Datasets:
Multilinguality:
translation
Size Categories:
1K<n<10K
Source Datasets:
extended|other-wikimatrix
ArXiv:
Tags:
License:
sentence_pair
translation | label
class label 2
classes | all_labels
class label 3
classes | rationale_en
sequence | rationale_fr
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
{
"fr": "En quelques décennies , l' activité économique de la vallée est passée d' une mono-activité agricole essentiellement vivrière , à une quasi mono-activité touristique , si l' on excepte un artisanat du bâtiment traditionnel important , en partie saisonnier .",
"en": "The invention of farming some 10,000 years ago led to the development of agrarian societies , whether nomadic or peasant , the latter in particular almost always dominated by a strong sense of traditionalism ."
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"fr": "Par contre , les grandes mandoles ténor nécessitent une utilisation plus importante de l' auriculaire , l' espacement entre les frettes étant plus important .",
"en": "For thicker tube walls it is necessary to prepare the edges more carefully , for example using a U-groove cross-section ."
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"fr": "Le candidat éliminé dans le prime du jeudi soir sera également chroniqueur dans Le Mag pour la semaine qui suit son élimination .",
"en": "The rookie that comes first in the challenge will become weekly captain , they also cannot be cut from the competition during that week ."
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"fr": "Il renverse le jeune dalaï-lama promu par le régent et fait nommer à sa place un nouveau dalaï-lama plus enclin à respecter les princes Qohsots et l' Empereur de Chine Kangxi .",
"en": "To encourage economic growth , the Sui government issued a new currency to replace those issued by its predecessors , Northern Zhou and Chen ."
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"fr": "Alexander Muir compose The Maple Leaf Forever ( en ) qui est un chant patriotique pro canadien anglais .",
"en": "They initially had the sole right to publish copies of Alexander Muir 's \" The Maple Leaf Forever \" that for many years served as an unofficial Canadian national anthem ."
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"fr": "Cette même année , Annie est en nomination dans trois catégories au gala de l' Adisq soit : l' album de l' année , chanson de l' année et la révélation de l' année .",
"en": "Several critics asserted she was unjustly overlooked in the Grammy 's three major categories : Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Album of the Year ."
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"fr": "En 1942 , Agostino Gemelli reconnut que l' affaire Galilée fut une erreur grave , qui ne mettait en cause ni l' infaillibilité du pape ni l' autorité de l' Église .",
"en": "1952 relates that Cahill was a very proper woman who didn 't tolerate naughty behavior or salaciousness ."
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"fr": "Certains d' entre eux se sont rendus par la suite à Livourne puis ont émigré à Londres en 1740 , aux Antilles ou en Australie Les Montefiore ont fait souche en Angleterre .",
"en": "A few decades later , much of the local population left as well , emigrating to Canada , where in 1785 they founded Arisaig , Nova Scotia ."
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{
"fr": "En 2017 , solidaritéS annonce la création d' une nouvelle section dans le canton de Fribourg .",
"en": "In 2018 the Defence Secretary announced that the proposed new Type 26 frigates would all to be based at Devonport ."
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{
"fr": "A contrario , la Russie est avant tout une puissance terrestre , qui n' a cependant jamais cessé de chercher de nouveaux accès maritimes et à devenir elle aussi une grande puissance maritime .",
"en": "Since the end of the Cold War , Russia has remained an important partner , but Algeria has increasingly sought additional sources for equipment as well as building its own shipbuilding capacity ."
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{
"fr": "La jurisprudence , qui a dû fixer les limites à ces atteintes , est vaste .",
"en": "The opinions of the committee and those who submitted evidence to it on what should be banned were somewhat wide ."
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{
"fr": "Après la mort du dictateur il est accusé par Caius Cassius Longinus de conspiration contre Rome ; il est mis à mort par la suite .",
"en": "After Caesar 's death , he joined the party of Gaius Cassius Longinus , who sent him to plunder Tarsus ."
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{
"fr": "On les trouve toujours rangés dans cet ordre et ce quel que soit leur nombre : si , mi , la , ré , sol , do , fa .",
"en": "All are considered separate letters , and have their own place in the alphabet : á , é , í , ó , ú , ý , and ö ."
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{
"fr": "Dans les années qui suivirent la Révolution d' Octobre , les architectes qui avaient refusé d' émigrer , rejoints par ceux de la nouvelle génération , se mirent à dénoncer l' héritage bourgeois et adoptèrent un parti-pris formaliste .",
"en": "After the Monday deadline , Chinese police announced on loudspeakers that anyone who took part in the violence and gave themselves up would be treated with leniency ."
