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Brian Stack

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<mask> (born August 18, 1964) is an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his sketch comedy work. He worked on all three late-night talk shows hosted by Conan O'Brien including Late Night with Conan O'Brien and The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on NBC, and Conan on TBS. <mask> left Conan in April 2015 to join the writing staff of the CBS series The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. <mask> got his start in comedy with the improv comedy troupe The Second City in Chicago, working alongside fellow comedians such as Amy Poehler. Late Night with Conan O'<mask> became a sketch writer on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 1997, and served as a writer and actor on the show. The first sketch he wrote for the show was the inaugural iteration of the running gag "Andy’s Little Sister, Stacy," in which <mask>'s former Chicago improv colleague Amy Poehler portrayed the 13-year-old younger sibling of O'Brien's sidekick, Andy Richter, whose unrequited crush on O'Brien manifests in a range of emotion that runs "from adorable bashfulness to volcanic, homicidal rage." <mask> would later say of Poehler in a 2021 Washington Post interview, "I’ve always been in awe of her incredible talent, but seeing her, Conan and Andy [Richter] have so much fun in that sketch is an especially wonderful memory for me and I’ll never forget it."<mask> first appeared onscreen when one of the writers asked him to play a doctor in a sketch in which he had no dialogue. One of the first characters he did on the show was Bathtime Bob the Hygiene Cowboy, who sang about bath time, but like many of <mask>'s characters, there was a dark, tragic underbelly to his upbeat nature. <mask> had previously tried to develop this character at Second City, but it never appeared in any shows. <mask> remained with O'Brien after O'Brien's move to The Tonight Show in 2009. <mask> played many recurring characters on the show, most notably those clad in anachronistic or elaborate outfits, and was known for playing many characters with long beards and mustaches, such as God, Zeus, Socrates, Gandalf, Dumbledore, and The Interrupter. Jeff Loveness of Jimmy Kimmel Live has observed of <mask>'s characters that there was "such a sadness to each character, but they would not acknowledge their sadness", an assessment that <mask> agrees with. <mask> has further explained that, "My favorite kind of comedy on the late-night has always been the non-topical silly stuff where it's not really at anybody's expense.My least favorite kind of joke is a celebrity joke, because it tends to be very familiar or sometimes very mean, and if it's not mean it doesn't even work, usually...But my favorite kind of comedy on late night is at no one's expense but the character that's involved in the sketch where you're not really going after anybody." <mask> made occasional appearances on The Tonight Show, such as when he played an NRA spokesman who intimates violence to accomplish his agenda. Among the characters he portrayed: Artie Kendall the Ghost Crooner Fantastic GuyFrankenstein Wastes a Minute of Our Time Hannigan the Traveling Salesman The Interrupter The Slipnutz Bullet Proof Legs Assassin, a man dressed in all black who always shoots the "Bullet Proof Legs Guys" at the end of every sketch. Clive Clemmons, British heavy metal guitar legend with his own satellite tv channel filled with his favorite inappropriate responses from everyday life. Ira (of Jeremy & Ira), performed with Late Night writer Jon Glaser (as Jeremy), as two bizarre men from another dimension dressed in black hoods, who would visit Conan & Andy from time-to-time, always appearing in the corner of the TV screen. They never speak, and only communicate through nodding and other gestures. Kilty McBagpipes, an extremely stereotypical Scottish man who dresses in a kilt and dances to bagpipe music.Steve St. Helens, a stagehand on the show whose temper rises until he erupts. The character first appeared when Mount St. Helens began showing activity in early 2005. <mask> also created the recurring segment "Pierre Bernard's Recliner of Rage", and his voice work on the show included provided the voices of numerous celebrities parodied in the Syncro-Vox faux interviews conducted by O'Brien, including Dick Cheney, Mike Tyson, and Martha Stewart. Conan recurring characters <mask> continued his work on O'Brien's TBS series, Conan. His last episode aired on April 2, 2015, with <mask> in a sketch as The Interrupter where he and his character bade farewell to the series. Among his recurring characters: James Sinclair St. Wallins, Audiencey Awards Fashion Correspondent. <mask>, Singer on "Basic Cable Name That Tune".Conan frequently expresses his contempt for this character, making comments such as "Hate that guy" or "Easily my least favorite person". Voiceover of Minty, the Candy Cane That Briefly Fell on the Ground, singing the theme song for "Minty the Candycane Who Briefly Fell On The Ground" (played by <mask>). Joe Galliano, John Galliano's 'brother' who Conan interviews, generally in response to comments made by John Galliano. Joe tries to defend his brother while changing into ridiculous hats every time the camera switches back to Conan. Wiki Bear, <mask> provides the voice of 2014 recurring character "Wiki Bear", a teddy bear who has a vast knowledge of very disturbing facts. The Late Show with Stephen Colbert After fellow Second City alumnus Stephen Colbert succeeded David Letterman as the host of the CBS series Late Show, <mask> left Conan, and returned to New York to take a job on the Late Show writing staff. He voices the characters of "Cartoon Donald Trump", "God," and "The Ghost of Abraham Lincoln" on the show.Other work <mask> played "Special Agent in Charge" in the 1997 movie Spaceman. <mask> played Howard Jorgensen on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock in the episodes "Jack Meets Dennis", "Succession" and "Larry King". <mask> co-starred as "The World's Tallest Nebraskan" in the Comedy Central animated series Freak Show in 2006. <mask> played Mark, an employee of the Buffalo branch who becomes angry when learning the branch is being shut down, in "Company Picnic", the May 14, 2009 fifth season finale, and 100th episode, of the American version of The Office. <mask> played a cop in "First Date", the April 4, 2013 second season episode of the FOX sitcom New Girl. That same year, he appeared as Ted in the TV series Parks and Recreation, a role that recurred into 2014. On October 13, 2013, <mask> played Don in the Aqua Teen Hunger Force season ten, episode season "Piranha Germs".On July 26, 2015, he played Mappy the Map in the season eleven episode "Knapsack!" <mask> is a frequent performer in the ASSSSCAT improvisational comedy show at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City and Los Angeles. Voice work He provided voices for numerous characters in the video games Deer Avenger (1998) and Deer Avenger 2: Deer in the City (1999), which were written by <mask>'s fellow Late Night writer/actor <mask>, and which co-starred McCann, Tina Fey, Jon Glaser, and Amy Poehler. In 2000, <mask> played "Whiskers" in "Western Day", the December 6, 2000 pilot episode of Robert Smigel's TV series TV Funhouse. In 2012 <mask> provided the voice for the Airplane Pilot in Hotel Transylvania. <mask> voiced the CEO in the web series Talking Tom and Friends Personal life <mask> is married to actress Miriam Tolan, another Second City alum, regular performer at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, and former correspondent for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart who has also appeared in the movie The Heat and on shows like 30 Rock, The League, At Home with Amy Sedaris and Jon Glaser Loves Gear. Awards As a member of Late Nights writing staff, <mask> won five Writers Guild Awards for Writing in a Comedy/Variety Series for 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006.He was also nominated in 1999, 2001, and 2004. <mask> was also nominated for an Emmy Award every year since 1998 for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program as a member of the writing team, winning in 2007. See also List of Late Night with Conan O'Brien sketches References External links Interviewed by Josh Fulton (on archive.org) Interview on The Sound of Young America podcast (April 2007) American male film actors American male television actors American television writers American male television writers American male voice actors Indiana University alumni Writers from Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Writers Guild of America Award winners Male actors from Illinois 1967 births Living people Screenwriters from Illinois

Stacey Plaskett

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<mask> (; born May 13, 1966) is an American politician, attorney, and commentator. She is a delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands' (USVI) at-large congressional district. Plaskett has practiced law in New York City, Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Prior to 2008, Plaskett was a member of the Republican Party, and was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve in the Civil Division of the United States Department of Justice. Plaskett switched to the Democratic Party in late 2008 because she believed it was a better place to have new ideas heard. Plaskett served as a House manager during the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, the first non-voting member of the House of Representatives to do so. Early life and education Plaskett was born on May 13, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in the Bushwick, New York, housing projects.Her parents are both from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands; Her father was a New York City Police Department officer and her mother a clerk in the court system. Her family regularly traveled to Saint Croix during her childhood, so she became familiar with island traditions and culture. Her parents' home in New York was often home for students and other recent migrants moving to the mainland from the Virgin Islands. Plaskett attended Brooklyn Friends School (a Quaker school) and Grace Lutheran Elementary. She was recruited by A Better Chance, Inc. a non-profit organization recruiting minority students to selective secondary schools. Plaskett was a boarding student at Choate Rosemary Hall, where she was a varsity athlete and served as class president for several years. Plaskett spent a term abroad in France during her enrollment at Choate.She often states that Choate awakened her commitment to public service and a deep sense of responsibility to others through the biblical verse "to whom much is given; much is required". She was one of few black students while she attended the school. In 1988, she graduated with a degree in history and diplomacy from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Plaskett ran for student government at Georgetown under a progressive student ticket and was very active in the Anti-Apartheid Movement. As a student she spoke on behalf of universities in the DC area at the General Assembly of the United Nations. She received her J.D. degree from American University Washington College of Law in 1994.Plaskett attended law school at night while she worked full-time during the day with the lobbying arm of the American Medical Association and then with the law firm, Jones Day. In law school she studied constitutional law under her future colleague, Representative Jamie Raskin of Maryland. Career After graduating from law school, Plaskett accepted a position as an assistant district attorney in the Bronx, New York, under Robert T. Johnson. She prosecuted several hundred cases, including in the Narcotics Bureau. She then worked as a consultant and legal counsel focused on internal corporate investigations and strategy for the Mitchell Madison Group. Plaskett moved to Washington, D.C., and worked as counsel on the Republican-led US House of Representatives, Committee on Standards of Official Conduct; now known as the House Committee on Ethics or simply the Ethics Committee. Plaskett left the Committee when she was asked by mentor and fellow trustee at Choate, Robert McCallum to work at the United States Department of Justice as a political appointee of then-President George W. Bush.She accepted the offer and served as counsel for the assistant attorney general for the DOJ Civil Division, and also as acting deputy assistant attorney general for the Torts Branch in the Civil Division. Plaskett then joined the staff of Deputy Attorney General Larry Thompson, primarily working on the Justice Honors program and an initiative to increase the number of minority and women attorneys at the Justice Department. While in the Justice Civil Division, she also worked on the Terrorism Litigation Task Force, the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund and United States v. Philip Morris, the case against several major tobacco companies for violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) by engaging in a conspiracy to deceive the public about the health effects of smoking. After Larry Thompson resigned, Plaskett joined the staff of his successor James Comey. Plaskett later left government service to become a deputy general counsel at UnitedHealth Group. There, she worked in the Americhoice division, handling legal work related to Medicaid and Medicare programs. She then moved to the Virgin Islands, where she worked in private practice and from 2007 to 2014 served as general counsel for the Virgin Islands Economic Development Authority, charged with the economic development of the U.S. territory.Plaskett switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in late-2008. She was initiated into Delta Sigma Theta sorority in 2019. U.S. House of Representatives Elections 2012 In 2012, Plaskett challenged nine-term delegate Donna Christian-Christensen in the Democratic Party primary. Plaskett was unsuccessful, receiving 42.49% of the vote to Christian-Christensen's 57.48%. 2014 In 2014, Plaskett ran for the office again, after formally declaring her candidacy in November 2013. In the Democratic Primary held on August 2, she faced Shawn-Micheal Malone, a Virgin Islands Senator, and Senate President, and Emmett Hansen, a former Virgin Islands Senator and Former chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands. She received 50.4% of the vote to Malone's 41.61% and Hansen's 7.92%.She later faced Republican Vince Danet in the General Election held on November 4. She received over 90% of the vote. 2016 Plaskett was challenged in the Democratic Party Primary by former Virgin Islands Senator Ronald Russell. Plaskett defeated Russell in the primary with 85.48% of the vote to his 14.04%. In the general election, she faced Republican Gordon Ackley, an Air Force veteran and business owner, who ran as a write-in candidate. Plaskett won the election in a landslide, garnering almost 98% of the vote. 2018 <mask> won re-election unopposed in both the Democratic primary and the general election.2020 Plaskett won re-election, defeating independent candidate Shekema George with 88.09% of the vote. Impeachment manager On January 12, 2021, Plaskett was named as a House impeachment manager for the second impeachment of Donald Trump in response to the storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021. During the trial on February 10, 2021, she was introduced by her former constitutional law professor and lead impeachment manager Jamie Raskin of Maryland, who said she was "an 'A' student then and she is an 'A+' student now". Plaskett "presented House Democrats' argument that Trump played a leading role in both organizing and ordering the attack on the nation's citadel of democracy." Committee assignments 117th Congress Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Biotechnology, Horticulture and Research (Chair) Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges, Energy and Credit Subcommittee on Livestock and Foreign Agriculture Committee on the Budget Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures Past memberships Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Nutrition Subcommittee on Livestock and Foreign Agriculture Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Government Operations Subcommittee on Interior Caucus memberships New Democrat Coalition (Leadership Member) Congressional Black Caucus Climate Solutions Caucus Personal life Plaskett is married to Jonathan Buckney Small, a community activist and former professional tennis player. She has five children, four of them with Andre Duffy, her previous husband. She has served on numerous non-profit boards focused primarily on education, culture, and community development.See also List of African-American United States representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives References External links Congresswoman <mask>t official U.S. House website Plaskett for Congress campaign website |- 1966 births 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians African-American lawyers African-American members of the United States House of Representatives African-American people in United States Virgin Island politics African-American women in politics African-American women lawyers American women lawyers Choate Rosemary Hall alumni Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands politicians Female members of the United States House of Representatives Georgetown University alumni Living people Politicians from Brooklyn United States Virgin Islands lawyers United States Virgin Islands women in politics Washington College of Law alumni Brooklyn Friends School alumni People from Bushwick, Brooklyn American people of United States Virgin Islands descent 21st-century African-American women 21st-century African-American politicians 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women

Julian Joachim

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<mask> (born 20 September 1974) is an English former professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bourne Town. He is also an advisor at Europa Point in the Gibraltar National League. During his professional career he initially played from 1992 until 2011, but he came out of retirement in 2013. <mask> notably played in the Premier League for Leicester City and Aston Villa, having also played in the Football League for Coventry City, Leeds United, Walsall, Boston United and Darlington and was capped nine times by England U21, scoring one goal. Over the course of his career in professional football, he scored over 100 league goals and accumulated over 450 league appearances and played in the 2000 FA Cup Final. Since 2008 he has been a non-league football journeyman and has played for King's Lynn, Thurmaston Town, Quorn, Hinckley United, Holbeach United, Coalville Town, Oadby Town, Shepshed Dynamo, Holwell Sports, Newark Town, Radcliffe Olympic, Aslockton & Orston and Bourne Town. Playing career <mask> came through the youth system at Leicester City, and went on to score the club's first ever Premier League goal on the opening day of the 1994–95 season in a 3–1 home defeat to Newcastle United.He was sold to Aston Villa in 1996 for £1.5 million, making his debut for them as a substitute against Wimbledon on 24 February 1996. He was cup-tied for their victory in the 1996 Football League Cup Final having played in the competition for Leicester City earlier that season. Playing for Villa, he appeared in the 2001 American crime thriller, Hannibal, briefly seen on a TV screen playing in the background. After five seasons in the Premiership, <mask> dropped down a division to play for the relegated Coventry City in a deal that saw Villa exchange <mask> plus £2 million for Mustapha Hadji. In 2004 <mask> moved to Leeds United, a club heavily in debt and in the process of rebuilding an inexpensive team, on a free transfer. He made 10 starts and 17 substitute appearances in the league for Leeds that year, but could only deliver two goals before being loaned out to Walsall for the final two months of the season. After turning down Walsall he dropped down another division to League Two.<mask> spent the 2005–06 season with Boston United whom he joined in July 2005. He moved to another League Two side, Darlington, for a club record fee of £100,000 on 14 August 2006. Despite making 40 league appearances and scoring 9 goals as Darlington reached the play-offs, <mask> was released at the end of the 2007–08 season. He subsequently moved into non-league football, signing with newly promoted Conference North side King's Lynn in June 2008. Budget cuts following King's Lynns's demotion to the Northern Premier League Premier Division in May 2009, resulted in <mask> not being offered fresh terms for the 2009–2010 season. Local reports in June 2009 linked him with a return Boston United. He briefly played as an amateur in the Leicestershire Senior League for Thurmaston Town at the start of the 2009–10 season, but a couple of weeks later he signed semi professional terms with Quorn.<mask> signed on for United Counties Premier Division side, Holbeach United for the 2010/11 season. On 14 July 2011 <mask>, aged 36, re-signed for Boston United on non-contract basis. On 26 August 2011, after only making one league appearance, <mask> was released after failing to impress in his second spell with The Pilgrims. In August 2013 <mask>, aged 38, came out of retirement and re-signed with United Counties League Premier Division side Holbeach United for the 2013–14 season. On 17 October 2014 <mask> signed for Midland League Premier Division side Shepshed Dynamo. On 14 July 2016 <mask> signed for Newark Town. At the start of the 2017–18 season <mask> signed for East Midlands Counties League side Radcliffe Olympic.On 5 July 2018 <mask> signed for Notts Senior League side Aslockton & Orston. A year later, he joined Gibraltar National League side Europa Point as a player and advisor, as part of the club's collaboration with Player Trader. However, he departed the club in October without playing a game, joining Bourne Town that month. International career <mask> starred in the England National Under-18 side that won the European U-18 Championships in 1993. He also had nine England Under-21 caps to his name before he was called up by St. Vincent and the Grenadines to represent them at senior level. However, due to him playing for England at U21 level he was ineligible to play for the Caribbean team, only being informed of this upon arrival in St. Vincent for a World Cup qualifier in April 2000. Due to a FIFA rules change that now allows players to switch nationalities unless they have played a competitive senior international, <mask> is now eligible to play for Saint Vincent.He was part of England's U20 squad that finished third at the 1993 FIFA World Youth Championship in Australia. He scored England's winning goal in their 2–1 third place play-off win over Australia at the Sydney Football Stadium. References External links England FA profile Profile and stats at FoxesTalk 1974 births Living people Sportspeople from Peterborough English footballers England under-21 international footballers England youth international footballers Association football forwards Leicester City F.C. players Aston Villa F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Europa Point F.C. players Leeds United F.C.players Walsall F.C. players Boston United F.C. players Darlington F.C. players King's Lynn F.C. players Quorn F.C. players Hinckley United F.C. players Holbeach United F.C.players Coalville Town F.C. players Oadby Town F.C. players Shepshed Dynamo F.C. players Holwell Sports F.C. players Newark Town F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players National League (English football) players English people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines descent East Midlands Counties Football League players FA Cup Final players

Michael Antonyuk

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<mask> (Russian: Михаил Яковлевич Антонюк; (12 March 1935 – 14 April 1993) was a prominent honorary artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a monumentalist, and member of Union of Artists of the USSR. Regarded as an influential Avant-garde artist during the Socialist realism era, <mask> combined elements of Cubism, Soviet avant-garde and Modernism. <mask> was an endowed painter known for oil on canvas. His artistic skill managed to express his own style, although early work shows the influence of Post-Impressionism and Cezannism, for example; "Portrait of the Artist's wife". [Wikicommons art and citation] His artistic repertoire is attributed to the influence of Taras Shevchenko's Academic Art, the Impressionism of Henri Matisse and Vincent van Gogh, the Cubism of Fernand Leger and Pablo Picasso, and the geometric abstractionism of Kazimir Malevich. <mask>'s widespread artistic discography encompassed Stained glass, Mosaic, encaustic accretion technique, Lithography, Mixed media, and Photography in addition to collaborative works with various soviet artists. According to Valentin Pak, art historian and former Director of the Museum of Modern Art, Kazakhstan, Astana (former Tselinograd) "...<mask>ich worked as an artist on an expansive theme of an all-encompassing palette.The vast expression in his paintings harmonize with today's movement, so we can say that his art is true modernism". Early Childhood <mask>ich <mask> was born on 12 March 1935 in Tulychiv, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. He was the oldest child of simple villagers Marusya <mask> and Yakov Karpovich <mask>. A talented composer who played several instruments, his father instilled in <mask> art appreciation and the love of native nature. He developed an attentive awareness to his surroundings, embracing vivid Ukrainian culture. <mask> saw a vibrant color, and his paintings would later illuminate all the hues of the rainbow. The significance of <mask>'s color harmonic expression derived from traditional Ukrainian folklore.WWII At the age of 6, <mask> fled with his little 3 sisters and mother into the forest to escape the burning of his village Tulychiv. During World War II, he began to draw with vine charcoal, made from burned sticks due to the scarcity of pencils. ***add artwork "burnt village" and "cry". Citation needed of childhood reflection Education After high school, <mask>ich <mask> joined the Monumental Painting Department at The Lviv National Academy of Arts, Ukraine (former Lviv Institute of Decorative and Applied Art). He trained under world renowned artists such as Roman Yulianovich Selsky (1903 - 1990), Ukrainian and Soviet painter, educator, professor, and Honorary People's Artist of Ukraine (1989). Selskiy was a beloved Professor of Antonyuk, and colleagues. Roman Selsky instilled comprehensive artistic knowledge in his students, teaching the technical disciplines of the great impressionists: Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso.Selsky is known for teaching Color theory, revealing Harmony (color) in picturesque canvases of Diego Velazquez, Peter Paul Rubens, Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, and Eugène Delacroix. Learning the fundamental methodology of the great European Colorists laid the foundation for <mask>'s creative principles. Art Dissertation T.G. Shevchenko. 120x100, 1961, plywood, encaustic accretion technique. "Katerina", 120x100, 1961, oil on canvas. This graduation work was made in collaboration with Vasiliy Tovtin.USSR Ukraine <mask> graduated from the Lviv State Institute of Applied and Decorative Arts in 1961 with government clearance and credentials. He was given various monumental art prospects in the capital of Ukraine, Kiev. In addition, Khrushchev's Thaw created an allure for exploration and development of vast wild Tselina steppes and virgin land. The greatest migration in soviet history attracted research teams, scientists, and graduates from Moscow, Leningrad, and The Republic of Ukraine. The Virgin Lands Campaign led to the great migration of the early 1960s, representing the 15 different republics of the Soviet Union, including diverse nationalities. Kazakhstan In 1961, in the town of Akmolinsk, Kazakhstan, young intellectuals from the institutes of Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine began to arrive by train. <mask> settled among the spacious land in Kazakh Steppe (Republic of Kazakhstan, former Soviet Union).<mask> fell in love with the fertile land full of wild tulips and clover steppes. In 1962, he decided to stay and work, committing himself to this new world. Antonyuk began a series of paintings depicting traditional and nomadic lifestyle, featuring "Holiday Yurt", "Aqsaqal", "Mother", "Festival at Lake Tengiz", and "Still Life With Fish", 60x60, 1963, oil on canvas; Fragment. [wikicommons artwork & citation] "<mask> arrived in Tselinograd in 1961, the same year the Kazakh space exploration launched the first manned spacecraft. Among the two main themes - virgin and space - were inextricably merged into the artist's work: "Tselina lives", "resort Borovoe", "Tselinnaya LEP", "Mangyshlak", "Tselinny bread", "Tselinnoe Priishimya", "Earth and Space", " The man and the Earth "," Intercosmos "and others. One of the works called "Celina over the planet." For the artist, it is not just a metaphor: expanses of virgin land and space open spaces are equally close to his worldview.I asked his son: "Native land for <mask>uk - is it Ukraine or Kazakhstan?". - "It seems to me, more than all the same Kazakhstan", - said Yaroslav. The artist studied the national culture of Kazakhstan and loved the land. Without love and deep understanding, one can not create works that his colleague Ivan Svitich said, "Antoniuk painted his masterpieces with a different colorful richness. The joy of color, clarity of rhythm, the solemnity of the composition, woven from the Kazakh ornament, spikes, cars, rockets, yurts, national costumes." ( "Yurt", "Dastarkhan," "The holiday," "The People's mistress from Aji village"). -Natalya Kurpyakova, Kazakhskaya Pravda Growth and construction of the city prompted development in Akmola (former name of Astana) monumental decorative art.The transformation of Akmolinsk into Tselinograd was successful due to the commitment of project managers, city planners and productive administrators. The creativity of <mask> became of service to the aesthetic decorative land development of Tselinograd districts and neighboring towns. In 1963, <mask> cofounded The Tselinograd regional branch of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan and served as the first chairman on The Board of the Union of artists of USSR. 1969 Finalist in the International Photography 7th Exhibition in Romania. "Old man from Uzbekistan", 100x200 cm black and white photo. (Awarded 2nd place) [wikicommons artwork & citation] Participation in the all Union exhibition in Moscow. "Still life with Cactus", 120x90, 1969, oil on canvas; + Fragments [wikicommons artwork & citation] "Mother", 85x85, oil on canvas, 1969.[wikicommons artwork & citation] 1972 Completed Relief with Mosaic "Print and Kosmos" on printing press & typography building (Бейбитшилик) in Tselinograd. 8-month project in collaboration with Vasily Ivanovich Tovtin. Commissioned from Kazakh government as an aesthetic monument to beautify the city. [wikicommons artwork & citation] Exhibition of fine arts of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. "Mangyshlak", 150x140, 1972, Tempera on canvas. "Recolection", 200x100, 1972 Tempera on canvas. Sabbatical leave to Morocco, France and Cuba.1982 "Signs of the Zodiac", Palace of Wedding Ceremonies in the city of Tselinograd. Дворец бракосочетаний. Уже снесли. Stained glass windows in the Palace of Ceremonies. Completed in 1982, each module was manually made. Featuring imported glass from Neman Belarus with a thickness of 25–30 mm. This series was framed on the surface texture of the building, which deflected sunlight to enhance the expressiveness.Technique: Fastened panes with mortar and metal armature. Demolished in 1990 [wikicommons photography & citations] "Landscape and Still Life". Республиканская выставка, Almaty Kazakhstan 1984 "Flora of Kazakhstan" and "Industry", 4x6 meters, Collaborative work between <mask> and Vasily Ivanovich Tovtin. Completed in 1984 in the hotel "Abay", Astana (formerly known as "Tourist" in the city of Tselinograd) Final Years On the 40th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, <mask> painted "The Tragedy of Volyn village Kortelisy." (Ukraine). In 1986, <mask> was honored in a 50-year birthday biography publication by Ivan Svitich. [Translation of magazine & citation].In 1992, <mask> was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan. <mask> fell ill in 1993, and subsequently diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. <mask> suffered a stroke, and died at the age of 58 on 14 April 1993. He is interred in City Cemetery, Saryarka District, in Astana, Kazakhstan. He is survived by his children, Oksana <mask> (Master of Architecture, NYC) and Yaroslav <mask> (Artist, Architect & Interior Designer, Astana). Legacy <mask>ich Antonyuk dedicated his career of monumental artwork to his nationalist admiration for Kazakhstan. Art historians focus on the fact that his art reflects the inner world of <mask> and his thoughts.According to Natalya Kurpyakova, deputy editor-in-chief of Niva Magazine, "<mask>'s artistic work has appeared in the public service of social needs in construction, district towns, state and collective farms. He was elected a member of the USSR and the Kazakh SSR, under the Central Auditing Commission of the Union of Artists. Fourteen years he served as chairman of the Tselinograd Union of Artists of Kazakhstan. He was conferred the title of Honored Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Muralist, avant-garde Soviet realism and the Union of Artists since 1963." His art studio walls are densely covered with canvas. The paintings of <mask> are found in the Museum of Modern Art, Astana, Kazakhstan in addition to private collections. Works 1967 Цветное фото Дворца Целинников.Автор: Антонюк М. Я., 1967 г. 1970 "Aggression", 163x103, 1970, oil on canvas. [wikicommons artwork & citation] 1971 Exhibition of fine arts of Kazakhstan, Tselinograd. 1973 Montmartre, from the series "Paris", 100x70, 1973, Mixed media, Lithography. "Paris", 100x70, 1973, Mixed media, Lithography. [fragment] [wikicommons photography & citations] "Festival at Lake Tengiz", 160x150, 1973, tempera, canvas. 1974 Otium tour of Hungary and Czechoslovakia.Union of Artists of the USSR traveling exhibition in Kazakhstan. "Sugar Cane", 90x90, 1974, oil on canvas. 1975 Ivan Fomich Svitich joined the Union of Artists, as <mask> was Organizer and Chairman of the Union of Artists in former Soviet Union republic of Kazakhstan. Creative journey in Crimea. 1976 "On Holiday" 160x160, 1976, tempera on canvas. "Dastarkhān", 170x115, 1976, tempera on canvas. "Holiday Yurt", 40x47, 1976, ink, graphics, etching."Yurts", 75x70, 1976, ink, graphics, etching. 1977 "Old Aqsaqal", 50x70, 1977, felt pen. 1980 "Golden Steppe", 1980, 7x9 meters, ceramic mosaic. Commissioned for the House of Culture located in Vozdvyzhensky, Kazakhstan. A tribute to classical and folklore composer Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev. 1981 "Victor Jara", 140x100, 1981, tempera, canvas. 1985 "The Tragedy of Volyn Village Kortelisy in Ukraine", 200x100, 1985, tempera on canvas.Notes Roman Yulianovich Selsky, 1903-1989 Artist, Professor of Fine Art Tulychiv, native village of <mask>levich <mask>, in Turiysk district of Volyn region, Ukraine Monumental Art, from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1979 Yaroslav Mikhailovich <mask>, artistic protégé and son of <mask> <mask> Mangyshlak, Tjuk-Karagaj cape on Mangyshlak peninsula, by Taras Shevchenko Complete Works in 10 volumes. – Kyiv: ed. Academy of sciences of UkrSSR, 1964, Vol. 9, No. 60, p. 38. Abay, "Flora of Kazakhstan" and "Industry", 4x6 meters, collaborative work between <mask> and Vasily Ivanovich Tovtin. Completed in 1984 in the hotel "Abay", Astana (formerly known as "Tourist" in the city of Tselinograd) Palace of Wedding Ceremonies, "Signs of the Zodiac", in the city of Tselinograd.Дворец бракосочетаний. Уже снесли. Stained glass windows in the Palace of Ceremonies. Completed in 1982 References External links Roman Yulianovich Selsky, 1903-1989 Artist, Professor of Fine Art Tulychiv, native village of Michael Yakovlevich Antonyuk, in Turiysk district of Volyn region, Ukraine Monumental Art, from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1979 Yaroslav Mikhailovich <mask>, artistic protégé and son of <mask>ich <mask> Mangyshlak, Tjuk-Karagaj cape on Mangyshlak peninsula, by Taras Shevchenko Complete Works in 10 volumes. – Kyiv: ed. Academy of sciences of UkrSSR, 1964, Vol. 9, No.60, p. 38. Abay, "Flora of Kazakhstan" and "Industry", 4x6 meters, collaborative work between <mask> and Vasily Ivanovich Tovtin. Completed in 1984 in the hotel "Abay", Astana (formerly known as "Tourist" in the city of Tselinograd) Palace of Wedding Ceremonies, "Signs of the Zodiac", in the city of Tselinograd. Дворец бракосочетаний. Уже снесли. Stained glass windows in the Palace of Ceremonies. Completed in 1982 1935 births 1993 deaths People from Volyn Oblast People from Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939) Soviet painters Ukrainian painters Ukrainian male painters Kazakhstani painters Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent

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<mask> (4 May 1933 – 18 January 1989) was an Italian historian of philosophy. He graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan with an academic thesis in Medieval Philosophy. He dedicated his studies in particular to the natural philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and to the influence of Cartesianism in England. Life <mask> was born in Milan in 1933. He graduated in philosophy in 1957, at the University of Milan, with a study in Medieval Philosophy under the mentorship of . In 1969 he was called to the academic chair of History of Philosophy as Associate Professor to the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Milan; in 1973 was named full professor, heading the Second Chair of History of Philosophy. In 1984 he was called to the First Chair of the same discipline after the retirement of Dal Pra.Starting in 1986, he led the Department of Philosophy in his University. In 1987, he was appointed as Director of the Centre for the studies of the philosophical thought in 16th and 17th centuries connected to scientific questions, a branch of the Italian National Council for Research (CNR). <mask> was editor of the journal Il Movimento di Liberazione in Italia from 1957 to 1962, where he published many reviews, some of whom appeared in other languages. He became in 1982 co-director of the Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, the journal for the history of philosophy founded by Mario Dal Pra in 1947. <mask> died in January 1989 in Milan. He was 55 years of age. Work <mask>'s first work of research was his academic thesis devoted to the study of John of Jandun.Between 1958 and 1960, <mask> wrote a number of articles on the French philosopher that appeared on the Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, an Italian philosophical journal founded and directed by Mario Dal Pra. <mask> then directed his intellectual efforts to the study of the history of Modern philosophy, giving special attention to the philosophical personality of Thomas Hobbes. One of the outcomes of his labour in this direction was Convenzione e ipotesi nella formazione della filosofia naturale di Thomas Hobbes. The book appeared in 1965, published by La Nuova Italia. The book gave wide evidence of the philosophical relevance of Hobbes not just in the history of political thought but, moreover, as a keen student of the most relevant tenets of science in his time. <mask> in 1971 published a short monograph titled Introduzione a Hobbes. The book gave an account of the intellectual development of Hobbes, from his translation of the Peloponnesian War, to the debates of the last years and the devising of Behemoth.<mask> subsequently researched the cultural debate in England in the 17th century, with special care to the influence of René Descartes., At the conclusion of his research into the subject, <mask> published Cartesio in Inghilterra in 1973. In 1976, he contributed to the collective volume, La Filosofia Moderna, Dal Quattrocento al Seicento, edited by Mario Dal Pra, with four essays. They were dedicated, respectively, to the philosophy of nature in England from Fludd to Harvey, to Hobbes and the political treatises in the 17th century, to the Cambridge Platonic School and the Latitudinarians, and eventually to Locke and the Experimental Philosophy Concurrently, <mask> devoted his attention to new problems and new authors in the history of philosophy, later publishing the book La Materia, a concise history of the concept of matter, from the beginnings of the notion in Ancient Greece to the redefinition of the meanings of the term in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1978, <mask> edited a collection of excerpts taken from the works of a group of 19th century materialist philosophers. He introduced the texts explaining the choice he made, putting the authors in their historical and cultural context. There, <mask> stated how, “notwithstanding their general diffidence to philosophy, the German materialists had two “protective deities”, Schopenhauer and Feuerbach, whom they often refer to, although they quite never understood them completely. You can wonder of the connection, but your surprise will be short lived, if you ponder the fact that these two thinkers voiced, from different perspectives, the quickest and the most intransigent anti-idealist reaction in Germany in the second quarter of XIX century”.In 1979, <mask> wrote an essay on Schopenhauer’s materialism, as part of a work by various authors on the Legacy of Enlightenment. In 1983, he published an Introduction to the reading of the Essay on Human Understanding. The book, printed as a didactic tool, was the second work on Locke by the Italian scholar. From 1981 to 1988, <mask> came back to the study of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. The first clue of his renewed interests on this subject is a contribution he gave to the International Congress on “Coscienza civile ed esperienza religiosa nell’Europa Moderna”. We can perceive here a shift in the interests of the Italian scholar toward the role of religion on the mature political philosophy of the author of Leviathan. In fact, <mask> published shortly afterward, a contribution in homage to Mario Dal Pra titled Hobbes e il Dio delle cause.During this time, <mask> authored several works about Hobbs, including Filosofia e Teologia in Hobbes, Hobbes e la Potenza di Dio, Hobbes e la Teologia, Some Guidelines in Hobbes’ Theology, Hobbes and Biblical Philology in the Service of the State, His last work, a set of introductory notes to each chapter of a new Italian translation of Leviathan, was put abruptly to an end by his premature death. Methodology The method of research followed by <mask> in his studies is described by Mario Dal Pra: "His research, from its beginnings, stands out for the attention to the great philosophical doctrines, resorting at the same time to philological methodology. [<mask>] examined inedited sources and manuscripts, deriving from them new perspectives and new historical connections never considered before". <mask> applied such a methodological approach to the history of philosophy in his review of Raymond Polin's book that criticized the value of religious faith on Hobbes’ conceptions. In the first place he praises how the French author connects Hobbes’ mechanical conception of nature to his political philosophy. In the same review, <mask> showed some perplexity as to the “liberal” interpretation of that same philosophy. What <mask> also insisted upon the need for the historian of philosophy to be “fair” to his sources.<mask> emphasized the "fair" approach, when describing a logical fault in Polin’s conclusions: the French author cites the same sources and the same arguments, but reaches different conclusions. References Bibliography Primary literature (compiled on the basis of the one published by Agostino Lupoli in his "Alcune note di Arrigo <mask> e Bibliografia dei suoi scritti" in ACME, vol.XLV, II, 1992) 1. Review of S. MacClintock, Perversity and Error, Studies on the "Averroist" John of Jandun (Bloomington, Indiana Un. Press, 1956), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XII (1957), pp. 241–242. 2. Review of U. Eco, Il prolema estetico in S. Tommaso (Torino, Ed. di 'Filosofia', 1956), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XII (1957), p. 490. 3.Note sul Commento al "De Anima" di Giovanni di Jandun: a. La teoria del senso agente, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIII (1958), pp. 372–383; b. L'unicità dell'intelletto e l'unità della scienza, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIV (1959), pp. 437–451; c. La polemica contro il tomismo, ivi, pp. 451–457; d. La questione della "doppia verità", Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XV (1960), pp. 354–375. 4. Review of I. Vitale, L'armonia prestabilita in Leibniz (Padova, Cedam, 1959), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XV (1960), pp.110–111. 5. Review of F. Viscidi, Il problema della musica nella filosofia di Schopenhauer (Padova, Liviana, 1959), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XVI (1961), pp. 473–474. 6. Bibliografia hobbesiana dal 1840 ad oggi, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XVII (1962), pp. 528–547. 7. Review of Three Copernican Treatises.The 'Commentariolus' of Copernicus. The 'Letter against Werner'. The 'Narratio Prima' of Rheticus, a c. di E. Rosen (New York, Dover Publ., II ed. 1958), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XVII (1962), pp. 217–218. 8. Review of D. Formaggio, L'idea di artisticità. Dalla "morte dell'arte" al "rico¬minciamento" dell'estetica filosofica (Milano, Ceschina, 1962), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XVII (1962), pp.231–232. 9. Review of Y. Belaval, Leibniz critique de Descartes (Paris, Gallimard, 1960), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XVIII (1963), pp. 257–261. 10. Il "De motu, loco et tempore" e un inedito hobbesiano, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp. 159–168. 11. Review of S.I.Mintz, The Hunting of Leviathan (Cambridge, Cambridge Un. Press, 1962), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp. 228–230. 12. Review of C.H. Wildon, Leibniz (New York, Dover Publ., 1960), - H.M. Wolff, Leibniz. Allbeseelung un Skepsis (Bern, Francke, 1961), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp.

