water-related disease? In developing countries, about 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions. 1 out of every 5 deaths under the age of 5 worldwide is due to a water-related disease. Clean and safe water is essential to healthy living. Tiny worms and bacteria live in water naturally. Most of the bacteria are pretty harmless. But some of them can cause devastating disease in humans. And since they can't be seen, they can't be avoided. Every glass of dirty water is a potential killer. Most of these waterborne diseases aren't found in developed countries because of the sophisticated water systems that filter and chlorinate water to eliminate all disease carrying organisims. But typhoid fever, cholera and many other diseases still run rampant in the developing parts of the world. Source: Water Project

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Domestic violence occurs across society, regardless of age, gender, race, sexuality, wealth, and geography. What is meant by ‘Domestic violence’? The Home Office defines Domestic violence as ‘any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship together, or between family members, regardless of gender or sexuality’. It can include physical assault, sexual abuse and verbal threats. It can also include more subtle attacks such as pressure tactics, constant breaking of trust, isolation, psychological games and harassment. It can affect partners in all types of relationships and can also involve violence between parents and children. Some More Signs of Domestic Abuse - Throwing objects - Emotional Abuse Facts & Figures It is widely accepted that incidences of domestic violence go unreported, however it is estimated that domestic violence: - Accounts for 16% of all violent crime (Source: Crime in England and Wales 2004/2005 report) - Has more repeat victims than any other crime (on average there will have been 35 assaults before a victim calls the police) - Costs in excess of £23bn a year - Claims the lives of two women each week and 30 men per year - Is the largest cause of morbidity worldwide in women aged 19-44, greater than war, cancer or motor vehicle accidents - Will affect 1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men in their lifetime If you are in an abusive relationship, there are three important steps you can take. - Recognise that it is happening to you - Accept that you are not to blame - Get help and support In an emergency, you should call the police on 999 (minicom 0800 112 999). Domestic violence is treated very seriously by the police and the courts. You can also call the 24 Hour National Domestic Violence Helpline on 0808 2000 247.

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Pearl River Basin, Mississippi Flood Control Project Overview For more than 100 years, headwater flooding of the Pearl River has caused disruption to businesses and industry throughout the Jackson metropolitan area, putting over 5,000 commercial and residential structures, several hospitals, and interstate highways at risk of flood damage. The most notable of the numerous flood events that have affected the study area is the Easter Flood of 1979, which disrupted businesses across the Jackson metropolitan area and affected major transportation routes, including closing two interstate highways and restricting access to critical care facilities. The resulting damage to residential and commercial structures and infrastructure (including the 46 MGD wastewater treatment plant serving the metropolitan area) totaled approximately $223 million. If a comparable event occurred in 2018, damages would surpass $1 billion. Federal flood control measures in the Pearl River Watershed date back to at least the early 1900s. Multiple studies have been conducted on the Pearl River Watershed over the past sixty years, ranging from reconnaissance level studies to feasibility level studies. However, no major flood reduction measures have been put in place since the devastating floods of 1979 and 1983, leaving the majority of the flood-prone Jackson metropolitan area unprotected. The Locally Preferred Plan for bringing substantive flood risk management to the region is a combination of excavating and widening the Pearl River while reinforcing the existing levee system. It also includes relocating and improving an existing weir to a location just downstream from I-20. The effort for Pearl River Basin flood control has a long history of Congressional support and authorization Section 3104 of WRDA 2007 authorized the project subject to approval by the Secretary, and provided that the federal government would pay for two-thirds of the project cost. It was further demonstrated in the most recently enacted Water Resources Development legislation, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (the WIIN Act), now codified as Public Law 114-322. It affirms the project’s history, its authority, and status under the provisions of Section 211 of WRDA 1996, and directs the Secretary of the Army to “expedite review and decisions on recommendations” for the project. Since 2012, the Rankin Hinds Pearl River Flood and Drainage Control District (Flood Control District), as the non-Federal sponsor, has been working with the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (USACE) on an Integrated Draft Feasibility and Environmental Impact Statement (FS/EIS) in order to justify federal participation in flood damage risk reduction within the Pearl River Basin in Mississippi. The draft FS/EIS has undergone a multi-step intense review process including a review by the Vicksburg District office of the USACE, a USACE’s Agency Technical Review process, and an Independent External Peer Review conducted by Battelle Institute. The Flood Control District is currently working with the USACE to complete the remaining elements of the review process including reviews by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and other federal agency reviews, State Historic Preservation, and Tribal consultations. The draft FS/EIS will be presented for public comment and public meetings beginning in June 2018, and then will be shared with HQUSACE for further federal agency consultation and review. Throughout this review process, the Jackson metropolitan region has remained under the threat of flooding from the Pearl River with several near events happening over the past 20 years. The Flood Control District has taken prudent steps to identify a flood control project that is technically feasible and environmentally sound and hopes to receive approval from the USACE in 2018 so that substantive flood protection can be put in place. The overreaching project goal is to provide a comprehensive solution to reduce flood risk in the Jackson metropolitan area caused by the Pearl River. The investigation of the problems and opportunities in the study area led to the establishment of the following planning objectives: - Reduce the flood risk from the Pearl River in the Jackson metropolitan area - Reduce loss of transportation routes with an Average Daily Traffic counts of 10,000 or higher - Reduce damage to critical infrastructure caused by flooding - Integrate environmental design features to conserve or improve natural resources - Integrate recreational features to allow more public access to the Pearl River and recreational resources

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Free essays from bartleby | one of the main songs that rallies against vietnam is a hard rain’s a gonna fall the song is depicting the. Protest songs essay essay, research paper protest songs essay over the years, there have always been songs, and things to protest about and what do you get when you. Sixties and the protest was writing songs of political activism and denouncing the war in his “simple song of 1/24/2014 the sixties and protest music. This sample music and political protest research paper is among the protest songs that articulated colonial you can use our professional writing. Sunday bloody sunday bloody sunday, a song made by u2, an irish rock band, but also an extremely tragic day in the world’s history bloody sunday was the day when. Lesson idea: analysing a protest song this task is about building students' capacity to write a sustained analysis of one protest song (and later a sustained analysis. Past and fifty orwell essays movie and religious speeches and related concepts of and essays about protest songs exercises in rhetoric design. Protest songs from the 1960’s protest songs from the 1960’s college essay writing service question description please see attachmetn for instruction. A time bloodshed by john keyse-walker sun essays about protest songs. Anti war protests in society history essay protest songs sprang up and if you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the. Materialism witho in essays about protest songs a recent social media post racism. The power of our voices is a free resource pack of 3 lessons and an assembly on protest songs, including a national schools competition for students to write their. Rhetoric of protest songs rhetoric of the protest songs has a very extensive history the oldest protest song on record is the cutty wren from the peasants. Protest songs flooded the air of college radios during the 1960's the civil rights movement was the biggest domestic news and a time was coming when action was going. Analyzing protest songs of the 1960s to understand and analyze the context and meaning of a popular 1960s protest song essay: the civil rights. Check out our top free essays on influence of protest songs on the 1960s to help you write your own essay. Free essay: one of the main songs that rallies against vietnam is a hard rain’s a gonna fall the song is depicting the atmosphere and. Essays featured primary sources hendrix put an exclamation point on a decade of protest music aimed at america’s military a history of protest songs. Protest songs essay over the years, there have always been songs, and things to protest about and what do you get when you put them together. Aims: explore starting points for protest songs finding the 'people's voice' techniques for writing protest music write your own protest song. In history, words have had a tremendous ability to empower the people to rise up to achieve their desired goals often times words have the power to help affect a. The tradition of protest songs in the united states is a long one that dates back to the 18th century continues springsteen's tradition of protest song-writing. Download thesis statement on protest songs essay in our database or order an original thesis paper that will be written by one of our staff writers and delivered. A people they stand as authoritative logos bible software has a mobile ed essays about protest songs course on perspectives on eschatology: five views on the. From anti-vietnam war ballads to miner’s strike songs, folk artists have long voiced countercultural anger with so much ammunition today, could folk music be. You have not saved any essays from the beginning of recorded history music in some form or other has told the story of life and its beauty, wonder, struggles, and. Protest songs of the vietnam war protest in the western world in this essay, i will focus on the vietnam war protest movement and discuss some of the.

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A new analysis detailing the atmosphere of GJ 1214b—a planet located about 40 light years from earth and one that researchers have studied since 2009—appeared in the March issue of The Astrophysical Journal. According to Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics scientist and lead author Zachory Berta, "GJ1214b is like no planet we know of. A huge fraction of its mass is made up of water."1 By analyzing its motion and size, astronomers were able to calculate the planet's density. If it were mostly water, that would explain why its mass is only seven times more than the earth's, even though it is about 2.7 times larger. It would be 20 times the earth's mass if it had earth's higher density. Berta and his colleagues used the Hubble telescope to deduce that GJ 1214b's atmosphere is more like a steam bath than a dusty haze: "It orbits a red-dwarf star every 38 hours at a distance of 1.3 million miles, giving it an estimated temperature of 450° Fahrenheit."1 In contrast, earth is about 92 million miles away from the sun and has an average surface temperature of 57.2 degrees Fahrenheit. A 2011 study of the GJ 1214b atmosphere reported that the planet orbits "a relatively bright" red-dwarf.2 How long would it take for the solar wind from a bright star to blow away water vapor from such a nearby planet? And how long would it take for the sheer heat of GJ 1214b to eject water vapor from its atmosphere into nearby space, especially considering its fast orbit? The scientific literature typically does not ask questions like these. If planet GJ 1214b is as watery as astronomers say, then it presents a challenging puzzle for those determined to assign it an evolutionary age of millions or billions of years. - Hubble Reveals a New Type of Planet. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics press release, February 21, 2012, reporting on research published in Berta, Z. K. et al. 2012. The Flat Transmission Spectrum of the Super-Earth GJ1214b from Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. The Astrophysical Journal. 747 (1). - Kempton, E. M-R., K. Zahnle and J. J. Fortney. 2012. The Atmospheric Chemistry of GJ 1214b: Photochemistry and Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal. 745 (1). Image credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA). Adapted for use in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holders. * Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research. Article posted on April 4, 2012.

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|Part of||substantia nigra| |Latin||Pars compacta substantiae nigrae| |Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy| The pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. It is formed by dopaminergic neurons and located medial to pars reticulata. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in this region. In humans, the nerve cell bodies of the pars compacta are coloured black by the pigment neuromelanin. The degree of pigmentation increases with age. This pigmentation is visible as a distinctive black stripe in brain sections and is the origin of the name given to this volume of the brain. The neurons have particularly long and thick dendrites (François et al.). The ventral dendrites, particularly, go down deeply in the pars reticulata. Other similar neurons are more sparsely distributed in the midbrain and constitute "groups" with no well-defined borders, although continuous to the pars compacta, in a prerubral position. These have been given, in early works in rats (with not much respect for the anatomical subdivisions), the name of "area A8" and "A10". The pars compacta itself ("A9") is usually subdivided into a ventral and a dorsal tier, the last being calbindin positive. The ventral tier is considered as A9v. The dorsal tier A9d is linked to an ensemble comprising also A8 and A10, A8, A9d and A10 representing 28% of dopaminergic neurons. The neurons of the pars compacta receive inhibiting signals from the collateral axons from the neurons of the pars reticulata. The dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta project many of their axons along the nigrostriatal pathway to the dorsal striatum, where they release the neurotransmitter dopamine. There is an organization in which dopaminergic neurons of the fringes (the lowest) go to the sensorimotor striatum and the highest to the associative striatum. Dopaminergic axons also innervate other elements of the basal ganglia system, including the lateral and medial pallidum, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the subthalamic nucleus. The function of the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is complex. Contrary to what was initially believed, SNc neurons do not directly stimulate movement: instead, it plays an indirect role by regulating the more direct role of the striatum, contributing to fine motor control, as has been confirmed in animal models with SNc lesions. Thus, electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra does not result in movement, but lack of pars compacta neurons has a large influence on movement, as evidenced by the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. "Dopamine neurons are activated by novel, unexpected stimuli, by primary rewards in the absence of predictive stimuli and during learning". Dopamine neurons are thought to be involved in learning to predict which behaviours will lead to a reward (for example food or sex). In particular, it is suggested that dopamine neurons fire when a reward is greater than that previously expected; a key component of many reinforcement learning models. This signal can then be used to update the expected value of that action. Many recreational drugs, such as cocaine, mimic this reward response--providing an explanation for their addictive nature. Degeneration of pigmented neurons in this region is the principal pathology that underlies Parkinson's disease and this depigmentation can be visualized in vivo with Neuromelanin MRI. In a few people, the cause of Parkinson's disease is genetic, but in most cases, the reason for the death of these dopamine neurons is unknown (idiopathic). Parkinsonism can also be produced by viral infections such as encephalitis or a number of toxins, such as MPTP, an industrial toxin which can be mistakenly produced during synthesis of the meperidine analog MPPP. Many such toxins appear to work by producing reactive oxygen species. Binding to neuromelanin by means of charge transfer complexes may concentrate radical-generating toxins in the substantia nigra. Pathological changes to the dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta are also thought to be involved in schizophrenia (see the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia) and psychomotor retardation sometimes seen in clinical depression.

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- The motivation of Mary Magdalene and the other Mary in going to the tomb was to look at it. Their hearts were bonded to Jesus. - When the messenger from the Kingdom of Heaven, which is what Jesus preached all through Matthew, appeared in power, we see again the contrast between the response of the Kingdom of Heaven and the response of those of this world. The women were merely afraid. The guards, who had no relationship to that Kingdom, feinted with the stress. - The messenger from the Kingdom of Heaven of course told his message - that Jesus was risen, just as he said - but he also paid attention to them personally and humanly in telling them not to be afraid and to come and see for themselves, - The women didn't hold back their hearts. They were filled with joy, meaning that they trusted without reservation. And Jesus met the desire of their hearts. They had gone to look at the tomb and got to see Jesus alive. - Those of this world, the guards, the chief priests, and the elders, responded in the mode of this world. They knew what they wanted and did their best to accomplish it. The bribes and lies are the result of the desire of their hearts, which was entirely oriented around themselves and this world. - Those of the Kingdom of Heaven obeyed. Some struggled to give their whole hearts (ie. they doubted) but they obeyed (ie. they went to Galilee). - Earlier Jesus said that the Kingdom of Heaven was at hand. Now he says that all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to him. I believe that means that the Kingdom of Heaven was no longer "at hand" but was then established. - Secondly, Jesus says his disciples are to make disciples. By extension, those of the Kingdom of Heaven, even today, are to make disciples. - Thirdly, Jesus says he will surely be with us always. - These three are central to Jesus ministry earlier, as when he said he was "the Way, the Truth, and the Life." Here are the same central realities again more as they apply to us than before when he was telling who he was. I would like Jesus to take my heart out of the standard ways of the world and bind it to himself. I would like to respond more naturally with the joy and the worship and less often with the plotting for my own desires. I can't change that for a number of reasons, not least of which is that my desire to change would also need to be put aside. But I do have confidence that Jesus can change me. Jesus, when you were here in the world, you lived in the Kingdom of Heaven. Please change me to be like you. And I'm thinking most especially of you changing my drive to plot out for myself for this world. Posted on Fri, September 25, 2015 by Brian Landers

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Climate and Weather: 12 Things You Need to KnowAssociation News By Michael Sullivan, Chairman, General Plan Committee Last year at this time, you could often hear, “Look Mom, another snow day.” This year it’s, “Look Mom, no snow.” With all we hear and read, it’s easy to assume that the dreaded “climate change” is already here and our beloved winter sports are finished. But before you draw that conclusion, let’s look at the facts and what we can do to preserve the sports we love. As National Geographic points out, “When scientists talk about weather, they’re referring to day-to-day changes and when they discuss changes to the Earth’s climate, they’re referring to changes over time”. The time scales for weather are days, weeks and years; the time scales for climate are decades, centuries and millennia. The changes we have seen between last year and this are changes caused by weather, so let’s address that first. WHAT IS WEATHER? Day-to-day weather involves the complex interaction between the sun and the earth, gravity and inertia, heat and cold, and the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Using supercomputer generated models, scientists are developing an understanding of these interactions; however, the complexity is, so far, beyond our ability to make exact forecasts. HEATING AND COOLING Weather begins with the sun shining on Planet Earth and warming the surface. Because the air of our atmosphere is in contact with the surface, it is heated as well. Because hot air expands, it becomes lighter and rises. This movement of air is called convection and it is lucky for us that this happens for if there were no convection, the surface of the Earth would be over 300ºF and we would not survive. [caption id="attachment_14155" align="alignnone" width="300"] Figure 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_cell#/media/File:Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg[/caption] Hot air rises over the equator and descends when it cools. There are six global convection cells, shown in Figure 1, of rising and cooling air. Where they intersect, winds are created that circle the globe. These are the jet streams. [caption id="attachment_14144" align="alignnone" width="234"] Figure 2. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3737997[/caption] THE JET STREAM The North Polar Jet Stream, shown in Figure 2, is a stream of air that is much colder than its surroundings. This air current moves cold air from West to East at velocities that can exceed 200 miles per hour. The Polar Jet Stream in the Northern Hemisphere is often at the latitude of Canada but can vary considerably and, as we have seen this year, can send polar air as far south as Florida. When it delivers its effect to the West Coast of North America, we have a nice cold, snowy winter. When it moves eastward, we have a cold but dry winter. The polar jet stream is affected by ocean currents. AS THE WORLD TURNS As hot air rises, colder surrounding air is drawn in to replace it, causing wind. Because the Earth is rotating, the air over the equator is moving faster than the air over the poles. At the equator, the surface moves at almost 1,000 miles an hour. At our latitude, it is closer to 700 miles an hour and at the North Pole it is virtually zero. This movement of the earth causes the rising air to swirl in a counter-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere. You see this swirling when you look at satellite pictures of hurricanes. This is called the Coriolis Effect. As hot air rises and gets farther from the surface, it cools and when it does, the gaseous water vapor contained in the air condenses out as liquid water droplets in the form of clouds. If it rises high enough, these water droplets can even freeze into ice. The wispy cirrus clouds we see (sometimes called Mare’s Tails) are ice clouds 5 miles above the ground. [caption id="attachment_14145" align="alignnone" width="300"] Figure 3. From Chapter 15 of “The American Practical Navigator”, originally by Nathaniel Bowditch, published by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Bethesda, MD.[/caption] The heating of the Earth’s surface is not uniform. When the sun is directly overhead, the surface is heated more than when it is at an angle. Because the Earth is tilted on its axis, the part that is directly under the sun changes throughout the year as the Earth moves around the sun. On March 21 and September 21, the sun is directly over the Equator and that will be the hottest part of the planet. On June 21, the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer, which is at 23.4º North latitude or about 1,600 miles north of the equator. This is approximately the latitude of the Caribbean. This change in sun angle gives us our seasons, as illustrated in Figure 3. In addition to the tilt of the Earth, the heating of the surface depends on whether that surface is a solid such as land or a liquid such as the oceans. Land heats up rapidly during the daytime and cools just as rapidly at night, whereas the oceans respond to the sun’s heat very slowly and in doing so, create their own convection currents like the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic and the Humboldt Current in the South Pacific. In addition to these ocean currents, there are also periodic changes or oscillations in ocean temperature. The two that have a dramatic impact on our weather are the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Peruvian fishermen in the 1800’s noted that every seven to ten years, their catch declined at Christmas time and they named this effect after the Christ Child or El Niño. As these masses of warm water move closer or farther from North America they change the amount of moisture picked up by the air above and thus the amount of precipitation we receive in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Should we be concerned that winter is over because of climate change? [caption id="attachment_14146" align="alignnone" width="300"] Figure 4. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/graph_data/Global_Mean_Estimates_based_on_Land_and_Ocean_Data/graph.png[/caption] GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE At the same time that all this weather is happening, gradual changes are taking place over the entire planet. Oscillations of temperature have occurred since the planet solidified. The polar ice caps have grown and shrunk as a result and accompanying precipitation variations have changed jungles into deserts and vice versa. Typically, these changes occur over hundreds or thousands of years. Right now, the Earth is in a warming cycle, as shown in Figure 4, although the warming is greater over land than water. International climate studies indicate that the earth has warmed about 1.53ºF from 1880 to today and the temperature increase is accelerating. Many scientists believe that the burning of fossil fuels that began with the age of industrialization causes some of this effect by adding heat-trapping carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. As the planet warms, the interrelated systems that make up our weather become unstable, causing weather-related events such as hurricanes, tornadoes and wildfires to become more severe. Also, precipitation patterns change, producing prolonged droughts where previously there was sufficient rainfall. It should be noted that although over 97% of climate scientists agree with the view that the planet is warming, there is a group with a contrarian view. [caption id="attachment_14147" align="alignnone" width="300"] Figure 5. Source: wikipedia[/caption] How fast are these mega changes happening and will they affect our lifestyle in Tahoe? The answer is clearly yes, eventually. Different models of long-term climate predict differing results, as you can see in Figure 5. All of the measurements indicate that this warming trend will result in almost no snow in the mountains by the year 2100. From now until then, droughts and unpredictable weather patterns will be the new normal. One implication of this warming trend is that precipitation amounts will diminish in North America, thus further reducing snowfall. Because of this, ski resorts around the country that have sufficient water supplies are investing large sums in snowmaking to insure the continuation of winter sports activities for most of the rest of this century. Fortunately for Tahoe Donner, we have abundant water so that, if we wish, we can make the investment to provide winter sports and recreation for our children and grandchildren. Your Tahoe Donner General Plan Committee regularly researches topics like these in our volunteer work to analyze, evaluate and recommend to the Board of Directors those projects that will benefit members. Your input is always welcome, at the GPC meeting at 3:00 pm on the first non-holiday Monday of each month at the Northwoods Clubhouse, or via email to firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Frequently Asked Questions What does immersion really mean? Immersion means that the children are completely immersed in the second language (Spanish) for the majority of their day. It is a natural, flowing part of their environment and, before long, it is completely natural. Teachers will speak in Spanish about 90-100% of the times to infants through Preschool and 50% of the time to VPK and Kindergarten students, where 50% of the day is in Spanish and 50% is in English. Is it better to wait until they are older? Not a good way to go! Time and Newsweek both ran feature articles on the “window of opportunity” to learn a new language which is between birth and age 10. As a matter of fact, world language instruction has traditionally been introduced in high school with very dismal results (the grammar approach so frequently used in high school has not exactly helped either). Consultant Greg Duncan compared world languages education in the USA to an inverted pyramid: schools offer the least amount of instruction (if any) at the prime time for learning languages (early childhood), and the largest amount of instruction at one of the most difficult times for learning languages (high school). With such a weak foundation, it is no wonder that the pyramid tumbles and falls. There are many advantages for starting early. Here are a few: • Auditory and oral motor. As we mentioned above, young children do indeed have auditory advantages over older children and adults. Dr. Patricia Kuhl has done many studies on the issue. I invite you to watch her video presentation “The Linguistic Genius of Babies.” Some people dismiss these advantages as not important, but as time goes on and you lose them it becomes increasingly harder to reach a level of pronunciation that will be understood by natives. Sometimes a thick accent interferes so much that native speakers of the language cannot understand what the person is saying. This is even more of an obstacle when the rhythm and intonation (i.e. the “prosody”) of the languages is very different. For example, this is very much the case when English speakers learn Spanish and vice versa. If you ever attend a parent‐child language class you will be able to appreciate the age difference first hand when you see a child correcting his parent’s accent. It has happened to me! It is quite cute – and telling! • “Affective Filter” (Stephen Krashen). The younger the child, the less impact factors such as social pressure and self‐awareness have on classroom performance (these factors are at their peak in middle school and high school). As a matter of fact, most toddlers and preschoolers do not even blink about playing in a different language and they find it fun! • Brain development. Learning a language is one of the best exercises for the brain, and a growing number of studies are showing its effects on cognition and other areas of human development. While this is true for all ages, obviously we may want to stimulate our children and provide them with the best possible educational experiences from the very beginning. • Time. Finally, even with the best strategies and methods, it takes many years to acquire an advanced level in a language. Therefore, the earlier the start, the better the chances of becoming fluent. Is your school for Spanish speaking children only? Our school is for all children! We expect most of our families, about 80%, to be English speakers. They want their children to be exposed to a second language in the most natural and comfortable way, and that’s why they come to Children’s Academy. We will also have families that have one or two native Spanish speakers who want to keep their heritage language alive and have their children raised bilingual. How do you teach Spanish to the children? We don’t “teach” Spanish, we teach in Spanish. Language is not the content of instruction, but the vehicle for it. We use a comprehensive, research-based curriculum that features exploration, discovery and hands on projects as a way of learning in Spanish. Spanish is everything we do! Our books are in Spanish, we do circle time in Spanish, we sing, act, play all while speaking in Spanish. How will my child learn English? Many parents are initially fearful that immersion may have a negative impact on their child’s English language development. But research consistently finds that the immersion experience actually enhances English language development (Cloud, Genesee, & Hamayan 2000). In full immersion programs, children develop initial literacy in the immersion language. Many cognitive processes that underlie the ability to read, such as understanding the relationship between the spoken language and the written word, transfer from one language to another (Cloud, Genesee, Hamayan 2000). Additionally, children get English from their peers, in their environment, from the media, at home, and in every other aspect of their lives. They are constantly exposed to it, and living in an English-speaking environment is enough for the children to be bilingual in both languages. Will my child become confused if learning in two languages? Many people may believe this because young bilingual children do mix their languages. However, this is normal and to be expected, not something to worry about. ALL, and I mean ALL ONE HUNDRED PERCENT of bilingual children mix their two languages (or three or four) at times. This does not mean that they are confused. Quite the opposite, the process of sifting two languages has been shown to do wonders to the executive area of the brain (the “Prefrontal Cortex,” which controls some of the most sophisticated human forms of expression). As they grow up, bilingual children become increasingly more adept at controlling the two languages and using one or the other (or both) on demand. Children learning two languages are slower linguistically or academically? People may believe this because young bilingual children have less vocabulary than monolinguals in either of the two languages. However, when the vocabulary of the two languages is put together, bilingual children know the same amount of words, on average, as monolinguals. Of course, bilingual children keep adding vocabulary in both languages as time goes on. Let’s take a look at the following scenario. A young bilingual child may know the colors “red, azul, yellow, amarillo, morado, green, verde” and a monolingual child may know “green, blue, red, purple, orange.” Both children can identify five colors, and the bilingual child actually knows the name of two of those colors in the two languages. However, if tested with the typical battery test created for English speakers, the bilingual child will seem to know only three colors, as opposed to the monolingual who knows five. These tests do not measure the language wealth of bilingual children correctly. Please also be aware that many tests advertised as “bilingual” do not do a good job of measuring bilingual children either [This was an important topic of discussion at a recent conference at Princeton University. Click here to download the presentations on www.futureofchildren.org]. So bilingual kids are not slower than monolinguals. In fact, studies have shown that children who have developed an advanced proficiency in two languages and cultures do not struggle more academically than monolingual children. Moreover, children who have developed strong proficiency in two languages many times end up surpassing monolinguals in math and even in English – and on top of that they speak two languages! What if my child feels lost and don’t understand? If a child does not understand something, the teacher uses body language, visuals, exaggerated facial expressions, and expressive intonation to communicate their meaning. Additionally, teachers will use songs, key phrases, books and games to engage and draw the child into the language. In preschool, it is common for students to speak English with their peers and when responding to their teacher – especially if they are not familiar with the language. As the year progresses, students naturally use more of the immersion language with peers and teachers. Do all the teachers speak Spanish? All of our teachers are fully fluent in both languages. Because we want the language that is spoken at our schools to be effortless and fluid, we seek native speaking teachers or teachers who learned the language abroad in a Spanish-speaking country. This makes the immersion experience real and organic. What if we don’t speak Spanish at home? There are many ways to support your budding bilingual! You don’t need to speak Spanish to be able to support them. They will gladly tell you and teach you what they learn. We also offer many opportunities in parent communication so that you feel like you are part of their everyday lives. At Children’s Academy, we want our parents to be involved in any way they can, and our teachers and directors make sure that parents are getting all the information and opportunities they need to be part of our community. Do you provide food? We believe good nutrition is critical to children’s development, and we believe healthy eating habits established early pave the way for lifelong health. Children’s Academy creates fresh, healthy, natural foods for breakfast, snacks and lunch in our state of the art cafeteria. Using Language To Build Future Success! CALL US TODAY at (813) 689-6819 or Contact Us Online To Get Started!