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{
"fr": "Ce style de jeu apparu vers le milieu des années 1990 peut être considéré comme l' évolution des shoot them up à défilement vertical et horizontal .",
"en": "Computing power had become sufficiently powerful by the middle of the 20th century to allow mass and energy flow models on a vertical and horizontally resolved grid ."
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{
"fr": "Les sources de toutes les branches depuis la version 2.2 jusqu' aux dernières expérimentations de CURRENT sont en permanence disponibles sur les serveurs .",
"en": "Terminal Services , previously only available as a separate edition of NT 4 , was expanded to all server versions ."
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{
"fr": "Il passe son enfance dans son pays natal , étudiant dans l' université de Grey High School ( en ) où il pratique déjà le rugby .",
"en": "His mom put him in the Children Chorus at the University of Costa Rica , where he was already studying piano ."
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{
"fr": "La mise au jour à Tehuacán , dans la région mexicaine de Puebla , de metates datant du VIIe millénaire av. J.-C. permet de penser qu' on consommait peut-être déjà des tortillas à cette époque .",
"en": "Persea americana , or the avocado , possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla , Mexico , although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago ."
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{
"fr": "Ce but étant un besoin de nos sociétés modernes qui centralisent tout et remplacent les familles chrétiennes par des masses d' individus \" .",
"en": "Thus , the church ' should stress only what all Christians hold in common and should suppress all divisive doctrines and practices ' ."
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"fr": "Il côtoie notamment Giuseppe Meazza qui dira de lui Il fut le joueur le plus fantastique que j' aie eu l' occasion de voir .",
"en": "He talks about Jay Gatsby , the most hopeful man he had ever met ."
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"fr": "La capacité totale a été fixé à 25 144 places ( extensible à environ 34 000 sièges lors de manifestations extra-football ) .",
"en": "Total attendance for the series was 14,260 , out of a possible 22,500 ( including standing room ) capacity at the Arena ."
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"fr": "Il peut être intéressant de resituer ces réflexions dans le contexte historique de la Belgique à l' aube du XXe siècle .",
"en": "This outlook needs to be seen within the historical context of 18th-century Scotland ."
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"fr": "Le lycée Joffre est situé en centre-ville , près de la place de la Comédie , sur l' Esplanade , à côté du centre des congrès du Corum .",
"en": "The CPA head office is situated in The Building Centre , on Store Street in central London opposite the College of Law ."
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"fr": "Aussi , dans la première version , le train emprunté par les différents personnages est inspiré du Flying Scotsman , reliant Londres à Édimbourg .",
"en": "In 1926 , Drexel drove the Flying Scotsman train from London to Edinburgh ."
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"fr": "Il a également eu des missions de conseil pour le Agence norvégienne de la santé et des services sociaux , . ↑ .",
"en": "In this capacity she also attends the Health and Wellbeing Board , Norfolk ."
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"fr": "Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale , période pendant laquelle ses actions ont été suspendues , la société a repris ses activités .",
"en": "After World War I , during which the community suffered aggravation , it was possible for the community to return to their homeland ."
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{
"fr": "Il rajoute son souhait de voir les États de la région bénéficier de la paix , la sécurité et la stabilité et il condamne le terrorisme sous toutes ses formes .",
"en": "It also includes the defense of one 's honor , family and rights and establishing justice in the whole environment ."
} | 0divergent
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| [
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"fr": "Contient la version originale de \" Tristana \" : la version du DVD est raccourcie de 30 secondes après le générique .",
"en": "\" Threads \" original airing was 63 mins long ; the original DVD version is cut to the standard 44 mins ."
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"fr": "Les cinq arguments en faveur de la divisibilité de l' espace à l' infini sont les suivants : En admettant que la matière soit indivisible , cela signifie qu' on doit arriver , en divisant une petite étendue , à deux moitiés indivisibles qui se touchent .",
"en": "Only up to five points matter as the resulting interval is { \\ displaystyle } if the interval includes at least two extrema ."
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{
"fr": "Mgr Algermissen est chevalier de l' ordre équestre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem et membre du conseil du Forum Deutscher Katholiken .",
"en": "Rabbi Yosef Qafiḥ was a member of the Chief Rabbinate Council of Israel and president of the Yemenite community in Jerusalem ."
} | 0divergent
| 0unrelated
| [
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{
"fr": "Le flou d' éléments urbains tels que les signaux lumineux ou les voitures contraste avec ses portraits d' alors , plus sobres .",
"en": "For this reason , particular parts of an object such as the headlights or tires of a car still have consistent appearances and relative positions ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "Héros du dessin animé , c' est une petite boule rose qui doit sauver Cappyville , petite ville de la planète Popstar et accessoirement retourner chez lui .",
"en": "All this turns the Lightwood family into a laughing stock in the Shadow World and their prestige is only brought back by his well-behaved sons ."