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237–238.13. Review of P. Costabel, Lebniz et la dynamique. Les textes de 1692 (Paris, Hermann, 1960), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp. 328–330. 14. Review of N.G. Ward, Renaissance Concept of Method (New York, Columbia Un. Press, 1960), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp. 461–462.15. Review of Aa.Vv., Seventeenth Century Science and the Arts (Princeton, Princeton Un. Press, 1961), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XIX (1964), pp. 464–465. 16. Convenzione e ipotesi nella formazione della filosofia naturale di Thomas Hobbes, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1965, pp. 250. 17.(A cura di A.P.) Ruggero Bacone e Roberto Grossatesta in un inedito hobbesiano del 1634, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XX (1965), pp. 499–502. 18. Review of L. Gysi, Platonism and Cartesianism in the Philosophy of Ralph Cudworth (Bern, Lang, 1962), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XX (1965), pp. 103–104. 19. Review of C. Cattaneo, Scritti filosofici, a c. di C. Lacaita (Torino, Paravia, 1963), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XX (1965), pp. 257–258.20. Cinquant'anni di studi hobbesiani, “Rivista di Filosofia”, LVII (1966), pp. 306–335. 21. Una "Biblioteca Ideale" di Thomas Hobbes: il MS E2 dell'Archivio di Chatsworth, ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, XXI (1968), pp. 3–42. 22.Studi hobbesiani negli ultimi venticinque anni in Italia, “Cultura e Scuola”, 1968, pp. 118–126. 23. Thomas Hobbes, Elementi di legge naturale e politica, pres., trad. e note di A. <mask>, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1968, pp. XII-276 [rist. an.1985]. 24. Review of W. Simon, European Positivism in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, Cornell Un. Press, 1963), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXIII (1968), pp. 99–101. 25. Thomas Hobbes, Logica, libertà e necessità, trad. intr.e note a cura di A. <mask>, Milano, Principato, 1969, pp. 129. 26. Galileo Galilei, Opere, intr. e note a cura di A. <mask>, Napoli, Fulvio Rossi, 1969, 2 tomi, pp. 608, 562. 27. Review of Galileo Reappraised, a c. di C. Golino (Berkeley-Los Ang., Un.of California Press, 1966), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXIV (1969), pp. 110–111. 28. Review of A. Pasquinelli, Letture galileiane (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1968), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXIV (1969), p. 111. 29. Review of M. Clavelin, La philosophie naturelle de Galilée. Essay sur les origines et la formation de la mécanique classique (Paris, Colin, 1968), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXIV (1969), pp. 462–465. 30.Thomas Hobbes, De homine, intr. trad. e note a cura di A. <mask>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1970, pp. 196 [1972; 1984 (intr. parz. rifatta, pp. XL-165)].31. Review of M. Corsi, Introduzione al Leviatano (Napoli, Morano, 1967), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXV (1970), pp. 202–203. 32. Henry More cartesiano: a. Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXVI (1971), pp. 3–19; b. ivi, pp. 115–140. 33.Introduzione a Hobbes, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1971, pp. 197 [seconda ed. con suppl. bibliografico, Roma-Bari, 1979, pp. 201; 1986]. 34. Cartesio in Inghilterra da More a Boyle, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1973, pp.XV-272. 35. Thomas Hobbes, Il pensiero etico-politico, antologia, scelta, intr. e note di A. <mask>, trad. di N. Bobbio e A. <mask>, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1973, pp. XLVI-257. 36.Robert Boyle e l'autocritica della ragione, Atti del XXIV Congresso Nazionale di Filosofia, vol. II, Roma, Società Filosofica Italiana, 1974, pp. 443–450. 37. Introduzione a Thomas Hobbes, Leviatano, trad. M. Vinciguerra, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1974, tomo I, pp. V-XLIV.38. La materia, Milano, Isedi, 1976, pp. 166. 39. In "Storia della Filosofia", diretta da Mario Dal Pra, vol. VII, Milano, F. Vallardi, 1976: a. La filosofia inglese da Fludd ad Harvey, cap.22, pp. 495–504 (890-891); b. Hobbes e la trattatistica politica, cap. 23, pp. 505–527 (892-895); c. Platonici di Cambridge e Latitudinari, cap. 30, pp. 675–687 (935-936); d. La filosofia sperimentale e John Locke, cap. 31, pp.689–715 (937-942). 44. Review of Aa.Vv., Scienza e filosofia scozzese nell'età di Hume, a c. di A. Santucci (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1976) - Review of T. Reid, Ricerca sulla mente umana e altri scritti, a c. di A. Santucci (Torino, UTET, 1975), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXXI (1976), pp. 346–348. 45. Hobbes e l'epicureismo, Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXXIII (1978), pp. 54–71. 46.Aa. Vv., Materialisti dell'Ottocento, scelta, introduzione e indicazioni bibliografiche a cura di A. <mask>, traduttori vari, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1978, pp. 368. 47. Schopenhauer tra Illuminismo e Materialismo, in Aa.Vv., Eredità dell'Illuminismo, a c. di A. Santucci, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1979, pp. 203–230. 48.Economia ed etica dei bisogni, in Aa.Vv., La dimensione dell'economico - Filosofi ed economisti a confronto, Atti del 2° Convegno tra studiosi di filosofia morale, a c. di R. Crippa, Padova, Liviana, 1979, pp. 259–267. 49. Schopenhauer e il criticismo kantiano, Milano, Opera Universitaria dell'Università degli Studi - Servizio dispense, 1981, pp. 24. 50. Il razionalismo del Seicento, [antologia] a c. di A. <mask>, Torino, Loescher, 1982, pp.243. 51. Scritti galileiani, [scelta, premesse e note] a c. di A. <mask>, Milano, Opera Universitaria dell'Università degli Studi - Servizio dispense, 1982, pp. 153. 52. Introduzione alla lettura del "Saggio sull'intelletto umano" di Locke, Milano, Unicopli, 1983, pp. 221.53. Hobbes e la Bibbia, in Aa.Vv., Coscienza civile ed esperienza religiosa nell'Europa moderna, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Pavia (1-3 ottobre 1981), a c. di R. Crippa, Brescia, Morceliana, 1983, pp. 327–331. 54. Review of R. Polin, Hobbes, Dieu et les hommes (Paris, PUF, 1981), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXXVIII (1983), pp. 233–237. 55. Review of M. Sina, Introduzione a Locke (Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1982), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXXVIII (1983), pp. 243–244.56. Review of U. Scarpelli, Thomas Hobbes. Linguaggio e leggi naturali. Il tempo e la pena (Milano, Giuffré, 1981), Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia, XXXVIII (1983), pp. 377–378. 57. Hobbes e il Dio delle cause, in Aa.Vv., La storia della filosofia come sapere critico. Studi offerti a Mario Dal Pra, Milano, Angeli, 1984, pp.295–307. 58. La collocazione di Alfonso Testa nel movimento filosofico italiano tra Sette e Ottocento, “Archivio storico delle province parmensi”, XXXVI (1984), pp. 183–194. 59. Review of P. Clair, Libertinage et incrédules (1665-1715?) (Paris, Ed. du CNRS, 1983), RSF, XXXIX (1984), p. 820.60. Filosofia e teologia in Hobbes, Dispense del Corso di Storia della Filosofia per l'A.A. 1984-85, Milano, Unicopli, 1985, pp. 139. 61. Definizioni e problemi della storia della filosofia, Appunti relativi alle lezioni introduttive del corso di Storia della filosofia I, Milano, Unicopli, 1985, pp. 69.62. La vita, la filosofia, e Dino Formaggio, in Aa.Vv., Dino Formaggio e l'estetica, Milano, Unicopli, 1985, pp. 47–49. 63. Review of T. Hobbes, De cive, The Latin version; De cive, The English version. A Critical Edition by H. Warrender (The Clarendon Edition of the Philosophical Works of Thomas Hobbes, voll. 2 e 3, Oxford, Clarendon, 1983), RSF, XL (1985), pp. 609–610 64. Review of W. Anders, A History of Philosophy, vol.I: Antiquity and the Middle Ages; vol. II: The Modern Age to Romanticism; vol. III: From Bolzano to Wittgenstein (Oxford, Oxford Un. Press, 1982-1984), RSF, XL (1985), pp. 824–826. 65. Soggetto individuale e genere umano nella riflessione filosofica del Cinquecento, in Aa.Vv., Ragione e 'civilitas' - Figure del vivere associato nella cultura del '500 europeo, Atti del Convegno di Diamante (7-9 November 1984), a c. di D. Bigalli, Milano, Angeli, 1986, pp.339–343. 66. Hobbes e la potenza di Dio, in Aa.Vv., Sopra la volta del mondo. Onnipotenza e potenza assoluta di Dio tra Medioevo e Età Moderna, Atti del Convegno di Studi (Dipartimento di Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, 9-10 maggio 1985), a c. di Mariateresa Beonio-Brocchieri Fumagalli, Bergamo, Lubrina, 1986, pp. 79–91. 67. Introduzione a J. Stuart Mill, Auguste Comte e il Positivismo, tr.A. Dardanelli, Milano, Unicopli, 1986, pp. V-XV. 68. Hobbes and the Passions, “Topoi”, 6 (1987), pp. 111–119. 69. Idealismo e naturalismo.La riflessione sulla pace nel pensiero del Cinque e del Seicento, in Aa.Vv., I filosofi e la pace, Atti del V Convegno tra studiosi di filosofia morale, in memoria di Romeo Crippa, a c. di F. Baroncelli e M. Pasini, Genova, EGIC, 1987, pp. 79–104. 70. Review of M. Malherbe, Thomas Hobbes ou l'oeuvre de la raison (Paris, Vrin, 1984), RSF, XLII (1987), pp. 371–373. 71. In "Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie", begründet von F. Ueberweg, völlig neubearbeitete Ausgabe, Die Philosophie des 17. Jahrhunderts, Band 3 (England), hrsg.von J.-P. Schobinger, Basel, Schwabe, 1988, cap. V (Der Cartesianismus): a. Die Rezeption der cartesischen Philosophie, 12, pp. 293–297; b. Ein Anhänger und ein Gegner der cartesischen Philosophie, 13, pp. 298–309. 72. Hobbes and the Problem of God, in Aa.Vv., Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes, a c. di G.A.J.Rogers e A. Ryan, Oxford, Clarendon, 1988, pp.

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171–187 73. Hobbes and Biblical Philology in the Service of the State, “Topoi”, 7 (1988), pp. 231–239. 74. Introduzione a Thomas Hobbes, Scritti teologici, trad. e note di G. Invernizzi e A. Lupoli, Milano, Angeli, 1988, pp.7–33. 75. Hobbes e la teologia, “Ragioni Critiche”, IV (1988), n. 5-6, pp. 36–41 [testo senza apparato di note della relazione presentata al Convegno Internazionale Hobbes Oggi]. 76. Il filosofo e l'educatore, in "In onore di Mario Dal Pra", Montecchio Maggiore, 1988, pp. 13–28.77. Présentation di Signes, sens et concept aux XVIe-XVIIe s., Atti delle Deux journées (Paris 10-11 décembre 1986) organizzate dall'ER 75 del CNRS diretto da A. Robinet e dal “Centro di Studi del Pensiero filosofico del Cinquecento e del Seicento” diretto da A. <mask>, “Revue de sciences philosophiques et theologiques” [fasc. mon. ], 72 (1988), pp. 193–194. 78. Il suo record, quattro secoli di antipatia, “Il Sole 24 Ore”, 3 aprile 1988, p. 10.79. Thomas Hobbes: un quadricentenario che fa discutere, “Ragioni Critiche”, IV (1988), n. 4, pp. 18–9. 80. Thomas Hobbes. L'attualità di un pessimista, [dibattito con F. Barone e F. Viola], “Eco di Locarno”, 4 giugno 1988, pp. 26–27.Secondary literature 1. Roberto Parenti, Review of Thomas Hobbes, Elementi di legge naturale e politica, edited by <mask> <mask>, in "Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia", Vol. 23, No. 3 (July–September 1968), p. 361 2. Mario Sina, Review of Cartesio in Inghilterra. Da More a Boyle by A<mask>, in "Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica" Vol. 66, No.1 (January–March 1974), pp. 183–187 3. Richard S. Westfall, review of Cartesio in Inghilterra, da More a Boyle, in "Journal of the history of philosophy, vol.13, n.1, January 1975, pp.103-104. 4. Review of Introduzione a Hobbes, by <mask> <mask>, by Jean Bernhardt, "Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger", T. 166, No. 4, (OCT.-DÉC. 1976), pp. 480–482 5.Alan Gabbey, The English Fortunes of Descrtes, Review of Cartesio in Inghilterra, in "The British Journal for the History of Science", Vol. 11, No. 2 (Jul., 1978), pp. 159–164 6. A. Babolin, Review of Il razionalismo del Seicento by A<mask>, in "Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica", Vol. 75, No. 2 (aprile-giugno 1983), pp.350–351 7. A. Babolin, Review of Eredità dell'Illuminismo. Studi sulla cultura europea fra Settecento e Ottocento by A. Santucci, in "Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica", Vol. 76, No. 3 (luglio-September 1984), pp. 503–504 8. Karl Schuhmann, Rapidità del pensiero e ascensione al cielo: alcuni motivi ermetici in Hobbes, in "Rivista di Storia della Filosofia" Vol.40, No. 2 (1985), pp. 203–227 9. Andrea Napoli, «Hobbes Oggi»: Cronaca del convegno internazionale di Milano - Locarno, 18-21 MAGGIO 1988 in "Rivista di Storia della Filosofia", Vol. 44, No. 1 (1989), pp. 163–173 10.Mario Dal Pra, La Morte di Arrigo <mask>, in “Rivista di Storia della Filosofia”, vol.44, n.1, 1989, pp. I-IV 11. Agostino Lupoli, <mask> <mask> studioso di Hobbes, in “Bollettino della Società Filosofica Italiana”, 140, maggio-agosto 1990, pp. 11–22 13. Tracy B. Strong, Review of Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes by G. A. J. Rogers, Alan Ryan, in "The British Journal for the History of Science", Vol. 23, No.3 (Sep., 1990), pp. 353–355 14. Agostino Lupoli, Alcune Note di Arrigo Pacchi e Bibliografia dei suoi scritti, in “ACME”, vol. XLV, fascicolo II, Maggio Agosto 1992. 15. Mark Goldie, Review of Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes by G. A. J. Rogers, Alan Ryan, in "The English Historical Review", Vol. 107, No.423 (Apr., 1992), pp. 469–470 16. Perez Zagorin, Hobbes's Early Philosophical Development, in "Journal of the History of Ideas", Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1993), pp. 505–518 17. Alan Gabbey, Henry More Lecteur de Descartes: Philosophie Naturelle et Apologétique, in Archives de Philosophie, Vol.58, No. 3, (July–September 1995), pp. 355–369 18. Robert Arp, The "Quinque Viae" of Thomas Hobbes in "History of Philosophy Quarterly", vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct., 1999), pp. 367–394 19.Timothy Raylor, Hobbes, Payne, and "A Short Tract on First Principles" in "The Historical Journal" Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 29–58 20. Frank Horstmann, Hobbes on Hypotheses in Natural Philosophy in "The Monist", Vol. 84, No. 4, (October 2001), pp.487–501 21. E. I. Rambaldi, La "Rivista" di Mario Dal Pra, palestra scientifica dei primi allievi, in Annamaria Loche, Maria Luisa Lussu (edited), Saggi di Filosofia e Storia della Filosofia: scritti dedicati a Maria Teresa Marcialis, Milan, 2012, pp. 195–222 1933 births 1989 deaths Italian historians of philosophy University of Milan alumni University of Milan

Murray Robson

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Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (7 March 1906 – 26 August 1974) was an Australian lawyer, soldier and a member of the New South Wales Parliament for over twenty years. Known for most of his life as <mask>, he was born in Sydney and educated at Newington College and the University of Sydney, where he gained degrees in arts and law. After working several years as a solicitor, <mask> stood for, and was elected to, parliament on 29 August 1936 at a by-election for the seat of Vaucluse. He served many years on the backbenches, he enlisted in the Second World War and served with distinction during the war, gaining promotion to lieutenant colonel and receiving the Distinguished Service Order for his service. Returning to politics, he had missed the foundation of the Liberal Party in 1945. When long-time Leader Vernon Treatt resigned the leadership in 1954 and contests between Deputy Leader Robert Askin and Pat Morton became deadlocked he was asked to stand and was consequently elected as party leader and Leader of the Opposition. He served little more than a year before he was deposed by Pat Morton.In 1957 he retired from politics and returned to his legal career before retiring. He died of a heart attack in August 1974. Early life <mask> was born in Ashfield, New South Wales on 7 March 1906, the second son of long-serving NSW politician William Elliott Veitch <mask> and Mabel Jackson Wise. His grandfather, <mask>, was also a Member of the NSW Legislative Council from 1900 to 1920. Being educated at Newington College from 1918 to 1923, <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (1927) and a Bachelor of Law (1930) at the University of Sydney while a resident of St. Paul's College. <mask> was admitted as a solicitor on 4 June 1930 and practised with his father at Robson & Cowlishaw. He married Lesley Alison Martin in 1931 at St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Sydney and had two sons.When sitting United Australia Party (UAP) MP William Foster died in office, <mask> stood as an Independent UAP candidate at the resulting by-election in Foster's vacated Legislative Assembly seat of Vaucluse. At the by-election on 29 August 1936, he emerged successful, with 62.63% of the vote, becoming the third generation of his family to serve in the NSW Parliament. Soon after his election <mask> joined the UAP but soon joined a group of government backbenchers who were unhappy with the Bertram Stevens government's economic management and the party's control over preselection, becoming prominent in the struggle that led to the resignation of the Premier Stevens and his replacement by Alexander Mair in August 1939. At the 4 March 1938 election, <mask> retained his seat uncontested. Military career When the Second World War broke out, <mask> initially enlisted as a lieutenant in the Militia from 29 September 1939. On 25 December, <mask> was granted a leave of absence from the NSW Parliament, with his father dealing with his affairs, and enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force on 29 December. Embarking for Scotland with the 2nd/5th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, in May 1940, he disembarked at Gourock, Scotland on 18 June 1940.Transferring to the 2/31st Battalion in the 7th Division, and was trained in the AIF School. On 3 March 1941, he left Britain, arriving in the Middle East on 9 March. On 9 May 1941, he was appointed to captain. In June 1941 Captain <mask> received a shrapnel wound to the foot while fighting in Syria. Attached to the Middle East Tactical School, he rejoined his unit in February 1942 and served with distinction in North Africa, being promoted to major on 8 October 1942. On 3 December 1942, <mask> departed North Africa with his unit, disembarking at Brisbane, Queensland, on 8 January 1943. On 11 June 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of the 2/31st Battalion.In August 1943 <mask> sailed with his unit to New Guinea where he suffered bouts of malaria. He was Mentioned in Despatches three times. On 6 March 1945 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, on a recommendation by his Commanding officer, Major General George Alan Vasey. DSO citation In July 1945 he led his unit in the invasion of Balikpapan, Borneo, and in September accepted the surrender of Japanese forces under Major General Michio Uno at Bandjermasin in the Dutch East Indies. Relinquishing command, he returned to Sydney and was placed on the Reserve of Officers in November before being discharged on 21 November 1945. Post-war career Upon demobilisation, <mask> returned to his political career. His long absence during his war service had put pressure on his marriage and ended when his wife divorced him in 1947.He remarried soon after to Naomi Priscilla Gee at St Peter's Anglican Church, Watsons Bay on 9 December 1950. During his military service he had missed the political upheavals of the collapse of the UAP and the foundation of the Liberal Party in 1945. He retained his seat at the election on 3 May 1947, assisted by a young Robert Askin, a former Sergeant in his battalion. <mask> retained his seat again with 67.39%. He later supported Askin in his bid to enter the Parliament in 1950. <mask> was re-elected with 68.37%. He was returned again at the 14 February 1953 election unopposed.In August 1954, after the long-serving leader, Vernon Treatt, announced his intention to resign, and now-Deputy-Leader Askin and Pat Morton had tied in a vote to succeed him, <mask> was persuaded by Askin to accept the Leadership of the Liberal Party as a compromise candidate. Like other senior members of the party, after having no conservative government since Alexander Mair in 1941, <mask> had no experience in government, he had little interest in policy except for Cold War anti-communism, ignored majority views of his party and fellow parliamentary colleagues and further alienated party members by trying to forge a closer alliance with Michael Bruxner's Country Party. Over a year after he assumed the leadership, at a party meeting on 20 September 1955, senior party member Ken McCaw moved that the leadership be declared vacant, citing that <mask>'s leadership lacked the qualities necessary for winning the next election. The motion was carried 15 votes to 5. <mask> then moved a motion to prevent Pat Morton, who was the only person nominated for leader, from taking the leadership. This was defeated 16 votes to 6 and Morton was elected unopposed as leader, with Robert Askin remaining as Deputy Leader. <mask> retorted that there had been a "continuous intrigue" against his leadership.He was returned for the last time at the 3 March 1956 election with 71.41%. <mask>, however, did not stay long afterward; on 26 July 1957, he resigned his seat, and returned to his legal practice until he retired. Later life At the resulting by-election on 24 August 1957, Vaucluse was held by the Liberals candidate, Geoffrey Cox, despite a significant reduction in the Liberal margin. In retirement he belonged to the Royal Sydney Golf Club, the Rose Bay Bowling Club and The University Club. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1966 New Year Honours, On 26 August 1974, <mask> died of a heart attack at his Rose Bay home, survived by his second wife and both his sons. References   1906 births 1974 deaths People from Sydney People educated at Newington College University of Sydney alumni Australian solicitors Australian Army officers Australian military personnel of World War II Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly United Australia Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Leaders of the Opposition in New South Wales 20th-century Australian politicians

Knut Gillis Bildt

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General <mask> (13 July 1854 – 13 October 1927) was a Swedish Army officer and politician. His senior commands include the post of Quartermaster-General of the Swedish Army (1904–1905) and Chief of the General Staff (1905–1919). Bildt was also a member of parliament for Norrbotten County representing the Protectionist Party for eight years. Career <mask> was born on 13 July 1854 in Stockholm, Sweden, the younger son of the then major, later the Governor of Stockholm and the Prime Minister of Sweden, <mask> and his wife Rosa Lucie Dufva, and brother to the diplomat, the member of the Swedish Academy etc., <mask>. After having passed the cadet course at the Military Academy Karlberg in 1869-71, he was commissioned as underlöjtnant in the Life Regiment Dragoon Corps in 1871 and was three years later promoted to lieutenant there. That same year, the father had become Swedish envoy in Berlin and the son now attended the Prussian Staff College there from 1875 to 1878. After returning home, in 1880 he was transferred to the General Staff, where he became captain in 1883.Since 1883 <mask> belonged to the then Crown Prince Gustaf's staff, for whom he was the chief for a number of years. In 1883 he also was appointed to be a teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College and remained on this post until he, in 1890, advanced to ryttmästare in the Life Regiment Dragoons. In 1891, <mask> was promoted to major in the General Staff was appointed head of its Communications Department. <mask> was then vice chief of the Military Office of the Ministry of Land Defence from 1892 to 1893. He was moved in 1893 as lieutenant colonel and first major to Småland Hussar Regiment (Smålands husarregemente), where in 1896 he became colonel and regimental commander. He was also head of the Crown Prince's staff from 1896. In 1899, <mask> was elected by Norrbotten County County Council to the Första kammaren, of which he for three years (1900-1902) was a member of the Committee on the State (Statsutskottet).<mask> was also a member of the 1907 Special Defense Committee, within which he put in an extremely successful and appreciated work, although he was eventually forced to see a reconciliation proposal adopted, for which he did not consider himself able to give his vote. In the Rikdag the following years, he belonged to those who were eager to urgently deliver on the promise of suffrage extension as a complement to conscription extension, and declared his adherence to the Committee on the Constitution's compromise proposal rather than giving in to the uncertain path of a proportionalist parliamentary memorandum. <mask> was also a member of several committees; the Committee on Sweden's Permanent Defense (Kommittén angående Sveriges fasta försvar) 1897-1898, in the Committee on Field Service Regulations for the Army (Kommittén angående fälttjänstreglemente för armén) in 1899, in the Coastal Artillery Committee (Kustartillerikommittén) in 1899-1900 and in the War Legislative Committee (Krigslagstiftningskommittén) from 1901. He was also a member of the Committee on the State from 1900 to 1902 and in Special Committee (Särskilt utskott) in 1901. After 1902 having been transported back to the Life Regiment Dragoons as colonel and executive officer (sekundchef), he was promoted to major general in 1904 and appointed Quartermaster-General of the Swedish Army and commanding officer of the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration's Quartermaster Department and of the Swedish Army Quartermaster Corps, and appointed the following year to Chief of the General Staff. In 1910, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general. Bildt's activities in the General Staff, he had presented in Härordningslärans grunddrag : härordningen i allmänhet (1885), which can be said to be an overview of the basic principles of contemporary German war science.<mask>'s ideal was an army order with a permanent peace organization of permanent troop units, which during war outbreaks without changeover could occupy the conscripts. As Chief of the General Staff, <mask> carried out a complete reorganization of the same. Innovation was his business even for the organization of war preparations. In the tactics, Bildt sought to adapt modern views to the country's special conditions, for example through in-depth trials with winter warfare in northern Sweden's mountain and forest terrain, coastal and border defense, operations in the dark, exercises in long-term war and heavy artillery use in mobile warfare, as well as several technical news. <mask>'s strong interest in the theory of war was manifested in the General Staff, including when he dedicated to the War History Department the study of Charles XII's war. The result was the famous work Karl XII på slagfältet (1918-1919). Later he published Härordningsfrågor (1922), in which he summed up the teachings of the World War I.In many ways he showed himself there on the position he had taken because of his early studies in Germany. For the value of news, such as the tank weapon and the air force, he did not show a particularly distinct mind. Personal life In 1883, Bildt married the maid of honour of the Crown Princess, Baroness Helene Åkerhielm af Blombacka, the daughter of captain, Baron Oscar Åkerhielm and Baroness Fredrique Åkerhielm. In the marriage, Colonel Nils <mask>, who became the grandfather of <mask>, Prime Minister of Sweden 1991-1994, was born.

