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The Lithuanian Litas is the official currency of Lithuania. One Lithuanian Litas is worth 100 Centai. Coins are issued in 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Centai as well as 1, 2 and 5 Litai (plural for Litas). Banknotes come in 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 Litai. Lithuania is expected to adopt the Euro as its currency on 1 January 2015. Lithuania has had many problems with counterfeiting of Lithuanian Litas banknotes. This was mainly due to low quality printing as a result of trying to reduce costs of production. The Lithuanian Litas replaced the Ostmark and Ostruble when Lithuania claimed its independence following World War I in 1922. However, in April 1941, Lithuania was taken over by the Soviet Union and so the Lithuanian Litas was replaced by the Soviet Ruble. Following Lithuania’s independence in 1990, the Lithuanian Talonas was issued as a temporary currency before the Lithuanian Litas was re-established in 1993. - centas (100) - 2 October 1922 - Bank of Lithuania

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Secular scientists have a difficult time explaining an Ice Age, even though there is strong geological evidence that one occurred. In fact, creation scientists have long argued that the Genesis Flood is a vastly superior mechanism for explaining an Ice Age.1 Secular scientists claim there have been many ice ages in Earth history, although the supposed evidence for these other ice ages is very weak. The popular secular theory for explaining these supposed ice ages is the Milankovitch, or astronomical, ice age theory. This theory claims that the timing of the ice ages is controlled by slow, gradual changes in Earth’s orbital motions. Although the astronomical theory has serious problems, many secular scientists accept it because of a well-known 1976 paper titled “The Pacemaker of the Ice Ages.”2,3 The paper’s authors analyzed data from two Indian Ocean deep-sea cores, data which seemed to show that the climate was characterized by cycles that were about 100 thousand, 41 thousand, and 23 thousand years long. If one extrapolates Earth’s orbital motions into the distant past or distant future, these orbital motions would also exhibit cycles of these lengths. For this reason the paper was seen as providing strong evidence for the astronomical theory. This paper is so important that two prestigious scientific journals, Nature and Science, both published articles commemorating this paper’s 40th anniversary in December 2016.4,5 However, original ICR research revealed serious problems with this iconic paper, the most obvious of which is that the analysis depended upon an age assignment which even secular scientists no longer accept as valid!3,6 When one takes this age revision into account and re-works the calculations using the same methodology and assumptions used by the original authors, then the purported evidence for the astronomical theory is greatly weakened. This is true, even if one accepts, for the sake of argument, the vast ages that uniformitarian scientists assign to these deep-sea cores. This research may freely be read online, and it has been described in several popular-level articles in our Acts & Facts magazine.7-10 Moreover, there is a short-cut method which enables non-experts (even high school students) to verify that my most important published results are in the ballpark.11-13 However, secular scientists made more revisions to the data sets that were used in the analysis. For the sake of rigor, it seemed like a good idea for ICR to re-do the analysis taking those changes into account. These results have been recently published, and are now accessible online.14 Because these calculations took into account revisions that secular scientists have long ignored, this is arguably the most up-to-date test of the astronomical hypothesis, using these data sets, that has been performed so far. Again, it should be emphasized that these calculations were performed using the exact same methodology and assumptions made by the Pacemaker authors, but taking into account the after-the-fact revisions to the data made by secular scientists themselves. Not surprisingly, these new results strongly disagree with the astronomical theory. The bottom line results are shown in the paper’s Figures 12 through 20. If the astronomical theory is correct, then one would expect the “peaks” and vertical lines in the graphs to align with each other. As is obvious from the accompanying figure, as well as the figures in the paper, this is almost never the case. Unfortunately, the short-cut method cannot be used to verify these particular results, due to the multiple changes made to the data sets, but it is hardly surprising that such changes would further weaken this supposed evidence for the astronomical theory. Why is this research important? Because many secular scientists now assume the theory to be correct, the theory has become an essential dating method in their geochronology “toolkit.” Secular scientists frequently use it to assign ages to sediments and ice cores. Believe it or not, the theory is even used to calibrate dating standards that are used in one of the most popular radioisotope dating methods—argon-argon dating.15,16 Without a firm basis for the astronomical theory, hundreds, perhaps thousands, of secular age assignments are called into question, even by secular reckoning. In fact, not only are the age assignments themselves thrown into doubt, but any conclusion in any technical paper that depends on these age assignments is also called into question. This is a geochronological train wreck! Christians today are under tremendous pressure to accept the doctrine of an old Earth. The apparent agreement between multiple, supposedly independent dating methods, is seen as powerful evidence for the secular old Earth story. But as this research demonstrates, this apparent agreement can be more superficial than real. When one looks deeper into the technical details, it becomes obvious that the methods don’t always agree. But don’t hold your breath waiting for secular scientists to acknowledge this. In fact, one secular paper appears to be, among other things, an attempt to quietly and discreetly justify the age assignments used in the Pacemaker paper—21 years after the fact.17 In essence, secular scientists are claiming that the Pacemaker authors fortuitously obtained the right answer, even though they used incorrect reasoning. But if this post hoc justification is so convincing, then why have they not candidly acknowledged it, to either the larger scientific community or the general public? Even though the initial results from this ICR research were published almost two years ago, the secular scientific community still has yet to candidly acknowledge what should be glaringly obvious problems in this iconic paper. 1. Morris, J. D. 1993. Was There Really an Ice Age? Acts & Facts. 22 (8). 2. Oard, M. J. 2007. Astronomical troubles for the astronomical hypothesis of Ice Ages. Journal of Creation. 21 (3): 19-23. 3. Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton. 1976. Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science. 194 (4270): 1121-1132. 4. Hodell, D. A. 2016. The smoking gun of the ice ages. Science. 354 (6317): 1235-1236. 5. Maslin, M. 2016. In retrospect: Forty years of linking orbits to ice ages. Nature. 540 (7632): 208-210. 6. Shackleton, N. J. and N. D. Opdyke. 1973. Oxygen Isotope and Palaeomagnetic Stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238: Oxygen Isotope Temperatures and Ice Volumes on a 105 and 106 Year Scale. Quaternary Research. 3 (1): 39-55. 7. Hebert, J. 2016. Should the “Pacemaker of the Ice Ages” Paper Be Retracted? —Part 3. Answers Research Journal. 9: 229-255. 8. Hebert, J. 2016. Milankovitch Meltdown: Toppling an Iconic Old-Earth Argument, Part 1. Acts & Facts. 45 (11): 10-13. 9. Hebert, J. 2016. Milankovitch Meltdown: Toppling an Iconic Old-Earth Argument, Part 2. Acts & Facts. 45 (12): 10-13. 10. Hebert, J. 2016. Milankovitch Meltdown: Toppling an Iconic Old-Earth Argument, Part 3. Acts & Facts. 46 (1): 10-13. 11. Hebert, J. 2017. A Broken Climate Pacemaker? – Part 1. Journal of Creation. 31(1): 88-98. 12. Hebert, J. 2017. Testing Old-Earth Climate Claims, Part 1. Acts & Facts. 46 (11): 10-13. 13. Hebert, J. 2017. Testing Old-Earth Climate Claims, Part 2. Acts & Facts. 46 (12): 10-13. 14. Hebert, J. 2017. The “Pacemaker of the Ice Ages” Paper Revisited: Closing a Loophole in the Refutation of a Key Argument for Milankovitch Climate Forcing. Creation Research Society Quarterly. 54: 133-148. 15. Hebert, J. 2016. Deep Core Dating and Circular Reasoning. Acts & Facts. 45 (3): 9. 16. Hebert, J. 2014. Circular Reasoning in the Dating of Deep Seafloor Sediments and Ice Cores: The Orbital Tuning Method. Answers Research Journal. 7: 297-309. 17. Raymo, M. E. 1997. The timing of major climate terminations. Paleoceanography. 12 (4): 577-585. Dr. Jake Hebert is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation Research and earned his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Texas at Dallas.

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A hands-on approach to creative keyboard playing and teaching Tonal Tools blends old and contemporary approaches to tonal music. Nine ‘components’ serve as keys to a more aural, creative and tangible approach in any tonal idiom from the very start. - Interweave Tonal Tools with your usual practicing habits or teaching methods. - Develop according to your own or your pupil’s pace and needs. - Span the baroque, classical, romantic, jazz and pop repertoire using common improvisational and compositional principles. - a better integration of musical understanding and instrumental skill - a more reliable memory and better sight-reading ability - a broadened musical imagination - enhanced expressiveness - more joy in playing tonal music. Taking a more ‘horizontal’ approach to voicing on the keyboard, Tonal Tools mainly only works with two harmonic elements: the fifth chord (5C) and the sixth chord (6C). - 5Cs basically mark bass 1 (the tonic) and bass 5 (the dominant), e.g. - 6Cs are transitional chords, e.g. It is mainly the bass that determines which harmonic elements are to be combined into a harmonic progression. The general rule is simple: - when the bass leaps, a 5C-5C type chord progression is preferable - when the bass moves by step, preferably at least one 6C should be involved (examples C major) In classical music at least, you are statistically most likely to find these basic chord types on each degree of the scale (C major): All progressions can be copied on any degree of the scale. This is called sequencing. - sequenced 5C-5C progression: 1.5, 2.6, 4.8 - sequenced 6C-5C progression: 2.1, 7.6, 5.4 The good news about Tonal Tools Only nine basic progressions are needed to cover most of the tonal repertoire. We call them components. Components are basic tools for creating tonal music. They are straightforward and easy for the ear and fingers to grasp. The following improvisation on the organ (by a piano student) only uses three components: Quiescenza (+ variant Quiescenza Tertia), Scalino and Cadenza (+ variant Clausula). The artistic challenge of Tonal Tools Don’t think of components as ready-to-use building blocks for composition or improvisation. Components may need to be adapted to cope with ‘down to earth’ musical problems.This basically means altering the component’s metrical spread, its length and shape. Extensive practice with adapting components to your musical or artistic needs is essential. Transposing key and metre are two important approaches to develop these skills. Components can be combined. Some combinations, such as the romanesca, are extraordinarily popular throughout all styles and idioms. Popular combinations are called schemata. Most schemata are short (one phrase), symmetrically structured and harmonically basic. This makes them easy to remember and use automatically. When repeated ad lib, schemata are excellent tools for improvisation which make them particularly popular with teachers and performers. Do you need more information on how to deal with Tonal Tools? Buy the book and download the app.

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Developed from a Linus Pauling design during WWII, the technology behind Beckman Instruments’ oxygen analyzers ended up doing such diverse jobs as monitoring astronauts’ respiration, maintaining packaged food safety, and preventing blindness in newborn babies. |Place of creation| |Original file type||TIFF| |View in library catalog| Beckman Instruments. “D2 Oxygen Analyzer for Safe Oxygen Therapy,” 1950–1959. Beckman Historical Collection, Box 19, Folder 7. Science History Institute. Philadelphia. https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/4t64gn590. This citation is automatically generated and may contain errors.

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Graphite and diamond are the two crystalline forms of carbon. This is because carbon has the ability to exist as allotropes, a phenomenon known as allotropy. Allotropy is therefore the existence of two or more different forms of an element in the same physical state. However, coke, charcoal, coal and lamp-black are amorphous forms of carbon. Diamonds:– Diamonds are the purest forms of naturally occurring carbon. They are colorless, lusterless solids that can easily be transformed into shiny and brilliant gems. Diamonds can also be colored by traces of impurities. The crystal of diamond is octahedral in shape and the giant molecule in which the carbon atoms are closely packed and are held together by very strong covalent bonds. Diamonds are used in drills for mining because of their property of been hard and dense. They are also used as abrasives to sharpen very hard tools. They are also used for cutting glass and metals. Diamonds are also used as pivot support in precision instruments. Its high refractive index and high power of dispersion makes it suitable in making jewelries. Artificial diamond can also be made by subjecting graphite to very high temperature and pressure for several hours in the presence of rhodium or nickel as a catalyst. However, artificial diamond is only suitable for certain industrial manufacturing processes. Graphite:– Graphite occurs in a natural form as plumbago which is an opaque black solid. It is often mined in China, Austria, Germany, Korea, Mexico and Sri Lanka. It is formed by the action of volcanic heat over a period of time on coal deposits. The crystal lattice structure of graphite is such that the carbon atoms form flat layers that are arranged in parallel, one above the other. Properties of graphite:– Graphite is soft and flaky due to its layered crystalline structure and has a high melting point. It is less than diamond and it is relatively inert chemically but can be oxidized to six carbon atom organic compounds under very suitable conditions. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity because of the presence of mobile electrons present in the crystal lattice. There are mobile electrons because only three out of the four valence electrons are involved in bond formation. Uses of Graphite - Graphite is used as a dry lubricant. This is because the layered structure of graphite allows it to glide over one another quite easily. - Graphite is non-volatile and non sticky and used as a lubricant on bicycle chains, bearings of motor cars - Graphite is also used as electrodes in electroplating and in dry cells because it is inert and a good conductor of electricity. - A non conductor of electricity can be turned into a conductor if it is coated with graphite. - Graphite is used to line crucibles used for making high-grade steel and several other alloys. This is because graphite can withstand high temperatures. - A mixture of graphite and clay is used as ‘lead’ in pencils. - Graphite is used as a black pigment in paints. - Graphite is used as neutron moderators in atomic piles. Industrial Preparation of Graphite Graphite is in very great demand as an industrial raw material. It is produced industrially in a process known as Acheson process, by heating coke in an electric furnace to a very high temperature for about 20 or 30hours. Air is excluded from this reaction by covering coke with sand and the graphite produced is very pure and free of grit. This industrial process is quite expensive in terms of the energy cost and can only be feasible in countries with cheap sources of electricity.

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Apparently to match the demand at given instance electricity plants rotate their turbines a bit faster or a bit slower instead of switching a complete plant on and off[edit: this is not exactly right, see the reply below], which results in slight deviations from the 50Hz standard but it is fine as long as it stays between the limits. At the end of the day, as the demand increases and decreases, the average frequency would be 50Hz and engineers took advantage of that fact to create clocks that may not be accurate to the second but accurate on average. How do they do that? They count the change in the electricity and assume that 50 changes are exactly 1 second. Unfortunately, due to political issues in the Balkans, the grid was undersupplied or oversupplied for a prolonged period and this created a deviation from the average of 50Hz and the clocks that depend on this average to be 50Hz also lost accuracy that currently amounts to 6 minutes. This is slightly imprecise. It actually works the other way round: the demand is "communicated" through the network by slight changes in the frequency. This can be described best for the example of steam-based generators, as they are typical for the majority of coal/gas/oil/nuclear power plants. When demand for electricity grows, for example because a new factory is powered up, the turbines in the power plants are experiencing larger forces attempting to slow them down, starting with the power plant closest to the new factory. The speed (and thus the frequency) is constantly measured, and if it drops, the steam valve is opened just a tiny bit more to counteract the drop. If this is not possible because the power plant is already at maximum output, either other power plants have to take the load (and the electricity is then routed through the network to the factory) or additional power plants may have to be added to the network. The important thing is: the frequency change is a means of communication, it originates from demand changes, and because the entire network is kept in sync, it works to communicate demand changes across the entire network. Power plants providing energy to a sub-part of the entire network always attempt to run their turbines with the exact same speed of 50 rotations per second, which should ideally always conform to the frequency in all other sub-networks that a specific sub-network is attached to. If just one of these sub-networks does not perform its duty of re-establishing 50 Hertz by powering up their own plant output, the rest of the network must either channel enough power into this sub-network to allow its local generators to re-establish 50 rotations per second by taking some of the load off of them or - if that is not possible or decided against - must also deliberately drop their frequency (and thus the rotational speed of their generators) to match the sub-network that is deviating. The only alternative to this would be to drop off the deviating sub-network entirely, but that is usually only done in extreme cases of deviation. If the USA's power grid is about 4,000,000 meters wide, and the electric signal propagates at roughly the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s) (https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/358894/speed-of-...), then it will take roughly .013 seconds for the electrical signal to reach from one station to another. This is a lot out of phase! (the period of 60 Hz is .016 sec) How is this managed? If two generating stations on opposite ends of the country are both contributing to the electrical signal, how is this time lag accounted for? I have two guesses: 1. The power network is "mapped" such that there is one central generating station and all other generating stations are time lagged based on their graph distance from this generating station 2. All stations try to generate simultaneously, with their output signals interfering with eachother to a certain degree. This might not matter much because their local loads dampen the strength of their signal. Either way seems to introduce inefficiencies. Imagine you are on half a tandem bicycle. You are in a room with the chain of the tandem vanishing beyond the wall. You can't see, but clearly someone else is pedalling the thing as the pedals are rotating. Getting on it is tricky, as you have to rotate your feet at the right speed, but once you're on you can sit there and let it carry them round - or you can start applying pressure through your feet to do work and accelerate the chain system. At this point you discover the thing on the other end of the chain is not a person but a 60Hz synchronous motor-generator. Congratulations, you are in sync with the grid and (when pushing on the pedals) contributing power. (A corollary of this is that if your grid connection is down or the grid is split into two pieces, you can't start up again until you get a grid input to know you're in phase. See "black start" for details on this.) It's like a very long pipe with standing water in it. AC power is like attaching a pump column at one point and adding/removing pressure at just that point. This creates a /wave/ of energy that propagates, but the actual water (electrons) do not. It's more accurate to say they vibrate. Continuing the metaphor, power plants increase the amplitude of this sloshing wave, and must be synchronized to the phase of the wave /where they connect/ (in order to be additive instead of subtractive). Consumers of the power are always subtractive, '(active/passive) power factor correction' in switching power supplies is about attempting to keep the consumption timed for efficiency. AC Motors are continuous users and mostly just draw all the time. In early days of electrification the physical topology usually was spanning tree and in fact this was the motivation for research into minimal spanning tree algorithms at the time. Think of the phase as a distributed signal that indicates the current state of the local system taking into account all connected generators. It's weird but true! This makes it sound more complex than what I learned when I last tried to figure it out =) They seem to be describing that where two grids meet they go through a synchronizer that disconnects one or the other if they aren't in sync, so implies manually disconnections throughout the network as needed locally. If instead of a tandem bicycle, it is a very long rope that someone is moving up and down, then when I try to join some distance away there will seem to be a wave passing me. Even if I join in at the correct phase, I will also be generating a wave traveling back to the first 'generator' and interfering with the existing wave along the way. With the right distance and relative strength then we will produce a standing wave between us. Is there an apparent 'direction' to the wave of electric potential in a large grid? Then there is the issue of triangular arrangements the sibling comment raised, when the radial distances and relative phases don't align. Maybe my issue is always trying to think through physical analogues I can 'see'. The nearest I can think to "direction" is "reactive power", or the phase angle between voltage and current at any particular point. There very definitely are loops and multiple paths to a particular point, it's not called a "grid" for nothing. This little map of the UK grid is interesting: https://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/about-grid/our-networks-and-... Edit: Aha, further reading - systems for altering the phase angle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_booster I'm also wondering since a couple of years about the same question. Once the generators are switched in, they'll inherently maintain sync, as even if there's too little motive power being supplied by the station's turbines, the difference will be made up by the power grid itself, which will drive the generators round like an electric motor. (Typically this would happen for a brief period after coming online, after which the station would throttle up and start helping to push the generators round.) If you think of two generators connected together in a power grid, they need to have the same frequency and the same phase. If one of the generators slows a little bit, it begins drawing current from the other. It in effect becomes a motor. Power flows as a proportion to the difference in phase angle. Perhaps they're not using just frequency to coordinate (solar/wind perhaps needs a sidechannel?), and someone on their grid in a politically unstable area is using power without reporting on the side-channel. Hence the frequency drops due to the unaccounted load. But the effect is as you say: something goes bang. Yes, east coast and west coast are out of phase, but only to a perfect observer who can see phase value on both coasts instantly (without a propagation delay). However in reality information about the phase cannot travel faster than speed of light, so to any real observer anywhere between east and west coasts both sides appear to be in sync. Going forward it may not be a good idea to rely on the grid's timebase as there's talk as well as an NPRM out there to do away with the standard. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2010/03/29/2010-64... All power grids are connected, so there is just one frequency. and here is a commercial example: This is actually quite handy. When demand locally exceeds supply, the phase will lag (this is how generators work), and power will flow toward the excess demand. More advanced grid operators use various devices to intentionally shift the phase to control the flow of power. Actually calculating this is surprisingly complicated. You can integrate the Poynting vector; you can model the inductance and capacitance of the line, calculate the current, and use P=I*V; or you can probably do it in several other ways. You might even be able to model it as little packets of energy moving along at the group velocity. This ability is important for economic and engineering reasons. Imagine you connect two cities with two parallel, competing transmission lines. One has 100 MVA capacity, and one has 10 MVA capacity, but they have the same impedance. (This is a bit farfetched, but capacity is related to impedance, heat dissipation ability, and the ratings of whatever equipment is at the ends of the lines.) Without some kind of active control, to much power will flow through the 10 MVA line and it will fail. > The electrical grid that powers mainland North America is divided into multiple regions. The Eastern Interconnection and the Western Interconnection are the largest. Three other regions include the Texas Interconnection, the Quebec Interconnection, and the Alaska Interconnection. Each region delivers 60 Hz electrical power. The regions are not directly connected or synchronized to each other, but there are some HVDC interconnections. Here’s some visualizations of that (see the linked movies) from a cool project called FNET/GridEye: But the answer is contained in the parent comment. Each plant generates more power if the phase lags and produces less if the phase leads. Basically, electricity consumers drag on the phase and the plants use this to control output power, so that the phase matching can be done purely locally. But it is a lot simpler if you use high voltage DC! If you do that you can connect networks with entirely different phases! So that takes care of some of it. Anyway, synchronization is actively managed, when a generator starts up, it is synchronized to the grid adaptively. So there must be some accounting for this propagation error, either as losses, or engineering. What I suspect (totally not my field) is that the high power interconnects between large generators do have this triangular lag (the incoming lines lag from the plant's reference frame), but they use quadrature boosting or similar to match that particular interconnect. T&D (transmission & distribution) result in ~6% of the net energy being wasted. I imagine phase lag "feels" like impedance, with the real component acting as resistance. Also, it's worth noting part of the appeal of HVDC, aside from line reactance and skin effect, is you get to choose your output frequency. Maybe active synchronisation solves this, but to my (inexpert) mind the network would still suffer from interferences at various points between power plants. BTW North America actually has eight transnational (USA/Canada) interconnection authorities or "regions" in which power distribution is managed; it's not a unitary entity. For example, there was a big power outage in Florida in 2008 that caused a generator to suddenly go offline, and several orgs had a couple dozen power frequency meters running on the grid at the time, so they were able to make an animation of the east coast power grid "ringing" over the course of about 10 seconds as the load changed rapidly throughout the grid. The animation for that is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdBB4byrZ6U Do you know how the power plant's control loops are tuned? It seems like just tuning your plant to be properly damped isn't enough, because there's also lots of feedback from other power plants. (And really, the load changes are typically more gradual. Even "everyone just got home from work" is a fairly spread out event, compared to, say, the sudden loss of a few hundred MW of generating capacity...) > TV pickups [...] are a surge in demand caused by the flushing of toilets (leading to a surge at the pumping stations) and the opening of fridge doors by millions of people. There is a common misconception that the number one driver of TV pickup is the boiling of kettles. In fact, this only creates a pull on the local network for a short period of time until the water has boiled, and can therefore be managed relatively easily, whereas flushing the toilet causes a longer surge at the water and sewerage pumping stations, and opening the refrigerator lets the chilled air escape, causing the compressor to run. Personally I'd expect a shortage to result in a lower voltage, not a lower frequency. I'm also rather surprised that the correct functioning of my clock depends on the political stability of a politically unstable part of the continent. The opposite is also true, if you suddenly increase the load on the generator, the generator will start spinnging less fast and the frequency drops to say 49.9Hz. This is all very carefully monitored, and there are multiple automatic (massive) power breakers throughout a power network to detect these changes. Imagine all power lines of a large part or entire country suddenly dropping away. The network outside of that country would suddenly experience a large decrease in load and its frequency would go up, while inside the country the load would have a large increse, reducing the frequency in that country. If the change is so large that the frequency goes above 52.5Hz or below 47.5Hz, then the automatic circuit breakers trigger to prevent damage to the entire network (basically adjusting the load of the network). If it can't adjust enough, more circuit breakers will trip, causing larger outages. Example of these are the 2003 Italy blackout and 2003 US/Canada Northeast blackout. Reconnecting a blacked out part to the grid isn't easy either. People tend to leave things on during a blackout, such as airconditioners and TL lights. Now when the power comes back, these things draw a low of power for a short period of time during startup. Normally this isn't bad, but when they all do it at the same time the load is massive (think of a power spikes of 7-8x the normal usage), usually tripping the same huge circuit breaker again. As for the clock deviation, apparently running below 50Hz for a longer period of time has been condoned by the people in charge of the EU power grid. Maybe for too long. There are two solutions: - generate more power in the EU, but that costs money. They could sell the power to the slackers (which I guess they don't want to pay for) - cut the slackers off (which is very drastic and does not help the EU's idea of looking out for each other). But a decision has to be made. Looks like more power is currently being generated, as the frequency is now on 50.010Hz. If the problem is that the frequency is too high, i.e. power load is too low in that coubtry, why would tripping a break help? Wouldn't that very suddenly aggravate the problem and create even higher frequencies? "On a level road it is easy to maintain speed. On reaching a gradient, however, the rider needs to make more effort to achieve the same speed. Going downhill, the rider needs to apply the brakes to keep the same speed. In the entire European network the electrical generators are set up in such a way that they automatically and immediately respond to a change in grid frequency. Depending on the level of consumption they increase or lower their capacity. This ensures that the frequency remains stable. This automatic adjustment can be compared with the cruise control in a car." And very interesting thoughts come up, especially when you add newer developments like non-rotational-mass-based power sources (solar power, batteries, stuff like that) into the mix. Because at the moment with the high number of traditional steam-powered generators, the rotating mass of the turbines and their inertia serve as a kind of buffer against sudden swings in electricity demand with an ultra-quick response time of "basically no time". As a second buffer stage we have the steam supplies in the plants, which can be quickly accessed just by opening a valve, thus the response time is non-zero, but still quite short. Now replace all those generators with some other power sources without those inherent balancing capabilities (that probably weren't explicitly built into them, but that just happen to be there because of their construction) and you'll get a network that is much more vulnerable to sudden changes on the demand side. Now, explicit mechanisms of storing energy in a way that can be accessed in literally zero time need to be introduced into the network, just to keep it stable and to provide other regulation mechanisms (of which a lot of them also have to be re-thought) with enough time to do their job. I wouldn't wonder if there were already plans for building large rotating masses with motors on them that are kept at network frequency, with the motors switching over to serve as generators when the frequency drops. The question of "how can we build a large and stable grid without thousands of tons of rotating mass?" is an area of very active research I've been told. (It should be noted that other motors, including asynchronous machines, contribute as well) AIUI the HPR has reaction times on the order of a few seconds. Flywheels? Yes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage#Grid_e.... It was also built to be able to do a black start (startup after a total grid outage). Aren't all stations? Some coal plants had gas turbines fitted solely to allow a black start, others a ton of diesel generators. Some plants need power from the grid to kick off - nuclear for instance. Only some percentage of the grid needs cold start capability, and the rest of the grid is bootstrapped from that. (edit) Think aero engine. Rolls Royce Avons were used at Didcot A, and the industrial Avon is still available after 60 years. That's the same basic engine found in the Hawker Hunter and EE Lightning. For that reason, all the equipment in the generator building ran on 48V DC, supported by a large bank of batteries. Somewhere there will be a manual for the unfortunate operators who will have to restart the whole grid in the correct order, relying on the telephone company's backup generators to communicate. Now that a bunch of wind and solar is being added to the grid with completely different control schemes, there’s a lot of concern about whether the system will continue to stay reliably synced. Only when people started interconnecting these generators in a grid did the need to settle on a single frequency arrise. How does the demand affect the frequency ? Is there a logical unit, somewhere, responsible of "communicating" through the network ? Or is it a physical effect ? > When a factory is powered up, the turbines in the power plants are experiencing larger forces attempting to slow them down. How does something like a higher demand, a drop in frequency, translate to a larger force attempting to slow down the turbines ? If this was not the case, we could basically generate arbitrary amounts of power from nowhere, as there was no resistance and we could thus just spin a generator forever with zero power necessary (except for the little bit required to overcome friction) once it is set in motion. The Lorentz force makes sure that's not the case by slowing down the movement, and it slows it down more if more electric power is pulled from the generator. There is websites such as https://www.swissgrid.ch/swissgrid/en/home/experts/topics/fr... that track and display the deviation. When the alarm went off the following morning, I proceeded to get ready for lectures (This clock was my only means of telling the time, there were no phones or computers in my room) and after having showered I switched on the TV (which could only receive 3 channels at the time!) where I was met with unfamiliar programmes. This confused me for a long while until I realised the time was about 40 minutes later than the clock told me. I missed my first lecture. Looking at other comments, it seems that we're a little weird down under and most places don't track the drift. It scrapes the swissgrid.ch page (with something like "curl | grep | sed > csv" in a loop), so the data is only as accurate/current as theirs… Edit: here's the actual sheet in case you want to "fork" it – https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1i9cLeKb5Eq1IoZFOUoOk... If you want a free source of mostly-reliable oscillations, and it doesn't have any real impact if it falls out of sync, sure go ahead and use something like this. But in the case of time, if you want to sync a clock in Western Europe with something that is free and non-internet based, you're much better off using DCF77 , which is specifically designed to synchronize time and comes with specific uptime and quality promises. Still ultimately susceptible to political actions, of course, in extreme cases, but at least you know its primary purpose is to transmit time information, and it is in the control of only one (relatively) stable government as opposed to being subject to the unpredictable changes brought about by interactions between multiple interconnected systems. DFC77 doesn't solve the same problem as using AC as an oscillator, of course, since you still need an oscillator to keep your clock going during the downtimes that are permitted to the radio signal. I would disagree. You don't get it for free, you pay for that. The Grid frequency is regulated and the powergrid providers have, IIRC, even legal obligations on how far they are allowed to deviate the time. Using AC as clock signal is good enough if being wrong by a few minutes is not mission critical. If you absolutely do need accurate time use DCF77 or GPS. That is not entirely true. The TSO is committed to keeping the average frequency of the power grid at 50Hz and has always communicated that. It tries to keep grid time within 20 seconds of UTC, and has historically achieved this. So it is reasonable to use the grid as a time source where high accuracy is not required. The current situation is highly irregular. Using the grid frequency for time keeping is a secondary function of the electricity grid, but it is not merely an unintended side-effect. I agree with the rest of your points about using a different time source where high accuracy is required. When living at what was then often quoted as the extreme fringe of the coverage area - Trondheim, Norway, on 63,5 degrees of latitude - I had reliable coverage as long as the clocks were kept in window sills (hence, effectively outdoors) However, just moving down to my current home (on 62 degrees, or -roughly speaking- 11% closer to the transmitter site), I now have reliable coverage everywhere (granted, in a wooden house - but the DCF77 alarm clock in the basement synchs every hour, too) Or one can use a PC to transmit the DCF77 signal locally (it could be illegal) to a clock using a pair of headphones, I've seen at least a couple of examples but never tried them. Edit: found the photo http://forums.watchuseek.com/f17/possible-method-improve-ato... You can find more details in the second page of this datasheet This is completely outside of my area of expertise, but doesn't the radio signal strength decrease exponentially? So that last 11% could be a big deal? Line-of-sight attenuation of an EM wave in the empty space is quadratical, whilst - for example - attenuation of an electrical signal in a wire is exponential. Obviously this is a super simplification... On a only barely related note, I've been playing with the idea of implementing a NTP synced clock on an ESP8266. It'd wake up, join wifi and sync NTP every few hours, then keep time on its internal crystal in between. It should be a good deal cheaper, work anywhere in the world, and have better indoor coverage (I have a DCF77 clock in an interior bathroom in London, and it never syncs. Kind-of defeats the purpose that I have to move it to a south-facing room for the day to get it to sync). Even with that, a clock generally runs for months, even years, on a single battery. Not exactly phone territory, but might be feasible on the ESP8266, depending on how the oscillator behaves in deep sleep mode. TI's bq32000 is $0.55@1K, is 3.3V for easy interface to the ESP, and takes just over 1 microamp in backup power mode. That's just one that I quickly poked at. (Side note: at this point, I'd think I'd want to be using an ESP32 in any new designs.) He solved this problem by making gifts of his clocks to executives of the local power companies, and as if by magic, the timekeeping of all his clocks soon improved. Several fascinating points: - Denmark is split between the Nordic (Sjaelland and Lolland) and continental systems. Anyone know why? - Even North Africa is synced to Europe. - A corner of northeast Poland is fed by Belarus. - Cyprus is disconnected, and northern Cyprus apparently has no network to speak of. - You can see the DC links to the other systems, and e.g. a back-to-back converter at Alytus, Lithuania, that isolates the European from the ex-Soviet system. But I see no such arrangements at the Belarusian and Ukrainian borders, or at the borders with Syria and Iraq. Is this just missing information, or are these countries also synced in some way? The Jylland-Fyn grid and Sjælland grid was developed in parallel so we ended up with a grid containing 400kV and 50kV cables West of Store Bælt and 60kV East of Store Bælt. According to sources I've found (all in Polish, so I'm not linking them here), this 220kV line Between Bialostok and Rossj was built in 1962 and is out of use since 2004. The power to the region is delivered by 100kV lines which are not shows on this map. There was an idea to build a new one double 400kV line to import energy from Belarus but nothing going on so far. North Cyprus does not surprise me but Crete apparently has no power distribution to speak of or only 50kV lines for transmission. From memory they were planning to have a subsea interconnect installed. You mean Kaliningrad? Because that is not Poland but a Russian exclave Looking at the map it's clear that OP means Białystok. Best I've got is an offhand sentence that Kosovo is using more power than it produces and Serbia refuses to balance that consumption. Since the end of the Kosovo war in 1999, the four northern Serb-majority municipalities have not paid Pristina for their energy consumption. To make up for the shortfall, people from other areas of Kosovo had a percentage added to their bills to pay for the north’s electricity. In December, the Energy Regulator’s Office announced that electricity bills will be reduced by 3.5 per cent as consumers will no more cover the cost of the four municipalities’ power as they have done for the past 19 years. Source: I live here. raising this issue now (rather than earlier in the year) in response to the near-end of the syrian pipeline proxy war, bulgarias mysteriously financed repurchase of it's own gas lines from czech holding co, lavrov and gazprom ceo in belgrade unveiling giant mosaic, etc etc etc... edit: I stand corrected, we are in the same frequency domain with Sweden and Norway. I must have confused myself with the DC submarine cables under the Baltic. In high school, I was told that a lot of the power for Minneapolis was sent over high tension DC lines from coal power plants in the neighboring Dakotas for this reason. This was part of the lesson about how the lakes in northern Minnesota had very little pH buffering capacity due to limestone being scraped down to bedrock by glaciers and therefore being particularly sensitive to SO2 emissions from coal power plants in the Dakotas, but most of the electrical demand for that power also coming from Minnesota. I took the frequency data from the last 1200 days, and calculated the cumulative drift. The raw drift graph, assuming 50Hz is nominal, is here: This seems bogus; there's a constant drift. If I compensate for that drift by assuming the nominal grid frequency is 49.9972Hz, the data looks a little more sane. You can clearly see the 6 minute deviation this year - it's pretty striking, and certainly nothing this drastic has happened in the last three years. But what's with the positive offset over the previous year? Not entirely sure how much I trust the RTE data. I have no evidence to back this claim, only anecdotal info as I know some people in the area: The Serbian minority in the north does not pay for electricity in Kosovo due to a long standing disagreement with Pristina. The Kosovo government so far managed to find ways to compensate for that, either through loans or by charging more people in other areas. However, I'm guessing, the bills skyrocketed when the crypto mining craze started so Pristina decided to stop footing the bill. I've heard of thousands of mining rigs being set up in the area, largely due to the free electricity. So now there's no more free electricity but there is a huge demand and nobody is paying. Hence the deviations. When I read about the power shortage today, I was kinda relieved to get the confirmation, that my own pattern recognition was very fine, but that my theories where just not elaborate enough :-D If you are on a tandem bike, all occupants notice the decrease in speed and add power to get up to speed. Unless one of them doesn't, and then you have to add even more power to also carry their feet through the rotation... Yeah, that swissgrid website linked in the parent comment even has a "Everyday comparison with a bicycle" section. :) - Stored capacitance of the distribution lines (sub-ms response time). - Stored kinetic energy of the spinning machines, both generators and loads (sub-cycle response time). - Automatic throttle management (sub-second response time). - Spot market for electricity (intervals vary, but 15 min is typical). - Futures market for electricity (up to a year in advance). Not all suppliers bid for the frequency control market. Those that do are paid to adjust their throttle back and forth automatically, providing what's known as primary frequency reserve. Normally, every hydrocarbon power plant is bidding for primary frequency reserve. Typically all of the supplier bids for for short-term frequency control have the same ramp rate for automatic throttle management, set to provide a 100% power step per 5% frequency deviation. It makes up the difference between what the spot market cleared and what customers actually demanded during the interval. Normally, (in deregulated electric markets in the US anyway), a frequency decrease translates directly into a higher price for power, which is cleared by the spot market to return frequency back to 60.0 Hz. A sustained frequency decrease, combined with a net sink of power into this particular geopolitical region, is caused by suppliers in that region failing to provide enough power to clear the spot markets. The difference is being made up by the PFR suppliers throughout the rest of the grid. S is "complex power", meaning it includes both the real (resistive) and imaginary (reactive) parts. It is measured in volt-ampere, and is calculated as S=I_z x V, where I_z is the impedance current ("complex current"). P is "real power" (resistive) measured in watts, and is calculated as P=I_r x V or P=S x cos(φ), where I_r is the resistive current ("real current"), S is the complex power, and φ is the phase angle or "power factor"—the delay between voltage and current as an angle. In a pure DC system (think "incandescent bulb on a battery"), the phase angle φ is 0 making P equal S, as cos(0) equals 1. However, in real life, it is only a vague approximation. Electronics switch currents and have reactive components, giving them a non-zero phase angle. They're more complicated to calculate on than an pure sine-wave AC system, not less. (I apologize for any hiccups above. I stopped being an electrician a looooong time ago.) Both the weight of the stone and the height have an impact on the energy required to do the lifting. Now imagine you are lifting and lowering it repeatedly. It should be intuitive that doing so 50 times a second requires more power than doing it 25 times a second (One being more lifts than the other, in the same time period). As a matter of fact the average DC power does not depend on frequency. You could posit a system where g is alternating between positive and negative values and the h reacts to it (phase-shifted). You'd quickly come the conclusion that the potential energy (averaged over a period of oscillation) does NOT depend on the frequency. (The kinetic energy does, but that's where your analogy breaks). This is false. In the toy system, weight is current, height is voltage. A stone that stays still has constant voltage, not zero voltage. Thus, it would have a 'power'. What the system lacks is to define the stone as a capacitive load. Then it would sorta make sense. It is a hypothetical system, so you can only reason about the aspects the author defined. Tying potential energy in the toy system to real-world potential energy doesn't work. (Btw, potential energy is not power, it is work. Power is work over time.) > As a matter of fact the average DC power does not depend on frequency. Uhm. "DC power" stops existing if the frequency ≠ 0, so in that sense it does depend on frequency. It's true that power itself is not frequency dependent. However, any load is, as reactive losses (parasitic or not) are a function of the frequency. As the power is a function of the load, power ends up being directly tied to the frequency. (A resistive load cannot exist outside of a perfect DC system, so reactive loads will exist). If you define mass/inertia as capacitance, then the resistance to changes make sense. A pure resistive load (which cannot exist, but lets ignore that) is not frequency dependent. It's incredible how connected and interdependent we have become as a society and how we only notice this if things start to break (or at least run out of spec); even if it only impacts such supposedly minor things as a clock on a baking oven. Using AC as a clock is not the worst and most of the time extremely reliable. This seems to be the primary issue, not the minor drift in cheap clocks. Also, the press release says nothing about "energy war" so that kind of hyperbole does not add anything of value. What is going on here is akin to someone tampering with their electrical meter, except done by a state electrical company, so on a somewhat grander scale. 1 GWh = 1,000,000 KWh and in Serbia/Kosovo the price is around €0.07/KWh so the retail amount of this theft is around €8 million. It is significant enough to make an issue of it, but not really a big deal. Same info for November 2014 : 49,99994706 Hz. (edit:Apparently, the emergency broadcast system.) Leads to interesting questions such as how the (time-based) metering is affected in this situation. Modern ones are networked SPSes or small industrial PCs. Even many consumer grade clocks will sync to the radio signal once a day and use a quartz otherwise. Source (in Dutch): I am sure I set it correctly after the end of the latest daylight savings period (which they also should forbit, different subject). It seems getting worse over time. It now runs behind for guess what.. 6 minutes ;) I guess a lot of clocks use a crystal now so they're less dependent on the grid frequency. Also don't buy an alarm clock in the US and bring it to Europe and vice versa, unless it is user adjustable (or you are comfortable with a soldering iron) Then again, what kind of more dependent systems or companies would have negative effects due to this? Besides bedside alarm clocks. It's actually moderately annoying. It was a fairly well reviewed (cheap) machine from Wilkinsons, a budget brand. Perils of cheap electronics. EDIT: Well sounds like it's not the case, TIL, not sure where I picked that up from. The voltage is usually 240 volts rather than 230, but within the acceptable range (which can be as high as 256). Higher voltage is good. The kettle boils faster. After last week where demand was very heavy and frequency was below 50Hz, the frequency is currently the highest I have ever seen (50.107Hz) You can also see the French grid using the same site. This shows the European frequency at 50.024Hz, so perhaps corrective action is being taken. Edit - as you were, 5 minutes later UK frequency is 49.902Hz and European frequency is 49.993Hz It is? What does the UK use? I'm not sure if that is the case. And they cannot set it higher than 50.01 because at that point mechanisms for bringing the frequency down to 50 would automatically kick in. They seem to go well above 50.01 for significant periods. Data from http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/ For the Continental European grid, the article links to https://www.swissgrid.ch/swissgrid/en/home/experts/topics/fr... which states that in the case of a time drift of more than 20 seconds the frequency will be shifted to 49.990 or 50.010 to correct it. As of a few years ago the best was Germany, where the average customer had about 15 minutes per year without power due to unplanned outages (excluding outages caused by exceptional events). (For comparison, the best quartile of utilities in the US averaged about 90 minutes/year for their average customer). If you look inside a cheap mechanical timeswitch , you'll find a synchronous motor the size of a sugar cube, turning 50 or 60 times a second, then half a dozen plastic gears reducing the rotation to 1 turn per day. AC wall clocks follow the same principle, but with a slightly different gear ratio. This means you don't need a printed circuit board, or any integrated circuits, or anything like that. Such efficiency is how you make a profit, if you're selling timers on Aliexpress for $3.50. If you're making a digital timeswitch, a quartz crystal might be cheaper, or might not - it depends on the insulation/isolation you think your product requires. "I didn't notice until now" is quite the opposite of happenstance, on par with the PHB mantra "what do we need devops for, anyway, the network seems to be up!" Well it's up because devops is keeping it up. Likewise, the grid doesn't just magically self-balance around 50 Hz. EDIT: Nevermind, sounds like there are precision concerns that justify using the power grid for timekeeping. leftpad would like to have a word Edit: NPM has engineering challenges, and Node as well...but I would be extremely hesitant to call a library of ~ten LoC "engineering." UK and EU grids have websites letting you look at frequency history. There's still an awful lot of infrastructure keyed off having an accurate synchronous time, including billing systems, traffic lights, street lights... A clock using the power grid as reference might be off by 4 minutes over the day but on average it will be perfectly on time. You can use a resistor to lower the voltage and plug in a stepper motor and there is your clock. When the idea was initially proposed quartz generators were also a bit more expensive so using the grid to synchronize was not a bad idea at all. Even today it's not the worst idea since it's being kept very close to 50hz. Close enough that you can safely operate an alarm clock from it without being off to far by the end of the day. There's probably thousands of electrical panels with old DIN rail timers that don't get replaced until they die.