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{
"fr": "Rien n' avait cependant été précisé pour la filière française du groupe , dont il a appris son départ avant l' officialisation .",
"en": "It needed to have matters formally referred to it by the Minister for Public Transport before it could commence that work ."
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{
"fr": "En 1733 il est nommé à l' inspection des Bâtiments du roi du château de Marly et dépendances en succession de son père qui y avait servi dans cette fonction pendant 50 ans .",
"en": "In 1836 , he was appointed judge in the Court of Vice-Admiralty for the Quebec district , serving as its president for 37 years ."
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{
"fr": "Elle enseigne au joueur des techniques de conduite et permet par la même occasion au joueur de s' entrainer , dans le but d' obtenir des récompenses en cas de bonne reproduction .",
"en": "He is known to lead successful IPOs while generating returns for investors ."
} | 0divergent
| 0unrelated
| [
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{
"fr": "Dans son ouvrage Le Roman expérimental , Zola écrit : \" Si j' applaudis Victor Hugo comme poète , je le discute comme penseur , comme éducateur .",
"en": "In one of the play 's central lines , Elizabeth says to the actor , \" if you will teach me how to be a woman , I will teach you how to be a man . \""
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "Cette protection passe par la formation aux risques liés au plomb et par l' utilisation systématique d' équipements de protection collective et individuelle .",
"en": "To allow protection from the inherent risks of fighting fires , firefighters wear and carry protective and self-rescue equipment at all times ."
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{
"fr": "Le compte de conscience permet au supérieur de diriger de manière appropriée cette personne dans le choix des missions qui lui sont confiées .",
"en": "Borrowing Authority will be authorised to look into the performance of individuals with respect to the task so assigned to them ."
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{
"fr": "Les carrés magiques d' Agrippa continuent à être utilisés lors de cérémonies magiques modernes selon ce qu' il a prescrit , .",
"en": "Green Arrow 's words also imply that they have done this on other occasions when their secret identities were threatened by magic or other means ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "Noel se sent responsable de l' imminente destruction du monde , et sa culpabilité le pousse à fuir la société et à se cacher .",
"en": "Meera gets visions about how Vivaan was responsible for Paromita 's death and decides to expose him in front of the world for causing an innocent 's death and for hiding it ."
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{
"fr": "Quant au croisillon nord , les formerets y font défaut , mais l' on y voit le bandeau torique qui est également présent dans les croisillons et les bas-côtés .",
"en": "For more information on main flags see article : Flag of Croatia This is a list of flags which have been , or are still today , used in Croatia or by Croats ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "À la rentrée 2015 , il participe à la chronique \" Les Experts d' Europe 1 \" , mais ne figure plus à l' antenne depuis mars 2016 , alors qu' il est toujours crédité sur le site de la radio .",
"en": "Due to issues with attendance , a 2014 tour was not set up , and it is unclear whether the tour will be back again in 2015 and as of March 2016 nothing yet has been announced ."
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{
"fr": "Il partage les vues conservatrices et nationalistes des partisans d' Adams et veut utiliser les ressources nationales pour construire une économie forte .",
"en": "His goal was to increase Guatemala 's economic and political independence , and he believed that to do this Guatemala needed to build a strong domestic economy ."
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{
"fr": "À la différence d' autres bâtiments les gratte-ciel Art déco ont des formes souvent effilés avec des parties en retraits pour les étages supérieurs comme c' est le cas de l' Empire State Building .",
"en": "Like traditional American skyscraper design , articulated setbacks are used to separate and taper the vertical shaft of the main body as it rises , similar to the Empire State Building ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "La première présence humaine continue , en Abitibi-Témiscamingue , s' est déroulée il y a de ça plus ou moins 6 000 ans .",
"en": "The olive appears to come from the region of Persia and Mesopotamia , at least 6,000 years ago ."
} | 0divergent
| 0unrelated
| [
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{
"fr": "Entre 1992 et 1995 la FÉÉCUM accepte trois hausses des droits de scolarité afin de démontrer sa bonne foi et sa volonté de collaborer avec l' administration .",
"en": "Between 2002 and 2005 , the band released three studio albums with Walker to further growing popularity and critical acclaim ."