Rudi Pauwels

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<mask> (born 1960) is a Belgian pharmacologist and biotech entrepreneur. He studied pharmaceutical sciences at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium. As one of the first researchers in the field of HIV, he played a key role in the fight against the AIDS pandemic by discovering several widely used anti-HIV drugs during his doctorate studies at the Rega Institute (Leuven, Belgium) and while leading biotech companies Tibotec and Virco. During the past three decades he has (co-)founded several biotech companies, marking an era of more personalized and high precision medicine. His current roles include founder and president of the Praesens Foundation, chairman of Praesens Care, executive chairman of IMEC/Johns Hopkins spin-off company miDiagnostics and board positions in various companies and research institutes. He is an author of more than 150 peer-reviewed papers and recipient of numerous awards and distinctions. In 2020 he was appointed as co-chair of the Diagnostics R&D Working Group of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator.Education and early research <mask> <mask> graduated as a pharmacist from the KU Leuven, Belgium, in 1983. Within a year after the discovery of HIV, the viral pathogen that causes AIDS, Pauwels worked on the topic while still a doctorate student. In 1984, in the laboratory of Professor Erik De Clercq at the Rega Institute (University of Leuven, Belgium), he started to develop the first laboratory models in search of new anti-HIV compounds. The methods he published were widely used by fellow scientists that joined the search for new anti-AIDS (HIV) treatments. In 1987, he obtained a research fellowship of the Janssen Research Foundation, which started a long-standing collaboration and close friendship with the late Dr. Paul Janssen, founder of Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Janssen became a mentor and would influence his pharmaceutical work. In 1990, the Janssen-funded collaboration of his small team at the Rega Institute would lead to the discovery of the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).It was also Janssen who would introduce him to Dr. Paul Stoffels, with whom he would collaborate at Tibotec, Virco and Johnson & Johnson. Pauwels obtained his Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences from the KU Leuven in 1990 with greatest distinction (maxima cum laude), with De Clercq and Janssen as his promotors. His thesis was entitled "Development of new agents against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)". Career Tibotec, Virco and Johnson & Johnson A few years after obtaining his Ph.D. and leading a small group of researchers at the Rega Institute, Pauwels began to work on the problem of HIV drug resistance. In 1994 he founded the anti-HIV drug discovery company Tibotec together with his wife, pharmacist Carine Claeys. A year later they founded, together with Paul Stoffels, the diagnostics company Virco, that would develop HIV-treatment diagnostic services that would help physicians select the optimal therapy for their patients (e.g. Antivirogram).Tibotec-Virco was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2002, after which Pauwels became vice-president of Johnson & Johnson's global anti-infectives drug discovery group, focusing on HCV and respiratory diseases. Here, he worked on drugs and diagnostics for respiratory diseases. In the middle of the SARS crisis in 2003, he started a project to develop an anti-SARS drug discovery system that 17 years later is used as the basis for ongoing efforts to find inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2. This effort, involving a number of pharmaceutical companies, occurs at the Rega Institute, continuing the work based on his original large-scale anti-HIV drug screening and recently received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The work of Pauwels and his colleagues resulted in several drugs that were successfully introduced for modern antiviral AIDS therapies. They include next generation anti-HIV compounds by Tibotec/Johnson & Johnson,  Prezista, Intelence and Edurant, as well as the direct precursor to Gilead Sciences' Viread. These drugs, together with the diagnostic technologies by Virco, have helped to turn AIDS into the chronic, manageable disease it is today, for those who have access to the medicines.The drugs have also generated several billion dollar revenues yearly, providing returns for investors and shareholders and helping to finance the R&D for the treatment of important diseases. In 1999 Pauwels was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Tibotec spin-out Galapagos Genomics, that would combine functional genomic technologies from Tibotec and Crucell, a Dutch-based biotech company. Biocartis In early 2000, it became clear to Pauwels that the future of medicine was increasingly depending on our molecular insights of disease. New generations of drugs would target the underlying molecular dysfunctional processes. It meant that measuring relevant biomarkers would become even more essential. But experiences from the global AIDS crisis and Virco in particular, taught him that the operational model of sending samples from patients to central laboratories was time-consuming and wasteful. It appeared that his approach did not scale easily around the world.Ideally, the lab functionality needed to come (in miniaturized format) to patients and their direct environment, not the other way around. During his Ph.D. studies, he broadened his interests beyond virology into software programming and robotics. Realizing the need for better, scalable diagnostics at the point of need, he decided in 2004 to go on a thre-year sabbatical at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-EPFL in Lausanne (Switzerland), one of the leading research centres in micro- and nano-technology. In 2007 he created Biocartis, a molecular diagnostics company that would develop and commercialize the Idylla platform, a fully integrated and automated sample-to-molecular diagnostic (PCR) result solution. The company grew rapidly and was taken public. The company had a very attractive offering in precision diagnostics for cancer therapies, but there was ultimately no broader support for his expansion plans into infectious diseases. After leading the company for a decade, he decided in 2017 to further pursue his interests in infectious diseases.Praesens Foundation During the Ebola outbreak in 2014 and 2015, and after spending the better part of his life in laboratories, Pauwels wanted to observe first hand how the world was dealing with outbreaks of that scale. He saw the need for rapid, accurate and easy-to-use diagnostics close to the affected communities. Inspired by this experience in West Africa, in 2016 he created the Praesens Fund under the Belgian King Baudouin Foundation. The name is related to the Latin word praesens, meaning 'being here now, making an impact'. With the help of a series of early believers – among which passionate collaborators, sponsors and technology providers – the initial sketch of a first-generation mobile lab was soon made a reality. As the project entered the next stage in 2017, Pauwels created the Praesens Foundation, co-directed by Professor Peter Piot. It is developing, providing and implementing solutions that contribute to better epidemic preparedness, early warning and rapid response for existing and emerging infectious disease threats.In 2017 and 2018, an initial pilot study led by the Praesens Foundation deployed the first all-terrain Mobile Biosafety Laboratory for infectious disease testing across Senegal. It offers rapid deployment, connectivity and technology for effective field diagnostics, reducing turn-around time and improving case management. This has potential to improve epidemic preparedness and contribute to disease intelligence. The latest initiative is Praesens Care. Through this venture it intends to expand geographically and functionally. Praesens Care offers "lab as a service" (LAAS). Praesens Care offers mobile biosafety laboratories in a regional hub approach to countries and partners to reinforce their healthcare delivery system, with integrated diagnostic services (multi-disease testing and real-time reporting), primary healthcare and community engagement.It offers an outreach capacity to provide medical (e.g. diagnostics, therapies, vaccination) and non-medical (health promotion, social mobilization) services at the peripheral level of the health system, as close as possible to the communities. miDiagnostics In 2018 Pauwels was appointed executive chairman of miDiagnostics, a large life science spin-off company of IMEC and Johns Hopkins University. IMEC is a nano-electronics R&D hub with more than 4,000 engineers and scientists headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. Based on nearly a decade of IMEC research on nano-fluidics and silicon-based nanostructures, miDiagnostics is developing a next generation diagnostic platform with broad in vitro diagnostics applications, particular in the point of care area. It is developing a series of new nanofluidic silicon processors that are embedded in test cards – about the size of a credit card – and that are inserted in a compact reader. Investment experience In 2007 Pauwels joined Advent Partners, a venture capital firm in London.He assisted Advent in reviewing investment opportunities and supported several portfolio companies. He was involved in the formation of Respivert Ltd., where he acted as chairman of the board. Respivert was a molecule drug discovery company working towards the identification of new treatments for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respivert was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2010. Other professional roles 2020–present: Co-chair of the Diagnostics R&D Working Group of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator 2008-2018: Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of IMEC in Leuven, Belgium 2015-2019: Member of the Advisory Board of A*STAR's Accelerate, a division of the Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research 2014-2015: Board member of MDx Health 2014-2015: Board member of MyCartis NV, a spin-off of Biocartis 2011-2012: Board member of Flanders Bio, Belgium 2009-2013: Member of the Advisory Board of A*STAR Explorative Therapeutics Centre, Singapore 1995-2003: Lecturer at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium 1999-2002: Member of the Board of Directors of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium 1985: Research project at Smith-Kline RIT (now GSK), Genval, Belgium. Awards and recognition 2019: Prix Galien MedStartUp Award for the consortium constituted by the Praesens Foundation, Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Twist Bioscience. 2016: Commandeur in de Leopoldsorde by King Philippe of Belgium.2016: Honorary speaker received at the Distinguished Technopreneur Speaker Forum in Singapore. 2016: Golden Honorary Award for Research & Development, Flemish Parliament. 2015: First Alumnus of the Year, FarmaLeuven, KU Leuven, Belgium. 2013: Honorary Doctorate Degree, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium. 2013: Officer in the Order of the Crown (Officier in de Kroonorde) by King Albert II of Belgium. 2012: Global Technology Pioneer Award, World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland. 2010: BioAlps Award, Geneva, Switzerland.2002: INSEAD Innovator Price, Brussels, Belgium. 1998: Deloitte & Touch Finalist of European Small Business Person of the Year Award, Vienna, Austria. 1996: AIDS-Forschungspreis der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie e.V., Germany. 1991: Price of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, Vierde Afdeling, Brussels, Belgium. 1988: Prix Franz Leemans, KU Leuven, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium. Selected publications Pauwels is an author or co-author of more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals. A selected list is shown below by topic.Development of the first anti-HIV drug discovery lab models: Sensitive and rapid assay on MT-4 cells for detection of antiviral compounds against the AIDS virus. Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds. First paper on the discovery of the anti-HIV activity of a new class of inhibitors that laid the foundation for the anti-HIV drug portfolio of Gilead Sciences: Phosphonylmethoxyethyl purine derivatives, a new class of anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents. First papers on the discovery of a new category of inhibitors of HIV: Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives. Potent and highly selective HIV-1 specific inhibition by a new series of α-anilino-phenylacetamide (α-APA) derivatives targeted at HIV-1 RT. New non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in development for the treatment of HIV infections. Discovery of TIBO, a new family of HIV-1 specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors.New diagnostic methods to detect drug resistance in HIV-infected patients: A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Description of the now leading HIV protease inhibitor Prezista: TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor- resistant viruses, including a broad range of clinical isolates. Discovery and selection of TMC114, a next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Development of drug Discovery method for SARS and now also used for SARS-Cov-2: Development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Pilot study of a mobile biosafety laboratory in Senegal for disease surveillance and rapid response: Field evaluation of a mobile biosafety laboratory in Senegal to strengthen rapid disease outbreak and monitoring. References External links Biocartis Praesens Foundation Praesens Care miDiagnostics Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator 1960 births Living people Flemish scientists KU Leuven alumni Belgian scientists Belgian pharmacologists Belgian virologists HIV/AIDS researchers

Lucius Valerius Potitus (consul 392 BC)

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<mask> ( 414–390 BC) was a five time consular tribune, in 414, 406, 403, 401 and 398, and two times consul, in 393 and 392 BC, of the Roman Republic. Valerius belonged to the Valeria gens, one of the oldest and most prominent patrician gens of the early Republic. Filiations tell us that <mask> father was named <mask> and his grandfather was named Publius. Both are unattested in the consular lists and seems to have held no known political offices. It remains unclear of Valerius relation to his namesake, <mask>, the consul of 449 BC but Ogilvie, in his reading of Livy, names him as Valerius father. There is a possibility, depending on how one reads the filiations, that the contemporary consular <mask>titus Volusus was his brother. Filiations indicate that Publius <mask>, six time consular tribune, was the son of Valerius.Career Consular tribune (414–398 BC) <mask> first held the imperium in 414 BC as one of four consular tribunes. His colleagues in the office were Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus, Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Publius Postumius Albinus Regillensis, with the exception of Fabius all consulars were newcomers to the imperium. The consulars fought a successful war against the Aequi which resulted in the capture of Bolae. This newly captured territory came to be a focal point for strife as Marcus Sextius, a tribune of the plebs, proposed an agrarian law to colonize Bolae while blaming the consular Postumius for misconduct. The conflict would culminate in a mutiny among the Roman soldiers stationed at Bolae resulting in the death of both Postumius, the consular, and a Roman quaestor, Publius Sestius. It is unclear what the role of <mask> was during these events. The conflict involving Postumius might be a fabrication added by Livy to improve the narrative.To this narrative Livy also adds an increasing fears among the patricians that a plebeian could be elected as consular tribune which leads to the return of the ordinary consulship for the years 413–409 BC. <mask> could have been one of the unknown censors who completed the lustrum in between 417 and 404 BC as suggested by the classicist Jaakko Suolahti. Suolahti, drawing from the fact that the census described in 403 is numbered lustrum XVI and counting from lustrum X which was held in 459 BC only gives us four pairs of censors (in 443, 435, 430 and 418 BC), thus a missing lustrum XV. Additionally drawing upon a gap in the Fasti Capitolini from 414 to 410 BC the censorship can likely be placed within this timeframe, with Suolahti leaning towards the year 410 BC. Suolahti's main suggestions for these unknown censors are Spurius Nautius Rutilus and Manius Aemilius Mamercinus but adds <mask> as one of the viable options. While Suolahti argues for the existence of these unknown censors and lustrum XV, these possible candidates should be noted, and is noted by the author himself, are simply educated guesses based on the suitability of the candidates to the office and are in the authors words "mere suppositions". <mask> would hold his second term as consular tribune in 406 BC together with three relatives of his former colleagues in 414: Publius Cornelius Rutilus Cossus, Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus and Numerius Fabius Ambustus.The year saw war against the Volsci and the Veii with <mask> commanding the army at Antium. While previous battles had been defensive battles fought close to Algidus this year saw the Romans gaining ground against the Volscians. The consulars implemented a new law dictating pay for soldiers pushing Rome towards a professionalized army. Diodorus in his account of this year omits Gnaeus Cornelius from the college and Livy, while describing the actions of the others, lets Cornelius play a passive part and remaining in Rome, which might indicate the college consisted of only three members, Rutilus, Fabius and <mask>. In 403 BC <mask> held his third consular tribuneship. He shared the office with Manius Aemilius Mamercinus. Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis, Marcus Quinctilius Varus.<mask> Iulus and Marcus Furius Fusus. The college, with the exception of Aemilius and <mask>, were all first time consulars. Livy, when writing of this college, incorrectly includes the two censors Marus Furius Camillus and Marus Postumius Albinus Regillensis into the consular college. The year saw the continuation of the war started in 406 against the Veii with all consulars (including <mask>) leading armies against the Veii with the exception of Claudius who remained in Rome. The long years of war and new payments towards the soldiers seems to have strained the economy of Rome and the two censors, Camillus and Postumius imposed new taxes targeting bachelors and orphans. Two years later, in 401 BC, <mask> would again be elected to the role of consular tribune. He shared the office with two former colleagues, Cossus from 406 and Aemilius from 403, and three others, Camillus (the censor from 403), <mask> Iulus (close relative of his former colleague Julius) and Caeso Fabius Ambustus (brother of his former colleague Fabius in 406 BC).The year saw war against the Volsci, Falerii, Veii and the Capena. <mask> held the command in Anxur against the Volscians. Considering that Rome had been defeated in 402 BC at Veii while being led by a young and inexperienced consular college, this college <mask> was part of consisted of exceptionally experienced consulars. Outside of war there was continued civil strife within Rome with a conflict involving three of the plebeian tribunes, Marcus Acutius, Gaius Lacerius and Gnaeus Trebonius, in regards to the Lex Trebonia. Additionally there was legal procedures against two former consulars <mask> Tricostus Esquilinus and Manius Sergius Fidenas, lead by the other three plebeian tribunes and targeting the consulars for their conduct and defeat against the Veientanes and Faliscans. Eventually the plebeian tribunes united under a proposal of a new agrarian law. Diodorus in his accounts of this year omits <mask> as one of the consulars, but Valerius is confirmed by our other sources.<mask> was elected for a fifth and final term as consular tribune in 398 BC. He shared the office with one former colleague, Camillus, and four others, <mask> Lactucinus Maximus, <mask> Medullinus (brother of Camillus), Quintus Servilius Fidenas and Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus. War continued against the Falsci and the Veii with <mask> in command against the Falsci. <mask> fought successfully and ravaged the territory of the Falscians. His colleagues with the exception of Camillus, who remained in Rome, continued the Siege of Veii. A natural phenomena occurred at the Alban lake resulting in an embassy being sent to Delphi to consult the Oracle of Apollo. There is some uncertainty in regards if the <mask> Potitus mentioned among the ambassadors should be identified as <mask> or his close relative <mask> Potitus Volusus.The other members of the embassy were Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus, Publius Licinius Calvus Esquilinus and a Fabius Ambustus (either Caeso or Numerius), all, with the exception of Licinius, former colleagues of <mask>. The embassy would return in 397 BC. <mask> role as consular tribune is somewhat doubted as Diodorus (similar to 401 BC) omits him from this college and Livys inclusion of <mask> seems like a duplication. Ambassador and Interrex (397–394 BC) In 396 BC <mask> was appointed as Interrex to hold the elections of the consulars. There were two other known interreges, Camillus and Servilius, appointed during this comitia and it is unclear who completed the election. This was the same year as the Siege of Veii was successfully ended. <mask> would again be appointed as an ambassador to Delphi in 394 BC.He together with <mask> Fidenas and Aulus Manlius Vulso Capitolinus were sent to deliver offerings to Apollo as thanks for the Roman success in the siege of Veii. The embassy was ambushed and captured by Liparean pirates under the command of Timasitheus who in the end set them free to complete their offering to Apollo. There is a possibility that the <mask> that took part in this embassy was <mask> Poplicola, both Broughton and Oglivie prefer the elder <mask>. Some ancient sources such as Diodorus, place this embassy in 396 BC in combination with the fall of Veii. Consulships and second term as Interrex (393–391 BC) The following year, in 393 BC, <mask> was elected as consul together with Publius Cornelius Maluginensis but for reasons unknown they never entered office and two new consuls, <mask> Tricipitinus Flavus and Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, were elected to replace them. The return of the consulship over the consular tribunes is theorized to be because of the reduced external threat with the defeat of Veii and their allies. <mask> was again elected as consul in 392 BC with Marcus Manlius Capitolinus as his colleague.The year saw war against the Aequi which was successfully conducted by both consuls. Manlius was awarded the minor triumph, ovatio, while <mask> was awarded and celebrated a full triumph. Having concluded the war the consuls abdicated in favor of the return of a college of consular tribunes as a new threat from the Gauls was looming. <mask> was again appointed as one of the Interreges to help complete the comitia for the consular college of 391 BC. His colleagues as interreges were, once again, Camillus and a newcomer Publius Cornelius Scipio. Sack of Rome and third term as Interrex (390–387 BC) The wars of Rome would by 390 BC involve a new enemy from outside the local region. The Celts from the Po Valley under the leadership of Brennus had marched southward and after a failed embassy from Rome decided to invade Roman territory.The Romans were defeated in the Battle of the Allia and Rome itself was now threatened. Camillus, the former colleague of <mask>, was recalled from exile (he had been exiled in 391 BC for his conduct in the aftermath of his triumph and victory against the Veii) and appointed dictator. Camillus appointed <mask> as his magister equitum (co-dictator). Camillus and <mask> succeeded with pushing back the Gauls who had by then captured all of Rome with the exception of the Capitoline. They stayed in office after this victory to stop a proposal of abandoning Rome and for Camillus to celebrate a triumph. There is a possibility that the magister equitum, named as <mask>rius by Livy, is not <mask> but rather his relative and contemporary <mask> Poplicola. Broughton, following Degrassi, considers <mask> the more probable alternative, while Ogilvie prefers either of the candidates but considers the office itself as "unhistorical".Valerius final appearance in our sources is in 387 as Interrex, this time together with Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, his former consular colleague, and Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, the consul who replaced him in 392 BC. Thus, after 27 years and 12 magistracies one of the early Republics most distinguished, and to some degree mysteriously unknown, figures disappear from our records. The literary tradition of the Early Roman Republic This period of the Roman Republic is supported by few and unreliable sources. The ancient historian Livy remains one of the most influentialfor this period but he is more or less a tertiary source and bases most of his writings on the works of previous historians, such as the lost writings of Aelius Tubero, Licinius Macer, <mask> Antias and Fabius Pictor. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus covers this period in detail in Bibliotheca historica, but the work remains discussed in regards to precedence over the accounts of Livy. A third, equally controversial, source is the Fasti and derivatives of it, such as the Chronograph of 354. Most modern researchers believe that, to a degree, these ancient writings contain truths, even if these occasionally are mere grains of truths, and that they should be treated sceptically and critically.The archaeological evidences generally show a decline in Rome during the days of the young Republic but with an increase in infrastructure and wealth first by the late 4th century BC. Descriptions of the same events usually differing between different authors and inscriptions, which suggests that the sources used by Livy and his contemporaries were in themselves in disagreement. As Livy, Diodorus and the Fasti are in agreement in regards to most of the narratives surrounding <mask>, one should consider this individual of the early Roman Republic to at least have existed and held several if not all of the offices listed above. But, as the classicist Broughton adds, this period in the history of the Republic is filled with interpolations and discrepancies between sources and should be viewed sceptically. References 5th-century BC Romans 4th-century BC Roman consuls Roman consular tribunes Potitus, <mask> consul 362 AUC

Nellie Wong

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<mask> (born 12 September 1934) is a poet and activist for feminist and socialist causes. <mask> is also an active member of the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women. Biography <mask> was born in Oakland, California to Chinese immigrants. Her father had immigrated to Oakland in 1912. <mask> is a Chinese American poet, feminist, and socialist who has organized and participated in activist groups working to create better conditions for women, workers, and minorities. During World War II, the <mask> family worked in a grocery store in Berkeley. The internment of her Japanese American neighbors left a profound impact on her intellectual development, sensitizing her to issues of racism and the concerns of Asian Americans.The family borrowed $2,000 to start a restaurant, The Great China, in Oakland's Chinatown, where <mask> worked as a waitress during her youth. She attended public school, graduating from Oakland High School, and started bull work as a secretary for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, a position she held until 1982. She later served as senior analyst in affirmative action at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). While in her mid-30s, <mask> began studying creative writing at San Francisco State University (SFSU) and began to write and publish her poetry. <mask> credits her feminist classmates at SFSU with encouraging her writing. A male professor had once told her to throw away an angry poem she had written. One classmate told her, "You don't have to listen to him!"While a student at San Francisco State University, <mask> was involved with the campus Women Writers Union, which organized around issues of race, sex, and class. In the late 1970s, alongside lesbian activist and writer Merle Woo, <mask> organized the feminist literary and performance group Unbound Feet. The group performed at colleges, universities, and community centers. During this time she encountered members of two affiliated socialist feminist organizations, Radical Women and the Freedom Socialist Party, and within a few years had joined their ranks. In 1983, <mask> traveled to China on the first U.S. Women Writers Tour to China sponsored by the US–China Peoples Friendship Association with Tillie Olsen, Alice Walker, Paule Marshall. Also in 1983 she was a major organizer of the Merle Woo Defense Committee. Woo, a lesbian Korean-Chinese American feminist, had filed a complaint against their former employer alleging wrongful termination based on discrimination.Working with other Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women members, <mask> raised funds and awareness of the case. Two legal cases were won against the defendant. From 1983 to 1985 <mask> taught poetry writing at Mills College in Oakland and playwriting at the Asian American Theater Company in San Francisco. During the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> was keynote speaker at many national and regional conferences, including Third World Women and Feminist Perspectives, Women Against Racism, and the National Women's Studies Association. She has recited her poetry in China, Cuba, and throughout the U.S. She has also participated on panels concerning labor, Asian American literature, and poetry. Furthermore, <mask> has taught Women's studies at the University of Minnesota and poetry writing at Mills College in Oakland, California. Excerpts from two her poems have been permanently installed as plaques at public sites at the San Francisco Municipal Railway.She has received awards from the Women's Foundation (San Francisco), University of California, Santa Barbara's Asian American Faculty and Staff Association, and the San Francisco-based Kearny Street Workshop, a multidisciplinary art collective. She served many years as the Bay Area organizer of the Freedom Socialist Party, and is still active with the party, Radical Women, and Bay Area United Against War. She currently resides in San Francisco. <mask>'s first collection of poetry, Dreams in Harrison Railroad Park (1977), was published by Kelsey Street Press. This book went through four printings and was the most successful release in the history of Kelsey Street Press. Her other titles are The Death of Long Steam Lady (1986), published by West End Press and Stolen Moments (1997). Her work has appeared in approximately 200 anthologies and publications.<mask> writes directly from her working life; she states "A lot of my poems come from the workplace; that's where I've experienced a great deal of sexism and racism." Other themes include her family history and Asian American identity, about which she has said, "I care about the roots of Asian American culture and how and why they came here [...] It's something every Asian family has experienced." Her poetry spans issues of feminism, the fight against racism, workplace injustice, and finding identity as a writer and activist. In 1981, <mask> participated with Mitsuye Yamada in the documentary film Mitsuye & Nellie, Asian American Poets, produced by Allie Light and Irving Saraf. The film recounts the experiences and hardships that affected the writers and their families. Significant to the film's focus is how World War II and the bombing of Pearl Harbor encouraged divisive perceptions of Japanese as "bad" Asians, while the Chinese were seen as "good" Asians. "Can't Tell," one of the poems <mask> recites in the film, highlights the author's attempt to understand why her Japanese neighbors were being sent to internment camps when she and her family, as Chinese Americans, were considered patriotic citizens.The film also shows lively exchanges between <mask> and her siblings, highlighting the feistiness of her older sister, Li Keng, also an author, and her youngest sister, Flo Oy <mask>, an installation artist. Her brother, <mask>, is a journalist and the author of Yellow Journalist: Dispatches from Asian America. Her papers are housed at the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives. Bibliography Books <mask>, <mask>. Breakfast Lunch Dinner: Poems. Meridien Press Works, 2012. Other When I Was Growing Up, autobiographical poem In search of the self as hero: confetti of voices on New Year's night, For an Asian woman who says my poetry gives her a stomachache, Broad shoulders, Moving to her new house, and We go as American tourists, A woman at the window, So near, so far, My Chinese love, Unwritten letter, Reverberations, Give me no flowers, Where is my country, When I was growing up, and Away from the blue swans, Socialist Feminism, Dreams in Harrison Railroad Park, Can't tell, On thinking of photographing my fantasies, On Plaza Garibaldi, and Picnic, Relining shelves and Toward a 44th birthday, A poem of solidarity for the striking Liverpool dockers and the women and the waterfront, Exploring common differences, Miss Saigon: money calls a racist tune, and You were born, Can't tell, References Further reading Moraga, Cherríe, and Anzalduá Gloria.This Bridge Called my Back Writings by Radical Women of Color. SUNY Press, 2015. The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms. Edited by Mark Strand and Eavan Boland (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000). Review of Stolen Moments. Reviewed by Cindy Lum. Hawaii Pacific Review.Volume 13 (1999), Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, HI. Revolutionary Spirits: Profiles of Asian Pacific American Activists, by Dana Kawaoka, American Studies Senior Thesis, June 1, 1998. Mitsuye & Nellie, Asian American Poets. Allie Light & Irving Saraf. Women Make Movies. 1981. 58 min.On Women Turning 60: Embracing the Age of Fulfillment. Interviews and photography by Cathleen Rountree (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Women: Images and Realities, A Multicultural Anthology. Edited by Amy Kesselman, Lily D. McNair, Nancy Schniedewind (Mountain View, CA:, Mayfield Publishing Company, 1995). A Formal Feeling Comes. Edited by Annie Finch (Brownsville, OR: Story Line Press, 1994). Asian American Literature: An Annotated Bibliography.Edited by King-kok Cheung and Stan Yogi. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1988). Guide to Women's Literature throughout the World. Edited by Claire Buck (Bloomsbury Publishing, 1994). Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975. Edited by Barbara J. Love (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2006).External links Guide to the Nellie <mask> Papers at the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives 1934 births Living people American academics of Chinese descent American socialists American writers of Chinese descent American poets American feminist writers Writers from Oakland, California American women activists Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area American socialist feminists American women poets Poets from California Bethlehem Steel people 21st-century American women

Joris-Karl Huysmans

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Charles-Marie-<mask> (, ; 5 February 1848 – 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel À rebours (1884, published in English as Against the Grain or Against Nature). He supported himself by way of a 30-year career in the French civil service. <mask>' work is considered remarkable for its idiosyncratic use of the French language, large vocabulary, descriptions, satirical wit and far-ranging erudition. First considered part of Naturalism, he became associated with the decadent movement with his publication of À rebours. His work expressed his deep pessimism, which had led him to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. In later years, his novels reflected his study of Catholicism, religious conversion, and becoming an oblate.He discussed the iconography of Christian architecture at length in La cathédrale (1898), set at Chartres and with its cathedral as the focus of the book. Là-bas (1891), En route (1895) and La cathédrale (1898) are a trilogy that feature Durtal, an autobiographical character whose spiritual progress is tracked and who converts to Catholicism. In the novel that follows, L'Oblat (1903), Durtal becomes an oblate in a monastery, as <mask> himself was in the Benedictine Abbey at Ligugé, near Poitiers, in 1901. La cathédrale was his most commercially successful work. Its profits enabled <mask> to retire from his civil service job and live on his royalties. Parents and early life <mask> was born in Paris in 1848. His father Godfried <mask> was Dutch, and a lithographer by trade.His mother Malvina Badin <mask> had been a schoolmistress. Huysmans' father died when he was eight years old. After his mother quickly remarried, Huysmans resented his stepfather, Jules Og, a Protestant who was part-owner of a Parisian book-bindery. During childhood, Huysmans turned away from the Roman Catholic Church. He was unhappy at school but completed his coursework and earned a baccalauréat. Civil service career For 32 years, Huysmans worked as a civil servant for the French Ministry of the Interior, a job he found tedious. The young <mask> was called up to fight in the Franco-Prussian War, but was invalided out with dysentery.He used this experience in an early story, "Sac au dos" (Backpack) (later included in his collection, Les Soirées de Médan). After his retirement from the Ministry in 1898, made possible by the commercial success of his novel, La cathédrale, <mask> planned to leave Paris and move to Ligugé. He intended to set up a community of Catholic artists, including Charles-Marie Dulac (1862-1898). He had praised the young painter in La cathédrale. Dulac died a few months before <mask> completed his arrangements for the move to Ligugé, and he decided to stay in Paris. In addition to his novels, <mask> was known for his art criticism in L'Art moderne (1883) and Certains (1889). He was a founding member of the Académie Goncourt.An early advocate of Impressionism, he admired such artists as Gustave Moreau and Odilon Redon. In 1905 <mask> was diagnosed with cancer of the mouth. He died in 1907 and was interred in the cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris. Personal life <mask> never married or had children. He had a long-term, on-and-off relationship with Anna Meunier, a seamstress. Writing career He used the name Joris-<mask> when he published his writing, as a way of honoring his father's ancestry. His first major publication was a collection of prose poems, Le drageoir aux épices (1874), which were strongly influenced by Baudelaire.They attracted little attention but revealed flashes of the author's distinctive style. Huysmans followed it with the novel, Marthe, Histoire d'une fille (1876). The story of a young prostitute, it was closer to Naturalism and brought him to the attention of Émile Zola. His next works were similar: sombre, realistic and filled with detailed evocations of Paris, a city Huysmans knew intimately. Les Soeurs Vatard (1879), dedicated to Zola, deals with the lives of women in a bookbindery. En ménage (1881) is an account of a writer's failed marriage. The climax of his early work is the novella À vau-l'eau (1882) (Downstream or With the Flow), the story of a downtrodden clerk, Monsieur Folantin, and his quest for a decent meal.<mask>' novel À rebours (Against the Grain or Against Nature or Wrong Way; 1884) became his most famous, or notorious. It featured the character of an aesthete, des Esseintes, and decisively broke from Naturalism. It was seen as an example of "decadent" literature. The description of des Esseintes' "alluring liaison" with a "cherry-lipped youth" was believed to have influenced other writers of the decadent movement, including Oscar Wilde. <mask> began to drift away from the Naturalists and found new friends among the Symbolist and Catholic writers whose work he had praised in À rebours. They included Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, Villiers de L'Isle Adam and Léon Bloy. Stéphane Mallarmé was so pleased with the publicity his verse had received from the novel that he dedicated one of his most famous poems, "Prose pour des Esseintes", to its hero.Barbey d'Aurevilly told <mask> that after writing À rebours, he would have to choose between "the muzzle of a pistol and the foot of the Cross." <mask>, who had received a secular education and abandoned his Catholic religion in childhood, returned to the Catholic Church eight years later. <mask>' next novel, En rade, an unromantic account of a summer spent in the country, did not sell as well as its predecessor. His Là-bas (1891) attracted considerable attention for its portrayal of Satanism in France in the late 1880s. He introduced the character Durtal, a thinly disguised self-portrait. The later Durtal novels, En route (1895), La cathédrale (1898) and L'oblat (1903), explore Durtal/<mask>' conversion to Roman Catholicism. En route depicts Durtal's spiritual struggle during his stay at a Trappist monastery.In La cathédrale (1898), the protagonist is at Chartres, intensely studying the cathedral and its symbolism. The commercial success of this book enabled <mask> to retire from the civil service and live on his royalties. In L'Oblat, Durtal becomes a Benedictine oblate. He finally learns to accept the world's suffering. <mask>' work was known for his idiosyncratic use of the French language, extensive vocabulary, detailed and sensuous descriptions, and biting, satirical wit. It also displays an encyclopaedic erudition, ranging from the catalogue of decadent Latin authors in À rebours to the discussion of the iconography of Christian architecture in La cathédrale. <mask> expresses a disgust with modern life and a deep pessimism.This had led him first to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. Later he returned to the Catholic Church, as noted in his Durtal novels. Honors <mask> was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1892, for his work with the civil service. In 1905, his admirers persuaded the French government to promote him to Officier de la Légion d'honneur for his literary achievements. Style and influence "It takes me two years to 'document' myself for a novel – two years of hard work. That is the trouble with the naturalistic novel – it requires so much documentary care. I never make, like Zola, a plan for a book.I know how it will begin and how it will end – that's all. When I finally get to writing it, it goes along rather fast – assez vite." "Barbaric in its profusion, violent in its emphasis, wearying in its splendor, it is – especially in regard to things seen – extraordinarily expressive, with all the shades of a painter's palette. Elaborately and deliberately perverse, it is in its very perversity that <mask>' work - so fascinating, so repellent, so instinctively artificial - comes to represent, as the work of no other writer can be said to do, the main tendencies, the chief results, of the Decadent movement in literature." (Arthur Symons, The Decadent Movement in Literature) "...Continually dragging Mother Image by the hair or the feet down the worm-eaten staircase of terrified Syntax." (Léon Bloy, quoted in Robert Baldick, The Life of J.-K. Huysmans). Critical reviews by Léon Bloy of À rebours, En rade, and Là-bas published contemporaneously, in various journals or reviews, as <mask>' novels came out over the years, in 1884, 1887, 1891, can be found, collected together and published 6 years after <mask>' death, in book form, in On Huysmans' Tomb.<ref>Bloy, Léon (1913). Sur la tombe de Huysmans, Paris: Collection des Curiosités

Joris-Karl Huysmans

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Littéraires.</ref> "It is difficult to find a writer whose vocabulary is so extensive, so constantly surprising, so sharp and yet so exquisitely gamey in flavour, so constantly lucky in its chance finds and in its very inventiveness." (Julien Gracq) "In short, he kicks the oedipal to the curb" (M. Quaine, Heirs and Graces, 1932, Jowett / Arcana) <mask>' novel, Against the Grain, has more discussions of sound, smell and taste than any other work of literature we know of. For example, one chapter consists entirely of smell hallucinations so vivid that they exhaust the book's central character, Des Esseintes, a bizarre, depraved aristocrat. A student of the perfumer's art, Esseintes has developed several devices for titillating his jaded senses. Besides special instruments for re-creating any conceivable odour, he has constructed a special "mouth organ", designed to stimulate his palate rather than his ears. The organ's regular pipes have been replaced by rows of little barrels, each containing a different liqueur.In Esseintes's mind, the taste of each liqueur corresponded with the sound of a particular instrument. "Dry curaçao, for instance, was like the clarinet with its shrill, velvety note: kümmel like the oboe, whose timbre is sonorous and nasal; crème de menthe and anisette like the flute, at one and the same time sweet and poignant, whining and soft. Then to complete the orchestra, comes kirsch, blowing a wild trumpet blast; gin and whisky, deafening the palate with their harsh outbursts of cornets and trombones:liqueur brandy, blaring with the overwhelming crash of the tubas." By careful and persistent experimentation, Esseintes learned to "execute on his tongue a succession of voiceless melodies; noiseless funeral marches, solemn and stately; could hear in his mouth solos of crème de menthe, duets of vespertro and rum." The protagonist of Submission (2015), a controversial novel by Michel Houellebecq, is a literary scholar specializing in Huysmans and his work; Huysmans's relation to Catholicism serves as a foil for the book's treatment of Islam in France. Works by Huysmans Le drageoir aux épices (1874) Marthe (1876) Les Soeurs Vatard (1879) Sac au dos (1880) Croquis Parisiens (1880, 2nd ed. 1886) En ménage (1881) Pierrot sceptique (1881, written in collaboration with Léon Hennique) À vau-l'eau (1882) L'art moderne (1883) À rebours (1884) En rade (1887) Un Dilemme (1887) Certains (1889) La bièvre (1890) Là-bas (1891) En route (1895) La cathédrale (1898) La Bièvre et Saint-Séverin (1898) La magie en Poitou.Gilles de Rais. (1899) (see Gilles de Rais) La Bièvre; Les Gobelins; Saint-Séverin (1901) Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam (1901, France) (on Saint Lydwine de Schiedam) (Nihil Obstat and Imprimatur) Saint Lydwine of Schiedam, translated from the French by Agnes Hastings (London, 1923, Kegan Paul) De Tout (1902) Esquisse biographique sur Don Bosco (1902) L'Oblat (1903) Trois Primitifs (1905) Le Quartier Notre-Dame (1905) Les foules de Lourdes (1906) Trois Églises et trois Primitifs (1908) Current editions : Écrits sur l’art (1867-1905), edited and introduced by Patrice Locmant, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2006. À Paris, edited and introduced by Patrice Locmant, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2005. Les Églises de Paris, edited and introduced by Patrice Locmant, Paris, Éditions de Paris, 2005. Le Drageoir aux épices, edited and introduced by Patrice Locmant, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2003. The Durtal Trilogy, edited by Joseph Saint-George with notes by Smithbridge Sharpe, Ex Fontibus, 2016 (Alternative site). See also Léon Bloy Joseph-Antoine Boullan Stanislas de Guaita Henri Antoine Jules-Bois Joséphin Péladan Our Lady of La Salette Oscar Wilde References Further reading Addleshaw, S. (1931)."French Novel and the Catholic Church," Church Quarterly Review, Vol. CXII, pp. 65–87. Antosh, Ruth B. (1986). Reality and Illusion in the Novels of J-K <mask>. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Baldick, Robert (1955). The Life of J.-K<mask>. Oxford: Clarendon Press (new edition revised by Brendan King, Dedalus Books, 2006). Léon Bloy (1913). Sur la tombe de Huysmans. Paris: Collection of Literary Curiosities. (On <mask>' Tomb: Critical reviews of J.-K<mask> and À Rebours, En Rade, and Là-Bas.Portland, OR: Sunny Lou Publishing, 2021. Includes Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly's review of À rebours from Le Constitutionnel, 28 July 1884, in appendix.) Brandreth, H.R.T. (1963). Huysmans. London: Bowes & Bowes. Brian R. Banks (author) (1990).The Image of Huysmans. New York: AMS Press. Brian R. Banks (author) (2017) J.-K. Huysmans & the Belle Epoque: A Guided Tour of Paris. Paris, Deja Vu, introduction by Colin Wilson. Blunt, Hugh F. (1921). "J.K. Huysmans."In: Great Penitents. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 169–193. Brophy, Liam (1956). "J.–K<mask>, Aesthete Turned Ascetic," Irish Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. LXXXVI, pp.43–51. Cevasco, George A. (1961). J.K<mask> in England and America: A Bibliographical Study. Charlottesville: The Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia. Connolly, P.J. (1907)."The Trilogy of Joris <mask>," The Dublin Review, Vol. CXLI, pp. 255–271. Crawford, Virginia M. (1907). "Joris Karl Huysmans", The Catholic World, Vol. LXXXVI, pp. 177–188.Donato, Elisabeth M. (2001). Beyond the Paradox of the Nostalgic Modernist: Temporality in the Works of J.-K<mask>. New York: Peter Lang. Doumic, René (1899). "J.–K. Huysmans." In: Contemporary French Novelists.New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, pp. 351–402. Ellis, Havelock (1915). "Huysmans." In: Affirmations. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 158–211.Garber, Frederick (1982). The Autonomy of the Self from Richardson to Huysmans. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Highet, Gilbert (1957). "The Decadent." In: Talents and Geniuses. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.92–99. Huneker, James (1909). "The Pessimists' Progress: J.–K<mask>." In: Egoists. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 167–207.Huneker, James (1917). "The Opinions of J.–K<mask>." In: Unicorns. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 111–120. Kahn, Annette (1987).J.-K<mask>: Novelist Poet and Art Critic. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press. Laver, James (1954). The First Decadent: Being the Strange Life of J.K<mask>. London: Faber & Faber. Lavrin, Janko (1929). "Huysmans and Strindberg."In: Studies in European Literature. London: Constable & Co., pp. 118–130. Locmant, Patrice (2007). J.-K<mask>, le forçat de la vie. Paris: Bartillat (Goncourt Prize for Biography). Lloyd, Christopher (1990).J.-K<mask> and the fin-de-siecle Novel. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Mason, Redfern (1919). "Huysmans and the Boulevard," The Catholic World, Vol. CIX, pp. 360–367. Mourey, Gabriel (1897)."Joris <mask>," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. LXVII, pp. 409–423. Olivero, F. (1929). "J.–K. Huysmans as a Poet," The Poetry Review, Vol. XX, pp.237–246. Peck, Harry T. (1898). "The Evolution of a Mystic." In: The Personal Equation. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, pp. 135–153. Ridge, George Ross (1968).Joris <mask>. New York: Twayne Publishers. Shuster, George N. (1921). "Joris Karl Huysmans: Egoist and Mystic," The Catholic World, Vol. CXIII, pp. 452–464. Symons, Arthur (1892)."J.–K<mask>," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. LVII, pp. 402–414. Symons, Arthur (1916). "Joris–Karl Huysmans." In: Figures of Several Centuries.London: Constable and Company, pp. 268–299. Thacker, Eugene (2014). "An Expiatory Pessimism." In: Transactions of the Flesh: An Homage to Joris-Karl Huysmans Bucharest: Ex Occidente Press, pp. 132–143. Thorold, Algar (1909)."Joris–Karl Huysmans." In: Six Masters of Disillusion. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, pp. 80–96. Ziegler, Robert (2004). The Mirror of Divinity: The World and Creation in J.-K. <mask>.Newark: University of Delaware Press. External links Joris <mask>, website includes almost all of <mask>' published work and contemporary material about him. Against The Grain by Joris-<mask>, Project Gutenberg ebook (Also known as Á Rebours or Against Nature) Là-bas (Down There) by J. K<mask>, Project Gutenberg ebook (Also known as The Damned) J. K<mask>, The Cathedral, Project Gutenberg ebook Joris-<mask>, Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1848 births 1907 deaths Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism Deaths from oral cancer Decadent literature French art critics 19th-century French novelists 20th-century French novelists French people of Dutch descent French Roman Catholic writers Our Lady of La Salette Writers from Paris Benedictine