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The constitution of the Russian Federation does not provide appointment of the federal executive bodies system in the federal law, and only in 1997 the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" established this regulation. Therefore the system was established by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. On election of the President (1996) the federal executive bodies system was established (decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of August, 14, 1996 and of September, 6, 1996) and it included the ministries of the Russian Federation (the federal ministries) and other federal executive bodies: the State Committees of the Russian Federation, the Federal Commissions of Russia, the Federal Services of Russia, the Russian Agencies, the Federal Supervision BodiesOf Russia. Ministry of the Russian Federation - the federal executive body which carries out a state policy and supervises a certain field of activity, a ministry also coordinates activities of other federal bodies within its own sphere in the cases established by laws, decrees and resolutions. A ministry is headed by a minister (federal minister) who enters the Government of the Russian Federation. State Committee of the Russian Federation , Federal Commission of Russia are federal executive bodies which collectively carry out an interbranch coordination of questions referred to their jurisdiction, and also functional regulation in the certain field of activity. A State Committee of the Russian Federation and a Federal Commission of Russia are headed accordingly by a Chairperson of a State Committee of the Russian Federation and a Chairperson of the Federal Commission of Russia. RF Federal Service, Russian Agency and RF Federal Supervision Body are federal executive bodies which carrying out special (executive, control, permissive, regulating, etc.) functions within certain established spheres of jurisdiction. A Federal Service of Russia is headed by a director . A director general heads a Russian Agency. A Federal Supervision Body of Russia is directed by a Chief of a Federal Supervision Body. Formation of federal executive bodies, their reorganization and liquidation are carried out by the President of the Russian Federation at the suggestion of the Chairperson of the RF Government. For the federal executive bodies subordinated to the President of the Russian Federation regulations are affirmed by the President in questions, secured for the President in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other laws, The regulations of other federal executive bodies are affirmed by the Government of the Russian Federation. The maximum number of the staff and remuneration labour fund for the employees of the central administrative machinery and territorial bodies of federal executive bodies are as well affirmed by the RF Government. To the status of each executive body corresponds to the order of designation of its heads . So, federal ministers are appointed to the post and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation at the suggestion of the Chairperson of the Government of the Russian Federation. Deputy federal ministers are designated and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation or under the legislation. Designation and dismission of the heads of the federal executive bodies, except for the federal ministers and the heads of the bodies directly subordinated to the President of the Russian Federation, are fulfilled by the Government of the Russian Federation. The heads of the federal executive bodies subordinated to the RF President in questions secured for the President in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other laws are appointed to the post and dismissed by specially established order. Depending on the status of this or that body the rights of its head are legislatively determined. Equalization of officials with higher posts through empowering them with the rights of the latter or conferring the ranks of the latter is impossible.

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To build an effective team, you need more than industry knowledge or technical proficiency. You need a group of people who can work together in a positive, productive way, getting through disagreements to come up with real solutions. That kind of team depends on soft skills, and these are the essential soft skills your team needs. Key Communication Skills Teams depend on communication. It’s the ground-level requirement for any group of people working together; otherwise there’s no way for these people to share ideas, give and receive feedback, reach common solutions, set goals, and assign tasks. Good communication skills include listening, speaking, understanding, and clarifying.Listening: listening with your whole attention in order to really hear and understand what the other person is trying to convey. Speaking: sharing in spoken (or written) language, with a courteous tone and clear words, what you are trying to convey. Understanding: thinking about what’s been said to be sure you understand the meaning before you respond to it. Clarifying: speaking back what you think you understand in order to confirm that you have an accurate understanding. Key Problem Solving Skills A team exists to solve problems in one way or another; a creative team may be creating new solutions or concepts, while an operations team may be refining the daily systems that keep the business running. The better each team member is at problem-solving, the stronger and more creative your team can be in coming up with solutions. To solve problems, help your team members develop the key problem-solving skills. Identifying the problem: getting to the root cause of the problem to be solved before trying to solve it. Researching and analyzing: gathering pertinent information that will affect possible solutions. Creative thinking: sorting through ideas for potential solutions and developing new and creative ways to solve problems. Refining: discussing various ideas and ways to implement, anticipating obstacles, and developing workable solutions. Implementing: making a decision, organizing resources and assigning tasks, and executing a plan to put the new solution into place. Key Interpersonal Skills Beyond the basic communication skills, your team can benefit greatly by developing strong interpersonal skills. The most effective teams are the ones that have developed a shared identity and sense of unity. That’s easy to do when your team members have good interpersonal skills, which helps them create connections and build trust. Nonverbal communication: maintaining good body language and friendly eye contact appropriate to each situation. Basic manners: expressing basic courtesy in order to treat each person with respect. Social cues: identifying and interpreting social cues, such as when it’s time to end a conversation. Self-awareness: knowing and managing your own preferences and tendencies in order to avoid undue stress on yourself and others. Responsibility: being willing to take responsibility for your choices and actions. Honesty: being assertive when needed, stating your opinion courteously, and contributing to the ongoing discussions in a team. The list may seem long, but fortunately many of these soft skills are developed in the formative years, through family, social, and educational interactions. For the ones that are a bit lacking or rusty, simply being aware of the need to improve can help. Focused workshops, training, seminars, or guided discussions can also help your team to develop these soft skills. They’re worth the time and effort; the better your team is at communicating, problem-solving, and relating to each other, the stronger and more creative they will be in their work. Bitrix24 is Free Unified Communications Software. Use promocode TIP10 when registering your free Bitrix24 account to get extra 10GB. - How to Pull Your Team Together After a Crisis - Know When to Grow with These 5 Signs Its Time to Expand - 5 Practical Ideas for Helping Remote Staff Stay Connected - Small Business Savings: 8 Ways to Cut Costs Now - How to Help Your Team Se t and Reach Good Goals

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Oatmeal is loaded with nutrients including vitamins B5, B6, E as well as copper, selenium, magnesium and iron which is why it is the most commonly consumed cereal in the world. Even though many people eat oatmeal often, not many know all the health benefits it provides. Oatmeal can give you an energy boost, it takes care of your heart and intestines and can even promote weight loss. It is recommended for children to eat oatmeal every day because it will provide them with energy. Here are some of the other health benefits of eating oatmeal every day. Oatmeal helps control blood sugar levels It is very important that all people with diabetes, eat oats daily to control the digestion of starch and maintain some stability in the blood glucose levels of your body. Oats are anti-cancer Among the most important of the benefits of eating oats, we find that this powerful food contains in its composition phytochemicals capable of reducing up to 10% the probability of suffering from colon and breast cancer if consumed daily. Oatmeal helps lose weight Eat oatmeal for breakfast to lose weight! Get to know these important points of what oats bring to our health. Oats provide energy Another benefit of oats is that it is one of the largest natural sources of energy, consume it at breakfast to maximize your whole day. Oats will benefit the blood and heart system This powerful food contains a large variety of Omega 3 and linoleic acids (good fats), components that help prevent and fight bad cholesterol and promote the activities of our brain and heart. Oats provide us with essential proteins On the other hand, oats contain eight essential amino acids for our body, which makes it an excellent source of protein for it. Oatmeal Helps Prevent Thyroid Disease Another of the most notable benefits of oats is that it contains iodine, a component that helps prevent and combat thyroid-related diseases. It is a powerful natural cleanser Thanks to its high fiber content, oats work great when cleaning the walls of our arteries, avoiding the formation of cholesterol and accumulate any type of fats and toxins in our body. Oatmeal contains slow-acting carbohydrates, which make us feel much more satisfied after every meal, without the need to eat large portions. In addition, this food helps reduce bile acids, thus facilitating our intestinal transit and avoiding constipation. Oatmeals are excellent for those who are on a diet. Oatmeal Helps Prevent Osteoporosis The high calcium content of oatmeal will help take care of your bone health and prevent demineralization. Oats benefit our central nervous system Another benefit of daily oatmeal is that the great variety of Vitamin B present in this wonderful food helps maintain optimal functioning of our central nervous system. How to include oats in your diet? There are many ways to do this. Here are some ideas: - You can eat oatmeal cookies (homemade or bought). - You can add oats in your milk or yogurt, like cereals. - You can also mix them with milk and make crepes. - You can also use oats as breadcrumbs when breading meat, vegetables or fish. - Make oatmeal bread. - Cook them and add it to your salads. - Make delicious oatmeal smoothies with fruit. The benefits of eating oats daily are many, and you can take advantage of them in several ways. Remember that it is always advisable to eat oatmeal in the morning, at breakfast.

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There are five kinds of white blood cells--lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Overall, these cells have the responsibility of protecting you against infections. They fight and destroy what they consider to be foreign invaders. In this fight, they have a “division of labor.” But there are times when cancer develops because high numbers of clones reproduce. Video of the Day In asthma, the airways are too responsive to allergens, the foreign substances that can trigger an allergic response. According to Dr. Russell Blair of Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center in “The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals,” the airways will become irritated. This leads to inflammation, and the smooth muscle within the airway gets thicker. But now, because the muscle has increased in size, the opening within the airway is smaller. This only makes it react even more and causes it to become swollen. As part of the response to the allergen, in the fight against the foreign invader, the white blood cells will increase in numbers, especially the eosinophils. Helminths are worms--roundworms, tapeworms and flukes. There are many helminths that infect humans. In response to this type of infection, white blood cells increase their numbers to destroy the parasite. Specifically, the number of eosinophils increases. They surround the worm and use a substance within their cell, called a granule, to destroy it. Dr. Andrew Wardlaw, professor of respiratory medicine at Leicester University Medical School writes in “Williams Hematology” that the most common cause for an elevated number of eosinophils worldwide is due to helminthic infections. Infectious mononucleosis is a viral infection that is caused by a virus with the name of Epstein-Barr. The symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes and extreme fatigue. But this viral infection will also lead to an enlarged spleen. The number of white blood cells increases so that they enlarge the spleen. Dr. Vicente Corrales-Medina, infectious-diseases fellow at the Baylor College of Medicine in “Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment,” writes that more than 50 percent of the white blood cells attacking this infection will be lymphocytes. At least 10 percent are referred to as “atypical” lymphocytes because they are bigger than their usual size. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 34,316 people were diagnosed with leukemia in 2006, and 22,016 people died from it. Leukemia is a type of blood cancer. Abnormal white blood cells reproduce. This results in high numbers of abnormal clones. The disease is classified into acute leukemia and chronic leukemia. In acute leukemia, there are high numbers of immature white blood cells. The disease progresses quite rapidly. In chronic leukemia, there are high numbers of mature white blood cells, and the cancer will develop at a more gradual pace. While leukemia in general involves an elevated white blood cell count, different types of leukemia will have an increase in specific types of white blood cells. In acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, there are high numbers of lymphocytes. There are elevated numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils in acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

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“Jack of all trades, master of none” is a common maxim for leaders spread thin by their interests. “Focus or fail” is the prevailing career advice, and leaders are repeatedly told that specialization is key to success. But is there another way to succeed? The Renaissance Leader’s World Let’s outline the world today. 1. Globalization: Once a revolutionary concept, globalization is now widely accepted. Increased global outlooks and the velocity of international exchange present a landscape in which modern leaders grow and thrive. The interconnected world expands boundaries and the generation raised in it fervently applies globalization to daily living. 2. Technology Platforms: Three emerging technology platforms embolden a multifaceted world of leadership: - Learning platforms rapidly train leaders about a skillset or issue (e.g., MOOCs such as Duolingo and Codeacademy, and online accreditation programs). - “Doing” platforms broadly advance investment, execution or management of ideas (e.g., crowdsourcing platforms such as Kickstarter and Quora, and management platforms such as Basecamp and Asana). - Sharing platforms bolster information exchange, feedback loops and competition (e.g., social media, websites and blogs). Collectively, these three platforms dramatically reduce the transaction costs of making an impact. These platforms make it possible for renaissance leaders to grow diverse skillsets and accomplish great feats quickly, effectively and sometimes even simultaneously. 3. Flexible Business Models: An emergence of flexible business models systemize nurturing environments. For example, forward-thinking companies institute work-life balance policies designed for family life as well as the pursuit of personal passions or interests. Automation and additive manufacturing are more sophisticated examples of flexible business models that reduce the time workers need to accomplish traditional tasks, providing more time to spend on other pursuits. In short, across workforce and business processes, emerging business models empower leaders to have their cake and eat it, too. Human potential has reached unprecedented levels. The combination of globalization, technology platforms and flexible career models enables the growth of multifaceted leaders. Meet the Renaissance Leader A renaissance leader is someone who has profound, diverse expertise and channels those abilities for purpose, problem-solving and unifying others. Unlike a polymath or multipotentialite, a renaissance leader is driven by causes beyond themselves. There are three criteria for being a renaissance leader: - Diverse field expertise: He or she has more than broad interests or superficial involvement in several fields. Rather, the individual possesses a profound knowledge, proficiency or expertise in various fields. - Channeled fields: Renaissance leaders are masters at channeling various fields to accomplish focused objectives or to solve targeted problems. In other words, renaissance leaders combine learning from industries that other people may not view as complementary and use those learnings to address specific challenges. - Unifier: Renaissance leaders are unique because they harness shared experiences by working with and unifying people from diverse backgrounds. Renaissance leaders inspire diverse peoples to take action. Why Renaissance Leaders Matter While human potential is higher than ever, the world’s advancements present us with ever more complex problems. Painful gaps exist within communities and societies that have serious social implications. Renaissance leaders are valuable and increasingly vital on both micro and macro levels. Within teams, renaissance leaders are adept at complex problem-solving, unifying people, synthesizing skills, and empathizing with diverse customers, consumers and/or public interests. On a grander scale, renaissance leaders are key integrators of people and communities. When channeled meaningfully, they serve vital roles that heal divides and coalesce fragmentations, while at the same time pushing forward various fronts. In many countries, renaissance leaders play a vital role when there is strife. They achieve unity in times of polarity by climbing empathy walls, navigating social terrains and creating structures for shared experiences. These audacious challenges require sharp, refined and value-driven leaders. Barriers to Entry Significant challenges, barriers and gaps in business management stand in the way of further developing renaissance leaders. For example, social attitudes toward generalists are subversively negative. In fast-moving businesses, decisions are often made based on specific titles, focused job descriptions and third-party certifications. In the employment market, individuals perceived to be renaissance leaders are frequently tagged as ineffective or undesirable because they lack specialized skills. Even the title of a “renaissance man” is pretentious and often warrants an air of the overly privileged. There are leadership development challenges for advancing the skills of renaissance leaders. Few trainings, career planning programs or leader development tactics are built for people who aim to have diverse skills and experiences. Improved professional development tools could focus on reframing difficult questions such as, “What do you want to be when you grow up?,” which has one answer, to “How do you imagine spending your time?” Instead of questions like, “What are your goals?” and “What is your career path?” renaissance leaders want to be asked, “What is the legacy you aspire to build and leave for yourself, your family and your world?” More tactically, new forms of project management, time management and investment strategies could be designed with a broader lens for renaissance leaders. Mentorship is lacking for the growing generation of renaissance leaders. While renaissance leaders exist amongst baby boomers and Gen Xers, who might traditionally serve as mentors for emerging leaders, their stories, wisdom and energy persist largely uncaptured. Luckily, an opportunity exists to share the perspective of renaissance leaders, identify a global network and capture learnings and experiences to be shared with the world. More from Ladders - Chronic procrastination: 5 weird (but effective) ways you can conquer it - Eight great tricks for reading people’s body language - How to keep going and find your breakthrough when it feels impossible - 10 tweaks to your morning routine that will transform your entire day - Neuroscience reveals 4 rituals that will make you an awesome parent

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It's about one-one-hundredth as tall as The Washington Monument. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.0084622 times the height of The Washington Monument, and the height of The Washington Monument is 118.170 times that amount.(Washington, D.C.) The Washington Monument measures 6,665 inches tall, with some discrepancy due to the fact that the Monument's base is slightly below the surrounding ground. Interrupted in its construction by the American Civil War, it was almost 36 years between groundbreaking and the completion of construction. It's about one-one-hundredth as tall as St. Paul's Cathedral. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.00823 times the height of St. Paul's Cathedral, and the height of St. Paul's Cathedral is 122 times that amount.(London, England, United Kingdom) St. Paul's Cathedral measures 6,850 inches to its peak. The southwest tower of the Cathedral contains the bell known as "Great Paul," which is the largest bell in Great Britain at 15,000 kg (16.5 tons), outweighing the more iconic Big Ben bell by about 3,000 kg (3 tons). It's about one-one-hundred-fiftieth as tall as The Space Needle. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.00779 times the height of The Space Needle, and the height of The Space Needle is 128 times that amount.(Seattle, Washington) (to aircraft warning beacon at peak) Built for a 1962 World's Fair, the Space Needle stands 7,240 inches tall. With a track-and-wheel design inspired by railroad mechanics and a precisely-configured balance, the restaurant near the top of the space needle requires just a 1.5 hp motor to rotate at speeds of about 0.053 kph (0.033 mph). It's about one-one-hundred-fiftieth as tall as The Golden Gate Bridge. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.00631 times the height of The Golden Gate Bridge, and the height of The Golden Gate Bridge is 158 times that amount.(San Francisco, California and Marin County, California) (height above water) The height of each tower of Golden Gate Bridge is 8,940 inches above the surface of the San Francisco Bay. One of the key designers of the bridge, Charles Ellis, had no engineering degree when he began working on the project, but would later go on to write what became a standard textbook on structural engineering, and would ultimately be forced to complete his calculations on the bridge by working without pay for five months. It's about one-two-hundredth as long as The QE2. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.00487 times the length of The QE2, and the length of The QE2 is 205 times that amount.(a.k.a. RMS Queen Elizabeth 2) The QE2 has a total length of 11,600 inches. During its voyaging lifetime from 1969 through 2008, it travelled more than 378,000,000,000 inches, the furthest cumulative distance by any ship in modern history. It's about one-two-hundred-fiftieth as tall as The Eiffel Tower. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.00442 times the height of The Eiffel Tower, and the height of The Eiffel Tower is 226 times that amount.(a.k.a. La Tour Eiffel) (Paris, France) (to flagpole peak) The Eiffel Tower stands 12,800 inches tall, including its flagpole. The Tower is the largest structure in Paris as most other buildings are governed by a zoning restriction limiting them to a height of 1,460 inches or less. It's about one-two-hundred-fiftieth as tall as The Empire State Building. In other words, 56.40 inches is 0.0037599 times the height of The Empire State Building, and the height of The Empire State Building is 265.960 times that amount.(New York City, New York) (to top of building) The Empire State Building stands 15,000 inches to its architectural peak. The spire emerging from the top of the building was originally intended to be a mooring mast for blimps whose passengers could disembark onto a landing platform on the 102

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What Does a Graphic Designer Do? By Stephen Bucaro Graphic designers communicate ideas, it's that simple. Sometimes they do this using text. They select the font, font size, font color, and line length of text and headings. But a graphic designer's primary job is to communicate ideas using images. These images may be photographs, drawings, diagrams, animation, video, or abstract graphics that creates an emotional response. Actually graphic designers usually use images and text together. Their job is to design a layout. To design a layout they must decide how images and text will go together on a printed page or webpage. How much space will images have? How much space will text have? What will be the visual relationship between the images and text? Some graphic designers work by hand. Some use computer software. Most work both by hand and use computer software, taking advantage of the best aspects of both. What Graphic Designers Design • advertising materials • book illustrations and covers • exhibition materials • layout of newspapers, magazines, corporate reports, and other publications • television advertising spots • tradeshow signage and floor designs Today corporations are highly involved with reaching people through social media. In many positions, graphic designers are expected to keep up with the latest public buzz, consumer trends, and understand shifting consumer tastes. In some organizations graphic designers are expected to: • assist in the development of advertising campaigns • assist in the production social media content • assist with social media marketing and video projects Where do Graphic Designers Work? Many graphic designers have full time jobs at small to very large organizations. However, many graphic designers are freelancers. By its nature being a graphic designer requires an individual to have a great deal of creativity. Many super creative people don't have the stomach for the politics and structure of a corporate environment. They work as a freelancer consultants work for a clients. They determine exactly what the client needs. They determine the client's target audience and the message the client wants to send with your design. The graphic designer then creates a mock-up or sketches that they present to their client for approval. After the design is approved, graphic designers check the final production before it goes to the final stage of completion.

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When harvests have been completed, remove all fruit from the Deciduous Trees and rake up all; leaves, fallen fruit, and weeds. Send all the orchard waste for composting. Many pests "over-winter" in the fallen fruit and fruit left on the trees. The fruit left on the trees are called "mummies." It's best to have these professionally composed, so that the usually higher temperatures obtained can kill all of the pest larvae, bacteria and fungi. If the tree has been very healthy, without a lot of disease on the leaves, then composting leaves in the garden is fine. If not, put the leaves in with the fruit for the community composting operation. Accumulated leaves and weeds are a favored spot for pests to spend the winter, in their own state of dormancy. In the Spring they would be ready for another life cycle..... unless of course they've been composted !! If you have composted leaves or other clean mulch, this would be a good time to spread a fresh layer under the tree. OK - While you're under the tree spreading the mulch (remember to keep it away from the trunk), it's a good time to remove any "suckers" that appeared since your last tree care. These will be sprouts and shoots that arise from below the graft union, or coming up directly from the roots. Don't be fooled by their healthy and vigorous appearance. These just steal nourishment from the tree, we're not interested in growing more root stock. You can also renew the "Tanglefoot" (your anti-ant trap!). On the young trees you can renew the trunk paint (white water based latex paint, mixed with an equal amount of water) right down to the top-most roots. This will protect against sun burn and ground-level insect Borers.

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Physics Computer Simulation with VPython Excerpt from http:vpython.org: "VPython is the Python programming language plus a 3D graphics module called "Visual" originated by David Scherer in 2000. VPython makes it easy to create navigable 3D displays and animations, even for those with limited programming experience. Because it is based on Python, it also has much to offer for experienced programmers and researchers." Click here to download VPython:

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Widely known as “The Man Who Broke the Bank of England,” George Soros rose to fame with his massive pound short position ahead of the 1992 UK Black Wednesday crisis. Born in 1930 in Hungary, Soros has actually played a substantial role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Eastern Europe and has actually also supported American progressive and liberal political causes. He is also known for contributing billions of dollars to various philanthropic causes and is one of the 30 richest people in the world. Soros studied philosophy in the London School of Economics, after he fled from Nazi-occupied Hungary and migrated to England. Upon graduation, he worked as a traveling salesman but was frustrated with his job that he wrote to a number of merchant banks requesting interviews. His first financial job was an entry-level position at Singer and Friedlander in London. He later moved on to the arbitrage department where a fellow employee suggested he apply at the brokerage estate of F.M. Mayer in Brand-new York. With this brokerage firm, Soros specialized in trading European stocks for three years. He then transferred to Wertheim & Co. as an analyst of European securities until 1963. In 1967, he was instrumental in the creation of an offshore investment fund called First Eagle Funds. Soon after, he set up the Double Eagle hedge fund himself with $4 million of investors’ capital and $250,000 of his own money. In 1970, Soros founded Soros Fund Management and renamed Quantum Fund, which gained an estimated $1 billion from his short pound position. Soros was a student of philosophy under Karl Popper at the London School of Economics. After his stint at Wertheim & Co, Soros returned to England to develop the theory of reflexivity based on Popper’s ideas. He applied this to economic theory and financial trading by espousing that the biases of traders entering financial transactions can change the fundamentals of an economy. His Double Eagle fund grew from roughly $4 million to $12 million in four years, leading Soros to reinvest their holdings in the fund along with management fees to increase his stake. The name Quantum Fund was based on Werner Heisenberg’s principle of quantum mechanics, which is the branch of physics focused on atoms and photons. Soros is best known for his pound short position in the months leading up to September 1992, during which he recognized the United Kingdom’s unfavorable position under the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Five years later, Soros also took a massive short position on the Thai baht ahead of the Asian financial crisis, which some blame him for causing. In 2008, his book titled The Brand-new Paradigm for Financial Markets described a super bubble that was built up over the past 25 years and was ready to collapse. Earlier this year, he predicted a financial crisis similar to 2008 based on the state of stock markets and currencies, most notably the weakening Chinese yuan.

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This site has been associated with projects to make society work through the development of social systems software. My enthusiasm for the use of linear profiles stems from my naive belief that the benefits of the resulting social technology would make the difficult task of creating them worthwhile. Now recursive exhaustion will make the acquisition and linearization of social data easy, posing a serious danger to society.However created, a profile is a sequence of numbers which describe a person. A linear profile is one which can be transformed into an equally correct one with a linear transform, as defined in the field of linear algebra. Sometimes the creation of linear profiles requires the use of hairy mathematical methods of linearization. This is one of several sites for the application of mathematical methods in society. Some of the others are: - estimation for decision making - error covariance minimization - bipartite matching - social combinatorics - social network optimization Other methods are discussed in sites created to explain and promote various aspects of social technology. Most of these methods involve some form of profile. When the goals are social, these are often personality profiles, but from these many others can be derived, as long as the profiles are linear. The question of linearity is discussed elsewhere. For example, a profile for a job can be derived as a weighted sum of the profiles of individuals who do that job, weighted according to job satisfaction and performance. A profile for a place to live can be derived as a weighted sum of the profiles of individuals who live there or near there, weighted by proximity and their satisfaction of the area as a place to live. A profile for a person’s place in the social network can be derived as a weighted sum of the profiles of nearby individuals in the network, weighted by familiarity and compatibility. If the person’s individual personality profile were expressed in, say, a 10 component vector, then 30 additional components can be added from those of the person’s job, place to live and position in the social network. If a very large and diverse sample of these 40 component vectors are supplied, factor analysis can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the space back to 10. These could be a much more accurate profile description of the individual. This process may be iterated, with significant improvements each time, provided sufficiently large and diverse samples of individuals are used. The results of this kind of analysis are not only accurate profiles for individual people, but for jobs and places to live. Since they are all derived from the profiles for individual people, they are in the same abstract space, which makes it easy to use weighted matching procedures to find suitable jobs and places to live for people. For a very long time I have believed that society would be vastly improved if this kind of social technology made it easy for people find jobs and social connections such as friends, lovers or spouses. Now it seems just as obvious that the vast amount of social data collected through recursive exhaustion could be used by malicious people for blackmail and intimidation.

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Henriet et al., International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014. 191: 36-44. Full text available here. Within the world of fermented food, salt is usually regarded as a tool for controlling microbial activity rather than as a source of microbial diversity. But recent studies are beginning to reveal that unrefined salts can carry viable and diverse microbial communities. This paper explores the incidence of members of the domain Archaea in a selection of food-grade salts from around the world. Introduction: The Archaea Members of the microbial world fall into two main categories: the prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria) and eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, algae, protozoa). The development of DNA sequencing methods has allowed scientists to classify organisms not simply by how they look or behave, but by how similar their sequences of certain universal genes are to one another. This DNA analysis led scientists to discover that there are actually two types of prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. The Archaea share the cell structure of prokaryotes (no nuclei or organelles), but they are actually more closely related to Eukaryotes. The Archaea consist largely of so-called extremophiles, microbes that are adapted to very salty, acidic, alkaline, or hot or cold environments. The authors of the paper examined 26 food-grade commercial salts for the presence of Archaea using two complementary approaches: - Plating samples of the dissolved salts on selective media and then identifying the organisms that grew using DNA sequencing (culture-based method) - Extracting DNA directly from the salt and identifying the organisms present without a culturing step (culture-independent / metagenomic analysis) Summary of Findings Over half (14 of the 26) of the salts grew colonies on at least one of the four selective culture media used in the study. Moreover, the levels found in some salts—such as Sel de Guérande—were quite high (over one million CFU [colony-forming units] per gram). Notably, the three refined salt samples did not contain any viable Archaea. Most of the Archaea found belonged to a family of extreme halophiles (salt-loving organisms) called Halobacteriaceae, and members of many different genera within that family were identified. Some salts (such as Halen Mon and La Baleine coarse sea salt) showed low diversity, with less than three strains identified; others, such as the Guérande and Camargue salts, contained up to nine isolated strains. Direct DNA analysis was carried out on nine of the salts, three of which had not yielded any viable colonies when plated out. All of them showed the presence of between 21-27 different genera; the results suggested that the vast majority of the organisms present were similarly members of Halobacteriaceae. This metagenomic analysis also allowed the scientists to estimate the relative proportion of each genus within each salt sample. Their abundance and proportions varied significantly: in some samples, like the Black Sea salt, one genus dominated the mix; in others such as the Camargue salt there was a more even distribution between many different organisms. Natural unrefined salt is a haven for large and diverse populations of Archaea, most of which were identified as Halobacteriaceae. These organisms have been shown in other studies to survive in so-called ‘fluid inclusions’: tiny pockets of moisture that form when salt initially crystallises from water. The authors reference a paper where Archaea trapped this way have been shown to be viable over 22,000 years later. Archaea are not the only group of microbes that can survive within salt. Another group of scientists have also revived a dormant bacterium from a 250-million year slumber in a salt crystal. And some of Dr Benjamin Wolfe’s research in the Dutton lab (which I had a chance to help with last winter) suggested that sea salt used by cheesemakers is host to various Bacillus species and a wide variety of Proteobacteria, some of which thrive on washed and bloomy cheese rinds. (Here’s a presentation of some of that research from the Science of Artisan Cheese Conference last summer.) The different salts examined in this paper contained different Archaeal genera. Some evidence suggests that the genera isolated from a salt itself is not always directly reflective of the microbial population of the saltern from which it originated. Perhaps certain organisms are more suited to survival in fluid inclusions than others, or the balance of microbes in the saltern changes over time. The study also compared and contrasted the organisms found in the same salts using the two different methods. For some salts, the results were quite similar; in others the cultured species appeared to be only minor players amongst a large and diverse group of organisms that never grew on the culture plates. This is a great illustration of a principle that applies to all culture-based laboratory analysis: just because something doesn’t grow on a plate doesn’t mean it isn’t there. Conversely, several strains of Archaea that grew successfully on the plates were never identified using the culture-independent method, suggesting that these two complementary methods are still the best way to get a nuanced idea of what organisms are present in a sample. Archaea can grow and survive within various foods, and have been isolated from fermenting olive brines, salted anchovies, and kimchi, among others. The authors conclude by questioning whether there might be a health implication to their presence in food-grade salt; it seems a pertinent line of inquiry given that viable members of this family have also been isolated from the human intestinal tract. We still have much to learn about the role of these and other microorganisms in salt, and in fermented foods that use natural salt as an ingredient. Post written by Bronwen Percival

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"Rattus rattus" redirects here. For the album by Merzbow, see Rattus Rattus (album). The Black Rat (Rattus rattus) (alt. Ship Rat, Roof Rat, House Rat, Alexandrine Rat, Old English Rat) is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (rats) in the subfamily Murinae (murine rodents). The species originated in tropical Asia and spread through the Near East in Roman times before reaching Europe by the 6th century and spreading with Europeans across the world. Today it is again largely confined to warmer areas, having been supplanted by the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) in cooler regions. Despite its name, it exhibits several colour forms. It is usually black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. A typical rat will be 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) long with a further 20 cm (7.9 in) of tail. It is nocturnal and omnivorous, with a preference for grains and fruit. Compared to the Brown Rat, it is a poor swimmer, but more agile and a better climber, tending even to flee upwards. In a suitable environment it will breed throughout the year, with a female producing three to six litters of up to ten young. Females may regulate their production of offspring during times when food is scarce, throwing as few as only one litter a year. R. rattus lives for about 2–3 years. Social groups of up to sixty can be formed. Black Rats (or their ectoparasites) are able to carry a number of pathogens, of which bubonic plague (via the rat flea), typhus, Weil's disease, toxoplasmosis and trichinosis are the most well known. In the 1920s in England, several colour variations were bred and shown alongside domesticated brown rats. This included an unusual green tinted variety. Today however, very few people keep Black Rats as pets. Most pet rats (or fancy rats) are domesticated brown rats. In New Zealand, Black Rats have an internationally unusual distribution and importance, in that they are utterly pervasive through native forests, scrublands, and urban parklands. This is typical only of oceanic islands that lack native mammals, especially other rodents. Throughout most of the world, Black Rats are found only in disturbed habitats near people, mainly near the coast. Black Rat are the most frequent predator of small forest birds, seeds, invertebrates, and perhaps lizards in New Zealand forests, and are key ecosystem changers. Controlling their abundance on usefully large areas of the New Zealand mainland is a crucial current challenge for conservation managers. All of the above information came from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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When Mark Twain visited Montreal in 1881, he said that it was the first time he’d ever been in a city “where you couldn’t throw a brick without breaking a church window.” Montreal, you see, has lots of churches. Twain was then told, however, that the city would soon build another church – and perhaps another, and another – and “I said the scheme is good,” Twain responded, “but where are you going to find room? They said, we will build it on top of another church and use an elevator.” Church of God, Elevator. Does this off-the-cuff remark from a 19th century novelist exhibit a more adventurous sense of space and structure than the buildings which pass for architectural design today? In any case, all of this reminds me of a post here on BLDGBLOG last summer in which it was proposed that “elevators could be used as prayer chapels – vertically nomadic radial spaces in which the pious… could spend time alone and think.” Paraphrasing myself, then, a year later, could you construct an earthless Vatican made of nothing but elevators riding up and down throughout the atmosphere? Off in the urban distance you see what surely must be a mirage: a glass and steel cathedral hovering two miles off the surface of the earth, made of nothing but elevator-chapels, a metallic mist of lifts, a sky-cloud of holy space in western sunlight. From earth to the moon, on the Sistine Elevator. (Twain quotation found thanks to an anonymous commenter on this post this morning).

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) An Envirnmental Product Declaration (EPD) must be issued on the basis of the results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) conducted by an Organization on its product in compliance with the provision of an approved Product Category Rule (PCR) which is the reference document enabling the comparison of two different LCAs conducted on different products with the same function. The PCR specifies relevant variables to be considered when conducting an LCA such as: - the system boundary (how far upstream, downstream and sidestream does the analysis go) - the functional unit (what is the volume/mass/purpose of the object being assessed) - the specific Lyfe Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods such as allocation (how are impacts assigned to the product and by-products and on what basis). LCA is defined as the “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle” (ISO 14040). LCA is a multi-steps and iterative process for analysing the environmental burden of products at all stages in their life cycle – from the extraction of resources, through the production of materials, product parts and the product itself, and the use of the product to the management after it is discarded, either by reuse, recycling or final disposal (therefore, ‘from the cradle to the grave’). The complete process of LCA includes goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. LCA helps Organizations to: - identify opportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle - inform decision-makers in Industry and Government Organizations - select relevant indicators of environmental performance - improve marketing effectiveness by producing an environmental product declaration.

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Providing early help is more effective in promoting the welfare of children than reacting later. Early help means providing support as soon as a problem emerges, at any point in a child's life, from the foundation years through to the teenage years. Effective early help relies upon local agencies working together to: - Identify children and families who would benefit from early help; - Undertake an assessment of the need for early help; and - Provide targeted early help services to address the assessed needs of a child and their family which focuses on activity to significantly improve the outcomes for the child. Local authorities, under section 10 of the Children Act 2004, have a responsibility to promote inter-agency cooperation to improve the welfare of children.

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The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska is the stage for a three-year experiment to explore the connections between a changing climate, an advancing growing season, migratory geese and the chemical processes that impact the broader ecosystem. Utah State University professor Karen Beard and a team of scientists and graduate students are beginning a National Science Foundation-supported project to try to answer the question of how the timing of the arrival of migratory geese to the region influences tundra vegetation, as well as carbon and nitrogen cycling in the ecosystem. Her project—Asynchrony in the timing of goose-vegetation interactions: implications for biogeochemical cycling in wet sedge tundra—kicks off this month with graduate students traveling to western Alaska to prepare for a summer field season filled with geese, soil sampling and experiments to simulate various herbivore-plant interaction scenarios. “We are very interested in the arrival time of the geese relative to when the plants start growing. It’s that interaction that we are most interested in,” Beard explained. The Migration of Thousands of Birds As warmer temperatures give rise to an earlier growing season in the region, Beard is eager to uncover how the goose-vegetation interaction will impact biogeochemical processes, namely carbon and nitrogen cycling. Beard explained that the geese typically arrive in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in mid-May. And with the arrival of some 500,000 geese in a few weeks, there’s bound to be an impact. “We have some ideas about what the geese do in these systems—they change it from a landscape perspective. We know they change the vegetation from this sort of thick cover to something that looks like a grazing lawn. They change the chemistry of the plants, making them higher in nitrogen and lower in carbon. They also expose the soil to the atmosphere by reducing the shading and cover,” she said. Beard has a few running hypotheses that will be put to the test this summer and over the next two field seasons. They are: - If geese arrive when they typically do, relative to the growing season, plant productivity would be higher and ecosystem respiration would stay the same. - If they come later relative to the start of the growing season, the geese might reduce plant productivity in the ecosystem. Studying an altered growing season Beard’s team will soon begin a series of experiments to modify the start of the growing season and simulate various arrival times of geese. To mimic an early growing season, they’ll section off small plots of land and place Plexiglas, open-top chambers on the ground to heat the soil and encourage early plant development. The team will also keep twenty geese in captivity for the summer, moving them around the study area to graze under various controlled conditions. “By doing this highly manipulative experiment, we are simulating scenarios like: what if the growing season starts early and the geese arrive early, or what if they don’t arrive early? We have all these different factorial combinations that we can test,” Beard said. “We are also measuring things like plant growth rate, changes in plant chemistry, nitrogen mineralization rates in soil and carbon flux. These measurements will help us model the carbon and nitrogen cycling in the study areas to get an idea about how carbon and nitrogen cycles will change if the interaction between the growing season and the timing of the geese arrival changes,” she explained. The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta is the perfect setting for Beard’s experiments. Scientists have long studied the biogeochemical processes of the region, giving Beard and her team a foundation of data on which to build. The delta is also a massive ecosystem with a wildlife reserve the size of Oregon, so the implications of what Beard’s study reveals will apply to a vast area. With climate change rapidly affecting species and habitats, Beard’s work is timely and delves deeper into how a changing climate and its impact on a system’s plant-animal interactions may alter the fundamental chemical cycles of an ecosystem. “Our understanding of what climate change is going to do and what kind of interactions are going to result is in its infancy. We are just starting to understand how species are responding to climate change, and more complex interactions—like the ones we are looking at—are not very well studied,” Beard said. “So this makes our research questions cutting edge because it’s not just about herbivore-plant interactions, but it’s also about the larger potential ecosystem consequences of that interaction.”

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Understanding all cultures and their values has become essential to our next generation. For two joyous weeks red is all around as we see the colourful celebration of the Chinese New Year. The colour represents luck and happiness. Children receive money wrapped in red paper, while friends and loved ones exchange poems written on red paper. The Chinese New Year is also an opportunity to remember ancestors, and to wish peace and happiness to friends and family. The holiday ends with the Festival of Lanterns, as many large communities stage the famous Dragon Dance. Fireworks, parades, lanterns, presents, and feasts: these are some of the joys experienced by all who observe Chinese New Year. Celebrate Chinese New Year is the latest, timely addition to National Geographic’s popular Holidays Around the World series. With 25 colourful images and a simple, educational text, the book is a lively invitation to revel in this child-friendly, national and international holiday. Carolyn Otto brings the historical and cultural aspects of the Chinese New Year into focus, and young readers experience the full flavour of an event celebrated by over a billion people in China, and countless others worldwide. Dragon Dance: a Chinese New Year byJoan Holub Introduce the customs of Chinese New Year to even the youngest readers with this festive new lift-the-flap book. Shopping at the outdoor market for fresh flowers, eating New Year’s dinner with the whole family, receiving red envelopes from Grandma and Grandpa, and best of all-watching the spectacular Chinese New Year’s parade! A pure delight. Ms. Frizzle’s Adventures: Imperial China by Joanna Cole Young readers fare taken on a journey rom present day Chinese New Year celebrations to the rice fields and palaces of Imperial China. In this instalment Ms.Frizzle explores China, explains the concept of taxes and covers many of the inventions that came from the country. Chinese Zodiac Animals by Sanmu Tang Children will love to learn all about their Chinese zodiac animal with this great multicultural book. Which Chinese zodiac animal are you? A clever rat? A brave tiger? A hardworking ox? Or an energetic dragon? Chinese Zodiac Animals explains the traits of each animal sign and what luck the future might hold for the person born under that sign. Chinese Zodiac Animals is a fun and informative way to learn about an important part of Chinese traditional culture. Celebrating Chinese New Year: An Activity Book by Hingman Chan Celebrating Chinese New Year is a fun-filled craft, activity and resource book for the Chinese New Year. In addition to basic facts and history of the Chinese New Year, you can make a dragon parade, a paper lantern, and red lucky envelopes following simple directions and examples in this activity book. You will also have fun learning about your Chinese Zodiac signs. This book is an excellent resource for parents and teachers with children ages 5 to 10. A must for celebrating Chinese New Year. Gong xi fa cai! (Or Kung hei fat choy! if you’re speaking Cantonese.) Welcome to the year of the fire monkey.