} | 0divergent
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| [
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{
"fr": "Le noir animal fut utilisé de la même manière que le noir de fumée ou le charbon de bois comme colorant noir .",
"en": "Hellhounds have been said to be as black as coal and smell of burning brimstone ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "Le nom officiel est Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. ( de l' allemand : \" Société Fraunhofer pour le soutien à la recherche appliquée \" ) .",
"en": "The Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ( Fraunhofer ISI ) is part of the Fraunhofer Society for the promotion of Applied Research e.V. ( FhG ) , Europe 's largest application-oriented research organization ."
} | 0divergent
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{
"fr": "Après la destruction d' un soleil autour duquel gravitait une planète habitée , phœnix , qui a alors l' apparence de Jean Grey est jugé par les Shi' ar et condamné à mourir .",
"en": "All live out their fantasies until Wolverine , who is inspired by the astral form of Jean Grey to fight , does so ."
} | 0divergent
| 0unrelated
| [
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{
"fr": "Il retrace la tournée en Argentine du groupe en 1994 , qui n' était auparavant illustrée que par un bootleg de piètre qualité .",
"en": "It was founded in 1994 by the Indian Express group , offering only a print course ."
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| [
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{
"fr": "Cela tend à limiter - au niveau du système - sa vitesse effective de lecture , et à compliquer le démarrage direct à partir d' une mémoire NAND .",
"en": "This confers the efficiency of running native code , at the cost of startup time and increased memory use when the bytecode or AST is first compiled ."
} | 0divergent
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| [
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{
"fr": "Exemples de proverbes L' histoire de la publication de l' ouvrage , généralement ignorée , est \" étrange et embrouillée \" , selon l' expression de Leslie Shepard ( en ) .",
"en": "Stephen Whitfield writes that the lack of attention paid to identifying or finding Till is \" strange \" compared to the amount of published discourse about his father ."
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"fr": "Puis dans l' épisode 13 de la première saison , il reçoit deux griffures au visage après que le Grand Inquisiteur ait lancé son sabre laser sur lui , avant de faire face à Kanan lors de leur dernier affrontement .",
"en": "In season 2 episode 7 she takes down a man three times her size , after he insulted her father , before the man could get a hit on her ."
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"fr": "Mais quelques mètres avant de percuter le sol , ils \" freinent \" et se retrouvent saufs , juste pour se moquer du public .",
"en": "A few hours after a storm event , the fabric can be \" disturbed \" in order to dislodge the fines , and allow clean water to flow through ."
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"fr": "En 2006 , le laboratoire de Zhuang a inventé le microscope STORM , un microscope à fluorescence en champ large à super résolution permettant de dépasser la limite de diffraction .",
"en": "In 2006 , Goro Mizutani group developed a non-scanning SHG microscope that significantly shortens the time required for observation of large samples ."
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"fr": "Le théorème de la division euclidienne pour les entiers affirme qu' il existe un unique couple ( q , r ) d' entiers relatifs vérifiant ces deux propriétés .",
"en": "The fundamental theorem of projective geometry says that all the collineations of PG ( 2 , K ) are compositions of homographies and automorphic collineations ."
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"fr": "Les clubs autrichiens qui participèrent à la Gauliga Marches de l' Est , figurèrent parmi les meilleures équipes de cette période troublées .",
"en": "Given that the Eastern Bloc countries and allies were at that time amongst the most competitive teams the tournament 's level was rather high ."
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"fr": "Celui-ci refuse d' abord , mais se laisse finalement convaincre après l' intervention de trois messagers et l' arrivée de nouveaux réfugiés qui supplient qu' on leur vienne en aide .",
"en": "The war all started , he argues , because of the abduction of three courtesans and it is continued by profiteers for personal gain ."
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"fr": "Depuis qu' il s' est retiré de sa carrière de hockeyeur , il entre dans le domaine de la construction et de l' immobilier .",
"en": "Following his retirement from active rallying , he has worked in the fields of business and politics ."
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"fr": "Geagea a été accusé d' avoir ordonné ce meurtre ; Dory Chamoun , frère de la victime , a déclaré plus tard que les preuves contre lui n' était pas suffisantes .",
"en": "The DAIA accused him of trivializing the holocaust , and Congressman Eduardo Amadeo demanded his resignation ; Boudou later stated that this was a badly chosen metaphor ."
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{
"fr": "Ce n' est rien d' autre qu' une suite de bits attribuée à chaque registre , chaque registre se voyant attribuer une suite de bits différente .",
"en": "Currently , they are not recognized as a separate breed by major registries and each breeder sets their own standards for size ."
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{
"fr": "En novembre 2014 , Abou Nabil al-Anbari est envoyé en Libye afin de prendre la tête de la branche libyenne de l' État islamique .",
"en": "In November 2015 , a US air strike killed ISIL 's leader in Libya , Abu Nabil al Anbari ."