Percy Daines

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<mask> (29 November 1902 – 3 March 1957) was a British insurance agent and politician. He served as a Labour and Co-operative Party Member of Parliament for East Ham North from the 1945 general election until his death, and was on the national committee of the Co-operative Party. He was known for his opposition to Communism, and was described as "one of the most powerful back-benchers in the Labour Party". Insurance agent <mask>' early career was spent as a fireman on the railways. In 1921 he became an insurance official working for the Co-operative Insurance Society; as such he was a member of both the National Union of Railwaymen and the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers. <mask> married his wife Lilian in 1923. During the Second World War, <mask> served with the Royal Engineers.He also became a member of Enfield Urban District Council. His wife was also a councillor in Enfield and later became chairman of the council. East Ham North He was chosen as Labour Party candidate for East Ham North for the 1945 general election, and was sponsored by the Co-operative Party which was the political wing of the Co-operative movement and in alliance with the Labour Party. The constituency was held by the Conservatives with a narrow majority of 533, but in the circumstances of the election <mask> had no difficulty in gaining the seat with a majority of 10,559. <mask> spoke in a censure debate in December 1945, arguing that workers had shown unity during the war and would show it in peace if they had a social motive instead of a profit motive. He often contributed to debates on insurance issues, using his experience as an agent. In July 1946 he spoke in a debate on the introduction of bread rationing, claiming that the Master Bakers' Association was only opposing out of concern for their own profits.Assistant Whip In December 1946, <mask> was appointed an Assistant Whip. This was an unpaid position, and did not prevent him from speaking in the House of Commons. He was a loyal supporter of a controversial decision to reduce the period of the National Service in the armed forces from 18 months to 12, in a speech in April 1947. However, he resigned his post as Assistant Whip just before the summer recess of that year. He remained loyal to the government when a fellow Labour MP opposed an order which allowed the Government to choose which jobs the unemployed should take; he look forward to further orders "dealing with rentiers and spivs". Capital punishment On foreign policy, <mask> joined a group of left-wing Labour MPs in opposing the ending of the British mandate in Palestine without creating independent Jewish and Arab states in line with the United Nations partition plan. He supported a moratorium on capital punishment, and broke the whip to insist on disagreement with the House of Lords after the Government conceded to Lords opposition; he was later to be a sponsor of Sydney Silverman's bill to abolish the death penalty.<mask> was a witness in a 1948 libel action brought by Bessie Braddock over a story in the Bolton Evening News claiming she had "danced a jig on the floor of the House" in "a sorry degradation of democratic government"; he said that Braddock appeared to cross the floor of the House reluctantly (Braddock lost the case). He asserted that he was speaking for the Co-operative movement in April 1949 when he opposed the Agricultural Marketing Bill, which he described as 'capitalist-syndicalist'. Daines supported an amendment to remove the veto of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on eventual reunification of Ireland in May 1949, against the Government whip. Dock strike With a constituency near the docks, <mask> was brought into the 1949 unofficial dock strike. He denounced the strike as the product of a "wicked conspiracy cleverly rigged up", making it clear that the conspiracy was the work of the Communists. A week later he named the Communist secretary of the stevedore's union as using the power of the strike to further the claims of the Communist-controlled Canadian Seamen's Union. Resale price maintenance In June 1950, <mask> seconded a motion calling for an end to resale price maintenance, arguing that price maintenance stopped the consumer benefiting from reduced production.He was an early supporter of reform of Parliamentary hours, speaking in July 1951 of how "fantastic and stupid" it was to discuss essential legislation at 7'o'clock in the morning. He faced a determined opponent at the 1951 election in the shape of Dundas Hamilton who had been an amateur boxer and wore boxing gloves to his adoption meeting. However, <mask> was re-elected with his majority reduced to 7,359. In October 1952 he had some negative publicity when his wife obtained a decree nisi of divorce against him on grounds of his misconduct. Foreign policy At the 1953 Co-operative Party congress, Daines warned delegates against getting themselves into a "Munich mentality" which was thought to have helped persuade the congress to reject a motion calling for the abolition of national service. He spoke in a foreign policy debate in May 1953 regretting the tendency to anti-Americanism in the Labour Party, and said that the death of Stalin had not changed the policy of the Soviet Union. <mask> was incensed when a Ministry of Defence booklet was published in February 1955 which revealed that British Communists had visited prisoner of war camps during the Korean War, and attempted to convert British troops to communism.He urged their prosecution, observing that men had been hanged for lesser crimes after the Second World War. Kim Philby When fellow Labour MP Marcus Lipton used Parliamentary privilege to name Kim Philby as the 'third man' in the spy ring involving Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, <mask> was concerned. He intervened on a speech by Lipton in the House of Commons on 7 November 1955 to observe that what Lipton had done was "tantamount to a charge against that gentleman" and ask him for the source of his information. Lipton declined to respond, and Daines then raised a point of order insisting that Philby was unable to defend himself and that Lipton "owes it to the House to give the source of his information, or should withdraw the charge". Suez Despite his opposition to the Soviet Union, <mask> felt that the invasion of Suez was stopped by the ascendancy of the Soviets in the Middle East. He called on Prime Minister Anthony Eden to resign as he was discredited in America. <mask> died suddenly in hospital at Southend in March 1957, aged 54.References External links 1902 births 1957 deaths Councillors in Greater London Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1945–1950 UK MPs 1950–1951 UK MPs 1951–1955 UK MPs 1955–1959

John Barth

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<mask> (; born May 27, 1930) is an American writer who is best known for his postmodernist and metafictional fiction. Life <mask>, called "Jack", was born in Cambridge, Maryland. He has an older brother, Bill, and a twin sister Jill. In 1947 he graduated from Cambridge High School, where he played drums and wrote for the school newspaper. He briefly studied "Elementary Theory and Advanced Orchestration" at Juilliard before attending Johns Hopkins University, where he received a B.A. in 1951 and an M.A. in 1952.His thesis novel, The Shirt of Nessus, drew on his experiences at Johns Hopkins. <mask> married Harriet Anne Strickland on January 11, 1950. He published two short stories that same year, one in Johns Hopkins's student literary magazine and one in The Hopkins Review. His daughter, Christine Ann, was born in the summer of 1951. His son, <mask>, was born the following year. From 1953 to 1965, <mask> was a professor at Pennsylvania State University, where he met his second and current wife, Shelly Rosenberg. His third child, Daniel Stephen, was born in 1954.During the "American high Sixties", he moved to teach at the State University of New York at Buffalo from 1965 to 1973. In that period he came to know "the remarkable short fiction" of the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges, which inspired his collection Lost in the Funhouse. <mask> later taught at Boston University as a visiting professor in 1972–73 and at Johns Hopkins University from 1973 until he retired in 1995. Literary work <mask> began his career with The Floating Opera and The End of the Road, two short realist novels that deal wittily with controversial topics, suicide and abortion respectively. They are straightforward realistic tales; as <mask> later remarked, they "didn't know they were novels". The Sot-Weed Factor (1960) was initially intended as the completing novel of a trilogy comprising his first two "realist" novels, but, as a consequence of <mask>'s maturation as a writer, it developed into a different project. The novel is significant as it marked <mask>'s discovery of postmodernism.<mask>'s next novel, Giles Goat-Boy (about 800 pages), is a speculative fiction based on the conceit of the university as universe. Giles, a boy raised as a goat, discovers his humanity and becomes a savior in a story presented as a computer tape given to Barth, who denied that it was his work. In the course of the novel Giles carries out all the tasks prescribed by Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Barth kept a list of the tasks taped to his wall while he was writing the book. The short story collection Lost in the Funhouse (1968) and the novella collection Chimera (1972) are even more metafictional than their two predecessors, foregrounding the writing process and presenting achievements such as a seven-deep nested quotation. Chimera shared the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. In the novel LETTERS (1979), Barth interacts with characters from his first six books.His 1994 Once Upon a Time: A Floating Opera, reuses stock characters, stock situations and formulas. Styles, approaches and artistic criteria <mask>'s work is characterized by a historical awareness of literary tradition and by the practice of rewriting typical of postmodernism. He said, "I don't know what my view of history is, but insofar as it involves some allowance for repetition and recurrence, reorchestration, and reprise [...] I would always want it to be more in the form of a thing circling out and out and becoming more inclusive each time." In <mask>'s postmodern sensibility, parody is a central device. Around 1972, in an interview, <mask> declared that "The process [of making a novel] is the content, more or less." <mask>'s fiction continues to maintain a precarious balance between postmodern self-consciousness and wordplay and the sympathetic characterization and "page-turning" plotting commonly associated with more traditional genres and subgenres of classic and contemporary storytelling. Essays While writing these books, Barth was also pondering and discussing the theoretical problems of fiction writing.In 1967, he wrote a highly influential and, to some, controversial essay considered a manifesto of postmodernism, The Literature of Exhaustion (first printed in The Atlantic, 1967). It depicts literary realism as a "used-up" tradition; <mask>'s description of his own work, which many thought illustrated a core trait of postmodernism, is "novels which imitate the form of a novel, by an author who imitates the role of author". The essay was widely considered a statement of "the death of the novel", (compare with <mask>' "The Death of the Author"). <mask> has since insisted that he was merely making clear that a particular stage in history was passing, and pointing to possible directions from there. He later (1980) wrote a follow-up essay, "The Literature of Replenishment", to clarify the point. : A Narrative (2001) The Book of Ten Nights and a Night: Eleven Stories (2004) Where Three Roads Meet (three linked novellas) (2005) The Development: Nine Stories (2008) Every Third Thought: A Novel in Five Seasons (2011) Collected Stories (2015) Nonfiction The Friday Book (1984) Further Fridays (1995) Final Fridays (2012) See also Maryland literature Notes and references Further reading Rovit, Earl, "The Novel as Parody: <mask>." Critique 6 (Fall 1963).Dean, Gabrielle, and Charles B. Harris, eds. (2016). <mask>: A Body of Words. Dalkey Archive Press. 978-1-56478-869-6 External links Vida, Obra y Libros usados de <mask>h North American Postmodern Fiction: <mask> Barth audio goodies at the Lannan site Barth on KCRW's radio program 'Bookworm' with Michael Silverblatt click!, a short story by <mask>h centered on hypertextuality National Book Awards Acceptance Speech 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers American short story writers Postmodern writers Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters National Book Award winners People from Cambridge, Maryland Novelists from Maryland Boston University faculty Johns Hopkins University alumni Johns Hopkins University faculty Juilliard School alumni Pennsylvania State University faculty University at Buffalo faculty PEN/Malamud Award winners 1930 births Living people 21st-century American novelists American male novelists American male short story writers Novelists from Pennsylvania Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) 21st-century American male writers

Milkha Singh

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<mask> (20 November 1929 18 June 2021), also known as The Flying Sikh, was an Indian track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army. He is the only athlete to win gold at 400 metres at the Asian Games as well as the Commonwealth Games. He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games. He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in recognition of his sporting achievements. The race for which <mask> was best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games, which he had entered as one of the favourites. He led the race till the 200m mark before easing off, allowing others to pass him.Various records were broken in the race, which required a photo-finish and saw American Otis Davis being declared the winner by one-hundredth of a second over German Carl Kaufmann. <mask>'s fourth-place time of 45.73 seconds was the Indian national record for almost 40 years. From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the Partition of India, <mask> has become a sporting icon in his country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Brijnath described <mask> as "the finest athlete India has ever produced". <mask> died of COVID-19 complications on 18 June 2021 at the age of 91. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on 20 November 1929 into a Rathore Rajput Sikh family. His birthplace was Govindpura, a village from Muzaffargarh city in Punjab Province, British India (now Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan).He was one of 15 siblings, eight of whom died before the Partition of India. He was orphaned during the Partition when his parents, a brother and two sisters were killed in the violence that ensued. He witnessed these killings. Escaping the troubles in Punjab, where killings of Hindus and Sikhs were continuing, by moving to Delhi, India, in 1947, <mask> lived for a short time with the family of his married sister and was briefly imprisoned at Tihar jail for travelling on a train without a ticket. His sister, Ishvar, sold some jewellery to obtain his release. He spent some time at a refugee camp in Purana Qila and at a resettlement colony in Shahdara, both in Delhi. <mask> became disenchanted with his life and considered becoming a dacoit but was instead persuaded by one of his brothers, Malkhan, to attempt recruitment to the Indian Army.He successfully gained entrance on his fourth attempt, in 1951, and while stationed at the Electrical Mechanical Engineering Centre in Secunderabad and he was introduced to athletics. He had run the 10km distance to and from school as a child and was selected by the army for special training in athletics after finishing sixth in a compulsory cross-country run for new recruits. <mask> has acknowledged how the army introduced him to sport, saying that "I came from a remote village, I didn't know what running was, or the Olympics". International career <mask> represented India in the 200m and 400m competitions of the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. His inexperience meant that he did not progress from the heat stages but a meeting with the eventual 400m champion at those Games, Charles Jenkins, both inspired him to greater things and provided him with information about training methods. In 1958, <mask> set records for the 200m and 400m in the National Games of India, held at Cuttack, and also won gold medals in the same events at the Asian Games. He then won a gold medal in the 400m (440 yards at this time) competition at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games with a time of 46.6 seconds.This latter achievement made him the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India. Before Vikas Gowda won the gold in 2014, <mask> was the only Indian male to have won an individual athletics gold medal at those Games. <mask> was persuaded by Jawaharlal Nehru to set aside his memories of the Partition era to race successfully in 1960 against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, where a post-race comment by the then General Ayub Khan led to him acquiring the nickname of The Flying Sikh. Some sources say that he set a world record of 45.8 seconds in France, shortly before the Rome Olympics in the same year but the official report of the Games lists the record holder as Lou Jones, who ran 45.2 at Los Angeles in 1956. At those Olympics, he was involved in a close-run final race in the 400m competition, where he was placed fourth. <mask> had beaten all the leading contenders other than Otis Davis, and a medal had been anticipated because of his good form. However, he made an error when leading the race at 250m, slowing down in the belief that his pace could not be sustained and looking round at his fellow competitors.<mask> believes that these errors caused him to lose his medal opportunity and they are his "worst memory". Davis, Carl Kaufmann and Malcolm Spence all passed him, and a photo-finish resulted. Davis and Kaufman were both timed at a world-record breaking 44.9 seconds, while Spence and <mask> went under the pre-Games Olympic record of 45.9 seconds, set in 1952 by George Rhoden and Herb McKenley, with times of 45.5 and 45.6 seconds, respectively. The Age noted in 2006 that "<mask> <mask> is the only Indian to have broken an Olympic track record. Unfortunately he was the fourth man to do so in the same race" but the official Olympic report notes that Davis had already equalled the Rhoden/McKenley Olympic record in the quarter-finals and surpassed it with a time of 45.5 seconds in the semi-finals. At the 1962 Asian Games, held in Jakarta, <mask> won gold in the 400m and in the 4 x 400m relay. He attended the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where he was entered to compete in the 400m, the 4 x 100m relay and the 4 x 400m relay.He did not take part in either the 400m or the 4 x 100m relay and the Indian team of <mask> <mask>, Makhan <mask>, Amrit Pal and Ajmer <mask> were eliminated when they finished fourth in the heat stages of the 4 x 400m. There have been claims that <mask> won 77 of his 80 races, but these are spurious. The number of races in which he participated is not verified, nor is the number of victories, but he lost a 400m race at the 1964 National Games in Calcutta to Makhan <mask> and he did not finish first in any of his four races at the 1960 Olympic Games or the aforementioned qualification races at the 1956 Olympics. <mask>'s time in the 1960 Olympics 400m final, which was run on a cinder track, set a national record that stood until 1998 when Paramjit <mask> exceeded it on a synthetic track and with fully automatic timing that recorded 45.70 seconds. Although <mask>'s Olympic result of 45.6 seconds had been hand-timed, an electronic system at those Games had determined his record to be 45.73. Later life <mask> was promoted from the rank of sepoy to junior commissioned officer in recognition of his successes in the 1958 Asian Games. He subsequently became Director of Sports in Punjab Ministry of Education, a post he retired from in 1998.<mask> was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, following his success in 1958. In 2001, he turned down an offer of the Arjuna Award from the Indian government, arguing that it was intended to recognise young sports people and not those such as him. He also thought that the Award was being inappropriately given to people who had little notable involvement as active sports people at all. He said that "I have been clubbed with sportspersons who are nowhere near the level that I had achieved" and that the award had become devalued. While sharing his experience in a college in Goa in 2014, he stated, "The awards nowadays are distributed like 'prasad' in a temple. Why should one be honoured when he or she has not achieved the benchmark for the award? I rejected the Arjuna I was offered after I received the Padma Shri.It was like being offered an SSC [secondary school] certificate after securing a Masters degree." All of <mask>'s medals have been donated to the nation. They were displayed at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi and later moved to a sports museum in Patiala, where a pair of running shoes that he wore in Rome are also displayed. In 2012, he donated the Adidas shoes that he had worn in the 1960 400m final to be sold in a charity auction organised by actor Rahul Bose. <mask> was admitted to the intensive care unit at Fortis Hospital in Mohali on 24 May 2021 with pneumonia caused by COVID-19. His condition was, for a while, described as stable, but he died on 18 June 2021 at 11:30pm in Chandigarh. His wife, Nirmal Saini, had died a few days earlier on 13 June 2021, also due to COVID-19.<mask> was laid on his funeral pyre with a photo of his wife in his hands. Media and popular culture <mask> and his daughter, Sonia Sanwalka, co-wrote his autobiography, titled The Race of My Life. It was published in 2013. The book inspired Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, a 2013 biographical film of <mask>'s life. The film is directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, and stars Farhan Akhtar in the title role, with Sonam Kapoor, Meesha Shafi and Divya Dutta in female lead roles. The film was widely acclaimed in India and won awards including the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment at the National Film Awards, and 5 awards at the International Indian Film Academy Awards in 2014. The film made over crores.<mask> sold the movie rights for one rupee but inserted a clause stating that a share of the profits would be given to the Milkha Singh Charitable Trust. The Trust was founded in 2003 with the aim of assisting poor and needy sportspeople. In September 2017, <mask>'s wax statue – created by sculptors of Madame Tussauds in London – was unveiled at Chandigarh. It depicts <mask> in running posture during his victorious run at the 1958 Commonwealth Games. The statue is placed at Madame Tussauds museum in New Delhi, India. After winning India's first track and field gold medal at the 2020 Olympics, Neeraj Chopra dedicated his victory to <mask>. Personal life , <mask> lived in Chandigarh.He met Nirmal Saini, a former captain of the Indian women's volleyball team in Ceylon in 1955; they married in 1962 and had three daughters and a son, the golfer Jeev <mask> <mask>. In 1999, they adopted the seven-year-old son of Havildar Bikram <mask>, who had died in the Battle of Tiger Hill. Records and honours Awards Honours Bibliography Biopic - Bhaag Milkha Bhaag Notes References External links <mask> <mask> at Punjabipedia Sports and Achievements, Indian Army. 1929 births 2021 deaths Indian male sprinters Olympic athletes of India Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics Indian Sikhs Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Asian Games gold medalists for India Punjabi people Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 Asian Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 Asian Games People from Muzaffargarh District Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India

Alex Gonzalez (shortstop, born 1973)

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<mask> (born April 8, 1973) is a former Major League Baseball infielder, who spent the majority of his 13-year career with the Toronto Blue Jays. <mask> established a career-high with 20 home runs for the Chicago Cubs in 2003 and hit 20 or more doubles eight times. He was regarded as a glove-first player, sporting lower-than-average batting average (career .243 hitter), on-base percentage (.302), and OPS (.694) while leading the American league twice in fielding percentage. At Killian High School in Miami, Florida, <mask> was an All-State pick in baseball as a senior. He was drafted straight out of high school in the 14th round of the 1991 Major League Baseball Draft by the Blue Jays. He is Cuban-American and was nicknamed "Gonzo" in order to tell the difference between him and the other <mask>, who signed with the Blue Jays on November 26, 2009; coincidentally, they would face each other in the 2003 National League Championship Series between the Marlins and Cubs. Professional career <mask> began his pro baseball career in the minor leagues in 1991 with the Gulf Coast Blue Jays.The following season, he moved up to Single-A, playing for the Myrtle Beach Hurricanes in the Carolina League. He was named the MVP of the Hurricanes as they won the South Atlantic League Championship. The Blue Jays named him the recipient of the Howard Webster award in 1992. In 1993, he moved up in the minors to Double-A, spending the season with the Southern League's Knoxville Smokies. <mask> made the AA and AAA all star teams. In 1994, <mask> played in the Venezuelan professional league during winter ball playing in Barquisimeto where he was named to the All Star team. After making the major league team to begin 1994, <mask> batted .151 in 15 games and was sent down to Triple-A Syracuse at the end of April because of a hamstring injury.With Syracuse, <mask> batted .284 as he spent the rest of the season in the minors due to the major league strike and made the all star team. <mask> was the Blue Jays starting shortstop from 1995 to 2001. In 1999, his season was cut short after starting with a .290 batting average due to a torn labrum in his throwing arm. Dr. James Andrews performed surgery in August and, after a six-month rehab, he returned to the Blue Jays as their starting shortstop. Throughout his career, <mask> averaged around .250 with decent power for a middle infielder, but was unable to hit for high average. He made up for the lack of average with good RBI production and solid defense. He finished his career with 536 RBI and 137 home runs.He led the American league twice in fielding percentage for shortstops and he holds the American league record for assists in one game with 13, and was ranked first in 1997 with Total Zone Runs as a SS with 13. After spending eight years with the Toronto Blue Jays, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs on December 21, 2001, for Félix Heredia and minor leaguer James Deschaine. <mask> had two of his best seasons as the Cubs starting shortstop from 2002 to 2003. In 2003, he hit a career-high 20 home runs and advanced to the postseason with the Cubs. <mask>'s strong point in the postseason was his offense; he batted .275 and hit 4 home runs in 12 postseason games. During the Cubs' eighth inning collapse in Game 6 of the 2003 NLCS versus the Florida Marlins, which became infamous due to the Steve Bartman incident, <mask> committed a fielding error on a ground ball in the hole hit by Miguel Cabrera, contributing to the Marlins scoring seven runs, five unearned, afterward in that inning. On July 31, 2004, the day of the trading deadline, <mask> was dealt in a four-team trade to the Montreal Expos with the Cubs acquiring Boston's Nomar Garciaparra to play shortstop.After a brief stint with the Expos, he was sent as part of a conditional deal to the San Diego Padres on September 16. He became a free agent after the season and signed a one-year deal with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for 2005 as a third baseman, making the switch from shortstop. <mask> had a productive year at 3B with the Devil Rays hitting .269 and playing good defensive 3B. After a brief, 2006 run with the Philadelphia Phillies, <mask> retired from baseball. However, he came out of retirement on January 12, 2007, signing a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. But despite a strong showing in spring training during which he batted over .400, <mask> failed to make the Royals' 25-man roster prior to the 2007 season, and exercised his right to become a free agent. Shortly thereafter, he signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals and played 5 games for Triple-A Columbus before his release.Post-playing career <mask> attended the University of Phoenix online and obtained a degree in business management. He is a principal at Miami Sports Management representing players in contract negotiations. He resides in Miami with his wife and children. Acting <mask> appeared "as himself" in an episode of Ken Finkleman's satirical CBC comedy The Newsroom in 1997. <mask> has worked as an analyst for NBC Sports and MLB Network covering season news and the World Baseball Classic. See also List of Cuban Americans References External links <mask> at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League) 1973 births Living people American expatriate baseball players in Canada American people of Cuban descent Baseball players from Florida Cardenales de Lara players American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Chicago Cubs players Columbus Clippers players Gulf Coast Blue Jays players Iowa Cubs players Knoxville Smokies players Major League Baseball shortstops Major League Baseball third basemen Montreal Expos players Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players NMJC Thunderbirds baseball players Philadelphia Phillies players San Diego Padres players Syracuse Chiefs players Syracuse SkyChiefs players Tampa Bay Devil Rays players Toronto Blue Jays players

Henri Temianka

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<mask> (19 November 19067 November 1992) was a virtuoso violinist, conductor, author and music educator. Early years <mask> was born in Greenock, Scotland, to parents who were Jewish Polish emigrants. He studied violin with Carel Blitz in Rotterdam from 1915 to 1923, with Willy Hess at the National Conservatory in Berlin from 1923 to 1924, and with Jules Boucherit in Paris from 1924 to 1926. He then enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where he studied violin with Carl Flesch, who reported of him in 1927, "Was brought over by me. First class technical talent, somewhat sleepy personality, has still to awake." In 1928, Flesch said, "His violinistic personality is for the moment still above his human one. Life shall be his best teacher in this regard."Later he stated, "...he has made an intensive study of my method of teaching, of which I consider him the best exponent in England." In his memoirs he said, "...there was above all Henry [sic] <mask>, who did great credit to the Institute: both musically and technically, he possessed a model collection of talents." <mask>'s playing was further influenced by Eugène Ysaÿe, Jacques Thibaud and Bronisław Huberman. He also studied conducting with Artur Rodziński at Curtis, and became its first graduate in 1930. Career After a brilliant New York City debut in 1928, described by Olin Downes in The New York Times as "one of the finest accomplishments in years," <mask> returned to Europe and rapidly established himself as one of the era's foremost concert violinists. He made extensive concert tours through almost every country in Europe and appeared with major orchestras both in Europe and the U.S. under conductors including Pierre Monteux (who gave him his first Paris appearance), Sir John Barbirolli, Sir Adrian Boult, Fritz Reiner, Sir Henry J. Wood, George Szell, Otto Klemperer, Dimitri Mitropoulos, and William Steinberg.In Leningrad he was engaged for a single performance, but his virtuosity was so impressive that he was retained for five performances with five complete programs within a week. In 1935 he won third prize in the first Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in Warsaw, Poland; Ginette Neveu took first prize, and David Oistrakh second. (A short documentary about that historic event can be found at http://www.wieniawski.com/1ivc.html.) In that year he also premiered a suite that the then-unknown Benjamin Britten had written for him and pianist Betty Humby, and performed music by Sergei Prokofiev, with the composer at the piano in Moscow; and Ralph Vaughan Williams conducted his violin concerto for him in London. In 1936 he founded the Temianka Chamber Orchestra in London. He was the concertmaster of the Scottish Orchestra from 1937 to 1938. He gave his first concert in Los Angeles, a violin recital, at the Wilshire Ebell in 1940.From 1941 to 1942 he was the concertmaster of the Pittsburgh Symphony under Fritz Reiner, performing as soloist in concertos including the Beethoven and Mozart A major. His appearances as violin soloist and guest conductor in Europe and both North and South America were interrupted by World War II, during which he became a senior editor in the U.S. Office of War Information. Because of his fluency in four languages (English, French, German and Dutch), he translated and edited sensitive documents. Through a combination of his bureaucratic connections there and contacts from his international performing career, and with assistance from HIAS, he was able to secure the release of his parents from the Nazi concentration camp in Gurs, France, in 1941. However, upon arriving in Spain, they were thrown in jail by Franco's police. Temianka recalled that a concert he had given in Madrid in 1935 had been attended by a powerful Spanish aristocrat and president of the Bilbao Philharmonic Society, Ignacio de Gortazar y Manso de Velasco, the 19th Count of Superunda. The Count personally escorted Temianka's parents from jail to his mansion, and then arranged for their passage by ship to Cuba and the United States, where they became citizens.<mask> described these remarkable events in a chapter of his second book Chance Encounters (unpublished); that chapter has been integrated with illustrations of many of the relevant photographs, letters and other documents, and privately printed as a monograph. In 1945 he performed at Carnegie Hall with pianist Artur Balsam. In 1946 he performed all the Beethoven violin sonatas with pianist Leonard Shure at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. Over the next 45 years he made appearances in more than 3,000 concerts in 30 countries, with some 500 concerts in the Los Angeles metropolitan area alone, appearing as violin soloist, conductor of the California Chamber Symphony, first violinist of the Paganini Quartet, and in remarkable chamber music recitals such as the Beethoven sonata cycles with pianists Lili Kraus, Leonard Pennario, Rudolf Firkušný and George Szell, and the Bach violin sonatas with Anthony Newman. He performed the Bach Double Violin Concerto with David Oistrakh, Yehudi Menuhin, Henryk Szeryng and Jack Benny. His chamber groups performed at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles Music Center and the Mark Taper Forum. In 1960 he was the music director at the esteemed Ojai Music Festival. In the 1980s his California Chamber Virtuosi gave concerts at Pepperdine University and at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California.As an avid chamber music player, Temianka hosted frequent private musical evenings in his Los Angeles home, playing with fellow musicians including Yehudi Menuhin, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern, Joseph Szigeti, David Oistrakh, Henryk Szeryng, Leonard Pennario, William Primrose, Gregor Piatigorsky and Jean-Pierre Rampal. <mask> was equally adept on the viola as the violin, and sometimes played it during these evenings, as well as in concert in 1962 with Isaac Stern in a performance of Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante (which he also performed on violin with William Primrose on viola). In 1980 the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians said of Temianka that he was "...known for his flawless mastery of his instrument, a pure and expressive tone, and forceful yet elegant interpretations." On July 28, 2016, Jim Svejda at Classical KUSC-FM radio aired a four-hour program of recordings by Temianka, the Paganini Quartet, and the California Chamber Symphony. The Paganini Quartet Temianka in 1946 joined the Paganini Quartet, founded by the great Belgian cellist . The quartet drew its name from the fact that all four of its instruments, made by Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737), had once been owned by the Italian virtuoso violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840). The other original members were Gustave Rosseels, second violin, and Robert Courte, viola.Subsequent members included Charles Libove, Stefan Krayk and Harris Goldman, violin; Charles Foidart, David Schwartz and Albert Gillis, viola; and Adolphe Frezin and Lucien Laporte, cello. The quartet made its world debut at the University of California at Berkeley. Critic Alfred Frankenstein wrote in the San Francisco Chronicle on November 11, 1946, "Perhaps never before has one heard a string quartet with so rich, mellow and superbly polished a tone." On December 5, 1947, the Los Angeles Examiner reported, "Entrusted with fabulously sensitive string instruments that once were in the personal collection of Paganini, they achieve the incredible - as will be eagerly testified by the packed house..." During its 20-year international career, the Paganini Quartet concertized continuously in large cities and small towns throughout the United States, as well as in famous concert halls around the world. In 1946-47 they played all the Beethoven string quartets in concert at the Library of Congress. At Mills College in 1949, the Paganini and Budapest Quartets presented the world premiere of Darius Milhaud's 14th and 15th string quartets, followed by the two groups' performance of both works simultaneously as an octet. In subsequent years they made joint appearances with Arthur Rubinstein, Andrés Segovia, Claudio Arrau and Gary Graffman.The quartet recorded eleven of the Beethoven quartets as well as those of Gabriel Fauré, Giuseppe Verdi, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and others. They also played the world premieres of works by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco and Benjamin Lees. The California Chamber Symphony (CCS) In 1960 Temianka founded and conducted a chamber orchestra based at Royce Hall, UCLA, the California Chamber Symphony. The orchestra gave more than 100 concerts over the ensuing 23 years, including premieres of major works by such major composers as Aaron Copland, Dmitri Shostakovich, Darius Milhaud, Alberto Ginastera, William Schuman, Gian Carlo Menotti, Malcolm Arnold and Carlos Chávez. Soloists who performed with the CCS under Temianka's direction included David Oistrakh, Jean-Pierre Rampal and Benny Goodman. Temianka broke tradition by speaking to his audiences from the stage about the music and composers. (For this reason the series was originally titled "Let's Talk Music".)He created a "Concerts for Youth" series and also brought music to hospitals, prisons, and schools for the handicapped. He recognized and was in many instances responsible for the first appearances of a number of rising musicians, including Christopher Parkening, Jeffrey Kahane, Nathaniel Rosen, Paul Shenley, Timothy Landauer, Daniel Heifetz, and Los Romeros, a family of guitarists from Spain. He also made a number of major television appearances with the CCS, and