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A single grave in the current excavation area, about 200 ft. from the existing 17th-century church tower, appears to be contemporary with 21 other graves in a nearby 1607 burial area, but it is separated from them by a blank area of about 15 ft. where the soil has not been disturbed. The separation is a mystery that archaeologists hope to solve as more of the area is exposed. One theory is that the blank space may indicate the presence of a building, possibly the first church, which was located in "the midst" of the fort, according to historical accounts. Danny Schmidt, senior archaeologist, said it would also make sense to find the church near the graveyard. Meanwhile near the north corner of the fort, archaeologists are continuing to excavate the artifact-rich feature, possibly a cellar or well that contained a cache of arms and armor including eight sword hilts, a breast plate, tasset lames (armor that protects the thigh) and a nearly complete broad sword with an intact basket hilt -- only a portion of the blade was missing. The objects were discovered about 3 feet below the 17th-century ground level inside a 16 x 16 ft. pit. Bill Kelso, director of archaeology, says the cache may also be an indication that some armor, such as breastplates, was no longer useful to the colonists. Kelso said they have uncovered evidence that the colonists were making or repairing lighter, more flexible jacks of plate, with overlapping plates of armor that provided better protection against arrows than the "tin can" design of the breastplate. "This discovery is relevant to what's happening with the military today," he said. "Soldiers are looking at replacing armor currently issued with 'Dragon Skin' -- armor designed with overlapping scales to provide better protection. It reminds me of the saying, 'Those that don't know history are doomed to repeat it,' and it underscores the importance of what we can learn from archaeology. It appears that the same thing happened here 400 years ago," he said. At first, because of the way the layers of debris slumped toward the center of the pit, archaeologists thought it might be a well, but they have recently uncovered more clearly defined edges along the sides of the pit that are beginning to suggest that it may have been a cellar or pit. It's at least 6 ft. deep, but they haven't found the bottom or a well shaft, yet. It's also an early fort period feature that appears to be aligned with the wall of the fort. The pit is below the foundation to an addition to the first governor's house, and the latest artifact is a 1613 English farthing found near the top of the pit. Rich with artifacts, so far the pit has yielded glass trade beads, baubles, ivory chess pieces, iron objects, a locally made pipe with the initials EG, pewter spoons, a Surrey-Hampshire Border ware candlestick, and pottery sherds that date to the early years at James Fort. Virginia Indian artifacts have also been unearthed, including a grinding stone, and finished and unfinished shell beads. A bone needle that may have been used by either culture was also uncovered. Other intriguing artifacts discovered recently from the feature include remnants of fabric, possibly canvas; a decorative mother-of-pearl fish, possibly a tropical Cichlid, about 1.5 inches long with a brass link that passes through a hole in its head; and portions of a late-16th century, tin-glazed Montelupo dish, about 11" in diameter. The colorful dish fragments are an especially exciting find, according to Bly Straube, senior curator. Straube said there were very few dishes at Jamestown. Plates were used occasionally by the upper class for plated meals and to display as a reflection of their status. The dish shows no evidence of being used for dining, and a suspension hole in the rim indicates that it was intended for display. Lower class colonists would have used wooden vessels for potages and stews. These did not survive for archaeologists to discover, except for one bowl that was found near the bottom of a well. Schmidt said they have unearthed numerous pig bones in addition to an abundance of wild animal bones, which is indicative of the early years of the colony when wild animals were also an important component of the colonists' diets. Food remains found by archaeologists in the pit include oyster shells, sturgeon scutes and crab claws, as well as fish, bird, turtle, deer, pig, cow, and goat remains.

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Your ability to hear is crucial throughout your day—whether talking to your family, hearing cars and other dangers when walking down the street, or when relaxing by listening to music or watching TV. However, with hearing loss, each of these becomes more difficult. Hearing loss can also be particularly detrimental at work. Why hearing is so important Think about all the conversations you have on a given day at your job with your boss, clients, or colleagues. But it’s not just other people’s voices—it’s the ringing phones, email notifications, meeting alerts, and other sounds that occur throughout the day. If you don’t have an office job, your ability to hear can be even more important. For instance, when working in a factory, sound can be integral to knowing you’re doing your job properly and alert you to potential danger or accidents Harvey Patterson is one individual who experienced hearing loss at work. With a job as a machine tool designer (and a NASCAR pit mechanic in his free time), Harvey’s professional life exposed him to dangerous noise levels. This long-term exposure resulted in hearing loss and made his jobs much more difficult. According to Harvey, “If a machine in the shop is not working properly, if you know the sounds you can hear that and stop it before something crashes. There’ve been times I haven’t heard those sounds.” How hearing loss damages your career It’s estimated that 48 million Americans have hearing loss, including 60 percent who are below retirement age, meaning they’re currently in the workforce or will be in the future. Without proper treatment, these individuals could be damaging their careers in several ways: Increased safety risk As Harvey demonstrates, hearing loss can make it difficult to catch the sounds critical to work performance. If your work involves heavy machinery or equipment that could be dangerous if mishandled, untreated hearing loss can pose significant risks to your own health and safety, as well as that of your coworkers and the public at large. Hearing loss makes it difficult to understand work directions from your boss or requests from clients or colleagues, meaning you could miss important details and deadlines. Without clarity on your work assignments, they might not be completed appropriately. Such occurrences can diminish your on-the-job performance, making you seem uninterested in your job, or unqualified to do it effectively. Lower income potential Poor job performance means that your job security and earning potential may be at risk. People with hearing loss are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed, and earn less over the course of their careers. One study found a differential of more than $14,000 in annual income between people with mild and severe hearing loss, while another study reported people with hearing loss can earn up to $30,000 less than their hearing colleagues. While on-the-job safety risks, work performance, and salary and job security are important, so is the social aspect of work. From the conversations that occur in the office kitchen to lunches with colleagues, not being able to hear those conversations can make you feel isolated and left out. Socializing with colleagues helps to build trust and camaraderie, which contribute to morale and a sense of team work. If you’re not a part of that, it can hurt your work performance and lower your job satisfaction. Addressing hearing loss While it can be difficult to admit to a problem like hearing loss, the effects of not addressing it can be drastic to your professional life (as well as your personal life). Recognizing the damage his hearing loss was doing to both, Harvey decided to have his hearing tested and get hearing aids—and immediately wished he had done so sooner. If you’re like Harvey and notice you struggle to hear at work, you shouldn’t ignore it or dismiss your hearing loss as just a normal part of getting older. It can significantly affect all aspects of your career and make it difficult to perform well or even keep your job. Addressing hearing loss is a choice—you can either live with it, or do something to hear better. Your job may very well depend on it. About Rebecca Herbig Rebecca Herbig, Au.D., is Manager & Editor of Scientific Marketing for Sivantos USA. She previously spent five years with Sivantos (then Siemens Audiology Solutions) in Germany and prior to that worked as a clinical audiologist in northern Virginia. Rebecca earned her B.S. in Audiology from the University of Texas in Dallas and an Au.D. from Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C.

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Thirty years ago this week, a reactor explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in the former Soviet Union resulted in the worst peacetime nuclear disaster in human history. Due to high radiation levels, the thousand-square-mile (2,600-square kilometer) Exclusion Zone was quickly established around Chernobyl and the nearby city of Pripyat in what is today northern Ukraine. More than 100,000 people were permanently evacuated, and more than a hundred human settlements in the zone were demolished or abandoned. (Experience Chernobyl's haunting ruins in 360-degree photos.) Robert Maxwell, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Sydney, is the only archaeologist currently studying the Chernobyl disaster. He spent two seasons (2010 and 2012) performing fieldwork in the Exclusion Zone. National Geographic News recently spoke to Maxwell about his experience. Why would an archaeologist be interested in a 30-year-old nuclear disaster site like Chernobyl? I study contemporary abandonment practices—why some 20th-century cities and settlements were abandoned in such a short space of time. My thesis looks at what happens when the ideology and the material reality of a city become dislocated. That sounds complicated. Take Detroit, for instance. When the automotive industry became more globalized and automation began to replace human workers, Detroit essentially lost its ideology, its reason for being. It went from being the jewel in the crown of 20th-century American industrialism to a depleted, problematic city. (See how nature is reclaiming Detroit.) How does this apply to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone? The one common ideology between the Soviets and the U.S. in the 20th century was nuclear fundamentalism—whoever could control the atom and its explosive force controlled the future. Pripyat was built just two miles (3.2 kilometers) from the Chernobyl plant and was considered the finest example of a Soviet atomograd (literally "atom city," a restricted area where nuclear activities took place). The ideology of nuclear fundamentalism was literally imposed on its layout. You have the social and cultural nucleus (the Palace of Culture and Science, the amusement park) and orbiting functions connected like spokes of an atom: the supermarket, the post office, apartment buildings. However, the nuclear plant, while ideologically perfect, was imperfectly designed. Also, it was run with management from a coal-fired [energy] background, so they didn't understand nuclear physics, but they very much understood Soviet ideological pressure. So when something went wrong—as happened on the 26th of April 1986—it went wrong in a very big way. So essentially we have the only surviving atomograd in existence that was abandoned right when it was flourishing. You've got a really interesting picture of a 20th-century city in crisis, right when the ideals of nuclear fundamentalism and the "perfect Soviet machine" fell to pieces. (Read more about the legacy of Chernobyl.) Were you actually digging in the Exclusion Zone? Oh no, that's too dangerous. The radionuclides seep down into the soil over time like anything heavy, so the more you intrude in the soil the more radiation you're going to absorb. The vegetation is also extremely radioactive because it draws the radionuclides up and into the leaves. Moss is the most dangerous because it has such a large surface area. Even now whenever I see a patch of moss, I walk around it because it's such a force of habit. However, the context of the Chernobyl disaster is literally right in front of you. We can study the archaeological footprint and the heritage of the site without necessarily having to dig. What sort of precautions did you have to take when you worked in the zone? Most of the radiological particulate contamination these days is in the form of dust. As long as you're getting that off and not licking anything or picking anything up you're relatively OK. I did a lot of my fieldwork in a ventilator, a pair of jeans, and a pair of boots that I would get rid of before I left the zone. I was monitored for radiological contamination every day, and I got really good at taking extremely strong "Silkwood" showers. Actually, the biggest danger was not the radioactivity but the wild boars. The wildlife in the zone has repopulated to medieval levels, and the number one piece of advice I was given by my local guides was, "If you see pig, climb tree." (Learn how animals rule Chernobyl today.) What is archaeology telling us about Chernobyl? We think it's a place where humans aren't supposed to go, that it's supposed to be a wasteland. But when you get there it's teeming with wildlife, there's a local community of 2,000 people living in the zone, and the French consortium that's building the container shelter project over the Chernobyl plant is a 6,000-strong workforce. There are also thousands of tourists coming into the zone every year. Then there's all of the looting and material reclamation. When I do surveys of the abandoned apartment buildings, the only things left are the TVs and the pianos, because they've got no resale value and you can't get them down the stairs. You've also got these little snapshots of crisis and disaster all over the place. There are a lot of depositions of overalls and gas masks where someone had taken them off, left them, and just walked away. History is what we said happened, but archaeology is the record of what actually happened. If the atomograd and the plant had worked in the way it was supposed to, you wouldn't find these crisis depositions. You wouldn't find toys left abandoned in the middle of a kindergarten playground. You wouldn't find a wedding photo left behind in an apartment that's otherwise been completely looted. Should more archaeologists be studying the Exclusion Zone? Chernobyl is one of those types of sites like Pompeii, where it is a snapshot of a period in history. It's really one of the most diagnostic events of the 20th century. Then you have glasnost and perestroika and the Berlin Wall coming down, so it very well may have changed the century that we're currently living in. That's where the value of archaeology comes in. Basically, history is what we said happened, but archaeology is the record of what actually happened. It's the only litmus test of what really happened in any century, including the 20th century. Follow Kristin Romey on Twitter. Watch Seconds From Disaster: Meltdown in Chernobyl from the National Geographic Channel. Note: This interview has been condensed and edited for clarity.

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Game based learning is growing. It’s not just getting games into the curriculum. It’s rethinking how to use the elements of game design to engage students and allow them to become creative producers and problem-solvers. In the Pittsburgh region there a number of schools that have bought into the game-based learning theories and are seeing greater engagement of their students. This article will look at three examples: a K-12 private school for girls – the Ellis School; a K-12 public school district – Avonworth; and a K-8 charter school – Environmental Charter School. Each site is using a systems approach with a strong emphasis on Human-Centered Design. In each case students not only solve real-world problems, but they also discover the real world opportunities for future careers. Avonworth School District Ken Lockette, the principal of Avonworth High School, has been one of the leaders in the Pittsburgh region using design based principles to engage students. The project began with an opportunity to work with the LUMA Institute, an educational spin-off from Pittsburgh-based MAYA Design. According to Ken, “We have used human-centered design (HCD) in different ways with different groups of people, adults and students alike. We started with the adults. Two years ago, two of my teachers were trained along with me at the Luma Institute through the Pittsburgh Foundation’s “Change Agents” initiative. Those two teachers have since run two trainings for my faculty, including being part of Avonworth High School’s Summer Institute and utilizing an Act 80 Day early fall. WIthout teacher buy-in, it would never get to the students. Additionally, I implemented the HCD strategies through working with a student advisory group and with Pittsburgh Galleries Project group I led in curating an exhibit with the Toonseum for the 75th Anniversary of Batman. We also used HCD strategies with a teacher and student group, who worked with me in exploring new classroom designs and designs for our new Collaboration Center. We did several “alternative worlds” visits to places like the Entertainment Technology Center, CREATE Lab, and Maya.” I asked Ken why he selected the design approach. Ken related, “Frankly, I was tired of “playing school.” I was blown away by participating with the HCD process several years ago when the Kids+Creativity Network when I went through a strategic planning session at Maya’s older space on the Southside. After going through the full intensive training two summers ago, I was sold on design thinking and knew that it was what was needed in our schools to get students to exercise creativity. It’s cheap. It’s pretty cost-effective. “ The key to Avonworth’s success was getting early adopters on board and then letting them start their chant on how the process was engaging students. Ken sees the movement to design based learning as a transformation of existing learning. Where does Avonworth plan to go next? Ken plans to continue to infuse the strategies into all subject areas at the high school. The Human Based Learning approach will support Avonworth’s continued move toward Project-based Learning. According to Ken, “Big thing – Blow up the curriculum. Nowhere does it say we have to have traditional courses. We can do a lot more with how our curriculum is organized.” In the next phase, the project will look at jobs and career opportunities through the Avonworth Career Academies. The program is in year one with its first cohort, which begins during the sophomore year. During their 9th grade year, Avonworth students take an interest survey and career assessment and are exposed to career-based activities. They can then join one of five career academies their 10th grade year. The process of the academies is below: - Year 1, research and career exploration - Year 2, internship or apprenticeship - Year 3, real-world experience, job search and interview training. The Ellis School Lisa Abel-Palmieri, the Director of Technology and Innovation at the Ellis School, like Ken Lockette, has become a strong convert to Human Centered Design. In the case of Ellis there’s been a strong push for game design starting at the elementary level. According to Lisa, students begin their exploration of game design in third grade. The skill building process enters again in fourth grade as part of a unit and then become part of a year-long activity in fifth grade. According to Lisa, “The girls finish their skill building before they begin a major project for sixth grade. They are paired to design a game. The two kids interview classmates learning interview skills and a play-testing process. They go home for the summer and then finish the game in the first trimester of sixth grade with a presentation to the school community.” The learning process continues through the middle school as the students have a choice to use the Hummingbird, a robotics kit developed by Tom Lauwers at the CREATE Lab of Carnegie Mellon University, to connect to a game. At Ellis the students see the connection of game design to the real world. The students work with Schell Games, a game company located in Pittsburgh. Jesse Schell, the founder and CEO of Schell Games, provides the students with the real world connection to the game industry. The students have visited Schell Games and observed people working on game design. In addition, the student have acted as play testers for Schell Games. I asked Lisa how the game design process impacted student learning. According to Lisa, “In the past students jumped to what they thought the problem was, but now they understand that contextualization and empathy-building process was important. By using HCD the students pause and know who are key stakeholders for the problem and how to learn from them.” The key from Lisa’s point of view, “To quickly design and code allows them to quickly get feedback. Different iterations allow for more sophisticated solutions. Empathy building is now built-into the process.” The Environmental Charter School Justin Aglio, the new principal at the Upper School for the The Environmental Charter School (ECS), also went through the LUMA training program. At the LUMA training program, Justin learned alongside other educators in the Pittsburgh region, including coaches and teachers at ECS, how the Human-Centered Design learning process fostered collaboration and acted as a catalyst tool for change. For Justin, the teachers, and students at ECS the HMS principles permeate throughout the curriculum and into professional development. There is always a focus on the needs for the customer, whether that’s a student, parent, or teacher issue. At ECS the design process helps to make learning more authentic. For example in fifth grade students are working with Carnegie Mellon University to design a space shuttle to travel to Mars. In fourth grades students have an energy and transportation design challenge. In seventh grade students are looking at communities in Pittsburgh with the intent on designing their own solutions for an area known as the Strip District. Sixth graders were challenged in the fall of 2014 to find an area of the building that needed to be redesigned. They selected the gymnasium. Now the students are meeting with architects to share their designs. Inherent in all of these projects is a systemic approach to problem-solving. Students are developing products to solve a real-world problem by engaging in a process that focuses on the human needs for a space, environment, or community. The design process has changed the way teachers teach and how students learn at ECS. Justin used the Thinking Lab, a multimedia space created at ECS, as an example of how this has changed the culture of the school. The space promotes collaboration and innovation. Justin explained, “Students and teachers take on new roles. Evaluation is no longer just about a standardized test. Now learners look at self-assessment, peer reviews, and input from professionals in different disciplines.” When I asked Justin how games fit into the learning process, he used a story about a bus driver. The bus driver had a hard time understanding why kids played video games. For the bus driver it was better to build or make something. Justin explained, “In today’s world games are about making things. Now students are learning to program a robot or a 3D printer to make furniture. The students need to understand the design process in order to be prepared for their future.” Justin also shared an anecdote about a parent who questioned where games fit into the curriculum. Justin explained that he looks at the skills a student learns and uses by playing a game. The skills are the key. According to Justin, “As a school you have to be open to career possibilities we don’t even know about. We need to to explore options to give students an edge for their future.”

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Right now in Science we are working on designing a garden for the 10th graders. They designed this trailer, and we have to make a garden for it. To do the project, we had to learn about the carbon cycle. Did you know carbon is an element found in all living things? It’s in you and me, your pets and plants — well, you get the point. Carbon is pretty important. Just like water, carbon goes through a cycle around the earth. Carbon is freely cycled through living things non-stop, always on the go. You can find carbon in a lot of different places. One of those places is the atmosphere! When carbon is in the atmosphere, it is carbon dioxide. While in the atmosphere, carbon helps regulate temperatures. Like I said, carbon is found in plants. The plants soak in the carbon dioxide to make photosynthesis. You know that humans make their own food, but did you know that plants do too? That process is photosynthesis! When the plants take in carbon dioxide, we get something in return. Oxygen! After the plant, carbon can go to two places. An animal can eat the plant, or the plant can die and become bacteria and fungi. When organisms decompose, carbon is released into the soil. From there, it can become fossil fuels and released back into the atmosphere. Now, you may be wondering, why is all this stuff important? I know I did. I didn’t think it was anything special. I thought, who cares? We should all care! The Carbon Cycle is really important because it is everywhere. The carbon cycle does many things to help living things. It moderates temperature and helps us breathe! Without carbon dioxide, how could plants make photosynthesis? Without photosynthesis, how could plants make oxygen? Without oxygen, how could we breathe? Maybe now you realize how important it is. How does this play a role in our project? The role it plays in the project is, it helps the plants with photosynthesis which is energy. We are making a garden full of plants. When I went to the composting workshop, they explained to us how to start a compost pile and what to put in it. It’s important because you can get rich soil for your garden. In class, we got to plant our own vegetables. I planted a space cucumber and can’t wait for it to grow! Hopefully I’ll be able to eat it soon! These plants can help us with the project because they show the basic needs of the plants. It shows how the plants need sunlight and water. This ties in with the carbon cycle because plants soak in the carbon dioxide from the sun to make oxygen during photosynthesis. We use plants around us so we can be able to live. If we cut all of the trees and plants to make paper, we would probably die sooner because there wouldn’t be enough oxygen. That’s why we need the carbon cycle and the plants and trees that surround us.

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Study indicates older adults may be able to combat oxidative stress in their cells that may damage tissues and interfere with normal physiological functions by loading up on vitamin C. Overweight and obesity, particularly in the abdominal area, are associated with a variety of health risks, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Many obese children and adolescents have impaired glucose tolerance, a condition that often appears before the development of type 2 diabetes. Twenty five percent of obese children and 21 percent of obese adolescents tested by Yale researchers were glucose intolerant and at high risk for developing diabetes. Xenical support programmes shown to double weight loss success and increase patient satisfaction. Chinese children are likely to maintain their dietary intake patterns from childhood into adolescence, a new study has found. Obesity is spreading at an alarming rate, not just in industrialized countries but in developing countries, where obesity often sits next to malnutrition. Myostatin might be a useful target for preventing or treating obesity and associated conditions, like diabetes. apid rates of weight gain during infancy could be linked to obesity later in childhood, report researchers in the February issue of Pediatrics. Researchers identify how leptin may result in the development of drugs to help manage obesity and diabetes. Wealthier neighborhoods have more than three times as many supermarkets as poor neighborhoods, limiting access for many people to the basic elements of a healthy diet, according to a new study.

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Haiti is a country at risk, with poverty, weak infrastructure, limited access to electricity, and extreme weather all putting its population in jeopardy. Haiti is taking a strong stance on climate change resilience and renewable energy solutions to improve lives and livelihoods. Source: World Bank Haiti is one of six Caribbean island nations participating in a regional PPCR program to enhance climate data and sharing for improved resilience and disaster risk management. Haiti has designed its own $25 million strategic plan for climate resilience under the PPCR to mainstream climate change into national development planning and to support measures to climate proof infrastructure, agriculture, and coastal cities in vulnerable target areas, as well as upgrade hydro-meteorological and climate services. Haiti is also participating in the SREP, with an investment plan for $30 million to support on- and off-grid renewable energy projects in both urban and rural settings, tapping Haiti’s wind and solar potential to provide reliable electricity to households, businesses, and institutions. |NAME||FUND||FUNDING (USD MILLION)||COFINANCING (USD MILLION)||MDB| |Centre Artibonite Regional Development Project||FUNDPilot Program for Climate Resilience||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 8.00||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 50.00||MDBIBRD| |Climate Proofing of Agriculture in the Centre-Artibonite Loop||FUNDPilot Program for Climate Resilience||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 4.50||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 43.00||MDBIADB| |Modern Energy Services for All||FUNDClean Technology Fund||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 15.65||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 48.00||MDBIBRD| |Municipal Development and Urban Resilience Project||FUNDPilot Program for Climate Resilience||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 7.00||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 58.48||MDBIBRD| |Renewable Energy and Access for All||FUNDScaling Up Renewable Energy Program in Low Income Countries||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 8.62||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 60.50||MDBIBRD| |Renewable Energy for the Metropolitan Area||FUNDScaling Up Renewable Energy Program in Low Income Countries||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 11.00||FUNDING (USD MILLION) 4.50||MDBIBRD| |Strengthening Hydro-Meteorological Services Project||FUNDPilot Program for Climate Resilience||COFINANCING (USD MILLION) 5.00||FUNDING (USD MILLION)||MDBIBRD| The CIF programmatic approach to investment planning and implementation brings strategic value to CIF recipient countries. Working through a transparent, country-led process, the CIF fosters trust and collaboration among government ministries, civil society, indigenous peoples, private sector, and the MDBs that implement CIF funding. Together, they translate Nationally Determined Contributions and other national development and climate strategies into an actionable CIF investment plan. Rather than one-off projects, the plan comprises long-term, sequenced investments that mutually reinforce each other and link to other critical activities, such as policy and regulatory reform and capacity building. Under national government leadership, CIF stakeholders continue to work together to implement the plan, continually assessing progress and sharing lessons learned along the way.

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XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a metalanguage for the creation of industry- or topic-specific mark-up languages. XML also allows mark-up language authors to create tags that make online information easier to search and categorize. True to its name, IBM stressed the business applications of XML. "By delivering a method of structuring data for exchange over the Web, XML will provide the next critical mechanism needed for e-business solutions," IBM XML evangelist Simon Phipps said in a statement. Lauding the new IBM Web site, Phipps said, "With this new online resource, customers and developers can begin investigating the uses of XML, as well as the products and tools that will help them create new applications that harness its benefits." IBM today also focused on its collaboration with Adobe in developing a Java-based browser component that lets users access information and view it on a wide variety of clients, including handheld devices. The new technology is based in part on Precision Graphics Markup Language, a specification currently under evaluation by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that aims to help deliver high-quality graphics without the use of plug-ins. The nine technologies IBM debuted today are posted to the company's alphaWorks Web site for free downloading. They include: Bean Markup Language (BML) BML is designed to work with JavaBeans, components that Java developers can use to build applications. With a components-based architecture, developers can string together prewritten elements instead of writing them from scratch. Uses of BML include creating new beans and accessing and configuring beans by setting or retrieving their properties and fields. XML Editor Maker This tool builds visual editors from XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs). DTDs describe XML documents so that browsers can interpret the unique tags of various XML-based languages on the fly. Editor Maker takes a DTD and builds from it a Java editor for XML documents. DataCraft is a visual development tool for creating database queries and publishing the results to the Web. Dynamic XML with Java This automates the process of interpreting XML files with Java code. This pattern-match-and-replacement system lets users convert XML documents to documents in other XML-based languages or non-XML syntax. PatML includes support for Java.

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Personal values development ideally begins in child hood and continues for a lifetime. Most of us received our first training in values morals ethics and behavioral standards by watching our parents and siblings. Programs such as religious training, and/or boy scouts and girl scouts have been important for many in supplementing the development of personal standards and values. Personal core values shape our life, and affect our health, happiness and stress levels yet they are often unexamined and overlooked. 12 Step Programs - 12 Step Programs are a powerful, systematic way to: Find out more about the versatility and power of 12 step programs. Emotional Freedom Technique - For practical effective free tools to assist you in neutralizing negative emotions and implementing positive values and ethics in your life, I recommend the Emotional Freedom Technique, (EFT)as taught by Gary Craig. Gary's work has brought EFT postitive results and emotional relief to thousands of people. Find a Mentor to Learn From - Learning by example is a time tested method. Studying the lives of great men and women can help inspire and instruct us on how to best live our lives. For example, it is said that Martin Luther King Jr. found great inspiration for his life by studying to life and writings of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi felt it was his dedication to truth and to living spiritual values in daily life which gave him the power necessary to free India from the yoke of British colonialism and discrimination. Keep a Journal- Keeping a journal is another helpful tool for personal values development. It can help us see our lives in a larger perspective and with greater clarity. When we do a "daily review" we can notice areas in our behavior where we would like to improve and grow. Reading inspirational books can be instructive and thought provoking. For an in-depth discussion of emotions and values as they relate to rates of happiness and levels of consciousness, I recommend the books of Dr. David R. Hawkins. Dr. Hawkins is an experienced M.D., Ph.D. whose books share many insights into how we can transcend the emotional pain and challenges of human life. See Hawkins, David R., 2006, Transcending The Levels of Consciousness, The Stairway to Enlightenment. West Sedona Arizona: Veritas Publishing. Return to Gentle Stress Relief home page.

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Parents: do you have heat exhaustion questions? Did you know that kids are more prone to heat exhaustion because they have fewer sweat glands? If you have active kids that love to spend time outdoors, brushing up on a little first aid knowledge can’t hurt. If you’re looking for preventative measures, symptoms, and treatment for heat exhaustion, start right here. As a kid, nothing feels better than the exhilaration of summertime shenanigans—exploring the wonders of amusement parks, sand crafting on the beach, fishing in Lake Tyler, outdoor sports, and long hikes to anywhere with friends. But after a full day of child’s play in 95 degree heat under a piercing sun, there’s nothing less exhilarating than a bout of heat exhaustion. Heat exhaustion is not as severe as a heat stroke, but it can progress to a heat stroke if not treated. Brain and organ damage can occur when parents aren’t prepared to respond immediately. Here are some things you should know about overheating: What are heat exhaustion symptoms in kids? If your child, tween, or teen is feeling off kilter after a long day under the sun, there’s a good chance they may be overheated. Heat exhaustion in children is very similar to the signs of overheating in adults. If your child has been playing in the sun all day and shows signs of fainting, irritability, nausea vomiting, muscle pain, headache, weak pulse, low blood pressure. increased sweating, excessive thirst, clammy skin, or an elevated temperature (less than 104℃), they are likely experiencing heat exhaustion. How do I treat child with heat exhaustion? How long does heat exhaustion last? - Bring your child to a cool place—indoors, under the shade, or in an air conditioned car. - Give them lots of liquids that contain salt and sugar. Sports drinks like Gatorade and Powerade work well against dehydration. For infants, you can give them Pedialyte. - Loosen their clothing and put a cool cloth on their forehead or around their neck. => If your child is still showing symptoms of heat exhaustion after an hour, go to your nearest Emergency Room. HHER is a 24-hour ER center serving East Texas including Lindale, Tyler, Mineola, and beyond. How do I prevent heat exhaustion? Exposure to significantly high temperatures should be avoided as much as possible. If you live in a city, like Tyler, TX, or travel to hot areas of the world, you should educate yourself and your children on how to prepare for a day in the heat. Encourage your family to take breaks from outdoor activities and hydrate themselves regularly throughout the day. For more information on heat exhaustion and answers to heat exhaustion questions, check out the CDC’s infographic on the topic. –> Get the care you need right away at one of our two Emergency Room Centers: - 3111 McCann Road, Longview, TX 75605 - 3943 Old Jacksonville Hwy, Tyler, Texas 75701 –> For more on summer health care tips, see our article on dry drowning.

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The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently revealed why it took more than a year to discover that packaged salad was the source of a Listeria outbreak that killed one person and sickened nine others between July 15, 2015 and January, 2016. According to recently released field notes, the multi-year, multi-state outbreak could have been traced to the source of the problem much sooner if leafy greens had been included on the food history questionnaires sick patients were asked to complete. Investigators only discovered that packaged salads were to blame after conducting open-ended interviews with new and previously interviewed patients in December and January. The CDC eventually discovered that the outbreak was caused by packaged salads from a Dole plant in Springfield, Ohio. Dole recalled 22 varieties of packaged salads produced at the plant on Jan. 27, 2016. The CDC has since updated its food history questionnaire to include packaged salads as a potential cause of Listeria. This should help investigators identify this type of problem faster if it happens again. The reason packaged salads were not on the questionnaire before is that leafy greens had not previously been associated with Listeria, according to CDC field notes. This was the eighth Listeria outbreak that has been linked to fresh produce since 2008. It is unclear at this time why there has been an increase in outbreaks. It could be the result of increased outbreak detection or changes in consumer eating habits. The CDC advises companies that process fresh produce to review their food safety plans and look into adding measures that help prevent the growth of Listeria. You have legal options in the event of a food poisoning case like this. Consult the food poisoning attorneys at the Arnold Law Firm to find out if you are entitled to compensation for medical expenses, pain and suffering, and other expenses.

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The Lorain City Schools’ Board of Education requires and encourages regular attendance and punctuality so that students may maximize their opportunity for learning. The State of Ohio requires that every child between the ages of six and eighteen attend a school, and the Lorain City Schools Board of Education requires every child of school age to attend school every day that school is in session unless the child is ill or has another legitimate reason for being absent. Punctuality Requirement / Tardy Getting to school on time and into the classroom with all other students significantly contributes to academic and social success and allows students to be part of the group. Teachers’ lesson plans even at the beginning of the day or session are carefully constructed to introduce new concepts or routines that are vital to student learning. Late arrivers interrupt precious instructional time and make it difficult for those arriving as well as those already seated to attend and stay focused at the task at hand. Missing even a few minutes can cause children to fall behind or feel left out. Most importantly, however, arriving on time impresses upon your child the importance of school and helps develop valuable habits and responsibilities that in the future will help them succeed both in school and the work place. Schools will develop interventions to address “Chronic” unexcused tardy’s. Acceptable reasons for tardiness are the same as those for absences. The interventions will include: student conference, parental contact, parent conference, detentions, In School Assignment (ISA), community service, and/or Level I and II disciplinary actions. Early Dismissal from School A student may receive an early dismissal from school for reasons of illness or emergency at home. The parent or guardian shall report to the office to pick up or arrange for the student to be picked up prior to an early dismissal being granted. A student is not allowed to leave school alone or without parental request for an early dismissal. All early dismissals are authorized through the principal’s office. Permission to leave school property may be granted by the principal or his/her designee. Students shall have the principal’s or his/her designee’s signature on a note before leaving the building. Students must never leave the building during their scheduled class hours without authorization from the principal’s office. [Ref: Policy JED] Attendance/Truancy The Lorain City Schools Board of Education requires and encourages regular attendance and punctuality so that students may maximize their opportunity for learning. The State of Ohio requires that every child between the ages of six and eighteen attend a school, and the Lorain City Schools Board of Education requires every child of school age to attend school every day that school is in session unless the child is ill or has another legitimate reason for being absent. Students who are absent shall provide documentary and valid evidence to school officials that such absence was for one of the allowable reasons listed below. Students may, within a reasonable amount of time, make up any schoolwork missed as a result of an excused absence. The following reasons shall comprise legitimate reasons for absence: 1. Personal illness (May require documentation from health officials) 2. Family emergency (Written request from parent or guardian required) 3. Religious holiday (Must be recognized as such by the State of Ohio) 4. Court appearance (Documentation may be required) 5. Death of a relative within two degrees of affinity and consanguinity or of a close friend. 6. Other circumstances that are determined by the principal to lie within criteria established by the superintendent shall constitute a valid and acceptable cause for absence. An absence which does not fall within the six reasons defined as excused shall be considered unexcused, or as an absence without legitimate justification or purpose. The student shall be required to make up all work missed during the absence. The school administration will make the final decision whether an absence/tardy is excused or unexcused. In general, unexcused absences/tardies include (but are not limited to): • Missing the school bus. • Experiencing transportation problems at home or on the way to school. • Remaining at home to complete school assignments. • Missing school without legitimate illness. • Oversleeping. Alarm clock (students or parents) failed to work. • Not having suitable clothing to wear to school. • Working at a job during the school day without a proper work permit. • Any form of recreation (unless pre-approved vacation days). • Personal business that can be done after school or on weekends. • Senior pictures/portraits or other class social activity. Notification of Absence When a student under the age of eighteen is absent from school for any reason, the student’s parent or guardian is required to telephone the school after school commences and provide the reason for the absence. In accordance with statute, if such a telephone call is not made, or the school is not otherwise informed, the school shall contact the parent/guardian to ascertain the reason for the student’s absence. Students over the age of 18 may telephone the school in their own behalf the morning of their initial absence. Extended Excused Absence If a student is absent or is expected to be absent from school for an extended period due to illness or injury the school shall be notified so that arrangements may be made for some form of home instruction, if available. When a student must be absent from school due to a family trip, college visitation, religious activity or some other requirement, arrangements shall be made with the school at least one week prior to the absence. Even though some of these absences may be considered as unexcused, make up work and class credit will be granted if appropriate contact is made with the school prior to the absence. Disciplinary Action for Habitual/Chronic Absence Upon the failure of the parent, guardian or other person having care of the student to cause the student’s attendance at school, if the student is deemed to be a habitual or chronic truant, the District is required to do either or both of the following: 1. Take any appropriate action as an intervention strategy. The intervention strategy may include any or all of the following: a. Assigning the truant to an alternative school. b. Designing and providing a truancy intervention program. 2. Filing a complaint with the proper juvenile court. If a complaint is filed, it shall allege that: a. The student is unruly for being a habitual or chronic truant, or is a delinquent student for being a habitual or chronic truant who previously has been adjudicated as an unruly student for being a habitual truant. b. The parent, guardian or other person having care of the student has violated state law. Recognition for Good Attendance Principals shall develop and implement a program to recognize and encourage good attendance in each building. Student and Parent Notification of Policy The Board directs that procedures be developed and implemented to insure that the above attendance policy is implemented uniformly in the school buildings. Each student and parent shall be informed annually of this policy and the procedures necessary to implement it. LEGAL REFS.: ORC 3321.12 all sections & ORC 4507.061 District Attendance Intervention A. Recording Absences • Each teacher shall record and report the daily absences or tardiness of each student in his or her classes in a manner specified by the superintendent. • School secretaries shall accurately enter the excused and unexcused absences on a daily basis and report the information as directed by the superintendent. • Each school shall keep accurate and current student attendance records. These records shall be used to determine school attendance rates and be reported on the Ohio Department of Education’s District Report Card and on designated reporting forms or electronic media as directed by the superintendent. B. Attendance Monitoring • As a student’s absences approach the excessive level (5 or more days without legitimate excuse within a semester) an official designated by the superintendent shall send a warning letter to parents notifying them of the absences and of the consequences (outlined below) of continued chronic truancy and offering assistance with attendance issues. • Habitual Truancy is defined by the state of Ohio as a student missing 5 or more consecutive school days, seven or more days in a month or 12 or more days in a school year without a valid excuse. • Chronic Truancy is defined by the state of Ohio as a student missing 7 or more consecutive days of school, 10 or more school days in a single month or 15 or more school days in a school year. C. School District Attendance Interventions 1. If a student’s accumulates more than 5 days of absence from school per semester no further absences will be excused unless a physician’s statement is submitted to justify the need for absence. An absence will be considered unexcused unless a written note, parental permission or a medical note (written by a licensed physician) is provided within 2 days of student return. The principal or their designee may waive this requirement as authorized approval of the superintendent or their designee. 2. It is extremely important that students and parents realize and understand that the 5 days of absence per semester build into this attendance policy, are not considered as approved days to miss class. These should be thought of as a sick bank to be used only when needed. 3. Absences, which are the result of illness, truancy, vacation, or family emergency, will be counted in this tally regardless whether the absences are excused or unexcused. External suspensions will not count in the 5 days limit per semester. Absences resulting from sponsored activities/functions such as field trips, assemblies, athletic contests, in-school suspensions, and mentorship programs will not count in this tally. 4. Following the 5 day of absence per semester from school, parents will receive a warning letter from the school district. A notification letter will be sent from the building to parents warning them of irregular attendance, possible academic failure, and future referral to attendance officer for Lorain County Juvenile Court. This letter should clearly define the district’s attendance policy. This letter should indicate that after 5 days per semester medical verification is necessary. 5. After five (5) days of unexcused absences from school, referral to that attendance officer may occur at the discretion of the county attendance officer and school district principal or their designee. 6. A conference with the attendance officer of Lorain County, building principal/assistant principal, and the parent/guardian may be scheduled if excessive absences continue. 7. Further excessive absences may result in a meeting with the superintendent or designee. Parent(s), student, county attendance officer, and building district designee may be present at the meeting. 8. Continued irregular attendance at this step may result in other actions as determined by the local superintendent (i.e., revocation of driver license and work permit, parent education classes, intervention strategies, student reassignment to an alternative school, or other action as determined by the local code of student conduct). 9. A court referral for prosecution will be the final step for action to be determined by the Department of Lorain County Juvenile Court. Participation in After School Activities • Students who are absent for any reason may not attend or participate in any after school activity, including athletic events, unless special arrangements have been made with the school principal. Age and Schooling Certificate and Temporary Permit • Age and Schooling Certificates (Work Permit) and Temporary Instruction Permit or Driver’s License may be revoked in order to encourage regular school attendance by a school official Approved: August 13, 2013 Exclusions and Exemptions from School Attendance A child of compulsory school age residing in the Lorain City School District may be legally excused from public school attendance by: 1. Holding a full-time Age and Schooling Certificate and having a full time job. 2. Receiving approved home instruction. 3. Attending a private or parochial school. 4. Having graduated from an approved high school. 5. Having a GED certificate or pursuing there of. 6. Receiving approved Home Education. [Ref: Policy JEG] Precautions Permission for a pupil to leave school when school is in session, if requested by a parent/guardian, will require approval by the principal or his/her designee. Release of a student to a non-custodial parent will be granted only after consent from the custodial parent or a court order has been received by the principal or his/her designee. Independent students may sign for themselves. [Ref: Policy JEDB] The promotion of each K-8 student will be determined individually and should take into consideration the following factors: attendance, age, standards met, assessment results, and assignment to special programs as measured by valid and reliable tests or other measures. The decision to assign a student is made only after careful study and evaluation. The decision to promote or assign a student demands continuous analysis and study of the student’s cumulative records so that objective decisions are made. Upon determination, a student must adhere to the district’s regulations and recommendations regarding student assignment. Parental involvement in promotion or assignment of a student is important and essential. Parental requests for student assignment contrary to the district's recommendations shall result in an alternative placement of the student and/or other programs. The superintendent has the right to assignment of students. [Adoption date: December 9, 1991; Revised July 28, 2003, Revised May 27, 2009] Legal Reference: OAC 3301-35-02 High School Grade Forgiveness Any high school student within Lorain City Schools may repeat a course once and have the lower of the two grades dropped from the computation of the grade point average (GPA). Both grades shall remain on the student's transcript. The higher grade of the two will have credit attached for graduation. It is the responsibility of the parent(s) and student to find a comparable course. Parents must comply with the district regulations, exceptions will be granted only at the discretion of the district.