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Cultural And Historical Information In tropical countries, papaya is sometimes called ‘the melon that grows on trees’ because by its structure, shape and taste it resembles melon with raspberry flavor. Papaya is actually a berry, although its fruits can be 20-30 inches long and weight up to 22 lb. The fruit is hollow inside, only meat which is 1-2 inches thick is edible. Slightly unripe papaya is hard and green. The papaya leaf tea health benefits for digestion became known to Europeans in the XVI century. When in 1519, a Spanish conqueror Fernando Cortez reportedly suffered food poisoning somewhere near the Indian city in Mexico, local people made him a drink from papaya, and he quickly set up… Uses of Papaya Leaves In general, the papaya leaves have great medicinal potential. Here are only a few examples of organic papaya leaf tea health benefits. - Dried papaya leaves, milled and mixed with honey, are an excellent remedy for cough and high temperature. - Fresh papaya leaves, boiled in hot water, are a powerful malaria prophylactic. - Papaya leaf juice can be applied to open wounds to speed up healing. - Fresh papaya leaves, chopped and mixed with onions, help strengthen urinary bladder. This is especially useful for those with frequent urination. - Papaya leaf juice can also be used as a skin cleanser. - Fresh papaya leaves, cooked with slices of orange, help burn fat. This is a great food for weight loss. - Raw leaves of this wonderful fruit, eaten at bedtime, act as a powerful aphrodisiac. - Adding dried papaya leaves to tea helps cope with menstruation cramps. - Papaya leaf juice is recommended for curing eczema. Use of Papaya Leaf Tea for Medicinal Purposes If you ever wondered, how to make green papaya leaf tea, you should keep in mind that papaya tea is prescribed solely for prevention and treatment of various acute and chronic diseases, as its taste is very bitter. It is not recommended as a regular drink. Of course, you can brew papaya tea for several seconds, and then add other herbs to get an unusual and delicious drink, but in this case, its therapeutic effect will be significantly weakened. We recommend that papaya tea should be steeped for 5-30 minutes to obtain a therapeutic effect and for 3-5 minutes to obtain a prophylactic effect. To reduce its bitterness add some honey or fructose. Contraindications: Do not drink papaya leaf tea during pregnancy and if you are hypersensitive (allergic) to it. Papaya Leaf Tea for Cancer Treatment Scientists from the University of Florida have found that papaya leaf tea has an anticancer effect against many tumors, including cervix, lung, breast, liver, pancreas cancer and lymphoma. The leaf extract showed stronger anti-tumor results with the increasing of the tea dose. In addition, to the direct anti-tumor effect, it was reported to stimulate the immune system through the production of anti-tumor molecules – cytokines. Now it’s time to tell how to prepare papaya leaf tea for cancer treatment. To prepare a perfect cup of tea, take one tea bag for one cup, and let it steep in freshly boiled water for about 5-10 minutes. Be careful, the bitter comes out when the tea is steeped too long!

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localities possessing natural curative agents (mineral waters, therapeutic muds, beneficial climate, sea bathing) and the necessary conditions for using these agents for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The principal type of treatment establishment on the territory of a health resort is the sanatorium. The healing powers of nature—water, muds, air, and light— have been known since the most ancient times. Their use was especially widespread in ancient Greece and Rome. Many thermal springs and balneological structures founded by the Romans on the Black Sea coast were preserved until the 20th century. In Russia, health resorts appeared at the beginning of the 18th century. The first was created at the ferriferous Martsia’nye Mineral’nye Vody, near Petrozavodsk, by order of Peter I. Health resorts were founded in the Northern Caucasus during the 19th century. Of the numerous treatment districts, six were state administered: the mineral waters of the Caucasus, Staraia Russa, Lipetsk, Sergievskie, Kommern (Latvia), and Busko (Poland). Others were supervised by cities, zemstvos, and private persons. The Gagra Health Resort, for example, was rented to the Prince of Oldenburg; the health resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus—Livadiia, Miskhor, Alupka, Suuk-Su, Gurzuf, Bor-zhomi, and Abastumani—belonged to members of the tsar’s family and to the aristocracy. In Russia before the Great October Revolution there were several dozen health resorts, with 60 sanatoriums (holding 3,000 places; 1914). Health resorts were not accessible to the working masses. In 1919, V. I. Lenin signed a decree transferring all health resorts and therapeutic localities to the republics to be used for therapeutic purposes. The means and prospects for their subsequent development were defined. More than 4,000 mineral springs, 700 beds of therapeutic muds, and 450 climatic regions were investigated by expeditions of scientific research institutes of health resort science. As of Jan. 1, 1973, there were about 400 health resorts, 2,200 sanatoriums (with 440,000 beds), and 1,158 rest homes and boarding homes (with 308,000 beds), providing rest and treatment for more than 19 million persons. The construction and development of health resorts in the USSR, the principles of their organization, and the treatment and prevention of illnesses are conducted according to scientific principles, using the achievements of health resort science. The most effective use of the resorts is ensured by sanatorium and health resort selection and by accordance with the Fundamentals of Public Health Legislation of the USSR and the Soviet Republics, ratified Dec. 19, 1969 (Section IV: Sanatorium and Health Resort Treatment, arts. 44, 45, 46, 47). The chief natural therapeutic factor of a health resort determines the resort’s basic classification: balneological, peloid, or climatic. If a resort offers several therapeutic factors, it is classified as climatobalneological, balneopeloid, climatopeloid, or climatobalneopeloid. Health resorts, health resort settlements, and therapeutic districts located near one another are united under the designation of health resort regions or health resort groups. Examples of these include the Apsheron group, the Batumi region, the Bor-zhomi-Bakuriani group, the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Crimean resorts, the Leningrad region, the Odessa region, the Riga seacoast (Jurmala), Sochi, the Tbilisi group, and the Black Sea-Caucasus coast. The principal therapeutic factor of the balneological health resorts is the water of their mineral springs. These waters are carbonated (for example, at Kislovodsk, Arzni, Arshan, Bor-zhomi, and Darasun), sulfide-containing (hydrogen sulfide; for example, at Archman, Goriachii Kliuch, Eisk, Kemeri, Kliuchi, Liuben-Velikii, Mendzhi, Nemirov, Piatigorsk, Sochi, Sergievskie Mineral’nye Vody, Sernovodsk, Siniak, Surakhany, Talgi, Ust’-Kachka, and Chimion), or radon-containing (for example, at Belokurikha, Molokovka, Piatigorsk, Khmel’nik, and Tskhaltubo). There are also weakly mineralized nitrogenous and siliceous hot springs, with both hot and warm waters (at Alma-Arasan, Annenskie Vody, Kapal-Arasan, Goriachinsk, Dzhalal-Abad, Issyk-Ata, Kul’dur, Nal’chik, Obigarm, and Tkvarcheli). In addition, there are well-known sources of mineral drinking water in the USSR of various chemical compositon and mineralized to 10–12 g per 1 (at Borzhomi, Essentuki, Dzhava, Dzher-muk, Druskininkai, Zheleznovodsk, Kashin, Krainka, Morshin, Piatigorsk, Sairme, and Truskavets). The most famous balneological health resorts abroad are Bad Elster, Brambach, and Wiesenbad in the German Democratic Republic (GDR); Ciechocinek in Poland; Borsec and Băile Herkulane in Rumania; Karlovy Vary, Mariánské Lázně, Piešt’any, Poděbrady, and Františkovy Lázně in Czechoslovakia; Vrnjačka Banja in Yugoslavia; Bad Ischl, Baden-bei-Wien in Austria; Spa in Belgium; Bath and Buxton in Great Britain; Abano Terme and Salsomaggiore in Italy; Saratoga Springs, White Sulphur Springs, and Hot Springs in the USA; Baden-Baden, Wiesbaden, Bad Kissingen, Bad Nauheim, and Bad Ems in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); Vitel, Vichy, Dax, and Aix-les-Bains in France; and Atami in Japan. Among the pelotherapy resorts in the USSR are Berdiansk, Evpatoriia, the Odessa coastal salt lakes, Saki, Slaviansk, Staraia Russa, Druskininkai, Kashin, and Krainka, where various special muds are used for therapeutic purposes. The principal therapeutic agents at the climatic health resorts are the special features of the climate and landscape. Characteristic of seaside climatic health resorts are elevated barometric pressure in the summer and decreased barometric pressure in the winter; an even temperature; the purity and freshness of sea air; and the high levels of ozone and sea salts in the air. However, seaside climate may vary sharply, even along the coast of a single body of water (for example, the climate of the southern coast of the Crimea is Mediterranean, whereas that of Sochi is subtropical). The seaside climatic health resorts of the USSR include the resorts of Odessa, the Crimean coast (Evpatoriia and those of the southern coast), the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi, Gagra, Novyi Afon, Batumi), and the resorts of the Baltic coast (the Riga seacoast, the Leningrad health resort region, the Vyborg region). Some health resorts (Anapa, Evpatoriia) offer their services predominantly to children. The climate of the mountainous areas is distinguished by lower atmospheric pressure; intense ultraviolet radiation; lower temperature; and pure and highly ionized air. The best known climatic health resorts in the mountains are Abastumani, Dili-zhan, Teberda, and Tsei. The climate of the health resorts in the forested plains and steppes depends largely on location. Thus, the climate of the steppes of the southern European part of the USSR, northern Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Buriatia, and Chita Oblast is distinguished by very warm and relatively dry summers, moderately mild winters in the west and very cold winters in the east, and low relative humidity with low precipitation (200 to 450 mm per year). These resorts (for example, Shafranovo) feature climatic and koumiss therapy. The climate of the deserts of Middle Asia and the Caspian and Ural plains is characterized by warm summers in the north and hot, cloudless summers in the south, with a large number of sunny, very hot, and very dry days. Precipitation in these areas averages 200 mm or less per year. Bairam-Ali is popular among the Middle Asian health resorts. The climatic health resorts abroad include Borovets, Varna, and Zolotye Peski in Bulgaria; Balatonfüred in Hungary; Zakopane in Poland; Eforie in Rumania; Bled, Vrnjačka Banja, Dubrovnik, Opatija, and Split in Yugoslavia; Zeebrugge and Ostend in Belgium; Bognor Regis, Bournemouth, Torquay, Brighton, and Eastbourne in Great Britain; Lido, Merano, and San Remo in Italy; Atlantic City, Newport, and Palm Beach in the USA; Biarritz, Cannes, Menton, Nice, and the Riviera in France; Davos and Leysin in Switzerland; and Kamakura, Nikko, and Oiso in Japan. Climatic health resorts (especially those on the sea and in the mountains) are also used for rest and tourism. Multiple-approach therapy is practiced at health resorts. In addition to the natural therapeutic factors, this includes physical therapy, dietotherapy, therapeutic exercise, medication, and other forms of treatment. Outpatient course therapy is administered at many of the resorts. There are a number of requirements set forth for modern health resorts. These are (1) the presence of well-studied resources—climatic, balneological peloid, and others—to ensure the normal functioning and development of the resort; (2) special hydrogeological, balneotechnical, and other devices, structures, and establishments for the effective use of the resort’s facilities (water catchment, wells, refreshment bars, drinking fountains, bathhouses, mud-treatment buildings, beaches, solariums, aerariums, swimming pools, physical therapy rooms); (3) treatment and prevention facilities (sanatoriums, boarding houses, polyclinics) to provide medical services to patients; in addition, at climatic health resorts, health-improvement facilities for rest and tourism (rest homes, boarding houses, summer rest communities, youth camps, resort hotels, tourist centers, motels, camping sites); (4) physical education and sports facilities and cultural, educational, and entertainment establishments (resort lodges, movie theaters, exhibition halls, libraries); (5) public eating facilities, shopping, and services (dining rooms, restaurants, cafés, stores, barbershops, repair shops); and (6) communal equipment and amenities that meet the requirements of proper hygiene (water supply, sewerage, energy supply, heating, clean air, and an abundance of greenery, parks, and flower beds). A resolution of the Soviet of Ministers of the USSR of Aug. 28, 1970, established the division of health resorts into ail-Union, republic, and local resorts. The all-Union resorts in the RSFSR include those on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar Krai, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Piatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Nal’chik, Sergievskie Mineral’nye Vody, Belokurikha, the Leningrad health resort zone (on the coast of the Gulf of Finland), and Shmakovka (in Primor’e Krai). The all-Union resorts in the Ukrainian SSR include those on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea, Saki, Trus-kavets, the Odessa group, and Berdiansk. The all-Union resorts in the Georgian SSR are Kobuleti, Ga-gra, Pitsunda, and Novyi Afon; in the Azerbaijan SSR, Naftalan, Istisu, and those of the Apsheron Peninsula; in the Latvian SSR, Kemeri; in the Kirghiz SSR, those of the Issyk-Kul health resort region; in the Armenian SSR, Dzhermuk; and in the Turkmen SSR, Bairam-Ali. The councils of ministers of the Union republics approve the lists of republic and local health resorts. Sanatorium and health resort establishments are under the supervision of the republic and oblast departments of public health (56.2 percent of the beds), the Central Soviet of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions for the administration of trade union health resorts (32.3 percent), and various other offices (11.5 percent). The practical management of sanatorium and health resort affairs and the organization of rest for the working people in the trade union system of the USSR is handled by the Central Council for the Administration of Trade Union Health Resorts, the republic soviets (except in the RSFSR), and the territorial, krai, and oblast soviets. Patients are selected and sent for sanatorium and health resort treatment following the order established by the Ministry of Public Health, in collaboration with the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Patients are sent to sanatorium and health resort establishments without charge, at reduced prices, or at full cost. REFERENCES“Osnovy zakonodatel’stva Soiuza SSR i soiuznykh respublik o zdra-vookhranenii.” In Osnovy zakonodatel’stva Soiuza SSR i soiuznykh respublik. Moscow, 1971. Kurorty SSR. Moscow, 1962. Zdravnitsy profsoiuzov SSSR. Moscow, 1967. Borisov, A. D. Vazhneishie kurorty sotsialisticheskikh stran Evropy. Moscow, 1967. L. G. GOL’DFAIL’

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Originally Published: July 13, 2014 6 a.m. Do any of us remember exactly what we were eating at the end of the last century, and why? The nutritional concerns and conventional wisdom that drive our dietary selections change over time. Some things that were a concern in 1999 are less so today. And there are many things we think about today that weren't even on the average person's nutritional radar back then. When it comes to how we look at a healthy diet since the new millennium, here are five things that have now moved to the forefront. 1. Vitamin D. Vitamin D has been added to milk and to calcium supplements for years to aid the body's absorption of calcium. Now, research suggests that vitamin D may impact other health concerns. Vitamin D deficiency is now being linked to bone trouble, lower back pain, heart attacks and even depression. The body produces vitamin D naturally when the skin is exposed to sunlight. It is also found in some foods such as fish, eggs, fortified soy and cereal products and meat products like salami and sausage. Still, recent studies have shown that 40 to 60 percent of people have some degree of vitamin D deficiency. 2. Energy drinks. There has been a proliferation of high-caffeine "energy drinks" since the turn of the century. Unlike traditional sports drinks, energy drinks don't mix well with exercise, however. Beverages such as Gatorade and Powerade include water, salt and sugars in proportions that help the body absorb fluids and salts lost through exercise. Most are non-caffeinated. Energy drinks, on the other hand, contain large doses of caffeine and other stimulants, which can lead to dehydration. They also contain a lot of sugar. The increasing popularity of these drinks among the young has raised concern about kids consuming such large amounts of caffeine at such an early age. 3. GMO foods. GMO stands for genetically modified organisms - crops that have had their genetic structure modified in some way, usually to make them more resistant to pests or to certain herbicides that farmers use to control weeds. Although common, GMO foods have become controversial. Potentially, plants could be modified to add very positive nutritional benefits; however, some worry that these "Frankenfoods" might ultimately cause harm to humans and to the environment. 4. Organic foods. While organic foods have been around for a very long time, their popularity was limited. Before 2000, they were usually found only in health food stores and co-ops. Today, organic eating has become mainstream, largely fueled by concerns about pesticides and genetically modified foods. Now, you'll find organic foods in almost every grocery store and on lots of restaurant menus. 5. Omega-3 fatty acids. How we look at fat has changed. It's still considered good to limit our intake of fat, but modern nutritional wisdom recognizes that there are good fats and bad fats. Some fats, such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, are needed to maintain optimal health and to counter the harmful effects of saturated fats and trans fats. Omega-3 fatty acids are often classified as "essential fatty acids." They are important for good health, but are not produced naturally by the body. We have to get them from the foods we eat. Omega-3 fatty acids are found naturally in oily fish, nuts, and leafy green vegetables. They are thought to protect against heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, and macular degeneration. They are critical for proper brain development and neurological function in developing babies, too. Times change and new discoveries about health and the human body happen every day. Evolving scientific knowledge due to ongoing research, as well as changes in public policy and the marketplace provide both challenges and opportunities for all of us to stay well informed about nutrition. As we do, we can make better decisions about how our food choices affect our health.