Henri Temianka

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appeared as conductor with other orchestras including the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Buenos Aires Philharmonic. Unique concerts given under the auspices of the CCS included the opera Noye's Fludde by Benjamin Britten, in which hundreds of children participated; a "Monster Concert", in which 12 Steinway pianos and 36 pianists were brought on stage for pieces by Louis Moreau Gottschalk and others; Alberto Ginastera's Cantata para America Magica, an extraordinary work based on pre-Columbian Latin American songs and scored for soprano and 53 percussion instruments; and Christus Apollo, a cantata written by Jerry Goldsmith, based on a text by Ray Bradbury and narrated by Charlton Heston. Violins In his teens Temianka played a Laurentius Storioni of 1780. While traveling under the aegis of the Curtis Institute, he briefly played a loaned Stradivarius, which was exchanged for a Januarius Gagliano. In 1929 Temianka owned the violin made in 1752 by Joannes Baptista Guadagnini.In the 1930s he played a Silvestre violin, with which he made his early Vintage recordings, and subsequently a Januarius Gagliano and a Carlo Bergonzi. The Stradivarius he played during the years of the Paganini Quartet was the "Conte Cozio di Salabue" of 1727, which was Paganini's own concert violin. It was later played by Martin Beaver, first violinist of the Tokyo String Quartet, which played since 1995 on the same quartet of Stradivarius instruments once owned by Paganini, until the Tokyo String Quartet retired in July 2013. These remarkable instruments—the viola had inspired Paganini to commission Hector Berlioz's Harold en Italie—were also played by the Cleveland Quartet for almost 15 years, beginning in 1982, and are presently owned by Nippon Music Foundation of Japan, after deacquisition by the Corcoran Gallery in the mid-1990s for $15 million. They were then played for several years by the Hagen Quartet, and then by the Quartetto di Cremona; they are now in the hands of the Kuss Quartet. When the years of the Paganini Quartet came to an end, Temianka played a Michelangelo Bergonzi of 1759. His recordings of the Handel Sonatas were made on an Andrea Guarneri of 1687.Honors and legacy Gramophone Award (for recordings of Beethoven "Rasumovsky" quartets) 1947. Franklin S. Harris Fine Arts Award at Brigham Young University 1977. French Officier des Arts et des Lettres 1979. Pepperdine Honorary Doctorate 1986. American String Teachers Assoc. : Distinguished Teacher Award 1970 and Distinguished Service Award 1989. Numerous resolutions by the California Legislature, County of Los Angeles and City of Los Angeles.In February 2013, Chapman University endowed the <mask> Professorship in Music and Scholarship in String Studies. The violin played by Albert Saparoff, concertmaster of the Hollywood Symphony, was endowed as the Temianka-Saparoff violin, and is dedicated for the use of a selected recipient while studying there. A bust of Temianka was created by the famous sculptor Miriam Baker, and stands on the Aitken Arts Plaza in front of the Musco Performing Arts Center, between busts of Mozart and Puccini, at Chapman University; a second bust from the same mold was dedicated at the McLean Museum and Art Gallery (now the Watt Institution) in Greenock, Scotland, his birthplace. During the Museum's renovation, the statue was relocated at the Beacon Arts Centre. The dedication was reported by the BBC, and honored by a Motion of the Scottish Parliament. An exhibit of Temianka's letters and memorabilia was open at Chapman's Leatherby Libraries until 30 July 2016. On 3 March 2017, the Henri Temianka Archives were dedicated in a multimedia room at Chapman.The Archives consist of some 3700 letters, photographs, concert programs and other effects from his life. The Archives can be accessed online at In 2018 the Henri Temianka Audio Restoration Lab was endowed at the University of California at Santa Barbara. Students <mask>'s students included Leo Berlin (who became concertmaster of the Stockholm Philharmonic), Nina Bodnar (who won the 1982 Thibaud International Competition in Paris), Amalia Castillo, Alison Dalton (subsequently in the first violin section of the Chicago Symphony), Marilyn Doty, Eugene Fodor, Michael Mann, Dolores Miller, Phyllis Moad, Karen Tuttle (who later became a violist) and Camilla Wicks. Later life <mask> was a visiting professor and guest lecturer at many universities in the United States and abroad, including the Universities of California, Kansas, Illinois, Michigan, Colorado, Toronto, Southern California and the Osaka Music Academy of Japan. He held professorships at University of California, Santa Barbara (1960–64) and Long Beach State College (now California State University, Long Beach) (1964–76). He also taught master classes at various universities including Brigham Young in Utah, and produced films in music education. He died, aged 85, in Los Angeles.Quotations "You have a choice: to create, or not to create." "It's easy to avoid criticism -- just say nothing, do nothing, be nothing." "The happiest times have always been when we have chamber music at our house—veritable orgies of informal music-making, gastronomy, and story-swapping, with everybody in shirtsleeves. The warmth of musical and human empathy is unique. As we play, unrehearsed, a quartet of Beethoven or Mozart, there are extraordinary flashes of insight, thrilling moments of truth when we share the same concept of an exquisite phrase, sculpt the same melodic line, linger and savor the same ritardando or diminuendo. In those moments we spontaneously look up from our music, exchanging ecstatic smiles and glances. It is a level of spiritual communication granted few human beings."—from Facing the Music. Recordings In the 1930s Temianka made solo recordings, mostly on the Parlophone label, of works by Henryk Wieniawski, Gaetano Pugnani, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johann Sebastian Bach, Karol Szymanowski, Pablo de Sarasate, Camille Saint-Saëns, Anton Arensky, Jean Sibelius and Frank Bridge. In The Book of the Violin, Dominic Gill appraised <mask>'s recording of the Schubert Rondo in A, D.438, as follows: "The divine playing of this work in 1937 by <mask> stands out as a pinnacle among the great violin recordings of all time." All of these recordings were reissued on CD by Biddulph Recordings in 1992. In the LP era, he recorded sonatas by George Frideric Handel, Édouard Lalo, Vincent d'Indy, Paul Dukas, Edvard Grieg and Antonín Dvořák, and the Tchaikovsky Piano Trio in A minor. His live performances of the Beethoven sonatas in 1946 with pianist Leonard Shure were restored by DOREMI and released by Allegro Music on CD's in 2011. With the Paganini Quartet, he recorded 11 of the Beethoven string quartets for RCA Victor.These were remastered and reissued on CD's in 2012 by United Archives. On other labels they recorded Joseph Haydn's "Emperor" and Mozart's "Dissonant" quartets, and quartets by Britten, Debussy, Ravel, Schumann, Verdi, Ginastera, Lajhta, and Benjamin Lees; the Schumann Piano Quintet and Fauré Piano Quartet No. 1 with Arthur Rubinstein (reissued on BMG CD in 1999); and the Brahms Piano Quintet with Ralph Votapek. He also appeared as violin soloist in a 1941 recording of Richard Strauss's Don Quixote by the Pittsburgh Symphony under Fritz Reiner, featuring cellist Gregor Piatigorsky. Conducting the Los Angeles Percussion Ensemble, he recorded Ginastera's Cantata para America Magica and Carlos Chavez's Toccata for Percussion Instruments for Columbia Records. Bibliography Temianka wrote more than 100 articles for various periodicals, including Instrumentalist, The Strad, Reader's Digest, Saturday Review, Esquire, Hi-Fi Stereo Review, Musical America, Etude, and Holiday. About one-third of these essays concerned string playing and teaching and have recently been collated into a privately printed anthology augmented with photographs from his archives.In 1973 his amusing, anecdotal autobiography titled Facing the Music was published by David McKay Company, Inc. It was reissued in paperback and published abroad in German. He wrote a second, as-yet unpublished book of memoirs titled Chance Encounters. References Boris Schwarz. "Temianka, <mask>", Grove Music Online. "Temianka, <mask>," The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev.Ed. Michael Kennedy, Oxford Music Online, May 15, 2009. G. Irwin: Interview, The Strad, xlv (1934–5), 551–4. J. Creighton: Discopaedia of the Violin, 1889–1971 (Toronto, 1974). C. Flesch, The Memoirs of Carl Flesch, with foreword by Max Rostal, (Rockliff Publ. Corp., 1957). External links <mask> Collection of Papers, Correspondence and Memorabilia at the UCLA Library; Collection Guide at the Online Archive of California Obituary in The New York Times, November 10, 1992 1906 births 1992 deaths American classical violinists Male classical violinists Scottish classical violinists Polish classical violinists American male violinists Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition prize-winners Curtis Institute of Music alumni University of California, Santa Barbara faculty California State University, Long Beach faculty People from Santa Barbara, California People from Long Beach, California People from Greenock 20th-century classical violinists 20th-century American musicians Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Scottish Jews Scottish people of Polish-Jewish descent Scottish emigrants to the United States Polish emigrants to the United States American people of Polish-Jewish descent American people of Scottish-Jewish descent 20th-century American male

Bruce Fairbairn

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<mask> (December 30, 1949 – May 17, 1999) was a Canadian musician and international record producer from Vancouver, British Columbia. He was active as a producer from 1976 to 1999, and is considered one of the best of his era. His most successful productions are Slippery When Wet and New Jersey by Bon Jovi, Permanent Vacation, Pump, and Get a Grip by Aerosmith, The Razors Edge by AC/DC, and Balance by Van Halen, each of which sold at least five million copies. He was originally a trumpet player, then started a career as a record producer for Canadian rock band Prism. Fairbairn won the Canadian music industry Producer of the Year Juno Award three times. He produced albums for many well-known international artists such as Loverboy, Blue Öyster Cult, Bon Jovi, Poison, Aerosmith, AC/DC, Scorpions, Van Halen, Chicago, The Cranberries, INXS, Kiss and Yes. His style was notable for introducing dynamic horn arrangements into rock music productions.Fairbairn died suddenly on May 17, 1999 due to unknown causes. Career Early life and Prism <mask> played the trumpet since the age of 5, as well as studying piano. Until the age of 16, he was a trumpetist in community groups. While in the 10th grade at Vancouver's Prince of Wales Secondary School, Fairbairn founded his first band The Spectres, managed by <mask>, who would remain with Fairbairn through his career. In the early 1970s, Fairbairn started producing while he was part of the Vancouver jazz-rock group Sunshyne, in which he played both trumpet and horn. There he met bandmate Jim Vallance, who would go on to become one of the most successful songwriters in the music industry and an important music associate. After Vallance left Sunshyne in 1973, Fairbairn changed Sunshyne's format to blues-rock-pop.Fairbairn recruited guitarist Lindsay Mitchell, from Vancouver band Seeds of Time, as singer-songwriter and frontman. Fairbairn worked through 1974 to land a recording contract for Sunshyne, using demos of two songs written by Mitchell. By mid-1975, when Fairbairn could not close a record deal for Sunshyne, he approached Vallance for assistance. Vallance reworked the arrangements on the Mitchell songs and supplied three of his own at Fairbairn's request. One of the Vallance songs, "Open Soul Surgery" impressed an executive at record label GRT, who signed Fairbairn's group to a recording contract in 1976. Over the next year, Fairbairn produced an album using musicians from both Sunshyne and Seeds of Time (including himself). The newly-renamed band Prism released its debut album in 1977.The album reached platinum status in Canada, with sales in excess of 100,000 albums by 1978.1 Fairbairn himself, however, elected not to be a member of Prism, and is credited only as producer and as a session musician on the album, and he did not play with Prism in any live performances. Fairbairn produced Prism's next three albums, all of which went platinum or double platinum in Canada. In 1980, Fairbairn won his first of three Canadian music industry Producer of the Year Juno Awards for Prism's third album, Armageddon. Loverboy In 1980, while still working with Prism, Fairbairn started production work on the debut album for Canadian rock band Loverboy. The self-titled album Loverboy would be the first Fairbairn production to break through in the lucrative US market and launch Fairbairn's international success. Fairbairn's productions attracted a growing list of international artists to Vancouver's Little Mountain Sound Studios to work with him and his protégé Bob Rock. Over the next 5 years, Fairbairn's work on Blue Öyster Cult's 1983 album The Revölution by Night, Krokus' 1984 album The Blitz, and Canadian band Honeymoon Suite's arena rock 1985 album The Big Prize continued Fairbairn's string of international hits.Slippery When Wet <mask>'s biggest commercial success is Bon Jovi's Slippery When Wet (1986), which made him a top-rate international producer. The album has sold over 28 million copies worldwide. "<mask> was a trumpet player," noted Jon Bon Jovi in 2007. "You couldn't get him on a guitar. And, for the first time, we were allowed to be us in the studio." "I've been lucky enough to work with so many different talents," Fairbairn noted, "but Bon Jovi may be the finest. There was record company pressure to deliver the hits, but they were a joy.People seem to concentrate so much on their success that they lose sight of how good these guys are." Permanent Vacation His next major production, Aerosmith's 1987 album Permanent Vacation, was another international success and generated a series of hits including "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "Angel", and "Rag Doll". Steven Tyler said that Fairbairn was instrumental in the creation of the album and "helped relight the fire under Aerosmith". Continued international success In 1988, Fairbairn produced the Bon Jovi album New Jersey, which holds the record for the hard rock/glam metal album to spawn the most Top 10 singles, with five singles charting in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, selling over seven million copies in the United States. Fairbain also produced Aerosmith's follow-up, 1989's Pump, which had sales in excess of seven million and was widely acclaimed by critics, and won him another "Producer of the Year" Juno Award. In the 1990s, Fairbairn worked with a string of internationally influential hard rock acts. In 1990 he produced AC/DC's The Razors Edge, and Poison's Flesh and Blood.In 1993, he produced another Aerosmith commercial hit, Get a Grip, which racked up sales of seven million and solidified the band's growing representation as international media stars. Next, Fairbairn produced Scorpions' Face the Heat and in 1995 Van Halen's Balance. Also in 1995, Fairbairn went to Vallance's Armoury Studios in Vancouver to work on Chicago's Night and Day: Big Band, and liked the studio so much he bought it from Vallance the following year. In late 1996, and through early 1997, Fairbairn produced INXS' 'comeback' album Elegantly Wasted which, while garnering mixed reviews, obtained sales that were higher than INXS' previous albums. Also, Fairbairn produced The Cranberries' To the Faithful Departed, and Kiss' reunion-album Psycho Circus. His last fully completed project was the Atomic Fireballs' Torch This Place for Atlantic Records in 1998, which Fairbairn described as "a return to my brass roots". Death and legacy During the mixing sessions for Yes' The Ladder, on May 17, 1999, Fairbairn was found dead by Yes singer Jon Anderson and Armoury manager Sheryl Preston in his Vancouver home.He was survived by his wife, Julie, with whom he had three sons: Scott, Kevin, and Brent. Bob Rock explained that, on the week <mask> died, the two were to travel to New York to meet Bon Jovi for another album together. A memorial, "A Celebration of the Life of <mask> <mask>", held at the Vancouver Chan Centre, was attended by more than 300 people. Highlighted by reminiscences from close friends, the event included musical performances from Jon Anderson and Steve Howe performing the song "Nine Voices" from Yes' The Ladder sessions, as well as Tom Keenlyside, guitarist David Sinclair and finally, "Taps" played on <mask>'s trumpet by son Brent. In March 2000, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Canadian Music Hall of Fame Juno Award for his work. In his interviews concerning The Ladder, Fairbairn can be seen in short sections in the bonus material on Yes' Live at the House of Blues DVD.

Campbell MacKenzie-Richards

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<mask> (1900–1927) was a pioneer English aviator, Royal Air Force test pilot, and air race contestant, who was killed testing experimental equipment in November 1927. Early life <mask> was born on 6 January 1900 in Streatham, London, the grandson of Peter Felix Richards (born 1808 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 14 November 1868 in Shanghai, China), the founder of the Astor House, Shanghai; and the son of Peter Felix Mackenzie-Richards (born about 1863 in Shanghai; died 18 December 1920 in Colchester, Essex), a civil engineer, and Mary Edith "Mollie" MacRae (born 1 July 1869 in Brighton, Sussex; died 7 December 1954 at Heigham Hall, a private mental hospital in Norwich, Norfolk), who had married on 4 September 1893 at St. Leonard's Church, Upper Deal, Kent. MacKenzie-Richards was baptised on 1 March 1900 at the Holy Trinity Church at Upper Tooting. MacKenzie-Richards was the brother of Kenneth (born 1894 in Kensington; died 26 December 1980); Ursula (born 13 November 1902; died 11 December 1995); and Mary (born 1907 in Woodbridge, Suffolk; died 1983). <mask> was educated at the Woodbridge School in Suffolk. Career During World War I MacKenzie-Richards served in the British Merchant Navy and was decorated twice. Around 1923 MacKenzie-Richards joined the Royal Air Force.On 24 January 1924 he was confirmed as Pilot Officer and later was promoted to the rank of Flying Officer, and was attached to the Bombing Squadron based at Martlesham Heath. After earning the reputation of being a highly skilled pilot, MacKenzie-Richards was attached to the experimental staff of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. As part of the Airship Development Programme, from 9 October 1925 a hook-equipped de Havilland Humming Bird (Registration G-EBQP) was used in a short series of experiments with "an obsolete underpowered type of airship", HMA R33 (known colloquially as the "Pulham Pig") in an attempt to develop an airborne aircraft carrier. On 15 October 1925 the Humming Bird flown by Squadron Leader Rollo Haig, was released from the R33, and became the first to reattach an aircraft to a rigid airship, although the propeller was damaged as he reattached and he detached again to glide to a separate landing at the aerodrome. On 4 December 1925 Flight Lieutenant Janor, flying a Humming Bird was the first to successfully hook an aeroplane onto a rigid airship and remain attached until the airship landed. Previously the Royal Air Force had modified two F.1 Sopwith Camels (serials N6622 and N6814) for trials by No. 212 Squadron RAF with airship HMA 23r, which culminated in Lt. R.E.Keys piloting one on 6 November 1918, and the first launch and recovery of an aircraft in mid-air had been performed by the US Army TC-3 blimp on 15 December 1924, with a Sperry Messenger biplane performing a sortie from and back to a "skyhook" attached to the blimp. On Thursday 21 October 1926, MacKenzie-Richards and Flying Officer (later Air Vice-Marshal) R.L. Ragg participated in the experimental trials of launching twin parasite aircraft from retractable trapezes attached under the keel of the R33 using two Gloster Grebe fighters (J.7400 and J.7385) from Pulham aerodrome. The first Grebe, flown by MacKenzie-Richards, which was positioned aft, was released at 10.17am over Pulham at an altitude of 2,500 feet (762 metres), and, after diving for about 100 ft (30 metres), it levelled out. The Times reported the next day: "The aeroplane, with her engine running, dropped like a stone and then regaining control, MacKenzie-Richards performed a series of stunts, looping-the-loop, rolling and flying upside down", while Flight indicated that the plane "gambolled gaily in the air as if glad to be free, at last, from the maternal apron strings," before landing safely back at Pulham. After some difficulty in starting the engine, the second Grebe piloted by Ragg, which had been positioned abaft of the first Grebe, was successfully released at 11.30am from a slightly higher altitude over Cardington, Bedfordshire, and made a safe landing at Cardington. In another experiment, the Grebes piloted by MacKenzie-Richards and Ragg were released from 2,000 feet and were able to fly and then reattach their planes to a skyhook on the airship.Despite the successful trials, the technique was never adopted. Air racing MacKenzie-Richards was a member of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (R.A.E.) Aero Club, and competed in air races. In June 1927 MacKenzie-Richards took part in the Whitsun weekend air races (4 and 6 June 1927) at the Ensbury Park racecourse (near Bournemouth), winning from scratch convincingly the delayed first race of the meet on Saturday, 4 June 1927, the Low Power Handicap for aeroplanes with engines less than 1500cc, against three other competitors (two others had withdrawn) in de Havilland Humming Bird G-EBQP, a single-seat ultralight monoplane that had been used in the R33 trials, with a Bristol Cherub III engine. at 73.5 miles per hour. The crash of a de Havilland DH.37A earlier on 4 June 1927, and the collision of a Westland Widgeon and a Blackburn Bluebird on Whit Monday, 6 June 1927, which resulted in the death of two pilots and a passenger in front of thousands of spectators forced the cessation of further air races at Ensbury Park racecourse, and its eventual sale to a housing developer. During the Nottingham Flying Meeting held at the Hucknall Torkard aerodrome at Hucknall, Nottinghamshire on the Summer Bank Holiday weekend, which included the 6th King's Cup Race, after starting from the scratch position, Mackenzie-Richards came third flying the same Humming Bird in "ideal flying conditions" over the 8.5-mile single-lap course in the Papplewick Stakes Low-power Handicap, the first event held at 11.30am on Monday, 1 August 1927, and received £10.Marriage On Wednesday 17 August 1927, MacKenzie-Richards married Mirabel Cobbold (born 2 May 1904), who had earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Oxford in 1926, the only child of Lt. Col. Ernest Cazenove Cobbold CB (born 15 January 1866 at Ufford, Suffolk; died 1932), of the York and Lancaster Regiment, and Edith Mary White (died 1949), at the St Peter and St Paul's Parish Church at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Death and inquest MacKenzie-Richards was killed in a night flying accident at East Grinstead, Surrey on 9 November 1927 . MacKenzie-Richards was engaged in testing night navigating devices at Croydon aerodrome, including two new illuminated wind vanes erected there experimentally. On Wednesday, 9 November 1927, flying Bristol fighter C810, MacKenzie-Richards had finished his work at 5.30pm and left Croydon with Professor Harry Norman Green. Green (born 21 September 1902 in Sheffield, England; died 16 May 1967) was educated at the Central Secondary School in Sheffield, and received his undergraduate and medical degrees from Sheffield University, specialising in pathology. He taught at the Sheffield University (1926–1933, 1935–1953), Cambridge University (1933–1935), and the University of Leeds (1953–1967). Green's research interests focused on the immune system in cancer induction and growth.In 1947 Green was appointed Director of Cancer. a pathologist and member of the faculty of medicine (and later the Department of Pharmacology) at the University of Sheffield, as his observer. They attempted to make their way back to Farnborough, but the compass was 30 degrees out when they left. Failing to find Farnborough they attempted to return to Croydon. They flew back without seeing anything they recognised until they estimated they were over Croydon. They could not pick up any indication of Croydon nor could they see any lights. They spoke on the 'telephone' and MacKenzie-Richards suggested that they had better make a forced landing before they ran out of petrol – they only had about 20 minutes fuel remaining.He came down low and asked Green to look for a field. Presently he said that he could not see a field that he could land in and he lit a flare. There was a certain amount of mist, but nothing exceptional. They just missed some trees and climbed back up to 2,000 feet. As Green had never used a parachute before, MacKenzie-Richards briefed him particularly about not pulling the ripcord until he was clear of the aircraft. Green questioned whether the aircraft could be rolled onto its back so that they could both get out, but MacKenzie-Richards refused, saying that Green should go. At the inquest Green explained how he had one foot on the seat and one on the side waiting for the signal to jump.MacKenzie-Richards throttled the engine down and turned around, put his hand out and pushed Green. Green landed in a field and was perfectly alright. MacKenzie-Richards was found in another field, but there was no sign of life; his parachute was open. The Coroner's conclusion was that by the time MacKenzie-Richards left the aircraft he was too close to the ground and that his parachute failed to fully deploy. At the inquest a Major Cooper informed the Court that the compasses were checked periodically on the ground, and that he was satisfied that this compass had been tested at certain periods. He pointed out that this had been an experimental aircraft, which had certain experimental lights, and the evidence suggested that one of the pieces of wiring had an effect on the compass after the machine had left the ground. It was quite possible that the error in the compass only occurred when the current was generated.The wreckage of the aircraft was found in a wood about two hundred yards from where his body was found. He is buried at the parish church of St. Andrew, Great Yeldham. Legacy MacKenzie-Richards was promoted posthumously to Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force. After his death, his only child, <mask> MacKenzie-Richards, was born in Aldeburgh, in 1928. For three years, Mirabel and Gillian lived in Aldeburgh. On 1 July 1931, Mirabel married Canadian farmer, Charles Robert Orr-Simpson, of British Columbia. On 14 July 1931 Mirabel and Gillian migrated to Canada on the Empress of Britain.On 26 February 1934, the Simpson family arrived in Southampton on Warwick Castle from Cape Town via Madeira, intending to live in Bath, Somerset. By June 1935, Mirabel was living in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. References and notes External links Photo of <mask>-Richards in Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) Video of HMA R33 launching a Grebe fighter Photo of HMA R33 launching a Grebe fighter Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached while moored HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached while moored Close-up Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached in flight Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached in flight British Pathe: 1927 Air races at Ensbury Park racecourse, Bournemouth 2009 photo of De Havilland DH.53 Humming Bird, G-EBQP/J7326 flown by MacKenzie-Richards in air races in 1927 Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Article: "The Flying Aircraft Carrier: Why?" with photos of R33 and Gloster Grebes Short article and photo about the air-launching experiments carried out with the Gloster Grebes 1900 births 1927 deaths British Merchant Service personnel of World War I Royal Air Force officers British test pilots Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England De Havilland People educated at Woodbridge School People from Streatham Anglo-Scots English aviators Air racers

Sue Ryder

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Margaret Susan Cheshire, <mask> of Warsaw, Lady Cheshire, (née <mask>; 3 July 1924 – 2 November 2000), best known as <mask>, was a British volunteer with Special Operations Executive in the Second World War, and a member of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, who afterwards established charitable organisations, notably the Sue Ryder Foundation (now known as simply <mask> Ryder). Early life <mask> was born in 1924 in Leeds, the daughter of <mask> and Mabel Elizabeth Sims. The family lived at Scarcroft Grange near Leeds; the house now has a blue plaque, installed by Leeds Civic Trust in 2011. She was educated at Benenden School. When World War II broke out, she volunteered to the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, even though she was only 15, and she was soon assigned to the Polish section of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). In this role, <mask>'s job was to drive SOE agents to the airfield where they would take off for their assignments in Europe. In 1943 she was posted to Tunisia and later to Italy.Year of birth According to her autobiography, Child of My Love, <mask> was born on 3 July 1923. This was repeated by The Daily Telegraph in her obituary in November 2000, adding that "Lady <mask> of Warsaw, better known as <mask>, has died aged 77", as well as by the BBC and many other news sources. Her birth and death certificates both put the date one year later, on 3 July 1924, as does a plaque unveiled in honour of <mask> and Leonard Cheshire in Cavendish Church in Suffolk. At the beginning of the war, <mask> volunteered to the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, even though she was only 15. To get in, she lied about her age and seems to have maintained the deception for the rest of her life. Post-war After the war, <mask> volunteered to do relief work in Europe, initially with the Amis Volontaires Français, the Red Cross and the Guide International Service. Official relief organisations had withdrawn by 1952, and <mask> decided to stay on working alone, visiting prisons and hospitals.In the aftermath of war there were many non-Germans, young men in particular, who were unable to return to their own countries either due to lack of documentation or because their families were all dead. As a result, some of these young men turned to crime, usually so they could buy food or in some cases, to take revenge on their former captors. It was these people that <mask> advocated for, calling them her 'Bods'. She drove all over Germany to visit them in prisons, where she was often not welcomed by the authorities. At one time there were 1400 'Bods' in prisons, mainly Polish but also from Albania, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. <mask> appealed on their behalf for their sentences to be reduced, or for their release, and for many she would be their only visitor. Some were executed and she would stay to pray with them.Among those who were released, she managed to repatriate some to Britain. Right up until two years before her death in 2000, there were still three prisoners she would visit every December, driving herself across Europe. Charitable work Because of her experiences in SOE and the brave people she met, <mask> was determined to establish a 'living memorial' to the millions of people who had died in world war, and to all those who continued to suffer and die because of persecution. In 1953 she established her charity, initially the Forgotten Allies Trust, which later became the Sue Ryder Foundation. In 1996 her charity became Sue Ryder Care, changing its name to <mask> in 2011. <mask> established the first Home in Britain at her mother's house in Cavendish, Suffolk in 1953, having already founded the St Christopher Settlement and St. Christopher Kries in Germany. These homes and projects were initially for survivors of second world war concentration camps.The Cavendish home, also where <mask> and her family lived, continued to provide care for sick and disabled people until 2001. Until the 1970s, homes were established in Poland and the countries of the former Yugoslavia. The local authorities in each country built the foundations of the homes and installed utilities. Prefabricated buildings and equipment were sent out from the UK and erected by local builders together with UK tradesmen. Over twenty homes in each country were started in this way, and <mask> would make annual visits to look at sites for new homes and see what other help was needed. Aware of the difficult conditions in which many of the survivors of the concentration camps continued to live in Poland, <mask> began a Holiday Scheme. Initially this started in Denmark, and <mask> would drive individuals there from Poland where they would stay with friends.The scheme transferred to the UK in 1958 and with the home in Cavendish already full, <mask> leased the south wing of nearby Melford Hall. For eleven years, many survivors of the concentration camps stayed for three or four weeks on holiday. <mask> continued to look for a more permanent property, and finally Stagenhoe Park in Hertfordshire became a Sue Ryder Home and continued the Holiday scheme. When the scheme came to an end, the home continued to provide care and is now a neurological care centre. Until the 1990s, Sue Ryder Homes opened in Britain and are run today by the charity Sue Ryder as hospices and neurological care centres, supported by a network of over 400 Sue Ryder shops. At one point, there was even a Sue Ryder shop on the Ascension Islands. <mask>'s international work expanded to include homes and projects, including mobile medical units, in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, France, Albania, Greece, Ireland Ethiopia and Malawi and work continues in many of these countries today.In 1958, the year before their marriage, <mask> and Leonard Cheshire established a centre in India called Raphael, near Dehra Dun. The centre included homes for those with leprosy, people with learning disabilities, orphaned and destitute children, a school and a hospital with a tuberculosis wing. Fundraising for this project started in Australia and New Zealand, and both projects continue today. The work at Raphael became their joint charity Ryder-Cheshire, which continues in the UK as Enrych, supporting people with disabilities by providing access to leisure and learning opportunities through volunteers. In Australia, Ryder-Cheshire Australia continues to support Raphael in India, a home at Klibur Domin in Timor-Leste and two Australian Homes in Mt. Gambier and Melbourne. Raphael is a separate trust and is the State Nodal Agency Centre (SNAC) Uttarakhand for persons with autism, cerebral palsy, learning disabilities and multiple disabilities.In 1995, the High Anglican Christian Community of St Katharine of Alexandria gave the house and grounds at Parmoor, now known as St Katharine’s, to <mask>. She made the house into the headquarters of her independent charity, the Sue Ryder Prayer Fellowship, which she founded in 1984. The Fellowship was conceived by <mask> to be a “powerhouse of prayer” for the needs of others, and especially for the work carried out across the world in the name of <mask>. The house is a Christian house of prayer, and welcomes people from all denominations and none and all walks of life, in a spirit of ecumenism and reconciliation. In 1998, <mask> retired as a trustee and severed her links with <mask> following a dispute with the other trustees, whom she accused of betraying her guiding principles. In February 2000, <mask> set up the Lady Ryder of Warsaw Memorial Trust (previously called the Bouverie Foundation) to continue charitable work according to her ideals. The Trust is devoted to the relief of suffering and seeks to render personal service to those in need, regardless of age, race or creed, as part of the Human Family.As of 2021, it started working with Bristol and Newcastle Universities to help train more doctors. Awards and Honours <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1957. Together with her husband Leonard Cheshire, she received a joint Variety Club Humanitarian Award in 1975, presented by HRH Princess Margaret. <mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1976. House of Lords <mask> was made a life peer on 31 January 1979, being created Baroness <mask> of Warsaw, of Warsaw in Poland and of Cavendish in the County of Suffolk. In the House of Lords, <mask> was involved in debates about defence, drug abuse, housing, medical services, unemployment, prison reform and race relations. <mask> continued to speak for Poland and when the Communist rule there collapsed, she arranged lorries of medical and food aid.In 1989 <mask> made an appeal through The Daily Telegraph to obtain more funding and collected £40,000 through the Lady Ryder of Warsaw Appeals Fund. In a Lords debate for what became the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, <mask> moved an amendment on behalf of Lord Ashbourne (who was absent) proposing a 'Restriction on custody of children by homosexuals'. Ashbourne's amendment proposed to make it a criminal offence for "any homosexual man or woman, other than the natural parent, to have the care or custody of a child under the age of eighteen." <mask> withdrew the amendment when it received limited support from peers, stating: 'My Lords, I am indeed grateful to noble Lords who took part in the debate on this amendment, which tries to safeguard children and is not intended as an attack on those with homosexual tendencies'. Her husband was made a life peer in 1991, as Baron Cheshire, as a result of which <mask> obtained the additional title Baroness Cheshire. Death Lady <mask> died in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, in 2000, aged 76. Works <mask> wrote two autobiographies: And the Morrow is Theirs (1975) Child of My Love (1986) Biographies: A.J.Forest, But Some There Be. London : (Badger Book), 1959. Tessa West, Lady <mask> of Warsaw : Single-minded philanthropist. Chicago : Shepheard-Walwyn, 2019. Museum Lady <mask> set up the <mask> Ryder Museum at Cavendish to tell the story of her work and promote the causes of those she helped. This museum was closed upon the sale of the <mask> <mask> home in 2001. The exhibits from the museum were handed to the Fundacja Sue Ryder (her Polish foundation) and in 2010, the city of Warsaw kindly lent to the Foundation a Rogatki (18th century Polish check-point building) at 2 Unia Lubelska Square to house the new museum.The museum was opened October 19th, 2016. The <mask> home at Cavendish was purchased by another care provider and renamed Devonshire House. A remembrance room to Lady <mask> and the residents of the Cavendish home was set up in 2019 and opened by her children Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire on 18 February 2019. References External links The Lady Ryder of Warsaw Memorial Trust website <mask> charity website Daily Telegraph: Obituary London Gazette reference Imperial War Museum Interview 1924 births 2000 deaths People educated at Benenden School British philanthropists Cheshire Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Converts to Roman Catholicism Crossbench life peers Female life peers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Leeds People from Bury St Edmunds British Special Operations Executive personnel Women in World War II Founders of charities 20th-century British women politicians Leeds Blue Plaques Spouses of life peers Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Benjamin Karpman