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Also known as: canker sores, aphthous ulcers. What is aphthous stomatitis? Aphthous (from the Greek word meaning ulcer) stomatitis is a common illness that causes small painful ulcers in the mouth, hard palate, inner cheek, lips or tongue. What causes aphthous stomatitis? While the exact cause is not completely understood, it appears to involve an immune system mediated inflammatory response causing ulcers triggered by a number of different factors including stress, allergies, viruses, local mouth trauma, changes in hormone levels, nutrition, medications or a genetic predisposition. They are not contagious and ulcers may come and go for many years. What are the signs/symptoms of aphthous stomatitis? Ulcers are usually 2mm-5mm in diameter, have a yellow covering on a red base and last 7-10/14 days. Pain may be minor to so severe that they interfere with eating or drinking. What are aphthous stomatitis care options? There is no specific treatment for apthous ulcers (as they are not caused by a bacterial or viral infection). Treatment goals include ensuring adequate fluid intake, pain medications (oral, topical and mouth rinses) to reduce pain, and good mouth hygiene. Reviewed by: Jack Wolfsdorf, MD, FAAP This page was last updated on: 3/23/2018 2:10:35 PM From the Newsdesk Dr. Davé is employed by Pediatric Specialists of America (PSA), the multispecialty group practice of Nicklaus Children’s Health System. He is chief of the PSA Section of Otolaryngology at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital. Dr. Davé sees patients at Nicklaus Children's Hospital. Dr. Yamilet Tirado is employed by Pediatric Specialists of America (PSA), the physician-led multispecialty group practice of Nicklaus Children’s Health System. She is a pediatric otolaryngologist/ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist within the Division of Otolaryngology and sees patients at Nicklaus Children's Hospital and the Nicklaus Children's Aventura Care Center.

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The abbey of Saint Galgano rise in the valley of the Merse River, between the medieval villages of Chiusdino and Monticiano, in the province of Siena. The original nucleus of the monastic complex Cistercian of Saint Galgano (Galgano Guidotti 1148-1181) is constituted by the hermitage of Montesiepi, built in Roman style as mausoleum of the Saint between the 1182 and the 1185. Its greater particularity is the so-called “the Rotunda of Saint Galgano” with a unique, for the constructions of that time, plan. It encloses, beyond to the tomb of the saint, the famous rock with the sword. Although at a first look it can seem an emulation of ancient Etruscan tombs of Populonia, Vetulonia and Volterra, the architect responsible of its construction inspired itself to Castel Sant’Angelo and the Pantheon of Rome. Saint Galgano (Galgano Guidotti: 1148 - 1181) is a Catholic saint from Tuscany. He was born in Chiusdino, in the modern province of Siena, from Guidotto and Dionigia. His alleged date of death is December 3, 1181, now celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, but other scholars assign it to November 30, 1180. Click the pictures to view them in full screen Cameras and equipment used for the pictures

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Come to the Tropical Pacific exhibit at the Aquarium to see our latest addition: spotted lagoon jellyfish, Mastigias papua. These jellyfish are actually photosynthetic; however, they still need to predate on plankton in order to survive. Also, instead of having one mouth, like the moon jellyfish, these animals have eight! They’re also very active, always pulsating across the exhibit. Occasionally, they will flip upside-down and pulsate on the bottom—this is thought to allow more light to the zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) living inside them to receive more light. Come on down to the Seattle Aquarium and enjoy these charming animals!

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The connection between mathematics and art goes back thousands of years. Mathematics has been used in the design of Gothic cathedrals, Rose windows, oriental rugs, mosaics and tilings. Geometric forms were fundamental to the cubists and many abstract expressionists, and award-winning sculptors have used topology as the basis for their pieces. Dutch artist M.C. Escher represented infinity, Möbius bands, tessellations, deformations, reflections, Platonic solids, spirals, symmetry, and the hyperbolic plane in his works. Mathematicians and artists continue to create stunning works in all media and to explore the visualization of mathematics--origami, computer-generated landscapes, tesselations, fractals, anamorphic art, and more. "Visual Proof," by Anne Burns (professor emerita, Long Island University, Brookville, NY) 13" x 13", digital print, 2013 "Visualization is an important aid in the study of mathematics." Each of the disks in the 3X3 matrix of disks is a picture of the first five backward iterations of f(z)=z^n+c/z^m where c is a small positive real number. The rows represent n=2,3,4 and the columns represent m=2,3,4. The black disks in the center consist of the set of points z such that |f(z)|>1.1. The second largest sets of disks are blue; they are the inverse images of the black disks under f; ochre disks are the inverse images of blue disks; red disks are the inverse images of ochre disks, etc. First notice the n+m symmetry in each disk. Next, can you identify n and m by this pattern? Hint: choose one blue disk in each entry and count the number of pre-images closer to the center and the number of pre-images further away from the center. -- Anne Burns (http://anneburns.net)

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Family influence essay: family and raising my children is a very important aspect of life for me so he has affected my decision making when it comes. Making managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve problems decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions. Main importance of decision making business essay according to the oxford advanced learner’s dictionary the term decision making means - the process of deciding about something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization [oald8oxfordlearnersdictionariescom 2012. Decision making making decisions in life can be a difficult task throughout your life you will make decisions that will affect your future. Models of decision-making essay writing service, custom models of decision-making papers, term papers, free models of decision-making samples, research papers, help. Ethical decision making essays the word ethics is closely linked to words such as good, moral and proper ethics elucidate how a conscientious person should behave by providing a way to choose between competing options. Ielts essay prompt some people think that managers alone should make decisions in the company, while others think that employees should be involved in the decision-making process too. Decision-making is very crucial in nursing practice the nursing and midwifery council identifies the professional responsibility in the code of professional conduct (nmc, 2002. This free psychology essay on ethical decision making process is perfect for psychology students to use as an example. Domanial breathalyzes gomer, his decision making essay mediatizar this free business essay on essay: decision making is perfect for business students to use. Decision making models essay multicriteria decision making gender literature food finance film leadership family company marriage life love medicine. Decision making paper essays: over 180,000 decision making paper essays, decision making paper term papers, decision making paper research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Critical decision making for providers essay mike is running late again the last time he spoke with his supervisor, he promised he would be on time. This free marketing essay on essay: buyer behaviour report: the consumer decision making process as it relates to a consumer who is replacing their laptop is perfect for marketing students to use as an example. Ethical decision making - establishing boundaries 5 pages 1272 words november 2014 saved essays save your essays here so you can locate them quickly. Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for the most important decision of my life essays and paper topics like essay view this student essay about the most important decision of my life. Decision making this essay decision making and other 63,000+ term papers making decisions teaches us to carry responsibility for ourselves, for our family. Free college essay family decision making decision making is a cognitive process leading to the selection of a course of action among alternatives every decision making. Family influence essay: family and raising my children is a very important aspect of life for me but they don’t play a huge role in my decision making. Free essay: ethical decision making we do not quite say that the new is more valuable because it fits in but its fitting in is a test of its value--a. Decision making this essay decision making and other 63,000 for our family their decision will be of great importance in how comfortable they will land. Heuristics are general decision making strategies people use that are based on little information, yet very often correct heuristics are mental short cuts that reduce the cognitive burden associated with decision making (shah & oppenheimer, 2008) shah and oppenheimer argued that heuristics reduce. That was a very dynamic essay because it relates in our life we all know that as we go through life making decisions in our place of employment or in our personal lives, our thinking tends to be influenced by culture, education, family values or other outside sources. Family decision making the family's reaction to this decision making opportunities and threats also hold great effects on making decision in this essay. Descriptive decision making: comparing theory with practice stuart m dillon department of management systems university of waikato new zealand [email protected] This article focuses on establishing an understanding of how families develop decision-making processes utilized during care giving bibliographic notation. Decision making is one of the most important skills your children need to develop to become healthy and mature adults decision making is crucial because the decisions your children make dictate the path that their lives take. Making good decisions is vital to living a successful and productive life all of us are confronted with various decisions to make on a daily basis some.

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Your assignment for Monday is to read Hiroshima Chapter Four "Panic Grass and Feverfew" (pp.66-90) and respond on the class blog. Take a look at the Sparknotes summary and analysis of this chapter: What does this "study guide" get right? What does it miss? What did you not get reading the text that this helped you with? In one comment on this post, respond with one important element of this chapter that Sparknotes helped you understand better and one that it misses or misreads that you think is important to understanding the text. Each element you select should include a little explanation, but your total entry, involving both elements, doesn't need to be longer that 150 words. You have plenty of reading do to for this assignment and for the last chapter of the book.

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NASA’s OSIRIS-REx probe is currently on its way to an asteroid to do some very cool science, but it has to make a quick stop by Earth first. As the probe executes a flyby of its home planet in the next few weeks, astronomers around the world will be watching the sky to get one last look at OSIRIS-REx before it heads off to the asteroid Bennu. If you’ve got access to a telescope, you might even be able to catch a glimpse of the spacecraft. OSIRIS-REx, which stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer, was launched almost exactly one year ago aboard an Atlas V rocket operated by United Launch Alliance (ULA). Its target is the asteroid Bennu, which swings around the inner solar system every 1.2 years and crosses the orbit of Earth. It has a not-insignificant chance of impacting Earth in the late 22nd century. That could be a catastrophic event, as Bennu is about half a kilometer wide. In order to rendezvous with Bennu, OSIRIS-REx needs a gravity assist from Earth. Thus, it’s going to make a close approach later this month that will set it on a course to reach its target. OSIRIS-REx will first be visible to powerful telescopes on September 10th and will complete its flyby on September 23rd. During that time, it will get as close as 11,000 miles (17,000 km) from the planet’s surface. That’s close enough that amateur astronomers will be able to see the probe. In fact, volunteers from the OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroids! citizen science program will be helping mission scientists track the spacecraft and taking photos. The flyby is not only a significant change in trajectory for OSIRIS-REx, but it also offers an opportunity for scientists to test the probe’s instruments by observing Earth. Getting the public excited about the mission after a year in space is a nice bonus, too. Those who capture images of the probe as it passes by Earth are invited to submit them to the mission’s website. That’s also where you can go to for help locating the spacecraft. This won’t technically be the last time OSIRIS-REx sees the Earth. Its mission is not just to observe Bennu, but to gather a sample of its surface and send it back to Earth. A sample container will be returned in 2023, marking the first time scientists have been able to directly examine asteroid regolith that hasn’t been exposed to the heat of atmospheric entry. This could tell us a lot about the nature and composition of these objects. Let’s block ads! (Why?) ExtremeTechExtreme – ExtremeTech

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The North and South poles are the points on the Earth where the axis of rotation intersects the surface of the planet. They are the furthest points from the equator. Because they are on the axis of rotation, the spin that gives the rest of the world day and night does not have the same effect at the poles. The orbit, not the spin, causes the sun to move up and down in the sky. The sun goes around and around in the sky at the North pole in Summer, and around in the sky at the South pole in Winter. The equinox is the only time the sun can be seen from both poles, and then, it is on the horizon. All the rest of the time, the sun shines on one pole and the other is in darkness. It reaches it's maximum altitude of about 23.5 degrees above the horizon at the solstice, the same as the angle between the equator and the ecliptic. The poles are cold because the sun never gets very high, so the sunlight (and radiant heat from the sun) is spread more thinly over a larger area. Latitude is an angular measure of the distance between a point and the equator, colatitude is an angular measure of the distance between a point and the poles. The poles are at 90 degrees latitude, 0 degrees colatitude. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are at 23.5 degrees latitude, (90 - 23.5) degrees = 66.5 degrees colatitude. The equator is 0 degrees latitude, 90 degrees colatitude. The poles are the two places on the Earth where there is no longitude.

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Capital assets – definition and meaning Capital assets include land, buildings, machinery, computer equipment and vehicles. In other words, they are things a business needs to produce goods and services. The term also refers to an asset on which we must pay capital gains tax if we sell it. For example, imagine you buy a bar of gold for $1 million, and later sell it for $2 million. You have made a gain of one million dollars. You must pay tax on that gain because gold is a capital asset. The term initially meant any fixed assets that we hold for a long time. Initially, it also referred to assets we will not into cash for a business’ operation. However, many tax authorities use the term for a wide range of assets. In fact, some authorities even include stocks in the definition. The benefits we gain from a capital asset are likely to extend for longer than one year. On a company’s balance sheet, each figure representing equipment, plants, and property represents a capital asset. Firms seldom sell their capital assets Companies only sell their capital assets when they are in deep trouble. For example, during bankruptcy proceedings. In asset-intensive industries, like oil exploration, firms invest a major part of their funds in capital assets. A capital asset has the following features: – It is not liquid. In other words, we cannot convert it into cash easily. – It is a long-term item. Its useful life should last for more than one year, – We do not sell it. Unlike inventory, we do not sell it as a normal part of business operations, – Costs. Its cost of acquisition exceeds a company’s capitalization limit. Capital assets – tax authorities The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) says nearly everything we own and use for personal purposes is a capital asset. Things we buy for pleasure and investment purposes are also capital assets. The IRS says it considers the following items as capital assets: - shares (stocks) and bonds, - a home occupied by a person and his/her family, - timber grown in a person’s home property or investment property, even if they make casual sales of the timber, - all the furniture within the household, - a car used for commuting or pleasure, - stamp or coin collections, - gold, silver, platinum, and other metals, - gems and jewelry. Definition of capital gain: If you buy a capital asset for $10,000, and then sell it one year later for $15,000, you have made a capital gain of $5,000.

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The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is the official state reptile of Maryland and the mascot of the University of Maryland, College Park. Here are some facts about this important reptile and symbol. - The diamondback terrapin lives in estuaries and bays from Cape Cod south to Texas. - Males can grow up to six inches long, while the usually bigger females can reach nine inches. - Terrapins primarily eat mollusks such as snails, clams, and mussels. Their strong, sharp beaks allow them to break their prey’s hard shells. - Though terrapins can live longer than forty years, fewer than 20 percent of eggs laid actually survive the first year. Predators such as foxes, raccoons, and skunks prey on eggs and juveniles. - Markings on the carapace, or shell, of the diamondback terrapin are as unique as a human’s fingerprints, allowing scientists to identify them by sight. Despite their cultural status in Maryland, populations of terrapins in the state face significant threats today. - Shorefront development has damaged or replaced many of the beaches where terrapins lay their eggs. - Many terrapins become caught in lost crab pots or traps that are being actively fished. - Terrapins are killed on land while crossing roads and in aquatic habitats by passing boats. - Responding to a growing demand for turtle meat in Asia, Marylanders harvested terrapins for food for many years. In 2004 roughly 14,500 pounds of terrapins were harvested throughout the state. The practice was banned by the Maryland state legislature in 2007. Chesapeake Quarterly Article: To find out more about research funded by Maryland Sea Grant about diamondback terrapins, see Terrapins: The Fall & Rise, an issue of Chesapeake Quarterly, Maryland Sea Grant's magazine. Maryland Sea Grant Video: "Boom Times for the Terrapins of Poplar Island" Photograph by John Consoli

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"Antlantean" statues, archaelogical site of Tula, Mexico Towards the end of the Classic period (after the decline of the great city of Teotihuacan around 700 AD), various waves of indigenous invaders migrated from the north into Mesoamerica. Of these numerous groups, the most important were the Toltec people. The Toltecs mixed with people already living in the valleys of the present-day state of Hidalgo. Around the year 1050 they developed their city of Tollán into the capital of an empire which came to dominate the center of Mexico and spread its influence to distant areas. The Toltec emergence is thought to mark the rise of militarism in Mesoamerica, as their armies used superior force to dominate other societies in the region. The city of Tollán, the legendary Toltec capital, is mentioned in a number of Post-Conquest sources, including Sahagún's (General History of the Things of New Spain ) as well as in indigenous documents known as códices. The Aztecs told the early Spanish missionaries of a city called Tollán where the Toltecs had once lived: "And there was a hill called Tzatzitepetl. It is also just so named today. ... And there dwelt all varieties of birds of precious feather: the lovely cotinga, the resplendent trogon, the touripal, the roseate spoonbill." (Florentine Codex, pg 12). An examination of the written sources and legends of the Aztecs revealed that they were clearly aware of Teotihuacan, another great ruined city, and did not consider this to be the capital of the Toltecs. When questioned on the subject, they indicated the location of another ancient city far to the northwest of their own capital of Tenochititlan. This ruined city was said to be on the hill of Tzatzitepetl, where the Aztecs themselves had excavated the pyramids in search of the riches of the Toltec kings. In 1940, archaeologist Jorge Acosta conducted excavations of the Cerro del Tesoro near the village of Tula de Allende (about 64 kilometers or 40 miles north of Mexico City), and discovered the architectural remains of the former city of Tollán (now called Tula). "Antlantean" statues, archaelogical site of Tula, Mexico The Toltecs were a Nahuatl speaking people and their name has many meanings such as ‘urbanite,’ a ‘cultured’ person, and the ‘reed people,’ derived from their urban center, Tollán (‘Place of the Reeds’). Tula was the major city of the Toltecs and according to legend had been founded by the mythological figure Quetzalcoatl (the Plumed Serpent), an ancient deity which the Toltecs had adopted from earlier cultures and worshiped as the god of Venus. The ruins of the archaeological site are concentrated in two clusters at opposite ends of a low ridge. Recent surveys indicate that the original urban area covered at least three square miles. The ruins include the remains of a palace, two ball courts and three temples shaped like truncated pyramids. The largest of the pyramid temples, which is surmounted by 15 foot (4.6 meter) columns in the form of stylized human figures, is thought to be dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. This pyramid has been restored and the tall statues, called Atlanteans (Los Atlantes), have been erected on its summit. Though small, the pyramid was highly decorated. The sides of the five terraces were covered with sculptured and painted friezes of felines, birds of prey devouring human hearts, and human faces extending from the jaws of serpents. A stairway on the southern side led to a highly ornamented, two-room temple at the summit. A distinctive feature of the pyramid’s base are its walls covered with slabs of volcanic tuff, with bas-reliefs of jaguars and coyotes participating in a sacred procession. Other slabs display eagles and vultures devouring human hearts, the principal feature being a supernatural being, probably Quetzalcóatl himself, emerging from a fantastic animal that is a combination of jaguar, serpent and eagle. Between the reconstructed ball courts sits the Templo Quemado, or Burned Palace. Its dozens of ruined columns delineate what was once probably an important governmental building. Directly to the east is the restored Templo de Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, or Temple of the Morning Star. At the height of its splendor, Tula had around 50,000 inhabitants who practiced agriculture by means of small systems of dams and canals, since rain was scarce in the area. During the reign of Quetzalcóatl, it was said that Tula’s fertile land produced abundant harvests and the city was visited by merchants bearing valuable materials such as cacao, precious metals, jaguar hide, jade and ceramics from Chiapas and Guatemala. The artisans of Tula were themselves famous for producing some of the most beautiful objects in Mesoamerica, especially those made of the volcanic glass obsidian. Tula also traded with the Mayan city of Chichén Itzá and many Toltec building influences may be found there. Indigenous historians and Spanish chroniclers frequently mentioned the character named Quetzalcóatl (meaning beautiful or plumed serpent). Myths describe Quetzalcoatl as the priest-king of Tula and that he never offered human victims, only snakes, birds and butterflies. According to one legend, a rival Toltec deity named Tezcatlipoca (the god of the night sky), drove Quetzalcoatl and his followers out of Tula around 1000 AD. Quezalcoatl then wandered to the coast of the "divine water" (the Atlantic Ocean), where he burned himself on a pyre, later emerging as the planet Venus. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon. The Central Mexican written accounts such as the "Legend of the Suns" also mention Quetzalcoatl departing for the Mysterious East at about the same time (948 AD). The legend of the victory of Tezcatlipoca over the Feathered Serpent probably reflects historical fact. The first century of the Toltec civilization was dominated by the Teotihuacan culture, with its ideals of priestly rule and peaceful behavior. The pressure of the northern immigrants brought about a social and religious revolution, with a military ruling class seizing power from the priests. Quetzalcoat’s defeat symbolized the downfall of the Classic theocracy. His sea voyage to the east may also be connected with the invasion of Yucatan by the Itza tribe. Quetzalcoatl's calendar name was Ce Acatl (One Reed). The belief that he would return from the east in a One Reed year later led the Aztec sovereign Montezuma II to regard the Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortez and his soldiers as divine envoys, because 1519, the year in which they landed on the Mexican Gulf coast, was a One Reed year. It would seem that Tula ended in a way similar to Teotihuacan. Around the year 1170, the city and its ceremonial center were ransacked and partially destroyed. The Toltec civilization declined in the 12th century as the Chitimecs and other tribes invaded the central valley and eventually sacked Tula. Much of the great city was later destroyed by the Aztecs. Besides continuing restoration within the ceremonial precinct, archaeologists have explored outlying residential areas. Architectural and stylistic correspondences between Tula and several Mayan centers on the north Yucatán peninsula, primarily at the site of Chichén Itzá, indicate that Toltec influence pervaded the area. This influence is believed to stem from splinter groups of Toltec who migrated into the Mayan region and established hegemony in the early Post-Classic period (900-1200 AD). Detail of "Antlantean" statue, archaelogical site of Tula, Mexico

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- a bell-shaped glass jar or cover for protecting delicate instruments, bric-a-brac, or the like, or for containing gases or a vacuum in chemical experiments. Origin of bell jar First recorded in 1875–80 Also called bell glass. Bell Jar, The - a novel (1963) by Sylvia Plath. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018 Examples from the Web for bell glass I cover this sheet with a bell-jar standing in a depth of water.The Life of the Spider J. Henri Fabre The solution, evaporated in a bell-jar over sulphuric acid, yields crystals which are neutral. By the vivid combustion of phosphorus in a stream of dry atmospheric air, or under a bell-jar, copiously supplied with dry air. In the very middle of the bell-jar of visibility granted them all at once, stood a black rectangular object.Equation of Doom The flask is allowed to remain for an hour in a cool place, and is then placed under a bell-jar, at a temperature of 70° Fahr.Meteorology J. G. M'Pherson - a bell-shaped glass cover used to protect flower arrangements or fragile ornaments or to cover apparatus in experiments, esp to prevent gases escaping Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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Industrial waste and orange peels could prove integral in combating harmful mercury contamination, according to new research. Devised by Flinders University's Justin Chalker, a new non-toxic polymer is composed primarily of sulphur and limonene - readily available byproducts of the petroleum and citrus industries, respectively. Micromotors Could Help Reduce Ocean Pollution Annually, the two industries produce more than 77 million tons of sulphur and 77 thousand tons of limonene that could be inexpensively re-purposed. The polymer, which can detect and remove mercury in both soil and water, turns bright yellow in the presence of the harmful element. Possible applications of the product include large-scale environmental cleanup and coating for pipes that transport water. "Mercury contamination plagues many areas of the world, affecting both food and water supplies and creating a serious need for an efficient and cost effective method to trap this mercury," Chalker explained in news release. Ocean Array Could Clean Up Tons Of Plastic "Not only is this new polymer good for solving the problem of mercury pollution, but it also has the added environmental bonus of putting this waste material to good use while converting them into a form that is much easier to store so that once the material is ‘full' it can easily be removed and replaced." A proven neurotoxin, mercury can impact the functioning of the brain and central nervous system. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, "Mercury is emitted to the air by power plants, cement plants, certain chemical manufacturers and other industrial facilities." Mercury In Seafood May Rise With Global Warming At one point, mercury was also commonly used in a variety of household products such as thermometers and thermostats. In recent years, experts have raised concern over the amount of mercury present in fish; through a process known as biomagnification, mercury can accumulate in large quantities in fish and other predators at the top of the food chain. This article originally appeared on DSCVORD; all rights reserved.

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The universe is expanding — and it is doing so at the same rate in all directions, according to new measurements that appear to confirm the standard model of cosmology. Astrophysicist Jeremy Darling of the University of Colorado Boulder came to this conclusion after employing a research strategy known as "real-time cosmology," which seeks out the tiny changes in the universe that occur over human timescales. The idea of "real-time cosmology" was proposed in two separate papers by Alan Sandage in 1962 and by Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loebin 1998. The possibility of seeing the redshifts of sources changing in real time is thus called the "Sandage-Loeb Test". [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps] "Real-time cosmology offers new ways to observe the universe, including some observations and cosmological tests that cannot be made any other way," Darling told Space.com via email. Researchers discovered in 1998 that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate — a surprising phenomenon believed to be due to a mysterious force called dark energy. Scientists don't know much about dark energy, except that it may be a property of the vacuum. In a bid to understand dark energy, researchers are making a wide array of cosmological tests and building new telescopes and instruments. "This work asks whether the expansion today — that is dominated by dark energy — is the same in all directions," Darling said. To make the measurements, Darling used data previously collected by other researchers on the motion of extra-galactic objects across the sky. The data allowed him to conclude that the cosmic expansion is indeed isotropic — in other words, the same in all directions — with a margin of error of 7 percent. "The constraints will get better with forthcoming data from the Gaia mission," said Loeb, who was not involved in the study. The European Space Agency's Gaia probe, which launched last December, is designed to create a three-dimensional map of Earth's Milky Way galaxy, mapping the motions of about 1 billion objects. This work should dramatically expand the sample size currently available to Darling and other researchers. Traditionally, most cosmological observations treat the universe as frozen in time: with a fixed age, fixed distances and fixed properties. So, to see the history of the universe, scientists must look at similar objects at different distances. Since the speed of light is finite, observers see more-distant objects as they existed at earlier cosmological times. The traditional strategy is thus to develop a statistical sample of cosmological "probes" across time to study how everything in the universe changes and evolves. There is one exception to this statistical approach, though: the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the so-called "first light" left over from the Big Bang that created the universe 13.8 billion years ago. "It arises from a single time that shows a fairly complete snapshot of the universe at that instant," Darling said. "But the CMB is also treated as static." [Cosmic Microwave Background: Big Bang Relic Explained (Infographic)] Real-time cosmology, however, takes a different tack, relying on the idea that "now" is a changing time. "If we lived long enough, we would see objects receding away from us, growing smaller and fainter with distance, and accelerating," Darling said. "We would see the CMB roiling as new parts of the last scattering surface — the light horizon — receded. We would see gravity at work, causing large structures of galaxies and galaxy clusters to collapse and voids to expand. "Basically, any observable property should change in real time if we could watch for a very long time, or [if] we could measure things (positions, velocities) extremely precisely." Real-time cosmology measurements are "raw" observations that don't rely on models or statistical samples. "I could pick my favorite galaxy and watch it accelerate, shrink and dim as it recedes, directly revealing the dynamic aspect of the universe," Darling said. And, he added, real-time cosmology could help find answers to the most basic but important questions about the cosmos, such as whether or not the universe is rotating, the nature of dark energy and the masses of large-scale structures in the universe. While future instruments should give real-time cosmology a big boost, it's already possible to make major discoveries using this strategy, Darling said. "Precision astrometry — measuring the position of objects in the sky — can be done now both at radio wavelengths, with very long baseline interferometry, especially the Very Long Baseline Array, and optical wavelengths — the Gaia mission," he said. "The acceleration can be directly measured with 30-meter [98 feet] optical telescopes and with the future radio Square Kilometer Array [in Australian and South Africa]." [10 Biggest Telescopes on Earth: How They Measure Up] And, he added, the International Celestial Reference Frame data already offer an early way to test the models and theories of real-time cosmology. The ICRF is the framework researchers use to calibrate their measurements of where objects are in the sky. "It is used to monitor the Earth's rotation and its wobbles and glitches," said Darling. "A network of radio-bright quasars are monitored regularly using very long baseline interferometry, and have been for decades. The measurements of the positions of these quasars are so precise that they can be used for all sorts of ancillary science." There are certain limitations, though — such as precision in redshift and astrometry, and the systematic errors associated with precise measurement. "Accelerations are expected to be less than 1 centimeter per second per year, and astrometry needs to be about 1 microarcsecond per year," Darling said. "The next step is to reach the limit of current VLBI [very-long-baseline interferometry] and then start using Gaia, which is likely to happen in three to five years." Loeb calls the work "original and interesting." However, he says, "within the broader context of cosmological data, one can use the cosmic microwave background to conclude that the expansion is isotropic to better than 0.001 percent, or else we would see temperature variations across the sky that are larger than observed." Darling acknowledges that this is true, but argues that the CMB temperature as observed depends only on the total amount of expansion that occurred between when the light was emitted and when it was observed. "It cannot be used to measure the expansion rate today (or at any other time)," Darling said. "It can, however, tell us about the overall, history-integrated anisotropy (i.e., did the universe grow more in one dimension than another since it was 300,000 years old, making one part of the sky appear colder/redder than another)." Most importantly, Darling said, real-time cosmology allows researchers to make "new measurements of the universe to test our theoretical understanding. This is how new discoveries are made. It is good to see that the universe as observed today behaves itself and supports the current cosmological paradigm and causes no conflict with the CMB." His research has been accepted for publication in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

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People of all ages are attracted to light and color and are curious about them. How can we best engage them in the study of optics and photonics in school classrooms an in out of school environments? A traditional and often successful approach would be to create teaching materials such as classroom experiments or activities that explore key optics concepts. The next step is to train the educators leading the instruction so that they are able explain the key concepts and follow well-established pedagogical approaches. As the lessons or concepts they teach become more elaborate, additional subject matter or pedagogical training is required for the teacher or after-school educator to be successful. Although this approach can work well, it puts a heavy burden on the instructor, who may not have a strong science or engineering background. As teachers often are the gatekeepers to what is taught, it also might limit the frequency with which topics and concepts in optics and photonics are taught. If the teacher does not feel comfortable teaching about optics, the student may not have any exposure to it. Especially in the elementary school, there is a dearth of science instruction and the comfort level of the teachers with science is a key aspect of why science is not taught. To increase the frequency and time spent on optics instruction at all grade levels, a different approach might be needed and is proposed here. This approach puts less responsibility on the teacher to understands the material quite well. It also promotes a different instructional model than the traditional teacher-student knowledge transmission model, where the teacher conveys their knowledge to the student using experiments and lectures. The model we are advocating focuses on the role of the teacher to be a facilitator of student science exploration, using an approach pioneered in museum-based art education. ART ORIENTED APPROACHES TO TEACHING OPTICS A previous paper1 described in detail how an art-oriented approach could be used in a program emphasizing the theme of “the colors of nature” to teach about optics. In this program, we held a series of two-week Summer Academies in Tucson, Arizona on the University of Arizona campus, and in Fairbanks, Alaska on the University of Alaska, Fairbanks campus. We combined art and science teaching techniques and encouraged experimentation and exploration. This approach gave students some science measurement tools, design challenges to pursue, access to young scientists as mentors, and plenty of time to explore and investigate natural phenomena related to color. The program emphasized scientific tools and used binoculars, eye loupes, regular light microscopes, electron microscopes, and visual and CCD-based spectrometers to explore and characterize color and how it could be created. The program also had components of chemistry experimentation that were related to color.2 The spirit of the program was also important. There was a focus on forming science identities in the participating girls–encouraging them to identify with the process of science.3 We asked the participants to be less self-critical and to be supportive of the creative works that they and their colleagues made. The subject matter explored how color is created and detected. It involved studying illumination sources and their colors, the reflectivity properties of materials, and the nature of detectors–human, insect, and crustacean eyes as well as electronic detectors. We found that this approach allowed science to be perceived as creative and fun. In this paper we describe a different and even more accessible approach to integrating art and science. It utilizes strategies from art education and does not require laboratory equipment or even science subject matter expertise in the educator who leads the activities. We will describe an approach that captures the inquisitive nature of science investigation by encouraging students to ask and investigate their own questions after observing an optics phenomena or an image of one. Since the approach focuses on the student, the teacher is not required to have a deep knowledge of optics. The teacher must be trained in how to lead the class using this suggested approach. The teacher plays the role of an educational facilitator rather than being a conduit for knowledge. This pedagogical approach can be taught and applied to many different areas of optics and photonics. A further advantage of this approach is that it can be used with young children and led by teachers with a minimal background in science or science teaching. When led by a teacher with a strong background in optics, it can be highly effective. THE VISUAL THINKING STRATEGY APPROACH In the art education world, there is a tension between approaches. Should art be explained or explored? At an art museum there is often a docent or museum educator who can lead visitors to one or more works of art and explain the context of the work, the technique and subject of the work of art, and some aspects of the artist and his or her approach and philosophy. This exposition can be done by a person standing next to and explaining the work of art. It can also be done through a written program handed out and then read by the visitor, by explanatory material at the exhibition (e.g. on the walls), or even through an audio device or cell phone giving a commentary. This well-established approach appears to be an effective way to present basic and more detailed authoritative information to the visitor. However, a common side effect of this approach is that it puts the visitor into a passive mode of receiving information about the art piece rather than more fully engaging with the work of art. The other consequence of this expository approach is that the visitor often does not later remember the information presented, even if the explanation was interesting and well-organized. In an analogous situation, the college teaching lecture can be useful for conveying information, but there are many weaknesses to this approach when the educational outcomes are measured. 4 Lectures are not particularly effective at stimulating interest in a topic or inspiring changes in attitude.5 An alternative approach is for visitors to observe art pieces and discuss their observations using a Visual Thinking Strategy (VTS) approach pioneered by Housen and Yenawine.6, 7 This approach begins with participants silently studying the art object in a concentrated way, and then engaging in a discussion facilitated by the museum educator. By seeing the art piece deeply and directly (without a narrative by a docent about the piece), there is an enhanced opportunity for engagement and discussion, both of which have proven valuable. This approach has transformed the museum curricula,8 and has proven valuable in adult learning environments.9 The VTS approach and teaching method has several foundational characteristics: • All of the participants can express their opinions on the artistic work. • The contributions will be met in a positive and affirmative way by the facilitator, who paraphrases the contribution and may point out those same specific aspects of the art work to reinforce the contribution. • The facilitator shows interest in each comment or contribution, but is not judgmental. • Each comment is acknowledged and considered by the group. • The participants learn to value the different contributions and comments. • The focus remains on the piece of art, with the instructor or facilitator pointing at the art to aid understanding of the comments. • The participants learn that there are multiple meanings and opinions on a piece of art. This approach engages the museum participant and allows them to personally interact with the painting, sculpture, drawing, or ceramic piece. The participant does not have to absorb detailed information about the art piece from a docent. Through this personal engagement, the art piece is remembered after the visit, since the visitor constructs their own knowledge of the piece and has their own personal and emotional relationship to it. To achieve these results, the VTS facilitator (usually a docent or museum educator trained in using VTS) typically asks three questions: • What’s going on in this picture? • What do you see that makes you say that? • What else can you find? These three questions, when posed after a deep examination of the piece, are powerful stimulants that help create a rich and personal discussion. This discussion leads to a deeper understanding of the art than by listening to a well-intentioned narrative about the piece. At the beginning stage of first experiencing a new work of art, explanations of the art work by a teacher may be appreciated, but much of the knowledge is not internalized or remembered. This technique empowers the visitor to become a keen and engaged observer. VISUAL THINKING STRATEGIES IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS EDUCATION How can VTS be used in optics and photonics education? We’ve emphasized that a narrative or expository approach to education has its limitations. In optics/photonics education this narrative approach would be the instructor explaining and the student absorbing. While appearing to be a successful way of conveying knowledge, the engagement element is missing. For example, imagine a teacher deciding to try to explain how light works to young children. The vocabulary or the concepts may be too advanced for this age level, for example. An experiment or demonstration may be better but still requires the instructor to have a sensible understanding of what is being demonstrated, in order to answer questions. Most importantly, the instructor may never address the nature of light if they are feeling insecure in their understanding or have not idea how to approach this topic in an age-appropriate way. Now imagine that the instructor demonstrates or shows an image of an optical phenomena-such as a laser beam bouncing off of a flat mirror, preferably with some dust to help make the beam visible. Or the teacher shows a picture of a rainbow. The instructor can show the phenomena and ask the standard VTS questions: What do you see? What makes you say that? What else do you see? The students can observe closely and silently. Then they can start to discuss what they see. After the discussion, they can formulate their own questions about the phenomenon. Once they have formed some questions that are of interest to them, they can investigate. Their investigations might involve further experiments, talking to experts, or library research. The teacher can guide them in each of these directions. The instructor does not need to know the vocabulary. Indeed the vocabulary or labeling by the instructor may even be detrimental. Words like “plane mirror”, “angle of incidence”, and “normal to the surface” may only confuse the students or inject misconceptions. It may be better that they investigate reflection and bring what they have learned back to the group, rather than mapping their observations to the teacher’s words or to a concept. That mapping and concept formation can come later. The process of using a VTS approach can combine observational skills with a high quality group discussion of what is observed. Both of these can lead to a deeper understanding. The discussion is not about getting to the right answer as quickly as possible and then being finished. It is about each student engaging and forming a personal view of the phenomena as well as forming personal questions of interest to them. The VTS leader should also try to de-emphasize nomenclature, at least at first. Noticing that light seems to bend in a certain way as it goes through a lens is a powerful observation; simply saying that refraction is taking place may not yield any new insights, especially if the audience does not really understand what the term means or confuses it with another similar term. For example, calling a lens reflection in a photograph a “ghost” may further confuse the participants, especially younger participants who have a vivid imagination. It is more important for the leader to help create a supportive discussion of what aspects are being observed—the morphology, brightness, color, position, pattern, and under what circumstances the ghost image appears. The labeling might be appropriate or useful later on. The nomenclature or vocabulary should not be used too early, where it can short-circuit or confuse the observations or the discussion. The value of a supportive atmosphere in which students can express and develop ideas should also not be underestimated. VTS is a process which can be applied in different situations. However, it always needs to be applied in an atmosphere where the individual observations are validated and respected. Again, the student observations are not aimed at a “right answer” or winning favor from the instructor. They should be genuine observations made by the students, and supported by the instructor. In the case of differing perspectives by the students, both points of view need to be articulated and validated, without any attempt to indicate which one is right. The initial emphasis is not on explaining the phenomena but on observing it. The range of optical phenomena that can be used with VTS is nearly unlimited. Virtually every branch of optics and photonics may lend itself to a VTS teaching approach. Some aspects of optics that are accessible to primary or middle school students has been described in previous papers.10,11 In summary, any optical phenomena that can be visually examined may be appropriate for examining using a VTS approach. The easiest way for many instructors to use VTS is to use photographs of optical phenomena or optical systems. For example, one can examine the structure of a lens system that has been cut in half to expose the arrangement and shapes of the lenses. Students can notice various features of this system and can also examine such systems that have laser light tracing the refraction and reflection paths. VTS can also use a series of photos or even a movie. WHAT ARE SOME TOPICS WHERE WE COULD APPY VTS? Virtually any topic in optics and photonics that can be observed, visually captured, or illustrated can be taught using the VTS approach. If the phenomena can be captured in a still image or movie, then that phenomena can be looked at closely and discussed. Again, note that VTS is not an attempt to discuss all aspects of a phenomena but rather an attempt to engage the learner in deep viewing and forming a personal reaction and engagement with what is being observed. The categories where images may be used for the VTS approach are wide ranging. Topic areas that are amenable to a VTS approach. This is only a sample list. |Wave Motion||Geometrical Optics||Electromagnetic Waves||Color| |Wavelength||Reflection from flat mirrors||Constructive interference||Scattering| |Frequency||Reflection from curved mirrors||Destructive interference||Glacial milk| |Amplitude||Specular reflection||Double slit||Colors in Glaciers| |Wave velocity||Diffuse reflection||Single slit||Fluorescence| |Refraction in water||Newton’s rings||Thin film interference| |Total internal reflection||Diffraction||Soap bubble colors| |Light through a lens system||Dispersive effects| |Forming images||Light through fibers| |Appearance of aberrations| Some sample images which lend themselves to the VTS approach are given later. There are many other possibilities as well. Some that may be useful include photographs or the color variations of glacial ice, magnified views of a butterfly wing, minerals illuminated by normal room light and then ultraviolet light, auroral photographs, rainbows, and photographs of hummingbirds illustrating color changes due to structural color. THE THREE QUESTIONS OF THE VTS PROCESS In the VTS process, the students gather around a large photograph or project image. In some cases, it may be an experiment or optical demonstration. For the purposes of illustration, we will assume that a large photograph is being used. It is helpful if the group can all be gathered at the same distance, so that there is no “front row” and “back row.” Once students examine the photo for a few silent minutes, the instructor can ask, in sequence, the three VTS questions. Question 1: What do you see? This question is directed at the group who are all equally able to see the image or demonstration. The instructor can call upon individuals to express their observation. The instructor should take some effort to hear from most members of the group and not let one person dominate the discussion. Sometimes it is best if each person states only one observation. The instructor can point to the area being discussed to make sure that the comment is understood. A second question can be asked at this same time of each observation: Question 2: What do you see that makes you say that? In this question is an opportunity to encourage the concrete link between the observation and the image. After each answer, the instructor can paraphrases the comment from that person and further encourage others who have not spoken yet. For further encouragement is needed, the instructors can ask the third question: Question 3: What else do you see? When most of the people have spoken or most of the features of the photo have been identified, the discussion can then center on how to investigate the points that have been raised. It is helpful to list the questions or points so all can see. One consideration when leading this discussion is the use of labels or vocabulary words. The instructor should focus the discussion on what can be seen and described in the image and should try to deemphasize vocabulary and nomenclature. For example, if a beam of light is seen scattering off of dust particles, a student might say that they see a laser beam. This may be a red herring so the instructor should emphasize the description of what is seen rather than a label which may not be correct. Of course, if the instructor is well-versed in the topic then he or she can try to make sure that accurate labels are used and that inaccurate ones are not reinforced. It is better for the students to say that they see pink circular blobs of light than to put a label on it. For example, when students use VTS to examine astronomical images, every dark area might become a “black hole”, even though the dark areas are dusty molecular clouds much larger than a black hole. It is far better to say that there is a jagged-shaped dark area. Assigning a correct or incorrect label to each morphological feature is not furthering an understanding. From what is seen, the students can formulate questions about the relationships observed, the detailed morphological characteristics, or even the meaning or narrative of what is happening in the image. These questions can be recorded on paper or computer and distributed. After the questions have been investigated (which may take hours to weeks), the group can return to the image and discuss it further. A typical question for an investigation might be “I wonder why the red color is on the outside of the inner rainbow and on the inside of the outer rainbow.” SAMPLE PHOTOGRAPHS FOR USE WITH VTS While nearly any photograph showing an optical phenomenon can be used with VTS, the instructor will learn with experience that some photographs lend themselves better to a VTS approach and make for a more productive group discussion. It is important that all of the group members be able to examine the photograph (up close if necessary) for an extended period of time. It is certainly useful if the image is projected large enough so that all of the group can see it easily and pick out details. A large print is also conducive to this process. WHO CAN USE THIS APPROACH? The VTS approach is quite versatile and can be used by many different kinds of educators and audiences. Preschool: VTS has been used successfully in examining art with children ages 3-6 and there is no reason to believe it cannot be done to study optics with children at this highly inquisitive age. It is valuable to ask children in this age range to explain their reasoning (VTS Question 2: “What makes you say that?”), as this builds their reflection and evaluation skills into the discussion. Reflective thought becomes a regular intertwined skill in the discussion and not an afterthought or reflection upon the process.12 Elementary or Primary School (Years 1-5 of School in the United States): The VTS approach can be used by the teacher to examine any number of optical phenomena, especially when they are presented in an image. For example, a photo of a rainbow (or double rainbow) can be examined using the VTS approach. The educator does not have to be conversant with the science of rainbows or even the basic attributes of rainbows. The attributes of a rainbow can be observed by the students and the science of how they are formed can then be researched by them. While very few elementary teachers would feel comfortable teaching the science of rainbows, many would be comfortable introducing rainbows through VTS. The students can then find appropriate science books in the library that explain rainbows and perhaps have demonstrations that they can do to illustrate aspects of how a rainbow forms. Middle School (Years 6-8 of School in the United States): In the United States, many middle school science teachers do not have specialized training in science. In many states, elementary school teachers can teach in middle schools as well. A VTS approach can be used by these science teachers who lack specialized training in the physical sciences. Thus a science teacher with a biology background can use VTS to address physical science topics such as optics. High School (Years 9-12 of School in the United States): Physical science teachers can use VTS to encourage deeper explorations of physical phenomena. VTS can be used with photographs, movies, and with demonstrations. Physics and chemistry teachers can use VTS very easily since they have access to many good demonstrations and images. University Level: VTS can be used by faculty to engage students and to encourage deeper observations. VTS can also be used by university students doing optics outreach programs in the schools. General Public: VTS has been used most often with the general public in art museums. It can be used equally well in introducing optics and photonics to the public. What level of training is needed? Although training is invaluable, we suggest that optics educators try this approach and seek further training as they recognize the need. The VTS approach is well described in many articles and at least one book.13 Special courses on using VTS are offered at museums throughout the United States by the VTS organization (http://vtshome.org/). ADVANTAGES OF THIS APPROACH This VTS approach has several advantages. First, there is very little equipment needed. An interesting image that everyone can see can form the basis of a lesson. Second, the amount of subject matter training needed by the instructor can be minimized. The instructor must be trained on the technique but does not have to be trained on the subject matter in detail. This makes the lesson much more accessible to the teacher and takes pressure off of them. The teacher does not need to have large or comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter in order to succeed. Of course, an instructor well-schooled in optics can be extremely effective in using this approach. Third, the teacher can use the lesson to motivate students to investigate further. As in the process of doing science, students ask questions and try to find out answers. This is in contrast to an approach where the teacher has the right answer and the students must find it, memorize it, and reproduce it on a test. With VTS, the evaluation conducted by the teacher can be more authentic by focusing on the process that students use to formulate their questions and find answers to them. The program is also highly adaptable to different grade or knowledge levels. Almost any image has layers of knowledge that can appeal to different knowledge levels. The program can successfully engage students by letting them pursue answers to questions that are of personal interest and that were formulated by them. Finally, an additional advantage is that the program can work equally well in a formal, classroom environment and in a free-choice museum or out of school environment. Although using this approach may be slightly uncomfortable at first, the instructor should recognize that VTS has been used in diverse fields, such as medical education.14 The key to using VTS is to know the educational needs of your audience and what your educational goals are in relation to that audience. For younger students or even for adults with little experience in observing optical phenomena, the goal might be to increase interest and to have the audience notice optical phenomena in the world around them. For a more experienced audience, the goal might be to create a narrative about how light moves or works, such as how light moves through a series of lenses in a camera. For a very experienced or expert group it might be to begin a high-level discussion about a more complex phenomenon, such as the morphology of an auroral display. AESTHETIC DEVELOPMENT FROM THIS APPROACH? Can a deep appreciation of optics phenomena be achieved through VTS? We think so, based on the experience of art educators. Since works of art are often visited many times over a period of years, there can be an evolving relationship with the art and its meaning to the viewer. This further element of using a Visual Thinking Strategy approach is based on Housen’s stages of aesthetic development, which describes the different stages in understanding a work of art.15 The five stage that she describes are summarized below and have analogues in viewing optical phenomena. Stage 1 (Accountive) In this stage the viewers use their memories and associations to create a narrative based on their concrete observations of a work of art. The viewer’s emotions and judgments play a role and color their comments. Stage 2 (Constructive) In this stage the viewer builds a logical framework for looking at art using their own knowledge and perception and their own social and moral values. If the art work is incongruent with the viewer’s values of skill or technique, for example, the viewer may judge the work harshly or diminish its value. Realism is often valued and the viewer may distance himself or herself from works judged to be deficient, especially if they are unaware of their feelings and emotional responses to a work. Stage 3 (Classifying) The viewers in this stage often adopt the perspective of an art historian and can be critical in their analysis of a work. An effort is made to place the time, style, or school. The work is placed in the viewer’s context and decoded using these constructs in an effort to create understanding of the message and meaning of the work from an understanding of the category or niche that the work is categorized in. Stage 4 (Interpretive) The viewers in this stage have a more personal encounter with the work as they explore it in detail, over time. The subtleties of the work are appreciated and the viewer’s critical skills are used again, but this time as an extension of the feelings and intuitions about the work. Each new opportunity to experience the work can lead to new insights, interpretations, or comparisons and the viewer can notice the change process in themselves. Stage 5 (Re-Creative) The viewers in this category now can approach the work from new directions, with their long history with art and reflecting on particular works of art. They are willing to be surprised, even though they know many intimate details about the work. They have a long-lasting and intimate friendship with a work of art and can combine personal contemplation of it with other viewpoints that reflect more universal themes or concerns. Memory plays a key role in how they react to the painting and how they place the painting in a broader landscape, or place the work in its larger ecological framework. VTS can be used in the same way to appreciate the aesthetics of optical phenomena and to form a long-term relationship with it. We are encouraging in students something similar to what the Nobel-prize winning geneticist Barbara McClintock called in biology research “a feeling for the organism.”16 Repeated viewing of optical phenomenon may lead to an enhanced appreciation and to a deeper understanding. In an attempt to encourage more optics and photonics education in all school grade levels and to make science education more accessible, we have explored the use of the Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) approach in science education. This approach, though simple in its outline, represents a powerful approach that can engage students and allow them to explore optical phenomena. The approach centers on a deep contemplation of optical phenomena coupled with a supportive, non-judgmental discussion of the observations. These two stages lead to further student-centered exploration. The approach emphasizes appreciation and observation, rather than explanation or right answers. As such, this approach models the scientific exploration process much better than an expository approach centered on the instructor. Project STEAM: Integrating Art with Science to Build Science Identities among Girls” is supported by the National Science Foundation under AISL Grant Number DRL-1224020 from the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations Expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The National Optical Astronomy Observatory is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Inc. under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Pompea, S.M. and Carsten-Conner, L.D., Teaching Optics Concepts through an Approach that Emphasizes the Colors of Nature, Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, Optical Society of America, OUT01 (2015)Google Scholar Teal Sullivan, P., Carsten Conner, L.D., Guthrie, M., Pompea, S., Tsurusaki, B.K., and Tzou, C., “Colorful Chemistry,” Science and Children, National Science Teachers Association, April-May, 34–40 (2017)Google Scholar Tzou, C., Conner, L., Guthrie, M., & Pompea, S., “Colors of Nature: connecting science and arts education to promote STEM-related identity work in middle school girls” In Polman, J.L., Kyza, E., O’Neill, D.K., Tabak, I., Penuel, W.R., Jurow, A.S., O’Connor, K., Lee, T., and D’Amico, L. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS) 2014: Learning and becoming in practice 3: 1555–1556 (2014).Google Scholar Kozma, R.B., Belle, L.W., and Williams, G.W., [Instructional techniques in higher education] Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications (1978).Google Scholar Bligh, D.A., [What’s the Use of Lectures?] Intellect books (1998).Google Scholar Housen, A. and Yenawine, P., “Visual thinking strategies: Understanding the basics” VUE: Visual Understanding in Education (2001).Google Scholar Yenawine, P., [Visual Thinking Strategies: Using Art to Deepen Learning across School Disciplines] Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, MA 02138 (2013).Google Scholar Burchenal, M. and Grohe, M., “Thinking through art: Transforming museum curriculum,” Journal of Museum Education, 32 (2), pp. 111–122 (2007).Google Scholar Landorf, H., “What’s going on in this picture? Visual thinking strategies and adult learning”, New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 20 (4), pp. 28–32 (2006).Google Scholar Pompea, S.M. and Nofziger, M.J., “Resources on optics in middle school education” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 225 (1995).Google Scholar Pompea, S.M. and Stepp, L.M., “Great ideas for teaching optics” SPIE International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, pp. 168–172, (1995).Google Scholar Yenawine, P., [Visual Thinking Strategies: Using Art to Deepen Learning across School Disciplines], Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, MA 02138. (2013).Google Scholar Reilly, J.M., Ring, J. and Duke, L., “Visual thinking strategies: a new role for art in medical education” Fam. Med, 37 (4), pp. 250–252 (2005).Google Scholar Housen, A., “What is beyond, or before, the lecture tour? A study of aesthetic modes of understanding” Art Education, 33 (1), pp. 16–18 (1980).Google Scholar Keller, E.F., [A feeling for the organism, 10th anniversary edition: the life and work of Barbara McClintock], Macmillan (1984).Google Scholar