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- Also called Pyriphlegethon. Classical Mythology. a river of fire, one of five rivers surrounding Hades. - (often lowercase) a stream of fire or fiery light. Origin of Phlegethon < Latin < Greek, noun use of phlegéthōn blazing, present participle of phlegéthein to blaze. See phlegm Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018 Examples from the Web for phlegethon A step with them, and we were on the Phlegethon waters of the French Revolution.Lord Ormont and his Aminta, Complete The Styx, the Cocytus, and the Phlegethon present their waves to your acceptance.Munster Village The first round or circlet of the Seventh Circle is filled by Phlegethon.The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri The round and grape passed between the masts of the Phlegethon and beyond the Spiteful, without striking. The guns having been pointed at the stakes, the Phlegethon immediately returned the compliment with rockets and her pivot-guns. - Greek myth a river of fire in Hades C14: from Greek, literally: blazing, from phlegethein to flame, blaze Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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5 pictures of [Image: Change Google Chrome Homepage To Its Default] (lovely Default Home Page Awesome Ideas #1) Changechange (chānj),USA pronunciation v., changed, chang•ing, n. - to make the form, nature, content, future course, etc., of (something) different from what it is or from what it would be if left alone: to change one's name; to change one's opinion; to change the course of history. - to transform or convert (usually fol. by into): The witch changed the prince into a toad. - to substitute another or others for; exchange for something else, usually of the same kind: She changed her shoes when she got home from the office. - to give and take reciprocally; interchange: to change places with someone. - to transfer from one (conveyance) to another: You'll have to change planes in Chicago. - to give or get smaller money in exchange for: to change a five-dollar bill. - to give or get foreign money in exchange for: to change dollars into francs. - to remove and replace the covering or coverings of: to change a bed; to change a baby. - to become different: Overnight the nation's mood changed. - to become altered or modified: Colors change if they are exposed to the sun. - to become transformed or converted (usually fol. by into): The toad changed into a prince again. - to pass gradually into (usually fol. by to or into): Summer changed to autumn. - to make a change or an exchange: If you want to sit next to the window, I'll change with you. - to transfer between trains or other conveyances: We can take the local and change to an express at the next stop. - to change one's clothes: She changed into jeans. - (of the moon) to pass from one phase to another. - (of the voice) to become deeper in tone; come to have a lower register: The boy's voice began to change when he was thirteen. - change front, [Mil.]to shift a military force in another direction. - change hands. See hand (def. 34). - change off: - to take turns with another, as at doing a task. - to alternate between two tasks or between a task and a rest break. - change one's mind, to change one's opinions or intentions. - the act or fact of changing; fact of being changed. - a transformation or modification; alteration: They noticed the change in his facial expression. - a variation or deviation: a change in the daily routine. - the substitution of one thing for another: We finally made the change to an oil-burning furnace. - variety or novelty: Let's try a new restaurant for a change. - the passing from one place, state, form, or phase to another: a change of seasons; social change. - [Jazz.]harmonic progression from one tonality to another; - the supplanting of one thing by another. - anything that is or may be substituted for another. - a fresh set of clothing. - money given in exchange for an equivalent of higher denomination. - a balance of money that is returned when the sum tendered in payment is larger than the sum due. - coins of low denomination. - any of the various sequences in which a peal of bells may be rung. - Also, 'change. exchange (def. 10). - ring the changes: - to perform all permutations possible in ringing a set of tuned bells, as in a bell tower of a church. - to vary the manner of performing an action or of discussing a subject; repeat with variations. Chromechrome (krōm),USA pronunciation n., v., chromed, chrom•ing. - chromium-plated or other bright metallic trim, as on an automobile. - (of dyeing) the dichromate of potassium or sodium. - a positive color transparency; - (of dyeing) to subject to a bath of dichromate of potassium or sodium. - to plate (metal) with a compound of chromium. - to treat or tan (a hide or leather) with a chromium compound. Toto (to̅o̅; unstressed tŏŏ, tə),USA pronunciation prep. - (used for expressing motion or direction toward a point, person, place, or thing approached and reached, as opposed to from): They came to the house. - (used for expressing direction or motion or direction toward something) in the direction of; toward: from north to south. - (used for expressing limit of movement or extension): He grew to six feet. - (used for expressing contact or contiguity) on; upon: a right uppercut to the jaw; Apply varnish to the surface. - (used for expressing a point of limit in time) before; until: to this day; It is ten minutes to six. We work from nine to five. - (used for expressing aim, purpose, or intention): going to the rescue. - (used for expressing destination or appointed end): sentenced to jail. - (used for expressing agency, result, or consequence): to my dismay; The flowers opened to the sun. - (used for expressing a resulting state or condition): He tore it to pieces. - (used for expressing the object of inclination or desire): They drank to her health. - (used for expressing the object of a right or claim): claimants to an estate. - (used for expressing limit in degree, condition, or amount): wet to the skin; goods amounting to $1000; Tomorrow's high will be 75 to 80°. - (used for expressing addition or accompaniment) with: He added insult to injury. They danced to the music. Where is the top to this box? - (used for expressing attachment or adherence): She held to her opinion. - (used for expressing comparison or opposition): inferior to last year's crop; The score is eight to seven. - (used for expressing agreement or accordance) according to; by: a position to one's liking; to the best of my knowledge. - (used for expressing reference, reaction, or relation): What will he say to this? - (used for expressing a relative position): parallel to the roof. - (used for expressing a proportion of number or quantity) in; making up: 12 to the dozen; 20 miles to the gallon. - (used for indicating the indirect object of a verb, for connecting a verb with its complement, or for indicating or limiting the application of an adjective, noun, or pronoun): Give it to me. I refer to your work. - (used as the ordinary sign or accompaniment of the infinitive, as in expressing motion, direction, or purpose, in ordinary uses with a substantive object.) - raised to the power indicated: Three to the fourth is 81( 34 = 81). - toward a point, person, place, or thing, implied or understood. - toward a contact point or closed position: Pull the door to. - toward a matter, action, or work: We turned to with a will. - into a state of consciousness; out of unconsciousness: after he came to. - to and fro. See fro (def. 2). Hello , this photo is about [Image: Change Google Chrome Homepage To Its Default] (lovely Default Home Page Awesome Ideas #1). This post is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this picture is 743 x 501. This picture's file size is only 43 KB. Wether You decided to download It to Your PC, you can Click here. You may also see more attachments by clicking the picture below or see more at here: Default Home Page. You can pick furniture although you will deploy while in the master bedroom but make everything that is sure certainly will not create the experience of packed in it and is important. Be sure you pick that will merge nicely with all the colour colors selected to the walls and ceilings, as you may organize the hues. Here is the ingredient that ends the contact while in the room. Curtain your screen having a different or layer form of screen care program in this method that one may start and close it anytime, it will give all without sacrificing the aesthetic element, and the privacy you need to you. Screen preservation applications occur in wide varieties in the home improvement stores, to help you select the right which is recognized together with the total environment of the Default Home Page. Along with furniture, small things like lights, decorations, mementos, as well as other knickknacks ought to be selected properly. They can not create chaos and must work nicely with the Default Home Page's complete layout.

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Catch up on last week’s show before the next two hours air tomorrow night from 7-9! Tune in to Jazz at 100 every Thursday night from 7-9! Jazz has often been understood through the lens of the conflict between art and commerce. In the 1930s, several artists successfully blurred these distinctions. Louis Armstrong adopted popular song as his vehicle foe a successful career shift into the mainstream. Lionel Hampton, a key member of Benny Goodman’s courageous color-blind quartet and the leading vibraphone player of his generation, created a series of high-energy recordings that were foundational in the development of Rhythm and Blues. By far the most commercially successful of the stride pianists, he made his reputation (and his living) through comedy. “He wasn’t witty, if that word is taken to imply a kind of humor too subtle to engender belly laughs – he was funny. He was also bigger than life, Rabelaisian in intake, energy, and output. His greatest joy was playing Bach on the organ, but he buttered his bread as a clown, complete with a mask as fixed as that of Bert Williams or Spike Jones. It consisted of a rakishly tilted derby, one size too small, and Edwardian mustache that fringed his upper lip, eyebrows as thick as paint and pliable as curtains, flirtatious eyes, a mouth alternately pursed or widened in a dimpled smile, and immense girth, draped in the expensive suits and ties of a dandy.” – Gary Giddens If you missed the show a week before Thanksgiving, you can listen to the full two hours right here: In the mid-1930s, jazz orchestras led by drummer Chick Webb and clarinetist Benny Goodman rose to prominence with the arrangements of Edgar Sampson and Fletcher Henderson. After launching the careers of Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Jordan, Webb succumbed to spinal tuberculosis in 1939, at age 34. Goodman launched the careers of Gene Krupa, Teddy Wilson, Lionel Hampton, Harry James and Charlie Christian over a storied run that earned him the controversial sobriquet “King of Swing” Billie Holiday began recording at 18 years old in 1933 in a session with Bennie Goodman and was musically active until her death at 44 in 1959. Ella Fitzgerald also began recording at 18 (in 1935 as the singer with Chick Webb), but in her case, her career surged again in the mid-1950’s with the songbook series on Verve. They are perhaps the two most important female singers to come out of the Swing Era. Catch up on last week’s show before tuning in on Thursday Night from 7-9! In the eleventh hour of Jazz at 100, we followed Count Basie through the Benny Moten Band in Kansas City and heard his first recordings as a leader. In 1937, after Benny Moten’s death, he took the nation by storm with his driving band lead by the “All American Rhythm Section” and the dual tenor saxophones of Herschel Evans and Lester Young. In the last hour, we heard Count Basie emerge as an exciting new voice from Kansas City. In this hour, we return to New York to follow Duke Ellington’s innovative path through the 1930s as he experiments with longer musical forms while building one of his greatest bands featuring tenor player Ben Webster and bassist Jimmy Blanton. Catch up on last week’s show before Thursday night for the next installment of Jazz at 100! Tune in from 7-9! Outside of the Chicago – New York nexus, jazz thrived during the late 1920’s and 1930’s in Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas, with its center in Kansas City. Under the careful control of Boss Pendergast, Kansas City was a wide open town with a thriving night club music scene, nurturing musicians like Joe Turner, Count Basie, Ben Webster, Lester Young and Charlie Parker. Working the urban centers and roadhouses in the region were a slew of “territory bands” only a handful of whom are preserved in the recorded legacy. In this hour, we’ll explore the early jazz of Kansas City and the Territory Bands. Sidney Bechet made a stand with the soprano sax and Frankie Trumbauer celebrated the lightness of the C-melody sax. And then there was Coleman Hawkins. Be prepared for this week’s Jazz at 100 by catching up on both hours of last week’s show. You can listen to them right here and be sure to tune in every Thursday from 7-9. In this hour, we’ll return to Harlem to listen to maybe the most important band leader in jazz history and one of the most significant composers of the music – Duke Ellington. “Calling Ellington a bandleader is like calling Bach an organist.” – Gary Giddens A contemporary of Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington moved from Washington, DC to New York at roughly the same time and established himself as a recording artist. By 1927, he was established in residency at the Cotton Club, broadcasting nationally on the radio and building a repertoire of jazz compositions custom-made for the specific players in the band. Large jazz ensembles, such as Ellington’s, soon to be known as “Big Bands”, evolved through the 1920s with significant innovations led by bandleaders Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, Jimmy Lunceford and Don Redman, and arrangers Carter, Redman, Edgar Sampson and Sy Oliver. By the mid-1930s Big Bands dominated popular music.

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How to Use Logic to Solve Problems When facing an analogous question, it is vital that you use your sense of logic. It can help eliminate answer choices that might be distracting. For example look at the following problem: Airport is to airplane as gas station is to _____: A. Horse B. Skateboard C. Bicycle D. Car. The first step to figure out the relation between an airport and an airplane. Airplanes will stop at airports to refill on fuel so they can carry passengers on other flights to other places. So, the airport is the place of fueling for airplanes. Now, we can look at gas station and notice that it, too, is a place for fueling. Logic tells us that skateboards and bicycles don’t need fuel, so B and C are immediately eliminated. A horse needs food to fuel itself, but not the kind of food found at a gas station, so answer choice A can be eliminated. This just leaves answer choice D, car, which would make sense as cars need gas to fuel their engines. When faced with an analogy, it’s important to use logic. Now, that may seem very obvious to you, but by just using logic you can many times eliminate all the correct answer choices. Up on the board is an analogy: Track is to run as water is to blank. First, we need to determine the relationship that exists in this analogy. We have the word track and the word run. Track is a location and run is an activity. The relationship here is that you run at a track. The second location in our problem is water, so we need to determine the activity that goes on in the water. We know it’s not bike, and we know it’s not jog. You do swim in the water, and you don’t run a horse in the water. By using logic, we were able to eliminate all the wrong answer choices, and we were able to quickly determine the right answer choice, which in this case is Swim. Provided by: Mometrix Test Preparation Last updated: 04/20/2018

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Recently planetary specialists have been struggling to get good views of a giant new storm system on Jupiter, dubbed "Little Red Spot" or "Red Spot Jr." but known officially as spot BA. So the New Horizons team obliged by having the spacecraft snap this stunningly detailed view of the spot as it approached the giant planet on February 27th. At the time New Horizons was some 3 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) from Jupiter, but the craft's Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager managed to capture details as small as about 30 km (20 miles). The Little Red Spot is an Earth-sized storm that represents the merger of three smaller white ovals, first seen in 1939, designated FA, BC, and DE. Two of them merged in 1998, and the third joined them in 2000 — and then the giant oval started turning red in 2005. Its clouds rotate counterclockwise, meaning that it is an anticyclonic, high-pressure system. Hurricanes and typhoons on Earth, which are low-pressure systems, spin the opposite way. A smaller, brighter oval to the south of BA is another storm moving rapidly to the right (east); click on the image above to see it in an enlarged view. New Horizons passed 2.3 million km (1.4 million miles) from Jupiter on February 28th, a flyby that accelerated the craft to a speed of 84,000 km (52,000 miles) per hour and hurled it toward a rendezvous with Pluto in July 2015. New Horizons has already recorded about 35 gigabytes of observations during its swing through the Jovian system, and about 20% of those data have been radioed to Earth. For more information, visit the mission's website.

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Using data visualization to fight malaria Malaria accounts for nearly 8,000 deaths in Zambia each year—with 50% of those deaths being children under the age of five. With Tableau and PATH, we used data visualization to answer the toughest questions about malaria—like how and where people are being infected—to help Zambian leaders get closer to eliminating the disease. At its core, data visualization is about empowering people with the information they need to find solutions. Now thousands of decision-makers in Zambia are empowered to lead their communities out of this issue. “The idea that we can—through data visualization and the communication of that information—help eliminate malaria from this region, is incredibly awesome.” – Nelson Davis, Solution Principal, Slalom

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Do you think of yourself as an extravert or introvert – or perhaps somewhere in between? Although the meaning behind these terms has shifted over time, we typically associate an extroverted person with being talkative and highly sociable, whereas introverts prefer quiet and are typically more reserved. But is there an underlying reason that explains human social behavior? Could these and many other personality traits originate in our genetic information, or do they form as a result of our environment and experiences? Perhaps they arise as a result of a mixture of the two. The popular field of epigenetics is just beginning to tackle the fascinating mystery of human personality and sociability, more recently in a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers at the University of Georgia have discovered that an epigenetic mechanism is involved in silencing a gene that may control social behavior in people. Although the research is preliminary, it hints that epigenetics might play a role in determining whether someone can form healthy relationships or recognize others’ emotional states. What’s more, it could also help us understand diseases associated with impaired social ability. The study demonstrates that methylation of a gene known as OXT could be connected to reduced sociability. OXT produces a well-known hormone called oxytocin that’s connected to a wide range of social behaviors. It has even been suggested that epigenetics and the oxytocin receptor gene could influence falling in love. DNA methylation reduces the expression of genes, explained the study’s lead author, Brian W. Haas. Typically, an increase in methylation will result in a decrease in the gene’s expression, impacting its functioning. Haas is also an assistant professor of psychology at University of Georgia’s Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. “When methylation increases on the OXT gene, this may correspond to a reduction in this gene’s activity. Our study shows that this can have a profound impact on social behaviors,” he said. The research team collected saliva from over 120 people and assessed the level of methylation on the OXT gene via bisulfite conversion. They utilized a wide range of tests to measure their social skills and their brain structure and function to assess whether there was an association between DNA methylation and sociability. They found that individuals who had a higher level of methylation on the OXT gene – which corresponds to suppressed gene expression – had greater difficulty recognizing the emotion behind particular facial expressions and were typically more anxious about their relationships with those they love. For one test during the study, participants were shown short video clips of people’s faces, beginning with a neutral expression that slowly morphed into an emotional expression. The participant must hit a button as soon as they feel confident in naming the emotion. “Participants with greater methylation of the OXT gene were less accurate in describing the emotional states of the people they saw in pictures,” Haas said. “That’s a typical characteristic associated with autism, for example.” The team of scientists also used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that measures brain activity via alterations to oxygenated blood flow. They were able to investigate the areas of people’s brains that were more active during certain tasks. Those with greater methylation of the gene demonstrated less neural activity in the regions of the brain connected to social-cognitive processing, such as the superior temporal sulcus. They also found that gray matter was reduced in the fusiform gyrus, an area of the brain that plays a key role in social cognition and face processing. “All of our tests indicate that the OXT gene plays an important role in social behavior and brain function,” Haas concluded. The research team cautions that their study offers only preliminary data regarding the association between DNA methylation of a particular oxytocin gene and human sociability. More research is necessary to precisely define oxytocin’s role and its genes. “Methylation is a dynamic process, and level of methylation can change over the course of a person’s lifetime,” Haas explained. “But it may be possible to alter the level of methylation with some type of medication that could help people who have abnormalities in social cognition.” He has hopes that research on this topic may eventually progress the development of novel treatments and improve current ones for a vast range of social disorders. Source: Haas, B.W., Filkowski, M.M., Cochran, R.N., Denison, L., Ishak, A., Nishitani, S., and Smith, A.K. (2016). Epigenetic modification of OXT and human sociability. PNAS. Reference: University of Georgia. Silencing of gene affects people’s social lives, study shows. UGA Today. 20 June 2016.

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Soil Mechanics and Foundations Publication Date 24 Aug 2011 OverviewSoil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition presents the basic concepts and principles of soil mechanics and foundations in the context of basic mechanics, physics, and mathematics. It is appropriate for a single course combining introduction to soil mechanics and foundations, or for a two-course geotechnical engineering sequence. The author presents topics thoroughly and systematically without diluting technical rigor, and gives students confidence in learning the principles of soil mechanics and its application to foundation analysis by clearly defining what they should learn from this text, and providing tools to help them organize and assess their own learning. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition supports active learning and student self-assessment by defining learning outcomes and objectives, providing questions to guide their reading, definitions of key terms, multimedia supporting self-assessment, and homework exercises defined to target theory, problem-solving, and practical applications. Web-based applications available with the text include interactive animations, interactive problem solving, interactive step-by-step examples, virtual soils laboratory,e-quizzes,and more! The text is written using 100% SI Units.

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As we celebrate the Chinese New Year of the wooden horse, many of our Asian friends of other cultures are also celebrating their new year. Vietnamese celebrate Tết, a shortened form of Tết Nguyên Đán (節元旦) , which is translates into “Feast of the First Morning of the First Day”. It takes place from the first day of the first month of the Vietnamese calendar until at least the third day. Vietnamese prepare for Tết by cooking special holiday foods and cleaning the house. They visit the homes of friends and relatives, perform ancestral worship, send New Year’s greetings and give lucky money to children and elderly people. Tết is also a time for family reunions. As Tết is on the first day of spring, it is often called Hội xuân (spring festival). Koreans celebrate the Korean New Year or Seollal. Celebrations start on New Year’s Day and lasts for three days. Many would return to their hometowns to visit their parents and other relatives, where they perform an ancestral ritual. Traditionally, Koreans would dress up in their colourful hanbok, or traditional Korean clothing. Sebae (deep formal bow) is a traditionally observed activity on Seollal, and is filial piety oriented. Children wish their elders a happy new year by performing one deep traditional bow and say “saehae bok mani badeuseyo (새해 복 많이 받으세요)” which translates to “have a blessed New Year”. Parents give their children new year’s money in luck bags made with beautiful silk design and offering them words of wisdom. Mongolians celebrate the Tsagaan Sar, or literally White Moon. It is the first day of the Mongolian lunar calendar. Around the New Year families burn candles at the altar symbolizing Buddhist enlightenment. Also people greet each other with holiday-specific greetings such as “Is there peace?”. Mongols visit friends and family to exchange gifts. A Mongol family will usually meet in the home of the eldest in the family. Many people will be dressed in full garment of national Mongol costumes. When greeting their elders during the White Moon festival, Mongols perform the zolgokh greeting, grasping them by their elbows to show support for them. The eldest receives greetings from each member of the family except for his/her spouse. During the greeting ceremony, family members hold long, typically blue, silk cloths called a khadag. After the ceremony, the extended family eats sheep’s tail, mutton, rice with curds, dairy products, and buuz (a grilled side of sheep and minced beef or minced mutton steamed inside pastry). It is also typical to drink airag (fermented horse milk) and exchange gifts. The day before Tsagaan Sar is called Bituun (dark moon). On the Bituun day, people thoroughly clean around home, herders also clean the livestock barns and shades, to meet the New Year fresh. The Bituun ceremony also includes burning candles to symbolize enlightenment of the samsara and all sentient beings and putting three pieces of ice at the doorway so that the horse of the deity Palden Lhamo could drink. The deity is believed to visit every household on this day. In the evening, families gather together to see out the old year by eating dairy products and buuz. Traditionally, Mongolians settle all issues and repay all debts from the old year by this day. The Tibetans, Bhutanese and Nepalese celebrate Losar, the Tibetan word for “new year”. It is also celebrated by Tibetan Buddhists Worldwide. Before the Tibetan New Year, Nyi Shu Gu is celebrated on the eve of the last night of the year. Losar is celebrated for 15 days, with the main celebrations on the first three days. On the first day of Losar, a beverage called changkol is made from chhaang (a beer-like drink). Losar occurs near or on the same day as the Chinese New Year, but the traditions of Losar are unique to Tibet, and predates both Indian and Chinese influences. Losar this year is celebrated from 2 March. Originally, ancient celebrations of Losar occurred solely on the winter solstice, and was only moved to coincide with the Chinese and Mongolian New Year by a leader of the Gelug school of Buddhism. 31 Jan 2014 is the traditional day of offering in Bhutan, the 1st day of the 12th month of the Tibetian calendar. It was said to be the original new year day celebrated in Bhutan. Losar celebrations in Bhutan include a traditional morning meal, as well as a midday meal and afternoon snack. Sugar cane and green bananas are considered auspicious foods, the presence of which helps to ensure the New Year will be a good one. Bhutanese hold archery competitions (archery is their national sport), and play darts and other games. Families picnic, people dance and sing, and offerings are made. It is also the year of the horse (wooden horse for most) for these countries. Japan used to celebrate new year on the same day as the Chinese, Koreans, Mongolians and Vietnamese. However, in 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and 1st January became the official and cultural New Year’s Day. In the Ryukyu Islands, a separate cultural New Year is still celebrated based on the Chinese lunar calendar. New year is still celebrated in Okinawa island based on the lunar calendar. A common theme in all these new year celebrations is the strong tradition of family ties and respect for the elders, something we should strive to preserve even as we face the influences of new cultures through the media and the Internet. Also, despite the differences that these great ancient cultures have with one another, there are also many similar practices. Sometimes when we see differences in others, it is also helpful to remember the many similarities that we share. Happy Chinese New Year, happy Tết, happy Seollal, happy Tsagaan Sar and happy Losar. Hope I have not missed out others through my limited knowledge of the cultures around us. Sources: Wikipedia and published holiday calendars.