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<mask>Ben<mask> (August 8, 1886 – May 24, 1962) was an American psychiatrist known for his work on human sexuality. He served as Professor and Head of Psychiatry at Howard University College of Medicine from 1921 to 1941. Life and career <mask> was born in Slutzk. He graduated from University of Minnesota, earning a bachelor's degree in 1915, a master's degree in 1918, and a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1920. While at University of Minnesota Medical School, he worked with Jesse Francis McClendon on pioneering in situ pH measurements in the human digestive tract. After completing his internship at St. Elizabeths Hospital, he rose to the position of Senior Medical Officer and Psychotherapist. Karpman was a proponent of psychoanalysis and published many case reports based on his clinical experience.At Howard, he introduced dynamic psychiatry into the medical curriculum. Karpman was a contributor to The American Mercury, where he was critical of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act. He was elected to the New York Academy of Sciences in 1953. Karpman was critical of both law and medicine in their treatment of social problems. He predicted that by 2010 the U.S. would have no prisons, just psychiatric treatment centers for lawbreakers. "I am at odds with the legal profession and most of psychiatry," he conceded, "but they're all wrong. The question is simply, 'Is the accused sick or not?'You can't have mental illness and criminal responsibility in the same person at the same time." Karpman had a heart attack on May 23, 1962 and died the next day. Selected publications Woodrow H, Karpman B (1917). A new olfactoric technique and some results. Journal of Experimental Psychology Volume 2, Issue 6, December 1917, Pages 431-447 McClendon JF, Sheldon A, Karpman B (1918). The hydrogen ion concentrations of the contents of the small intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Feb 19, 1918.XXXIV, No 1. Karpman B (1933). Case studies in the psychopathology of crime, Volume 1. Mimeoform Press Karpman B (1935). The individual criminal: studies in the psychogenetics of crime, Volume 1. Nervous and Mental Disease Pub. Co. Karpman B, Washington MD (1936).The individual criminal. The British Medical Journal Vol. 2, No. 3952 (Oct. 3, 1936), p. 676 Karpman B (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic. Journal of Criminal Psychopathology 3, 112-137. Karpman B (1946).Psychopathy in the scheme of human typology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Volume 103 - Issue 3 - ppg 276-288 Karpman B (1946). Felonious assault revealed as a symptom of abnormal sexuality; a contribution to the psychogenesis of psychopathic behavior. J Crim Law Criminol 1946 Sep-Oct;37(3):193-215. Karpman B (1947). Dream Life in A Case of Transvestism: With Particular Attention To the Problem of Latent Homosexuality. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease September 1947 - Volume 106 - Issue 3 - ppg 292-337.Karpman B (1947). Passive parasitic psychopathy: toward the personality structure and psychogenesis of idiopathic psychopathy (anethopathy). Psychoanal Rev. 1947 Apr;34(2):198 Karpman B (1947). Moral agenesis. Psychiatr Q. 1947 Jul;21(3):361-98.Karpman B (1947). An attempt at a re-evaluation of some concepts of law and psychiatry. Reprint J Crim Law Criminol (1931). 1947 Sep-Oct;38(3):206-17. Karpman B (1947). A psychiatrist looks at the social scientists. Am J Sociol.1947 Sep;53(2):131-40. <mask> B (1949). Objective psychotherapy: principles, methods, and results. Journal of Clinical Psychology Jul;5(3):193-342. Karpman B (1949). Case Lying; a minor inquiry into the ethics of neurotic and psychopathic behavior. Reprint J Crim Law Criminol 1949 Jul-Aug;40(2):135-57.Karpman B (1948). Emotional background of white slavery; toward the psychogenesis of so-called psychopathic behavior. J Crim Law Criminol 1948 May-Jun;39(1):1-18. Karpman B (1948). Sex life in prison. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Jan-1948 Feb;38(5):475-86. Karpman B (1948).Criminal psychopathology; a brief inventory. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1948;3:451-68. <mask> B (1948). Conscience in the psychopath: Another version. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Jul;18(3):455-91. <mask> B (1948).The alcoholic woman: case studies in the psychodynamics of alcoholism. Linacre Press ASIN B000RTFUBS Karpman B (1948). The myth of the psychopathic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry Mar;104(9):523-34. Karpman B (1948). Coprophilia; a collective review. Psychoanal Rev.1948 Jul;35(3):253-72. <mask> B (1948). The psychopathology of exhibitionism; review of the literature. J Clin Exp Psychopathol. 1948 Apr;9(2):179-225. <mask> B (1949). Criminality, insanity and the law.'reprint 1949 'Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Jan-Feb;39(5):584-605. Karpman B (1949). Symposium on psychopathology. Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics Karpman B (1949). The principles and methods of objective psychotherapy. J Clin Psychol. 2000 Jul;56(7):877-87.Karpman B (1949). From the autobiography of a liar; toward the clarification of the problem of psychopathic states. Psychiatr Q. 1949 Apr;23(2):277; passim. Karpman B (1949). A modern Gulliver; a study in coprophilia. Psychoanal Rev.1949 Jul;36(3):260; passim. <mask> B, Lurie LA, Lippman HS, Lourie RS, Rabinovitch RD, Allen FH, Spitz RA, Anderson VV (1950). The psychopathic delinquent child; Round Table, 1949. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1950 Apr;20(2):223-65. <mask> B (1950). A case of paedophilia (legally rape) cured by psychoanalysis.Psychoanal Rev. 1950 Jul;37(3):235-76. <mask> B (1950). Aggression. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1950 Oct;20(4):694-718. <mask> B (1951).Psychosis with psychopathic personality: an untenable diagnosis. Psychiatr Q. 1951 Oct;25(4):618-40. Karpman B (1951). The sexual psychopath. J Am Med Assoc. 1951 Jun 23;146(8):721-6.Karpman B (1951). The sexual psychopath. Discussion. Am J Psychother. 1951 Oct;5(4):584-605. Karpman B (1951). A psychoanalytic study of a fraternal twin.Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1951 Oct;21(4):735-55. <mask> B (1951). A psychoanalytic study of a case of murder. Psychoanal Rev. 1951 Jul;38(3):245-70. <mask> B (1952).Insecurity in search of security. Am J Psychother. 1952 Jan;6(1):23-43. Karpman B (1952). Dramanalysis. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1952 Jul;22(3):570-83.Karpman B (1952). The psychonomic principle in human behavior. Psychoanal Rev. 1952 Apr;39(2):168-86. Karpman B (1953). Dream life in a case of hebephrenia. Psychiatr Q.1953 Apr;27(2):262-316. <mask> B (1953). Psychodynamics in a fraternal twinship relations. Psychoanal Rev. 1953 Jul;40(3):243-67. <mask> B (1953). Psychogenic (hysterical) dysphagia; report of a case.Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1953 Jul;23(3):472-500. <mask> B (1954). A case of fulminating pyromania. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1954 Mar;119(3):205-32. <mask> B (1955).The hangover; a critical study in the psychodynamics of alcoholism Thomas, ASIN B000IB76C6 Karpman B (1955). Dream life in a case of pyromania. Psychoanal Rev. 1955 Jan;42(1):44-60. Karpman B (1956). Criminal Psychodynamics. A Platform.The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Vol. 47, No. 1 (May - Jun., 1956), pp. 8–17 Karpman B (1959). Symposia on child and juvenile delinquency: presented at the American Orthopsychiatric Association. J Am Med Assoc. 1959;171(5):624-625.Karpman B (1961). The structure of neurosis: With special differentials between neurosis, psychosis, homosexuality, alcoholism, psychopathy, and criminality. Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics. 4, 599-646. Karpman B (1964). The sexual offender and his offenses: etiology, pathology, psychodynamics, and treatment. Julian Press, ASIN B0007HAB2I References 1886 births 1962 deaths People from Slutsk People from Slutsky Uyezd Belarusian Jews Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent University of Minnesota Medical School alumni

Arjun Appadurai

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<mask> (born 1949) is an Indian-American anthropologist recognized as a major theorist in globalization studies. In his anthropological work, he discusses the importance of the modernity of nation states and globalization. He is the former University of Chicago professor of anthropology and South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Humanities Dean of the University of Chicago, director of the city center and globalization at Yale University, and the Education and Human Development Studies professor at NYU Steinhardt School of Culture. Some of his most important works include Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule (1981), Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy (1990), of which an expanded version is found in Modernity at Large (1996), and Fear of Small Numbers (2006). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997. Early life <mask>durai taught for many years at the University of Pennsylvania, in the departments of Anthropology and South Asia Studies. During his years at Penn, in 1984, he hosted a conference through the Penn Ethnohistory program; this conference led to the publication of the volume called The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (1986).Later he joined the faculty at the New School University. He currently is a faculty member of New York University's Media Culture and Communication department in the Steinhardt School. Works Some of his most important works include Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule (1981), Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy (1990), of which an expanded version is found in Modernity at Large (1996), and Fear of Small Numbers (2006). In The Social Life of Things (1986), Appadurai argued that commodities do not only have economic value; they have political value and social lives as well. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997. His doctoral work was based on the car festival held in the Parthasarathi temple in Triplicane, Madras. <mask> <mask> is member of the Advisory Board of the Forum d'Avignon, international meetings of culture, the economy and the media.He is also an advisory member of the journal Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies. New School In 2004, after a brief time as administrator at Yale University, <mask> became Provost of New School University. <mask>'s resignation from the Provost's office was announced 30 January 2006 by New School President Bob Kerrey. He held the John Dewey Distinguished Professorship in the Social Sciences at New School. <mask> became one of the more outspoken critics of President Kerrey when he attempted to appoint himself provost in 2008. New York University In 2008 it was announced that <mask> was appointed Goddard Professor of Media, Culture, and Communication at the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. <mask> retired as emeritus from the department in 2021.Bard Graduate Center In 2021, Appadurai was appointed Max Weber Global Professor at the Bard Graduate Center, though he is based in Berlin and teaches remotely. Affiliations Appadurai is a co-founder of the academic journal Public Culture; founder of the non-profit Partners for Urban Knowledge, Action and Research (PUKAR) in Mumbai; co-founder and co-director of Interdisciplinary Network on Globalization (ING); and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has served as a consultant or advisor to a wide range of public and private organizations, including the Ford, Rockefeller and MacArthur foundations; UNESCO; the World Bank; and the National Science Foundation. Appadurai has presided over Chicago globalization plan, at many public and private organizations (such as the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, UNESCO, the World Bank, etc.) consultant and long-term concern issues of globalization, modernity and ethnic conflicts. <mask> held many scholarships and grants, and has received numerous academic honors, including the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (California) and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, as well as individual research fellowship from the Open Society Institute (New York). He was elected Arts and Sciences in 1997, the American Academy of Sciences.In 2013, he was awarded an honorary doctorate Erasmus University in the Netherlands. He holds concurrent academic positions as a Mercator Fellow, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin; Honorary Professor in the Department of Media and Communication at Erasmus University, Rotterdam; and Senior Research Partner at the Max-Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Gottingen. He also served as a consultant or adviser, extensive public and private organizations, including many large foundations (Ford, MacArthur and Rockefeller); the UNESCO; UNDP; World Bank; the US National Endowment for the Humanities; National Science Foundation; and Infosys Foundation. He served on the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2010 and 2017. He currently serves as the Asian Art Program Advisory Committee members in the Solomon Guggenheim Museum, and the forum D 'Avignon Paris Scientific Advisory Board. Theory In his best known work 'Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy' Appadurai lays out his meta theory of disjuncture. For him the ‘new global cultural economy has to be seen as a complex, overlapping, disjunctive order’.This order is composed of different interrelated, yet disjunctive global cultural flows, specifically the following five: ethnoscapes; the migration of people across cultures and borders mediascapes; the variety of media that shape the way we understand our world technoscapes; the scope and movement of technology (mechanical and informational) around the world financescapes; the worldwide flux of money and capital ideoscapes; the global flow of ideas and ideologies The social imaginary Appadurai articulated a view of cultural activity known as the social imaginary, which is composed of the five dimensions of global cultural flows. He describes his articulation of the imaginary as: The image, the imagined, the imaginary – these are all terms that direct us to something critical and new in global cultural processes: the imagination as a social practice. No longer mere fantasy (opium for the masses whose real work is somewhere else), no longer simple escape (from a world defined principally by more concrete purposes and structures), no longer elite pastime (thus not relevant to the lives of ordinary people), and no longer mere contemplation (irrelevant for new forms of desire and subjectivity), the imagination has become an organized field of social practices, a form of work (in the sense of both labor and culturally organized practice), and a form of negotiation between sites of agency (individuals) and globally defined fields of possibility. This unleashing of the imagination links the play of pastiche (in some settings) to the terror and coercion of states and their competitors. The imagination is now central to all forms of agency, is itself a social fact, and is the key component of the new global order. Appadurai credits Benedict Anderson with developing notions of imagined communities. Some key figures who have worked on the imaginary are Cornelius Castoriadis, Charles Taylor, Jacques Lacan (who especially worked on the symbolic, in contrast with imaginary and the real), and Dilip Gaonkar.However, Appadurai's ethnography of urban social movements in the city of Mumbai has proved to be contentious with several scholars like the Canadian anthropologist, Judith Whitehead arguing that SPARC (an organization which Appadurai espouses as an instance of progressive social activism in housing) being complicit in the World Bank's agenda for re-developing Mumbai. Publications 2016 Banking on Words: The Failure of Language in the Age of Derivative Finance. The University of Chicago Press. 2013 The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition. Verso. 2012 Co-editor (with A. Mack) India's World: The Politics of Creativity in a Globalized Society. 2007 Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case.Cambridge University Press. 2006 Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2002 Globalization (edited volume). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2001 Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics. Environment and Urbanization, (Vol.13 No. 2), pp. 23–43. 2001 La Modernidad Desbordada. (Translation of Modernity At Large) Uruguay and Argentina: Ediciones Trilces and Fondo de Cultura Economica de Argentina. 2001  Apres le Colonialisme: Les Consequences Culturelles de la globalisation. (Translation of Modernity At Large) Paris: Payot.2001 Modernità in polvere. (Translation of Modernity At Large) Rome: Meltemi Editore. 1996 Modernity At Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1991 Co-editor (with M. Mills and F. Korom, Eds. ), Gender, Genre and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.1988 Guest Editor, Special Issue of Cultural Anthropology on "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory" (Vol. 3, No. 1). 1988 "How to Make a National Cuisine: Cookbooks in Contemporary India," Comparative Studies in Society and History (Vol. 31, No. 1): 3-24. 1987 Guest Editor (with Carol A. Breckenridge), Special Annual Issue of The India Magazine (New Delhi) on "Public Culture".1986 The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (edited volume). New York: Cambridge University Press. 1983 (Reprint). Worship and Conflict Under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 1981 Worship and Conflict Under Colonial Rule: A South Indian Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.See also Commodity Pathway Diversion References External links Official website An A–Z of Theory: <mask> Appadurai by Andrew Robinson (Ceasefire Magazin, 22 April 2011) Fear of Small Numbers by <mask> <mask> (Duke University Press, 2006) Globalization edited by <mask> <mask> (Duke University Press, 2001) Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy (1990), PDF 1949 births Living people Tamil scholars Indian emigrants to the United States Writers from Mumbai American anthropologists University of Mumbai alumni Brandeis University alumni University of Chicago alumni University of Chicago faculty New York University faculty American people of Indian Tamil descent American social sciences writers Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Indian Tamil academics Writers about globalization American male writers of Indian descent Indian political writers 20th-century Indian non-fiction writers Indian social sciences writers American male non-fiction writers

Dallas Bower

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<mask> (25 July 1907, London18 October 1999, London) was a British director and producer active during the early development of mass media communication. Throughout his career Bower’s work spanned radio plays, television shows, propaganda shorts, animations and feature films, with his most notable projects consisting of Alfred Hitchcock’s first film in sound Blackmail (1929), the British Broadcasting Company’s radio play Julius Caesar (1938), the Dunkirk evacuation propaganda short Channel Incident (1940), the feature film Henry V (1944), and an Anglo-French adaptation of Lewis Carroll's children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland entitled Alice au pays des merveilles (1949). He later produced some of the earliest British television commercials. The majority of Bower’s work has been lost over time, due to both degradation and the purposeful melting down of the cellulose nitrate prints to extract small amounts of silver during the Second World war, leading to the placement of some of Bower’s projects in the British Film Institute's 75 Most Wanted lost films. Biography Personal life <mask> was born on the 25 July 1907, in apartment 34 of Kensington Hall Gardens, London. Throughout his childhood Bower frequently visited the Old Royalty Cinema with his uncle, where they saw motion pictures such as The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916), which Bower would later cite as a significant early influences that would inspire his future involvement in the film industry. Bower was educated at Willington Preparatory School in Putney, and St John’s College Hurstpierpoint, where he studied classical literature in addition to contemporary technology.On 18 November 1925, at the age of 18, he married Violet Florence Collings (1906–1999). Together they had two daughters and a son before separating in 1945. Radio career Bower was first introduced to radio by an older student at St John’s College who had been working on a small valve set. The pair would soon after establish an amateur radio station based in Bower’s grandfather’s house in Putney. Following his graduation from St John’s College, Bower was employed by the Marconi Scientific Instrument Company, while at the same time he was selected to edit the radio theory and design journals Modern Wireless in 1925 and Experimental Wireless in 1926. As a prominent figure in the developing British radio industry he was invited to the Radio Society of Great Britain in 1926, where Bower personally heard Campbell Swinton lecture on the topic of cathode ray oscillography, the theory on which modern television transmissions are predicated on. Bower stated that the lecture made a ‘profound impression on him, directly leading to his collaborations with the British developer and radio physicist Robert Watson-Watt.Bower's meetings with Watt convinced him to enter the world of cinema, as the newfound technological advancements of the 1920s made the type of ambitious projects Bower envisioned feasible. Early cinematic career In 1927 <mask> was hired as a sound recordist for British International Pictures (BIP), located in Elstree, London. In this position Bower recorded audio for a multitude of the company's projects, the most notable inclusions being Harry Lachman’s Under the Greenwood Tree (1929) and Alfred Hitchcock’s first movie filmed with dialogue, Blackmail (1929). However, <mask> was forced to leave BIP the same year due to the Great Depression and the BPI's efforts to make the division more economical. In 1930 Stoll Pictures hired <mask> to continue sound recording for the director and first university professor of film, Thorold Dickinson. Throughout this period Dickinson educated <mask> on the principles of sound editing, which Bower utilised when given the opportunity to edit the scoring for the film Q-Ships (1930), a drama set in the First World War. The success of Q-Ships allowed him to quickly transition from sound editor into film editing, with his first project being Midnight Sister (1930) a comedy produced by the Pathé Film Company.In 1933 Reginal Smith, the founder of Riverside Studios, offered Bower a directorial position on the feature film The Path of Glory (1934) a satirical take on the war genre, however, the film was lost over time and is currently listed as one of the British Film Institute’s 75 Most Wanted lost films. The Path of Glory’s success put Bower into close association with Paul Czinner, a Hungarian director who had fled Nazi-Germany and required an assistant director to aid in communication. In the role of assistant director Bower assisted in the pre-production and on-set filming of Czinner’s films Escape me Never (1935) and As You Like It (1936), until their partnership ended when Bower joined the British Broadcasting Corporation. Involvement with the British Broadcasting Company In May 1936 <mask> and Stephen Thomas were appointed as senior producers of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) by Gerald Cock, the first Director of Television for the BBC. Bower, who worked with Cock at BIP, was tasked with adapting ‘high culture’ to the developing mediums of mass communication, in the form of radio plays, short films and television shows. In this position Bower was accredited with the production of the programs Television Comes to London (1936), Television Demonstration Film (1937), Julius Caesar (1938), Checkmate (1938), and Rope (1939), the majority of which have been completely or partially lost to time. He had additionally been working on a screenplay for an adaption of Shakespeare’s Henry V, set in a Fascist state; however, the BBC halted all services before the script’s completion due to Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland in September 1939.World War II Due to the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was commissioned into the Royal Corps of Signals, where he was posted to a training brigade located in Whitby. However, relatively soon into the conflict Bower was transferred into the Ministry of Information, which produced propaganda for the British war effort. Bower’s role in the Ministry was equivalent to that of an executive producer. One of Bower’s first pieces of propaganda was Channel Incident (1940) a short film based on the Dunkirk Evacuation of British troops, reportedly Channel Incident was one of Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s favourite propaganda pieces. In addition, he was responsible for the production of the radio play Alexander Nevsky’ (1941), a project which was commissioned in correlation with the Soviet’s entry into WWII, as well as Columbus, another radio play to celebrate the 450th anniversary of the European's arrival in America. Over the course of the conflict Bower continued to work and reconfigure the script for Henry V, creating a more traditional appropriation. The final script was bought by Filippo del Giudice in 1944, causing Bower to resign from the Ministry to attach himself to the project.Film career Following his resignation from the Ministry of Information, <mask> initially envisioned himself as the director for ‘Henry V’, however, due to a multitude of setbacks the lead actor Sir Laurence Oliver took his position, while <mask> remained on the project as an Associate Producer. Bower contributed significantly to the film throughout production, writing the original screenplay, approving all further edits, sourcing the film’s composer, and securing the services of BAFTA award-winning cinematographer Robert Krasker. Ultimately, the film was a critical and financial success. <mask>’s follow-up project was an Anglo-French adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, which he signed-on to after being approached by a French film crew in search of a British director. The film was only released in France and the United States to mixed audience reception and an underwhelming box office due, in part, to Walt Disney’s release of Alice in Wonderland at a similar time. Fifty years after the film's initial release the Museum of Modern Art in New York restored the film, which had been damaged due to negligent storage. Bower directed two more films: The Second Mrs Tanquerary (1952), which was filmed over the course of eight days in the Adelphi Theatre for under £25,000, and Doorway to Suspicion.Both films received negative reviews and had a minimal impact at the box office. Later career and death After retiring from the director's chair, Bower began work on the production of the earliest television commercials under the company TV Advertising. Over this period Bower produced 80 commercials, directing 12 of them. He found the new avenue of work taxing, leading to his retirement in the mid-1960s. After retiring from commercials Bower was never again involved in production or directing, continuing to his death from heart failure on 18 October 1999. Selected filmography Director The Path of Glory (1934) Rope (TV movie) (1939) Alice in Wonderland (1949) The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1952) Doorway to Suspicion (1957) Soundman Blackmail (1929) Under the Greenwood Tree (1929) Editor Q-Ships (1929) Dick Turpin (1933) References External links 1907 births 1999 deaths Film directors from London British animated film directors British animated film producers British Army personnel of World War II Royal Corps of Signals officers 20th-century British businesspeople

Danny Kortchmar

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Daniel "Kootch<mask> (born April 6, 1946) is an American guitarist, session musician, producer and songwriter. Kortchmar's work with singer-songwriters such as Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, David Crosby, Carole King, David Cassidy, Graham Nash, Neil Young, Steve Perry and Carly Simon helped define the signature sound of the singer-songwriter era of the 1970s. Jackson Browne and Don Henley have recorded many songs written or co-written by <mask>, and <mask> was Henley's songwriting and producing partner in the 1980s. Biography <mask> is the son of manufacturer <mask> and author Lucy Cores. <mask> first came to prominence in the mid-1960s playing with bands in his native New York City, such as The King Bees and The Flying Machine, which included the then-unknown James Taylor (Kortchmar having been a long-time friend of Taylor's; both of them summered in Martha's Vineyard in their teens). In Taylor's autobiographical composition "Fire and Rain", the line "sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" is a reference to the breakup of that band. During 1966, <mask> traveled to England, where he spent time as a session musician.In 1967, <mask> joined The Fugs, appearing on their 1968 Tenderness Junction album before following bassist Charles Larkey to California, where they joined Carole King in forming a trio named The City. The group produced an album in 1968, Now That Everything's Been Said, which received scattered good reviews but was not a commercial success. The group subsequently broke up, but <mask> continued backing King on her more successful solo career, including the groundbreaking 1971 album Tapestry. In 1970, <mask> reunited with Taylor on his breakthrough album Sweet Baby James. <mask>'s work with Taylor and King made him one of the top LA session guitarists in the 1970s and 1980s. <mask> worked on his own, reuniting with Larkey in the band Jo Mama in 1970 and 1971 and recording solo albums Kootch (1973) and Innuendo (1980), but he experienced his greatest success backing other artists such as Linda Ronstadt, Warren Zevon, Harry Nilsson and Jackson Browne (when Browne recorded Kortchmar's song "Shaky Town" for the Running on Empty album, <mask> sang harmony vocals). In the 1970s he made three albums with Leland Sklar, Russ Kunkel, and Craig Doerge, as The Section.<mask> recorded two albums as part of the band Attitudes, with Jim Keltner, David Foster and Paul Stallworth, for George Harrison's Dark Horse record label. The self-titled album Attitudes included <mask>'s "Honey Don't Leave L.A.," which James Taylor also recorded. The second album, Good News, included several <mask> & Chong film Up in Smoke and he also produced recordings by Don Henley, Neil Young, Jon Bon Jovi, Stevie Nicks, Billy Joel, Hanson, Tracy Chapman, Louise Goffin and others. <mask> is featured on guitar on Carole King's 1975 album, Thoroughbred. In the early 80s, <mask> toured and recorded extensively with Linda Ronstadt, and appeared in two of her music videos. He can be seen playing guitar in the video for "Get Closer".In 1983, he played Linda's love interest in the music video for "What's New?". He also appeared with Linda when she performed on the twenty-fifth anniversary Grammy Awards telecast. Kortchmar had a cameo as Ronnie Pudding (Spinal Tap's bass player in their early years) in the "Gimme Some Money" video segment of the 1984 mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap. In 1984, he co-produced and played on Don Henley's album Building the Perfect Beast. On that album, Kortchmar wrote the songs "You're Not Drinking Enough" and "All She Wants To Do Is Dance". Also on that album, he co-wrote the songs "You Can't Make Love", "Man with a Mission", "Not Enough Love in the World", "Building the Perfect Beast", "Sunset Grill", and "Drivin' With Your Eyes Closed". In 1989, <mask> co-produced and played on Don Henley's album The End of the Innocence.Also on that album, he co-wrote the songs "How Bad Do You Want It? ", "I Will Not Go Quietly", "New York Minute", "Shangri-La", "Little Tin God", and "If Dirt Were Dollars". In 1990, <mask> co-produced and played on Jon Bon Jovi's # 1 album Blaze of Glory. In 1992, he co-produced Toto's eighth studio album Kingdom of Desire, he also wrote two of the songs on this album: "Kick Down the Walls" and the title track. In 1993, he co-produced and played on Billy Joel's album River of Dreams. In 1996, <mask> formed the group Slo Leak, playing primarily blues rock, and released an eponymous album. In 1999, the group released its second album, "When the Clock Strikes 12."<mask> was brought aboard to produce Van Halen's abandoned second album with former Extreme singer Gary Cherone in 1999. Kortchmar mentored children's musician Mister G and recorded some of his early demos. In 2004, Kortchmar started a new group, the Midnight Eleven, and the band released its first album in 2005. In 2006 he co-produced Hanson's album The Walk, which was released in the U.S. in the summer of 2007. Also in 2006, <mask> participated in the Japan tour of the Verbs, a unit consisting of Steve Jordan and Jordan's wife, Meegan Voss. In 2010 <mask> joined the Troubadour Reunion Tour supporting Taylor and King along with Section bandmates Lee Sklar and Russ Kunkel. In the souvenir book for the tour, his biography stated that he was working on an album of his songs that were originally recorded by other artists.

Swapnil Rajshekhar

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<mask> (born 31 May 1976) is an Indian film actor and writer, most known for his roles in television series such as Raja Shiv Chhatrapati (as Netaji Palkar), Kulaswamini (as Yashodhan Inamdar) both on television channel Star Pravah, Khel Mandala (as Wakade Sarkar) on the television channel Mi Marathi, Veer Shivaji (as Kanhoji Jedhe) on Colors, in Swapnanchya Palikadley (as Koushal Nimkar) on Star Pravah, Ajunhi Chand Raat Aahe (as Suryakant Sarnoubat) on Zee Marathi, Char Divas Sasuche (as Rajan Phadke) on ETV Marathi, participated in the reality show Zhunj Marathmoli on ETV Marathi, Jai Malhar (as Indra Dev) on Zee Marathi also in Swarajyarakshak sambhaji as Ganoji shirke on Zee Marathi and Asava Sundar Swapnancha Bangla (as <mask>urohit) on Colors Marathi. He has been a popular anchor, host of various musical shows, and as a singer has performed in a great number of musical shows with various groups. He was the winner of Zee Antakshari – Goa award in 1997. He is from Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Early life <mask> was born in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. His father <mask> (Janardan Bhutkar) was a great actor and one of the finest thespians of the Marathi film industry. Janardan had nurtured the dream of acting in cinemas and in its pursuit came to Kolhapur, during his struggling years he stayed at his sister’s place and would regularly visit Jayaprabha Studio.His life took turn when he happened to meet "Bhalji Pendharkar". Bhalji saw the talent in Janardan Bhutkar and offered him small role in Akashaganga. Bhalaji changed his name from Janardan to <mask>. It is with this last name that <mask> debuted in films, and, for all public purposes, he used <mask> as his last name. His mother Vaishali <mask> also had a keen interest in acting and has done several Marathi Films and Theatre. <mask> attended the "Private High School" in Kolhapur, and later went on to study in "New College Kolhapur" to complete his Sociology Degree. He then joined the theatre.Career Making his debut as a child artist at the age of seven with Govind Kulkarni’s Tamasgeer, he followed up with Fukat Chambu Baburao. Following this he joined theatre at the age of twenty. He’s acted in various play’s like Vatrat Karti, Prema Tuzha Rang Kasa?, Niyam ani Apavaad – which was a Marathi remake of Sir Bertolt Brecht's The Exception and the Rule and Sheetyudh Sadanand. Along with acting in these plays to directing a few which includes Ratrani, Kshan, Girhaik, Chaukashi, Rikshawala, Trailer... to name a few. He has also directed a few industrial and social documentaries as well as advertisements including AIDS awareness. <mask> started his television career with Doordarshan in 1995 and acted in TV series such as Kondmara, Shejar, Bhoomiputra, Reshimgathi for Zee Marathi channel. He has also modeled for Bajaj Tempo Traveller, Elf Engine Oil and Birla Plus Cement TVC's.In the year 1997 he acted in his first feature film Pratidaav, a film about how two political families in a village continuously fight for the same position. <mask> played a negative character in the film. This was followed by a role in a romantic musical comedy called Sang Priye Tu Konachi? in the year 1999. Since then he has done over fifty films including Hirva Kunku, Apharan, Bhavachi Laxmi, Achanak, Lek Ladki. In 2010-2011, he acted in Bhandara, Chandrakala, Natha Purey Aata, Durga Mhantyat Mala, Rajmata Jijau, Balgandharva, Saat Bara Kasa Badalala, Teen Bayka Fajiti Aika. He is also featured in High Command directed by Yashwant Bhalkar about the Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute.Then in the year 2012 and since came Janmadata, Rama Shiva Govinda, Haa Khel Jivashi, Shikshanacha Jai Ho, Premshakti, Aabhas, Angaraki He has also been a part of Punha Gondhal Punha Mujra directed by Balkrishna Shinde; this film is a sequel of the 2009 release Marathi film Gallit Gondhal Dillit Mujra. The film marked the debut of Bollywood Actors Alok Nath and Ashish Vidyarthi. He was seen in lead role in Gorakh Jogdande's Nazar, which released in the year 2015. He was also a part of the musical extravaganza Katyar Kaljat Ghusali, as the Maharaja of Vishrampur, King Vishnuraj which was the directorial debut of Subodh Bhave His first release in the year 2016, was Police Line... Ek Purna Satya, directed by Raju Parsekar He then did Manus Ek Mati, Directed by Suresh Zhade, which released in March 2017. He is currently doing a theatrical play called Vidamban Ekach Pyala written by Acharya Acharya Atre. Vidamban (Parody) as the name suggests is based originally on Ram Ram Ganesh Gadkari's play Sangeet Ekach Pyala. The play is directed by Satish Pulekar.<mask> plays a character called Ramlal in the play. His next film is set to release in November 2017, titled Maza Algaar , where he plays the role of a Mahant (Saint). Writer and Director <mask> <mask>, has directed a social documentary film titled Ekla Chalo Re, which was released online on YouTube in December, 2015. He later wrote another short film titled Baluta, which was directed by Ajay Kurane, which released in June 2016, for which he has received an award for the Best Screenplay at the first Haryana International Film Festival in the same year. Baluta, has also received various other awards at different National and International Film Festivals all over India in different categories. He then went on to write and direct another short film later in the year 2016, the film is titled Saavat, for which he has received numerous awards including Best Screenplay, Jury at the 5th Mumbai Shorts International Film Festival and Best Director at the 4th Sangli International Film Festival. Saavat has received a total of thirty three awards till now at various national and international film festivals all over India, which includes awards for Best Film, Best Writing, Best Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Actor, Best Actress and so on.Awards and nominations 2010: Nominated in Marathi TV Biggies Awards for "Best Actor in a Negative Role" for Khel Mandla (TV Series) [Mi Marathi] 2012: Won "Gumphan Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment" 2015: Documentary Film, Ekla Chalo Re was nominated in the "4th My Mumbai Short Film Festival". 2016: Won an Award for Best Screenplay, for the Short Film titled Baluta at the first Haryana International Film Festival 2016. 2016: Won an Award for Best Screenplay, Jury at the 5th Mumbai Shorts International Film festival for a Short Film titled Saavat 2017: Won an Award as the Best Director at the 4th Sangli International Film Festival for the Short Film Saavat 2017: Won an Award as the Best Director at the 2nd Karad National Short Film Festival for the Short Film Saavat 2017: Won an Award as the Best Director at the 7th Gujarat International Short Film Festival for the Short Film Saavat 2017: Nominated in Zebra International Film Festival, for Best Story, for the Short Film Baluta References External links Facebook MarathiCelebs Indian male film actors 1976 births Living people