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Meter readers who are often called “utility meter readers” work for utility companies. Meter readers have important jobs because they are responsible for inspecting dials and recording the consumption of gas steam electricity and water by private households and businesses. Meter readers usually specialize in reading meters for consumption of one specific utility (for example gas or water). According to the website www.careerplanner.com meter readers not only record consumption but they also inspect meters to make sure that connections are intact and there has been no vandalism or unauthorized use. They are on the lookout for evidence of irregular consumption which they report to the company. In cases of nonpayment they are authorized to turn off access to utilities. The website www.ehow.com says that meter readers need a high school diploma but employers provide on-the-job training. However they need computer skills because they must enter the readings accurately into computer programs. In addition they must have numerical skills in order to read meters accurately. They are expected to manage their work efficiently so that they cover their assigned area in a timely manner. They need a good sense of direction because they must drive trucks and walk around while covering their routes. Finally they need good customer service skills because they often see and greet the people whose meters they are reading. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics says that meter readers can make as little as $20000 or as much as $40000 depending on location employer and experience. Many individuals start out as meter readers but advance to higher level positions such as apprentice electricians or dispatchers. |Education Required:||High School Diploma| |Tasks:||Monitors energy consumption. Reports abnormal meter readings. Activates utility service for new customers. Turns off utility service for customers that have past due invoices. |Also Called:||Utility Reader Public Service Meter Reader Power Meter Reader

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“The state artist recognizes that the only freedom within the socialist system is that of participation” Miklós Haraszti, The Velvet Prison: Artists Under State Socialism (1987) More Equal than Others Successful artists (painters, sculptors, and performers) are part of the wealthiest 1 percent of the population in Cuba. For two decades, they have been able to sell their works abroad, even to Americans (art is not covered by the US embargo). Cuban art is mostly for export and it is a lucrative business. Artists who play by the rules have been able to leave and return to their country, on their own, for two decades. Ordinary Cubans were only granted this basic universal right (see Art.13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) last January, and “exiled” Cubans are still denied the right to return to the island. In art, as in other forms of expression, everything is permitted in revolutionary Cuba. Except when it is not. As Fidel Castro proclaimed in 1961, in a famous speech to intellectuals, “Within the revolution, everything; against the revolution, nothing.” The Constitution stipulates: “Artistic creation is free, as long as its content is not contrary to the Revolution. The forms of expression in the arts are free.” Form and content are hard to dissociate in the visual arts. So, who is to make the call on “form” and “content,” and who figures out what is acceptably “within” La Revolución and what is not? Answer: La Revolución herself, that is to say, en dernière instance, Fidel and his brother Raúl. Since 1959 the ambitious goal of the new regime in Cuba has been to create “a new man in a new society.” Official documents talk about La Revolución as “the most important cultural fact of our history.” By and large, in this “new society” the range of what can be expressed has been reduced, which has hurt creativity, but the array of cultural activities accessible to the population in general has expanded in many areas, namely in music, visual arts and performing arts. The Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA-1976), for instance, produced many very well trained artists, who went on to have successful national and international careers. It is the only graduate school solely for the arts in Latin America. Many, perhaps most of the ISA’s graduates now live in exile. The visual arts are mostly for the happy few and they are typically less ideationally explicit in their “content” than other artistic or cultural forms. Consequently, in Cuba as in many other non-democratic countries, the government can cut visual artists a little slack. Visual artists have more “space” for expression than, say, writers or popular singers, who in turn enjoy a bit more leeway than academics. Nobody is less free than a journalist in Cuba. In other words, Cubans are all equal, in being denied their “right to freedom of opinion and expression” (Art.19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), but some are more equal than others. New Cuban Art Visual artists who have been working within institutional channels have tested the borders of the permissible more often than most other actors in the cultural field. The trend really started during the 1980s, when young painters such as Flavio Garciandia, Tomás Sánchez, José Manuel Fors, José Bedia, Gustavo Pérez, Ricardo Rodríguez, Leandro Soto, Israel León, Juan Francisco Elso, and Rubén Torres challenged the dominant revolutionary didacticism of the previous decade. They were not unlike the painters of the Generación de la ruptura in Mexico (Alberto Gironella, Vicente Rojo, José Luis Cuevas, Vlady, Pedro Coronel), who defied their own dominant ‘socialist realist’ tradition (Mexican muralism) during the 1950s. The exposition Volumen Uno in January of 1981 in Havana officially inaugurated the so-called “New Cuban Art.” For painter Flavio Garciandia: “When we did Volumen Uno we were very, very conscious of the fact that the ‘state of the arts’ in Cuba was just awful, precisely because of those ideas of programmatic contentism [contenidismo programático]. We knew that Volumen Uno was a political exhibition… very polemical, precisely because we were positioning the problems in another part, not in the ‘content’–we had a completely distinct focus and in that moment this was practically a political challenge. . . Given the circumstances of the context, it was an exhibition that was proposing… art as a totally autonomous activity, not as a weapon of the Revolution as the Constitution says.” This (relative) “autonomy” opened up new artistic possibilities. Arguably, it made it easier for artists to eschew controversial issues or events, such as the tragedy that took place only eight months earlier: the 1980 Mariel boatlift, in which 125,000 people left the country (among them many artists and intellectuals). No reference to this exodus (and the shameful actos de repudio that accompanied it) is made in Volumen Uno. The emergence of the New Cuban Art coincided with the twilight of the Cold War and the deepening of globalization in the field of art. The Soviet Union (and its annual four billion dollars-a-year subsidy to Cuba) came to an abrupt end and Cuba was forced to open up to market forces. Meanwhile, in the art world, the Post Cold War era saw the début of numerous new Biennials, far away from the traditional capitals of global art: i.e. Sharjah, UAE (1993), Shanghai (1996), Mercosur (Brazil, 1997), Dak’art (1998) and Busan (Korea 1998). The first Havana Biennial (1984) can be seen as an early manifestation of this trend, in addition to being the only one operated by a socialist country. In the new global market for art, the purported anti-imperialist and anti-consumerist mission of the Havana Biennial offered a refreshing choice for multicultural or postcolonial curators and critics, and a thrilling one for decadently rich consumers. For instance, in 1990 the German chocolate magnate and art collector Peter Ludwig acquired more than two thirds of the exhibition of contemporary Cuban art ‘Kuba OK,’ in addition to many other famous works of the artists of the 1990s generation. Art and the new Gatekeeper State The 1980s generation (especially during the second half of the decade) was arguably more audacious and politically driven than the subsequent ones. But most prominent members of this generation left the country at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s. The artists who stayed in the country found a comfort zone, negotiating the terms of their subordination with what political scientist Javier Corrales calls the new “gatekeeper” state: e.g. a state that “decide[s] who can benefit from market activities and by how much.” Thus, the cultural field offered a testing ground for the kind of “segmented marketization” and limited liberalization of subsequent years, when brother Raúl inherited the presidency. Artists quickly learned to deal with the international market, giving it what it wants: Cubanía products, with muted and aestheticized political overtones that make both the artist and the viewer feel astute, all of which transacted with the global language of art of the time (mainly conceptual art and arte povera). For all the talk about postmodern art in Cuba, the country is literally stuck in modernity, with primary concerns about national identity, sovereignty, material well-being, basic freedom and security. These modern concerns are omnipresent in New Cuban art, where they are at once localized and transcended by postmodern aesthetics. This confers New Cuban Art a trendy “glocal” cachet that simultaneously insinuates and defuses “content.” Cuban artists are masters of double entendre and detachment (parody, irony, sarcasm, and pastiche). They know what the taboos are: play with the chain but not with the monkey; don’t challenge La Revolución and its metonymic association with the Castro brothers. (About Fidel: according to Andrés Oppenheimer, in the early 1990s the guidelines were revised: “it was forbidden to show him standing next to anybody taller or to show him eating, and it was forbidden to divulge any information on his personal life.”) Yet, the global market likes its Cuban art with a dash of political irreverence. The regime can afford to appear open-minded since it is largely inconsequential on the island. Even though artists are pretty shrewd when guessing the “parameters,” it is still perilous to “play with the chain.” Expositions have been censored and cancelled; artists are reprimanded and sometimes jailed. The performance artist Angel Delgado got six months in jail for publicly defecating on a copy of the daily Granma, during the exhibition “El objeto esculturado” (1989). According to Luis Camnitzer, the exhibition at the Castillo de La Real Fuerza in February of 1989 was closed “when it was found to include a portrait of Fidel Castro in drag with large breasts and leading a political rally, and Marcia Leiseca, the vice minister of culture, was relocated to the Casa de las Américas.” Artists have been castigated for speaking their mind on the public issues (most recently, for instance, the painter and sculptor Pedro Pablo Oliva lost his studio and his seat in the provincial assembly). Admittedly, it is not simple for outsiders (such as this author) to fully appreciate the day-to-day courage of individuals who strive to work and live under very difficult circumstances in the country of their choice: their own. Toirac and Kcho For Cuban curator and art critic Gerardo Mosquera, the painter José Toirac (1966- ) “es quien más sistemáticamente se ha esforzado en criticar desde dentro las representaciones del poder en Cuba.” For him, “Toirac se ha venido ocupando obsesivamente con las representaciones oficiales de Fidel Castro, mostrando sus connotaciones religiosas, transfigurándolas en sentido crítico, o deconstruyendo su retórica propagandística en contraste con la propaganda capitalista de nueva aparición en el país.” In the same vein, for fellow artist Tonel, Toirac’s work is a comment on “the rise of the capitalist corporate image and its clash with another omnipresent likeness—the socialist image of power identified with the figure of Fidel Castro.” This, for him, “reveals the hybridity of social, economic, and ideological aspects of cubanidad.” Prima facie, Toirac’s numerous portraits of Fidel (or Che) may compel us to examine issues like the cult of personality and the contradictions of Cuban communism during the Special Period in Cuba. This is one possible interpretation, but nothing explicitly critical of Fidel or the dyad Fidel/La Revolución can be found in Toirac’s work. In fact, the opposite interpretation often seems more appropriate. In “Obsession,” the Americans are being lampooned, not Fidel. And yet, many of Toirac’s most audacious paintings cannot be exhibited publicly in Cuba. Toirac’s career is doing well internationally: his work is included in many private and public collections throughout the world, like the Centre Pompidou in Paris and the collection at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Art critics and cultural theorists appreciate his playful associations of Fidel with religiosity and commercialism. His success both in Cuba and abroad will continue to depend not only on his considerable talent but also on his good judgment in guessing the frontiers of the permissible in a changing political, economic and cultural environment. The case of artist Alexis Leyva Machado (1970- ), known as Kcho, is particularly interesting. Celebrated as Cuba’s most internationally established artist since Wifredo Lam (1902-82), Kcho almost instantly became an international star in his mid-20s, winning numerous international prizes. In his short career he has had more than 90 solo exhibitions and 200 group exhibitions in 35 countries. His work has been exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world. Kcho is mostly known for his installations, an artistic genre (pioneered by Marcel Duchamp almost a century ago) that came to prominence, at the expense of the conventional media of painting and sculpture, during the 1970s and 1980s. Two of Kcho’s installations are part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York and his works sell for decent sums, in dollars (in 2007 his La columna infinita II sold at Christie’s New York for $73,000, roughly the equivalent of 240 years of average annual salary in Cuba). Kcho has been called Fidel Castro’s favorite artist. “I’m proud that Fidel calls me his brother,” he said. He is a Stakhanovite who called upon fellow Cuban artists to join him in working harder to build socialism. He was elected deputy of the Popular Power National Assembly in July 2003 to represent the people of the Isla de la Juventud and he was reelected in January 2008. In 2012 he urged Cuban artists to continue working “gratuita y voluntariamente para el pueblo,” without receiving any tax benefit. Kcho’s scavenged or improvised materials (beach debris, rocks, driftwood, twigs, pieces of rubber) conjure up the situation of scarcity on the island. Manuel E. González, a Cuban exile and current director of the art program for Chase Manhattan Bank in New York, said: “Kcho is the quintessential Cuban artist of the ‘Special Period.’” More importantly, virtually all of his work deals with the eminently political topic of migration. He uses boats, docks, inner tubes and oars, assembled with “unexpected grace” (Coco Fusco). These are all potent symbols, in the Cuban context, not merely of travel and migration, but of escape. Perhaps his most famous work is “La Regata” (1994), an installation shown at the 5th Havana Biennial (May-June 1994) and consisting of small wooden toy boats, old shoes and other beached debris assembled in the shape of a larger boat. La Regata was one of the most prominent pieces of the exposition and it appears on the cover of the very official Revolución y Cultura magazine in Cuba (issue No. 5, 1994). It now belongs to the collection of the Ludwig Museum in Cologne, Germany. For Fernando Castro (in Literal, no.3), “The title camouflages with a very Cuban sense of humor what may be going on when a flotilla of vessels suddenly takes a definite direction. ‘The world is made of migrations,’ wrote Kcho. What might be a reference to ‘Marielitos,’ to Elián González, or other local attempts of emigration and exile, Kcho understands as a more general case of the human condition.” During the summer of 1994, some 34,000 Cubans fled Cuba on makeshift balsas; from 1985 to 1993, according to Cuban migration expert Silvia Pedraza, close to 6,000 balseros managed to reach the United States safely. Thousands drowned. González said about La Regata “People went into that gallery and cried, thinking about how the installation evoked the tragic fate of so many Cubans who have taken to the seas over the years.” But as Julian Stallabrass points out, “Much of this art, while it draws on the resonance of political issues, takes no stand, and is characterized by ironic or mute politics.” As Cuban-American artist and writer Coco Fusco puts it, “while 30,000 rafters were trapped in camps in Guantánamo and other parts of the Caribbean, serving as pawns in a tug of war between Fidel Castro and Washington, the Cuban cultural ministry accelerated its export of raft art.” For her, “Kcho’s floating rafts are a perfect morsel of Havana Lite. His lightweight boats have been emptied of a massive human drama that is his people’s deepest wound.” Kcho does not discourage political interpretation of his work. The titles of his exhibitions typically give a political frisson: “El camino de la nostalgia” (The road of nostalgia) at Centro Wifredo Lam in Havana, “Tabla de salvación” (Salvation) at the Espacio Abierto Gallery, in Havana; “Todo cambia” (Everything Changes) for the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) in Los Angeles; “Speaking of the Obvious Was Never a Pleasure for Us,” at the Israel Museum, Billy Rose Pavilion, in Jerusalem; “No me agradezcan el silencio” (Don’t Thank Me for the Silence) at Casa de las Américas in Havana. But really, it’s up to the (foreign) viewer to decide for herself what the “content” of Kcho’s art might be. Cuban artists, writers and intellectuals who are still in Cuba seem to be pretty conformist, and probably not only because the alternative would mean jail, exile or ‘interior exile’ (insilio). Many do support the country’s cultural policy and La Revolución. Be that as it may, it clearly appears that for all their self-proclaimed nonconformity and quest for “space,” what artists crave the most is recognition and participation. What does the limited but unique government’s opening in the cultural field tell us about Cuban governance as a whole? Is the milieu of art, as Rachel Weiss suggested, a “laboratory in which the security machinery could gain experience in dealing with unrest, something it had not really had to contend with previously”? Possibly, but another interpretation is at least equally plausible: after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the government seemed to have learned, perhaps from what Mario Vargas Llosa called the “perfect dictatorship,” i.e. the 20th century PRI regime in Mexico, that to maintain a monopoly of power a regime does not have to control everything, especially not in the highbrow cultural field. It is actually smart for the regime to support and promote an artist like Kcho, who gratefully pays back. Suddenly, his boats are no more than. . . boats, common objects in an archipelago (Kcho was also born and raised on a small island) and ethereal symbols of “migration.” In sum, to rephrase Weiss’s hypothesis, the security machinery can gain experience in dealing not with unrest but with ambition. As Margaret Thatcher would say, give folks something to loose and they’ll become conservative. Finally, what does the current situation in the visual arts tell us about the art market and the state of art criticism? Here I take much from Coco Cusco’s thought-provoking comment on Kcho: “For all the facile acknowledgement of the sociological dimension of Kcho’s work, no one seems to be asking how and why a Cuban citizen can zip around the world with symbols of the breakdown of national unity–which at one time could have landed him in prison–while his government continues to prohibit the very sort of emigration he’s representing.” Now Cubans can travel abroad; perhaps they will be very grateful for it, and learn not to be too critical and only at the right time and the right place. Posted: March 9, 2014 at 1:03 am

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What Women should Know About IVF or In Vitro Fertilization In 1978, the world’s first baby was born through In Vitro Fertilization or IVF. Her birth revolutionized the field of reproductive medicine. Given that approximately 1 in 8 heterosexual couples has difficulty conceiving, and that homosexual couples and single parents often need clinical help to make a baby, the demand for IVF has been growing. This artificial procedure became so popular that more than 5 million babies have been born through this technology. How is the Baby Made the Natural Way? In order to understand IVF Treatment, we first need to take a look at the natural process of baby making. Roughly 15 days before fertilization can happen, the anterior pituitary gland secretes Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH, which ripens a handful of follicles of the ovary that then release estrogen. Each follicle contains 1 egg and on average, only 1 follicle becomes fully mature. As it grows and continues to release estrogen, this hormone not only helps coordinate growth and preparation of the uterus, it also communicates to the brain how well the follicle is developing. When the estrogen level is high enough, the anterior pituitary releases a surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), which triggers ovulation and causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg. Once the egg leaves the ovary, it is directed into the Fallopian tube by the finger-like Fimbriae. If the egg is not fertilized by sperm within 24 hours, the unfertilized egg will die, and the entire female reproductive system will reset itself, preparing to create a new egg and uterine lining the following month. The egg is the largest cell in the body and is protected by a thick extracellular shell of sugar and protein called the Zona Pellucida. This protective lining thwarts the entry of more than 1 sperm, which is the smallest cell in the body. It takes a man 2 to 3 months to make a sperm, then the process constantly renews. A man’s ejaculation during sexual intercourse releases more than a hundred million sperm, but only about 100 will make it to the proximity of the egg and only one will successfully penetrate the armor of the Zona Pellucida. When the fertilization is successful, the zygote immediately begins developing into an embryo and takes about 3 days to reach the uterus. There, it requires another 3 or more days to implant firmly into the inner lining of the uterus called the Endometrium. Once implanted, the cells that are to become the placenta secrete a hormone, which signals to the ovulated follicle that there is a pregnancy in the uterus. This helps rescue that follicle, now called the Corpus Luteum, from degenerating as it would normally do in that stage of the menstrual cycle. The Corpus Luteum is responsible for the production of the progesterone required to maintain the pregnancy until 6 to 7 weeks of gestation when the placenta develops and takes over until the baby is born approximately 40 weeks later. How the Baby is Made in the Lab In patients undergoing IVF, FSH is administered at levels that are higher than naturally occurring to cause a controlled over-stimulation of the ovaries, so they can ultimately produce multiple eggs. A man will provide a semen sample so that the healthiest sperm can be collected for fertilization. If a male partner is completely infertile, also known as sterile, or the woman doesn’t have a male partner, a donor may be arranged to provide sperm for this process. Three main procedures of In Vitro Fertilization: - Follicle Aspiration - Embryo Transfer In the first procedure called Follicle Aspiration, eggs are harvested from the ovaries. An ultrasound probe is then inserted into the woman’s vagina so that her doctor can view her ovaries. Inside the ovaries, the doctor will look for follicles. Each follicle is a fluid-filled sac, which contains an egg. The doctor will then insert a long, thin needle into and through the wall of her vagina and guide it to the ovary. A suction device connected to the needle will collect several eggs from inside their follicles. In fertilization, the collected eggs will be taken immediately to a laboratory where they will be fertilized. Fertilization may be performed by insemination where several sperms are mixed with the healthiest eggs. The eggs may also be fertilized with the sperm injected directly into them during a process called intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The fertilized eggs, or embryos, will be monitored for 3 to 5 days as they begin to grow. At this time, the lab may create a hole in the Zona Pellucida surrounding some of the embryos. A process called Assisted Hatching will help these embryos implant in the uterus. Some of the embryos will be used right away for Embryo Transfer and the rest will be stored for future use. The third procedure of IVF is Embryo Transfer, which is done 3 to 5 days after fertilization. During this procedure, the doctor will insert a tool called speculum into the woman’s vagina to see and check her cervix. He will then load a syringe with a fluid containing one or more of the hatched embryos. The next step is to attach the syringe into thin, long tube known as a catheter. The catheter will be inserted into the vagina, through the cervix, and via the uterus. After it reaches the uterus, the next step is to inject the embryos. The final step is to remove the catheter and speculum. Who should consider In Vitro Fertilization as an option? - Women who have been having trouble getting pregnant, a condition known as infertility. - Women who want to have a child without a male partner - Women who have one blocked and one open Fallopian tube - Women who are over the age of 38 Millions of babies who were born from In Vitro Fertilization have had normal, healthy lives. The long-time health consequences of ovarian stimulation with IVF medicines are less clear, but so far, there are no reported side effects. Because of better genetic testing, delayed child-bearing increased accessibility, and diminishing cost, it’s conceivable that baby-making through artificial techniques can outpace natural reproduction in the years to come.

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A wide range of issues can affect the lower limb and cause pain. Acute injuries usually occur after falling, twisting unexpectedly, during/after sporting activity, and even after wearing a new pair of shoes for the first time. The types of conditions associated with acute injuries can include tendinitis, cartilage tears, muscle strains and ligament sprains. Chronic injuries can occur due to overuse or degenerative conditions. Conditions associated with chronic injuries to the lower limb include Osteoarthritis, Osteoperosis, Achilles or Patella tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, ‘flat’ feet, foot drop, metatarsalgia and shin splints amongst others.

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What Happened when Mike Pence Visited Jerusalem On Monday, January 22, 2018, Vice President of the United States Mike Pence announced that a new United States Embassy to Israel would open in Jerusalem before the end of 2019. This statement was made to the Israeli Parliament and follows President Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital last month. President Trump’s statement overturned decades of American policy and international consensus. In recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, President Trump endorsed the Israeli position in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict; Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital or believe it should be divided. However, the President has said that the embassy’s move to Jerusalem will not hinder peace talks. This approach has been approved of and welcomed by many Israelis. In his parliamentary speech, Vice President Pence emphasized the United States’ backing of Israel’s position: “We stand with Israel because we believe in right over wrong, in good over evil, and in liberty over tyranny.” The Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, will not meet with Mr. Pence. Additionally, Saeb Erekat, the chief negotiator for the Palestinians, said that Mr. Pence’s statement was a “gift to extremists.” This move and statement are divisive in international politics. The Israeli/Palestinian conflict is decades-old, and the international community is split on how to best handle the situation. No Arab leaders have agreed to meet Mr. Pence during his visit to Israel, and he has not scheduled visits to several Christian holy sites—Nazareth and Bethlehem, most notably—that exist in Palestinian territory.

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An electric vehicle is referred as an electric drive vehicle, which is utilized as a part of at least one electric engines. Electric vehicle (EV), moreover called battery electric vehicle (BEV), is affected by electric engines energized by rechargeable battery packs. In electric vehicle, no fuel is used and there is no internal combustion engine. Electric vehicle is a transport which is self-driving for travelers, and utilizes the power already stored in the electric motor batteries, which work with the help of internal engine installed in electric motors. Electric vehicle is the vehicle without bounds and is exceedingly liable to make customary vehicles obsolete. Electric vehicle utilizes at least one electric engines or footing engines for propulsion. It can be controlled through an authority framework by power from off-vehicle sources, or might act naturally contained with a battery, sun oriented boards or a generator to change over fuel to electricity. Electric vehicle incorporate street and rail vehicles, surface and submerged vessels, electric air ship and electric rocket. Read Comprehensive Overview of Report https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/electric-vehicle-component-infrastructure-market.html Based on component the market can be segmented into Battery Cells and Pack, On-Board Charger, Infotainment System and Instrument Cluster. Electric vehicle Market is anticipated to witness constant growth over the forecast period. As the government is introducing numerous favorable policies and providing existing subsidies. Increasing vehicle portfolio and range, and low charging time are the major factors which isdriving the global electric vehicle market. Environmental effect of the oil based transport infrastructure, alongside the fear of peak oil, has prompted re-established enthusiasm for an electric transportation infrastructure, which will boost the market for electric vehicles.High research & development costs that are related to the production & development, lack of charging infrastructure, and short lifespan of batteries are some major restraints of the electric vehicle market. Download PDF Brochure For Future Advancements https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=32627 Electric vehicle market is segmented on the basis of propulsion technology into, battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, and fuel cell vehicle. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles segment is anticipated to grow among this segment at a rapid pace in the forecast period as there is the higher flexibility of usage in the forthcoming years in market. On the basis of vehicle type electric vehicle market is segmented into an electric passenger car, commercial vehicle, and two wheelers. Electric passenger cars are the fastest growing segment in the vehicle type segment. Availability of a broad range of electric passenger car with upgraded technology and rising consumer awareness is the major factor which is driving electric passenger cars segment. Based on the propulsion technology, electric vehicle market can be segmented into BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle), PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle), HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), and FCEV (Fuel Cell Vehicle). On the basis of regulations, the market can be segmented into battery treatment regulations, safety regulations and subsidies, and taxes based. Based on charging, electric vehicle can be segmented into normal charging and super charging. On the basis of geographical regions the market is segmented into seven different regions: North America, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Asia-Pacific region, Japan, and Middle East and Africa. For Detail Analysis Get Table Of Content https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=T&rep_id=32627 Electric Vehicle Market: Key Market Players Some of the key players in the Electric Vehicle Market are BMW, Automotive Energy Supply Corporation, BYD Company Ltd., Car Charging Group, Charge Point, Inc., Delphi Automotive, LG Chem, Nissan Motor Corporation, Panasonic Corporation, Samsung SDI, Tesla Motors Inc., Volkswagen AG, Lucid Motors, Faraday Future, NextEV, Karma Automotive, Next Future Transportation, Inc., and few other regional players. In 2015, Tesla launched world first electric SUV. A seven-seater 4×4 with hybrid styling and hip gullwing type rear doors, the Model X is additionally outstanding for its guaranteed 257 mile range and quickening to 60mph in as little as 3.2 seconds. Manufacturers of electric vehicle are investing into launching upgraded vehicle and focusing on different approaches to keep up their business in the global electric vehicle market.

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Although they were discovered almost a century ago, atropisomers are only now having their heyday. Uncovered by James Kenner and George Hallatt Christie at the University of Sheffield in 1922, this exotic class of chiral compounds revealed itself to the duo in a deceptively simple molecule. When it comes to determining the absolute stereochemistry of an atropisomer, chemists may find themselves out of practice. San Diego State University’s Jeffrey L. Gustafson, who has studied these molecules since graduate school, recalls teaching the technique to a room full of professors during a job talk. Shown is a primer for assigning stereochemistry to 1-1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)—the chiral ligand wunderkind with a rotational half-life of over 5 million years. Gustafson says to first imagine peering down the compound’s axis of chirality. Then prioritize each group using the rules that apply to point-chiral molecules, in which atoms with higher atomic numbers get higher priority (with one being the highest). If pointing from one to two to three takes you counterclockwise, the molecule is an S enantiomer; if clockwise, it’s the R enantiomer. Source: Adapted from Jeffrey Gustafson The compound, dubbed 6,6′-dinitro-2,2′-diphenic acid, consists of two aromatic rings lashed together by a carbon-carbon bond that is flanked by a carboxylic acid and nitro group jutting from each ring. In typical molecules, rings linked with a single bond would spin freely. But as the rings in this infamous compound try to rotate, the molecular groups projecting from them clash, jamming the molecule’s rotational motion and creating asymmetry. Depending on the position in which the molecular rotor locks, two distinct forms of the compound can appear. Kenner and Christie confirmed atropisomers’ existence by crystallizing salts of both forms. The phenomenon, which was later found in macrocycles as well, was formalized in 1933 by biochemist Richard Kuhn, who coined the term “atropisomer” from the Greek word atropos, meaning “without turn.” But atropisomers are more dynamic than their etymology suggests. And that’s where the trouble lies for chemists. Depending on an atropisomer’s size, shape, and electronic properties—and external factors like solvent and temperature—one chiral form can overcome the rotational energy barrier to morph into the other form. This racemization process can take several seconds, months, or even decades. For years, atropisomers’ changeability meant they couldn’t be trusted as stable compounds for drug development. As chemists have learned through tragedies like the birth defects caused when the chiral drug thalidomide racemized in pregnant women, losing control over a molecule’s configuration can be fatal. Yet pharmaceutical chemists, citing the need to explore a larger chemical space for drug candidates and the promise of increased potency, are starting to embrace these molecules—or at least attempting to. In March, the American Chemical Society national meeting in New Orleans hosted a ballroom-sized session devoted to atropisomers in drug discovery. Soon after, one pharmaceutical company unveiled the large-scale synthesis of a compound boasting dual atropisomeric chiral axes that’s making its way through Phase II clinical trials. And each month seems to bring new publications sharing preclinical results from atropisomers as chemists increasingly turn to these shifty compounds. A major catalyst for this reversal in attitude, many say, is the work of Steven R. LaPlante, who worked as a drug discovery expert at Boehringer Ingelheim for more than two decades before founding NMX Research & Solutions and joining the faculty at the University of Quebec. LaPlante says the dogma at Boehringer, and many other pharmaceutical companies at the time, was that drug candidates wouldn’t be successful if they had any ability to change over time. “If we found that we were stuck with atropisomerism, we would basically cancel the project. And the reason why we’d cancel the project is that nobody understood how to deal with the situation.” LaPlante says this scenario arose often—in at least 60% of projects—and usually during the lead optimization of a drug candidate. In this stage of development, teams engineer every angstrom of a compound, tacking ever-more-specialized substituents onto the core structure in search of the slightest gains in potency. And generally chemists end up making molecules more rigid and compact. This strategy improves activity by locking compounds into a conformation that best fits into a defined pocket in a biological molecule such as a target protein. However, increasing a structure’s rigidity through additional substitutions also increases the potential for atropisomerism. About a decade ago, LaPlante was working on compounds that would inhibit the enzyme HIV integrase, when atropisomerism struck. But this time, the activity he was seeing in the lead compound was too good to pass up. So he began asking chemists at his company who were involved in drug development further downstream about the requirements for advancing an atropisomer as a drug candidate. “People started admitting that they didn’t know the real answer, and a lot of people didn’t even know about the phenomenon,” LaPlante says. Eventually, his inquiries led him to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, which at the time also didn’t have any documentation on atropisomers. In 2011, LaPlante and colleagues at Boehringer collaborated with FDA to produce a detailed perspective on atropisomers (J. Med. Chem. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/jm200584g). The publication remains the definitive guidance on atropisomers for drug developers, according to an FDA representative. It offers a number of examples of atropisomerism, some of which were molecules already on the market. These compounds included the X-ray contrast agent iomeprol and the sedative afloqualone, which were developed as racemic mixtures. Although none of the drugs needed to be removed from the market—they were fairly stable—when LaPlante informed drugmakers of their compound’s atropisomerism, he says, “people were not happy to hear about it.” The publication also presents analytical methods for detecting atropisomers. Chiral liquid chromatography is the most common way to confirm their existence, but unusually broad peaks in a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum can also hint at their presence. Even though atropisomers can complicate drug discovery, the paper makes the case that these compounds don’t have to be discarded. “By being aware of it, now you have choices,” LaPlante says. The authors provide a figure that divides atropisomers into categories, as well as guidance on how to proceed with each type. The divisions are based on the molecules’ half-lives, or half the time it takes for a pure sample of one atropisomer to overcome its rotational energy barrier and become a one-to-one mixture of both forms. The classifications give scientists across disciplines a way to talk to each other, LaPlante says. In class I, compounds freely rotate about their chiral axis from one atropisomer to the other in seconds to minutes. Researchers are advised to advance these molecules as a racemic mixture and to not bother trying to isolate either version as long as both forms are safe. Class III atropisomers are stable for years and as such can be developed like common point-chiral molecules that contain an atom bound to four different chemical groups. Class II molecules have intermediate stability, from hours to days, and present the most difficulty. While compounds in class II could also be developed as a mixture as long as the ratio between the atropisomeric forms stays constant, the article says, chemists may want to consider nudging the molecule into one of the other two classes. For example, adding appendages to a molecule to stiffen it might push the compound to class III, while removing certain groups might loosen it and turn it into a class I compound. Another option is to make the molecules symmetrical by adding matching substituents on the rings, thereby getting rid of atropisomerism altogether. Since its publication, the FDA-Boehringer article has helped many chemists struggling with atropisomers. But each atropisomer is unique, as are the goals of each team of chemists, so researchers need to approach drug candidates case by case. Bayer drug discovery chemist Ingo V. Hartung hadn’t had much direct experience with atropisomers until two years ago. “But once you encounter atropisomers, you see them everywhere,” he says. His team came across class II atropisomers that inhibited so-called bromodomain proteins involved in regulating gene transcription. The scientists had been searching for compounds that could serve as chemical probes to bind to and thereby explore the specific roles of these proteins. The crucial question for the researchers was whether the atropisomeric forms of the compound they hit upon had similar or different bioactivity and if they interconvert under their assay conditions, Hartung says. The researchers found that both atropisomeric forms displayed about the same potency and slight racemization. Because Hartung and his team wanted others to be able to use the probe without worrying about its stereochemical integrity, they decided that a racemic mixture of the class II atropisomers would suit their needs (J. Med. Chem. 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00306). Atropisomers also appear regularly among kinase inhibitors, with 80% of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors containing an atropisomeric axis, according to a recent review by San Diego State University’s Jeffrey L. Gustafson (Future Med. Chem. 2018, DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0152). His lab has shown that favoring one atropisomeric form over the other can increase kinase selectivity, as one form tends to bind the desired target while the other causes off-target effects (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506085). Stephane Perreault and colleagues at Gilead Sciences recently published work on an atropisomeric kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. The team used a computational model to intentionally design a rigid, class III atropisomer to inhibit phosphoinositide 3-kinase (J. Med. Chem. 2018, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00797). The researchers found that one chiral form is 500-fold as active as the other. The active atropisomer also exhibits much better selectivity for the target kinase as well as metabolic stability. “It was like night and day,” Perreault says. Yet another atropisomeric kinase inhibitor, of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), currently being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis, comes from Bristol Myers-Squibb. BMS-986142 contains one point-chiral center and two atropisomeric chiral axes, making it a diastereomeric compound with eight possible isomers. The less stable atropisomeric axis has a half-life on the order of hours to days, which means it can’t be heated above about 45 °C without the compound morphing. To keep the molecule from racemizing, the team had to design its synthetic routes and analysis with a close eye on temperature. During the discovery stage, BMS analytical chemist Jun Dai and the team developed methods to analyze the compounds’ isomers. She estimates that the researchers screened at least twice as many separation methods for atropisomers as they would have for normal chiral compounds because of the atropisomers’ potential for temperature-dependent conversion. “It was challenging but rewarding,” she says. To determine the proportion of early atropisomers with half-lives of minutes to hours, the team ran high-performance liquid chromatography analysis at low temperature, chilling the column with ice or cooling equipment. Isolating some atropisomeric compounds required researchers to use ice-bath cooling during fraction collection and even solvent evaporation. The medicinal chemistry route to BMS-986142 required three chiral column purifications to obtain a single diastereomer with the best binding properties (J. Chromatogr. A 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.016). Process synthesis, however, generally isn’t amenable to column chromatography steps, which can take weeks to months on a large scale. “To be honest, when I first saw it, I really wasn’t sure how we were going to make it,” says BMS chemist Thomas Razler, who led the process chemistry efforts to scale-up BMS-986142. The researchers say extensive knowledge sharing between medicinal, analytical, and process teams about the atropisomeric compound was key to the program’s success. The process team took advantage of the fact that the diastereomeric forms of BMS-986142 had very different solubility profiles, enabling the chemists to replace all chiral chromatography with simpler crystallization steps and produce more than 200 kg of a single enantiomer and diastereomer (Org. Lett. 2018, DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01218). Although the final molecule is stable as a solid, the team says that in solution, the risk of racemization is higher. Citing ongoing work in that area of development, Razler declined to elaborate on how the molecule behaves in its formulation but notes the team hopes to publish that information next year. The atropisomerism is still an issue, he says, but a fascinating one. UPDATE: This story was adjusted on Aug. 21, 2018, to display the stereochemistry of the more active atropisomeric kinase inhibitor developed by Gilead rather than the less active one. The spelling of phosphoinositide in the compound’s label was also corrected. This story was additionally corrected on Sept. 15, 2018, to properly attribute descriptions of Bristol-Myers Squibb’s analytical and separation techniques to atropisomeric compounds early in drug development rather than to BMS-986142.