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Remembering Risks Taken Rev. Debra Thorne In 1939, Waitstill and Martha Sharp, a Unitarian minister and his wife, agreed to live their principles by leaving their children behind with their congregation in Massachusetts and setting out to the front lines of World War II, to help save the lives of political dissidents and Jewish refugees. This is a remarkable story of a Unitarian couple’s courageous work to rescue hundreds of people endangered by the Nazi occupation of Europe.

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Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau, Nathaniel D. Rayl, E. Hance Ellington, James A. Schaefer, Michael J.L. Peers, Matthew A. Mumma, Shane P. Mahoney, and Dennis L. Murray Generalist predators typically have broad diets, but their diets may become constrained when one species of prey becomes disproportionately available. Yet there is poor understanding regarding whether generalist predators exhibit stereotypic relationships with pulsed prey resources. Understanding the relationship between abundance and distribution is central to ecology but may require broad-scale observations, especially for long-lived, mobile animals like caribou (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)). The authors tested the link between demography and spatial ecology of Newfoundland caribou, coincident with their numerical growth (1980s, 1990s) and decline (2000s). The authors analysed site fidelity, rate of movements, timing of migration, and population organization from telemetry observations of more than 600 adult females. Tony E. Chubbs, Lloyd B. Keith, Shane P. Mahoney, and Michael J. McGrath Movements, sex and age structure, and habitat selection of adult woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were examined in relation to clear-cutting on summer range in east-central Newfoundland during 1987–1990. The authors obtained 2473 locations of 35 radio-collared caribou during at least two consecutive summers. Locations relative to clearcuts were determined for eight males and 27 females. Distances to existing clearcuts were compared with distances to those same geographic points prior to and following the summer in which clear-cutting occurred. Shane P. Mahoney, John A. Virgl, and Kim Mawhinney Phenotypic variation in body size and degree of sexual size dimorphism of North American black bears (Ursus americanus) was quantified for populations from New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, Alaska, and the island of Newfoundland. Based on a model of island biogeography developed by Case, we predicted that body size should be larger in Newfoundland bears than in mainland populations. Several studies have shown that habitat selection and population limitation of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) is typically associated with the interaction among human-induced habitat alteration, wolf predation (Canis lupus), and the availability of alternative prey such as moose (Alces alces) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Mark C. Ball, Murray W. Lankester, and Shane P. Mahoney Elaphostrongylus rangiferi was introduced to caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) of Newfoundland by infected reindeer (R. t. tarandus) from Norway and has caused at least two epizootics of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE), a debilitating neurologic disease. In an attempt to understand the conditions necessary for such outbreaks, the authors examined the effects of herd density and climatic factors on parasite abundance. The abundance of E. Sixty ducks (34 Anas rubripes, 26 Bucephala clangula), collected at three localities in Ontario and eastern Canada, were examined for helminth parasites. Twenty-three genera of parasites (17 of Digenea, 5 of Nematoda, 1 of Acanthocephala) were recovered. Eighteen of the recoveries represent new host records (11 digeneans, 5 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans). Eighty-eight percent of both host species were infected. The number of parasite species per infected bird ranged from 1–9 (mean 4) for A. rubripes and 1–7 (mean 2) for B. clangula.

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We had lots of fun on Science Day. We investigated like real scientists. We had two experiments in which we used the following science skills - observation, prediction and recording skill. We had a great day at St.Albans Abbey learning about the life of local ‘World Changer’ St Alban. We also made our own clay tiles. Thank you to the parents who were able to accompany us. This week in maths we have continued our learning about equal groups. We learnt to represent the equal group as an array. An array is a pictorial representation of an arrangement of objects that help us represent a repeated addition and later a multiplication calculation. We made our own arrays to match the images. We talked about rows and columns. Here is an array to match the image above. Can you see it is made up of equal groups of 2? There are 3 rows (or groups) of 2. This can be written as a repeated addition 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Can you also see 2 columns of 3? This can be written as a repeated addition 3 + 3 = 6 Can you spot the mistake? Who has recorded the correct repeated addition? This week in English we have returned to our learning about rainforests as we have become non-fiction authors. First we reminded ourselves of the research we had done and recorded on our research sheets. We then thought about what all writing must include and what we need to remember for non-fiction information books. Together we created some success criteria. - · Finger spaces - · Capital letters and full stops - · Neat handwriting, with letters formed correctly - · Key words spelt correctly, use phoneme fingers for unknown words Non-fiction information books: - · Clear, factual sentences - · Headings for each page Some of us also tried to challenge ourselves by also including: - · Joining words ‘and’ or ‘because’ - · Interesting vocabulary choices We have written the introduction for our books, explaining what rainforests are, where they can be found, forest floor layer and understory. Next week will compete our books with sections on the canopy and emergent layers, people of the rainforest, deforestation and the blurb. We hope you will enjoy looking at our books after our class assembly next Thursday. Next Friday afternoon we will be creating our fabric collages, inspired by the plants and flowers we have observed in our school grounds and our trip to Batford Springs. We will be designing them during the week and using cutting, sticking and sewing skills to make them. It would be really useful for us to have 10 helpers to assist the children between 1:15 and 3. If you can help, please sign up - no DBS or sewing skills required! We hope that you enjoy the sunny Bank Holiday weekend! Year One Team

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Finding a Data Set Due midnight, Thursday 11 February 2010 The purpose of this assignment is to get you thinking about data: its forms, formats, and meta-data. Find a small (10) to medium (1000) size data set that has at least two (three is better) variables per data point. For example, the data might be high and low temperature and average wind speed for a weather station over the course of a year. Check out several different options before choosing one. Bug your friends doing projects, find interesting projects on the web, or grab data from the World Bank. One interesting site for climate data is the Biogeoinformatics of Hexacorals. Alternatively, you are welcome to collect your own data set. It should have at least 10 data points. - Once you have picked a data set, make sure you also get the meta-data. You will need it to answer the questions below. - Using whatever tool you wish, make some plots of your data set. Include them in your writeup. - Write a python script that can read in the data and calculate means or other similar statistics. - Collecting your own data set, if well done, is a nice extension. For this assignment, make a wiki page, link your data to the page and answer the questions below. - Give a one sentence description of your data. - What is the source of the data? - What is the dimensionality of the data? - What is the size of the data set? - What is the format of the data? - What is the precision of the data? Is this the native precision or the precision of the format? Can you figure this out? - Does your data set contain missing values? If so, how are missing values represented? - What is the range of each variable in the data set? - What information could you find on error in your data set? Could you define error bars for each data value Make your writeup for the project a wiki page in your personal space. Once you have written up your assignment, give the page the label: You can give any page a label when you're editing it using the label field at the bottom of the page. Once it is properly labeled, it should show up on the course wiki page

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In the aftermath of the Second World War, photographic techniques began to replace lead in the world of typesetting. At first, Linotype and Monotype) were retrofitted by replacing the matrices used for typecasting with photo-matrices that allowed the operator to photograph each letter, while the selection and assembly mechanisms remained the same. The machine was still huge, weighing several tonnes, and the works remained largely mechanical. A disk weighing less than two kilos replaces a tonne of lead characters! A second generation of photo-typesetters eliminated lead completely by substituting electronic and high-speed photographic (stroboscopy) techniques. Characters were composed by passing a beam of light through a negative image of the letter (on a font disk), which would then expose a photo-sensitive medium (paper or film). Following this major technical changeover (a tonne of lead characters were replaced by a disk weighing less than 2 kg!), older fonts, Garamond included, had to be redrawn. The three-style rule introduced by the mechanical punch-cutter became even stricter – in photo-typesetting, only one single design was used regardless of the size of the letter. Used in connection with offset printing, which eliminated impression, linto the paper, most fonts (Garamond among them) had the tendency to become thinner. Spaces between letters, no longer governed by physical constraints, tended to shrink. Printed texts began to appear somewhat pale and stiff . Typography was entering the era of dematerialisation.

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Homeland security is difficult to define because it means something different to each agency. The general idea behind homeland security is to protect the country not only from terrorist attacks, but also from natural disasters and other disasters that may arise. Homeland security places an emphasis on interagency communication to prevent a disaster, and, if need be, handle disaster response. Homeland security pervades all levels and agencies of the government. Robertson, J. L. (2014). Homeland security. In J. S. Albanese, The encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://proxy.devry.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileycacj/homeland_security/0?institutionId=2985 antiterrorism, antiterrorism measures, biological warfare, chemical warfare, border patrol, border security, chemical and biological preparedness, chemical warfare, civil defense-United States, community resilience, counterterrorism, crisis management, cyber crime/security, disaster medicine, disaster relief, domestic intelligence, domestic preparedness, emergency management, emergency preparedness, hazard mitigation, homeland security, incident command systems-United States, industries-defense measures, internal security-United States, mass casualties, military, national security, national security-United States, nuclear crisis control, nuclear terrorism, Red Crescent, Red Cross, rescue work, safety measures, terrorism, terrorist groups, terrorism prevention, USA PATRIOT Act (sometimes PATRIOT Act), War on Terror, War on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

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COPD Symptoms instigation and diagnosis COPD Symptoms appears differently for various patients. Symptoms of COPD occur at early stages or at times, are visible at severe stages only. There are different symptoms of COPD faced by people having variable stages of disease. It is essential to manage the disease as soon as you face any COPD symptoms. It is essential to know the symptoms and begin treatment as soon as the first symptoms of COPD arise. Early treatment would be most effective as it can prohibit the lungs to get worse. The motive behind every procedure is to halt the worsening of disease and preserve long term functioning of lungs. There should be timely action taken for COPD symptoms and they should not be ignored in any way. COPD Symptoms: Common signals for COPD patients - Dyspnea/Short breathiness Dyspnea is the term used for shortness of breath. It results due to lack of oxygen supply towards lungs and is due to distortion of lungs caused due to COPD. COPD symptoms have dyspnea as most common feature and most of patients get indications for breath shortening for COPD. - Excessive mucus production Mucus/Sputum is a substance initiated from lungs and can come out by excessive coughing. Sputum can contain inflammation or infection in respiratory tract, which might indicate COPD. There is yellowish green production of mucus, which might be related to infection caused in lungs. Doctors treat mucus generation COPD symptoms as most important signals for detecting the disease. It might not be seen in early stages, but moderate COPD has signs for mucus production. - Chronic coughing These symptoms of COPD are long term and originate for initial or worst cases. Cough is developed by irritation caused by mucus, entry of foreign bodies or other sources. The cough might accompany mucus or can be non-productive, which doesn’t produce any mucus. Cough is one of the most common amongst COPD symptoms. - Tightening of chest Chest tightness can be COPD symptoms describing pressure inside chest walls. It makes difficulty in breathing properly and sometimes, causes painful breathing experience. This chest tightening can be caused due to infection and inflation caused in lungs. - Tiredness and fatigue Tiredness can be one of the misconceptions for symptoms of COPD. People mistaken fatigue symptoms as general unrest of body. People having COPD have more probability to get fatigued and accompany other COPD symptoms, along with their body’s inability to work for longer durations. Wheezing is a whistling sound produced during air exchange and it is mainly caused due to narrowing of alveoli (air ways) inside lungs. At higher stages, wheezing becomes so prevalent that it can be heard without any medical devices. These COPD symptoms are mainly visible at moderate stages. It is the name given to grayish discoloration of nails, lips, tongue skin or other body parts due to lack of oxygen. This symptom arises when blood mixes with mucus and comes out through severe coughing. This is the signal of infection in lungs. This requires serious actions as hemoptysis depicts severity of COPD. - Finger clubbing Clubbing is a signal of oxygen lack in the body and depicts as sponginess of nail bed, which causes nail bed to curve towards down direction. Symptoms of lung diseases are not shown in every person diagnosed with the disease. It is not necessary that patients will get any of the above mentioned symptoms, but these are some common signals for initiation of disease in majority of patients. COPD symptoms should not be ignored for proper treatment.

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A talk by Australia’s quantum computing pioneer, tours of electronic waste microfactories, a workshop about seaweed restoration along Sydney’s coastline and debate about the challenges of our robotic future are some of the highlights of UNSW-led events during National Science Week. UNSW scientists will give talks and workshops on campus and around Sydney on topics including the inner west’s hidden urban ecology, colour vision testing, antibiotic resistance and people with unusual memory ability and the way memories are formed. Winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, Sir Fraser Stoddart, will give a public talk on August 16 on how art, in its many different forms, is intrinsically linked to chemistry. He will highlight how graphical representations of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) are relevant to defining chemistry's place in today's world and how the Borromean Rings and the Solomon Knot are connected with Frederick McCubbin’s masterpiece, The Pioneer. Adults and children can gain a better understanding of the ecology of local seagrass and seaweed with the chance to chat to researchers at Operation Crayweed: Seaweed and Seagrass Restoration Workshop on Thursday, August 9. Participants will have the chance to see and feel the seagrass and seaweed (crayweed) that provides a vital habitat for crayfish, seahorses and fish species, be able to separate the male from the female seaweed plants (crayweed), and take part in restoring or transplanting sections of seaweed. The team of UNSW scientists, including Associate Professor Adriana Verges, Senior Research Associate Ezequiel Marzinelli, Georgina Wood and Lana Kajlich, will discuss a major restoration project along a 70-kilometre stretch of Sydney’s coastline that has successfully resulted in baby crayweed, restoring vital habitat for crayfish, abalone and a huge diversity of fish and invertebrates. “The restoration work is running from Cronulla to Palm Beach and there are so many opportunities for local communities to get involved,” says Wood. “Recently local schools have become involved, helping to monitor videos of fish surveys.” The Einstein Lecture will be given this year by Scientia Professor Michelle Simmons, who in January was named 2018 Australian of the Year. As UNSW Professor of Physics and Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Professor Simmons has a team of more than 200 researchers across the country who are leading the race to develop the technology for the world’s first practical quantum computer. Professor Simmons, who established Australia’s first quantum computing company in 2017, will reveal insights into quantum physics and atomic electronics, and the endless ways in which quantum computers could change the world. Recycling expert Professor Veena Sahajwalla, who launched the world’s first electronic waste microfactory at UNSW in April, will open the doors to her mini-factory at Tours of UNSW’s SMaRT Centre Microfactory on Saturday, 11 August. See what happens inside a microfactory of small machines and devices that use patented technology to turn waste products such as discarded computers, mobile phones and printers into new, valuable and reusable products. A panel of researchers including Toby Walsh, Scientia Professor of Artificial Intelligence at UNSW; Ellen Broad, Head of Policy at the Open Data Institute, and Hae Won Park, research scientist in the Personal Robots Group at MIT Media Lab, will discuss the future of robotics in Good Robot /Bad Robot: Living with intelligent machines on Sunday, August 12. The panel will debate the rapid rise of robots, the way they will affect the future of business and society, and what it will mean if robots are our toys, our pets, our friends and our partners. For details of all events see the Sydney Science Festival website.

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MICHIGAN'S WOLF POPULATION CONTINUES TO RISE| LANSING--Results of the most recent wolf survey conducted by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources indicate there are at least 278 wolves now roaming Michigan's Upper DNR Wildlife Biologist Jim Hammill said public support, an excellent prey base boosted by recent mild winters and room to roam are key factors in the recovery of wolves. Wolves dispersing from Canada, Minnesota and Wisconsin were occasionally present in the Upper Peninsula during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Reestablishment of wolves appears to have begun in 1989 when three animals established a territory in the western Upper Peninsula. Since 1989, the wolf population has shown steady growth, reaching 249 animals last year and increasing again to this year's estimate of almost 280 wolves. During the last winter, more than 2,000 person hours were spent conducting the wolf estimate, which used tracking, aerial observations of packs with radio-collared wolves and other evidence to determine the number of animals. The DNR regularly monitors about 40 wolves that have been fitted with radio collars to determine their movements and survival. "During the winter survey we found clear evidence that wolves are present in all Upper Peninsula counties," Hammill said, "and if we have a normal year of pup production, we expect to see another increase in the 2003 winter survey." This good news also bodes well for Michigan's ability to manage the animals, according to Pat Lederle, DNR Endangered Species Program Coordinator. Federal law provides for a reclassification of the wolf from endangered to threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Reclassification can be accomplished when combined populations in Michigan and Wisconsin reach 100 wolves for a five-year period. That population goal has been met and reclassification is currently pending final Federal approval. Reclassification under Michigan's endangered species law is also in progress, an action that parallels Federal reclassification provides flexibility in managing the growing wolf population in Michigan and Wisconsin by allowing managers to euthanize wolves that have caused problems, especially to the livestock industry. The current federal "endangered" status does not permit lethal "Although it is doubtful such actions would be common, the DNR will use lethal control if it becomes necessary," Lederle said. "The majority of our residents have welcomed the increasing wolf population, yet we must remain sensitive to human attitudes and not allow the animal's natural activity to cause ill feelings with people, especially in the agricultural community." The DNR, in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Agriculture, Defenders of Wildlife and the International Wolf Center in Minnesota, established a Michigan Wolf Compensation Program, which reimburses farmers for any livestock killed by a wolf. The gray wolf is native to Michigan and was once relatively abundant across the state. Numbers declined because of persecution by people who viewed wolves as dangerous to humans, game populations and the needs of the agricultural community. Protection measures at both the federal and state levels for many years have allowed the wolf population to rebound. All wolves now in Michigan either came here through natural immigration from Canada, Wisconsin and Minnesota, or were born here. "The recent wolf recovery in Michigan is a remarkable story of natural recovery," Hammill said. "It's an amazing renewal of a native species regaining its historic place in the forest. The return of the wolf is a benefit to the entire ecosystem and a conservation success story for The DNR encourages citizens to report any wolf sightings. People who see a wolf, find a wolf track or other evidence of a wolf can contact any DNR office to obtain a wolf observation report form. The form and more information also can be found on the DNR Web site, www.midnr.com.

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An ancient and now rare type of circumcision called metzitzah b'peh, which is sometimes performed by Orthodox Jews on newborn boys, appears to be behind the spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to two newborns in New York this month. Both boys were born to mothers who carried full-term and had normal deliveries, reports WNBC-TV. During the ritual, however, the person doing the circumcision uses direct oral suction in an attempt to cleanse the wound, sucking and spitting aside the blood, and the saliva contact can transmit the infection. More than half of American adults have HSV-1, according to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the most common symptom being oral lesions. Newborns, however, can run high fevers, have seizures, and even die if infected. Since 2000, 16 cases of herpes likely following this type of circumcision have been reported, three in 2014 alone, and there have been two deaths and two instances of brain damage. In a 2012 report, the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that circumcision is safe and provides health benefits, but that direct oral suction should be avoided due to risk of infection. (Check out what recently happened to one man going in for what he thought was a routine circumcision.)

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Explore Potential Flood Impacts in the Lower Skagit Watershed through Modeling Scenarios Major Flood Scenario Choose Levee Scenario All Levees IntactLeft Levees RemovedRight Levees RemovedNo Levees 2015 +0 in2040 +11 in2080 +29 in Choose Year/Projected Sea Level Rise About This Project This tool compares the current floodplain in the Skagit Watershed (specifically, the regulatory 100-year floodplain as defined by FEMA) with a projected future floodplain based on climate change and sea level rise research. The projected future floodplain is based on research developed by a team of SC2 members and focused on 140 square miles of the Lower Skagit River’s floodplain. The researchers used a hydraulic model of the river channel and floodplain including information on runoff from the upper watershed, potential levee scenarios, and tidal water levels to establish projected flood levels for the 2040s and the 2080s. For more information on the modeling, click on the download link at the top-right hand corner of this panel. The authors of this website do not condone the use of these visualization products for any particular purpose, and users of the site do so entirely at their own risk. The purpose of this website is to visualize simulated inundation scenarios at 400-ft resolution from the Hamman et al. (2015) study to make more publicly available scientific information in order for people to have information that leads to more informed questions and decisions. These scenarios should not be confused with "predictions" of actual conditions at a specific future time and place. The exact timing and nature of future extreme events is not known and may be substantially different from those shown here. In particular, the location and extent of levee failures during extreme events, which has a strong influence on local flooding, cannot be accurately forecast. This project has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement 00J30901-0 to the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community. The contents of this website do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Additional support has graciously been provided by the City of Anacortes and Seattle City Light in support of Skagit Climate Science Consortium activities. Use the sliders to switch between different flood scenarios Change the basemap view Zoom in/out of the map Search by address Get the data Turn layers on/off to get it just how you want it The raw value from the major flood scenario is ft. This suggests an approximate water depth range of ft.