Robert FitzStephen

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<mask> (died 1183) was a Cambro-Norman soldier, one of the leaders of the Norman invasion of Ireland, for which he was granted extensive lands in Ireland. He was a son of the famous Nest, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last king of Deheubarth (South Wales). His father was Nest's second husband, Stephen, Constable of Cardigan (). Following the death of her first husband, Gerald de Windsor, her sons had married her to Stephen, her husband's constable for Cardigan. By Stephen, she had another son, possibly two; the eldest was <mask>, and the younger may have been Hywel. Career In Wales <mask> succeeded his father in his office (Custos Campe Abertivi). He first appears in history in 1157, when King Henry II of England invaded Gwynedd.While the main royal army faced the forces of Owain Gwynedd east of the River Conwy, a force including <mask> and his half-brother Henry Fitzroy (the illegitimate son of Nest and King Henry I) attacked Anglesey by sea. However, this force was defeated in a battle in which <mask> was seriously wounded and Henry killed. <mask> was captured in November 1165 by Rhys ap Gruffydd (The Lord Rhys) who was the nephew of his mother Nest. The King of Leinster appealed to Rhys (in 1167) to release <mask> for an expedition to Ireland. Rhys did not oblige at the time, but in response to a further appeal in 1168 released <mask> from captivity. In Ireland In 1167, the King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, was deprived of his kingdom by the High King of Ireland. To recover his kingdom, the exiled king fled to Wales and from there to England and Aquitaine in France, in order to gain the consent of King Henry II of England to recruit soldiers.On returning to Wales, Fitz-Stephen helped him to organise a mercenary army of Norman and Welsh soldiers, including Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, alias Strongbow. On 1 May 1169, <mask> led the vanguard of Diarmait Mac Murchada's Cambro-Norman auxiliaries to Ireland, thereby precipitating the Norman invasion of Ireland. The main invasion party landed near Bannow strand, County Wexford with a force of 30 knights, 60 men-at-arms and 300 archers. The next day, Maurice de Prendergast landed at the same bay with ten knights and 60 archers. This force merged with about 500 soldiers commanded by Diarmait . In return for capturing Wexford, MacMurrough granted Fitz-Stephen a share in two cantreds, Bargy and Forth which comprised all the land between Bannow and the town of Wexford. The cantreds were to be held jointly with Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, his half-brother.The Siege of Wexford lasted only two days. The first attack was repulsed at the loss of 18 Normans and 3 defenders. These are believed to have been the only deaths during the siege. Fitz-Stephen then ordered his men to burn all the ships in the town's harbour. The next morning, the attack on Wexford began again. Shortly after, the defenders sent envoys to Diarmait. The defenders agreed to surrender and renew their allegiance to Diarmait.It is claimed that they were persuaded to surrender by two bishops who were in the town at the time. He was accompanied at the siege by <mask> Barry, the eldest son of his half-sister Angharad de Windsor. Nest then, was the mother of <mask>, Maurice and Angharad The Irish launched a counteroffensive in the summer of 1171. Dublin was besieged by a large army under the command of the King of Ireland, Ruadhrí Ua Conchobhair. Fitzstephen sent his best troops to assist the besieged garrison in Dublin, however this left Wexford vulnerable to attack. Lacking the strength to defend the town, Fitzstephen withdrew to Carrick. After taking Wexford he was pursued by the Irish to Carrick where he was besieged.Eventually he was forced to surrender. However, after the Norman garrison in Dublin managed to break the siege, the Irish took Fitzstephen and his men prisoner and retreated, burning Wexford as they withdrew. Taken prisoner by the MacCarthy Reagh in 1171, he was by then surrendered to Henry II of England, who appointed him lieutenant of the Justiciar of Ireland, Hugh de Lacy. <mask> rendered good service in the troubles of 1173 and was rewarded in 1177 by receiving from the king of England, jointly with Miles de Cogan, a grant of the kingdom of Cork, "from Lismore to the sea". with the exception of the city of Cork. Cogan was the son of <mask>'s half-sister Gwladys. The native princes of that province disputed the king's right to dispose of the territory on the grounds that they had not resisted king Henry, or committed any act that would have justified the forfeiture of their lands.In consequence, Fitz-Stephen had difficulty in maintaining his position and was nearly overwhelmed by a rising in the Kingdom of Desmond in 1182. Having no living male heirs, Fitz-Stephen eventually ceded these territories to Philip de Barry, his half-nephew around 1180:"<mask>tephen to all his lords, friends, and dependents, French, English, Welsh, and Irish, greeting. Be it known to you that I have given and granted to my nephew, Philip de Barri, three cantreds in my land of Cork, namely, Olethan, with all its appurtenances, and two other cantreds in the kingdom of Cork, just as they shall come by lot to him, for ten knights' service, to himself and his heirs, to be held of me and my heirs, for the service aforesaid, in land, in sea, in waters, in ways, etc., to be held as freely of me as I hold of our lord the King, save to me the service of the aforesaid ten knights. The second son of his half-sister Angharad de Windsor, Philip de Barry came to Ireland in 1183 or 1185 to assist his half-uncle. Together with another relative, Raymond FitzGerald (also known as Raymond Le Gros), they recovered their lands in the modern county of Cork, specifically the baronies of Killede, Olethan and Muscarydonegan. A compromise agreement was reached that allowed the barons to hold seven cantreds near Cork with the remaining twenty-four being retained by the native princes. The date of his death is uncertain.See also List of baronies of Ireland References John Edward Lloyd (1911) A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.) Norman Invasion of Ireland, from An Illustrated History of Ireland (second edition, 1868) by Margaret Anne Cusack The Cambro-Norman Invasion of Ireland, Ireland's History in Maps The Anglo-French (Norman) Invasion, The Ireland Story External links The Cambro-Norman Reaction: The Invasion of Ireland The Norman Conquest of Ireland (12th Century) Battle of Callann Welsh soldiers Anglo-Normans in Wales Norman warriors Norman participants of the invasion of Ireland Year of birth uncertain 1183 deaths

Irma Adlawan

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<mask> (born March 7, 1962) is a Filipino stage, film, and television actress. She is known primarily for her work in independent films and for her roles in several primetime soap operas such as Maging Sino Ka Man, Amaya, Forevermore, and Destiny Rose. Biography Early life Adlawan was born in Tondo, Manila, the daughter of Conrada Santonil, a housewife, and <mask>, a retired colonel. She attended St. Mary Magdalene School in Cavite and became a student of Speech and Drama at the University of the Philippines–Diliman, having transferred from its Manila campus. Career Her first stage role was Helena from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, which she performed for Dulaang UP in 1983 under the direction of its founder, Tony Mabesa. He had asked her to audition, and she was subsequently cast. From then on she had become a regular of Dulaang UP, starring in productions such as Chekhov's Three Sisters, Betti's The Queen and the Rebels, Fay and Michael Kanin's Rashomon, and Molière's The Misanthrope, as well as a multitude of other plays.After UP, Adlawan became a member of Tanghalang Pilipino's Actors Company from 1991 to 1998, performing in numerous stage plays. Some of her most notable roles include a Chinese film producer, based on Regal Films matriarch Mother Lily Monteverde in Dennis Marasigan's Ang Buhay Ay Pelikula; Zafira in Francisco Balagtas' Orosman at Zafira; Sisa in the Cayabyab-Lumbera musical adaptation of José Rizal's Noli Me Tangere; and Teodora Alonso in Nonon Padilla and Rene O. Villanueva's Teodora. For Buhay Ay Pelikula she was cited as Best Actress of the Year by the Young Critics Circle in 1992, while for Teodora her performance as the mother of Philippine hero José Rizal was praised by National Artist for Dance Leonor Orosa-Goquingco for "[accomplishing] her histrionic feat, her splendid tour de force [with such ease, passion, range, verisimilitude and transparency]." Some of Adlawan's early mainstream film roles include a victim of incestuous rape in Jeffrey Jeturian's Tuhog in 2001 and a public school teacher in Mga Munting Tinig in 2002, both of which earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the Gawad Urian Awards. Three years later, in 2005, during the advent of digital cinema, she starred in three independent films: ICU Bed #7, where she played Eddie Garcia's daughter; Sa North Diversion Road, which had been adapted for film and had her reprising her role from mid-90s theatre alongside John Arcilla, where they played 10 different couples dealing with infidelity; and Mga Pusang Gala, based on the Palanca award-winning screenplay by Rody Vera and Jun Lana, where she played the role of Marta, a single middle-aged advertising practitioner. She received Best Actress nods for her performances in Sa North and Mga Pusang Gala. She continued to act in indies, playing lead and supporting roles from 2006 onwards.Her performance as Aling Carmen in Ataul: For Rent in 2007 earned her a FAMAS Best Supporting Actress award. Her early television credits include appearances in Cecile Guidote-Alvarez's Balintataw, Behn Cervantes' Angkan, and Mario O'Hara's Mama. Later on, she would appear frequently in primetime teleseryes such as Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan, Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay, Mga Anghel na Walang Langit, and Encantadia. In 2006, she was cast in the recurring role of Imelda Magsaysay, the mother of Celine Magsaysay (played by Anne Curtis), in the highly successful ABS-CBN teleserye, Maging Sino Ka Man. Her other TV credits include Clara Rivero in Lobo, Margarita Fortalejo-Cervantes in Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Kristine in 2010, Mantal in Amaya in 2011, and numerous guest appearances in ABS-CBN and GMA Network's respective drama anthologies, Maalaala Mo Kaya and Magpakailanman. While regularly appearing in teleseryes and acting in independent films, Adlawan continued to perform on the stage, and in 2008 she was inducted into the Aliw Awards Hall of Fame for her three Best Stage Actress wins in 100 Hundred Songs of Mary Helen Fee, Speaking in Tongues, and Ang Pokpok ng Ohio. That same year, she starred in Tanghalang Pilipino's production of David Henry Hwang's The Golden Child and alternated with Missy Maramara as Desdemona in Tanghalang Ateneo's adaptation of Shakespeare's Othello.The following year, in 2009, she portrayed the role of Candida Marasigan—which she would continue to reprise four more times in the next five years—in Nick Joaquin's A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino in a staging by Repertory Philippines. That same year, <mask> starred in Alvin Yapan's Cinemalaya film Ang Panggagahasa Kay Fe, for which she received another Best Actress nomination at the Gawad Urian Awards. She also reprised her role as Baby Magtalas, the mother of Laida Magtalas (played by Sarah Geronimo) in the sequel of A Very Special Love, You Changed My Life. In 2010, she starred in the Cinemalaya film Vox Populi, playing the role of Connie de Gracia, a politician's daughter running for office. In the following years, she returned to Dulaang UP by way of Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero's Forsaken House and again reprised her role as Baby Magtalas in It Takes a Man and a Woman. She also appeared in ABS-CBN's Got to Believe as Joaquin's nanny, Yaya Puring and Be Careful With My Heart as Vicky Reyes, Maya's adviser.<mask> was also cast as Principal May, the corrupt principal of a public school in Titser, a miniseries produced for GMA News and Public Affairs. At the 9th Cinemalaya Film Festival, she received a Balanghai Trophy for Best Actress in the New Breed Category for her performance in Transit as Janet, an OFW working in Israel "struggling to keep her family together amid threats of cultural dislocation." She also received a Special Jury Citation for Ensemble Acting which she shares with Ping Medina, Jasmine Curtis-Smith, Mercedes Cabral, Marc Justine Alvarez, and Yatzuck Azuz. In 2014, she starred in Ronnie Lazaro's directorial debut Edna, a film that again tackles the stories of OFWs. She played the role of Edna dela Costa, a Filipino caregiver returning home to find a changed family. Adlawan was also part of The Janitor, an entry in the Directors Showcase category of Cinemalaya X. Later in the year, she joined the cast of Liza Soberano and Enrique Gil's launching teleserye Forevermore, as Mirasol, one of the farmers in their community and a maternal figure to Soberano's character, Agnes.In 2015, she continued to appear in ABS-CBN and GMA's drama anthologies, as well as their seasonal television specials and was cast in supporting roles in several films, including Sleepless, a QCinema Film Festival offering and Walang Forever, an entry to the 41st Metro Manila Film Festival. In October of the same year, she returned to the stage, with much critical acclaim, through Tanghalang Pilipino's Mga Buhay na Apoy, Kanakan-Balintagos' Palanca-award winning play. Adlawan was also cast in Destiny Rose as Bethilda Vitto, one of the show's antagonists. She also received a Best Supporting Actress nod for her performance as Mirasol in Forevermore at the 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television. The following year, Adlawan took home the Gawad BUHAY! award for Outstanding Lead Female Performance in a Play for her performance as Soledad Santos in Mga Buhay na Apoy. She continued to appear in various television shows and movies and made a return to the Virgin Lab Fest stage in Kanakan Balintagos' Loyalist.Later in the year, Adlawan eventually replaced Nora Aunor in the Metro Manila Film Festival entry, Oro, and ultimately went on to win a Best Actress award for it. Personal life Adlawan married actor/writer/director Dennis Marasigan, whom she met during their time at the UP and with whom she has four children. He has directed her in several of his films: Sa North Diversion Road, Tukso, and Vox Populi. They are separated. Filmography Films *: shared with Ping Medina, Jasmine Curtis-Smith, Mercedes Cabral, and Marc Justine Alvarez. Television Theatre Awards and nominations References External links 1962 births Living people Filipino television actresses Filipino film actresses People from Tondo, Manila Actresses from Manila People from Kawit, Cavite University of the Philippines Diliman alumni Filipino stage actresses Viva Artists Agency

Husni al-Za'im

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<mask>-Za'im (11 May 1897 - 14 August 1949 Ḥusnī az-Za’īm) was a Syrian military officer and politician of Kurdish origin. <mask>-Za'im, had been an officer in the Ottoman Army. After France instituted its colonial mandate over Syria after the First World War, he became an officer in the French Army. After Syria's independence in 1946 he was made Chief of Staff, and was ordered to lead the Syrian Army into war with the Israeli Army in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The defeat of the Arab league forces in that war shook Syria and undermined confidence in the country's chaotic parliamentary democracy, allowing him to seize power in 1949. However, his reign as head of state would be brief: he was executed within a few months. Coup of 1949 On 30 March 1949, al-Za'im seized power in a bloodless coup d'état.There are "highly controversial" allegations that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) engineered the coup. Most of the evidence currently available suggests that the decision to initiate a coup was Za'im's alone, but Za'im benefited from some degree of American assistance in planning the operation. Four days after the coup that overthrew democratic rule the Syrian government ratified the controversial Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline) deal. Syria's President, Shukri al-Kuwatli, was briefly imprisoned, but then released into exile in Egypt. Al-Za'im also imprisoned many political leaders, such as Munir al-Ajlani, whom he accused of conspiring to overthrow the republic. The coup was carried out with discreet backing of the American embassy, and possibly assisted by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, although al-Za'im himself is not known to have been a member. Among the officers that assisted al-Za'im's takeover was Adib al-Shishakli and Sami al-Hinnawi, both of whom would later become military leaders of the country.Al-Za'im's takeover, the first military coup in the history of Syria, would have lasting effects, as it shattered the country's fragile and flawed democratic rule, and set off a series of increasingly violent military revolts. Two more would follow in August and December 1949. Regime His secular policies and proposals for the emancipation of women through granting them the vote and suggesting they should give up the Islamic practice of veiling, created a stir among Muslim religious leaders (Women's suffrage was only achieved during the third civilian administration of Hashim al-Atassi, a staunch opponent of military rule). Raising taxes also aggrieved businessmen, and Arab nationalists were still smouldering over his signing of a cease-fire with Israel, as well as his deals with US oil companies for building the Trans-Arabian Pipeline. He made a peace overture to Israel offering to settle 300,000 Palestinian refugees in Syria, in exchange for border modifications along the cease fire line and half of Israel's Lake Tiberias. Settling the refugees was made conditional on sufficient outside assistance for the Syrian economy. The overture was answered very slowly by Tel Aviv and not treated seriously.Lacking popular support, al-Za'im was overthrown after just four and a half months by his colleagues, al-Shishakli and al-Hinnawi. As al-Hinnawi took power as leader of a military junta, <mask> al-Za'im was swiftly spirited away to Mezze prison in Damascus, and executed along with Prime Minister Muhsin al-Barazi. Social al-Za'im worked hard to abolish wearing the fez, claiming that it was outdated headwear taken from the days of the Ottoman Empire. He is credited for giving support to women's the right to vote and run for public office in Syria. The law had been debated at the Syrian Parliament since 1920 and no leader dared to support it, except Zaim. During the 137 days of his rule in Syria, however, <mask> al-Za'im never executed anybody. He did have creative ways of punishing those who disobeyed him, however.When the quality of bread dropped to unacceptable levels, Zaim ordered all bakers to walk on the gravel, barefoot, until blood flowed from their feet. Family <mask> al-Za’im's wife Nouran, was the first lady of Syria from April to August 1949. The marriage took place in 1947, two years before <mask> al-Zaim became President of the Republic. In order to please his young wife, Zaim asked her 11-year-old sister Kariman to live with them in Damascus. He treated her as a sister as well, and sent her to the Lycee Laique (one of the finest preparatory high schools in town). Another sister Orfan, would visit them often, and took up the habit of playing with a guard, Abdel Hamid Sarraj (the chief of security at the president's office who went on to become head of the intelligence bureau and minister of interior during the union years with Egypt 1958–1961). During the incidence of al-Za'im's arrest, and when the guards came to arrest him, Zaim got dressed and said goodbye to his pregnant wife."Relax" he asked her, "I will be back soon to receive our first baby together!" Niveen (his daughter) said, "My mother and aunt told me that the couch they had been sitting on was riddled with bullets. Sarraj knew in advance that an attack was coming and told them to go upstairs to keep them from harm's way." Less than a week before the coup—which led to the execution by firing squad of Za'im and his Prime Minister Muhsen al-Barazi—Nouran's cousins came to him, saying that they had confirmed intelligence information, saying that Sami al-Hinnawi (his comrade from the war of 1948) was planning to have him killed. Zaim summoned Hinnawi and directly asked, "Sami, my brothers-in-law are telling me you want to kill me?" Hinnawi replied, "Impossible. How can I kill my leader and friend?"After the president was arrested on 14 August, Nouran and her sister were kept under house arrest for an entire week. "No food was brought into the house," said Niveen. A Senegalese guard tried helping them by passing his own food through the window. References External links 1897 births 1949 deaths People from Aleppo 20th-century Syrian politicians Presidents of Syria Prime Ministers of Syria Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army Syrian Kurdish politicians Syrian Kurdish people Leaders ousted by a coup Executed Syrian people People executed by Syria by firing squad Executed presidents Executed prime ministers Syrian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Syrian generals Syrian ministers of defense Syrian politicians Leaders who took power by coup

Wade MacLauchlan

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H<mask> CM OPEI (born December 10, 1954), is a Canadian legal academic, university administrator, politician and community leader. He served as the fifth president of the University of Prince Edward Island from 1999 to 2011, becoming President Emeritus in 2012. He served as the 32nd premier of Prince Edward Island from 2015 to 2019. His government was defeated in the April 23, 2019 general election. <mask> announced his intention to step down as Liberal leader on April 26, 2019 and completed his term as Premier on May 9, 2019. Early life, education and career <mask> was born on 10 December 1954, the third of five children of Harry and <mask>, living in Stanhope, Prince Edward Island. Stanhope is the oldest Scottish community on PEI, with the first Scottish settlers arriving on the ship "Falmouth" in June 1770.The <mask>'s were early residents of Stanhope, with a large extended family in Stanhope and numerous other rural PEI communities. <mask> was born into an entrepreneurial household. The family lived initially in an apartment above a country general store that his father Harry started at Stanhope in 1946 at the age of nineteen. Harry and Marjorie MacLauchlan were businesspeople involved in tourism, fisheries, heavy construction, and several other ventures through the 1960s. By the age of 10, <mask> had two newspaper routes along with his cousin, selling The Guardian in the morning and The Evening Patriot in the afternoon. He would later recall that the only advice offered by his father regarding what was a fairly sizeable business venture for two youngsters was that they should read the newspaper before selling it; "In other words, the most important thing in business is to know what you're talking about." <mask>'s parents went on to other ventures including MacLauchlan's Motel in Charlottetown, expanding the heavy construction business and getting in to cable television, golf courses, oil and gas distribution, and real estate.<mask> worked in many of those ventures with jobs such as weighing and salting fish, collecting garbage, building golf course greens, and carrying suitcases. In the summer of 1974, at the age of 19, he headed further afield, working as a guide on cross-Canada bus tours. After completing his first eight years of education, <mask> went from the two-room school at Stanhope to study at Charlottetown Rural High. Along with his studies, MacLauchlan was involved in student politics as vice-president of Student Council and chair of the organizing committee for the annual Winter Carnival. A key formative experience came when <mask> was nominated by his high school teachers to serve as a page in the PEI provincial legislature for two years in 1970 and 1971 at the height of the Comprehensive Development Plan and Alex Campbell's premiership. <mask> went on to earn an undergraduate Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Prince Edward Island, followed by a Bachelor of Laws from the University of New Brunswick and a Master of Laws from Yale University. While at UPEI, he served two terms as an elected student representative on University Senate.Upon graduating in 1976, <mask> was awarded the Owen MacDonald Memorial Award, presented to a graduate by the senior class for excellence and outstanding contribution to the class. At UNB Law School, MacLauchlan held the Beaverbrook Scholarship in Law, was elected to serve for two terms on Law Faculty Council and was awarded the Lieutenant Governor's Medal on graduation. MacLauchlan attended Yale Law School with the O'Brien Scholarship and Yale Law Scholarship. Following graduation from UPEI, <mask> took a double gap year, working and traveling widely from 1976 to 1978. He worked as road construction labourer in Northern Quebec, as a hotel clerk at Jasper Park Lodge, as a roughneck on an oil rig in west-central Alberta, and as a volunteer recycler in southern France. Academic career In the year following graduation from UNB Law, <mask> was awarded a clerkship at the Supreme Court of Canada, where he was the sole law clerk for Justice W.Z. Estey.1981–82 was an active year for the Supreme Court, beginning with the delivery in late September of opinions in the famous Patriation Reference. The Court's decision led to first ministers meetings that in turn paved the way for patriation of the Canadian constitution, adoption of the Constitution Act, 1982, and enshrinement of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. <mask> began his teaching and academic career as an assistant professor, later promoted to associate professor, at Dalhousie Law School from 1983 to 1991. During this time, he served for six years as Director of the federal government's Civil Law-Common Law Exchange Program. <mask> was active in the Canadian Association of Law Teachers, including as Chair of a Special Advisory Committee on Equality in Legal Education, which produced the report Equality in Legal Education: Sharing a Vision, Creating the Pathways. His main teaching and scholarly focus was in administrative and public law. From 1990 to 1993, he was the administrative law editor of the Supreme Court Law Review.<mask> was Dean of Law at the University of New Brunswick from 1991 to 1996. As dean, he led the establishment of the $1.5 million Heritage Fund on the occasion of the law school's centenary in 1991–92. During this period, UNB's law faculty became known as "Canada's great small law school," a title it retains today. In 1993–94, <mask> was chair of the university-wide faculty-staff component of UNB's Venture Campaign, launching what became a successful $40 million initiative. From 1997 to 1999, <mask> served as founding director of UNB's multi-disciplinary Centre for Property Studies. UPEI President In 1999, <mask> was appointed as the fifth president of the University of Prince Edward Island, the first PEI native to serve in the role. At the time of his appointment, MacLauchlan said, "We can be as great as any university in this country.We may not be as big, but we can be as good." With declining youth populations, enrolment was identified as a challenge for UPEI and other Atlantic universities. At the outset, MacLauchlan suggested a target of increasing full-time student enrolment to 2700 students (at the time, FT enrolment was 2450.) That target was surpassed within two years; UPEI had more than 2850 full-time students in 2001–02. By 2010–11, enrolment at UPEI grew to just under 4000 full-time students. This reflected increased numbers of students from Prince Edward Island and elsewhere in Canada, in conjunction with a five-fold increase in both international students and students enrolled in graduate programs. During these years, UPEI's standing in the annual Maclean's University Rankings rose from #18 (of 21) among Primarily Undergraduate universities in 2000 to #5 (of 21) in 2006 and was consistently in the top 10.A second target identified by <mask> when he became UPEI president was to double the amount of funding for research and development (in 1999, external research funding was $2 million annually.) By 2002, external research funding at UPEI increased to $5.2 million. Total annual research funding further increased by more than 150% to $13.2 million between 2002 and 2007, earning UPEI recognition as the top Canadian undergraduate university for research funding growth during the five-year period. Beginning in 2002, <mask> served as co-chair of a Technology Roadmap Steering Committee that brought together leaders from industry with university scientists, government funding partners and representatives of the federal National Research Council to secure funding approval in 2003 for the establishment of the NRC's Institute of NutriSciences and Health on the UPEI campus. Other signal research achievements included the establishment of a number of prestigious Canada Research Chairs (CRCs). By 2008, UPEI had been awarded six CRCs. In 2009 UPEI secured one of only ten inaugural Canada Excellence Research Chairs awarded to universities across Canada, in the relatively new discipline of aquatic epidemiology.Growth the research and development portfolio at UPEI and the Atlantic Veterinary College coincided with expansion of graduate programs in a range of disciplines, with enrolments increasing from 53 graduate students in 1999–2000 to 260 graduate students in 2011–12. Teaching and learning remained a top priority and area of excellence for UPEI. MacLauchlan committed to be in the classroom to teach as many UPEI students as possible. He did so by teaching students in English 101 classes about the importance of writing and by offering guest lectures in other first year and upper year courses. UPEI continued to demonstrate a commitment to teaching and learning through faculty members being recognized with an impressive number of regional and national teaching awards. In 2003, UPEI created the Webster Centre for Teaching and Learning. When <mask> completed his eleven-year term as president in 2011, his service was recognized through the creation of two new series of student awards.Up to sixty MacLauchlan Prizes for Effective Writing are presented annually to UPEI students who excel in coursework writing across the disciplines or in community-oriented writing. The H. <mask>lan Raised Expectations Awards go to the Grade 12 graduating student from each P.E.I. high school who demonstrates the greatest improvement in academic achievement from Grade 10 to the completion of Grade 12 and who goes on to study at UPEI. MacLauchlan encountered criticism from the Canadian Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship for a 2006 decision to halt distribution on campus of an edition of the student newspaper, The Cadre, which reprinted controversial cartoons of Muhammad published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005. The UPEI Student Union, the owner of the Cadre, initially supported the newspaper's decision to publish the cartoons, but after meetings with MacLauchlan and other student groups, offered an apology to the PEI Muslim community and rounded up the remaining copies of the newspaper. In the fall of 2010, MacLauchlan led vocal opposition to an initiative by the PEI government that proposed to amend the University Act to permit the creation of additional university-status institutions in the province, specifically to permit developer Richard Homburg to create a degree-granting real estate university. The provincial government decided against proceeding with the controversial changes.<mask>'s presidency was a period of major infrastructure development at UPEI. The first major project was a much-needed new Student Centre located at the front of campus. This was followed by new and refurbished residences, a new school of business, a complex for applied health sciences, a major expansion of the veterinary college, the NRC institute and research complex, a major community-university arena and aquatics facility, new playing fields and a track and field facility for the 2009 Canada Summer Games, and an overall upgrade of campus grounds and facilities in accordance with a first-ever Campus Master Plan. <mask> took pride in saying that these infrastructure improvements were achieved while leaving UPEI with no unfunded debt, reflecting the considerable public and private funding contributions secured under his leadership. <mask> served a number of years as an executive member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) and as a member and Chair of AUCC's Standing Advisory Committee on International Relations. As UPEI president, <mask> served as a member of the Executive of the Association of Atlantic Universities including twice as Chair of the AAU. He served on the Board of Atlantic University Sport, including five years as Chair.When <mask> was in his eleventh year as UPEI president, he was interviewed by Gordon Pitts of the Globe and Mail on the subject of leadership. <mask> responded to a question from Pitts about the role of universities in economic growth by saying, "It's never been more important to do what we do and do more of it – in terms of moving to the emerging economy and what will pay the bills in the 21st century." In concluding the interview, Pitts asked, "What is your legacy?" MacLauchlan responded, "Higher expectation. It wouldn't have been uncommon if you talked to Grade 12 students in PEI 15 years ago, to hear them say, 'I'm just going to UPEI.' The 'just' is gone now." In 2015, when <mask> was interviewed by the national university publication University Affairs about legacies, following a presentation to current university presidents, he had this to say, "I think the overall piece is raised expectations.It's not [from] me alone, of course. It comes through a collective effort and you have to get your timing right. By raised expectations I mean for students, professors and the community to see a greater role for the university, to see a greater opportunity to achieve and, ultimately, to be able to measure how others see you." After UPEI & Author After completing his 12-year term as UPEI's longest-serving president, MacLauchlan retired from the University at the end of 2011 and was named President Emeritus. He stayed active in public affairs and debates. In a January 2013 opinion essay in the Charlottetown Guardian entitled "P.E.I. needs immigration and a population strategy," MacLauchlan emphasized a sense of urgency, saying "As things are currently lined up, P.E.I.faces two demographic certainties: there will be fewer of us, and we will be older. These are both barriers to growth." Later in the op-ed, <mask> said, "If P.E.I. 's history could be summed up in three words, it would be: 'Grow or go.' Without opportunities to grow and prosper, people leave." <mask> became a member of the "Connectors" Committee of the Greater Charlottetown Chamber of Commerce and served as co-chair of the 2013 Georgetown Conference, held in Georgetown, PEI on October 3–5, 2013 and dedicated to the theme Redefining Rural. The Georgetown Conference was founded by Paul MacNeil, publisher of the Eastern Graphic, and developed under the umbrella of Newspapers Atlantic, a regional association representing 70 predominately rural community newspapers, with a combined weekly circulation of 730,000.The Conference attracted delegates from communities throughout the four Atlantic Provinces and speakers from across Canada, aiming to develop action plans and networks to promote rural revitalization and sustainability of rural communities throughout the region. <mask>'s main activity during the post-UPEI period was to research, write and publish the political biography of Alex B. Campbell, who was PEI's longest-serving premier from 1966 to 1978. Alex B. Campbell: The Prince Edward Island Premier Who Rocked the Cradle was released in print edition in May 2014. In researching the book, <mask> conducted more than 70 interviews with political and bureaucratic actors from the period, as well as family and friends of Alex B. Campbell. He spent many hours interviewing Campbell himself and sifted through thousands of archival documents, photographs and public media records. In November 2014, an audio version of the book, recorded primarily by MacLauchlan, with passages from actor Gracie Finley, artistic director Duncan McIntosh and with Alex B. Campbell reading from his speeches and singing. In November 2012, <mask> was elected as a councillor of the rural Municipality of North Shore.He was re-elected by acclamation in November 2014. From 2013 to 2015, <mask> served as a board member of the Federation of Municipalities of Prince Edward Island. From 2008 to 2015, MacLauchlan served as a director of Medavie Inc. and Medavie Health Services. In 2009, he became a director of the Medavie Health Foundation, later serving as chair of the Foundation, which grew to a $50 million fund embracing child and youth mental health and Type-2 diabetes as its two core areas of support. In 2012, <mask> was named a director of the