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This post is a record of the CPD session from Spring 2014 where we worked on our maths feedback. These are the principles behind the decisions that we make about the type of feedback that we give. Marking should not be a time consuming chore so any decision that we make about how we give feedback needs to consider the impact for the time and effort that we invest. In this example from Year 1, the teacher, seeing that the child was successful with the given task, has written a more challenging question where the position of the empty box has changed. Any written work would have been a waste, as the child will have found reading and understanding difficult. Clearly, there has been some communication between child and teacher to explain the twist – that an inverse operation is needed. In this example from Year 3, you can clearly see that the teacher’s explanation and modelling has led to the child understanding the calculation strategy well. A simply written, short question here probes understanding further and encourages links to be made. This Year 4 example shows a couple of strategies. First, the teacher has reminded the child of how to approach the problem, which resulted in the child able to correct their initial mistake. Second, the teacher asked the child to clarify the calculation needed, which led to the child being able to sort the information in the problem and then solve it. In this Year 6 example, the child identified the calculation needed but made a mistake calculating. The teacher, though, knew that the child may not have understood the nature of the problem so the bar model was drawn to help the teacher explain the problem. Also, the teacher clearly intervened in terms of prompting a calculation method that enabled the child to correct the original mistake. Mark the process or mark the answer? This photo is from a child’s book in Year 2. The child has calculated accurately but the strategy that they used was particularly inefficient. In this case, that inefficiency definitely needs to be the focus of the feedback. This is important because we show what we value by doing this – that understanding is more important that simply getting questions right. They got everything right! Getting everything right can mean a number of things. It could mean that there was a lack of challenge; that it was pitched too low. Of course, there is also the case the child couldn’t do it before, had a clear explanation and understood it quickly. Knowing the situation determines the feedback. We also need to acknowledge another situation where children get it all right. Over learning something until they can do it with minimal thinking is an important part of mastery. In the example above, the child had already been shown how to divide using short division, but the purpose of the practice was to stave off forgetting. It was a situation where the teacher should expect that there’d be very few mistakes. There was only a few questions and this would have been repeated, spaced out over time to aid the transfer to long term memory. The feedback still needs to be considered carefully though. There are a couple of choices. The feedback could focus on pushing further, perhaps introducing trickier numbers. Alternatively, the feedback could centre on the expectation that this is remembered, that the child should practise at home and that in a week or so, they can be as successful. Making decisions when marking To continue to ensure that our feedback in maths books is effective, it is important that we discuss and question the possibilities, so that those decisions can be made with increasing efficiency.

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A ballet on the life of Tagore Conceived, Composed and Directed by Samir Chatterjee Music arrangement and conducting by Cristiano Tiozzo Choreographed by Ryan Daniel Beck Rabindranath Thakur, also known as Tagore, had a very complex life. He was continuously in the midst of ambivalence driven by uncertain preferences between the east and the west, city and village, isolation and company and many such dichotomies. Yet, how he churned out the nectar from this ocean of turmoil is a miracle to observe. The emotional upheavals of Tagore’s life contributed enormously into the making of what he became, and they always found expression in his creativity. He had failures as much as successes, shortcomings as well as triumphs. The study of such juxtaposition is important in understanding what made him so different, so far elevated from the rest of us: how he transcended from mere human to the superhuman level. RabiThakur is a portrayal of the intricate pattern of Rabindranath’s emotional life through music and dance movements. Rabindranath himself said, “In my life I may have done many things that were unworthy, with or without knowing, but in my poetry I have never uttered anything false; it is the sanctuary for the deepest truths I know.” RabiThakur is our approach to that Truth. It is developed in seven movements. Movement I : Childhood – adolescence: Prevailing emotions : curiosity, mystery, wonder, expanded connection with nature and tradition. Movement II : Early youth Prevailing emotions : anticipation, enthusiasm, excitement and frustration, romance, ecstasy, confusion. Movement III : Youth Prevailing emotions : shock, transience of life, confrontation with the eternal phenomenon of the life, restlessness, transformation finding creative expression. Movement IV : Matured youth Prevailing emotions : validation, motivation, galvanized to change. Movement V : Middle Age Prevailing emotions : satisfaction in the realization of utopia, peace, settlement Movement VI : Matured Age Prevailing Emotions : trust in the qualities of mankind, in the universal unity of intellect, blend of east with west Movement VII : Death/Passing Prevailing emotions : Concerned on the degradation of mankind, struggle to reinstate faith in the qualities of human beings

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The consumer watchdog, the ACC, today released a blueprint for change in the power industry aimed at shrinking the power bills in Australian households. Its Retail Electricity Pricing Inquiry report released today identifies the root causes of high electricity prices across Australia and makes 56 recommendations to fix the National Electricity Market. The ACCC estimates its recommendations would save the average household between 20% and 25% on their electricity bill, or between $290 and $415 a year. An average residential customer in NSW should be able to achieve savings of $409 or 24% of annual bills by 2020–21. Here are the potential savings by state: The ACCC estimates that the average power bill in Australia has risen to $1,691 a year from $1,177 in the ten years to the 2016-17 financial. And that almost half (48%) of the bill was made up of network costs. The ACCC says the main reason electricity bills have gone up is due to higher network costs. In real terms, average residential bills increased by 30% (on a dollars per customer basis) between 2007-08 and 2015-16. The ACCC estimates that in 2016-17, Queenslanders were paying the most for their electricity, followed by South Australians and then NSW. Victorians had the lowest electricity bills due to a range of factors including including the prevalence of gas usage in that state. The closure of large coal generation plants has seen gas-powered generation becoming the marginal source of generation more frequently, particularly in South Australia. Higher gas prices have contributed to increasing electricity prices. NOW WATCH: Briefing videos Business Insider Emails & Alerts Site highlights each day to your inbox.

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Almost a third of plastic packaging used by UK supermarkets is either non-recyclable through kerbside or retailer collection schemes or difficult to recycle, a consumer group has found. Which? is calling for the Government to make clear and simple recycling labelling compulsory after finding that up to 29% of packaging is likely to go to landfill. The watchdog’s investigation of 27 own-brand items at 10 major supermarkets found that Lidl had the lowest proportion of widely recyclable packaging at 71%, followed by Iceland (73%), Ocado (74%) and Sainsbury’s (75%). The best performer was Morrisons with easily recyclable packaging for 81% of its tested products. Researchers noted that Morrisons packaged its chocolate cake in a widely recyclable plastic box, while Lidl’s cake came in mixed packaging made up of a non-recyclable film within a widely recyclable box with a non-recyclable window. Some groceries had non-recyclable packaging no matter which supermarket they came from, such as easy-peel oranges which were all sold in nets with plastic labels. Easy peeler nets are not recyclable through kerbside collections or supermarket recycling banks, and can cause breakdowns if they wrongly end up in a sorting plant. A significant proportion of packaging – as much as 10% of Waitrose’s basket of goods – could only be recycled at supermarket collection points rather than at the kerbside. However this was not always clear on the labelling, while a separate survey showed that just 9% of shoppers always or often take packaging back to a supermarket to be recycled. Which? said they found “huge” inconsistencies within recycling labelling, with some items not labelled at all, and believed that some packaging marked as non-recyclable was recyclable at supermarket banks. Other products had labels that were only visible once the food was unwrapped and therefore unhelpful to shoppers trying to make a considered choice in the supermarket aisle. Which? director of research and publishing, Nikki Stopford, said: “Which? believes a lot more can be done to increase the amount of recyclable packaging and the way it is labelled so that consumers know what can be recycled and how to recycle it. “The plastic pollution crisis makes it more crucial than ever that the Government, manufacturers and supermarkets do the best they can to banish plastic that cannot be recycled and promote the use of less damaging packaging.” Lidl said: “We fully support the need to tackle the important issue of plastic waste which is why we recently launched our ambitious plastic reduction targets and have a task force in place who are dedicated to delivering these commitments. “We are in the process of conducting a comprehensive review of our entire packaging footprint, and estimate that the vast majority of our packaging is widely recyclable under the industry standard OPRL (On Pack Recycling Labelling) scheme. “We therefore do not believe that the small sample used in the report is representative or reflective of our full product range.” A Defra spokesman said: “Recycling rates are rising, with less waste being sent to landfill, but more still needs to be done to further reduce avoidable waste and recycle more which will form part of our Resources and Waste Strategy out later this year.”

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written in 1987 At our October meeting Carolyn Heighway gave us a vivid and authoritative account of Gloucestershire from the end of Roman rule to the coming of the Normans. It is a long period, over 600 years, and only thinly documented through at least the first half of that time. We rely on Gildas as one of the few voices from what we used to call ‘the Dark Ages’ and Bede who was much later and also quite partisan. She drew our attention to the high quality of artefacts, notably from the recently discovered Staffordshire hoard, that show a skill and sophistication that contrasts with our picture of Anglo-Saxons as being rather primitive. A local example would be the finds from the cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade which are well displayed at the Corinium Museum. She also looked at civil organisation using the system of ‘Hundreds’ and religious organisation through minsters. By the end of the Anglo-Saxon period the parish system had been generally established with each parish having its own church. The talk illustrated well the importance of archaeology in filling out our knowledge of a period in which the written word only gradually came into prominence.

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The whirling hum of a dialysis machine could have been the soundtrack to the rest of Zahra Hajikarimi's life but for an unusual program in Iran that allows people to buy a kidney from a living donor. Continue Reading Below Iran's kidney program stands apart from other organ donation systems around the world by openly allowing payments, typically of several thousand dollars. It has helped effectively eliminate the country's kidney transplant waiting list since 1999, the government says, in contrast to Western nations like the United States, where tens of thousands hope for an organ and thousands die waiting each year. Critics warn the system can prey on the poor in Iran's long-sanctioned economy, with ads promising cash for kidneys. The World Health Organization and other groups oppose "commercializing" organ transplants. Some argue such a paid system in the U.S. or elsewhere could put those who cannot afford to pay at a disadvantage in securing a kidney if they need one. But as black-market organ sales continue in countries like India, the Philippines and Pakistan and many die each year waiting for kidneys, some doctors and other experts have urged America and other nations to consider adopting aspects of Iran's system to save lives. "Some donors have financial motivations. We can't say they don't. If (those donors) didn't have financial motives, they wouldn't ... donate a kidney," Hashem Ghasemi, the head of the patient-run Dialysis and Transplant Patients Association of Iran, told The Associated Press. "And some people just have charitable motivations." The AP gained rare access to Iran's program, visiting patients on dialysis waiting for an organ, speaking to a man preparing to sell one of his kidneys and watching surgeons in Tehran perform a transplant. All of those interviewed stressed the altruistic nature of the program — even as graffiti scrawled on walls and trees near hospitals in Iran's capital advertised people offering to sell a kidney for cash. As far as organ donations go, kidneys are unique. While people are born with two, most can live a full, healthy life with just one filtering waste from their blood. And although a donor and recipient must have a compatible blood type, transplants from unrelated donors are as successful as those from a close relative. In addition, kidneys from a living donor have a significantly better long-term survival rate than those from a deceased donor. Iran started kidney transplants in 1967 but surgeries slowed after the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the storming of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, in part due to sanctions. Iran allowed patients to travel abroad through much of the 1980s for transplants — including to America. But high costs, an ever-growing waiting list of patients and Iran's grinding eight-year war with Iraq forced the country to abandon the travel-abroad program. In 1988, Iran created the program it has today. A person needing a kidney is referred to the Dialysis and Transplant Patients Association, which matches those needing a kidney with a potential healthy adult donor. The government pays for the surgeries, while the donor gets health coverage for at least a year and reduced rates on health insurance for years after that from government hospitals. Those who broker the connection receive no payment. They help negotiate whatever financial compensation the donor receives, usually the equivalent of $4,500. They also help determine when Iranian charities or wealthy individuals cover the costs for those who cannot afford to pay for a kidney. Today, more than 1,480 people receive a kidney transplant from a living donor in Iran each year, about 55 percent of the total of 2,700 transplants annually, according to government figures. Some 25,000 people undergo dialysis each year, but most don't seek transplants because they suffer other major health problems or are too old. Some 8 to 10 percent of those who do apply are rejected due to poor health and other concerns. The average survival rate of those receiving a new kidney is between seven to 10 years, though some live longer, according to Iranian reports. In the United States, about a third of kidney donations come from living donors. The average kidney from a deceased donor lasts 10 years, while one from a living donor averages about 15 years, according to Dr. David Klassen of the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS, which oversees the U.S. transplant system. Recipients of living-donor kidneys in the U.S. fare better in part because they haven't been on dialysis as long before their transplant. For Hajikarimi, a 52-year-old Iranian mother of two, a transplant can't come soon enough. Her kidneys failed, with doctors finding higher-than-normal protein levels in her urine, and she has been on dialysis for four months. In that time, physicians determined Hajikarimi can undergo a transplant and the nonprofit group managing her case began looking for a donor, a process that typically takes up to six months. Then the recipient and the donor meet to agree to the financial arrangements before the surgery. Iran says its system safeguards against black-market organ sales by having the nonprofit groups handle all arrangements and hold money in escrow until after the surgery. The government's Health Department also must approve the surgeries, which take place in licensed and monitored hospitals. Foreigners are now largely banned from taking part, squelching the possibility of medical tourism. However, it's clear that some donors are motivated by the cash payout. Inflation and unemployment remain high in Iran even after last year's nuclear deal with world powers that saw some sanctions lifted. One man said he applied to sell one of his kidneys to pay off his debts. Debtors can be imprisoned in Iran. "I am here because if I don't get the money my entire life will be ruined," said the man, who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of ruining his professional image. "My life and my public face are in danger. This has driven me to do this." Poverty around the world drives black market kidney sales, a lucrative business the World Health Organization estimated represented at least 5 percent of all transplants in 2005, though it acknowledges that figure is only a guess. The U.N. health agency's guiding principles on organ transplantation call for banning organ sales, though it allows for "reimbursing reasonable and verifiable expenses," including the loss of income by a living donor. Iran's system offers a different way to address the lack of kidneys for transplant around the world, said Sigrid Fry-Revere, an expert on the program whose book, "The Kidney Sellers: A Journey of Discovery in Iran," examines it in depth. "You cannot put a price on an organ," said Fry-Revere, who is president and co-founder of the American Living Organ Donor Network. "This is rewarded goodwill. This is two people getting together to help make each other's lives better." In the U.S., there are more than 99,000 patients currently on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. Last year, there were 17,878 transplants, while 4,481 died waiting, according to UNOS. A 1984 U.S. law makes organ sales illegal. A series of academic papers and opinion pieces in recent years by doctors and prominent economists like Nobel Prize winner Alvin Roth have explored the idea of allowing paid kidney donations in the U.S. An article in October's edition of the American Journal of Transplantation written by three physicians and an economist proposed a system in which the U.S. government would pay $45,000 to a living kidney donor and $10,000 to the family of a deceased donor. "Such compensation would be considered an expression of appreciation by society for someone who has given the gift of life to another," the paper said. Some ethicists and doctors argue that compensating donors in the U.S. would put the poor at a disadvantage of getting a transplant while also pressuring them to offer their organs for sale when they face financial trouble. "We still think profiteering or someone making a profit from a sale and making this a commercial enterprise is a slippery slope," said Kevin Longino, the CEO of the National Kidney Foundation in the U.S. "It's still an easy way to exploit poor people and underprivileged people." Longino, who received a kidney transplant himself in 2004, said his organization does support so-called "profit-neutral" transplants, which would allow donors to receive support for medical care, lost wages and other aid so long as they don't make a profit from the operation. However, Longino acknowledged confusion lingers about what is and what isn't allowed under American law, leading to trouble for even "profit-neutral" aid. For now, Hajikarimi spends more than two hours riding on three subway lines three times a week to get to the hospital where she is hooked up to a dialysis machine. For her, a living donor is a chance at a new lease on life she otherwise wouldn't have. "It would be very difficult to imagine a life without the possibility of a kidney donation," she said. "There is no way to recover. ... It would have been a total mess and agonizing." Gambrell reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Associated Press medical writer Lauran Neergaard in Washington contributed to this report. Follow Nasser Karimi on Twitter at www.twitter.com/ncarrimi . His work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/nasser-karimi . Follow Jon Gambrell on Twitter at www.twitter.com/jongambrellap . His work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/jon-gambrell .

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Our favorite of all Irish last names - the name 'Grady' - derives from the ancient Irish name Ó Grádaigh, meaning 'son of Gradaigh. The word Gradaigh itself means 'noble' in the Gaelic language. Originating in Ireland the O Gradaigh (O'Grady) family name migrated to England, and eventually to the US as well, becoming 'Grady.' Knowing a bit about the meaning and history of our name opens up many new ways to express our Irish side. Great ways to do this include displaying a framed Irish family crest, creating customized clothing, purchasing custom tableware (coffee mugs), jewelry and so on. So read on! And if you should find yourself wanting more information on Irish heritage and customs in general, please pay a visit to our main section on Irish trivia and traditions here... Meanwhile, please enjoy some of our favorite Irish last names! Irish last names are common throughout the world. However, in traditional Irish society surnames were rarely used and single names were actually more common. This changed around the eleventh century as the population grew and it became necessary to have a second name, a surname. It was at this time that the very traditional surnames that we associate with the Emerald Isle began to emerge. Often these names had one of two prefixes at the beginning - an ‘O' meaning ‘grandson of', or ‘Mac' meaning ‘son of'. The importance of ancestry in Irish society is demonstrated by the fact that surnames were used as a way of identifying that you were descended from your forefathers. The first Irish last name in recorded history is O' Cleirigh (pronounced O' Clear Ee). The Anglican version which is more commonly used today is actually Mc Clery or O' Clery. This surname is likely associated with the occupation of a person's ancestors as the word comes from the word for Church Clerks. Other professions are also often associated with surnames. These include the surname McGowan, which is an anglicised version of Mac Gabhainn (pronounced Mc Gow An) meaning a smith. In many ways the genesis of Irish last names is quite similar as in other countries such as England where they often represented a profession. Another common background for Irish surnames is Irish history or mythology. O'Brian was one of the most common surnames of the eleventh century and this derived from the importance of Brian Boru, a famous High King who defeated the Vikings after almost 200 years of intermittent Viking attacks. This is one of Ireland's most famous heroes and the name Brian, meaning noble or strong, is reflected in both Irish Christian names and also Irish last names. Like Irish first names, surnames were also influenced by English rule in Ireland. The penal laws demanded that every baby be given an Anglican name. In many ways therefore the most common Irish surnames throughout the world today are actually the anglicised versions as opposed to the traditional Gaelic versions of the name. Irish surnames are common in countries such as the USA or England where many immigrants moved to after the Great Famine of the 1840s and subsequent immigration throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries. Some of the most common Irish last names include: Pronounced /O Con' er/. This Irish last name is the anglicised version of ó Conchobhair which means the patron of warriors, a clear reference to the Irish mythology of warriors such as the famed Brian Boru. Perhaps the most famous Irish person with this surname is Sinead O'Connor, an Irish singer whose song ‘Nothing Compares to You' was extremely successful. She is also well known for her somewhat controversial opinions on issues such as Pronounced /Mer' fee/. This surname is from the traditional Gaelic name ó Murchadha which means sea battler. Irish history also includes over two hundred years of ongoing Viking invasions from the sea and therefore the idea of sea battles is extremely important historically. Not only is Murphy one of the most common surnames in Ireland but it is also amongst the top 60 most common names in the US demonstrating the significance of Irish ancestry in the United States. Pronounced /o BRI' en/. Brian Boru was one of the most famous heroes in Irish history. It was he who defeated the Vikings once and for all. The name actually comes from the Gaelic ó Briain which means noble. The surname Walsh is also extremely common in Ireland and comes from the Gaelic word Breathnach meaning Welshman. Gaelic history is linked to other nations such as Wales and Scotland. These countries have a shared Gaelic heritage and therefore many Welsh would have travelled to Ireland during Ireland's history. The most famous Welsh man ever to set foot on Irish soil is most likely St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. He is celebrated around the world for being synonymous with Ireland and yet he was actually from Wales originally. Pronounced /Doil/. This surname comes from the Gaelic surname ó Dubhghaill meaning "dark foreigner." Areas of West Ireland received a number of Spanish into their communities, and towns such as Spanish Point on the West Coast are a reference to these dark haired foreigners. Perhaps the most famous Doyle is Roddy Doyle whose novels on life in Ireland such as The Commitments have been successfully made into films. This name needs little pronunciation and is famous across the world for the Kennedy family, an Irish American dynasty who are practically royalty in American history. As a family they have had their share of fortune, romance and also tragedy. The most famous example, of course, is the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. The surname is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic name ó Cinnéide meaning helmet-headed, once again a reference to the legends of battles in Irish history. This surname comes from the Gaelic surname ó Conghaile which means "fierce as a hound." James Connolly was certainly fierce in his determination to free Ireland from English rule and is considered a hero for his participation in the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland although he was executed for his role in the rebellion. This surname comes from the Gaelic ó Domhnaill meaning world-mighty. Although he might not be world-mighty as his name would suggest, Daniel O'Donnell is still one of the most famous crooners in Ireland today and his concerts have people travelling from all over to attend, especially the grannies who love this blue-eyed boy's songs. Who could forget Ireland's participation in the 2002 World Cup? Perhaps the most memorable part of the World Cup was the early exit of the Irish Captain Roy Keane due to his disgust at the state of the team's accommodation and practise pitches. The other Keane, Robbie, stayed on however and scored a goal in the last few minutes of Ireland's final game before their quarter final exit from the tournament. Keane comes from the Gaelic surname Mac Catháin. It is probably obvious - at Irish Expressions, we love Irish traditions! Expressing ourselves through Irish-themed activities gives us a deeper sense of connection with Ireland, wherever in the world we happen to be! Over the years, we have created many free, downloadable Irish games, puzzles, recipes, songbooks, travel guides, party plans, and much, much more. These are immediately available to you - completely free of charge. Just answer two quick questions below to get instant access! At Irish Expressions, our our goal is simple: to provide you with a unique Irish experience, on demand, wherever you are in the world. If you have enjoyed our section on fun Irish trivia and customs, you have probably been exposed to many of the most exciting traditions that Ireland has to offer! Will that entice you to visit Ireland - or to return if you have already been? We hope so! But even if that is not possible, you can still enjoy the magic of Ireland in these pages. Check out the links at the top of the page for simple instructions on how to explore Irish landmarks, sing Irish songs, enjoy Irish food, and much more! We would love to hear from you - please send us a note here and let us know how we are doing. Until then - thanks for visiting Irish Last Names! Please continue exploring your Irish side at Irish-Expressions.com. PLEASE SHARE US WITH YOUR FRIENDS YOU CAN FIND US ANYTIME ON ...

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Cousin Hatty’s Hymns And Twilight Stories (Ebook) Format: Illustrated Electronic Book (pdf) Suggested for Ages: <10 years Authors: William Crosby and H. P. Nichols Description: Composition of poems and rhymes written in 1851 that aimed at edify, comfort, instruct, console, and explain the spiritual and physical world to a child. “Most of the simple verses which compose this volume were written for a very dear child, with no thought beyond her gratification. They are published at the request of friends, with the hope that other children may derive the same pleasure from them as the little one for whom they were first intended.” -taken from Preface of Book *ATTENTION: Hosting this book does not necessarily mean that Laymansbookstore endorses any other material that the authors may have written.

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Earth is boiling under record-high temperatures. Global heat waves have landed thousands of people in the hospital and fueled massive wildfires in places ranging from Greece to the Arctic Circle. An animation called "earth" shows just how high worldwide temperatures really are. The animation, designed by computer programmer Cameron Beccario, an engineering manager at Indeed Tokyo in Japan, updates every 3 hours with weather data taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Global Forecast System. [What Is Earth's Average Temperature?] The system uses supercomputers to create models of the weather from various measurements, like temperature, soil moisture, wind, ocean currents and precipitation, Live Science previously reported. This week, the mesmerizing globe shines in shades of orange and red, which indicate hot temperatures. A city outside Tokyo in Japan is facing scorching temperatures of almost 106 degrees Fahrenheit (41.1 degrees Celsius). At least 86 people have died of heatstroke there since May, and 23,000 people have been hospitalized just in the past week, The New York Times reported. But Japan isn't the only country facing record temperatures. In Sweden, an extreme heat wave caused multiple wildfires to erupt last week — some in the Arctic Circle. Also last week, Greece faced deadly wildfires fueled by extreme temperatures and high winds, killing more than 80 people, The Washington Post reported. Earlier this month, Ouargla, a city in Algeria, probably logged the highest temperature ever recorded in Africa: 124.3 degrees F (51.3 degrees C), according to the Post. And in June, Oman logged the hottest night in recorded history and the highest low temperature ever to be recorded on Earth: 108.7 degrees F (42.6 degrees C), according to the Post. Extreme weather — such as the current global heat wave, strong hurricanes and long droughts — is more likely to occur now because of human-induced climate change, according to a previous Live Science report. A preliminary comparison of current temperatures with historical records from seven weather stations in Europe suggests that human-induced climate change made the Europe-wide heat wave more than twice as likely to happen, according to the BBC. Originally published on Live Science.

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In the area of electronic music there are many, many styles and forms ranging from simple and repetitious drum beats to elaborate orchestrations with all kinds of variations in between. Early electronic music was mostly odd noises and manipulated recordings of 'found sounds' and composers such as John Cage went so far as to publish 4' 33" of silence! (four minutes and thirty three seconds.) which helped establish the idea that beauty is in the eye of the beholder or maybe I should say ear...the idea was that the incidental back ground noises were art and by framing this in concert Cage made a major point about sound as art. While John Cage's "silence" was at one extreme while others have made music so dense that there was no break, no dramatic pauses- just a barrage of sound. cool... Kitaro has made a career out of music that is mainly electronic and it reflects certain Eastern values and displays emotions in the titles and ambiance which many find relaxing. Nine Inch Nails has a format that borders on bombastic and assaults the listeners senses as the key idea are pounded out, enhanced electronically and presented with a forceful front singer. Other music acts employ various amounts of synthesized sounds but many like early Led Zeppelin did not have any reference to synthesizers or manipulated loops yet they played a prominent role in the sound. Gary Wright's "Dream weaver" is an example of pop music done electronically in the early 1970's and it was very popular and still heard on many stations. Labeling electronic music styles With modern electronic sound tools like synthesizers and samplers, drum machines and effect units or software vocals are often not a feature in music which is purely electronic. Voices mutate into string sounds or drones and words become less of a focus. The very blandness of so called "New Age music" is very popular with certain listeners and just as ignored by many, many more who loath it. I talked with several music store owners and employees and deciding what album belongs to which established style is a major annoyance. Techno? Dance? Hip hop? Ambient? Even the style labeled Ambient is subdivided into many types. I have heard Ambient that is far from my own concept of normal music!ambient Techno: while hated by many is pretty much an expansion of 1970s disco with out the exact flourishes that it held. Some Hip hop artists have credited Kraftwerk with being a major influence. Kraftwerk hits like "AutoBahn" showcased sounds made with machines that were very original and the words were often vocoderized. While the general public in the 1970's demanded pop music that had a standard 3 minute format many turned to longer compositions by Tangerine Dream or progressive rock artists which relied heavily on keyboards. Pop music and electronics began a long term relationship that continues with recent artists in the U.S. The last bastions of conservative music styles such as country music now has electronic additions in the form of keyboards, samples and digitally enhanced vocals and effects. Why does electronic music hold such fascination for so many? As a quick look at more recent hits such as the work of Madonna and Lady GaGa shows, electronics are pretty much the main tool used. Madonna received her award and called the engineers to the stage. Band? No, engineers! Paul Oakenfield and William Orbit are well known in the electronic music world and both worked with Madonna. Orbit's work on "Ray of light" in 1998 is amazing. The listeners in mainstream broadcast mediums do like a 3 minute format but they also enjoy the electronic sounds. The artists probably like having no one onstage to divert attention. In the 1980's Michael Jackson's stage show had a massive electronic arsenal located under the stage and the story went that when hiring the technicians to work there height was of importance as well as ability to move quickly and effectively. One time I was testing out a synthesizer in a large music store at a shopping mall and soon realized that I had at least 35 people crowding in behind me to see what the noise was. I asked the store manager if that happened a lot and he said it actually did, especially when the synth was being manipulated with programmers exploring the capabilities and tonalities the keyboard or module could do. Novelty may be a major factor or perhaps it is simply the curiosity about new sounds that generates interests. Here to stay! After the novelty wears off (as it has) the fact remains that electronics are part of music and will remain so for most mainstream hits. Many listeners such as myself prefer a certain style of music based on electronics and more and more artists are beginning to focus on electronic music to the exclusion of most other forms of instrumentation. This is as a reflection of the technology of our times and the availability of new electronic instruments which have become commercialized and readily available. (C) 2001-2010 Nodal Focus all rights reserved

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Yvonne Aitken has shown that flowering transition is dependent upon numerous components, Which vegetation flowering earliest under presented disorders had the the very least dependence on local weather Whilst later on-flowering versions reacted strongly towards the weather set up. Organ advancement The flowers would have tended to increase in a very spiral sample, to be bisexual (in vegetation, this means both of those male and feminine areas on precisely the same flower), and to be dominated via the ovary (feminine component). As flowers grew extra Innovative, some versions formulated sections fused with each other, with a way more distinct quantity and structure, and with either precise sexes for every flower or plant, or a minimum of "ovary inferior". Though numerous these symbiotic interactions continue being far too fragile to survive Opposition with mainland organisms, flowers proved to become an unusually efficient implies of manufacturing, spreading (no matter what their real origin) to become the dominant kind of land plants. A heinous crime checks the intricate connection concerning a tenacious personal assistant and her Hollywood starlet boss. As the assistant unravels the thriller, she need to confront her have knowledge of friendship, real truth and superstar. Although There may be only tough proof of these kinds of flowers about a hundred and forty million many years ago,[twenty five] You can find some circumstantial evidence of flowers about 250 million yrs back. A chemical utilized by crops to protect their flowers, oleanane, has been detected in fossil vegetation that previous, including gigantopterids, which progressed At the moment and bear most of the features of recent, flowering vegetation, however they aren't identified to be flowering vegetation them selves, simply because only their stems and prickles are already observed preserved intimately; one of the earliest samples of petrification. Irises/Lily are Utilized in burials being a symbol referring to "resurrection/everyday living". It is additionally linked to stars (sun) and its petals blooming/shining. The first step of your changeover is definitely the transformation on the vegetative stem primordia into more info floral primordia. This occurs as biochemical adjustments occur to vary cellular differentiation of leaf, bud and stem tissues into tissue that may mature in the reproductive organs. Progress in the central A part of the stem idea stops or flattens out and the edges acquire protuberances within a whorled or spiral vogue all-around the surface with the stem stop. A poster with flowers or clusters of flowers made by twelve species of flowering plants from unique households. Flowers have already been made use of since way back to fifty,000 several years in funeral rituals. A lot of cultures do draw a relationship in between flowers and daily life and Loss of life, and since of their seasonal return flowers also counsel rebirth, which may explain why Many of us position flowers upon graves. In historical occasions the Greeks would put a crown of flowers on The pinnacle on the deceased as well as protect tombs with wreaths and flower petals. Some flowering vegetation even have a confined power to modulate areas of absorption. This is usually not as precise as Handle around wavelength. Individuals observers will perceive this as levels of saturation (the level of white in the colour). Symbolism Some flowers produce diaspores with out fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers have sporangia and therefore are the positioning exactly where gametophytes establish. A lot of flowers have evolved to become eye-catching to animals, so as to trigger them for being vectors for your transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit that contains seeds. Current DNA analysis (molecular systematics) reveals that Amborella trichopoda, found to the Pacific island of latest Caledonia, is the sole species inside the sister group to the remainder of the flowering vegetation, and morphological research recommend that it has attributes which can are actually characteristic with the earliest flowering plants. Many perennial and most biennial vegetation call for vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of such indicators is through the transmission of a posh sign called florigen, which includes a range of genes, which include CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Florigen is manufactured inside the leaves in reproductively favorable problems and acts in buds and escalating ways to induce a amount of various physiological and morphological alterations.[fifteen] Thanks to their different and vibrant look, flowers have very long been a favorite issue of visual artists in addition. A number of the most celebrated paintings from well-acknowledged painters are of flowers, like Van Gogh's sunflowers sequence or Monet's drinking water lilies. Cleistogamous flowers are self-pollinated, after which they might or might not open up. Several Viola and many Salvia species are recognized to own most of these flowers.

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Dr. DY Patil AIET 2015 Physics Syllabus: (a)Mechanics and Properties of Matter: Circular Motion: Angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, Relation between linear and angular velocity. Uniform circular motion, Radial acceleration, centripetal and centrifugal force, Banking of roads. Newton’s law of gravitation, periodic time, binding energy and escape velocity of a satellite, weightlessness condition in a satellite. Centre of mass of a two particle system, its generalization to ‘n’particles, rigid body and its centre of mass, definition of moment of inertial it’s physical significance, radius of gyration, K. E. of a rotating body, torque, M.I. of principle of perpendicular and parallel axes its application of M.I. of uniform rod and disc with proof. Angular momentum and its conversation. Explanation of periodic motion, Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) uniform circular motion and S.H.M. phase of S.H.M. K.E. and P.E. in cases of S.H.M. composition of the two S.H.M. having the same period and parallel to each other (Analytical treatment), simple pendulum, angular S.H.M. magnet vibrating in the uniform magnetic induction. General explanation of elastic property (a few examples) plasticity, deformation, Definition of stress and strain, Hooke’s law. Elastic constants Y, K, N, and O. Determination of Young’s modulus by Searle’s method, observation on a wire under applied increasing load, calculation of work done in stretching a thin uniform wire. Properties of Fluids: Behavior of liquid surfaces, its expansion on the basis of molecular theory, surface energy, surface tension, Angle of Contact, capillary action. Explanation of formation of wave, simple harmonic progressive waves, longitudinal and transverse types of waves, deflection of sound waves. Change of phase, superposition of sound waves, explanation of formation of beats, Doppler effect. Study of vibrations on strings, explanation of formation of stationary waves on strings, study of Vibrations of air columns, forced vibrations, resonance. Experiments like sonometer, resonance tube, Mould’s experiment to study stationary waves. (c)Heat and Thermodynamics: Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions of kinetic theory, mean free path, derivation for pressure of a gas in the container on the basis of Kinetic theory of gases, Derivation of Boyle’s law, specific heat constant volume and pressure (Cp and Cv). Method of determination of Cp, Mayor’s relation, internal and external latent heat. Absorption, emission, reflection of heat radiations. Corresponding Coefficients and relation between them, Perfectly black body, emissive power, emissivity, Kirchoff’s law of radiation, its theoretical proof Ritche’s experiment, Prevost’s theory of exchange of heat, Stefan’s law. Newton’s law of cooling and radiation correction. Thermodynamic state, equation of state isothermals, pressure temperature phase diagram, Vander waal’s equation of state. Wave theory of Light: Newton’s corpuscular theory, wave theory of light, wave front and wave normal, Huygen’s principle construction of plane and spherical wave front. Reflection and refraction at plane surfaces, Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics, scattering of light. Interference of light: Interference of light, conditions for producing steady, interference pattern, Young’s experiment Analytical treatment of interference bands, Measurement of wave length by bi prism experiment. (e)Electricity and Magnetism: Gauss’s Flux theorem, its proof and applications, mechanical force on a unit area of charged conductor energy per unit volume. Capacity of a parallel plate condenser with a dielectric, energy of a changed condenser, condensers in series and parallel. Flow of current in a conductor, sources of e.m.f simple cell, electric current, Ohm’s law, Kirchoff’s laws, Wheatstone’s bridge, Potientmeter. Magnetic Effect of Current: Moving coil galvanometer, ammeter, voltmeter, sensitivity and accuracy of moving coil galvanometer Theory and construction of Tangent Galvanometer, Sensitivity, sensitivity and accuracy of TG. Magnetic induction at any point due to magnetic dipole; Magnetic potential at any point due to magnetic dipole; Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism on the basis of domain theory, Curie temperature. Electromagnetic Induction, Faraday’s experiment, law of the electromagnetic induction, proof of e=dce)/dt, Eddy currents, self and mutual inductance, induction coil, earth coil, coil rotating in a uniform magnetic induction, alternating currents, reactance and impedance, power in A.C. circuits, Electromagnetic oscillations, Electromagnetic spectrum (elementary facts, uses and applications) Electron and photons: Discovery of an electron, change and mass of electron, photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation. Photoelectric cell and its applications. Atoms, molecules and nuclei: Rutherford’s model of an atom, Bohr model energy quantization, H2 spectrum, composition of nucleus, Radioactivity, mass energy relation. P-type and N-type semi conductors, P-N junction diodes, P-N junction diode as rectifier, and transistor as amplifier. Click here www.careersamosa.com for more information on the AIET 2015 Engineering entrance Examinations.

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The Butterfly Pea aka Clitoria Ternatea is a legume that grows a Gorgeous Blue Flower. It will find a home just about anywhere and looks exquisite grown in a hanging basket. Pollinators are especially attracted to its deep blue/purple hue. Not only does it boast of beauty but healing properties as well. Most specifically the brain. It is also known as the Brain Power Plant. The Butterfly Pea is mostly used and grown in Asia. It is a secret to health and longevity that is meant to be shared. Karen our guest writer, has been asked to share her knowledge of this humble yet powerful plant. Karen, we are all ears! What is the Butterfly Pea? Shaped like a butterfly, the Butterfly Pea is a vining tropical perennial native to Africa whose roots and leaves have numerous healing and medicinal uses. The flower is most commonly seen as a deep blue-purple color. However, depending upon the flavonoid (flavonoids are plant compounds that have a lot of health-enhancing and protective properties) concentration in the flower itself, the flower can vary from white, to light purple or pink in color. The flower is edible and tastes and looks great in a green salad. Flowers bloom for 1 day only, so if not used that day, leave flowers on plant to develop into seed pods. Pinching tops on the vine often will encourage bushier growth. Amazing Health Properties Some of the healing properties of the Butterfly Pea are as follows: memory booster, lowers blood pressure, anti-stress, anti- anxiety, anti-depressant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, pain relieving, anesthetic, lowers blood sugar, insecticidal, anti-asthmatic. Because Butterfly Pea is rich with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds, the flower can cure eye infections like conjunctivitis (pink eye). Tea made from the leaves help to improve eyesight and help to relieve sore eyes. Blossoms picked early in the morning create the strongest medicine. Steeping them in a glass of water for about 20 minutes creates an effective eye wash that will clear up conjunctivitis within a few days. The resulting eye wash is gentle and completely safe. It does not hurt the delicate tissues of your eyes and works well for children who come down with pink eye. This same mild solution helps to ease itchy skin conditions as the flower naturally contains anesthetic and anti-itching properties. Simply washing the itchy area with flower infused water alleviates the itchiness. One can also use the leaf of the Butterfly Pea. Prepare the leaf by drying it and grinding it into a fine powder. The use of this powder not only enhances memory and brain power it also provides one with a calm, relaxed focus. Butterfly Pea serves as an important anti-aging medicine. When taken it causes the levels of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine to increase. Acetylcholine is one of the chemicals in the brain that decrease the most with age. Acetylcholine helps to facilitate communication within the brain itself. A lack of it causes messages to travel slowly, to break down or to stop traveling all together. This phenomena is why loss of memory and coordination as you get older is a common consequence of low acetylcholine levels. Butterfly Pea reverses this phenomena. It helps to improve one’s thinking and balance naturally. Both the water and fat-soluble components of the flower appear to be bioactive. So to obtain the full effect of it’s medicinal effects, eat Butterfly Pea with a meal. - The leaves will also serve as a remedy for swelling if ground up and combined with salt. - To help improve digestion, add fresh leaves to a salad. - The vine may also be used as a nutrient dense fodder plant for animals to graze upon. It establishes quickly and easily and makes a perennial, nitrogen fixing root. Butterfly Pea is very tolerant of drought, saline soil, and soda soil. The foliage re-grows quickly after being browsed. - In Bali they make a dye from the flowers which they use for both painting and as a food coloring. Blue food coloring is made by grinding the leaves with a little water. If lemon or lime juice is added, the acid content will cause the dye color to turn purple. The Butterfly Pea vine creates a seed by having the flower dry on the vine. Once dry the flower turns into a bean pod. Seeds from this bean pod can be propagated to grow a new vine. One must scarify the seed prior to planting by nicking a small notch on one side or by rubbing briefly on medium grit sandpaper, soak overnight and sow warm. Finally, here is a tasty way to consume this powerhouse. “Blue” Rice topped with Coconut 1 lb rice 1 lb grated coconut 30 Butterfly Pea flowers 8 oz palm sugar 5 oz coconut milk 8 oz powdered sugar ½ Tbs salt 1 Tbs rice flour Boil Butterfly Pea flowers in water. Cool blue water and pour over rice. Soak rice in water for 1 hour. Strain and steam rice over high heat for 30 minutes. Pour coconut milk and salt over the rice and mix well. Cover the rice and steam for another 20 minutes. Let cool and serve on banana leaf. Then melt sugar in about 3oz of water. Grate coconut and add to sugar water. Cook mixture over medium heat for 10 minutes or until sticky-looking. Add and stir in the rice flour, then allow to cool. Roll the coconut/sugar/rice mixture into a ball and place on top of the blue rice. Serve and enjoy!

