rexarski/climate_fever_fixed · Datasets at Hugging Face

claim_id int64 0 3.13k	claim stringlengths 26 406	evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k	label class label 3 classes	category stringlengths 2 71
1,678	No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,163	The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.	The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climate sensitivity
181	Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.	Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Sea
2,657	Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.	The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.	0SUPPORTS	Fossil fuel
478	Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030	10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climate change mitigation
2,706	Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.	Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Terra Nova Expedition
2,255	And since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now)	Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Ice age
1,653	The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.	The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.	0SUPPORTS	Instrumental temperature record
161	Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.	There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Sea level rise
169	They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.	The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Nuclear winter
281	In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995	Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
784	“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.	Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.	0SUPPORTS	Global warming
2,330	Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.	A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.	0SUPPORTS	Sea ice
478	Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030	Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Climate change mitigation
1,293	Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.	(2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Effects of global warming
2,429	With 32 years of rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."	The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.	1REFUTES	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,303	However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.	Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Weather
1,983	the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."	This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Early 2014 North American cold wave
1,983	the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."	A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Cloud
1,794	Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.	In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.	1REFUTES	Global warming controversy
2,978	The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.	At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Troposphere
3,024	Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.	In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Negative feedback
424	Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world	As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	San Francisco Bay
2,084	Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming	Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Effects of global warming on human health
1,017	Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.	Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy."	0SUPPORTS	Global warming controversy
2,553	The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."	On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	London
949	Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”	The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.	1REFUTES	Antarctica
2,991	Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)	He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Bjørn Lomborg
1,506	Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.	Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Mediterranean Sea
2,709	When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.	The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Human impact on the environment
2,562	When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.	In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.	1REFUTES	Sea level rise
55	[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.	He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.	0SUPPORTS	Hockey stick controversy
1,648	A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.	Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.	0SUPPORTS	Sea level rise
752	[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.	[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.	0SUPPORTS	Adelaide
477	Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions	One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Deforestation and climate change
1,761	Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.	Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).	0SUPPORTS	Global warming
1,150	To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.	Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Arctic Ocean
2,238	"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.	Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".	0SUPPORTS	Global warming controversy
2,973	Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability	Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
358	Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.	The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global catastrophic risk
1,259	While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.	However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Western United States
2,508	"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.	The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.	0SUPPORTS	Climate variability
2,058	Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.	"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	La Niña
2,951	The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.	In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Solar irradiance
1,414	The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.	During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	River Thames
1,769	CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.	Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.	0SUPPORTS	Carbon dioxide
0	Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction	Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,202	More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.	A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,788	'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.	Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."	0SUPPORTS	James Hansen
1,834	A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.	The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.	0SUPPORTS	Coal
335	Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces	According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	List of weather records
1,519	The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	0SUPPORTS	Global warming
1,082	“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.	Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Instrumental temperature record
1,156	The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.	A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially "optimal" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.	0SUPPORTS	Environmental economics
1,057	“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.	The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.	0SUPPORTS	Mesopelagic zone
390	there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.	Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	West Antarctic Ice Sheet
173	If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.	Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).	1REFUTES	Global warming
1,378	Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology	In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Antarctica
2,284	Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.	The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.	0SUPPORTS	Global warming
2,887	He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."	"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Dengue fever
1,531	Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.	Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.	0SUPPORTS	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,606	...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together.	Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.	0SUPPORTS	Agriculture
2,571	The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.	He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Hockey stick controversy
1,389	If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”	Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.	0SUPPORTS	Climate change in Australia
1,454	The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.	Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Indian Ocean
625	I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.	The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Sea level rise
2,008	Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.	As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Tony Abbott
133	The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska	Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Human impact on the environment
628	as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted	As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Karoo Supergroup
2,977	According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.	1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
2,895	The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.	This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Gravity Probe B
2,429	With 32 years of rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."	Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
113	The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.	Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming controversy
2,599	Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.	Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Alcohol (drug)
2,302	Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
737	The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change	As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Proxy (climate)
2,423	Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.	Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Arctic Ocean
1,402	Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.	Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Arctic Ocean
1,065	However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.	Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.	0SUPPORTS	Physical impacts of climate change
1,260	The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.	In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.	0SUPPORTS	Tropical monsoon climate
622	A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.	As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.	0SUPPORTS	List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
2,945	But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.	"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place."	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,605	Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.	"Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".	1REFUTES	Sea level rise
1,794	Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.	Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1,065	However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.	hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Mediterranean climate
880	The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]	In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	The Daily Caller
3,011	A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).	A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Leap year
2,682	The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.	The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Scientific consensus on climate change
788	But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.	It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.	0SUPPORTS	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,543	Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.	study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Medieval Warm Period
1,555	Climate change is because of El Niño.	The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.	0SUPPORTS	El Niño
2,574	On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.	Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.	0SUPPORTS	Conservation biology
863	The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.	Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Ozone depletion
1,273	The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas	A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.	0SUPPORTS	Ethiopia
634	But there is also good data showing sea levels	Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming
646	If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.	When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global cooling
461	Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.	June 23, 2011.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Temperatures Rising
2,076	Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.	The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Snow
1,551	We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.	The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Summit Series
1,374	world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	Global warming

1,678

No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

2,163

The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Climate sensitivity

181

Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.

Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Sea

2,657

Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.

The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.

0SUPPORTS

Fossil fuel

478

Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030

10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Climate change mitigation

2,706

Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Terra Nova Expedition

2,255

And since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now)

Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Ice age

1,653

The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

0SUPPORTS

Instrumental temperature record

161

Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.

There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Sea level rise

169

They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.

The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Nuclear winter

281

In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995

Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

784

“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

0SUPPORTS

Global warming

2,330

Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.

A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.

0SUPPORTS

Sea ice

478

Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030

Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Climate change mitigation

1,293

Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

(2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level).

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Effects of global warming

2,429

With 32 years of rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

1REFUTES

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,303

However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Weather

1,983

the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."

This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Early 2014 North American cold wave

1,983

the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."

A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Cloud

1,794

Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.

In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.

1REFUTES

Global warming controversy

2,978

The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.

At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Troposphere

3,024

Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Negative feedback

424

Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

San Francisco Bay

2,084

Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming

Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Effects of global warming on human health

1,017

Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy."

0SUPPORTS

Global warming controversy

2,553

The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."

On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014).

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

London

949

Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”

The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.

1REFUTES

Antarctica

2,991

Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Bjørn Lomborg

1,506

Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Mediterranean Sea

2,709

When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.

The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Human impact on the environment

2,562

When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.

In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.

1REFUTES

Sea level rise

55

[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.

He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

0SUPPORTS

Hockey stick controversy

1,648

A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

0SUPPORTS

Sea level rise

752

[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.

[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.

0SUPPORTS

Adelaide

477

Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions

One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Deforestation and climate change

1,761

Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

0SUPPORTS

Global warming

1,150

To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Arctic Ocean

2,238

"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".

0SUPPORTS

Global warming controversy

2,973

Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

358

Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global catastrophic risk

1,259

While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.

However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Western United States

2,508

"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.

The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.

0SUPPORTS

Climate variability

2,058

Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

La Niña

2,951

The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.

In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Solar irradiance

1,414

The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

River Thames

1,769

CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

0SUPPORTS

Carbon dioxide

0

Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction

Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

2,202

More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,788

'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.

Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."

0SUPPORTS

James Hansen

1,834

A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

0SUPPORTS

Coal

335

Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

List of weather records

1,519

The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

0SUPPORTS

Global warming

1,082

“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Instrumental temperature record

1,156

The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.

A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially "optimal" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.

0SUPPORTS

Environmental economics

1,057

“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.

The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.

0SUPPORTS

Mesopelagic zone

390

there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

173

If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

1REFUTES

Global warming

1,378

Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology

In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Antarctica

2,284

Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.

0SUPPORTS

Global warming

2,887

He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Dengue fever

1,531

Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.

0SUPPORTS

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,606

...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together.

Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.

0SUPPORTS

Agriculture

2,571

The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Hockey stick controversy

1,389

If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”

Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

0SUPPORTS

Climate change in Australia

1,454

The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Indian Ocean

625

I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.

The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Sea level rise

2,008

Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Tony Abbott

133

The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska

Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Human impact on the environment

628

as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Karoo Supergroup

2,977

According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.

1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

2,895

The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.

This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Gravity Probe B

2,429

With 32 years of rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

113

The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.

Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming controversy

2,599

Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.

Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Alcohol (drug)

2,302

Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

737

The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Proxy (climate)

2,423

Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.

Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Arctic Ocean

1,402

Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Arctic Ocean

1,065

However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.

0SUPPORTS

Physical impacts of climate change

1,260

The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.

0SUPPORTS

Tropical monsoon climate

622

A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.

0SUPPORTS

List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)

2,945

But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.

"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place."

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,605

Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.

"Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".

1REFUTES

Sea level rise

1,794

Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.

Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1,065

However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Mediterranean climate

880

The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

The Daily Caller

3,011

A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).

A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Leap year

2,682

The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Scientific consensus on climate change

788

But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.

0SUPPORTS

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,543

Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.

study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Medieval Warm Period

1,555

Climate change is because of El Niño.

The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.

0SUPPORTS

El Niño

2,574

On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.

Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.

0SUPPORTS

Conservation biology

863

The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Ozone depletion

1,273

The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas

A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.

0SUPPORTS

Ethiopia

634

But there is also good data showing sea levels

Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming

646

If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global cooling

461

Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.

June 23, 2011.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Temperatures Rising

2,076

Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.

The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Snow

1,551

We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Summit Series

1,374

world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

Global warming