rexarski/climate_fever_fixed · Datasets at Hugging Face

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741	For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”	While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Geobiology
1,674	Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.	The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	20th century
3,093	Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level	An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.	0SUPPORTS	Electromagnetic radiation
741	For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”	Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Paleontology
1,806	The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.	Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,014	Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.	Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Effects of global warming
856	as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.	Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.	0SUPPORTS	Climate change and agriculture
2,744	Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.	Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Environmental impact of wind power
2,807	When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.	For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Temperature
1,326	But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”	This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Shock (circulatory)
2,862	The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.	The e-mail theft highlighted "the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climatic Research Unit documents
141	Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did	Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Greenpeace
2,377	“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places where we’re seeing a decrease in the population	In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.	0SUPPORTS	Polar bear
1,853	Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."	His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Barack Obama
1,656	The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.	Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.	0SUPPORTS	Carbon cycle
1,890	Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.	Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Electricity generation
1,842	A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.	Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Koko (gorilla)
1,822	Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.	The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon tax
478	Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030	The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Mangrove restoration
1,817	Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.	The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon offset
2,122	Dropped stations introduce warming bias	Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Sea level
2,940	Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."	They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,530	Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	0SUPPORTS	Global warming
109	Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.	Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.	0SUPPORTS	Sea
2,221	Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.	Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Temperature record of the past 1000 years
3,032	Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.	Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon dioxide
449	So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.	The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Greenhouse gas
2,336	Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.	Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Cloud
739	The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.	In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Common octopus
960	This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	1REFUTES	Global warming
2,426	"Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910.	Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	20th century
413	However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.	The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.	1REFUTES	Kyoto Protocol
444	Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”	Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon dioxide
6	The polar bear population has been growing.	In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.	1REFUTES	Polar bear
644	an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming	The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Great Barrier Reef
1,202	The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.	Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans "cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models," concluding that "it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences".	1REFUTES	Attribution of recent climate change
2,916	If Senator Wong was really serious about her science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385 parts per million carbon dioxide in it	CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.	1REFUTES	Air pollution
2,939	"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately 30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.	temperature) over a 30-year period.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climate
135	Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s	Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.	0SUPPORTS	Greenhouse gas
1,991	The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."	The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	United States
2,413	Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.	The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).	0SUPPORTS	Greenhouse gas
2,157	CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused	It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.	1REFUTES	Greenhouse gas
995	“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.	Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Jet stream
378	for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.	These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Earth
126	El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.	This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.	1REFUTES	Sea level rise
195	Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen	The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Greenhouse gas
634	But there is also good data showing sea levels	By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Coral
687	When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,575	Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.	Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Coral
1,660	The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.	The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon credit
60	So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases	In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."	0SUPPORTS	Patrick Michaels
1,938	Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.	The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.	1REFUTES	Clean Power Plan
1,186	President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”	According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.	0SUPPORTS	Marshall Islands
2,882	Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".	In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Kevin E. Trenberth
1,410	“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘	The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Density
2,121	Infrared Iris will reduce global warming	"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
1,119	Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”	The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,434	Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.	Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Mangrove
906	Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”	"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Snowball Earth
2,780	The United States has been restricting soot emissions in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.	The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Clean Air Act (United States)
2,707	The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.	Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Arctic
358	Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.	They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Environmental sociology
979	“Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.	The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	2006 European heat wave
1,486	So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.	Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
165	When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.	The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Presidency of Donald Trump
1,946	President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.	To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2,119	Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity	"SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming controversy
272	The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.	Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.	0SUPPORTS	Sea level rise
2,779	Europe and Asia emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks, and exhaust pipes.	It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.	0SUPPORTS	Air pollution
2,614	"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.	"Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Keeling Curve
519	Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale	The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Little Ice Age
2,856	At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'	Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Meteorology
805	The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.	Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.	0SUPPORTS	2019–20 Australian bushfire season
1,372	The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record	Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.	0SUPPORTS	North Atlantic oscillation
3,091	Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.	Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
1,460	Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.	More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Sea level rise
2,789	At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.	The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	James Hansen
1,303	No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing	Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,502	Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.	These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Theory
467	This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.	This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Martian polar ice caps
1,871	Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."	Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.	0SUPPORTS	Donald Trump
1,724	Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.	It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.	0SUPPORTS	Richard Lindzen
1,441	195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.	On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
19	If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.	Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Terraforming of Mars
1,970	The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.	"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Carbon tax
2,590	This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.	This classic was originally published in French in 1958.	1REFUTES	Argument
310	[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter	Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Environmental impact of wind power
993	While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”	Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.	0SUPPORTS	Sea level rise
311	there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,	This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climate change adaptation
3,093	Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level	A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.	0SUPPORTS	Microwave
830	parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable	The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.	0SUPPORTS	Solar System
1,354	Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”	The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2,361	"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.	"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.	0SUPPORTS	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
752	[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.	"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".	0SUPPORTS	Energy in South Australia
3,127	"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of physics and properly physical modeling techniques...	In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Science
1,433	Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.	Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.	0SUPPORTS	Climate change in the United States
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,910	The authors seem to have jumped right into statistical analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that works.	In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Free will
2,284	Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.	Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Eocene
2,057	The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.	The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Holocene extinction

741

For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Geobiology

1,674

Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

20th century

3,093

Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level

An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.