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When M was first released in 1931, the use of sound in feature films was still new. The Jazz Singer, the first feature film with synchronized sound, had only been released in 1927. In the early 1930s, filmmakers were still in the process of figuring out the basics of incorporating this new technology into their films. Many, entranced by the possibility of sound, felt that they ought to chock their films full of music and dialog. Fritz Lang with M, his first ‘talkie’, chose a different approach. Rather than marveling at the technology itself, he used sound, and its counterpart silence, to heighten the aesthetic and dramatic possibilities of cinema. The result was a movie that many film historians consider the first masterpiece of the sound era. The final scene of M is a good example of the way that Lang seamlessly blends sound and visuals to heighten his story. As the scene opens, the child killer, Hans Beckert [Peter Lorre], has just been captured by a group of criminals hellbent on dispensing their own brand of justice. In this scene, he’s brought before this group of criminals where he will face an extralegal trial. The scene opens with two men entering the frame and bring Beckert out into the open. He’s dragged out of the shadows where he’s being kept prisoner, and into the light, where he’ll face justice. It’s notable that during this scene, we hear Beckert before we see him as he screams in desperation. Beckert is dragged into a different room without ceasing his screaming. While his howls gets at his desperation, they also serve another function. The film utilizes the voice to create continuity between images. As the film cuts from one room to another, the sound of Beckert’s pleas remains a constant. As a man opens the door, we hear Beckert’s voice spilling into a new room, giving us a clear idea of the temporal and spatial relationship between images. Beckert is shoved down the stairs where, back to the camera, he looks up at his captors who loom over him. Just like Beckert, viewers know what the entrance to the room looks like but not what’s behind Beckert. Through this perspective, the film has set the viewer up for the same surprise that he will face when he turns around. Viewers are momentarily held in suspense as Beckert falls silent upon turning to look at the other side of the room. The film cuts to reveal a room full of people staring silently at Beckert. In complete silence, the camera pans across the room revealing hundreds of people staring. This slow camera movement, combined with complete silence, increases the intensity of the scene. Fritz Lang masterfully utilizes the absence of sound, which in a ‘talkie’ can serve just as much of a dramatic purpose as sound itself. In this case, he accentuates Beckert’s shock along with the intensity of the hatred directed at him by having hundreds of judgmental eyes stare at him motionlessly and silently. This sequence serves as a counterpoint to Beckert’s yelling and flailing from a moment earlier. It’s not hard to imagine Beckert, with his bulging eyes, sweeping his head across the room in disbelief, taking in the hundreds of eyes judging him. The moment before the film cuts back to Beckert, viewers hear him desperately calling for help. The crowd doesn’t react. The film then cuts to Beckert who, again, is looking up at the two men guarding the door and begging to get out. The film cuts back to a shot of four people sitting behind a table surrounded by spectators. Again, they stare impassively, unmoved by Beckert’s calls for help which continue unabated. This sequence serves to highlight the hopelessness of the situation for Beckert. The gathered crowd doesn’t betray any empathy for him as he howls for help. By juxtaposing Beckert’s desperate cries with the judgmental look of the audience, the film expresses how little the audience care for this man. By the time that the ersatz judge tells Beckert that he’ll never escape the room, viewers know that Beckert has no choice but to face a room of people that have no sympathy for him. The scene cuts back to Beckert’s side of the room. He now understands that he won’t be able to escape from the room. He changes his facial expression as he abruptly shifts strategies. He begins to appeal to the audience, claiming that they have the wrong man. As he does this, the frame tightens around him serving the dual purpose of focusing the viewer’s attention on Beckert’s suddenly warm expression and setting up the next piece of action. As Beckert continues to make his appeal, a hand appears on the left side of the frame and grabs his shoulder, silencing him. Again, the film uses sound to heighten suspense. Instead of revealing the owner of the hand, the film has him speak first, saying that Beckert is the murderer. Viewers are left to wonder in those brief moments who would be able to credibly level such an accusation. More importantly, this combination of framing and sound puts us in the same mindset as Beckert himself. He, just like the viewer, can hear the voice of the accuser, but he doesn’t know who he is. It is only as Beckert turns to face his accuser that the camera pulls back revealing that the hand belongs to the blind balloon seller. As the balloon seller explains how he knows Beckert is guilty, the camera pulls back more, revealing that he’s holding the same kind of balloon that he sold to Elsie Beckmann. This camera movement ensures that viewers experience this sequence from Beckert’s perspective. As the balloon seller explains that he remembers Beckert buying the same kind of child-shaped balloon for Elsie Beckmann, he lets it float up to the ceiling. The film cuts to a shot where the camera is placed behind the balloon that looms over Beckert, who is staring at it, clearly reminded of the murder he’s committed. In the background, the crowd, like the balloon, loom over him. Beckert is trapped between an angry mob and the memory of the child that he murdered. Beckert, haunted by his own crime, backs up into the judges, where the man heading the trial yells a question. To reflect the abruptness of the man’s explosive question, the film cuts quickly to a shot of Beckert turning around to face his judges before immediately cutting back to a close-up shot of the man asking the question. The film cuts back to a shot of Beckert, who walks into the center of the screen where he makes his appeal that he’s never met any of the murdered girls. The camera, in this shot, is taking the perspective of the audience, who watch as Beckert fumbles through his answers. The film cuts back to the accuser who holds up a photograph of another one of the missing girls. The camera then cuts back to Beckert, who takes a step back, before cutting back to close ups of the accuser showing Beckert photo after photo of the missing girls. As the accuser switches between photos, the angry faces of audience members, previously obscured by the photos, are revealed momentarily. After briefly cutting between an increasingly agitated Beckert and photos of the murdered girls, Beckert, in desperation, tries to make a break for it. He turns from the camera and runs towards the door as the camera holds still. From this sequence, it’s possible to see many of the techniques that made Fritz Lang a master filmmaker. His pioneering use of sound not only helped establish sound as a way of explaining relationships between images on the screen, but perhaps more importantly, showed how sound and silence could be used together to increase the emotional impact of film. Furthermore, his careful use of framing utilizes the seemingly objective image in each frame to put us in the subjective frame of mind of people participating in the action of the film. Put all these techniques together, and you end up with a masterpiece like M.

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If a popularity contest between fruits were to be held today, there are perpetual contenders you would expect to be on the list irrespective of which part of the world you live in – think banana, think orange, mango, pineapple, papaya and a few other usual suspects. The latter may not pip the banana to the most-consumed-fruit-in-the-world gong, but it quite certainly has grown in popularity recently, with global production rising steadily in the last several decades. The reason behind this has nothing to do with improving climatic conditions. No. It’s the perceived nutritional and health benefits that have led many to brand papaya a nutrient powerhouse. The same cannot be said of its close cousin, the graviola. The popularity part that is. But make no mistake, this tropical fruit has a high-value ace card when it comes to health benefits. Short History of Papaya and its Uses Its origin remains a little obscure but the fruit known scientifically as Carica papaya is widely believed to be native to southern Mexico and Central America. It boasts a rich history tracing back to as ancient a civilization as the Mayan. They had christened it the “Tree of Life” due the broad spectrum of ailments it was believed to cure. And not just in the Mayan Kingdom. Many other traditional societies used papaya as a folk medicine to treat various symptoms and diseases. And just as today, every part of the plant was a hit with the locals. From using papaya seeds to fight inflammation thanks to their analgesic properties, consuming the leaves as a herbal tea or vegetable in a bid to combat everything from stomachache to malaria (as well as a heart tonic), or using the tree’s roots to reduce inflammatory pain, no part of the buffalo went to waste. The fruit itself was deemed an effective remedy for parasitic and fungal infections such as ringworms. It was also used topically to treat rashes, burns, stings and cuts, with the fruit’s skin serving as a handy face wash. Even the unripe green fruit was useful. To lower blood pressure. And guess what else – as an aphrodisiac! Short History of Graviola and its Uses Graviola is the Portuguese name for a fruit which – just like the papaya – is indigenous to the regions of Central and South America. You may know it as soursop, guanabana or cherimoya, a prickly yellow-green fruit with a white fleshy interior that tastes like a blend of pineapple, banana and peaches. All rolled into one. The fruit, seeds, bark, flowers and leaves have all been used in traditional South American cultures as treatment for a plethora of health disorders ranging from diabetes to rickets, and cherished for its sedative properties. For example, since the ancient times, Peruvians have been brewing the leaves in a bid to treat inflammation of the mucus membrane, and to rid the nose, throat and lungs of mucus. The leaves are also used to make a herbal tea in the Caribbean to treat coughs, flu and asthma, with breastfeeding mothers using it to stimulate milk production. Diabetic patients in the Amazon region have been using the leaves and roots to stabilize blood sugar levels. In many other parts of South America, the juice has been found to be an effective relief for dysentery and scurvy, while also employing the bark and roots as a sedative. The Relationship between Papaya and Graviola If their traditional uses are anything to go by, the relationship between these two tropical fruits are there for all to see, the origin notwithstanding. In fact, so similar are they that sometimes you will find graviola being referred to as Brazilian pawpaw, or simply pawpaw. This only serves to add to the confusion though, given other fruits of this species go by the same name (read Carica papaya, aka papaya). As far as their modern uses go, the two fruits are almost inseparable. They are purported to have several medicinal properties, examples of which include: Improved digestive system Both graviola and papaya have been found to be effective cures for digestive problems like constipation, irregular bowel movements and diarrhea. They are rich in both soluble and insoluble fibers which add bulk to stool thereby facilitating its elimination from the body. Immune system support Incorporating graviola and papaya into the diet has been shown to boost immunity, and consequently less chances of contracting common maladies. The copious amounts of Vitamin B1 present in both papaya and graviola accelerate metabolism and aid in blood circulation. Treatment of skin diseases These two tropical plants have been used for centuries as treatment for various skin conditions, a practice that still stands to date. Graviola, for instance, is said to treat several inflammatory conditions of the skin. Papaya, on the other hand, is thought to be an effective cure for acne, thanks to its enzyme papain, an ingredient you’re likely to find in many topical creams and ointments on the market today. Increased energy and endurance Anecdotal evidence points to the fact that graviola and papaya can help boost energy levels and fight fatigue. They are both a rich natural source of carbohydrates (never mind fructose) which helps to keep you fresh and energetic. The high vitamin C content present in both also increases endurance levels. Relieving back pain Although there is no solid scientific research to back up these claims, drinking papaya or graviola leaf tea is said to be beneficial in the sense of combating back pain and rheumatism. This can be attributed to the high levels of vitamins A and C which tend to be super healthy antioxidants that help reduce stress and inflammation to help ease back pain. Insomniacs can find solace in graviola which contains tryptophan, a chemical that promotes sleepiness and relaxation. Traditionally, its fruit and leaves have been sought after for their sedative properties. Papaya has also been linked to improved sleep thanks to its rich concentration of magnesium, a mineral that is directly tied to improving the duration, quality and tranquility of sleep. These are some of the many ways graviola and papaya closely resemble each other in terms of health and nutritional benefits. There are multiple ways to incorporate them into your diet including eating the fruit itself, not to mention the other components of each respective plant – fruit seeds, the leaves, bark and so on. Papaya and graviola are also available in supplement form, a great alternative for those of us who may not get access to, say, leaves in their natural form.

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Body Mass Index Advantages & Disadvantages There are many ways to assess your weight and body composition to determine if you're carrying too much body fat. Some methods, such as skin fold caliper testing, are quite invasive while an MRI, which is very accurate, may not be readily available. Body mass index, BMI for short, compares your height to your weight and is often used by healthcare professionals as a convenient way of assessing whether your weight is healthy. There are numerous online BMI calculators. Alternatively, you can use these equations: English BMI Formula BMI = [(Weight in Pounds / ( Height in inches x Height in inches )] x 703 Metric BMI Formula BMI = Weight in Kilograms / ( Height in Meters x Height in Meters ) On completion of the calculation, you should have a result between 15 to 40, although some very under or overweight individuals may score outside of these parameters. The lower end of the scale suggests that you are underweight while those on the higher end of the scale are considered overweight; 18.5 to 25.0 is deemed to be healthy. Advantages of BMI Testing BMI testing, unlike many of the other methods used to assess weight, requires no special training. Although the calculation may seem complicated on first view, with practice it can be completed easily in just a few moments. The results are easy to understand; it's simply a matter of looking up your score on a standardized chart. BMI testing does not require you to remove any clothing, other than your shoes when you weigh yourself, which makes it ideal for users who might otherwise be put off by a more invasive procedure. Disadvantages of BMI Testing Your body weight includes a number of components, such as muscle mass, fat, internal organs, water and skeletal weight. BMI does not differentiate between these components, so some populations will score badly when, in fact, they are quite healthy. Muscle and bone weigh significantly more than fat, so it's possible to be heavy but still carry a low amount of body fat. This is often the case for football players, competitive weightlifters, those with large skeletal frames and other very muscular people. BMI provides a quick snapshot of your weight in relation to your height. However its limitations mean that if you want a more personalized and accurate result, BMI should be used in conjunction with other tests, such as underwater weighing, bio-electrical impedance or a skin fold caliper exam, which will reveal how much of your weight consists of fat. - Essential Exercise Physiology; William D. McArdle and Frank I. Katch - Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning; Thomas Baechle and Roger Earle - World Health Organisation -- BMI classification - Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images

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In our wildest dreams, enviro-geeks imagine a future in which solar hover cars zip silently by while our homes and factories chug along completely pollutant-free, powered only by the wind and the sun. But, what happens when the wind stops blowing and the sun is on the other side of the planet? The toxic batteries we use to store all that clean energy do not fit nicely into our futuristic imaginings. That’s why Jay Whitacre and his team at Aquion Energy decided to develop a saltwater battery – a battery clean enough that Whitacre has even eaten a piece of the battery’s electrodes. A battery clean enough to eat may belong in a fictional future world, but the Aquion battery, which is not only clean but also has a long life and is relatively inexpensive, is already on the market. The battery can be used as a stationary storage solution for small operations, like houses equipped with solar or off-grid resorts, but its more exciting application is as a storage solution for large-scale energy farms. It could even be used alongside our existing energy grid, providing a cleaner way for energy utilities to store the excess solar electricity their customers produce during the day. The technology, a twist on the 200-year-old saltwater battery, is made using abundant, non-toxic materials. Although it is a unique solution, it is not without its competitors. Tesla’s gigafactory is set to churn out hundreds of thousands of batteries per year. Some of these will be car batteries, but their Powerwall battery is also intended to store energy for homes and businesses. Ambri, a Boston-based company, is working on a battery that is based on a low-cost liquid metal technology. But for now, the Aquion factory is working at capacity, manufacturing batteries as quickly as it can, for a host of customers around the world. Lead image via Shutterstock, images via Tedder and U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Nadine Y. Barclay

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Last week, Dr. Dan Gottleib of WHYY hosted his final weekly Voices in the Family. He focused this final show on gratitude. As callers thanked Dr. Dan for giving them something– courage or patience or thanks… he responded: “I don’t give anyone anything that isn’t already there. It’s about seeing what’s already there.” (paraphrased) Seeing what’s already there– this is Judaism’s approach to Thanksgiving. One Hebrew term for gratitude is “hakarat hatov.” The word thanks isn’t even in there. Hakarat hatov means “recognizing the good.” The good is already there. It’s our mitzvah, our sacred action to, call it out. Why is it so important to call out the good — to see what’s already there? One response comes from Ron Lieber, a Reform Jew and the author of The Opposite of Spoiled: Raising Kids Who Are Grounded, Generous and Smart About Money. Lieber believes that saying grace is one of the single best things parents can do for their kids — no matter what god you do or don’t believe in. He explains there’s a link between gratitude and lower levels of envy and depression, because gratitude helps us to feel a sense of satisfaction, a sense of enough. Why would young adults who have been raised to say grace, be less likely to overreach on a mortgage? As we would say at the seder table, Dayenu. A sense of enough. It doesn’t slow our ambitions, it helps us cherish and find satisfaction in the possessions we do have. Why would teenagers who have been raised to say grace become less likely to get themselves into credit card debt? The delayed gratification that comes with a pause before a meal, in a reflection of thanks, might help us to pause before purchasing the item we cannot really afford, and might help us be more satisfied with what we already have. When we count our blessings, we become less wanting, more fulfilled, more satisfied with our blessings. Now, we live in a broken world plagued by injustice. This outlook does not mean we ought to be satisfied with the world. It just means we might seek to be more satisfied with what we have. Saying thank you or hakarat hatov, recognizing the good, helps us feel the good. Now, what if you’re having trouble seeing the good, having a sense of gratitude. What if you’re just not feeling it? Do you still acknowledge the good? In a recent NY Times column, Arthur Brooks recalls the first time he made Thanksgiving dinner for his Spanish in-laws. The holiday was completely new to them. They had never heard of cranberries. He recalls the questions they asked: “What does this turkey eat to be so filled with bread?” And more philosophical: “Should you celebrate this holiday even if you don’t feel grateful?” Is it inauthentic to express gratitude if you’re just not feeling it? Do you need to have kavannah– intention, for gratitude to be real? Jewish tradition is clear. Gratitude inauthenticity is not a problem. You do not need to wait to feel grateful before you say thank you. When at the foot of Mt. Sinai, the Israelites received the Torah, they said, “we will do it and we will understand it.” Na-aseh v’nishma. Jewish tradition interprets this to mean: We will do it and then we will understand it. We will act and then we will feel it. Don’t wait until you have perfect kavannah — intention or inspiration– before you begin to make a practice of lighting the Shabbat candles. Just light the candles. The action will lead to the inspiration. Na-aseh v’nishmah. Do it, and then you will understand it. Say thank you… Then you will feel it. Express gratitude… Then you will gain a sense of enough — the wholeness that comes with fulfillment. Hakarat hatov, recognizing the good helps us feel the good. So… easy enough, right? A teacher of Mussar, the Jewish system of developing character virtues, Rabbi Bachya ibn Pakudah teaches — NOT so easy. We often suffer a kind of blindness that keeps us from seeing the good, from seeing the abundance we have in our lives. We are so involved in worldly things constantly pursuing them, as if our pursuit could ever be complete. We grow accustomed to our gifts and take things for granted. Or we focus so much on our afflictions, we forget to awaken to the good. No matter our obstacle, tradition is clear: look harder. Afflictions are real and worthy of compassion. We just cannot allow ourselves to stop there. We have to call out the good. Or we will miss out. We will miss out on the fulfillment, the joy that comes from recognizing, and then feeling, the good. Perhaps that’s the purpose of Psalm 100 — to speak thanks, in order to feel it: Shout for joy to the Eternal, all the earth. Worship God with gladness; come into God’s presence with singing. Enter God’s gates with Thanksgiving.

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A while back the Internet was full of reports about a sensational discovery in the history of mathematics. Two researchers had apparently proved that a well know Babylonian cuneiform clay tablet (Plimpton 322), which contains a list of Pythagorean triples, is in fact a proof that the Babylonians had developed trigonometry one thousand years before the Greeks and it was even a superior and more accurate system than that of the Greeks. My first reaction was that the reports contained considerably more hype than substance, a reaction that was largely confirmed by an excellent blog post on the topic by Evelyn Lamb. This was followed by an equally excellent and equally deflating essay by Eduardo A Escobar an expert on cuneiform tablets. And so another hyped sensation is brought crashing down into the real world. Both put downs were endorsed by Eleanor Robson author of Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History and a leading expert on Babylonian mathematics. Last week saw the next history of mathematics press feeding frenzy with the announcement by the Bodleian Library in Oxford that an Indian manuscript containing a symbol for zero had been re-dated using radio carbon dating and was now considered to be from the third to fourth centuries CE rather than the eight century CE, making it the earliest known Indian symbol for zero. This is of course an interesting and significant discovery in the history of mathematics but it doesn’t actually change our knowledge of that history in any really significant way. I will explain later, but first the hype in the various Internet reports. We start off with Richard Ovenden from Bodleian Libraries who announced, “The finding is of “vital importance” to the history of mathematics.” The Guardian leads off with an article by Marcus Du Sautoy: Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol. Who in a video film and in the text of his article tells us, “This becomes the birth of the concept of zero in it’s own right and this is a total revolution that happens out of India.” The Science Museum’s article Illuminating India: starring the oldest recorded origins of ‘zero’, the Bakhshali manuscript, basically repeats the Du Sautoy doctrine, Medievalists.net makes the fundamental mistake of entitling their contribution, The First Zero, although in the text they return to the wording, “the world’s oldest recorded origin of the zero that we use today.” The BBC joins the party with another clone of the basic article, Carbon dating reveals earliest origins of zero symbol. Entrepreneur Cecile G Tamura summed up the implicit and sometimes explicit message of all these reports with the following tweet, One of the greatest conceptual breakthroughs in mathematics has been traced to the Bakhshali manuscript dating from the 3rd or 4th century at a period even earlier than we thought. To which I can only reply, has it? All of the articles, which are all basically clones of the original announcement state quite clearly that this is a placeholder zero and not the number concept zero and that there are earlier recorded symbols for placeholder zeros in both Babylonian and Mayan mathematics. Of course it was only in Indian mathematics that the place-holder zero developed into the number concept zero of which the earliest evidence can be found in Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta from the seven century CE. However, this re-dating of the Bakhshali manuscript doesn’t actually bring us any closer to knowing when, why or how that conceptual shift, so important in the history of mathematics, took place. Does it in anyway actually change the history of the zero concept within the history of mathematics? No not really. Historians of mathematics have known for a long time that the history of the zero concept within Indian culture doesn’t begin with Brahmagupta and that it was certainly preceded by a long complex prehistory. They are well aware of zero concepts in Sanskrit linguistics and in Hindu philosophy that stretch back well before the turn of the millennium. In fact it is exactly this linguistic and philosophical acceptance of ‘nothing’ that the historian assume enabled the Indian mathematicians to make the leap to the concept of a number signifying nothing, whereas the Greeks with their philosophical rejection of the void were unable to spring the gap. Having a new earliest symbol in Indian mathematics for zero as a placeholder, as opposed to the earlier recorded words for the concept of nothingness doesn’t actually change anything fundamental in our historical knowledge of the number concept of zero. There is a small technical problem that should be mentioned in this context. Due to the fact that early Indian culture tended to write on perishable organic material, such as the bark used here, means that the chances of our ever discovering manuscripts documenting that oh so important conceptual leap are relatively low. I’m afraid I must also take umbrage with another of Richard Ovenden’s claims in the original Bodleian report: Richard Ovenden, head of the Bodleian Library, said the results highlight a Western bias that has often seen the contributions of South Asian scholars being overlooked. “These surprising research results testify to the subcontinent’s rich and longstanding scientific tradition,” he said. Whilst this claim might be true in other areas of #histSTM, as far as the history of the so-called Hindu-Arabic numbers system and the number concept zero are concerned it is totally bosh. Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (1749-1827) wrote the following: “It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very simplicity and the great ease which it has lent to computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions; and we shall appreciate the grandeur of the achievement the more when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest men produced by antiquity.” I started buying general books on the history of mathematics more than 45 years ago and now have nine such volumes all of which deal explicitly with the Indian development of the decimal place value number system and the invention of the number concept zero. I own two monographs dedicated solely to the history of the number concept zero. I have four volumes dedicated to the history of number systems all of which deal extensively with the immensely important Indian contributions. I also own two books that are entirely devoted to the history of Indian mathematics. Somehow I can’t see in the case of the massive Indian contribution to the development of number systems that a Western bias has here overseen the contributions of South Asian scholars. This of course opens the question as to why this discovery was made public at this time and in this overblown manner? Maybe I’m being cynical but could it have something to do with the fact that this manuscript is going on display in a major Science Museum exhibition starting in October? The hype that I have outlined here in the recent history of mathematics has unfortunately become the norm in all genres of history and in the historical sciences such as archaeology or palaeontology. New discoveries are not presented in a reasonable manner putting them correctly into the context of the state of the art research in the given field but are trumpeted out at a metaphorical 140 decibel claiming that this is a sensation, a discipline re-defining, an unbelievable, a unique, a choose your own hyperbolic superlative discovery. The context is, as above, very often misrepresented to make the new discovery seem more important, more significant, whatever. Everybody is struggling to make themselves heard above the clamour of all the other discovery announcements being made by the competition thereby creating a totally false impression of how academia works and how it progresses. Can we please turn down the volume, cut out the hype and present the results of academic research in history in a manner appropriate to it and not to the marketing of the latest Hollywood mega-bucks, blockbuster? For those who are not to sure about these terms, a placeholder zero just indicates an empty space in a place value number system, so you can distinguish between 11 and 101, where here the zero is a placeholder. A number concept zero also fulfils the same function but beyond this is a number in its own right. You can perform the arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication with it. However, as we all learnt at school (didn’t we!) you can’t divide by zero; division by zero is not defined.