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Summary: The Full Disclosure Act requires [legislators] to publicly disclose any possible conflicts of interest. SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE This Act shall be called the “Full Disclosure Act.” SECTION 2. FULL DISCLOSURE After section XXX, the following new section XXX shall be inserted: (A) DEFINITIONS—In this section: “Close economic association” means the association between a [legislator] and: 1) The [legislator’s] employer, employee, or partner in a business or professional enterprise; 2) A partnership, limited liability partnership, or limited liability company in which the [legislator] has invested capital or owns an interest; 3) A corporation in which the [legislator] owns the lesser of 10 percent or more of the outstanding capital stock or $25,000 or more; 4) A corporation in which the [legislator] is an officer, a director, or an agent; or 5) An entity with which the [legislator] is negotiating employment or has arranged prospective employment. “Close economic association” does not include a [legislator’s] ownership of stock directly through a mutual fund, an exchange-traded fund, a retirement plan, or any other similar commingled investment vehicle the individual investments of which the [legislator] does not control or manage. (B) NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 1) A conflict of interest disqualifies a [legislator] from participating in any legislative action, or otherwise attempting to influence any legislation, to which the conflict relates. 2) It is presumed that an interest disqualifies a [legislator] from participating in legislative action whenever the [legislator]: a) Has or acquires a direct interest in an enterprise that would be affected by the legislator’s vote on proposed legislation, unless the interest is common to all members of a profession or occupation of which the legislator is a member, or the general public or a large class of the general public; b) Benefits financially from a close economic association with a person whom the legislator knows has a direct interest in an enterprise or interest that would be affected by the legislator’s participation in legislative action, differently from other like enterprises or interests; c) Benefits financially from a close economic association with a person who is lobbying for the purpose of influencing legislative action; or d) Solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept a loan, other than a loan from a commercial lender in the normal course of business, from a person who would be affected by or has an interest in an enterprise that would be affected by the legislator’s participation in legislative (C) SUSPENSION OF DISQUALIFICATION 1) The disqualification arising under this section may be suspended if a [legislator] with an apparent or presumed conflict files with the [Ethics Commission] a sworn statement that describes the circumstances of the apparent or presumed conflict and the legislation, or class of legislation, or legislative action to which it relates and asserts that the [legislator] is able to participate in legislative action relating to the legislation matter fairly, objectively, and in the public interest. 2) A disqualification arising under this section may not be suspended if: a) The conflict is direct and personal to the [legislator], a member of the [legislator’s] immediate family, or the [legislator’s] employer; or b) The [Ethics Commission] finds that such a suspension would constitute a violation of its ethical standards. 3) All statements and [Ethics Commission] findings under this subsection shall be publicly available on the [Commission’s] website. 4) The requirement of disqualification does not apply to a vote on the annual operating budget bill in its entirety or the annual capital budget bill in its entirety. (D) FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE 1) All [legislators] shall make a financial disclosure to the [Ethics Commission] about themselves, their spouses and their minor children in a manner that specifies which entry applies to which family member, except that minor children may be unnamed and disclosed together. 2) This financial disclosure shall be reported by calendar year at the times and in the manner required by the [Commission]. 3) When amounts of money are to be disclosed, they shall be disclosed in the following dollar ranges, as well as any further detail the [Commission] may require: a) Less than $10,000 b) $10,000 to $24,999.99 c) $25,000 to $49,999.99 d) $50,000 to $99,999.99 e) $100,000 to $199,999.99 f) $200,000 to $299,999.99 g) $300,000 or more 3) The financial disclosure shall include the following: a) Earned Income—The name, address and amount for each source of earned income, which includes salaries, bonuses, royalties, commissions, profit sharing, fees, pensions and Social Security. b) Unearned Income—The name, address and amount for each source of unearned income, which includes rents, dividends and income from investments, trusts and estates. c) Honoraria and Fees—The name, address and nature and amount for each source of honorarium or fee received for personal appearances, speeches or writings. d) Reimbursements or Prepaid Expenses—The name, address, nature and amount for each source of reimbursement or prepaid expense for travel, lodging or subsistence, specifying whether the source is a for-profit, nonprofit or governmental entity. e) Gifts—The name, address, nature and amount of each source of gift from a donor who is a lobbyist or has a direct interest in an enterprise that would be affected by the legislator’s vote on proposed legislation, unless the interest is common to all members of a profession or occupation of which the legislator is a member, or the general public or a large class of the general public. f) Liabilities—The name and address of each creditor and the nature and amount of each liability. g) Forgiven Liabilities—The name and address of each former creditor and the nature and amount of each forgiven liability which would have been required to be reported if it had not been forgiven. h) Business Organizations—The name and address of all business organizations in which a family member has a close economic association and the estimated value of that family member’s share in each such business organization. i) Offices, Trusteeships or Directorships—The name and address of any firm, corporation, association, partnership or business for which a family member holds a position as officer, trustee or director, and the positions held. j) Real Estate—The address and estimated value of real estate in the state of [XXXX] in which a family member has an ownership interest, except that a legislator may withhold the street address of his or her home. 4) The [Ethics Commission] shall require that the financial disclosure is submitted under penalties of perjury. 5) The [Ethics Commission] shall make this financial information publicly available on the Internet. SECTION 3. EFFECTIVE DATE This law shall become effective on July 1, 20XX.

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Classification advanced implantology basic implantology basic sciences for dentistry dental caries dental germs and plaques dental hygiene dental. It is time to tell you something about the types and classification of caries and the treatment methods dental caries is an extremely common human malady,. As you have seen in the post about dental caries there are 4 types of caries in particular based on the location where kennedy’s classification of edentulous. Classification of caries etymology: l, classis, collection, facere, to make, caries, decay a system for dividing dental caries into several classes based on the part of the. Classification of caries according to the depth of caries in radiography sound (r0), restricted to the enamel (r1), reaching the dentinoenamel junction, reachi. Classification of dental caries caries can be classified by rate of progression, affected hard tissues and location these forms of classification can be used to. Classification of dental cavities, preparations and classification of dental cavities, preparations and restorations dental caries is an ancient. New caries classification this system of classification is primarily related to future restoration this is not a system related to caries treatment. Dental plaque – classification, formation, and identification cause of dental caries, classification, formation, and identification. Classification of dental caries 1 dental caries based on location a pit and fissure caries b smooth surface caries comments off on 15: dental caries. Looking for online definition of dental caries in the medical dictionary dental caries dental hygienist treatment of dental caries classification of caries. Radiographic interpretation of dental caries -types of caries -classification of caries-stages of caries -review types of caries presentation outline -pit and fissure.Assist the dentist with the diagnosis of dental caries however, ies classification system designated dental caries as initial, moderate, and severe. Dental caries classification of dental caries modern concept of the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries anesthesia in the treatment of caries, methods,. Classification of dental caries (lecture outline) drghada maghaireh there is currently no universally accepted classification of the disease. Dr shank responded: class 3 class 1 - single surface on posterior teeth class 2 - involves an inter proximal surface on a posterior tooth class 3 - involves an inter proximal surface of an anterior tooth (usually in the middle or incisal third. Causes of the disease dentists identify a lot of theories of carious lesions, but the main ones remain unchanged: abuse of excessively salty or sweet food. Classification of dental caries clinical classification of dental cari e s of teeth is the most widespread, that takes into account the depth of cari e s process. Definition: dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by de-mineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth. “dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, charecterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth , which often leads to cavitation. The american dental association caries classification system for clinical practice: a report of the american dental association council on scientific affairs. The international caries classification and management system the international caries classification and dental caries is now considered an endogenous. Figure 2 icdas’s international caries classification & management system (iccms) caries care cycle chief complaint dental and medical history. Dental caries was caused by multiple or all species classification based on 16s rrna each of these properties works coordinately to alter dental. Dental caries, cavities, these forms of classification can be used to characterize a particular case of tooth decay in order to more accurately represent the. Preventive dentistry 5th year- dental students college of dentistry/ university of baghdad 2011- 2012 etiology of dental caries prof dr sulafa el samarrai. Understanding the nature of the caries lesion, disease activity, and the patient's caries risk are all used in determining the nature of dental care to be delivered. Icdas is a simple, logical, evidence-based system for detection and classification of caries in dental education, clinical practice, dental research, and dental public health. Because of its importance, the national dental hygiene boards examinations require students to be proficient in detecting and classifying dental caries. 7-2017 caries classification diana v macri cuny hostos community college annie chitlall classification of dental caries, which was first introduced in 1908 and.Download 2018. Term Papers.

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This article was first published in 2009. Lots of people would love to make their own vehicle – especially a light-weight design that requires less power and fuel for the same performance. But it’s a lot harder to do than it sounds! The greatest problem isn’t the mechanicals but instead the bodywork and frame. For the home constructor, there are basically two approaches that can be taken: a frame made from small diameter tubing that’s then (optionally) covered in non-structural body panels, or a monocoque. Despite being an old technique, multi-tubular frames remain very popular for one-offs and even small production runs. Cars like the Skelta, a high performance road/racing car, use a spaceframe of small Bicycles and other human-powered vehicles (like the air suspension recumbent trike shown here) are also made from steel tubes. However, nearly all production cars are made in a monocoque manner, where the pressed steel (or aluminium) panels are welded together to become both the framework and the body. Fibreglass cars often use a chassis of sheet steel (red in this exploded diagram of a 1960s Lotus Elise) enveloped in a semi-structural fibreglass body. But whatever approach is taken, there are problems. A light-weight vehicle made from a steel tube frame clad in body panels is usually heavier than a pure monocoque. Shaping the external panels is also difficult. (And if a low aero drag is a requirement, those panels must be A monocoque is even more difficult as the panels must not only be shaped but also provide the structural strength. So is there an answer? The University of South Australia thinks there is. They’ve built a very interesting ultra-lightweight, two-seat, electric-powered car, using a constructional approach that is relatively cheap, straightforward, and utilises off-the-shelf materials. It’s also strong. Furthermore, the external shape of the car can be produced without the need for moulds, or panel-beating or pressing metal panels to shape. The construction makes use of lightweight composite fibreglass and aluminium honeycomb panels, fibreglass cloth, Kevlar cloth, a small amount of carbon fibre cloth, epoxy resin and expanded It’s a vehicle building technique that could literally be done in your home workshop with just hand tools. We’ll cover the mechanical details of the car in a later article, but let’s look now at how they made the vehicle monocoque tub. It’s a process that opens up enormous possibilities in DIY cars across a range of efficient vehicle types – from human-powered, to electric-powered, to road machines with ultra-efficient internal combustion engines. Planning and Design We’ll concentrate here on how the university built the car, rather than its design. But the starting point was to decide on such basics as the number and location of the wheels, the track and wheelbase, and the body length and width. As can be seen here, a ‘tadpole’ trike configuration was chosen. In addition to reducing rolling resistance (three wheels as opposed to four), the tadpole configuration allows for boat-tailing of the body at the rear, reducing aerodynamic drag. The one-behind-the-other seating arrangement reduces width (and so frontal area) and is again good for reduced aero drag. Project co-ordinator Dr Peter Pudney can be seen at right. A mock-up cabin was then built. MDF (pressed wood panel) was used to form part of the bodywork, while the approximate shape of the clear canopy was replicated by plastic tube. At this stage, entrance and exit strategies could be evaluated, especially for the rear passenger. Foot-well depth, seat height and shape could also all be easily altered. It is critical that a lot of time be spent in this stage: once the unique constructional approach is embarked upon, major design aspects cannot be altered. (Note: that’s very different to a tubular space-frame construction, where design changes are possible even after the vehicle is ostensibly finished!) Rolling MDF Prototype A prototype was then made from MDF. It was originally intended just as a full-size test-bed for seating, visibility, canopy design and so on, but in fact it ended up being fitted with suspension (not the same front system as was finally adopted), steering, wheels and an electric motor. However, not being a structural prototype, this vehicle actually broke in half when it was driven over a bump. Making the Tub The material used to form the primary structure of the car is 20mm thick composite sandwich panel, comprising a 18mm honeycomb core faced with 1mm fibreglass reinforced with epoxy resin. The material is produced in Australia by Ayres Lightweight Panel Systems and is their Ayrelite 2016 panel. In 20mm thickness it has a mass of 1.7kg per square metre. Go to www.ayrescom.com for more details. The panels can be cut with normal woodworking tools. When a panel is to be folded, a plunge router is used to cut a shallow (~1mm) groove through one of the external fibreglass facings. This groove becomes the weakness around which the panel folds, with the width of the routed groove determining the final fold angle. The router removes only the external fibreglass - the internal honeycomb crushes as the material is folded. The beginning of the tub comprised a flat floor with two sides folded vertically. Here the sides are being kept vertical by the steel channel sections (green arrows) clamped to the bench each side. The internal join is being filled with epoxy resin and micro-spheres, giving a smooth internal radius. The joins were then covered with two layers of fibreglass tape, again epoxy’d into place. The way in which the internal honeycomb is distorted at the corner can be seen here (arrowed). The white tape line down the middle of the flat floor marks the centreline. Note how the inner skin has been routed along two lines in the rear side panel, to allow for further folding to occur. As should be obvious, all the routing needs to occur before the sheet folding is started! This view, from the other end of the assembly, more clearly shows the routing that has been done to allow further folding of the panel closest to the camera. Note also the lateral routing (arrowed) to allow the floor to be later folded-up. To form twin strong triangular-section longitudinal beams, the tub sides were folded as shown here. Note the way that the base of the fold curves right around (arrowed). This achieves two outcomes – it makes the inner finished neater and it also gives much greater connecting strength to the floor as the join area is larger (ie it isn’t an “end-grain” This shows the base of the tub, with what will become the rear of the vehicle closest to the camera. The triangular fold is being held in place by long steel angle sections clamped to the steel beams. Generally, the epoxy was left to harden overnight. Here the end fold can be seen. This completes the ‘open tray’ and gives this section of the floor torsional stiffness. This is the view from the inside... ...and here is the view from the outside. The revealed aluminium honeycomb was subsequently covered with two layers of fibreglass cloth, epoxy’d into place. At the other end of the tub, extensive additions have now been made. (1) the driver’s footwell, (2) the transverse bulkhead that provides great torsional stiffness and forms the dash panel support and rear of front wheel arch, (3) the panel that forms the inner of the wheel well. This view is looking at the front, (2) and (3) are as described above. (4) shows the forward side of the footwell; the steering rack is mounted to this panel. The design is strong in this area to cope with front suspension and braking loads. Positioned next to a Holden Commodore, the overall size of the tub can be seen. Viewed from the rear, the ‘cabin’ additions are now being made. The tub that we saw constructed above has been covered inside and out with two layers of Kevlar, epoxy’d into place. This both dramatically increased strength and also gave penetration resistance from stones (outside) and sharp-edged objects within the passenger compartment. The view looking at the front-three-quarters of the car. The arrowed cylinder indicates the size of the electric motor, positioned below the squab of the passenger seat. The large opening in the side of the car is for the single side door that’s hinged ‘suicide style’ from its The arrowed parts are vacuum-bagged carbon-fibre components that support a steel roll-bar hoop and also provide mounting points for the front seatbelt. The completed tub. Note that the seat back that is visible is for the rear passenger. Also note the small amount of room left for the front suspension, something that (I think) creates a major limitation in the The completed tub, showing the rear-hinged door. Note the lower width of the door – the floor is cut away, allowing the person entering to stand within the wheel track before sitting down. This approach is very effective at improving access. As shown here, the completed tub weighs just So how much does it cost to take this approach? The aluminium honeycomb / fibreglass panels are 2400 x 1200mm in size and a have retail price of AUD$440 each. Five of these panels were used in the construction of the car. In addition, the budget needs to include the epoxy resin, fibreglass tape, micro-spheres filler balls and incidentals. The beauty of this technique is the ease with which a one-off monocoque tub can be constructed. Such an approach can result in a very stiff, ultra light-weight foundation for a vehicle – all without the need for welding or metal-working! Next week: so that’s the monocoque tub produced, but how do you easily and cheaply cloak it in shaped, lightweight

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WHO SHOULD HAVE AN ASTHMA ACTION PLAN? Everyone with asthma should have an up-to-date Asthma Action Plan, especially children and teens. An Asthma Action Plan is more than just a form – it’s an important educational tool that helps people with asthma understand and manage their asthma, all while enjoying life. It also helps a child’s teachers, coaches, school nurses, day-care staff, babysitters, and other caregivers look out for and care for a child with asthma. What is in an Asthma Action Plan? The Vermont Asthma Action Plan is a medical form that helps you or your caregivers: - Understand what type of asthma you have or your child has - Look out for common triggers that can make asthma worse or cause asthma attacks - Remember day-to-day instructions on how to manage asthma, and what to do if asthma worsens or if you’re having an asthma attack - Know what medicines to take and when to take them - Know when to call the doctor, or in serious cases, go to the emergency room How to Use an Asthma Action Plan: The Asthma Action Plan is filled out by a health care provider and the patient (or caregiver of a child/teen) with asthma. You’ll need to make an appointment to fill out this form with your primary care provider. If you are a parent or caregiver, make an appointment to create or update this plan with your child’s provider at the start of every school year. When making the appointment, ask the provider office if you should bring a copy of this form – some doctors keep them on hand, others do not. If needed, download and print out the Vermont Asthma Action Plan and bring it to the appointment. Think about and write down any questions or concerns you have before the appointment. During the appointment, ask the provider to talk through his/her instructions or notes on the plan. If you’re a parent/caregiver of a child with asthma, discuss and decide whether your child is able to carry and take their medications, or if it should be administered by a teacher or nurse. You’ll also need to give permission to any individuals who may speak with the provider or assist your child in taking their asthma medications. After completing the Asthma Action Plan, make copies and – if possible – scan the document and share it with anyone who cares for your child. An Asthma Action Plan should go everywhere the person with asthma goes. Save a copy and keep it electronically on your phone or computer for easy reference or forwarding. Keep a printed copy at home, in the car, and at work. Email and share a printed copy with your child’s school nurse, teachers, and other staff or professionals who cares for your child. Offer to discuss the plan so they'll be comfortable following it. If you are the parent or caregiver of a child with asthma, review this plan with your child. If they are old enough, they should know which steps and medications to take themselves and when they should get help from an adult like a nurse or teacher. Whenever medication types or dosages change, review and revise the plan with your provider – we recommend at least every 6 months, or more often if symptoms become worse or more often than they used to. Any time the action plan is changed, give new copies to anyone who has one. ASTHMA ACTION PLAN – INFORMATION FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS An Asthma Action Plan is a critical component of your patients’ asthma management. By providing the main information your patients and their caregivers need to control their asthma in one easy-to-understand sheet, you can support patients’ self-management and appropriate use of medication. The plan also serves as a helpful communication tool between you and your pediatric patients’ school and daycare health personnel.

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The Sombrero Galaxy (also known as M104 or NGC 4594) is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo located 28 million light years from Earth. It has a bright nucleus, an unusually large central bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its inclined disk. The dark dust lane and the bulge give this galaxy the appearance of a sombrero. Astronomers initially thought that the halo was small and light, indicative of a spiral galaxy. But Spitzer found that halo around the Sombrero Galaxy is larger and more massive than previously thought, indicative of a giant elliptical galaxy. The galaxy has an apparent magnitude of +9.0, making it easily visible with amateur telescopes. (WIKI) 16" F8 Hypergraph FLI Proline 16803 ASA DDM Mount - NO guiding Lum- 3 HRS bin 1 RGB - 20 min per channel bin2 Total of 4 HRS Imaged from Tivoli farm Namibia July 2018

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What does validation of equipment or a method mean in practice? Explain using using the example of validating a semi-automated instrument to determine patient ABO groups. From a practical perspective, validating equipment and methods means that laboratories must demonstrate and document that equipment and methods work as expected under real-world conditions before they are implemented. To validate a semi-automated instrument to determine ABO groups, a sample protocol would be to test an appropriate number of samples to include - the range of sample types encountered in the lab (e.g., clotted, EDTA) - samples with - normal ABO groups - ABO discrepancies (as many types as possible) - A2 and A2B groups - weak subgroups (if available)

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illustration by Ippy Patterson Certain plants, like the late comedian Rodney Dangerfield, never get the respect they deserve. A classic example is our native scrub palm, Sabal minor, also known as the dwarf or bush palmetto. Perhaps its ubiquitous nature as you drive south on I-95 is to blame, or perhaps it just looks too tropical to excite temperate native plant enthusiasts. Maybe we just need a catchy slogan like “Got Palms?” to encourage more folks to plant Sabal minor. In any case, the Sabal minor has been here for a very long time. In the mid-1990s, I was having soil excavated from a high spot on my property to build greenhouses when I nearly did a Michael Jordan-esque leap into the front end loader bucket: Petrified wood was interspersed throughout the dirt. It wasn’t just any petrified wood, which would have been exciting enough, but my haul included pieces of 90-million-year-old Sabal palms that grew right here on my property. They looked just like the fossil Ippy Patterson drew here. OK, so 90 million years was a long time ago, when we were in the midst of real global warming, but we also have old photos from the 1940s that show large populations of native scrub palm being cleared for agriculture less than an hour south of downtown Raleigh, near Dunn.Those who’ve studied such things tell me that even in recent history, the native Sabal minor grew as far north as coastal Virginia. So, why should you grow Sabal minor in your garden? How many plants grow equally as well in sun or shade, in alkaline or acidic soils…in bogs or among cacti, and look great every month of the year? Very darn few! Sabal minor makes a lovely evergreen specimen, eventually reaching five feet tall by nine feet wide, although both giant (10 feet tall) and dwarf (two feet tall) forms are both now available. Starting in early August, these scrub palms are adorned with eight- to ten-foot tall spikes of tiny white flowers that morph by Halloween into black fruit. So, what’s the downside of growing Sabal minor? They require a bit of planning since they cannot be moved once established. Unlike other Southeast native palms, including the trunked Sabal Palmetto, which are moved like telephone poles, Sabal minor has what I call a dyslexic trunk, one that actually grows in reverse: Nearly six feet deep into the ground. Because of this bizarre trait, however, Sabal minor acquires incredible winter hardiness. Sabal minor seeds are easy to grow when planted fresh, but if you don’t want a forest of seedlings popping up in your garden, remove the seed stalks before the seed drop in fall. Visitors to many city of Raleigh parks will see nice established plantings of Sabal minor thanks to the foresight of retired city horticulturists Noel Weston and Alan Brunner.

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Definitions of Aggression Hostile Aggression- Caused by being provoked or upset with the primary purpose being to harm someone Instrumental Aggression- Primary goal is to gain some form of reward. Aggression is a means to an end and is not usually provoked by emotion. Pro-Social Aggression- Aggression performed to prevent greater harm (eg- a Police Officer who shoots a terrorist) Social Learning Theory of Aggression - SLT concerns the role of Observational learning in our behaviour development. - SLT emphasises the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours of others. - Aggression is primarily learned like most other social behaviours (Bandura 1973) - Humans are not born as aggressive individuals. - Aggressive behaviours are acquired through either Direct Experience or Vicarious Learning. - Direct Experience- Behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated and learned, aggression that is associated with a reward is likely to be repeated and learned. - Vicarious Learning- Individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others.

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On Monday, April 7, 2014 at 7:00pm, the Orleans Conservation Trust (OCT) hosted the fourth of five presentations associated with our 2014 Winter & Spring Lecture Series at the Orleans Yacht Club. Dr. Richard (Skee) Houghton, III, Acting President and Senior Scientist at the Woods Hole Research Center gave his presentation entitled “Climate Change, the Global Carbon Cycle & the Management of Carbon on Land.” Dr. Houghton’s father, Richard Houghton, Jr. had a lifelong interest in wildlife, nature, birds and birding, serving both as an OCT Trustee during the mid-1990’s, and on the Town’s Conservation Commission. Richard Houghton, Jr. was also an officer in the American Rhododendron Society, planting about 300 rhododendrons in his own sanctuary, most of them different varieties. After retirement, Richard Houghton, Jr. combined his interests in conservation and engineering by designing and building one of the first solar houses in the area. In May of 2013 when Richard Houghton, Jr. passed away, the family generously directed donations in his Memory to be made to the Orleans Conservation Trust. Dr. Houghton began his presentation by explaining that global warming is not a scientific controvery anymore. All across the world, there is a natural greenhouse effect when carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gases trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the Earth. Giving a bit of visual history through the use of graphs, Dr. Houghton pointed out that of the Industrial Revolution. Since then, greenhouses gas concentrations have risen 44%, raising the earth’s mean global temperature by 1.4 degrees F. This increase in mean global temparature means the Earth is warming, our climate is changing, and climate distruption is already here. As seen across the globe, extreme weather events have become more common, from monsoons and flooding in Malaysia and India, record heat and droughts in Australia and New Zealand, to wildfires in Arizona and record storms in the northeastern United States. In fact, in the 1990s there were some 200 weather-related disasters across the globe each year, but during the last decade, that number has increased to 350 per year. Dr. Houghton reiterated that these severe weather events happened with an average global warming of less than 1.4 degrees F, and the climate changes that are taking place are in fact occuring much more rapidly than scientists predicted. Global warming is caused by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, nearly 80% of which come from carbon dioxide (CO2). Since 1850, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have increased 60% and were measured at 400 parts per million, higher than ever before, in May of 2013. The dramatic increase in CO2 is caused by burning fossil fuels and will continue to rise until the use of these fuels is decreased dramatically. Dr. Houghton then went on to explain carbon sinks and the global carbon budget. Carbon sources and sinks on land result from environmental changes and direct human efforts that include reforestation or deforestation for agriculture, grazing, forestry, or other pursuits. Dr. Houghton pointed out that global warming is changing the landscape, but it is still unclear how much these changes will affect the global carbon budget. The current climate compromise between what is needed to sustain life and what is possible is 3.6 degrees F. As mentioned earlier in his presentation, the earth has already warmed by 1.4 degrees F, and because of a lag in the ocean carbon sink, we are already committed to another 1.4 degrees F. Thus, we are locked into an additional 2.8 degrees F of warming even if CO2 emissions were stopped completely today. The window of opportunity to change the current climate trajectory is closing, and the longer we wait to alter our course, the more colossal the efforts required will be. But, “There is hope” Dr. Houghton said as he wrapped up his talk. The one way to arrest global warming is to stablize the CO2 concentrations by reducing emissions and increasing the storage of carbon on land and in the oceans. Dr. Houghton estimated that it could take 40 years to develop and implement the technology that will replace fossil fuels as the primary energy source. In the meantime, we can manage our forest capitol and we can cut CO2 emissions by 50% every year for the next 50 years. Join us on Monday, May 5th, 2014 at 7:00pm at the Orleans Yacht Club for the next lecture entitled, “Close Encounters of the Ocean Kind” given by John King, explorer, photographer, author, and Chatham conservationist. King will share insights into his personal voyage of re-discovery of the coastal and ocean wildlife that spend time each year in the waters off Cape Cod. You’ll hear King’s stories and see photographs of unique encounters with birds, sharks and whales, among other life forms.

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INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF HSC Principles of health and social care are basically the ways in which the patients should be treated by the social care workers. The principles help social workers to manage their patients properly. These report discuses about the rules and regulations which are made by the government for the social health care patients. Further it gives insight about that how the policy which is made by government has impact on the patients. It stresses about the theories which are used by the manger to enhance human growth as well as help in reducing the stress of the patients. Lastly it talks about the effectiveness that comes from inter professional working. 1.1 How principles of support are applied to the patients of residential home London The patients who are in the health and social care homes needs support of the staff so as to be cared and treated well in the health care homes. There are many principles which can be applied by the volunteers to support the patients in the homes. According to my perspective, the best care that can be done to the patients is by giving them respect and dignity as there are many confidential information which the patients generally shares with the staff members. The information which are provided by them can be kept confidential by the social workers (Bernard, 2013). In case of the mental patients they generally demand the things which are not possible to be done. So in that case, I prefer that they should be treated with respect as their wish should not be neglected by the workers. This will make the patients happy and because of this reason they feel safe in this environment. Independence is the major right which is given to every individual. Many times the workers will face the situation when they have to sacrifice their duty and complete the wish of the patients (Clark, 2011). In case of the mentally ill people, I have come across situation when they demand to go out and but because of the duty this is not possible. But at times, this can be made possible because they need support and love so workers have to analyze the situation and take appropriate decision. Next is the principle of equality and legal rights as in case of equality, the facilities which are given to the patients have to be used equally. From my experience I have seen that the individual who are rich are given more facility and the weaker section is neglected in many areas. This equality and legal rights creates oneness among the patients as well as the workers (Glasby, 2012). 1.2 The procedures for protecting clients, patients and colleagues from harm Harm can be caused in the physical as well as the mental sense. Physical harm is basically which hurts the patient's body. There are various precautions which are used in the residential home. First and the foremost precaution are taken on the safety of the medicine. There are fake drug available in the market which harm the body of the patients. In the past, the same situation has been experienced by me when because of the wrong drug given to one of the patients he died. To avoid this type of situation, the medicines are received directly from the manufacturer and appropriate inception is made when the stock arises in the social and health care homes. Regular checkup is done by the doctors in our residential homes. If any problem is recognized in client it is immediately solved (Lloyd and Marjorie, 2010). This helps the health care in the smooth functioning. One method which is applied by residential care home is confidentiality of the information. This is the procedure which is being followed from the long time. The patients in the health care are the one who needs protection and are not well. Their protection is in the hands of the workers so they need to be protected from the outsider. From my experience to maintain confidentiality is the best way to protect them from harm (Morgan, 2013) 1.3 advantage of using person centered approach with users of health and social care The approach focuses on the requirement of the social users. the main advantage of this approach is that counselor is appointed which helps to identify the problem and according to that treatment is undertaken. In the social and health care when the patients are deprived of their situation because of some illness at that time this approach is beneficial to make them confident and trust in themselves so that they can live their life easily and smoothly. There are several experiences where the patients have recovered from their problem due to person centered approach. Like in this case, some patients are suffering from physiological problem. At that time meeting is fixed with the patients and to their requirement, treatment is given. It is beneficial as it helps to solve the problem permanently and even the patients are satisfied with the treatment which is given to them. In the case of mental patients they require more time in recovering so they are giving special treatment as this has positive results in the patients as well as it had gained confidence in them. 1.4 ethical dilemmas and conflict that arises at the time of giving protection to the patients There are many situations when the social workers are in the dilemma when they are providing service to the patients. Major conflict arises when the duty of the social care workers are against the ethics. Like for example the major problem arises mostly with the mental patients as their demands are not acceptable. Their demands cannot be fulfilled many a times. At this point of time, the duty of the workers comes in front of the ethical values of the patients (Bernard, 2013). In case of mental patients, they have to be protected by the outer world as well as they need more security than the normal patients. Mental patients are not allowed to go outside as it is not safe but according to their right they are independent and have the right to do anything. In residential homes from my experience harsh practices are also adopted by the social workers to protect the patients as they have to remain strict so that it may not harm the patients. At the time of giving therapy, patients normally create chaos so at that time I have to take strict action like call the security and forcefully take them to centre. This is unethical in the eyes of humanity but I am not left with any choice as I have to take this decision to protect them from further harm (Glasby, 2012). Implementation of the policy and legislation in the residential care home There are various policies and procedures which are made by the government. Most of the policy is followed by the residential care home. I focus on the policy which is made for the children. Children leaving care act 2000 which focus on the facility which is provided in the health care home. In our residential home children are provided with the personnel advisor which takes care of all the necessity of the child which is needed by him. The main facility like the education, safety hygiene is taken complete care off. Children are given education when they attain the age of 21 (Social Policy & Health. 2014). With proper education they are given independence so that they can choose their desired field as in which field they want to make their career. The social care standard act 2000 which are made by the government as it focus on the standard on the facility which are provided in the health care homes. The staff which is currently working in the organization has gone through all the police checks. The staff is given their duty according to creditability (Health legislation. 2014) The workers who are suited to handle the children are given their duty in the adult ward. In our homes I have registered the workers in the safeguarding authority act which focus on the workers who are working with the children should be register in that act. There are certain policies regarding the cleanliness and the proper hygiene facility. This policy is being abided by our organization as cleanliness is given the major importance and this matches the standard which is developed by the government. How policy can be developed in accordance with national and policy requirements There are several policies which are made that do not satisfy the requirement of the patients in the given situation. The policies which are made that are formed by seeing the overall scenario of the patients. But the scenarios in which the patients are treated vary from country to country. To make policy the government should identify the environment of the country so that the policy can have great impact on the patients (Watters, 2011). For example in case of London where the children a given some amount of money by the government for their education. This is done by the government to promote higher education in the children. This is not suitable for other country where the literacy rate is high. The government can analyze the need and the environment of all the social health care and the hospitals. There they can find that which facility is not proper given to the patients and what facility is demanded by the patients. According to that they can make policy and legislations so that they the patients can be stay healthy and protected (Seddon and et.al, 2013). Evaluation of the impact of government policy on organizational policy and practice The impact of the codes of conduct and the legislations made by the government has positive impact. There are many sectors which are not given importance by the residential homes but because of the government policy they are treated well. From my experience all the facilities were given children shelter food etc. and even education. But in the residential home, basic education was provided but according to the policy of the government they have to make possible education till 21 years (Lloyd and Marjorie, 2010). This was the positive effect which was seen in the residential care home by the policy of the government. Even the policies regarding the safety of the equipments as made compulsory by the government that the hazardous chemical has to be in another separate room. this precaution was taken by the residential homes but according to the policy I have made separate section where all the hazardous chemical are made and even tight the security of that area is done so that by any chance patients cannot go to that area. From my experience if the government rules and regulations are followed by the organization and according to that their policy are made it will help every section of the patients and no partiality will be there (Morgan, 2013). Theories of managing stress and human growth development that helps the social care patients The theories related to stress and human growth development is very helpful as they help the workers and the patients to recognize their problem and solve them. The theory which is followed by me in the residential home is the learning theory as it focuses on the learning behavior of the individual. According my experience, in social health care the patients should inherit the behavior of learning (Reeves and et.al, 2011). This helps in the development in their attitude as well as development in mind. Learning helps to increase the confidence in the patients which makes them vigilant and far away from physiological diseases. I have applied in my residential health care, this gave positive response especially in the young generation as their mind got diverted which proved to be beneficial in recovering in their diseases. Even when this theory was applied to the old age patients they also got benefit if the same so as to strength to fight against the problems which they are currently facing in their life (Davis and Buskist, 2007) The theory to mange stress which I have adopted in residential health care is of laughing club. Laughing is the best medicine through which the stress of the patients is relieved. So to make that happen in our health care homes regular classes was organized by the manger early in the morning. All the patients actively participated. It proved to a stress taker as the attitudes of the patients changed and they took their problems in a lighter way. This theory helped in developing positive feeling in the patients (Ogden, 2012) Social processes impact on the users of social health care Social processes have a huge impact on the patients as this is the way through which they can communicate with the society. There is positive as well as negative impact as this sometimes develops positive feeling and sometimes negative feelings are aroused. There are many social meetings and clubs that are developed by the society for the gathering. But because of the inequality feelings this things hamper in the relationship among the patients. In most of the time what I have seen is that the patients that are of the weaker section are neglected and they are treated badly among them (Kajantie and et.al, 2007).This creates inferior feeling among the patients which makes them less confident and further it impacts the behavior. Sometimes the inferior feeling is because of the diseases which is happen to the patients as the society feels that if they have any contact with person they may also get the diseases. This makes the patients isolated from the community and its effects him mentally as he feels excluded from the place. It further develops a negative feeling in him and towards other people of the society and he further gets totally cuts off from the community (Glasby, 2012). Evaluation of inter professional working Inter professional working has a positive effects on the social care users. Inter professional helps to learn new skills and tactics which are not known by individuals. This is the technique which is developed recently as in this technique the individual together learn from each other. They are the one which are from different backgrounds. This is very useful in social care organization as there are different sectors which need information regarding every area. In the present case, the social worker has to have information about medicines, therapies, various theories so that it can help him to support and care the patients effectively (Health Facilities. 2014). I did not know the basic knowledge of medicine but through inter professional learning now I am having knowledge that can be useful at the time of emergency. This increases the skill and help at the time when it is badly needed. Currently it happened in residential health care that one patient fainted at that time when the nurse had gone for some work. The individual which handles the record and all the information of the patients helped him. This happened because of the knowledge which was given by other staff. When different sector workers inherit different aspect of knowledge it helps them as well as the patients also (Health and Social Care Act 2012) Roles, responsibility and duties in working in the health and social and outside the organization As a staff member, my duties and responsibility are to care of the children who are prone with some diseases or have some problem. Basically I am in charge of the children ward. My duty is to see that all the facility which are provided by the government are properly given to the children. Even there are some special benefits which are given to the weaker section of the society are getting them properly or not (Zweifel, 2007). Government has rewarded basic facility for the children as they give some food items. So proper counting has to be made about the items which are acquired by the organization and the number of patients which are there. So according to it is my duty is provide the right services to the children. There are times when many errors are made in providing the services to the children. Counting was done wrong so few children remain neglected of the services (Mary, 2011). Even my duty is to check that the staff members who are distributing the product are giving it honestly or not. Frauds have been taken place which hinders in the policy of the organization as well as ruins the name of the residential health care. Apart from this I also serve the NGO where I give few hours in helping them. If any patient is suffering from financial problem so I provide them with some help. Even if some staff is absent and they need social worker at that time I give my services to them. Contribution in social and health care in development and implementation Few changes were made in the social and health policy of the organization. This was possible because of inter professional learning and working. I gained knowledge about the theories which helps the patients to recover fast. The theories of stress and the human growth and development were adopted in the social care by me as theory can help the patients in recovering and engaging in them positive feelings (Aspalter and et.al, 2012). So I made the policy that there can be classes where the counselor can help the patients to learn and reduce session. Besides this the policy the government has introduce the policy that the children should given with all the facilities. Basic facilities were available but for small children who were suffering from diseases from them I proposed to open play school. Now the social health care home has made the policy that children below 5 years will be admitted in the play school. These are the few developments which are made by me in making the social health care best place for the patients (Davis and Buskist, 2007). There are many ways that the social worker can contribute in the care and support of the patients. But there are some of the important ways that should be adopted by the social worker to make the patients comfortable. They should cooperate with the patients and have patience. Since there are patients who make unrealistic demand and even their behavior are not normal (Health legislation. 2014). For them the worker should make them understand through politeness as they can be even being aggressive at some time. Even I stress on the cleanliness as there is cleanliness maintain in the health care but still it can be improved to make the environment healthier. From this report it can be inferred that government policies and legislations should be followed by the health and social care so that it becomes easier for the health care to mange patients. From my experience the social workers should be skillful so that they can give their best in supporting and caring the patients. Lastly new techniques should be adopted the residential homes to give positive impact on the patients. - Aspalter, C., and et.al., 2012. Health Care Systems in Asia and Europe. Routledge. - Bernard, C., 2013. Achieving age equality in health and social care. Working with Older People. - Clark, M., 2011. Mental health care clusters and payment by results: considerations for social inclusion and recovery. Mental Health and Social Inclusion. - Davis, F. S. and Buskist, W., 2007. 21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. - Glasby, J., 2012. Understanding Health and Social Care. The Policy Press.