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{
"fr": "Les études à résultats positifs sont plus vite publiées que celles avec un résultat non significatif ou négatif .",
"en": "Tasks that disclosure a failure and negative feedback are considered less important than tasks with an outcome of success or positive feedback ."
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{
"fr": "Les cadoles en pierres sèches n' ont ni une grande ancienneté ni une grande longévité : leurs pierres calcaires sont gélives et , qui plus est , ne bénéficient pas du liaisonnement d' un quelconque mortier .",
"en": "Some grinding stones are portable ; others are not and , in fact , may be part of a stone outcropping ."
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{
"fr": "Le secret médical n' est pas partageable entre le médecin traitant et le médecin d' une compagnie d' assurance , c' est-à-dire que le médecin traitant doit refuser de répondre à une compagnie d' assurance qui lui demanderait un diagnostic ou des renseignements médicaux , même en cas de décès .",
"en": "One health-care issue is the problem that healthy people will go without insurance and then buy coverage only if they need it , such as after an accident or a diagnosis of serious illness ."
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{
"fr": "Les massacres de Ghraneidj et d' al-Keshkeyyi ont eu lieu lors de la guerre civile syrienne dans le gouvernorat de Deir ez-Zor .",
"en": "The meeting between Hafez Al-Assad and Saddam Hussein occurred at an airbase in Al-Jafr in the eastern Jordanian desert ."
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{
"fr": "Des mosquées ont été construites en dehors de la péninsule d' Arabie au fur et à mesure du déplacement des musulmans , à travers les conquêtes , le commerce et les flux migratoires .",
"en": "The Turks began converting to Islam after Muslim conquest of Transoxiana through the efforts of missionaries , Sufis , and merchants ."
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{
"fr": "Ils s' aperçoivent qu' ils ont eu tous deux l' idée d' écrire leur nom dans leur chapeau : \" Alors ils se considérèrent \" ..",
"en": "After seeing the interview , the two thought to themselves \" You know what ?"
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"fr": "Dans un écoulement subsonique , la relation entre la vitesse , la pression et la masse volumique du fluide est caractérisée par le théorème de Bernoulli .",
"en": "For a compressible gas , the pressure and volume are inversely proportional , by Boyle 's law ."
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{
"fr": "Le collège , avec les Arts et la Théologie , compte 1600 étudiants en 1605 et les deux facultés de Droit et Médecine : 400 .",
"en": "In 1962 the university had 1,500 students and two faculties of Arts and Sciences ."
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{
"fr": "Par contre sa ténacité contre les réseaux d' influence en place n' avait rien de révolutionnaire : il n' entendait pas lutter contre les réseaux en général mais uniquement contre ceux qui lui semblaient menacer le cœur de son combat : l' identité blanche de la nation française et de l' Europe .",
"en": "With his eye on public opinion abroad , Hitler made a point of stressing that the remilitarization was not intended to threaten anyone else , but was instead only a defensive measure imposed on Germany by what he claimed were the menacing actions of France and the Soviet Union ."
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{
"fr": "Au no 293 , après la porte Dorée , se trouve l' ancien musée des Arts africains et océaniens .",
"en": "It now has the accession number 1999.31 and is on display in the Eiteljorg Suite of African and Oceanic Art ."
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"fr": "Parmi eux , outre trois lieutenants tués , figure le capitaine Dziewanowski qui succombe peu après à ses blessures .",
"en": "She saved 11 men from the water , among them the commander of Riilahti , Captain Lieutenant Osmo Kivilinna , who later died of his injuries ."
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"fr": "Lui ou un de ses subordonnés devait sceller les portes avec son cachet personnel , et il fallait ensuite vérifier à l' aube qu' elles étaient restées fermées .",
"en": "He and his fellow officers were concerned about how their men would behave when finally called on to go over the top ."
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{
"fr": "Ces espèces ont peuplé la vallée à une époque reculée , mais avec les variations du climat elles avaient déjà disparu lorsque le paysage religieux de l' Égypte antique s' est structuré .",
"en": "This specimen came from a region with a continental climate where the proposed vegetation changes had not yet occurred ."
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{
"fr": "Leonov et le reste de l' équipage du T-62A sont tués alors qu' ils tentent de quitter le char immobilisé .",
"en": "Kepler-62f and the other Kepler-62 exoplanets are being specially targeted as part of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ) search programs ."
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{
"fr": "La date de disparition du titre est non précisée , un numéro 90 existe .",
"en": "The exact date on which the title was lost is unknown , which means the title reign lasted between 1 and 13 days ."