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Walk, in horsemanship, moderately slow four-beat gait of a horse, during which each foot strikes the ground separately and the horse is supported by two or three feet at all times. The normal sequence of a walk is the order in which the feet are raised: a pattern such as right hind, right fore, left hind, and left fore. During the walk the horse’s head moves down and forward and then up and back. During a relaxed, or free, walk the reins are nearly slack, freeing the horse’s head and neck. The extended walk, a variation of the relaxed walk, results in a cadenced swing of long, unhurried strides. The collected walk, a short-striding gait, requires a balanced head and neck of the horse, controlled by the rider’s handling of the reins. This gait also requires impulsion, produced by pressure of the rider’s legs on the horse’s sides. The speeding up of the collected walk creates the rack, which has a pronounced four-beat cadence.

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Flowers and good health seem one in the same. Just think…when our family and friend are feeling ill or are in need of recuperation, many a time we have chosen to send flowers. You may have never thought twice about the benefits of a bouquet but recent research has scientists touting that exposure to flowers actually boosts psychological health. Could flowers be a factor in keeping your energy level high throughout the day and helping you to feel less moody? It’s one thing to have your day brightened by the delivery of flowers but you can enjoy physical and emotional benefits of having flowers in the home, especially during the dreary winter months. Ancient Chinese healers believed in “flower power” to summon power and emotion. The color of a flower contains amazing healing attributes as they stimulate hormones like adrenaline or activate mood-boosting hormones like seratonin. It may seem flowers can promote well-being in more ways than one. - Yellow stimulates the brain and helps us feel more optimistic. - Green slows the production of stress hormones and helps us relax. - Violet relieves tension and can suppress hunger. - Orange strengthens the immune system and give us a boost. Do you ever purchase flowers as a pick-me-up to beat the “winter blues”?

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In southeastern Colorado, about 130 miles from Pueblo, there is a small town called Chivington. Once, it had railroad shops and saloons and as many as 1,500 residents. There was even an East Chivington. But then the railroad shops moved away, taking the people with them, and all that remains of Chivington today is a Friends Church and the ruins of a brick schoolhouse, its roof caved in, its rafters collapsed upon each other like the ambitions of this civic corpse. Chivington is named after a man who turned from the ministry to the military and made a reputation for himself fit only for a ghost town. The first time Colonel John M. Chivington came through the region he was at the head of some 725 men, members of the 3rd and 1st regiments of the Colorado Cavalry. It was early morning, well before daylight, and the date was November 29, 1864. He passed that way a second time two days later, on his way back southward to Fort Lyon and thence to Denver, where he received a hero’s welcome. In the interval, Chivington and his men had ridden down at daybreak upon a village of 500 or 600 Cheyennes and Arapahos camped a few miles north of present-day Chivington on Sand Creek. There, the Colorado troops — most of them volunteers commissioned for a 100-day term of service — murdered between 125 and 160 Indians, mostly women, children, and the elderly. Black Kettle, the chief of one of the Cheyenne clans, had met with Chivington and other military leaders at Camp Weld in Denver in late September, and he believed that his village was at peace with the whites. At the sight of the troops riding toward him, Black Kettle raised a large American flag and a white flag on a lodge pole and stood holding it aloft. When the troops began firing, he fled. The attack rolled northward from a sharp bend in Sand Creek, and when the shooting was over, Chivington’s men returned to the Indian village to mutilate the bodies of the dead and burn their lodges and, almost incidentally, to murder a half-breed prisoner named Jack Smith. Nearly four years later, General William T. Sherman, passing through, stopped at Sand Creek to collect relics. One of his men later wrote, “We found many things, such as Indian baby skulls; many skulls of men and women; arrows, some perfect, many broken; spears, scalps, knives, cooking utensils and many other things too numerous to mention. We laid over one day and collected nearly a wagon load.” Two of the Cheyennes killed at Sand Creek, War Bonnet and Standing in the Water, had visited Washington the year before and were photographed in the White House conservatory. They had been given a short course in geography and addressed by President Lincoln. “It is the object of this Government to be on terms of peace with you, and with all our red brethren,” Lincoln said. “We make treaties with you, and will try to observe them; and if our children should sometimes behave badly, and violate these treaties, it is against our wish.” Lincoln’s words must be contrasted with those of a proclamation issued on August 11, 1864, by the territorial governor of Colorado, John Evans. Evans authorized “all citizens of Colorado, either individually, or in such parties as they may organize, to go in pursuit of all hostile Indians on the plains, scrupulously avoiding those who have responded to my call to rendezvous at the points indicated; also, to kill and destroy as enemies of the country, wherever they may be found, all such hostile Indians.” Almost 136 years to the day after that proclamation was issued and Colorado volunteers began to form their 100-day militia, I stood on a sand bluff overlooking the site of the Sand Creek Massacre. It is now private property, but legislation has been introduced in Congress by Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, who is a Northern Cheyenne, to create a Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site here. This is the kind of place, common in the rural West, where you might almost believe that nothing has changed since the event that made it memorable. There are a thousand — ten thousand — shallow washes like it on the high plains: a grassy flood zone, now thickly shaded with cottonwoods, the waters of Sand Creek nearly always in abeyance, except for pools here and there grown round with rushes where cattle stand flank-deep on hot days. Sand Creek flows to the southeast, but just below the massacre site it makes a long eastward bend before turning south again. On a plain near the crook of that bend and to the north of it, Black Kettle’s village had stood, 100 and more buffalo-skin lodges, pony herds grazing on the high ground above the village. Now, in August, the shrill sound of grasshoppers rang out across the undulating flatland beyond Sand Creek. In November, they would have been silent. It’s always an illusion to believe that you can see the past unchanged. In the mid-1970s, a gas company ran a pipeline right through Sand Creek, just above the bend. The 1864 soil level is buried under some 10 inches of new soil that has drifted in over the years. In 1887, a town called New Chicago lived for a grasshopper’s lifetime just beyond the massacre site, sustained only by the hopes of a railroad coming through someday. Around 1910, local citizens formed the Chivington Canal Company and dug a canal that angles toward Brandon, a small town just east of Chivington. You can still see the line of the canal where it edges the massacre site. For several years, a farmer tried to raise a crop in the creek bend. New Chicago failed. The canal failed. The crop failed. And over time, a clear sense of the location of Black Kettle’s village had eroded as well. Relics of the kind that General Sherman found in abundance on the surface at Sand Creek had long since disappeared. An inconclusive archaeological study was conducted in 1997 by the state of Colorado. In 1999, the National Park Service — conducting an archaeological reconnaissance with local land-owners and tribal representatives from the Northern and Southern Cheyennes and Northern and Southern Arapahos — rediscovered the village site, though there is still some dissent about its actual extent. In 1950, local citizens placed a stone monument to the massacre on the sand bluff where I stood, a bluff that allows a view of much of the land that would be included in the Sand Creek Massacre historic site. The monument reads “Sand Creek Battle Ground Nov. 29 & 30. 1864,” and it shows the head of a generic Indian in profile, looking almost like Liberty in her Indian headdress on the old copper cent, which could have been found in the pockets of Chivington’s cavalry. People used to drive to this monument to park and drink and smoke dope and dump their trash and ferret out relics until Bill Dawson, the owner of much of the massacre site and the land that the monument sits upon, closed the access road, partly to stop an unruly traffic but also out of respect for the wishes of the Cheyennes and Arapahos, to whom this site is sacred. I tried to imagine the running slaughter — it was never really a battle — that began in the slow light of late November, the pony herds cut off, the melee among the lodges, the sullen mutilation that began later that day and continued during the night and into the following day, the scalps flayed from the dead, the breasts cut from women and the scrotums from men to be used as tobacco bags, all attested by witnesses who appeared before military and congressional investigations of Sand Creek in 1865. But the day I stood there, it was too peaceful a place to sustain such memories, and besides, those are memories that belong to the descendants of the people who camped there long ago. The night of November 29, 1864, wrote George Bent, a mixed-blood Cheyenne who survived the attack, “will never be forgotten as long as any of us who went through it are alive.” It still lives, vividly, among the Cheyenne and Arapaho. But before the running slaughter began, there had been a running argument, and that was much easier to imagine. Chivington did not ride down upon a peaceful village in hot blood. Nor did he attack peaceable Cheyennes in ignorance. He had just run for office and lost on a ticket that would have admitted Colorado to statehood. No sooner was the election over than Chivington began laying out his campaign against Black Kettle’s village. Political ambition and intractable moral ferocity drove Chivington, that and a panic caused by Confederate raids in southeastern Colorado and by the murder of the Hungate family — father, mother, and two young children — near Denver by four Arapahos. Two weeks after the Hungate murders, Governor Evans directed “all friendly Indians of the Plains” to separate themselves from hostile Indians and to rendezvous at assigned places of safety. It was precisely such a friendly village, camped in accordance with Evans’ directive, that Chivington planned to attack. He was forcefully confronted at every stage by men who opposed his plan because it meant betraying Black Kettle and the assurances of peace that had been made in council in late September. Though he rode with Chivington, Captain Silas Soule refused to take part in the killing, and he testified against Chivington during the military investigation of Sand Creek in early 1865, an act for which he was shot down on the streets of Denver by a Chivington supporter. The night before the massacre, Lieutenant Joseph Cramer told Chivington that the raid he was planning was murder and a violation of their word as officers and men. “Colonel Chivington’s reply,” Cramer wrote, “was, that he believed it to be right or honorable to use any means under God’s heaven to kill Indians that would kill women and children, and ‘damn any man that was in sympathy with Indians.'” Again that evening Chivington was confronted by a group of officers and civilians, and again he damned their sympathy. Then he ordered his men to mount and ride northward through the night to Sand Creek. Chivington had decided upon war and upon the deaths of the Cheyennes and Arapahos who favored peace. In the aftermath of Sand Creek, a man named J.W. Wright, outraged at Chivington’s actions, neatly summed up the purpose of the massacre in an open letter. “An Indian war is on the country,” he wrote. “Every effort has been made for two years to produce it.” That war erupted on the Plains the following year. It took Chivington and Sand Creek to make it happen, to set in motion the machinery that would eventually kill Black Kettle, still seeking peace four years later, at Washita, in what is now Oklahoma. There, at dawn, George Armstrong Custer rode down upon Black Kettle’s village again, employing Chivington’s brutal tactics and his unswerving convictions.

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In December 2016, The Nature Conservancy donated Nellie Hill to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as the first parcel establishing Great Thicket National Wildlife Refuge. Great Thicket National Wildlife Refuge spans six states, focusing on protecting and managing shrubland and young forest habitat from eastern New York to Maine. For more information on Great Thicket National Wildlife Refuge, contact Beth Goldstein at firstname.lastname@example.org. From atop the rocky summit of a 120-foot calcareous cliff, enjoy gorgeous views of pocket grasslands that resemble savannas, sloping meadows, a rich oak woodland and a limestone woodland. Five springs burble gently through the property, and two ponds rest in the valley below. In the spring and late summer, glorious wildflowers fill the fields with color and vibrancy. Because of its varying habitats, Nellie Hill is a hotspot for migratory birds. Why We Selected This Site To preserve a rare calcareous red cedar barren plant community, limestone woodlands, and at least ten state and globally rare plants.

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Scientists at Germany‘s Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) are currently planning to develop an energy-storing solar cell through two different research projects, both of which are funded with more than €1 million by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The new cell is said to be based on a storage system relying on two hydrocarbons: norbornadiene (NBD) and quadricyclane (QC). The system is created when the light hits a norbornadiene molecule, which causes a reaction that transforms the molecule into quadricyclane as a consequence. This process, according to the research team, is able to produce an energy density similar to that of a high-performance battery. The scientists are now investigating how this process may be used, or further improved upon, to create the aforementioned energy-storing solar cells. A particular emphasis is being placed on the behaviour of photosensitizers and electron acceptors, as well as solvents and magnetic fields within this process. They are also working on a sub-project, which focuses on the catalytic and electro-chemical release of solar energy stored in strained organic compounds. “It is even conceivable that stored chemical energy could be converted directly into electrical energy. A vision which would make it possible to construct an ‘energy-storing solar cell,” the research team said.

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Rita Mercado, First Grade Teacher, Serendipity School The idea of having parents come into the classroom can be overwhelming at times, but it is an important step in having them gain an understanding of the learning that happens throughout the day that isn’t able to be sent home in the form of checked work or a neat looking project. As I began to incorporate more STEM and STEAM projects into my curriculum, I started thinking about how I could paint a clear picture for the parents about just what it was that we were doing. Of course the idea was introduced at Back to School Night and written about in newsletters, but what else could I do. I invited the parents in for a STEAM Night. After giving a brief introduction on the acronyms and examples of what this looks like in the classroom, the parents were able to move around the room and participate in activities designed for exploration. Once they had a few minutes to play, I posed some questions and challenges. : Can you build a stable structure that won’t shake off the table? Giant Geometry: What is the most stable 3-dimensional shape you can build? The parents were engaged, had fun, and asked terrific questions. I hope the experience taught them that the process is the most important part of learning. If having the parents into your classroom for a nighttime event isn’t an option, invite them in for a few minutes before school or to help out with an activity. It’s worth it!

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As part of presenting movement activities, Ms. Costello frequently added background music, knowing that music organizes events for children. Marching and dance music inspired a flow of movement In addition, she began singing simple songs, often with made-up verses about what was going on in the class. Children joined her, and made up songs, too-a strong literacy building activity. The teacher had read that music is the joining of emotion and cognition in the brain, and was happy that her class seemed more "in tune" with her new emphasis on music and motion. Here are some music and movement activities to try in your classroom: Sing when you are doing routine tasks. (Remember that making up the words is fine.) Children will pick up on the joyful atmosphere you are creating and also begin spontaneous singing as they move around the classroom. Use familiar tunes as "frames" for songs describing movements. Many children know the tune to "Row, Row, Row Your Boat", "Mulberry Bush", "Frère Jacques", and "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star", and can easily sing along with you-especially if you have lots of repetition in the words. Children will often make up verses themselves, spurring on literacy learning. Sing songs that have movement in the words already, such as, "Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes", "If You're Happy and You Know It", "I'm a Little Teapot", "Itsy Bitsy Spider", "Looby Loo", "Open, Shut Them", "Ring Around the Rosy", "Hokey Pokey", "Wheels on the Bus", and "Old McDonald". Choose songs that everyone can act out together, rather than have to wait for a turn, as is the case with a song like "London Bridge". Add onto songs to enrich vocabulary and concepts. "Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes" can have numerous substitute body parts, such as chest and stomach, or hips and thighs. Children enjoy suggesting the substitutes. Build on their knowledge. Keep the rhythm instruments near at hand-sticks, drums, tambourines-for children to latch onto when a song is brewing. Model clapping and knee slapping to music-celebrate the beat! Some children may feel shy about singing, but will heartily drum or clap. Instrumental music encourages children to make their own interpretive movements. Try "The Nutcracker" by Tchaikovsky. You might suggest that they "move like the wind, gallop like wild ponies, or dance like the daffodils" to get things started. Provide silk or chiffon scarves that children can use for "floaty" music. Click here to view the related article Moving & Learning Together

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There’s a new technology in the area of memory and storage. MRAM. If you haven’t heard of it, you’re not alone, but it’s one of two promising up and coming technologies that stand to change the storage game forever. The acronym stands for Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory, and there are three key things that make it much better than today’s storage and memory options. The first is sheer speed. According to IBM’s researchers, MRAM is some 100,000 times faster than anything on the market today. The second is power consumption. It only uses 7.5 microamperes worth of electricity. Finally, size. MRAM is created with 11-nanometer production technology, making it positively tiny. There are some technical hurdles to overcome still, but based on recently concluded tests, the tech is nearly ready for prime time, which means that we could start seeing computers utilizing MRAM technology within a few years. Before it hits the PC market, however, it’s going to storm through the handheld and wearable markets. The reason? Storage has always been limited on such devices, and the new tech promises small size and dramatic improvements in speed, while keeping power consumption to a bare minimum. That makes it ideal for handhelds, which not only require the small size, but have to rely on batteries with relatively short lifespans to maintain their power. Plus, MRAM will extend battery life, which is always welcome. MRAM has other tricks up its sleeves. It can be rewritten an unlimited number of times without degrading, and can retain stored memory even in the face of long term power absence, which overcomes two of the biggest obstacles baked into today’s memory technology offerings. Don’t get too excited though. As mentioned, PCs utilizing MRAM technology are still likely a few years away. As an intermediary step, however, we will no doubt see machines powered by Intel’s 3d XPoint, which is a non-volatile memory option, not as fast or as impressive as MRAM, but closer to production. In fact, we could start seeing devices featuring the new tech in the latter part of this year.

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Paul Kenny, Chief Executive Officer, Tipperary Energy Agency. However, based on the heat road map for Europe that shows heat pumps are a core technology for decarbonising heat,and considering that 20% of Swedish homes are heated by heat pumps, it is clear that heat pump technology works, even in cold climates. This view is endorsed by many industry experts. So, why should someone install an air source heat pump to heat their home, and what are the key considerations? There are three reasons – cost, comfort and the environment — writes Paul Kenny, Chief Executive Officer, Tipperary Energy Agency. First of all, I’d like to dispel some myths: • Heat pumps (the majority of the Irish market players use R410a) work down to minus 20ºC; • Ireland isn’t that cold, with average winter temperatures of 7ºC and the mean daily minimum above 2ºC all year round; • Heat pumps work really well at 7ºC air temperature and 35ºC flow temperature (typically COP of 4.5 in the lab, and over 4 in real world applications); • There is no need for a back-up immersion or boiler. We do generally ensure a high-efficiency stove is installed in our retrofitted buildings, but we find most people don’t use them with cheap even heat from the heat pump; • Radiators are not radiators, they are really convectors, and they put out heat at all temperatures above the room temperature they are located in. So, if the boiler used to run for six hours and now runs for 24 hours, the flow temperature versus room temperature can come down by 75%, eg 60ºC to 30ºC (room at 20ºC); • Heat pumps can heat water to 55ºC, and a top-up heating cycle using an existing immersion heater for legionella control uses a few kWh per annum when required. The methodology employed by Superhomes is to design and install ASHPs into radiators that are oversized in comparison to typical radiators, i.e. low-temperature radiators. This allows a higher heat output at lower flow and return temperature. The design of the emitters allows the heat pump run at about 31ºC, 27ºC return at 7ºC external temperature. The heat pumps are commissioned to be “always on”, thereby maintaining a steady indoor temperature at the desired set point. Therefore, the heat pump only needs to replace the energy that is lost from the building fabric – typically 2-3 kW at 7ºC. The resultant impact on the heat pump is that the required output per radiator is generally only 150-300w and minimises the flow temperature (maximising efficiency), resulting in typical heating (not hot water) performance of between 3.3 and 3.6 average co-efficient of performance throughout the heating season. Using an average delivered energy cost of 11c/kWh (40% night and 60% day rate, bonkers.ie 14/01/17), this delivers heat at a little over 3.1c/kWh. Compare this to natural gas (86% efficiency and standing charge €92 split of 15MWh) of 6.4c/kWh, and oil (59c/l) at 9.2c/kWh delivered into the house. The ongoing heat cost is one third of oil and half that of gas. For those knowledgeable in energy price predictions, the likelihood of oil and gas rising versus electricity is likely to continue. Hot water heating cycles typically rise from 30ºC flow temperature to 58-60ºC flow temperature and do have a lower co-efficient of performance than heating, typically about 2.4-2.6 over a season. This, usually completed at night for the bulk of heating (80% night (6.6c), 20% day (14c)) results in a net heat cost of 3.25c/kWh, similar to heating, and similar margins below the alternate fossil fuels. In conjunction with the installation of an air source heat pump, and steady interior temperatures, air leakage must be reduced, ideally to an air change rate of 3-5 air changes per hour under 50 pascals of pressure, corresponding to an average rate of 0.15-0.25 air changes from infiltration in typical conditions. Once this is achieved a designed ventilation system must be used. In the case of Superhomes, demand control ventilation is employed. This designed mechanical extract system ensures a steady, low and controlled flow of fresh air into the dwelling. The impact of this commissioning to maintain a constant temperature in the dwelling has a number of “symptoms”. Steady air temperatures encourage walls to rise to a more even higher temperature, thereby lowering the radiative heat loss from people to surrounding surfaces and adding to the feeling of comfort. This also increases the interior temperature at thermal bridges, thereby increasing the dew point of condensation, and lowering the likelihood of condensation, mould and ill health. Coupled with the ventilation system, almost all the surveyed participants in Superhomes report that they have noticed a significant reduction in condensation. Finally, the carbon performance of homes utilising heat pumps versus oil and gas should be understood in the context of steadiliy-decreasing carbon content of electricity. It is currently 467g CO2/ kWh of electricity, 205 for natural gas, 257 for kerosene, 229 for LPG. Forecasting this to 2030, it is, in the absence of peat and coal thermal plants and with increasing renewable electricity, likely to be below 300g/kWh CO2. Utilising an average heating and hot water COP of 3.2 (this is being achieved on an annual basis in Superhomes houses) we can see that the carbon per net kWh of heat from a heat pump will be 145 in 2015 and 90g/ kWh in 2030, versus natural gas (86% efficient boiler) at 238, and 266 and 299 for LPG and kerosene heating oil respectively. So, this equates to a 39% and 58% cut today per net kWh and a 60-70% cut by 2030. Without getting too technical, this also puts the carbon emissions of the individual houses into the European emissions trading scheme, which moves them from the state’s carbon balance sheet and also, in theory, in a cap and trade marketplace, pushes out higher polluting carbon-intensive electricity sources. In a new build situation, the marginal cost of installing a heat pump, appropriate cylinder and potentially larger radiators versus gas + connection or oil + tank is likely to be similar in cost to that of the photovoltaics required with the gas or oil boiler for compliance with Part L of the Building Regulations. The savings will ensure that even outside of compliance, investment will be returned in the first three to five years at worst. The insulation or buffering from energy price increases is also worth some peace of mind. In terms of retrofit, the economic case is slightly less generous. The catch is that the cost of a retrofit of this nature – including the airtightness measures, the ventilation system and the heat pump – is unlikely to be less than €15,000. Over the next 20 years this is about €3.75 per heating day, gobbling up about 50% -70% of the savings. If we take energy price inflation into account, using the last 15 years as an indication of the next 15, this is likely to break even in 10 to 12 years. A 35% SEAI grant, available within the Superhomes programme, will bring this to seven to ten years. So, economically home-owners will not win or lose in the short-term, but environmentally and from a comfort point of view, they will be significantly better off, as will their children going forward.