0SUPPORTS

Electromagnetic radiation

741

For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”

Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Paleontology

1,806

The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,014

Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.

Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century.

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Effects of global warming

856

as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.

Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.

0SUPPORTS

Climate change and agriculture

2,744

Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.

Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source.

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Environmental impact of wind power

2,807

When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.

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Temperature

1,326

But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.

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Shock (circulatory)

2,862

The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.

The e-mail theft highlighted "the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.

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Climatic Research Unit documents

141

Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did

Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Greenpeace

2,377

“A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.

0SUPPORTS

Polar bear

1,853

Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."

His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.

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Barack Obama

1,656

The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.

Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.

0SUPPORTS

Carbon cycle

1,890

Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Electricity generation

1,842

A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.

Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.

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Koko (gorilla)

1,822

Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Carbon tax

478

Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030

The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.

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Mangrove restoration

1,817

Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.

The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.

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Carbon offset

2,122

Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.

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Sea level

2,940

Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,530

Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

0SUPPORTS

Global warming

109

Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.

Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.

0SUPPORTS

Sea

2,221

Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.

Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.

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Temperature record of the past 1000 years

3,032

Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.

Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.

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Carbon dioxide

449

So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.

The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.

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Greenhouse gas

2,336

Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.

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Cloud

739

The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.

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Common octopus

960

This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

1REFUTES

Global warming

2,426

"Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910.

Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

20th century

413

However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

1REFUTES

Kyoto Protocol

444

Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Carbon dioxide

6

The polar bear population has been growing.

In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

1REFUTES

Polar bear

644

an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming

The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.

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Great Barrier Reef

1,202

The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.

Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans "cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models," concluding that "it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences".

1REFUTES

Attribution of recent climate change

2,916

If Senator Wong was really serious about her science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385 parts per million carbon dioxide in it

CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

1REFUTES

Air pollution

2,939

"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately 30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

temperature) over a 30-year period.

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Climate

135

Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.

0SUPPORTS

Greenhouse gas

1,991

The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.

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United States

2,413

Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.

The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).

0SUPPORTS

Greenhouse gas

2,157

CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

1REFUTES

Greenhouse gas

995

“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.

Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.

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Jet stream

378

for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.

These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.

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Earth

126

El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

1REFUTES

Sea level rise

195

Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen

The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

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Greenhouse gas

634

But there is also good data showing sea levels

By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.

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Coral

687

When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

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Global warming

2,575

Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.

Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.

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Coral

1,660

The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.

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Carbon credit

60

So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases

In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."

0SUPPORTS

Patrick Michaels

1,938

Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.

1REFUTES

Clean Power Plan

1,186

President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.

0SUPPORTS

Marshall Islands

2,882

Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".

In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.

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Kevin E. Trenberth

1,410

“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

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Density

2,121

Infrared Iris will reduce global warming

"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".

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Global warming

1,119

Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.

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Scientific consensus on climate change

1,434

Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.

Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.

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Mangrove

906

Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

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Snowball Earth

2,780

The United States has been restricting soot emissions in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.

The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.

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Clean Air Act (United States)

2,707

The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.

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Arctic

358

Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.

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Environmental sociology

979

“Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.

The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.

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2006 European heat wave

1,486

So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

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Global warming

165

When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.

The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.

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Presidency of Donald Trump

1,946

President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.

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2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

2,119

Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity

"SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks".

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Global warming controversy

272

The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.

Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.

0SUPPORTS

Sea level rise

2,779

Europe and Asia emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks, and exhaust pipes.

It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.

0SUPPORTS

Air pollution

2,614

"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

"Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii".

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Keeling Curve

519

Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.

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Little Ice Age

2,856

At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'

Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.

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Meteorology

805

The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.

Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.

0SUPPORTS

2019–20 Australian bushfire season

1,372

The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.

0SUPPORTS

North Atlantic oscillation

3,091

Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.

Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.

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Global warming

1,460

Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

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Sea level rise

2,789

At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.

The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.

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James Hansen

1,303

No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

2,502

Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.

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Theory

467

This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.

This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.

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Martian polar ice caps

1,871

Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."

Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.

0SUPPORTS

Donald Trump

1,724

Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.

0SUPPORTS

Richard Lindzen

1,441

195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.

On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).

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2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

19

If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.

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Terraforming of Mars

1,970

The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".

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Carbon tax

2,590

This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.

This classic was originally published in French in 1958.

1REFUTES

Argument

310

[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.

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Environmental impact of wind power

993

While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”

Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.

0SUPPORTS

Sea level rise

311

there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.

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Climate change adaptation

3,093

Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level

A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.

0SUPPORTS

Microwave

830

parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.

0SUPPORTS

Solar System

1,354

Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation

2,361

"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.

"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.

0SUPPORTS

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

752

[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.

"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".

0SUPPORTS

Energy in South Australia

3,127

"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of physics and properly physical modeling techniques...

In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.

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Science

1,433

Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.

Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.

0SUPPORTS

Climate change in the United States

74

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

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Global warming

2,910

The authors seem to have jumped right into statistical analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that works.

In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.

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Free will

2,284

Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.

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Eocene

2,057

The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.

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Holocene extinction