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"fr": "Le programme ne fonctionnera cependant jamais avec ces derniers et le développement reste bloqué jusqu' à l' arrivée des premiers terminaux à écran , pour lesquels il décide finalement de concevoir le jeu .",
"en": "The competition never happened , and the studio continued the development of the game until they froze it temporarily to work on another game that was easier to finish at the time , They Breathe It became the studio 's first finished game ."
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{
"fr": "De nombreux logiciels sont présents dans la sphère des logiciels commerciaux , mais il en existe aussi dans celle des logiciels libres .",
"en": "The product meets many MIL-SPEC requirements , but is also available on the commercial civilian market ."
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"fr": "À partir de 1862 , face aux nombreuses tentatives de contrefaçon dues à la diffusion des techniques de gravure essentiellement par clichage photographique , l' Institut d' émission remplace l' encre noire par une teinte bleu céleste , cette couleur n' étant pas reproduisible par les émulsions .",
"en": "In 1969 , due to continuing accusations of racism , Music Music Music , a spin-off series in which the minstrels appeared without their blackface make-up , replaced The Black and White Minstrel Show ."
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"fr": "Cet office fut contesté plus tard à Simon : la comtesse de Champagne ne consentit à le reconnaître que forcée par de graves nécessités .",
"en": "The governor offered him amnesty but the House of Burgesses refused ; insisting that Bacon must acknowledge his mistakes ."
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"fr": "En outre , très peu d' entre elles ont accès à une éducation universitaire qui leur permettrait d' être auteurs de travaux scientifiques , .",
"en": "In addition , some students lacked a sufficient secondary education that would allow them to succeed in college ."
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{
"fr": "La caverne avait été découverte par un habitant en 1991 , mais il n' a pu se rappeler le chemin qui y menait avant janvier 2008 .",
"en": "It was toll road but now you can run this road no charge from January 2004 ."
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"fr": "Elle estime que sur les 3000 accouchements qu' elle a réalisés , près de 2500 nouveau-nés n' ont pas survécu , victimes de la faim , du froid ou de la noyade .",
"en": "They state that due to their work : Every year over 2,500 nests are protected against human threats , predation and sea inundation ."
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{
"fr": "Ainsi , l' année 2000 serait représentée par 00 et ne suivrait pas 1999 ( 99 ) dans une séquence numérique .",
"en": "The 28-year sub-cycle will break at a century year which is not divisible by 400 ( e.g. it broke at the year 1900 but not at the year 2000 ) ."
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{
"fr": "Les Salomon étant l' un des seize royaumes du Commonwealth , le chef d' État est un monarque , le roi ou la reine des Salomon .",
"en": "Sixteen of these countries are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise , individually , the same person as their Monarch and Head of State ; Tuvalu is one of these ."
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{
"fr": "L' année suivante , il est réédité en un volume unique dans un format bon marché : c' est alors un succès de librairie , qui n' a jamais cessé d' être réédité depuis .",
"en": "Came Home got his name after a series of failed attempts in the sales ring ; thus , he was always coming home ."
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{
"fr": "Au mois d' avril 2008 , The Game a écrit un morceau en réponse à la sentence qui a été prononcée contre les assassins de Sean Bell .",
"en": "From February to April 2008 , he presided over the trial of the police officers in the Sean Bell shooting incident ."
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{
"fr": "Selon Leonard Nimoy , son travail est à la base de la culture des Vulcains notamment en inventant le personnage de Sorak , le père de Spock .",
"en": "Leonard Nimoy discussed the origin of the Vulcan salute in his autobiography I Am Spock ."
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{
"fr": "Mais aussi au traitement inapproprié des déchets urbains dans les sept installations de production de combustible dérivé des déchets , initialement construits et gérés par des sociétés du Groupe Impregilo .",
"en": "She also blamed incompetent management for infrastructural dilapidation of Mogadishu 's then two five-star hotels , establishments which had originally been built with public funds ."
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{
"fr": "Le Skoda 100 mm modèle 1916 était un obusier de montagne utilisé par l' Autriche-Hongrie pendant la Première Guerre mondiale .",
"en": "The operating principle was the same as that used in the Model 07 / 12 Schwarzlose machine gun used by Austria-Hungary during the First World War ."
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"fr": "La campagne électorale en vue des élections législatives du 14 août 1914 , dans laquelle Pašić est un acteur engagé , est marquée par cette confrontation .",
"en": "The Fourth Congress , held in November 1922 , at which Trotsky played a prominent role , continued in this vein ."