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When a dentist treats the patient, he could carryout basic preventive, corrective and therapeutic dental procedures. Treatments may be completed in a day or may require multiple visits; regardless, dental procedures are meant to address patients’ concerns. The dentist needs to understand what the patient needs and wants for his smile. For instance, if stable teeth replacements are what the patient needs, he will suggest dental bridges or dental implants, and make the patient choose. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning So how do dentists know which procedure is need by the patient? Treatment plans are designed to go through very precise steps so that patient’s problems may be resolved. When patients have no problems with their teeth and gums, preventive measures are offered. Nothing needs to be treated because health is at its optimum level, so maintenance and prevention is necessary. In these cases, dental cleaning, dental sealants and fluoride applications will be valuable. When patients have no teeth problems but the gums are presenting with some symptoms: bleeding, swelling, pus formation and pain, the right address is towards the periodontal tissues. These procedures include cleaning, deep scaling, root planning, gingivectomy and grafting. When patients complain of dental decay, restorations will be necessary. Depending on the severity and the nature of the problem, patients could receive a dental filling, inlays or onlays, crowns or veneers. They could even need a root canal if the problem is more severe or require a dental extraction. When the patient is missing a tooth, prosthesis will be prescribed. The most basic replacement is a removable denture, but a dental bridge or an implant could also be suggested to resolve the issue. When the patient’s problems concerns his bite, he will need an orthodontic treatment and these could use removable or fixed appliances. When the patient is unhappy with the color and shade of his teeth and would like to have a whiter and more beautiful smile, a teeth bleaching procedure will be necessary. There are so many other dental treatments. Some patients require more than one treatment, so a combination of those mentioned above will be necessary. The right treatment should satisfy the needs of the patient and should effectively restore the function of the oral cavity. The direction the treatment goes will be dependent on what the dentist and the patient decide together.

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ONCE upon a time a mouse, a bird, and a sausage took it into their heads to keep house together : PPPand to be sure they managed to live for a long time very comfortably and happily; PPPand beside that added a great deal to their store, so as to become very rich. PPPIt was the birds business to fly every day into the forest and bring wood; PPPthe mouse had to carry the water, to make the fire, and lay the cloth for dinner; PPPbut the sausage was cook to the household. He who is too well off often begins to be lazy and to long for something fresh. PPPNow it happened one day that our bird met with one of his friends, to whom he boasted greatly of his good plight. PPPBut the other bird laughed at him for a poor fool, who worked hard, whilst the two at home had an easy job of it: PPPfor when the mouse had made her fire and fetched the water, she went and laid down in her own little room till she was called to lay the cloth; PPPand the sausage sat by the pot, and had nothing to do but to see that the food was well cooked; PPPand when it was meal time, had only to butter, salt, and get it ready to eat, which it could do in a minute. PPPThe bird flew borne, and having laid his burden on the ground, they all sat down to table, and after they had made their meal slept soundly until the next morning. PPPCould any life be more glorious than this? The next day the bird, who had been told what to do by his friend, would not go into the forest, saying, he had waited on them, and been made a fool of long enough; PPPthey should change about, and take their turns at the work. PPPAlthough the mouse and the sausage begged hard that things might go on as they were, the bird carried the day. PPPSo they cast lots, and the lot fell upon the sausage to fetch wood, while the mouse was to be cook, and the bird was to bring the water. What happened by thus taking people from their proper work? PPPThe sausage set out towards the wood, the little bird made a fire, the mouse set on the pot, and only waited for the sausage to come home and bring wood for the next day. PPPBut the sausage kept away so long that they both thought something must have happened to him, and the bird flew out a little way to look out for him; PPPbut not far off he found a dog in the road, who said be had met with a poor little sausage, and taking him for fair prey, had laid hold of him and knocked him down. PPPThe bird made a charge against the dog of open robbery and murder; PPPbut words were of no use, for the dog said, he found the sausage out of its proper work, and under false colours; PPPand so be was taken for a spy and lost his life. PPPThe little bird took up the wood very sorrowfully, and went home and told what he had seen and beard. PPPThe mouse and he were very much grieved, but agreed to do their best and keep together. The little bird undertook to spread the table, and the mouse got ready the dinner; PPPbut when she went to dish it up, she fell into the pot and was drowned. PPPWhen the bird came into the kitchen and wanted the dinner to put upon the table, no cook was to be seen; PPPso he threw the wood about here, there, and every where, and called and sought on all sides, but still could not find the cook. PPPMeantime the fire fell upon the wood and set it on fire; PPPthe bird hastened away to get water, but his bucket fell into the well, and he after it; PPPand so ends the story of this clever family.

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In the past, Bruce Levenson and manufacturers of synthetic diamonds sometimes encountered difficulty producing large gem quality stones and much of the initial excitement surrounding synthetic diamonds centered around their industrial applications. Scientists first began the large scale production of synthetic diamonds during the previous century, when high pressure techniques allowed some labs to develop diamonds under completely artificial conditions. Recently, a company based in the United States and Singapore announced the production of a large, 3.04 carat synthetic diamond. Reportedly, many companies around the world are vying to produce gemstone quality, large synthetic diamonds capable of rivaling all of the qualities of minded diamonds, which occur naturally. In 2013 for instance, a laboratory in the United States tested another large synthetic diamond of 2.16 carats. Although the price of diamonds rose between 2009 and 2014, the invention of new manufacturing technologies capable of producing high quality synthetic diamonds holds the promise of making diamonds increasingly affordable for a multitude of uses.

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|An unidentified grenadier on the Eastern Front| Total casualties amongst the Waffen-SS will probably never be known, but according to a report from July 12 1972 approximately 950,000 men passed through the Waffen-SS up to the end of World War II, and 253,000 were listed as killed or missing in action or died in Prisoner-of-War camps. This equals just less than 27 percent. Other reports, however, indicates that the Waffen-SS suffered 314,000 killed and missing in action or died in Prisoner-of-War camps. This equals just less than 35 percent. Wounded or captured volunteers were often executed when falling in Soviet hands once their interrogations were completed. The volunteers had no illusions about their fate if taken prisoner. The Soviet atrocities carried out against surrendered elite troops were well known among the Waffen-SS. On several well-documented occasions their fallen comrades had been found bestially mutilated and murdered. For the survivors, it was a small, but appreciated act of thanks when, in 1990´s, Finland and newly-independent Estonia issued memorial medals to foreigners who had fought against Communism in those two countries during World War II. The dead have also been honored in recent years through memorials placed in Flanders, Latvia, Ukraine and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Clip: a possible battle fatigue grenadier on the Eastern Front. Footage from Die Deutsche Wochenschau. Fair use.

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SHAKING OFF WINTER IN JACKSON HOLE can be slow. Spring tends to be muddy, overstay its welcome and, at times, rudely act like winter. Ignore these slights and distract yourself by planning a trip to a less-moody climate, like Springdale, Utah’s, for example. There are few things that summon up summer like a road trip to a national park, and Zion National Park is located conveniently on Springdale’s doorstep. Zion is one of the biggies in the national park lineup. With regard to splendors, it’s on par with Grand Canyon, Grand Teton, Yellowstone, and Yosemite. Every year, four-million-plus visitors affirm its awesomeness. And, they all go through Springdale, which is literally right outside Zion’s main entrance. The small town embraces its role as Zion’s gateway and has an enlightened selection of interesting galleries, scrumptious eateries, and top-shelf lodging. In many ways, it’s like a smaller Jackson, if you substitute rock cliffs and desert for conifers and high-alpine mountains. GET YOUR ARCHITECTURE (AND HISTORY) ON — Established in 1919, Zion was the first of the five national parks in Utah—Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Arches, and Canyonlands are the others. President William Howard Taft first drew attention to the area ten years earlier, in 1909, when he created the Mukuntuweap National Monument. In 1918, the National Park Service’s (NPS) assistant director, Horace Albright (who went on to become superintendent of Yellowstone National Park and also have a mountain, Albright Peak, in Grand Teton National Park named after him), was expanding the footprint of America’s parks and sought congressional approval to elevate Taft’s monument to national park status. In the process, he opted to change its name to Zion, a Biblical term co-opted by Mormon settlers as a sort of holy nickname for Utah. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson signed the congressional proclamation and Zion National Park was officially born. Springdale was originally a Mormon farming community, but today appears more beholden to Zion than to any religion. Its prevailing architectural style is “early twenty-first century tourist town.” Buildings blend nicely with the desert surroundings. They are inoffensive, but architecturally don’t have an overwhelming sense of place. There is one very special architectural treasure: Zion National Park Lodge (1 Zion Canyon Scenic Dr., Springdale, 435/772-7700, zionlodge.com), the only lodging located inside Zion National Park. It is one of the grand park lodges designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood. Underwood graduated from Harvard in 1923 and then lucked into the gig of a lifetime working for the Union Pacific Railroad to design and build infrastructure in NPS locations to lure people to the parks out West. The railroad commissioned him to design lodges. Zion Lodge was one of his first, constructed in what would come to be known as “Parkitecture style,” a rustic approach that featured rough-hewn local materials. Construction on Zion Lodge was finished in 1927, about the same time the architect was remodeling Old Faithful Lodge in Yellowstone and building lodges in Bryce Canyon and on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. (Underwood went on to also design, in Yosemite, the hotel formerly known as the Ahwahnee. The Ahwahnee was recently forced to change its name to Majestic Yosemite Hotel after a lawsuit.) The Zion Lodge burned down in a fire in 1966 and was quickly rebuilt without the original rustic look. In the 1990s, it was restored to Underwood’s original design. On the way into Springdale, traveling west to east on Route 9, you’ll pass through two historic towns, Grafton (graftonheritage.org) and Rockville. They’re worth doubling back to explore (or stopping the first time you go through). Rockville is the site of a historic steel truss bridge spanning the Virgin River. The bridge, built in 1924, is the only surviving “Parker through truss” bridge in Utah and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. You’ll cross this very bridge east of Grafton, a collection of well-preserved frontier buildings that are the remnants of a small farming community that went ghost town around 1945. Grafton was used as a set in 1969’s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. It was the location where actors Paul Newman, Robert Redford, and Katherine Ross rode bicycles accompanied by Burt Bacharach and Hal David’s “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ on My Head.” BRING IT HOME — Springdale is essentially one main drag that includes all the usual tourist shops selling trinkets and all-I-got-was-this-lousy-T-shirt kind of T-shirts. But it’s also home to an enclave of artists from painters to potters. Nick Blaisdell is a ceramicist known for his enigmatic pots that evoke both Native American and Oriental designs, but somehow are neither. You’ll find his work along with an excellent selection by other standout artists at LaFave Gallery (1214 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-0464, lafavegallery. com). On the way into town, you will likely see displays of beautiful wind sculptures in local yards and adorning businesses and restaurants. These whirligigs are most likely the work of desert-dwelling artist Lyman Whitaker. He calls them kinetic wind sculptures, but we just call them fun. You’ll find a selection of his creations at Worthington Gallery (789 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-3446, worthingtongallery.com). PLAY — You came here to explore and get involved with some national-park-level beauty, right? The truly adventurous will want to consider a technical canyoneering adventure in the slot canyons and wild areas in and around Zion. Zion Adventure Company (36 Lion Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-1001, zionadventures.com) offers guided excursions and instruction as well as gear rental, maps, and advice. For something that doesn’t involve wearing a helmet and a climbing harness, consider renting river tubes from Zion Outfitter (7 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-5090, zionoutfitter. com). In spring and early summer, floating the Virgin River is one of the most fun and refreshing ways to see the area. As a side effect of the world’s love for Zion National Park, the main road up Zion Canyon is closed to cars during the summer months. (By the way, Zion gets about as many visitors as Yellowstone, but is about one-fifteenth the size.) Visitors must use the park’s shuttle service to explore. But there is a loophole: The road is always open to cyclists. Because the only traffic consists of shuttle buses and the few drivers who are staying at Zion Lodge, it’s a uniquely peaceful road-biking experience and one of the best and most convenient ways to see the park. Zion Cycles (868 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772- 0400, zioncycles.com) has a selection of bikes from upright cruisers to, for the spandex set, carbon-fiber racers. It also rents electric bikes. Hiking, however, is Zion’s central activity, and there’s a range of trails from strenuous whoppers like Angels Landing to what are essentially nature walks, like the Emerald Pools and Weeping Rock. You will have no doubt heard of Angels Landing. One of the most iconic (and strenuous) hikes in the National Park System, the trail was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) well before there were lawyers on the NPS payroll. Its last bit is too steep and precipitous to “hike” without using your hands. The CCC installed, in the rock face, swags of linked chains for hikers to use to pull themselves up (and also to hold onto to keep from falling off). Angels Landing is not for the faint of heart. Despite the fear factor, it is nevertheless one of Zion’s most popular (read: most crowded) hikes. Lines of people having varying degrees of fitness and fear of heights pick their way along the chains. If you opt to do this hike—it’s bucket list worthy, so please do, unless you have paralyzing acrophobia—wear solid footwear with grippy soles and don’t be too proud to go slow. Don’t let the idiot in the Converse Chuck Taylors rush you. If the chain section sounds too daunting, you can hike to where it starts and still enjoy an amazing view. Zion’s other bucket list “hike” is the Narrows. We put hike in quotes here because trekking the Narrows means walking on smooth, softball-size rocks in water that’s between ankle- and thighdeep. Is “river scrambling” a thing? If you don’t twist your ankle, the Narrows is worth the effort: You’re walking in the Virgin River and below towering rock walls that grow increasingly, you guessed it, narrow. Pro tip: Rent river shoes and a stout pole or two from Zion Outfitter or Zion Adventure Company. This low-cost gear addition will make your walk upriver easier and more comfortable. For colder weather, both shops offer waders and full dry suits as well. EAT (AND DRINK) — Being more about daytime adventure, Springdale doesn’t have much in the way of nightlife, but what little there is centers around the Bit & Spur (1212 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772- 3498, bitandspur.com). It’s a local hangout with a decent menu of Southwestern pub food. If a touring band happens to be passing through, this is where they’ll play. Craft beer lovers will want to stop into Zion Canyon Brew Pub (95 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-0336, brewpubspringdale. com) to taste the local brews. As you plan your outdoor excursions, pick up provisions and a picnic lunch from Sol Foods (995 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772- 3100, solfoods.com), a hip little market with a deli counter in the back. For an ice cream treat, stop by Hoodoos (35 Lion Blvd., Springdale, 435/772- 3101, hoodoosmarket.com). For your big dinner out, try either The Spotted Dog Café (428 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-0700, flanigans. com) or Bistro H (281 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/216-1639, bistrohspringdale.com). The former is a Springdale mainstay serving up variations on wild game, fish, and pastas. Bistro H’s menu specializes in succulent, slow-roasted meats—it’s hard to go wrong with the featured chef’s choice roast—gourmet burgers, and flatbread pizzas. Both restaurants have lovely outdoor patios for patrons to enjoy the scenery as the sun sets. REST UP — The Cliffrose Lodge (281 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-3234, cliffroselodge.com) is right on the Virgin River and has a range of suites with full kitchens. Flanigan’s Inn (450 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-3244, flanigans.com) is tucked away from the main road and offers a spa-retreat atmosphere. Cable Mountain Lodge (147 Zion Park Blvd., Springdale, 435/772-3366, cablemountainlodge.com) has a selection of suites and studios in a complex that borders the park entrance. For something completely different, consider luxury camping with Under Canvas Zion (3955 Kolob Terrace Rd., Virgin, 888/496-1148, undercanvas.com/ camps/zion). Deluxe canvas tents, on-site chef-prepared meals, helicopter rides, guide services and more are available from March to mid-November. And then, of course, if you make your reservation well in advance, there’s Underwood’s Zion Lodge. SPRINGDALE IS CLOSE TO MUCH OF SOUTHWESTERN UTAH’S other cool stuff. From the Springdale entrance of Zion National Park, make your way to Bryce Canyon National Park (nps.gov/brca) and explore Scenic Highway 12. Brian Head (brianhead.com), which is both a tiny town and the ski resort that rises above it, is also close. At an elevation of 9,800 feet, Brian Head offers respite from summer heat as well as an impressive network of lift-served and cross-country mountain biking trails. From June through November, Cedar City plays host to the Utah Shakespeare Festival (bard.org), an awardwinning selection of contemporary and Elizabethan theatre on the campus of Southern Utah University.

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Found in petroleum residues. It is used as a dye intermediate, in manufacturing plastics, and as an insecticide and fungicide. It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of naphthalene with an ethylene bridge connecting positions 1 and 8. - Also known as - 1,8-Ethylenenaphthalene, peri-Ethylenenaphthalene, Naphthyleneethylene |Atomic / Molecular Weight||154.21||gmol-1||Clip| |Melting Point||366 to 368||K||Clip|

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How familiar are you with your immune system? Just like other parts of your body, your immune system can be affected by how well you support it. In recent years, research has revealed that the amount and type of exercise can influence — even negatively influence — the function of our immune system. This article will help you understand your immune system in more detail, and what kind of exercise YOU should do to help your immune system stay strong. How your immune system works The immune system performs a wide variety of functions. Some of the factors that influence the functioning of your immune system include your age, gender, eating habits, medical status and fitness level. Your skin is one of the largest parts of your immune system. It is the first line of defense. It acts as a barrier to all things in the world that can harm our body and make us sick such as bacteria and viruses. White blood cells are another vital part of our immune system. They circulate in our body and communicate with one another. Hormones and cytokines are also important. They help initiate immune system defenses. These immune system helps: - Fight colds and flu - Deal with bacteria and viruses we come in contact with - Target and fight “bad” cells that form in our body (ie. cells that mutate and could be cancerous) When your immune system is not in balance or is not functioning correctly, health problems can appear. For example, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis are considered to be autoimmune disorders, in which the immune system may attack a part of the body. Another example is prolonged inflammation. Inflammation is a component of the immune system and is considered a response to stress. When you experience inflammation it can be an indicator the immune system is doing its job, by getting the white blood cells and other components geared up for work. Initially, inflammation is a good thing. But if the inflammation persists for too long, it can be bad. Research is showing how inflammation is associated with chronic disease, including heart disease, and with metabolic disorders such as diabetes. How exercise affects the immune system How does exercise affect your immune system? There is no easy answer, but there are many findings coming to the forefront. Researches have seemed to focus on two general questions: - What does a single exercise session do to the immune system? - What does regular exercise do to the immune system? Keep in mind that exercise is a form of stress on our body. We know that a single session of physical activity has a temporary affect on our immune system. The stress response caused by a single session depends on how fit we are and how hard we exercise during the session. Here are some findings about single session workouts: Fast immune response It has been found that even after a session of moderate intensity exercise (ie. 30 minutes involving heavy breathing and light sweating) the immune system can change. More white blood cells will circulate and some will function differently. For this type of workout, you will see no real instant benefit or detriment to the immune system. High intensity workouts If exercise intensity is very high and done for a long period of time (ie. over an hour), it can be strenuous to the body. This may include triathlon training or any bootcamp/crossfit type of workout done for over 30 minutes. Like any stress on the body, the immune system will respond. This taxing of the body can make aspects of the immune system not function properly. Athletes who train hard may be more likely to be at risk for colds after heavy training or competitions. Athletes who train hard may be more likely to be at risk for colds after heavy training or competitions. Returning to normal Research has also found that after an exercise session the immune system begins returning to normal within one hour. This can take longer if the work out is long duration and high intensity. It is during the “Immune Recovery” phase that athletes are more susceptible to colds. So it is important to take precaution the hour after working out. The impact of regular exercise Regular exercise research findings about regular exercise are also interesting: - Those who exercise regularly have slight differences in their immune systems compared to those who don’t exercise regularly. - These differences have many protective benefits for our body and within the immune system itself. - A major difference is a decrease in prolonged inflammation for those that exercise regularly (.i.e, this decrease in inflammation can help play a role in the prevention of heart disease and diabetes). Researchers have also found that for those who exercise regularly, the immune system has an adapted response. This indicates the immune system has adapted to regular exercise similar to the muscles adapting to exercises. Conclusion: Get a boost from moderate, regular exercise It is fair to say that research has shown that regular, moderate physical activity can be beneficial to your immune system. Our R-Fit program, for example, is tailored to give you moderate intensity workouts on a consistent schedule. Here are suggestions based on your specific exercise needs. New to exercise If you are just beginning to exercise, here are some tips to keep your immune system working properly: - Take your time. Your immune system will need time to adapt to regular exercise. - Work in the yellow range of your MYZONE. - Start at a duration and intensity level you can easily manage. Keep it under 30 minutes. For those that exercise regularly, here are a few pointers: - Light and moderate exercise won’t be harmful, and in some cases may make you feel better when you are feeling under the weather. - It is okay to have a heavy workout, but it’s not necessary to do a heavy workout every day. Your immune system needs a chance to rest and return to a normal state. For athletes and those who train hard (high intensity for over 30 minutes): - When you are following a heavy training regime, keep an eye on your health (ie. Watch for signs of feeling worn out or cold/flu symptoms) Try to minimize other risk factors for colds and viruses. - Research has shown that consuming complex carbohydrates before a heavy training session may help ward off drastic immune changes, making you less susceptible to colds. - Vitamin C and L glutamine has shown to ward off drastic immune changes. For more tips on the immune system and other health information, follow along with our Reset blog! – Dr. Kory Pohlman, a Reset Provider Dr. Kory has extensive studies in the strength and conditioning field. He yields one of the highest credentials with the CSCS. He is also one of the founders of Kosama Body transformation franchise. Among his doctorate he also holds a minor in Chemistry. He is a holder of a national patent on an herbal natural painkiller. Dr. Kory is also a Doctor of Chiropractic in the Reset Whole Body Health Clinic.