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For all children, growing up means learning lots of new things every day. First, they learn about their family, their surroundings, and how to start communicating what they want and what they need. As children get older, the learning process becomes more thorough and they start getting acquainted with more difficult subjects at school, and even at home or by interacting with their friends. In this process, it is also important for them to learn about personal hygiene, which is such an important issue that will help them feel happier, more confident, and even stronger later in life. Learning about personal hygiene Nurturing good hygiene habits for kids from an early age does not only help them feel more happy and motivated, but it’s also a good way to keep illnesses away, but, how can you help your little one learn about this? The most efficient way is through practice. First, it’s great to set a good example for kids, since the youngest mostly learn from parents and family in general. Then, it could be great to start talking about the different routine habits to keep themselves clean. To start the learning process about these habits, help your little one learn vocabulary in English about personal hygiene, this sets the foundation for him or her to start becoming familiar with this topic. I just got home, and I’m going to take a bath! Lisa just woke up, and she’s is brushing her teeth. Shelly and Karim are brushing their hair. I’m going to school soon, I will comb my hair quickly. After you finish brushing your teeth, remember to floss! I’ll be ready soon! First I’ll take a shower, and then I’ll put on some clean clothes. My nails are really long and sharp, I’m going to cut them a little bit. Sarah, remember to clean your hands after playing on the sand! Once you’ve practiced this vocabulary with your little one, you can start teaching him or her about the best habits to keep good hygiene through the personal hygiene verbs. Youngest children are always playing around in the park, or sharing toys, which results in getting in contact with lots of germs. It’s a good idea to teach your little one that washing the hands regularly will help him or her prevent getting sick easily. It’s important to explain to your child that he or she needs soap and water to wash their hands. The best way to wash the hands is to rub the hands together with soap for at least twenty seconds and then rinse all the soap with clear water. This should be done before eating or handling food, after touching raw meat, after touching and playing with animals, and, of course, after going to the toilet. A very important daily routine to improve personal hygiene is brushing the teeth. Taking care of the teeth should be a priority for all children since it prevents bacteria that allows cavities and plaque to form, which can be very painful making eating difficult. It’s important for children to learn how to take care of their teeth properly. Remind your little one to always use a toothbrush and toothpaste to clean his or her teeth. Also, keep in mind that it’s important to do this twice a day, and for at least two minutes each time. After brushing the teeth, ask your little one to floss, this way he or she will keep the gums healthy and clean. Children need to take regular baths or showers to keep themselves clean. It’s important for your child to learn that when showering, or bathing, he or she needs to wash their body thoroughly. You can explain to your little one that shampoo is used to clean the hair, and it should be done at least once a week. On the other hand, shower gel or soap are used to clean the rest of the body, and this should be a daily routine. Also, it’s important that your child learns that after this, he or she should dry with a towel before getting dressed again. Younger children have the help of their parents when getting dress since they’re not able to do this on their own. However, as they grow up, getting dressed becomes another important daily routine for children to learn. Besides learning how to pick clothes and shoes, it’s essential that your little one learn that’s better to put on clean clothes every day, especially fresh underwear, to keep themselves clean. Also, it’s a good idea to remind your child to keep his or her shoes clean and to take off the school uniform as soon as he or she gets home to change into more comfortable clothes. Learning how to go to the toilet alone is a milestone in your child’s learning progress. This is a sign of a child becoming more independent. Help your little one learn about using the toilet paper to get clean after going to the toilet, and to keep the bathroom tidy after using it. Games for kids in English, help your little ones learn while they're having fun! Discover a great selection of children's songs to learn English Here you'll find downloadable worksheets in English for printing, so your kids can keep learning through these exercises.

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Ever since governments started getting serious about developing renewable energy, naysayers have been arguing that it's a pipe dream — after all, the sun doesn't always shine or the wind doesn't always blow. The questions raised always lead back to energy storage. We've seen ideas about how to store renewable energy when it's abundant and cheap and use it again when demand is higher — from wind turbines that incorporate battery storage to vehicle-to-grid technology that uses electric cars' batteries as temporary storage to supplement the grid. But those concepts are just the beginning. In fact, a recent report suggests that revenue from the distributed energy storage market — meaning battery packs and other storage devices located directly at homes and businesses (many of which now generate electricity through solar) — could exceed $16.5 billion by 2024. Another report predicts $68 billion in revenue in the same time frame from the grid-scale storage market. This includes large-scale battery packs, hydro-storage systems that use cheap abundant electricity to pump water uphill to drive turbines later on, or even solar thermal systems that store energy as heat in molten salt. This is a quickly changing landscape. Here are some of the latest energy storage developments that are worth keeping an eye on. Former tobacco plant becomes $1 billion battery factory The North Carolina site. (Photo: Alevo/video screen capture) When the Philip Morris plant near Concord, North Carolina, closed, it left the community devastated. It's no exaggeration to say that news the plant was to become home to a $1 billion grid-scale battery startup was greeted with much fanfare in the Tarheel State. The Alevo company, funded by anonymous Swiss investors and headed by Norwegian entrepreneur Jostein Eikeland, is said to have been in "stealth" development mode for over 10 years. It's now preparing an ambitious rollout, with plans to produce hundreds of its "GridBank" energy storage and analytics units by the end of 2015, and scaling up to provide 2,500 jobs within the first three years. Each GridBank consists of lithium ferrophosphate and graphite batteries with 1MWh of storage capacity, combined with an analytics system designed to optimize charging. Alevo claims the GridBanks can run 24/7, be recharged within 30 minutes, have a lifespan of 40,000 charges, and have a lower fire risk than lithium-ion batteries. Much of the company's initial focus appears to be on grid operators and owners of conventional, coal-fired power plants by helping them cycle more efficiently. In fact, says Alevo, it could save 30 percent of the energy that utility operators currently waste. Contracts are already in place with grid operators in China and Turkey, and more developments are expected to follow. North Carolina's fiscal conservatives also cheered the fact that the Alevo plant arrived with zero tax incentives or other financial sweeteners from government. EOS raises $15 million for cost-effective grid-scale storage As with any clean energy technology, part of the energy storage puzzle is when and if batteries can compete on a pure cost basis with fossil fuel generation. According to EOS, a company that just raised $15 million of a planned $25 million to develop its grid-scale battery storage technologies, that time is now. Speaking with Forbes, vice of business development for EOS Philippe Bouchard explained that while some companies are focusing on high-tech, space-age materials and technology, EOS has instead chosen to focus on simplicity and economies of scale: EOS’ battery innovation is grounded in radical cost reduction through simplicity of design and use of inexpensive materials. Our novel zinc hybrid cathode battery chemistry consists of metal current collectors, salt water electrolyte, a carbon cathode, low-cost catalysts, and plastic frames. Though more than 600 claims from dozens of patents contribute to our “secret sauce,” they all involve low cost manufacturing methods. Germany makes a major push for distributed energy storage Germany has already proven itself a world leader in the solar power and renewable energy markets, but skeptics have said this leadership comes at too high a cost. Operating the country's energy grid, they say, is becoming increasingly tricky as intermittent solar and wind energy become a greater proportion of the energy mix. But this is where storage comes in. Following some high-profile experiments with grid-scale battery storage, the German government is also putting its weight behind distributed, residential battery storage. Over 4,000 systems were installed in the first year of a government subsidy scheme, and as subsidies for solar itself gradually scale down, grid-scale storage will help to sweeten the economic equation for home owners by allowing them to use more of their own power. With some Germans playing host to mini-data centers to heat their homes already, the vision of a truly distributed energy system is becoming increasingly tangible to many citizens. Storing your own power is a logical next step. California utility chooses energy storage over fossil fuels As the New York Times recently reported, Southern California Edison retired some nuclear reactors and is planning to shut down some natural gas units because of problems with the cooling systems. So the utility issued a call for energy storage projects and gas-fired plants that might help to fill the capacity gap left by these retirements. The results, says The Times, were surprising: Looking for 2,221 megawatts of capacity, about the size of two big nuclear plants, the utility selected 264 megawatts of storage, a huge amount for what is still viewed as a fledgling technology. “It’s much more than we thought would be likely,” said Colin Cushnie, the utility’s vice president for energy procurement and management. The total is about four times all the storage the company now has in place or under construction, he said. Japan announces $779 million to support distributed battery storage Following the Fukushima disaster in Japan, there was a major push for increased solar power. So much so that utility operators began raising concerns about integrating so much distributed, intermittent energy. As Cleantechnica reports, the result is an interesting crossroads on the clean energy roadmap: Japan is allowing utilities to limit compensation to renewable energy providers if their power is not needed, but it is simultaneously providing a major incentive to increase distributed battery storage. Exactly how this plays out remains to be seen, but I suspect that the long-term impact will be a net positive for clean energy. After all, the cost of solar power is already on a sharp downward trajectory, making subsidies and utility compensation less and less important, while distributed battery storage is at a fledgling stage. But as battery storage becomes more common and more affordable, it will further limit the need for clean energy producers to sell their energy to the grid at all — and give them more power over when and if to do so. A confluence of technologies These advancement in energy storage provide the tantalizing promise of a huge increase in renewable energy production, yet they are just one part of a much larger, more promising picture. Whether it's the spread of smart thermostats or the growth in demand response schemes which compensate energy users for not using energy, our ability to limit how much energy we use and control when we use it is evolving by the day. Add these capabilities to increasingly cheap renewables and energy storage, and to the rising costs of conventional fossil fuel generation, and you have all the makings of a significant shift in the entire energy system. May we live in interesting times. Related on MNN:

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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Blowing Rocks Preserve What exactly are the Blowing Rocks? Rock formations at Blowing Rocks Preserve are the largest of their type on the Atlantic coast. Winter storms and extreme high tides offer the best opportunities to see the Conservancy’s Blowing Rocks live up to their name. In a scene more reminiscent of Hawaii than Florida, waves surging against the craggy limestone shore can force geysers of water as high as 50 feet into the air. Though the dark, jagged rocks do – at first glance – look like the remains of a misplaced lava flow, they are actually a specific type of sedimentary rock called Anastasia limestone. Scientists disagree on exactly how far inland the limestone extends, exactly when it was formed (most likely around 120,000 years ago, in the Pleistocene Age) and whether it was formed by a single event or by multiple changes in sea level. A few things scientists can agree on: - Anastasia limestone extends along Florida’s coast from St. Augustine to Boca Raton, and - Blowing Rocks Preserve harbors the largest outcropping on the U.S. Atlantic Coast. The exposed rock at the preserve is unusual, not because Anastasia limestone is particularly rare, but because it is commonly found either underground or underwater. Also known as coquina, from the Spanish for cockleshell, Anastasia limestone is composed primarily of shell and coral fragments, fossils and sand. Small fossils are clearly visible in the rock faces, most commonly the shells of small clams and oysters or pieces of a large snail called Busycon. Why is so much of the limestone above ground at Blowing Rocks? No one knows. The land here might have once been part of an exposed sand ridge or the top of a reef, or for some other reason higher than surrounding areas. At their height in winter, the Blowing Rocks are worth a visit in every season. The wind- and wave-carved limestone forms chimneys and shelves, burrows, blow holes and rocky pools. These offer great opportunities for exploration and imagination, as well as a rare window into Florida’s natural history. Help us continue our conservation work in Florida.

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New York state governor Andrew M. Cuomo announced new energy efficiency target to meet the state’s carbon emission reduction goal and to combat climate change. The state governor has set a target for the state to reduce energy consumption by 185 trillion British thermal units below the forecasted energy use by 2025. The new plan accelerates energy efficiency savings by more than 40% over the current plan. If achieved, the new energy efficiency plan will save enough energy to power 1.8 million New York homes. The announced plan will help reduce consumer energy bills and help building owners reduce their carbon footprint. To date, New Yorkers pay $35 billion for electricity and heating fuels annually. Buildings are responsible for 59% of the state’s greenhouse gas emissions. Meeting the new energy efficiency target will deliver nearly one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions needed to meet New York's climate goal of 40% reduction by 2030, according to a statement. The state government has set a target to reduce carbon emissions by 40% by 2030 and by 80% by 2050 in its Reforming the Energy Vision programme. New York has through its Clean Energy Standard policy set a target to generate 50% of its total energy from renewables by 2030. The development will also help consumers to achieve annual electric efficiency savings of 3% of investor-owned utility sales in 2025. The governor is confident the new plan will boost job creation within the state’s energy management sector. More than 110,000 New Yorkers are currently employed in the energy efficiency sector in New York. The government through the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority will direct $36.5 million to train over 19,500 New Yorkers for clean energy jobs to support this rapidly growing industry. The new energy efficiency target and the $36.5 million investment are expected to support the growth of private sector energy efficiency businesses and their partnership with utility companies. DEC Commissioner Basil Seggos said, "While the federal government continues to shrug off its responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the threat of our changing climate, New York is accelerating progress toward a cleaner and more resilient state... Energy efficiency is an effective tool to battle climate change that will benefit New Yorkers by reducing our reliance on fossil fuels, saving consumers money on their energy bills, and protecting our natural resources." David Hepinstall, Executive Director of the Association for Energy Affordability said, "We are pleased Governor Cuomo has embraced energy efficiency as a key component of his clean energy and climate vision. Establishing energy efficiency targets for the utilities is a necessary first step in valuing efficiency as an energy resource…”

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Department Allier, region Auvergne, in the parish church of Saint Saturnin in the town square, open daily 8a.m. to 6 p.m., 10th century, 70 cm, painted wood. (Only 3.5 km from the Black Madonna of Vichy, which is in the church of St. Blaise near the main park.) the Black Virgin of Cusset The original Black Madonna of Cusset was found in the 10th century next to a spring of the local Benedictine nunnery that had been founded in 882. According to Ean Begg, someone decided that the statue should be taken to a town called Gannat, but when she came to Cusset, as so often, the Black Madonna made her own will known and refused to go any further. When no one could move her, people conceded and built her a church in Cusset. Her fame as a miracle worker spread quickly. Even kings came to her on pilgrimage, bearing royal gifts. In1629 she stopped the plague in her town. Nonetheless none of that could save her from the revolutionaries. During the night of December 5th 1793 she was burnt on a public funeral pyre. A courageous woman by name of Geneviève Tuchard, the baker’s wife, could only save her hands from the ashes.(*1) They are kept to this day in the church’s treasury. They were dated to the 10th century, not 12th or 13th as Begg and others say. Interestingly they are adorned with bracelets inset with precious stones and a Roman symbol representing Athena-Minerva.(*2) Here we see again how Mary, and the Black Madonnas in particular, took the thrones of Pagan goddesses. Until the early 20th century Our Lady of Cusset was carried in processions during times of general emergencies, like droughts, etc. *1: Ean Begg says the head was also saved (The Cult of the Black Virgin, Penguin Books, London: 1985, p.184), but several French government sites only mention the hands. “Eglise de Saint Saturnin” and "Fragment de statue : mains de la Vierge noire à Cusset" *2: Details and photo of Black Madonna from: “Saint-Saturnin de Cusset”

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"Pluggable Authentication Modules for Linux is a suite of shared libraries that enable the local system administrator to choose how applications authenticate users." Straight from the PAM documentation, I don't think I could have said it any better. But what does this actually mean? For example; take the program login, when a user connects to a tty (via a serial port or over the network) a program answers the call (getty for serial lines, usually telnet or SSH for network connections) and starts up the login program, login then typically requests a username, followed by a password, which it checks against the /etc/passwd file. This is all fine and dandy until you have a spiffy new digital card authentication system and want to use it. Well you will have to recompile login (and any other apps that will do authentication via the new method) so they support the new system. As you can imagine this is quite laborious and prone to errors. PAM introduces a layer of middleware between the application and the actual authentication mechanism. Once a program is PAM'ified, any authentication methods PAM supports will be usable by the program. In addition to this PAM can handle account, and session data which is something normal authentication mechanisms don't do very well. For example using PAM you can easily disallow login access by normal users between 6pm and 6am, and when they do login you can have them authenticate via a retinal scanner. By default Red Hat systems are PAM aware, and newer versions of Debian are as well (see bellow for a table of PAMified systems). Thus on a system with PAM support all I have to do to implement shadow passwords is convert the password and group files; and possibly add one or two lines to some PAM config files (if they weren't already added). Essentially, PAM gives you a great deal of flexibility when handling user authentication, and will support other features in the future such as digital signatures with the only requirement being a PAM module or two to handle it. This kind of flexibility will be required if Linux is to be an enterprise-class operating system. Distributions that do not ship as "PAM-aware" can be made so but it requires a lot of effort (you must recompile all your programs with PAM support, install PAM, etc), it is probably easier to switch straight to a PAM'ified distribution if this will be a requirement. PAM usually comes with complete documentation, and if you are looking for a good overview you should visit: http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/pam/. Other benefits of a PAM aware system is that you can now make use of an NT domain to do your user authentication, meaning you can tie Linux workstations into an existing Microsoft based network without having to say buy NIS / NIS+ for NT and go through the hassle of installing that. |Red Hat||5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 6.0||Completely| There are more distributions that support PAM and are not listed here, so please tell me about them. In all UNIX-like operating systems there are several constants, and one of them is the file /etc/passwd and how it works. For user authentication to work properly you need (minimally) some sort of file(s) with UID to username mappings, GID to groupname mappings, passwords for the users, and other misc. info. The problem with this is that everyone needs access to the passwd file, every time you do an ls it gets checked, so how do you store all those passwords safely, yet keep them world readable? For many years the solution has been quite simple and effective, simply hash the passwords, and store the hash, when a user needs to authenticate take the password they enter it, hash it, and if it matches then it was obviously the same password. The problem with this is that computing power has grown enormously and I can now take a copy of your passwd file, and try to brute force it open in a reasonable amount of time. So to solve this several solutions exist: Several OS's take the first solution, Linux has implemented the second for quite a while now, it is called shadow passwords. In the passwd file, your passwd is simply replaced by an 'x', which tells the system to check your passwd against the shadow file. Anyone can still read the passwd file, but only root has read access to the shadow file (the same is done for the group file and its passwords). Seems simple enough but until recently implementing shadow passwords was a royal pain. You had to recompile all your programs that checked passwords (login, ftpd, etc, etc) and this obviously takes quite a bit of effort. This is where Red Hat shines through, in its reliance on PAM. To implement shadow passwords you must do two things. The first is relatively simple, changing the password file, but the second can be a pain. You have to make sure all your programs have shadow password support, which can be quite painful in some cases (this is a very strong reason why more distributions should ship with PAM). Because of Red Hat's reliance on PAM for authentication, to implement a new authentication scheme all you need to do it add a PAM module that understands it and edit the config file for whichever program (say login) allowing it to use that module to do authentication. No recompiling, and a minimal amount of fuss and muss, right? In Red Hat 6.0 you are given the option during installation to choose shadow passwords, or you can implement them later via the pwconv and grpconv utilities that ship with the shadow-utils package. Most other distributions also have shadow password support, and implementation difficulty varies somewhat. Now for an attacker to look at the hashed passwords they must go to quite a bit more effort then simply copying the /etc/passwd file. Also make sure to occasionally run pwconv and in order to ensure all passwords are in fact shadowed. Sometimes passwords will get left in /etc/passwd, and not be sent to /etc/shadow as they should be by some utilities that edit the password file. In Linux the passwords are stored in a hashed format, however this does not make them irretrievable, chances are you cannot reverse engineer the password from the resulting hash, however you can hash a list of words and compare them. If the results match then you have found the password, this is why good passwords are critical, and dictionary words are a terrible idea. Even with a shadow passwords file the passwords are still accessible by the root user, and if you have improperly written scripts or programs that run as root (say a www based CGI script) the password file may be retrieved by attackers. The majority of current password cracking software also allows running on multiple hosts in parallel to speed things up. An efficient password cracker available from: http://www.false.com/security/john/. The original widespread password cracker (as far as I know), you can get it at: http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~crypto/. VCU (Velocity Cracking Utilities) is a windows based programs to aid in cracking passwords, VCU attempts to make the cracking of passwords a simple task for computer users of any experience level.. You can download it from: http://wilter.com/wf/vcu/. I hope this is sufficient motivation to use shadow passwords and a stronger hash like MD5 (which Red Hat 6.0 supports, I dont know of other distributions supporting it). This is something many people dont think about much. How can you securely store passwords? The most obvious method is to memorize them, this however has its drawbacks, if you administer 30 different sites you generally want to have 30 different passwords, and a good password is 8+ characters in length and generally not the easiest thing to remember. This leads to many people using the same passwords on several systems (come on, admit it). One of the easiest methods is to write passwords down. This is usually a BIG NO-NO; youd be surprised what people find lying around, and what they find if they are looking for it. A better option is to store passwords in an encrypted format, usually electronically on your computer or palm pilot, this way you only have to remember one password to unlock the rest which you can then use. Something as simple as PGP or GnuPG can be used to accomplish this. Gpasman is an application that requires GTK (relatively easily to install on a non Gnome system, just load up the GTK libs). It encrypts your passwords using the rc2 algorithm. Upon startup of the program you type in your master password, and (assuming it is correct) you are presented with a nice list of your user accounts, sites, passwords and a comment field. Gpasman is available at: http://gpasman.nl.linux.org/. Strip is a palm pilot program for storing passwords securely and can also be used to generate passwords. It is GNU licensed and available from: http://www.zetetic.net/products.html. Written by Kurt Seifried

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Norovirus, sometimes mistaken for food poisoning, is a highly contagious virus known for being the most common cause of gastroenteritis (infection of the stomach and intestines) in the United States. Symptoms often include diarrhea, vomiting, cramping, and may sometimes be accompanied by a fever. Because norovirus spreads so easily, the simple handling of food by someone infected can transmit the virus. Touching an object or surface that has been infected and then touching your nose, eyes or mouth can also cause the virus to spread. Norovirus is often reported where groups of people gather indoors including cruise ships, restaurants, daycares, medical facilities, and schools. As with any virus, there is no specific medical treatment for norovirus besides the traditional recommendation of fluids and rest. The illness typically resolves on its own in a few days for most healthy adults. Norovirus infections for young children, infants and elderly individuals may hold serious risks and even result in death. With each expulsion, the virus leaves the body, which means you also lose a lot of essential minerals and are at risk for dehydration. It is important to replace minerals like sodium, potassium and calcium, often identified as electrolytes. Common mineral replacements include electrolyte and/or sport drinks found in your local grocery store. Prevention is key in stopping the spread of norovirus. Ways to reduce risk include: - Washing hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds after using the bathroom and before preparing food - Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers anytime soap and water are not available - Drying hands completely after washing - Washing and disinfecting surfaces with a detergent (soap) and chlorine bleach mixture when cleaning up after someone has been sick (vomit or diarrhea) - And if you have Norovirus, do not prepare or serve food for at least two days AFTER you feel better

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What do you know about organic gardening? Do you have some gardening techniques? If you do, do you wish to improve upon them? Is what you’re using working with your organic garden or against it? If you cannot answer these questions confidently, look at the tips below to help grow a better organic garden. When watering plants use recycled water, but avoid re-using water from sources such as baths, washing machines, or dishwashing. These water sources may contain harmful chemicals that can be absorbed into your vegetables such as nitrates and phosphates. This water may even contain pathogens that could harm you or your plants. Plastic bags can be kept on hand and reused to slip over your dirty gardening shoes. Having these available lets you keep your flow in movement, and helps you return to your gardening fast so you can finish up your day. Rotate your crops to prevent permanent populations of pests in your garden. As with any ecosystem, pests need a certain amount of time to nest and build up a proper population within a garden. These pests are specially suited for one environment and one food source. By switching their food source you can essentially keep your pest population down simply because they are unable to adapt to the new type of plant. When beginning your own organic garden, you should always make sure you moisten your mix that is in the containers before you sow the seeds. If your mix is not moist, it will dry out. This could cause your plant to die before it is given a chance to grow. If you plan on beginning an organic gardener, a great tip is to make you cover your seeds with glass or a plastic wrap. This is needed so that your seeds will stay warm because most seeds need a temperature of around 70 degrees Fahrenheit in order to properly germinate. If your backyard soil isn’t conducive to an organic garden, try installing a raised bed. Within the raised bed, you can create your own mix of soil and compost to achieve the ideal soil for raising your crops. Just be sure the bed is at least 16 inches high so that roots have room to flourish. When you are growing seedlings in your organic garden, lightly brush over them using your hand up to twice a day. Believe it or not, aerating the soil in this manner can actually make your seedlings grow larger. If you are preparing to move your indoor organic garden outdoors, a great tip is to start preparing your plants one week ahead of time. Move them to a shaded area in your home for a few hours on a warm day. Your aim is to gradually increase your plants’ exposure to light. Then, leave them outside overnight at the end of the week. This will ensure your plants survival. Are you more informed when it comes to organic gardening? Do you have a gardening technique or do you have a better gardening technique now? Can you now use things that work with your organic garden? Hopefully, the tips above should have given you advice on growing a better organic garden.

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Mental Health Promotion Worried about Mental Health? 1 in 4 people will experience some form of mental health issue during their life time (NHS) Talk to someone about their mental health problems - Take the lead: If you know someone has been unwell don't be afraid to ask how they are. - Avoid clichés: Phrases like 'cheer up', 'I'm sure it'll pass,' 'Pull yourself together' definitely won't help the conversation! Being open minded, non-judgemental and listening will. - Ask how you can help: People will want support at different times in different ways, so ask how you can help. - Don't avoid the issue: If someone comes to you to talk, don't brush it off because this can be a hard step to take. Acknowledge their illness and let them know that you're there for them. - Stay in touch: Actions are important too so stay in touch with a text, email or postcard and let someone know you are thinking about them. For University Procedure please see: Aberystwyth University Mental Health First Aiders

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Multiple subpial transection was pioneered as an alternative to removal of brain tissue. It is used to control partial seizures originating in areas that cannot be safely removed. For example, if the seizure focus involves the dominant temporal-lobe language area (Wernicke’s area), which is critical for comprehension, the removal of this area to control seizures would cause a devastating complication: the inability to understand spoken or written language. Similarly, if the primary motor area is part of the seizure focus, its removal would cause permanent weakness on the opposite side of the body. The operation involves a series of shallow cuts (transections) into the cerebral cortex. The transections are made only as deep as the gray matter, approximately a quarter of an inch deep. Because of the complex way in which the brain is organized, these cuts are thought to interrupt some fibers that connect neighboring parts of the brain, but they do not appear to cause long-lasting impairment in the critical functions served by these areas. Examination of brain tissue after multiple subpial transections reveals that some nerve cells are destroyed. Multiple Subpial Transection is a surgical approach for patients with well-localized epileptogenic areas which are unresectable due to their functional importance. This procedure aims to sever horizontal intracortical fibers that are presumed responsible for spreading seizure activity while preserving the other fibers that control neurologic function. What are the risks involved ? There may be bleeding at the site of the transection, but the procedure is generally well tolerated. Major complications appear to be rare. Transections in language areas may cause mild impairments in the language function served by that area. The risks and benefits of multiple subpial transections need to be better defined. What to expect The morning of the procedure you will arrive from home. You will be taken to the operating room where you will have anesthesia, then the Neurosurgeon will perform the procedure. Once the surgery is completed (approximately 4-6 hours) you will go to the neurological Intensive Care Unit. Pediatric patients will be taken to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. You will spend the first night in the intensive care unit. The next morning you will be taken to the Neurological Medical Unit. You will have a dressing on your head. You will be discharged to home a few days after the operation. What is the success rate ? Multiple subpial transections can help reduce or eliminate seizures arising from vital functional cortical areas. Transections have been used successfully in Landau-Kleffner syndrome, a disorder in which language problems appear in a child whose language was previously developing normally. One concern is that the epileptic activity may recur after a period of 2 to 20 months. It is uncertain whether this procedure can achieve long-term seizure control.4 When are multiple subpial transections (MSTs) offered? When the zone of seizure onset can be localized to one region of the brain, removal (resection) of the area of seizure onset is the preferred intervention. However, in some cases the zone of seizure onset is also an area of important brain function. In these cases, a newer technique called multiple subpial transections (MSTs) may be offered. In this operation, the neurosurgeon makes multiple, small incisions in the surface of the brain where the seizures arise. Most seizure activity spreads laterally across the brain, like a ripple on a pond. Thus, the multiple tiny incisions in the brain can inhibit seizure spread while preserving normal brain function.

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Tony Wickenden writes in Money Marketing about the basic principles of taxation and behaviour – prompted by Prime Minister Theresa May’s decision to fund a £20bn NHS boost with a range of tax rises, including lifting the eight-year freeze on fuel duties. There’s a strong argument that raising taxes is not necessarily the best way to bring down public sector debt and boost Treasury income. Nigel Lawson cut the top rate of tax from 60 to 40 per cent in 1988 and, within a decade, the amount of total tax paid by the UK’s top 1 per cent of earners had risen from 14 to 21 per cent. So, what impact does taxation have on financial decision making? At a consumer level, governments have long used tax incentives to influence behaviour. In the UK, we currently have pension tax relief, a large range of ISAs, Enterprise Investment Schemes, Venture Capital Trusts, and Business Property Relief, to name just a few, all aimed at incentivising particular types of investment and spending decisions. Does it cause more people to invest than would without the incentive? Most likely. The big question is whether the benefit to the economy of this additional investment is worth the cost to the Exchequer. This consideration will continue to exercise the minds of the Treasury in relation to pension tax relief, costing over £30bn a year. Optimal tax rates Back to the tax rates themselves. To what extent do they influence behaviour? If we assume the goal would be to set rates that result in the optimum amount collected for the government to implement its economic and social plans, then what is that level for, say, income tax? There are many theories on optimal tax rates but, as we get closer to the Autumn Budget let’s hope the Treasury is familiar with the work of former chief economist at the US Office of Management and Budget, Arthur Laffer. Granted, the theory avoids being specific on the actual tax rate break points but the principle on which it is founded is definitely worth a look. As the chart below shows, at 0 per cent the government collects zero tax revenue. Revenue increases to a point at C but falls with further rate rises. The decrease in tax revenue arises because higher tax rates create disincentives for people to work harder and invest. At a 100 per cent tax rate, people will have no incentive to work at all. What is clear is that economists do not agree on where the all-important point C lies. But many politicians use the concept behind the Laffer Curve to justify cuts nonetheless. The idea is that cuts would increase revenue because the current rates lie beyond point C. Laffer himself said his theory does not guarantee whether a tax cut will raise or lower revenues. Those who believe any cut at all will raise revenue are wrong. If tax rates are actually at the optimum level then further cuts will not help. Just as merely raising rates will not raise revenue where the rate is at the optimum level. If you would like more information on based on your own personal circumstances, please contact us >>

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This example shows how to use the Mapping Toolbox to create a world map. A map is a representation of geographic data. Map data represents a set of geographic locations or properties. Geospatial data represents positions on the surface of a planet through ordered coordinate pairs or in matrix format. Vector geodata consists of sequentially ordered pairs of geographic (latitude, longitude) or projected (x,y) coordinate pairs. Raster geodata represents map data in matrix format. Latitude and longitude specify the position of a point on the surface of a planet. They are defined as angles between the point, the equator, and the axis of rotation. The Earth can be modeled with increasing precision as a perfect sphere, an oblate spheroid, an ellipsoid, or a geoid. A map projection transforms a curved surface such as the Earth onto a two-dimensional plane. All map projections introduce distortions compared to maps on globes.

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The total number of days of student attendance divided by the total number of days in the regular school year. A student attending every day would equal one ADA. ADA is not the same as enrollment, which is the number of students enrolled in each school and district. (Enrollment is determined by counting students on a given day in October.) ADA usually is lower than enrollment due to factors such as students moving, dropping out, or staying home due to illness. The state uses a school district’s ADA to determine its funding.

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Once touted as a perfect food, cow's milk has come under fire as a dietary staple. No other mammals continue to consume milk past babyhood. Around 65 percent of the world's population can't digest milk once past babyhood, according to the Genetics Home Reference. If you have lactose intolerance, you don't produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which is essential for the breakdown of the milk sugar lactose, to digest milk completely. Infants often can't digest the proteins and fats in cow's milk. Your genetic background has considerable influence over whether you can digest milk. In the United States, as many as 95 percent of Native Americans and 90 to 95 percent of Asian-Americans can't tolerate lactose, according to Dr. Dennis O'Neil of the Behavioral Sciences Department of Palomar College. Among African-Americans, 70 to 77 percent experience some degree of lactose intolerance. Around 52 percent of Hispanic Americans and between 2 and 19 percent of Americans of European descent have lactose intolerance, O'Neil explains. In some Asian and African countries, 99 percent of the population cannot digest milk after infancy. Lactase is the enzyme produced in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the main sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose, so that you can digest it. Lactase production is high in infants but often begins to decrease around age 2, the usual age for weaning in much of the world. Congenital lactose intolerance, called congenital alactasia, is uncommon. An infant with this genetic condition can't drink breast milk or cow's milk; he must drink lactose-free milk. Mutations in the LCT gene, which provides the instruction for making lactase, cause lactose intolerance. In most people with this condition, the gene shuts off gradually. While a genetic tendency to produce less lactase over time is the most common cause of decreased lactase production, gastrointestinal illnesses can also cause a temporary decrease. As you age, your intestines often produce less lactase. The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by the fermentation of undigested carbohydrate particles reaching the large intestine. Bacteria in the large intestine attempt to break down lactose, releasing gas. Symptoms of lactose intolerance generally aren't dangerous, except in infants with congenital alactasia. Symptoms, which generally start within 30 minutes to two hours after you drink milk, include abdominal pain, cramping, gas, diarrhea and nausea. Protein and Fat Digestion Infants under age 1 often have trouble digesting the proteins and fats in milk. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends feeding only breast milk or formula to babies younger than 1 year old. The protein in milk can also irritate the lining of the intestines in infants, causing bleeding that can lead to iron-deficiency anemia. - Container of milk. Plastic milk bottle image by L. Shat from Fotolia.com

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The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text begins with a twenty-two-page introduction by Grant Hardy about the nature and coming forth of the Book of Mormon, together with an inviting call for the further study of that book within LDS, American, and world contexts; and also with a seventeen-page editor's preface by Skousen, describing the nature of the Book of Mormon text and the goals and typographical conventions of this "Yale Edition." The bulk of the book (1-738) consists of a presentation of the complete text of the Book of Mormon itself, a stemma showing the genealogy of the various published versions of the Book of Mormon (739-44), and a superb and most useful appendix setting forth in tabular form the 719 most significant textual (including 95 of the conjectural) differences between the Original and Printer's manuscripts and also between the different printed editions (745-89). In addition, it should be clear from Skousen's meticulous work that the Book of Mormon not only can withstand the scrutiny of textual criticism but in fact deserves and rewards it. Skousen has given all readers many necessary tools with which to make judgments for themselves. Like everything else surrounding the gospel, one is expected to study the matter out in one's mind (D&C 9:8) and come to conclusions by a combination of faith, inspiration, and intelligence. We might also conclude that the creation and transmission of the texts of all our scriptures have come to us through a union of human and divine processes, and that indeed the principle of continuing revelation applies to the study, analysis, and publication of canonized scripture as well as to any other parts of the true and living Church. But without the facts and other data before us, we would be unable to judge any of this very well. In giving us this information, we should thank Royal Skousen and all those who have supported the work of his career. Maxwell, Robert L. and Skousen, Royal "The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text," BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 50 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol50/iss2/10

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At this year’s Student View Georgia Institute of Technology’s finest Literature, Media, and Communication were on display. But one particular exhibit that stuck out to me was Sandrine Lefevbre’s work, Buzz’s The Word: Communication & Culture Edition. Lefevbre was a former student of Dr. Golden and pointed out something that I have begun to notice in my class with her now. Lefevbre’s piece centered on how meanings of words do not only get lost in indirect translation, but also in lack of cultural understanding. She pointed out the phrase, “Cockeyed son of a bow-legged scorpion,” in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable (1935). While this book was written in English it was also written by an author from India. Because of the difference between culture in 1935 India and 2015 United States the very insulting phrase did not fully click with American readers. . . . I would like to extrapolate on Lefevbre’s video by applying it to what I have noticed so far in Dr. Golden’s class. While reading books such as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Picture of Dorian Gray that take place during 1800-1900 England I realized that my appreciation for the setting was not at its full potential because I did not understand what was going on during that period. England was in the mix of an Industrial Revolution that brought upon great changes particularly in the way people lived. People began to settle down in urban areas compared to rural areas because there was opportunity in cities. By researching the history of 1800-1900 England for my first project I have a much better understanding of what was going on. This is why reading The Picture of Dorian Gray is significantly easier than The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. What stands out to me from The Picture of Dorian Gray that I likely would’ve missed was the difference in class between Dorian and Sibyl and what it means towards the book. Dorian is a man who comes from money and seems to have an endless supply to spend as he pleases, while Sibyl is from a lower class family on the East End of England. These two types of people do not usually mix, which is what causes Sibyl’s brother to be skeptical of their engagement as he should’ve been. Just after becoming engaged Dorian calls off the marriage leading to Sibyl committing suicide. The magnitude of their engagement would have gone unnoticed to me had I not known how rare it was to see marriage through such a difference in class standing. Overall, I support Lefevbre’s point and applaud her on her ability to explain it through a digital medium. By doing this she exemplifies on her own point. Youtube videos have become very common in my generation because I have grown up using and creating them. However, other generations that do not fully understand the digital revolution that is going on right now truly appreciate her work and all of the different digital effects she put into it.

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Most products have qualities that are "green". Spray Foam Insulation products all have one very important green factor in common and that is energy savings. SPF can reduce your energy use for heating and air conditioning by up to 20% which is incredibly green. Using SPF products greatly reduces the amount of electricity and fuels you will need which equates to less greenhouse gasses due to the production of these resources. Some SPFs are also made using renewable resources from natural oils like soybean or castor oil. These oils only make up a part of the actual foam though so only a part of the end product is bio-based. When it comes to insulation products the most important factor to look at is the R-value. The R-value is used to measure a product's resistance to heat flow. If the value is high then the product is a good insulator. The FTC (Federal Trade Commission) provides guidance for understand R-values in their consumer alert Home Insulation Basics: Higher R-Values = Higher Insulating Values.

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Robert De La Salle, whose name is more closely connected with the explorations of the Mississippi than that of any other, was the next to descend the river in the year 1682. Formal posses sion was taken of the great river and all the countries bordering upon it or its tributaries in the name of the King. La Salle and his party now retraced their steps towards the north. They met with no serious trouble until they reached the Chickasaw Bluffs, where they had erected a fort on their down ward voyage, and named it Prudhomme. Here La Salle was taken violently sick. Unable to proceed, he sent forward Tonti to communicate with Count Frontenac. La Salle himself reached the mouth of the St. Joseph the latter part of September. From that point he sent Father Zenobe with his dispatches to represent him at court, while he turned his attention to the fur trade and to the project of completing a fort, which he named St. Louis, Upon the Illinois River. The precise location of this work is not known. It was said to be upon a rocky bluff two hundred and fifty feet high, and only accessible upon one side. There are no bluffs of such a height on the Illinois River answering the de scription. It may have been on the rocky bluff above La Salle, where the rocks are perhaps one hundred feet in height. |Category||Minutes and Reports|

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4 Influences That Led to the Creation of Star Wars 4 Influences That Led to the Creation of Star Wars There's a really good chance that like millions of other people, you're completely aware of the fact that December 18th is a very special date. December 18th marks the long awaited release of Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens. Star Wars has affected popular culture like no other since the first film was released back in 1977 and continues to have a huge impact on everything from film and videogames to real life technology (such as laser technology, walking robots and even holograms). This new Star Wars film, directed by J.J. Abrams (the man that revived another influential science fiction series - Star Trek), is widely predicted to not just smash box office records, but to completely obliterate them. However, the original Star Wars - while hugely influential on modern culture - wasn't exactly as unique as you may have thought. The following are four huge influences that helped to form George Lucas's original Star Wars trilogy: 1. Serial Films Lucas was a huge fan of the old serial films that ran towards the beginning of the 20th century. If you're unfamiliar with serial films, they are basically short films that were presented before features in the movie theater. These short films would often end in cliffhangers, which would only be resolved in the following week's serial - and the original Star Wars trilogy probably contains one of the best cliffhangers of all time in the form of Darth Vader revealing his true identity to Luke Skywalker. Serial films tended to be in the western and science fiction genre; in fact, Flash Gordon was one of the most popular serial science fiction films and was actually the film that Lucas set out to make before transitioning to his own Star Wars. 2. WWII Films First of all, it should be obvious that WWII itself hugely influenced the Star Wars universe. The Empire that the rebels are fighting against is of course a sci-fi version of the Nazi party. The stormtroopers are based off of the Nazi stormtroopers. Even the shape of the stormtrooper helmets closely resemble those of the Nazi soldiers. The officers on board the Imperial Fleet are all dressed in uniforms that look suspiciously like Nazi officer uniforms as well. Once you begin looking at some of the WWII films from the 1950s and 1960s, you'll see even more influences. Take for example the 1955 film, Dam Busters. In its climactic scene, British RAF pilots must simultaneously bomb three German held dams with incredible precision in order for their mission to succeed. The scenes play out very closely to those that Lucas filmed for the climactic X-Wing attack on the first film's Death Star. Then there's the 1961 film, Guns of Navarone, which was about a group of Allied soldiers whose mission was to infiltrate enemy territory in order to destroy two huge guns. If they failed, the Allied forces would be unable to get through in order to save 2,000 marooned British soldiers. Sound familiar? It should - it's basically the plot of the third film in the trilogy, Return of the Jedi, in which rebel fighters must take out an energy field station on the moon of the planet Endor so that the Rebel forces can take out the new Death Star. 3. Akira Kurosawa Lucas has revealed on many occasions how influential the Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa was to his work in general. This shouldn't come as a surprise to begin with considering how Kurosawa is often cited by modern filmmakers as a huge influence and is often considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time. But look a little closer at the films of Kurosawa - specifically The Hidden Fortress - and you'll see that Lucas borrowed more than a few elements from Kurosawa's work for his Star Wars films. First of all, just look at how Luke Skywalker and Obi Wan Kenobi are dressed. Looks a bit Japanese doesn't it? Then there's the whole Jedi mythology and the way they do battle using lightsabers - if you pay attention, you'll realize that the Jedis are basically samurais, which are ancient Japanese warriors that fought using a strict code of honor. Lucas borrowed a large amount of Japanese culture to create his Star Wars universe, but he also took story elements from Kurosawa's films. The Hidden Fortress begins with two poor farmers turned soldiers wandering around in the desert. These farmers are central to the film's plot, but they also act as the comic relief of the film. Remember how the first Star Wars begins? With two droids, C3PO and R2D2 wandering through a desert. They too are central to the plot, but act more as side characters that provide comic relief. Then there's the fierce warrior who is attempting to rescue the princess, who act as direct influence on Han Solo and Princess Leia. 4. Joseph Campbell Joseph Campbell is a famous mythologist who write a book called The Hero With a Thousand Faces. This book introduced the concept of the hero's journey. If you look at the overall arc of Lucas's Star Wars films, you'll see that he took his structure directly from the mythological story structure, known as the hero's journey, outlined by Campbell in his book. The Hero's Journey consists of three acts - departure, initiation and return. Some of the beats that Campbell goes over within these three acts include the call to adventure, the refusal of the call, supernatural aid, the road of trials, atonement with the father, apotheosis, refusal of return, magic flight, master of two worlds and the freedom to live. And the hero of Star Wars, Luke Skywalker, hits every one of these beats. Star Wars deserves its reputation as a cultural phenomenon due to the huge impact it has had on both popular culture and culture in general. However, as you desperately scramble to find tickets for a December 18th opening night showing, be sure to remember the many influences that led to the creation of Star Wars. About the author: Sonny Choun is part of our Marketing Team here at Pivot Insurance. He enjoys playing outdoor sports, bowling with friends, and spending time with family. His talent and expertise are a reflection of the Pivot culture. He believes life insurance is an essential part of a family's financial security. Sonny can be contacted at 1-800-651-1953 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Try our FREE anonymous life insurance quote tool today and experience the Pivot difference

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