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"fr": "Après une absence d' une semaine , la chanson est de retour dans le classement pour 20 autres semaines en prenant la 25e position .",
"en": "After staying at number two for another week , the song began to leave the chart , spending nine more weeks in the top 50 ."
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{
"fr": "Le 23 janvier 2013 il dépose avec son collègue PS Dominique Raimbourg , un rapport d' information intitulé \" Sur les moyens de lutte contre la surpopulation carcérale \" .",
"en": "On April 17 , 2014 , Birnbaum co-authored an opinion editorial in The New York Times with Jacqueline Savitz titled \" The Deepwater Horizon Threat . \""
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"fr": "Certains auteurs considèrent que l' école enseigne plus aux élèves des contenus de cours qu' à raisonner correctement , alors qu' elle devrait faire le contraire ( ce qui expliquerait par exemple la prolifération actuelle des pseudo-sciences ) .",
"en": "For example , some people have more money than others , so they can pay to have their opinion put across better ( i.e. more advertising ) than the working class can ."
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"fr": "Les mécanismes de thermorégulation des poussins sont loin d' être parfaits durant leurs tout premiers jours et donc , quand il fait chaud , ils profitent de l' ombre offerte par leurs parents , parfois en marchant entre leurs pattes .",
"en": "Grim is miserable in the first days of his servitude , and even fantasizes about killing them multiple times ."
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{
"fr": "Il a confirmé son rôle dans le téléfilm Shake It Up Destination Japon diffusé le 17 août 2012 aux États-Unis et 20 novembre 2012 en France .",
"en": "It was released in Japan during 2009 for the Sony PlayStation Portable and was released by XSEED Games in North America on August 17 , 2010 , in Europe on November 3 , 2010 and in Australia on February 20 , 2013 ."
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{
"fr": "Il est possible de leur faire ce jour des offrandes afin qu' ils usent ensemble de leurs pouvoirs pour sauver les parents décédés , ou prolonger leur vie s' ils sont encore de ce monde .",
"en": "They must now find a way to undo what has been done , to save themselves from the power that will overwhelm them - and destroy the world ."
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{
"fr": "La plus grande partie de sa fortune est placée dans une société d' investissement MSD Capital , qui a investi notamment dans le secteur bancaire .",
"en": "The huge gain was due to his holding company , SM Investments , which has interests in BDO , inter alia ."
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{
"fr": "Coécrite par Keith Forsey et Steve Schiff , guitariste et auteur-compositeur du Nina Hagen Band , elle s' est classée 1re au Billboard américain en mai 1985 .",
"en": "Gordon Keith , the owner and producer at Steeltown Records in Gary , Indiana , discovered the Jackson Five and signed them to their first contract in November 1967 ."
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Dataset Card for REFreSD Dataset
Dataset Summary
The Rationalized English-French Semantic Divergences (REFreSD) dataset consists of 1,039 English-French sentence-pairs annotated with sentence-level divergence judgments and token-level rationales. The project under which REFreSD was collected aims to advance our fundamental understanding of computational representations and methods for comparing and contrasting text meaning across languages.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
semantic-similarity-classification and semantic-similarity-scoring: This dataset can by used to assess the ability of computational methods to detect meaning mismatches between languages. The model performance is measured in terms of accuracy by comparing the model predictions with the human judgments in REFreSD. Details about the results of a BERT-based model, Divergent mBERT, over this dataset can be found in the paper.
Languages
The text is in English and French as found on Wikipedia. The associated BCP-47 codes are en and fr.
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Each data point looks like this:
{
'sentence_pair': {'en': 'The invention of farming some 10,000 years ago led to the development of agrarian societies , whether nomadic or peasant , the latter in particular almost always dominated by a strong sense of traditionalism .',
'fr': "En quelques décennies , l' activité économique de la vallée est passée d' une mono-activité agricole essentiellement vivrière , à une quasi mono-activité touristique , si l' on excepte un artisanat du bâtiment traditionnel important , en partie saisonnier ."}
'label': 0,
'all_labels': 0,
'rationale_en': [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
'rationale_fr': [2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3],
}
Data Fields
sentence_pair: Dictionary of sentences containing the following field.en: The English sentence.fr: The corresponding (or not) French sentence.
label: Binary. Whether both sentences correspond.{0:divergent, 1:equivalent}all_labels: 3-class label{0: "unrelated", 1: "some_meaning_difference", 2:"no_meaning_difference"}. The first two are sub-classes of thedivergentlabel.rationale_en: A list of integers from 0-3 indicating the number of annotators who highlighted the token of the text in the English sentence during annotation. Word-aligned rationale for the divergent/equivalent label, from English.rationale_fr: A list of integers from 0-3 indicating the number of annotators who highlighted the token of the text in the French sentence during annotation. Word-aligned rationale for the divergent/equivalent label, from French.