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Alexander Spring, in Ocala National Forest, is one of my favorite natural places in Florida. It forms a wide body of water that’s mostly shallow except for a valley near the spring vents, where dozens of fish school around craggy limestone formations. The spring forms a long river that is excellent for canoeing and spotting gators on its banks. Surrounding Alexander is gorgeous wilderness, a swampy palm wetland with clear water rivulets from tiny springs under the mud. Bears are a common sight; camping at this spring was the only time I’ve seen a bear in the wild (not pictured, unfortunately). It remains a place of unparalleled beauty in Florida and is a popular destination year round for those seeking the peaceful sanctuary of nature. One man told me that he has been making the hour long trip to Alexander Spring on a regular basis for fifty years. I don’t think that fellow is a diver or snorkeler, but he might be somewhat dismayed at the sight of Alexander’s underwater environment if he was. Sadly, the water quality has clearly declined since I last visited in 2013. Algae now coats the sandy bottom and the aquatic tape grass, and the water itself has clearly taken on a greener tinge. And here’s the what the water looked like in April 2013 (excuse the low-res video). I wasn’t able to find current data on the spring, and the park employee I spoke to wasn’t aware of the issue. However, what is likely affecting Alexander is the same problem facing many central Florida springs, mostly notably the famous Silver Spring: nitrate pollution. Runoff from farms, which includes fertilizer, pesticides, and manure, trickles down into the aquifer (also the source of our drinking water in Florida!) where it enriches the underground water with nitrates. The nitrates flow to the surface with the water and provide a food source for algae. The unnatural overgrowth of this algae can reduce the available oxygen in the spring and choke out other organisms in its ecosystem, such as fish and existing vegetation. When Amendment 1, the Florida Water and Land Conservation Initiative was passed in November, it provided a guaranteed source of funding for projects to restore Florida’s environment. Increasing efforts to protect Florida’s famous springs was a major selling point for the amendment. Though the amendment was passed, it will require the constant vigilance of activists to ensure that this takes place as hoped. There are fears the initiative could be a victim of the “hole in a bucket” effect, where existing funding is eliminated just as the initiative’s funding begins. Additionally, much of the funding “pie” may go to programs that are economically important for tourism, but have little ecological significance, such as beach renourishment. Fortunately, activists are not resting on their laurels. The newly formed Florida Springs Council will hopefully make progress towards making sure that springs restoration projects get the funding they need and deserve. Meanwhile, sixty miles to the south, Walt Disney World is planning “Disney Springs”, a new “retail, dining and entertainment venue” built to look like “a small, early 1900s town” built around “beautiful natural springs”. The timing of this development is ironic. Just as the environment of “old Florida” that charmed millions to move south is deteriorating away, a facsimile of that charm is being built – whether intentionally or not – to replace it. A tiny stream trickles through the swampy forest surrounding Alexander Spring. The river created from the spring, flowing east to meet Lake George. Cabbage palms proliferate around Alexander Spring. Your author. There’s aways time for a #SpringSelfie

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About the Energy Lab The world’s energy consumption is predicted to grow by 56% in the next 25 years*. As the demand for energy swells, the stores of fossil fuels we currently depend on are dwindling and becoming more costly to obtain. The burning of these fossil fuels also discharges carbon, which has long-lasting negative effects on the environment. For these reasons, researchers and engineers are working to find efficient and cost effective ways to harness energy from renewable sources like solar and wind. In the Energy Lab, you’ll design a city’s renewable energy system by analyzing the same data as the experts. Just like these energy engineers, you’ll need to weigh the pros and cons of each energy source, assess the availability in that area, and consider the needs of the location. Local potential energy maps will help you design a renewable energy system. From NOVA's Energy Lab Design a Renewable Future You’ll be presented with energy profiles for five different cities across the United States. Based on data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), city officials, and local utility companies, these profiles will give you a snap shot of the city’s current energy needs and resources. You’ll be given a budget and a renewable energy production target. Your challenge will be to design a system that meets this target as cheaply as possible. Depending on a location’s resources, your renewable energy system design may include solar, wind, geothermal, or biomass power. To help inform your design, you’ll study energy potential maps created for NOVA Labs by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Using sliders, you can select the types of energy you want and how much of each you want. As you move the sliders, you’ll instantly see how your choices impact your budget. Test your system When you have designed your system, you can test it against yearly historical data. During the test you’ll be given feedback and the opportunity to redesign your system. When the test is complete, you’ll power up your renewable energy system and find out if you met your production goals. Your system simulation is powered by real-time weather and solar data captured directly from NREL stations located in each city. You'll see instant feedback as you design your system. From NOVA's Energy Lab The Energy Lab also includes eight short videos about what energy is, how we can produce and store it more efficiently, and what our renewable energy alternatives to fossil fuels are. These videos can be viewed in the Energy Lab Video Quizzes or in our NOVA Labs Video Library. Are you ready to Design a Renewable Future? Play the Energy Lab. *Projected by The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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For 40 years, public health professionals violated their solemn medical oath (“To do no harm”). They conducted research known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in Macon County, Alabama, on the campus of Tuskegee Institute, that was eventually found to be “ethically unjustified.” The experiment started in 1932 when the Public Health Service, in conjunction with Tuskegee Institute, conducted research to study the natural progression of syphilis titled the ‘Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.’ As you are likely to know already, syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease and is particularly nasty. No-one would volunteer to suffer this disease for science. None of the Black males in the study, or their families, were informed of the true nature or purpose of the study. Researchers lied and told them they were being treated for “bad blood.” There was no treatment! In exchange for their participation, the participants received “free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance.” How conveniently generous? The study enrolled 600 men, 399 had syphilis and the 201 who did not, were the ‘control subjects.’ Most were illiterate and poor sharecroppers. In 1932, there was no cure or effective treatment for syphilis, but in 1947 the antibiotic penicillin became the standard treatment. This actual cure for syphilis was withheld from both groups in the study. Withheld! Published reports clearly showed the men with syphilis were dying at a rate faster than those uninfected, an indication to stop the research and administer treatment. Still, the experiment continued and treatment not given for another 25 years. As per Wikipedia on the History of Syphilis: In the 1960s, Peter Buxtun sent a letter to the CDC, who controlled the study, expressing concern about the ethics of letting hundreds of black men die of a disease that could be cured. The CDC asserted that it needed to continue the study until all of the men were dead. In 1972, Buxton went to the mainstream press. Associated Press broke the story of the experiment that let not only Black men die of a then curable disease, but watched as they infected their wives, offsprings and an untold number of others with syphilis. Think about that, the US Public Health Service, the CDC stood by and knowingly watched Black men, women, and children infect each other and die from a disease that was not only entirely curable but preventable. They observed the spread of syphilis within the community to other men and women, who then gave birth to children with congenital syphilis. Just muse on that thought. A subsequent investigation concluded the study was “ethically unjustified.” While the men participated freely, they were MISinformed and never given appropriate treatment for syphilis. As part of a class-action settlement, free medical and burial services were provided to survivors of the study, their wives, widows, and children. The Centers of Diseases Control and Prevention continues to administer the program through The Tuskegee Health Benefit Program. The monetary settlement included $37,500 to living participants with syphilis, while heirs of the control group got $5,000. This study demonstrated once again the exploitation and the appalling abuse of human rights of Blacks by the US government. Were any criminal charges brought against anyone involved in the experiment? Did anyone lose his medical license? Or were any health professionals sued? A sum of $37,500, medical care and an apology on May 16, 1997, by Bill Clinton, seem like an incentive to continue such exploitation. What’s the worse that can happen? A slap on the wrist. Bill Clinton Apologizes for Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

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PRAGMATISM (MS 279-335) Stylistic problems. Should a writer be allowed to use the first person singular? Strategy for convincing the reader of the soundness of the writer's position. Monist Artides (of ), Pragmatism and Pragmaticism pp. 1-3, incomplete PRAGMATISM / MONIST ARTICLES 1905-06

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The creature in the picture is a caterpillar with a pretty weird habit. That bit that looks like a spike is actually a pile of heads. As if that wasn’t odd enough, the heads all once belonged to the same caterpillar. Caterpillars go through molts as they grow. They start off teeny-tiny, and as they get bigger they split their old, tight skin and emerge in a sparkly new skin, then grow some more. Actually, lots of invertebrates do this, from caterpillars to lobsters. Some eat their old skins, some just leave them lying around. But the gum lead skeletoniser caterpillar keeps the head each time after its fourth molt. As it grows, its pile of heads grows longer, forming something that looks like a spike at the front of the caterpillar.A spike made of old heads – that’s pretty weird. The dead heads can’t do anything – they are as dead as the hair that has come from your head, or the ends of your fingernails. But it seems they can act as a defensive weapon. Petah Low, a research scientist in Australia set up a contest between two caterpillars, one with a spike of old heads and one without, and a predatory insect called a stinkbug that wanted to eat the caterpillars. The stinkbug has a sharp, needle-like mouth that it uses to inject poison into its prey and then to such out the insides. Nice (not). The caterpillar without its spike of heads was quickly defeated; it took only 14 seconds for the stinkbug to win. The caterpillar with its head-spike held out for 120 seconds, using its spike like a sword or lance, knocking aside the stinkbug’s needle-mouth. But it still lost in the end. Learn more from this study of gum leaf skeletoniser caterpillars.

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The origin of the slogan, “Nothing About Us Without Us,” has long been discussed since it was first used in the early 1980s by disability rights groups. It is often attributed to Southern African disability rights groups but some South Africans recall hearing it first from Eastern Europeans at disability rights conferences. You may not be aware reader, there is a Polish law of 1505 that translates into this slogan, meant to establish that the King could not pass laws without going through Parliament which has long been used as a touchstone of democracy there. It was re-launched and well-publicized in the early 1980s by the Solidarity movement of Polish laborers. It is possible that Eastern European disability activists introduced this rallying cry to international meetings, where it may have found particularly deep resonance in South Africa’s fledgling movement to include disability activism in the struggles against apartheid. Recently, it has become the rallying cry of people living with Dementia as well and hijacked by the Global Disability Summit last month. In the early stages of Dementia we may have seen the treatment of people at a later stage of Dementia or experienced the lack of state funded post-diagnosis support, benefits and services and the negative impact on our lives. We will have experienced the inequalities between diseases and it is our right to raise awareness, to be heard and to participate in public life, which includes the decision making process that affect us. The figure quoted for the number of people with Dementia, 850,000 is based on the official 2014 figure by the time of the next General Election, 2022 I think, that will be over a million, just over 1 in 70 of the population. If you add other disabilities to that, you have a powerful voter group, who campaigning together can bring disability abuses to the fore of the next General Election Campaign. In relation to Dementia and in it’s basic form it is a statement that nothing should be decided about our lives with Dementia without involving us in the decision making process.

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It is widely accepted that US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on the moon on July 20, 1969. But 48 years on, conspiracy theorists still believe that the Apollo 11 mission was staged by the administration of President John F Kennedy. One major theory suggests that a lethal radiation belt surrounding Earth would have made travel to the moon impossible. The Van Allen belt creates a dense radiation environment of charged particles trapped in Earth’s magnetic field. Marcus Allen, a notorious peddler of moon landing hoax theories, reckons NASA’s astronauts would have died when passing through the belt. Allen put forward this theory at the Glastonbury Symposium – an annual conference exploring truth, mysteries and new frontiers, according to Express.co.uk. Speaking on a panel at the 27th annual conference, Allen, whose Nexus conspiracy theory magazine reaches 1.1 million readers globally, waxed lyrical about the theory. He said: “I don't believe man landed on the moon. If NASA or anyone else can prove it, I am waiting to hear, because I can't work it out. “It is the 50th anniversary apparently, but how did they do it? “If it was so easy in the 1960s, surely they could do it any day now, and so could Russia, Japan, India, even North Korea.” “I don't believe man landed on the moon.”Marcus Allen, conspiracy theorist And in an astonishing claim, Allen suggested that NASA has admitted that astronauts cannot pass through the belt without problems. He said: "It wasn't easy, there are so many difficulties to be overcome. "NASA admitted this since in not so many words. "If you read NASA's technological information they say we have real problems, they just don't say they had a problem at the time." But writing for Popular Science, writer Amy Shira Teitel explored the theory in great detail. She explained that, although NASA knew the risks of the “Van Allen problem”, scientists were confident no astronauts would be harmed. NASA research confirmed that “the spacecraft’s skin and all the instrumentation lining the walls would be enough protection” for astronauts. Shira wrote: “To monitor radiation exposure during the flights, Apollo crews carried dosimeters on board their spacecraft and on their persons. “And these readings confirmed NASA had made a good choice. “At the end of the programme, the agency determined that its astronauts had avoided the large radiation doses many feared would ground flights to the Moon.” Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins were part of the Apollo 11 crew in 1969 – the first successful manned flight to reach Earth’s only natural satellite. But videos and pictures claiming the space race was faked have been doing the rounds since. Some extraordinary claims circulating online even suggest hostile aliens have banned human astronauts from ever returning to the moon.

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ERIC Identifier: ED458046 Publication Date: 2001-11-00 Author: Schweinhart, Lawrence J. Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Champaign IL. Recent Evidence on Preschool Programs. ERIC Digest. Growing evidence indicates that high-quality preschool child development programs contribute to the short- and long-term development of children living in poverty. Recent literature reviews summarize this evidence (Barnett, in press; Currie, 2000; Karoly et al., 1998). Some recent studies have been experimental, involving random assignment of children and families to program and no-program groups and providing the most unequivocal evidence of program effects. Other recent studies have been quasi- experimental, involving a no-program group not randomly assigned or no comparison group at all; these studies never completely rule out alternative explanations, but they do permit examination of evidence in situations where experimental design was impossible. This Digest summarizes recently reported experimental and quasi-experimental studies of Head Start and similar programs. RECENTLY REPORTED EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES An evaluation of the Head Start Comprehensive Child Development Program (Goodson et al., 2000) randomly assigned 4,410 children and families living in poverty at 21 sites to this program or no program and followed them for 5 years. Although the program's comprehensive services centered on the assignment to each family of a case manager to help them meet their needs, only 58% of the program group actually met with a case manager, as did 18% of the control group, due to participation in other programs. Perhaps partly because this group difference in case management was only 40% rather than the 100% that might be expected, the study found no statistically significant effects on either child or parent outcomes, raising the question of whether families who use early childhood programs really profit from case management. An evaluation of some 3,000 infants and toddlers and their low-income families in the Early Head Start program, the federal program that began in 1995, has found program effects through age 2 (Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, 2001b). When compared to a randomly assigned control group, Early Head Start children did modestly but significantly better on measures of cognitive, language, and social-emotional development, and their parents scored significantly better than control-group parents on measures of parenting behavior and knowledge of infant-toddler development. The evaluation is continuing, to see if these early effects are sustained as children grow older. Two evaluations of the Even Start Family Literacy Program (Planning and Evaluation Service, 1998) randomly assigned children and families to Even Start or not. Somewhat greater percentages of the Even Start group than the control group received various services, for example, 95% versus 60% participating in early childhood education. Consequently, both groups experienced gains, with the Even Start group experiencing some greater gains-the pattern for adult literacy, adult GED attainment (22% vs. 6% in one of the studies), cognitive stimulation and emotional support by the family, and children's vocabulary. Even Start children improved their basic school readiness skills (e.g., recognition of colors, shapes, and sizes), but their non-Even Start peers caught up with them a year later, a common finding for intellectual achievement in preschool programs. The Carolina Abecedarian Project study randomly assigned 111 infants from low-income families to program and no-program groups and collected data on 104 of them at age 21 (Campbell et al., 2001). The full-time child care program focused on game-like educational activities to foster young children's cognitive, motor, and social development. This is the first such study to find program benefits throughout participants' schooling on their intellectual performance and academic achievement. Other findings include more participants being in school at age 21 (40% vs. 20%), more ever attending a 4-year college (35% vs. 14%), and a higher average age at birth of first child (19.1 vs. 17.7). In 1997, the U.S. General Accounting Office observed that no studies had evaluated effects of typical (rather than model) Head Start programs using experimental designs that randomly assigned children to program and no-program groups. Head Start's 1998 reauthorization empaneled an Advisory Committee on Head Start Research and Evaluation (1999) to recommend a framework for studying the impact of Head Start. The National Head Start Impact Study, now under way, should provide useful results in a few years. RECENTLY REPORTED QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES FACES is a continuing longitudinal study of 3,200 children and families who entered 40 representative Head Start programs in fall 1997. Although the study did not have a no-program group for comparison, results (Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, 2001a) showed that Head Start children improved their vocabulary, writing skills, and social skills more than expected on these measures for children their age and continued to have better literacy and mathematics skills during their kindergarten year. Parents were found to be very satisfied with Head Start, more so than for other federal programs. Head Start classrooms received high-quality ratings by trained outside observers, and most Head Start teachers were found to have the requisite teaching qualifications. Gilliam and Zigler (2000) report that as of 1998, evaluations had been conducted on 13 of the 33 state preschool programs. They summarize these evaluations as finding modest support for positive program effects on children's developmental performance, school performance and attendance, and reduced percentages of children held back a grade. Similarly, an evaluation of North Carolina's Smart Start programs, not included in this review, found evidence of modest improvements in children's skills as rated by teachers at kindergarten entry (Smart Start Evaluation Team, 1999). Oden, Schweinhart, and Weikart (2000) studied 622 22-year-olds born in poverty who had or had not attended Head Start. Of the females at the site that permitted such comparisons, more of the Head Start graduates graduated from high school or got a GED (95% vs. 81%), and only one-third as many had been arrested for a crime (5% vs. 15%). At the same site, the study compared children who had participated in regular Head Start classes to children in Head Start classes using the High/Scope curriculum framework, in which teachers systematically supported children's intentional learning activities. Both males and females who had experienced High/Scope rather than regular classes achieved a higher elementary grade point average (3.2 vs. 2.4 on a 4-point scale) and had only 38% as many criminal convictions by age 22 (0.54 vs. 1.41 convictions per person). Independent analyses suggested that program effects were probably Currie and Thomas (1999) examined the effects of Head Start in the representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth by comparing Head Start children to their siblings who did not attend Head Start. They identified who had attended Head Start by asking the children's mothers. Focusing on 750 Latino children, they found that relative to their siblings, Head Start children had higher vocabulary and mathematics test scores and were less likely to repeat a grade. Applying the same method to the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, Garces, Thomas, and Currie (2000) found long-term effects of Head Start programs in a sample of 255 young adults on the high school completion and college attendance of Whites and the crime convictions of African A follow-up study of the federally funded Chicago Child-Parent Centers (Reynolds et al., 2001) examined 1,539 20-year-olds, two-thirds of whom attended this comprehensive, part-day preschool program at ages 3 and 4. Program participants achieved a higher rate of high school completion (50% vs. 39%) and lower rate of juvenile arrests (17% vs. 25%). The program provided an economic return of $7.10 per dollar invested, $3.83 of it to taxpayers. In summary, recently reported short-term studies have questioned the value of case management as part of early childhood programs, provided guarded support for infant- toddler programs, and found that programs for 4-year-olds contribute to children's readiness to enter school and remain on grade. Recently reported long-term studies have found evidence of good preschool programs improving high school graduation rates and reducing the criminal activity of certain categories FOR MORE INFORMATION Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. Commissioner's Office of Research and Evaluation and the Head Start Bureau. (2001a). HEAD START FACES: LONGITUDINAL FINDINGS ON PROGRAM PERFORMANCE. THIRD PROGRESS REPORT. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. Commissioner's Office of Research and Evaluation and the Head Start Bureau. (2001b). Building their futures: How Early Head Start programs are enhancing the lives of infants and toddlers in low-income families: Summary report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Available: Advisory Committee on Head Start Research and Evaluation. (1999, October). EVALUATING HEAD START: A RECOMMENDED FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING THE IMPACT OF THE HEAD START PROGRAM. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Available: http://www2.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb/hsreac/octrep.htm.%20 Barnett, W. S. (in press). Does Head Start have lasting cognitive effects? In E. Zigler & S. Styfco (Eds.), THE HEAD START DEBATES (FRIENDLY AND OTHERWISE). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Miller-Johnson, S., Burchinal, M., & Ramey, C. T. (2001). The development of cognitive and academic abilities: Growth curves from an early childhood educational experiment. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 37(2), 231-242. See also: http://www.fpg.unc.edu/~abc/. Currie, J. (2000, April). EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION PROGRAMS: WHAT DO WE KNOW? Chicago: Joint Center for Poverty Research. Available: Currie, J., & Thomas, D. (1999). Does Head Start help Hispanic children? JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS, 74(2), 235-262. Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2000, December). Longer-term effects of Head Start. Working Paper 8054. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8054.%20 Gilliam, W. S., & Zigler, E. F. (2000). A critical meta-analysis of all evaluations of state-funded preschool from 1977 to 1998: Implications for policy, service delivery, and program implementation. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY, 15(4), 441-473. Goodson, B. D., Layzer, J. I., St. Pierre, R. G., Bernstein, L. S., & Lopez, M. (2000). Effectiveness of a comprehensive, five-year family support program for low-income families: Findings from the Comprehensive Child Development Program. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY, 15(1), 5-39. Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Everingham, S. S., Hoube, J., Kilburn, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M., & Chiesa, J. (1998). INVESTING IN OUR CHILDREN: WHAT WE KNOW AND DON'T KNOW ABOUT THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONS. Washington, DC: Rand Corporation. Available: http:// www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR898/. ED 419 621. Oden, S., Schweinhart, L. J., & Weikart, D. P. (2000). INTO ADULTHOOD: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HEAD START. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. ED 444 730. Planning and Evaluation Service. (1998). EVEN START: EVIDENCE FROM THE PAST AND A LOOK TO THE FUTURE. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001, May 9). Long-term effects of an early childhood intervention on educational achievement and juvenile arrest: A 15-year follow-up of low-income children in public schools. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 285(18), 2339-2346. See also: http://www.waisman.wisc.edu/cls/index.html.%20 Smart Start Evaluation Team. (1999, September). A SIX-COUNTY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SMART START CHILD CARE ON KINDERGARTEN ENTRY SKILLS. Chapel Hill, NC: Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center (Report to North Carolina Dept. of Health and Human Services). Available http://www.fpg.unc.edu/%7Esmartstart/reports/six-county.PDF. ED 433 154. U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997). HEAD START: RESEARCH PROVIDES LITTLE INFORMATION ON IMPACT OF CURRENT PROGRAM. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. See also: http://www.gao.gov, search for HEHS-97-59. ED 407

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It’s Carbs, not Fats, May Lead to a Premature Death A new large study suggests that too many carbohydrates, especially the refined, processed kinds of carbs, in the diet, not fats, may raise the risk of premature death. The study also finds that eating fruits, vegetables, and legumes can lower this risk. The study, led by Mahshid Dehghan, an investigator from the Population Health Research Institute at McMaster University in Ontario, included participants from 18 countries from across the world. The study finds that people with a high fat intake of 35% of the daily diet had a 23% lower risk of premature death and 18% lower risk of stroke compared to people who ate less fat. Meanwhile, a high-carbohydrates diet with average 77% carbs was associated with a 28% increased risk of premature death. According to a recent study, completed by the scientists from the Duke University Medical Center in Durham, USA, regular bedtime is important for heart health and metabolism. A team of scientists examined the sleeping patterns of approximately 2,000 adults aged... A new study, conducted by the scientists from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, finds that light and moderate physical activity, for example walking and swimming, may help reduce the stroke severity. The study included approximately data from 1,000 individuals... It is very entertaining to be a sport fan. There is a big variety of sport games that are extremely interesting to follow. Moreover, it is always fun to anticipate the score and watch the enthusiasm live. One of the benefits of being sports fan is using different...read more A new study of nearly 18,000 participants found that those with high fitness at middle age were significantly less likely to die from heart disease in later life, even if they were diagnosed with depression. Doctor's Tips: How to Stay Fit While Treating Depression Dr....read more The warm ups are supposed to increase body temperature and blood flow so the muscles and surrounding joints become more responsive and prepared for physical activity. Although there’s a neurological element to warm-ups, most research focuses on the physiological...read more

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