Data Splits
The dataset contains 1039 sentence pairs in a single "train" split. Of these pairs, 64% are annotated as divergent, and 40% contain fine-grained meaning divergences.
| Label | Number of Instances |
|---|---|
| Unrelated | 252 |
| Some meaning difference | 418 |
| No meaning different | 369 |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The curators chose the English-French section of the WikiMatrix corpus because (1) it is likely to contain diverse, interesting divergence types since it consists of mined parallel sentences of diverse topics which are not necessarily generated by (human) translations, and (2) Wikipedia and WikiMatrix are widely used resources to train semantic representations and perform cross-lingual transfer in NLP.
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The source for this corpus is the English and French portion of the WikiMatrix corpus, which itself was extracted from Wikipedia articles. The curators excluded noisy samples by filtering out sentence pairs that a) were too short or too long, b) consisted mostly of numbers, or c) had a small token-level edit difference.
Who are the source language producers?
Some content of Wikipedia articles has been (human) translated from existing articles in another language while others have been written or edited independently in each language. Therefore, information on how the original text is created is not available.
Annotations
Annotation process
The annotations were collected over the span of three weeks in April 2020. Annotators were presented with an English sentence and a French sentence. First, they highlighted spans and labeled them as 'added', 'changed', or 'other', where added spans contain information not contained in the other sentence, changed spans contain some information that is in the other sentence but whose meaning is not the same, and other spans have some different meaning not covered in the previous two cases, such as idioms. They then assessed the relation between the two sentences as either 'unrelated', 'some meaning differences', or 'no meaning difference'. See the annotation guidelines for more information about the task and the annotation interface, and see the DataSheet for information about the annotator compensation.
The following table contains Inter-Annotator Agreement metrics for the dataset:
| Granularity | Method | IAA |
|---|---|---|
| Sentence | Krippendorf's α | 0.60 |
| Span | macro F1 | 45.56 ± 7.60 |
| Token | macro F1 | 33.94 ± 8.24 |
Who are the annotators?
This dataset includes annotations from 6 participants recruited from the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) educational institution. Participants ranged in age from 20–25 years, including one man and five women. For each participant, the curators ensured they were proficient in both languages of interest: three of them self-reported as English native speakers, one as a French native speaker, and two as bilingual English-French speakers.
Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset contains discussions of people as they appear in Wikipedia articles. It does not contain confidential information, nor does it contain identifying information about the source language producers or the annotators.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
Models that are successful in the supported task require sophisticated semantic representations at the sentence level beyond the combined representations of the individual tokens in isolation. Such models could be used to curate parallel corpora for tasks like machine translation, cross-lingual transfer learning, or semantic modeling.
The statements in the dataset, however, are not necessarily representative of the world and may overrepresent one worldview if one language is primarily translated to, rather than an equal distribution of translations between the languages.
Discussion of Biases
The English Wikipedia is known to have significantly more contributors who identify as male than any other gender and who reside in either North America or Europe. This leads to an overrepresentation of male perspectives from these locations in the corpus in terms of both the topics covered and the language used to talk about those topics. It's not clear to what degree this holds true for the French Wikipedia. The REFreSD dataset itself has not yet been examined for the degree to which it contains the gender and other biases seen in the larger Wikipedia datasets.
Other Known Limitations
It is unknown how many of the sentences in the dataset were written independently, and how many were written as translations by either humans or machines from some other language to the languages of interest in this dataset.
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
The dataset curators are Eleftheria Briakou and Marine Carpuat, who are both affiliated with the University of Maryland, College Park's Department of Computer Science.
Licensing Information
The project is licensed under the MIT License.
Citation Information
@inproceedings{briakou-carpuat-2020-detecting,
title = "Detecting Fine-Grained Cross-Lingual Semantic Divergences without Supervision by Learning to Rank",
author = "Briakou, Eleftheria and Carpuat, Marine",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.emnlp-main.121",
pages = "1563--1580",
}
Contributions
Thanks to @mpariente and @mcmillanmajora for adding this dataset.
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Homepage:
Github
Repository:
Github
Paper:
Detecting Fine-Grained Cross-Lingual Semantic Divergences without Supervision by Learning to Rank
Leaderboard:
Leaderboard:
Point of Contact:
Eleftheria Briakou
Additional Documentation:
Annotation workflow, data statement, DataSheet, and IRB documentation
Size of downloaded dataset files:
504 kB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
272 kB
Number of rows:
1,039