Wade MacLauchlan

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Windsor Foundation, one of the largest and longest-established private foundations in Atlantic Canada. In 2013–14, MacLauchlan led a fundraising initiative that exceeded its $2 million goal and allowed the CHANCES Family Centre to pay off the mortgage on its central facility, named in honour of Hon. Catherine Callbeck.PEI Premier On 13 November 2014, Liberal premier Robert Ghiz unexpectedly announced that he would resign upon the selection of a new Liberal leader. Two weeks later, <mask> was joined at the North Shore Community Centre in his home community by 19 of 23 Liberal caucus members for the announcement that he would be a candidate for the party leadership. He declared, "We have challenges: fiscal, economic, demographic, environmental and others," and said that he wanted to lead a government that would square up to those challenges and a province that he offered to serve as "optimist-in-chief." He was the sole candidate at the close of nominations on January 20, 2015 and was acclaimed leader on February 21, 2015. In his acceptance speech to the leadership convention, MacLauchlan emphasized economic growth, demographic change, and open government, telling the audience, "Prosperity starts with growing our economy." <mask> was sworn in as the 32nd Premier of Prince Edward Island, on February 23, 2015. In addition to serving as premier, <mask> assumed the roles of Minister of Finance and Energy, as well as Minister of Intergovernmental, Aboriginal and Francophone Affairs in an eight-member cabinet.Questions of ethics and government accountability that had dogged the Liberal administration of Robert Ghiz became issues for <mask>'s government from its first weeks in office. The Ghiz government's initiative to establish PEI as an e-gaming jurisdiction and efforts to create a financial hub were kept in the limelight by newly selected PC leader Rob Lantz and by investigative journalists. MacLauchlan asked PEI's auditor-general to review the matters and introduced conflict-of-interest reforms aimed at improving government transparency and accountability, saying the province needed to restore public confidence and trust. <mask> led the Liberals to a majority in a May 4, 2015 general election, winning 18 of 27 seats in the PEI Legislative Assembly. The Progressive Conservative party increased its standing to 8 seats and the Green party elected its first-ever Island MLA. <mask> was elected as MLA for York-Oyster Bed, a seat previously held by his chief of staff Robert Vessey. The Liberal platform built on the theme "Let's Work Together" and around the pillars "People, Prosperity, Engagement," promising aggressive business development initiatives, as well as a first-ever arts and culture strategy and a population action plan.The new cabinet saw a mix of seasoned and first-time ministers, with MacLauchlan taking on the role of Minister of Justice and Attorney General in the place of the Finance portfolio. The Legislature met for a June sitting, which included the adoption of the 2015–16 provincial budget and tabling of a white paper on democratic renewal. One of the first acts of the new government, prior to the legislative sitting, was to announce that PEI would fund abortions on a self-referral basis through an agreement with Moncton Hospital. This was considered "big news for the Island but a small first step" by abortion-rights advocates. In March 2016, the PEI government announced, in response to a constitutional challenge, the creation of a self-referring Women's Health Centre that would offer abortions on the Island for the first time in almost forty years, along with a range of reproductive health services. An early challenge for the MacLauchlan government was the need to install new power transmission cables under the Northumberland Strait between New Brunswick and PEI, to expand the capacity of existing 40 year-old cables and address concerns about their age and condition. MacLauchlan described this as the province's top infrastructure priority but was unwilling to settle for the maximum funding of $50 million offered by the Harper federal government toward what eventually became a $142.5 million project.After the 2015 federal election, the Trudeau government agreed to share the cost. When the project was completed in August 2017, MacLauchlan said it meant "an energy system for Prince Edward Island that is reliable, affordable and increasingly renewable." A plebiscite on electoral reform in November 2016 cost the MacLauchlan government political capital, as did a school review conducted in the winter of 2017. On the recommendation of an all-party legislative committee, the electoral reform plebiscite offered Islanders five choices through a preferential voting or ranked-ballot system. After four rounds, the majority of votes (52.4%) were cast in favour of mixed member proportional representation [MMP]. Because participation in the plebiscite was very low by PEI standards at 36.46%, the <mask> government introduced legislation to have the matter settled through a yes-or-no referendum on MMP to be held in conjunction with the 2019 provincial election. While the referendum eventually went against MMP, the process "turned what was a dormant issue into a lightning rod of general public frustration."In the fall of 2016 and winter of 2017, a periodic review of school zoning and populations by the PEI Public Schools Branch attracted considerable public opposition to the proposed closure of five schools. At the conclusion of the process, the trustees recommended to cabinet that two of the five schools be closed but the government opted to keep the schools open. <mask> said the decision was guided by a "learner-centred" approach. The PC opposition called the process a "sham". <mask> responded that the review had resulted in a commitment to the "development and growth of our communities and our population in all parts of this province." <mask>'s two main priorities in government were to expand and diversify the PEI economy and grow and rejuvenate the province's population. From 2015 to 2019, PEI led all provinces for economic growth, expanding by a cumulative 16 per cent in real terms over the five years, while the total Canadian economy grew by 9 per cent during the same period.These gains translated into significant growth in employment. From May 2015 to December 2019, PEI saw the creation of 8,500 new full-time jobs, equal to 14.2% of the local labour market. The growth came predominantly in the private sector, with substantial increases in manufacturing, construction, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, transportation and wholesale trade. The economic and job growth came with increased population. For each year from 2015–16 through 2018–19, PEI led all provinces for rates of growth for population and immigration. PEI's population grew by 9 per cent from 144,546 in 2015 to 156,947 in 2019. For the first time since 1968, the median age of Prince Edward Islanders declined.After watching its median age increase without exception from 1969 to 2016, rising from 25 to 44, PEI became the only Canadian province to see its median age decrease for three consecutive years, dropping to 43.2 in 2019. PEI's population growth and rejuvenation brought with it an increased demand for housing. In the fall of 2013, PEI's rental vacancy rate was 7.1%. By the end of 2018, PEI had the lowest rental vacancy rate in Canada, at 0.2%, causing many to refer to the situation as a housing crisis. In March 2018, the MacLauchlan government released a five-year Housing Action Plan, developed in conjunction with a provincial Housing Supply Task Force appointed in late 2017. The Action Plan committed to a range of programs and partnerships, including investments in new affordable housing for the first time since the early 1990s and a tripling of income-sensitive rent supplements. In 2019, a record number of new residential units were constructed, and the provincial rental vacancy rate rose to 1.2%.Some of the major initiatives of the <mask> government included passage of PEI's first-ever Water Act, which some commentators said could be a model for the rest of the country, and a new Municipal Government Act replacing legislation first adopted in 1947. A new Business Corporations Act and registry replaced a Companies Act with origins in the 1880s. The province undertook its first comprehensive review of policing in decades, and a new Education Act replaced legislation from the early 1970s. In the area of open government, Prince Edward Island adopted its first-ever whistle-blower protection legislation, a lobbyist registry and the modernization of limits on political contributions. Energy and climate change were prominent issues during <mask>'s time as premier, starting with meetings of Canada's premiers in the summer of 2015 that finalized the Canadian Energy Strategy. A November 2015 meeting of first ministers, the first in seven years, was a prelude to participation in the December 2015 conference that produced the Paris Agreement among 196 state parties. First ministers meetings in Vancouver in March 2016 and Ottawa in December moved toward the Pan Canadian Agreement on Clean Energy and Climate Change.Building on an extensive research and consultation, PEI released a ten-year Provincial Energy Strategy in March 2016, and a 32-point Climate Change Action Plan in May 2018. The <mask> government introduced extensive programs and incentives aimed at achieving greater energy efficiency. PEI was one of only three provinces to achieve reduced GHG emissions from 2017 to 2018, with a 1.5 per cent decline in emissions, despite a 2.1 per cent increase in population and a 2.8 per cent increase in economic growth over 2017. When he became Liberal party leader and during the 2015 election campaign, <mask>lan made a commitment to lead a government would "live within its means." After running a $13 million deficit in 2015–16, PEI had balanced budgets that turned into historic surpluses of $75 million in 2017–18 and $57 million in 2018–19. Over a four-year period, there were investments totalling $750 million by all levels of government in public infrastructure in Prince Edward Island. The province's share of these capital investments was financed without increasing the provincial net debt and while reducing the province's debt-to-GDP ratio from 36.7% in 2015 to 30.5% in 2019, leaving PEI with the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio of any province east of Saskatchewan.In August 2020, the bond rating agency DBRS upgraded PEI's credit rating for the first time in two decades. These results were achieved while annual budgets extended tax relief measures and increased program funding, with the significant majority of new expenditure going toward enhanced social programs, education and health care. MacLauchlan's Liberals trailed in the polls going in to the 2019 provincial election. The environment was uncertain with the recent selection of Dennis King as Progressive Conservative leader in February 2019 and the suspension of campaigning during the final weekend as a result of the tragic death of Green party candidate Josh Underhay. The theme of the MacLauchlan Liberals' platform was, "PEI is Working; Let's Keep Working." With slightly less than normal voter turnout for PEI at under 80%, the election resulted in PEI's first minority government in more than a century. The Progressive Conservatives captured 12 seats (later 13, with the results of the deferred election) and 37% of the vote, the Greens 8 seats and 31%, and the Liberals 6 seats and 30%.<mask> lost by 104 votes in his district of Stanhope-Marshfield and announced two days later that he would step down as Liberal party leader upon selection of an interim leader. Personal life, Community involvement, Honours and awards <mask> was the first openly gay Premier of Prince Edward Island, and the first openly gay man to be premier of a province. He lives with his partner, theatrical director and entrepreneur Duncan McIntosh, in West Covehead, PEI, the neighbouring community to his native Stanhope. <mask> was the first person in Canada to be a member of the Order of Canada prior to leading a government, having been inducted as a member of Order in 2008. In 2014, he was named to the Order of Prince Edward Island. In 2010, he received the Lieutenant Governor's Institute of Public Administration of Canada Award for Excellence in Public Administration. In 2013, <mask> was an inaugural recipient of the Frank McKenna Award for outstanding contributions to public policy by Atlantic Canadians conferred by the Public Policy Forum of Canada.He is the first person to have become a Member of the Order of Canada prior to becoming a provincial premier. MacLauchlan has served on various national and regional organizations. He served as Vice-President of the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice; as an executive member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) and Chair of AUCC's Standing Advisory Committee on International Relations; as board member of the Public Policy Forum of Canada; as board member of the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council (APEC); as a member of the Atlantic Gateway Advisory Council; as executive member and Chair of the Association of Atlantic Universities (AAU); and, as board member and Chair of Atlantic University Sport (AUS). While premier, MacLauchlan served as Chair of the Council of the Federation in 2015 and Chair of the New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers in 2017. MacLauchlan chaired the founding committee of the Palmer Conference on Public Sector Leadership and was actively involved, including as Chair, with the first three Palmer Conferences: Public Servants and their Relationships with Politicians and the Media (2010), Developing a Canadian Energy Strategy (2011), and Canadian Immigration Law and Policy (2012). Prior to getting into political life, <mask> was a board member of the Windsor Foundation and as an inaugural director and later Chair of the Medavie Health Foundation, which identified child and youth mental health and Type-2 diabetes as priority areas for support. While at UNB, MacLauchlan was a founding director of the Muriel McQueen Fergusson Foundation for Eliminating Family Violence and chaired the committee for the.150th Anniversary of the Law Society of New Brunswick. While at Dalhousie, he served on the board of the Dalhousie Legal Aid Clinic and was a founding member of the Nova Scotia chapter of Lawyers for Social Responsibility. <mask> has been involved in various business endeavours, including family businesses and as an investor in several start-up technology firms based on PEI. He is a director of Anne in China Inc., which translated Anne of Green Gables into Mandarin and published it in China in 2011. The book was shortlisted by the country's national publishers' association as one of the most influential novels published in China in 2012. He is director and president of a local land development company, Covehead Development Inc. See also List of openly LGBT heads of government List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in Canada References 1954 births Living people Prince Edward Island Liberal Party leaders Premiers of Prince Edward Island Gay politicians LGBT governors and heads of sub-national entities Male biographers Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island Members of the Order of Canada Members of the Order of Prince Edward Island Canadian biographers Canadian male non-fiction writers University of Prince Edward Island University of New Brunswick alumni University of New Brunswick faculty Dalhousie University faculty Yale Law School alumni Canadian university and college chief executives Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs Gay academics Canadian gay writers People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island Writers from Prince Edward Island 21st-century Canadian

Pedro Gómez Labrador

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<mask>, 1st Marquess of Labrador (1755–1852) was a Spanish diplomat who served as Spain's representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). <mask> did not successfully advance his country's diplomatic goals at the conference. These goals included restoring the Bourbons (who had been deposed by Napoleon) to the thrones of Spain's old Italian possessions, and reestablishing control over Spanish South American colonies, which had risen in revolt during the Napoleonic invasion of Spain. The Marquess of Labrador is almost universally condemned by historians for his incompetence at the Congress. One standard Spanish history textbook condemns him for "...his mediocrity, his haughty character, and his total subordination to the whims of the king's inner circle, by which he achieved nothing favorable." Paul Johnson calls him "a caricature Spaniard who specialized in frantic rages, haughty silences and maladroit demarches." <mask> was born in Valencia de Alcántara, and studied at the traditionally conservative University of Salamanca.He received a bachelor's degree in law at the age of twenty-seven and an advanced degree four years later, and was named a judge on the Audiencia of Seville in 1793. In August 1798, <mask> was sent as chargé d'affaires in Florence by Charles IV of Spain to accompany Pius VI (r.1775–1799) in exile, when this pontiff was forced to become a prisoner of the French, following his refusal to surrender his temporal sovereignty to the French armies commanded by General Louis Alexandre Berthier. At the death of Pius VI, <mask> was named Minister Plenipotentiary to the Papal States, and later served at Florence, capital of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Etruria. The liberal deputies of the national assembly based in Cádiz (1810–1813) took him to be one of their own, and gave him the vital post of Minister of State, a decision they would quickly regret: "[<mask> was] dim, prolix, of pride and arrogance that trod the limits of fatuity, and of peculiar pedantry." But he was no liberal. He assisted Ferdinand VII in abolishing the liberal constitution of 1812, and was awarded with the duty of representing Spain at the peace conferences of Paris and Vienna, with the full rank and title of Ambassador. At the Congress, the Marquess of Labrador was outmaneuvered by experienced diplomats such as Talleyrand and Metternich.<mask>'s entreaties on behalf of the devolution of the former Spanish possession of Louisiana from the United States were roundly ignored. The Austrians blocked plans that would have made Spain a special ally of the Holy See; the British likewise rejected Spain's territorial claims against Portugal. The British particularly were exasperated with their Spanish ally and her representative. "It is somewhat singular in itself," Castlereagh would write, "that the only two Courts with which we find it difficult to do business are those of the Peninsula." In his opinion of <mask>, the Duke of Wellington, Castlereagh's replacement at Vienna and an experienced judge of truculent hidalgos, was more direct: "The most stupid man I ever came across." <mask> was a man, according to the Spanish Minister of State José García de León y Pizarro "...of little amiability [and of] few or no dinners or gatherings." And in this apogee of drawing-room diplomacy, this was fatal.<mask> could in fact rely neither on his choleric personality to repair any relations, personal or diplomatic, nor on a salary that his cash-strapped government never paid him, to arrange any social gatherings at his residence on the Minoritten Platz, the Palais Pálffy. "He did not even figure," his biographer assures us, "as a protagonist in any of the many amorous adventures [that occurred during the Congress]"; the most exciting social event <mask> seems to have attended was a wax figures production in the Christmastide of 1814. Spain did not sign the Final Act of the Congress of June 9, 1815, for <mask>'s proposal to attach reservations to the act concerning the rights of the Italian Bourbons was soundly disregarded. <mask> registered a protest against several of the Congress resolutions, including that concerning the restitution of Olivenza. With only the restoration of picayune Lucca as a Bourbon-Parma duchy to show for her efforts, and represented by a man overwhelmed with his charge ("I must have the face of a favorite aunt [for] everyone is coming to me with their troubles"), Spain's status as a second-rate power was confirmed. Spain finally accepted the treaty on 7 May 1817. <mask>'s long life ended tragically: he would eventually lose his position in the diplomatic service, his wife, his sight, his judgment, and his fortune.High street fashion designer Hannah Sharpe has named a clothing range after Labrador. The range has a 19th-century Spanish influence called simply el Marqués de Labrador. Notes Ernesto Jimenez Navarro, La Historia de España (Madrid: Compañia Bibliografica Española, S.A., 1946), 506. Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830 (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), 99. Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa-Urrutia, Marqués de Villa-Urrutia, España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. <mask> <mask>s de <mask>. Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada (Madrid: Francisco Beltrán, 1928), 28. Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822 (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946), 208-9.Johnson, Birth of the Modern, 99. Vicente Palacio Atard, Manual de Historia de España, vol. 4. Edad Contemporánea I: 1808-1898 (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1978), 106. Villa-Urrutia, España en el Congreso de Viena, 124. His biographer is also of the opinion that <mask> was jealous of Talleyrand and Metternich for their well-known aptitude for womanizing. Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino (ed.), Cartas Políticas (Badajoz: Imprenta Provincial, 1959), 31 (Letter XIII, September 23, 1814). Sources Alsop, Susan Mary. The Congress Dances. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1984. Palacio Atard, Vicente. Manual de Historia de España, vol. 4.Edad Contemporánea I: 1808-1898. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1978. Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons. The History of a Tenacious Dynasty. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974. Bernard, J. F. Talleyrand: A Biography. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1973. Carr, Raymond. Spain 1808-1939. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Cortada, James W. (editor). Spain in the Nineteenth-Century World. Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789-1898.Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994. Espronceda, José de. Poesías Líricas y Fragmentos Épicos. Edición, introducción y notas de Robert Marrast. Madrid: Clásicos Castalia, 1970. Tuñón de Lara, Manuel. La España del Siglo XIX- 1808-1914.París: Club del Libro Español, 1961. Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, Wenceslao, Marqués de Villa-Urrutia. España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. <mask> <mask> de <mask>. Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada. Madrid: Francisco Beltrán, 1928. Freksa, Frederick (compiler). A Peace Conference of Intrigue: A Vivid, Intimate Account of the Congress of Vienna Composed of the Personal Memoirs of its Important Participants.Translated and With an Introduction and Notes by Harry Hansen. New York: The Century Co., 1919. Gaya Nuño, Juan Antonio. Historia del Museo del Prado (1819-1969). León: Editorial Everest, 1969. Herold, J. Christopher. The Age of Napoleon.New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1963. Jimenez Navarro, Ernesto. La Historia de España. Madrid: Compañia Bibliografica Española, S.A., 1946. Johnson, Paul. The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.Lockhart, J. G. The Peacemakers 1814-1815. London: Duckworth, 1932. Lovett, Gabriel H. Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain. The Challenge to the Old Order. Two Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 1965. Marin Correa, Manuel (editor).Historia de España. Ultimos Austrias y primeros Borbones. De Carlos IV a Isabel II. Barcelona: Editorial Marin, S.A., 1975. Muir, Rory. Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon 1807-1815. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996.Nicolson, Harold. The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946. Regla, Juan (editor). Historia de España Ilustrada. Barcelona: Editorial Ramon Sopena, S.A., 1978. Rodríguez-Moñino, Antonio (editor).Cartas Políticas del Marqués de Labrador, París-Viena, 1814. Badajoz: Imprenta Provincial, 1959. Spiel, Hilde (editor). The Congress of Vienna: An Eyewitness Account. Translated from the German by Richard H. Weber. New York: Chilton Book Company, 1968. Webster, Sir Charles.The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969. 1755 births 1852 deaths People from the Province of Cáceres Spanish diplomats Marquesses of Labrador Politicians from Extremadura Knights of the Golden Fleece University of Salamanca alumni

Alfred Swan

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<mask> ( 1890 – 2 October 1970) was a Russian composer and musicologist active in the early to mid-twentieth century. He specialized in Russian liturgical music. His writings include Russian Music and an English translation of Nikolai Medtner's The Muse and the Fashion. His memoirs were published in 1965: Recollections of Young Years. "The Lost Children: A Russian Odyssey", a book recounting he and his first wife's incredible adventures and service during the Russian Revolution and the First World War, was published in 1989 by his second wife, <mask>. His nephew was the British composer and musical entertainer <mask>. Family and early life <mask>, called Alia by his family, was born in St. Petersburg in 1890.He was the eldest son of <mask> <mask>, a Russian clerk of English descent, and Sophie Lorentzen, daughter of veterinary surgeon Julius Lorentzen. He had three younger brothers: <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. <mask>'s grandfather, <mask> <mask>, emigrated to Russia from England in 1840, but he and his descendants retained their status as British subjects and their membership in the Anglican Church (until 1936, when he converted to the Russian Orthodoxy) <mask> added a second 'n' to his surname out of respect for his acquaintances among the German expatriate community in St. Petersburg. While <mask> retained this spelling, his sons <mask>. and Edgar chose to drop it and return to the earlier, English spelling. The family had done business for over five generations with one of the India Rubber Company's toy manufacturing facilities. He grew up tri-lingual in Russian, English and German and early on, displayed an unusual musical talent which he likely got from his Russo-Finnish mother Sophie Lorentzen, an excellent pianist. <mask> was educated at the German St. Catherine's School St. Petersburg.Nearly all of his immediate family members were enthusiastic appreciators of music, as well as amateur musicians. <mask>lo Giagnano violin by his parents. He greatly admired the compositions of Scriabin and Nikolai Medtner. University After graduating from high school in 1907, he was sent to Balliol College, Oxford to study History, but soon transferred to Exeter College and began to study law, where he stayed from 1908 to 1911. In that time, he became friends with Lawrance Collingwood, Harry Ore and a large number of musicians and composers, with whom he would stay in touch throughout his life. After graduating, he returned to Russia and was hired by the Public Notary of the Exchange for the foreign division of St. Petersburg.It was at this point that he began his serious study of music at the Conservatory with Professors Kalafati, Winkler, Karatygin and others. His major interest was focussed on Russian folk-songs and very early Orthodox church chants. In 1914, he composed a cycle of songs that were performed publicly in a concert to good reviews. Life in Russia At the start of World War I and the ensuing Russian revolution and various civil wars raging within Russia, <mask> and his fiancee, and subsequent wife, Catherine became involved with the American Red Cross' attempts to organize and shelter the so-called "Children's Colonies"—nearly one thousand orphaned, dislocated or abandoned children who had been shipped out of St. Petersburg to avoid the famine associated with the Revolution, invading forces and general chaos. In 1918, under the auspices of The Red Cross and the assistance of the YMCA, he and Catherine located and organized groups of children spread throughout the Ukraine and along the Volga River. Rounding them up and establishing colonies at sympathetic 'White Russian' dashas and compounds, they organized classes, duties and appointed a number of senior children as leaders of each new colony, while traveling to identify other clusters of displaced children. Over the next two years, plans were laid and executed to bring the colonies together and transport the children and their teachers eastward across Russia, Siberia and finally to the port city of Vladivostok.There the Red Cross had chartered a Japanese freighter, the 'Yomei Maru' to take them across the Pacific to Santa Barbara, CA., then across the U.S. by train to New York, then by ship to Brest, Belgium, then finally up to Finland to eventually be reunited with their parents and remaining families who met them at the land-bridge that connects Finland to Russia. All in all, <mask> and his colleagues were able to save over 800 displaced children in the "Lost Colonies" and repatriate them in late 1920. Many of the children stayed in close touch with <mask> throughout their lives and welcomed him back to Russia when he visited in the mid-1960s. After <mask>'s death in 1970, his second wife, Jane Ballard <mask> wrote a painstakingly researched oral history of the remarkable journey. Professional life in the United States <mask> was married twice. He lived with his first wife in London during the 1920s before moving to the United States in the early 1930s to take a position as Professor of Music at the University of Virginia, thus beginning his long and distinguished musicological career. In the 1940s, and shortly following his wife Catherine's passing, he was hired by Swarthmore College to teach music theory and composition and eventually became Chairman of the Music Department.It was in one of his introduction to music classes that he was to meet a student, Jane Powell Ballard, who later became his second wife in 1947. In 1949, his only son, Alexis, was born. In the late 1950s <mask> was hired by nearby Haverford College to found their musical department and for over a decade he taught jointly at both colleges, until he reverted full-time to Haverford, as they allowed him to continue teaching well into his seventies. His theory and composition classes at both Swarthmore and Haverford attracted thousands of undergraduate students for whom this was their first taste of music outside of AM radio, records and concerts, and certainly their first exposure to classical music. Many of them remained in touch with <mask> over the decades and among them were two Haverford undergraduates named John Davison and Truman Bullard. Davison followed <mask> to eventually teach at Haverford and became the Chairman of the Music Department until his passing in the 1980s. Bullard became Chairman of the Music Department at Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA, where he continues as Professor Emeritus and mentor and friend to countless musical Dickinsonians.During the late 1950s and 1960s, he and his wife would travel most summers back to Europe where he would meet life-long colleagues and collaborators. His son Alexis had been sent to boarding school in England in 1962 and they would meet him during his summer holidays and stay 5–6 weeks each year in the South of France where <mask> taught a course in composition at Aix-Marseille University in Nice. The family stayed over those summer months in small Russian pensions/boarding houses first in Cannes and then in nearby Juan-les-Pins. He would lecture to a class of French college students while Jane illustrated his points with chosen musical selections played back on the portable Wollensack tape recorder Jane brought along. He died at the age of 79 in Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA. References Sources Russian composers Russian male composers American musicologists American composers 1890 births 1970 deaths Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford 20th-century American male musicians

Mohammad Usman

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Brigadier <mask> MVC (15 July 1912 – 3 July 1948) was the highest ranking officer of the Indian Army killed in action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. As a Muslim, Usman became a symbol of India's inclusive secularism. At the time of the partition of India he with many other Muslim officers declined to move to the Pakistan Army and continued to serve with the Indian Army. He was killed in July 1948 while fighting Pakistani soldiers and militia in Jammu and Kashmir. He was later awarded the second highest military decoration for gallantry in the face of enemy, the Maha Vir Chakra Birth and Education <mask> was born in Bibipur, now Mau, Uttar Pradesh, in the Azamgarh district, United Provinces, British India on 15 July 1912 to Jamilun Bibi and <mask>. <mask> and his younger brothers, Subhan and Gufran, were educated at Harish Chandra Bhai School, Varanasi. At the age of 12, he had jumped into a well to rescue a drowning child.<mask> later made up his mind to join the Army, and despite the limited opportunities for Indians to get commissioned ranks and despite intense competition, he succeeded in gaining admission to the prestigious Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS). He entered RMAS in 1932, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant and appointed to the Unattached List for the Indian Army on 1 February 1934. He was attached in India to the 1st battalion of the Cameronians on 12 March 1934 for a year. Military career At the end of his year with the Cameronians, on 19 March 1935, he was appointed to the Indian Army and posted to the 5th battalion of the 10th Baluch Regiment (5/10 Baluch). Later in the year he saw active service on the North-West Frontier of India during the Mohmand campaign of 1935. He qualified as a 1st class interpreter in Urdu in November 1935. <mask> was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 30 April 1936 and Captain on 31 August 1941.From February to July 1942, he attended the Indian Army Staff College at Quetta. By April 1944, he was a temporary Major. He served in Burma and was mentioned in dispatches as a temporary Major in the London Gazette 25 September 1945. He commanded the 14th battalion of the 10th Baluch Regiment (14/10 Baluch) from April 1945 to April 1946. During the partition of India, <mask>, being a Muslim officer in the Baluch Regiment, was under intense pressure from the Pakistani leadership to opt for the Pakistan Army. However, despite the fact he was promised a future position as the Pakistan Army Chief, he was unconvinced. When the Baluch Regiment was allotted to Pakistan, <mask> was transferred to the Dogra Regiment.Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 In 1947 Pakistan sent tribal irregulars into the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in an attempt to capture it and accede it to Pakistan. <mask>, then commanding the 77th Parachute Brigade, was sent to command the 50th Parachute Brigade, which was deployed at Jhangar in December 1947. On 25 December 1947, with the odds stacked heavily against the brigade, Pakistani forces captured Jhangar. Located at the junction of roads coming from Mirpur and Kotli, Jhangar was of strategic importance. On that day Usman took a vow to recapture Jhangar – a feat he accomplished three months later, but at the cost of his own life. In January–February 1948 Usman repulsed fierce attacks on Nowshera and Jhangar, both highly strategic locations in Jammu and Kashmir. During the defence of Nowshera against overwhelming odds and numbers, Indian forces inflicted around 2000 casualties on the Pakistanis (about 1000 dead and 1000 wounded) while Indian forces suffered only 33 dead and 102 wounded.His defence earned him the nickname Lion of Nowshera. Pakistani forces then announced a sum of Rs 50,000 as a prize for his head. Unaffected by praise and congratulations, <mask> continued to sleep on a mat laid on the floor as he had vowed that he would not sleep on a bed till he recaptured Jhangar, from where he had had to withdraw in late 1947. The then Lieutenant General K M Cariappa (later General and Chief of Army Staff and years after retirement made Field Marshal), who had taken over as Western Army Commander, brought his tactical headquarters forward to Jammu to oversee the conduct of two important operations, namely the capture of Jhangar and Poonch. The operations commenced in the last week of February 1948. The 19th Infantry Brigade advanced along the northern ridge, while the 50th Parachute Brigade cleared the hills dominating the Nowshera-Jhangar road in the south. The enemy was eventually driven from the area, and Jhangar was recaptured.Pakistan brought its regular forces into the fray in May 1948. Jhangar was once again subjected to heavy artillery bombardment, and many determined attacks were launched on Jhangar by the Pakistan Army. However, Usman frustrated all their attempts to recapture it. It was during this defence of Jhangar that <mask> was killed on 3 July 1948, by an enemy 25-pounder shell. He was 12 days short of his 36th birthday. His last words were "I am dying but let not the territory we were fighting for fall for the enemy". For his inspiring leadership and great courage, he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra posthumously.Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his Cabinet colleagues attended the funeral of Usman — "the highest ranking military commander till date" to lay down his life in the battlefield. He was given a state funeral of a martyr. An Indian journalist, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, wrote about his death, "a precious life, of imagination and unswerving patriotism, has fallen a victim to communal fanaticism. Brigadier <mask>'s brave example will be an abiding source of inspiration for Free India". Memorial <mask> is buried in Okhla cemetery near the Jamia Millia Islamia campus in New Delhi. Upender Sood and Ranjan Kumar Singh, film directors produced a film on life of Usman. In 2020, photos of the grave's defaced were headstone were widely circulated and triggered outrage on social media.This led to several army veterans to condemn the dishonour his memory, ultimately leading the army to decide the restoration of the vandalised grave. His birth centenary was celebrated in 2012 by the Indian Army at Jhangar, Jammu and Kashmir. A Paramotor Expedition was organized by Gorkha Training Centre in the memory of Brigadier <mask>. See also Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 List of recipients of Maha Vir Chakra Battle of Nowshera References Bibliography 1948 deaths Indian military personnel killed in action Indian Muslims Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra People from Azamgarh district 1912 births People from Uttar Pradesh British Indian Army officers Indian Army personnel of World War II

Camillo Caetani

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<mask> (Gaetano) (Sermoneta (?) 1552 – Rome 6 August 1603) was an Italian aristocrat and Papal diplomat in several European capitals during the early Counterreformation. Early life <mask> was the third son of <mask> and Caterina Pio di Savoia. He was destined for a career in the church and took holy orders in 1562. In 1573 he obtained his doctorate in civil and canon law at Perugia. In the following years he lived in family residences in Rome, managing personal and family affairs. He was made commendatory abbot of San Vincenzo al Volturno on 23 April 1573 after the benefice was relinquished by his uncle Cardinal <mask>.He was made prior of Valvisciolo Abbey and soon after Pope Gregory XIII gave him a number of other benefices including the Cistercian abbey of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Faenza. In 1580 he became prior of San Andrea in Turin, and on 13 May 1587, of the Basilian in Capaccio. On 22 August 1588 he was named Patriarch of Alexandria. Mission to Paris In the autumn of 1589 <mask> had his introduction to political life when he accompanied his brother Cardinal <mask> to France, where he had been appointed Cardinal legate. This mission was sent by Pope Sixtus V to urge the House of Guise, heads of the Catholic League, and Charles IX, who had been proclaimed king after the assassination of Henry III, to pursue the fight against the Huguenots and prevent the accession of Henry of Navarre. His brother soon sent him back to Rome to persuade the Pope to grant immediate subsidies to the Catholic League, to declare unconditionally that Henry could not be king, and to offer papal mediation to help establish an alliance of all the major Catholic powers against the enemies of the faith. <mask> set off from Paris on 3 March 1590, and on his way back to Italy visited the Duke of Nevers, who held himself aloof from the activities of the Catholic League and was eventually to pledge loyalty to Henry IV.Arriving in Rome on 4 April, Caetani found Sixtus V now preoccupied with how to avoid Spain increasing its influence over affairs in Italy and the rest of Europe, and therefore much less enthusiastic than before about supporting a strategy that risked extending its hegemony over France. At the same time, the Pope did not want to adopt any course of action that might preclude an eventual accommodation with Henry of Navarre, if he were to become King of France. Regardless of the Pope's equivocations, Cardinal <mask> continued to pursue an uncompromising policy in Paris, openly supporting and funding the House of Guise and the Catholic League. The Pope's displeasure at this disobedience was visited both on the Cardinal himself, who found all payments to his mission from the Vatican stopped, and on <mask>, who was placed under house arrest on 3 June 1590 for three weeks and forbidden to involve himself in any political activities. He was only rehabilitated after the pro-Spanish Gregory XIV become Pope, who then named him nuncio to the Imperial court in Vienna on 22 April 1591. Mission to Prague Caetani left Rome in early May, taking his nephew Gregorio with him. He stopped in Innsbruck and in Munich for diplomatic meetings, and in Vienna he had discussions with the Archdukes Ernest and Matthias.He arrived in Prague (then the Imperial capital) on 20 June, and had his first audience with Emperor Rudolf II on 23 June. Rudolf was inclined to be flexible and pragmatic with his Protestant subjects, in the interests of maintaining the integrity of the Empire, and was thus disinclined to take the kind of firm line that the Vatican favoured. During his nunciature, lasting just over a year, Caetani tried to work against the advancement of Protestantism in the Empire, for example, by opposing the appointment of a Protestant administrator to the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück and the advances of Lutherans in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the hereditary Habsburg lands, Caetani urged the Emperor to choose an archbishop for the vacant see of Prague, to make other appointments in Hungary, and to enact the many reforms agreed upon at the Council of Trent. Following the line of Pope Gregory XIV in the conflict over the French succession, he tried to prevent the raising of troops for Henry of Navarre while seeking Imperial support for recruitment of soldiers for Spain. During the brief papacy of Innocent IX, Caetani had requested that he be transferred to Spain, and Clement VIII agreed to his wishes, allowing him to leave Prague on 10 July 1592 and return to Rome in late August. Mission to Madrid By family tradition the Caetani had political sympathies with Spain, so <mask>'s appointment as nuncio to Madrid on 20 September 1592 was very welcome.He arrived in Barcelona on 13 January 1593 and reached Madrid on 9 February, accompanied by his nephews Gregorio and Benedetto (both of whom died in Spain) and had his first audience with Philip II five days later. Caetani reported that 'Although the king is old and constantly sick ... he wants to be involved in all business matters [and] he consults few people before he embarks on prolonged, difficult and dangerous affairs.' In the final years of Philip's reign, <mask> was the only diplomat who still received personal audiences with the king. In Madrid, <mask>'s main tasks were to ensure that the Tridentine reforms were enacted and the benefit of clergy preserved. He also encouraged Philip to provide generous funding for universities, seminaries, and those afflicted by the Eighty Years' War. He also strove to build an alliance of all Catholic states against the Ottoman Empire. Caetani was assisted in his mission by two papal diplomats: <mask> Borghese in 1594 and Giovanni Francesco Aldobrandini, nephew of the pope, in 1595.His diplomatic efforts were undermined by the rapprochement of Pope Clement VIII with Henry IV of France, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593. Caetani was also instructed to take a very cautious line with Spain's aggressive inclinations towards England. He was critical of the Spanish attacks on shipping carrying alum (essential for the cloth industry) from Tolfa, near Rome, and of the restrictions Spain placed on the movement of grain from Sicily to the Papal States. He also worked to secure Spanish support for the incorporation of Ferrara into the Papal States. His most successful initiatives were in the field of censorship through the Index librorum prohibitorum. In 1593 he obtained the arrest and eventual removal to Rome, of Juan Roa Dávila, author of Apologia de iuribus principalibus which argued for the authority of the secular power in church affairs. Not all ecclesiastical matters were easily resolved however: in 1594, Madrid quashed the papal bull De largitione munerum, one of a number of papal bulls rejected by the Spanish government.Likewise, appeals from the clergy in Spain to the Roman Rota against the decisions of secular courts were prohibited, and <mask> had to pursue long and exhausting disputes to preserve Papal rights in Spain, from which substantial revenues accrued – for example, in the case of the rich inheritance of the Cardinal of Toledo. He was eventually successful in reaching a compromise on church matters, approved by Clement VIII in 1599. As early as 1594 <mask>'s position was seriously compromised following a campaign of orchestrated accusations by Spanish circles in Rome and papal diplomats in Spain, accusing him of abuse of power, excessive spending, neglect of his duties, accepting bribes, and abusing his own staff. He was not recalled from his post however, partly because the rivalry between the pope's nephews Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini and Pietro Aldobrandini was so intense that neither could be appointed to succeed him. Having survived this threat, Caetani was able to secure the position of collector of the diezmo in Spain, and, for a while, in Portugal as well. Caetani needed to draw around 145,000 scudi from his revenue to fund his nunciature, as the debts of the Caetani house were so heavy (330,000 scudi in 1592). These financial circumstances compelled Caetani to constantly ask the court in Madrid for pensions, benefits and offices for his relatives, and this in turn inclined him to be amenable to Spanish diplomatic interests.Through his friendship with Philip III's favourite the Duke of Lerma, Caetani was able to secure for his nephew Bonifacio the bishopric of Cassano and the Order of the Golden Fleece for his nephew Pietro in 1600. <mask>'s efforts to secure for himself the archbishoprics first of Milan and then of Naples were however unsuccessful. Final years Following the death of his brother cardinal <mask> in 1599, <mask> was recalled to the Curia. After handing over to his successor Domenico Ginnasio, <mask> left Madrid in early April 1600 and arrived in Rome in early June. Now the senior member of his family, he devoted himself almost exclusively to its welfare and to improving its finances, transferring to his nephews almost all of his pension and benefits. His aspirations to become a cardinal were unmet when he died after a short illness, in Rome, on the night of 5–6 January 1602. He was buried in the family chapel in Santa Pudenziana.His memorial, designed by Carlo Maderno, was later adapted for another family member. References External links La Fondazione Camillo Caetani 1552 births 1602 deaths Diplomats of the Holy See 16th-century Italian diplomats University of Perugia alumni

Christopher Wise

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<mask> (born 1961) is a cultural theorist, literary critic, scholar, and translator. His publications largely focus on Sahelian West Africa, especially Mali, Burkina Faso, and Senegal, as well as Palestine, Jordan, and Israel. He has also published theoretical works on Fredric Jameson, Jacques Derrida, and Noam Chomsky. <mask> received his Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of California, Riverside in 1992. He taught on Fulbright awards at the Université de Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso (1996–97) and the University of Jordan, Amman (2001-2003). At the University of Jordan, <mask> developed American and Islamic Studies programs. In 2004, he co-directed the first American Studies Conference in the Middle East, held in Cairo, Egypt.He has been a professor at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington since 1996. Prior to that, he taught on the faculty of the University of West Georgia and Occidental College. <mask> was born in Oklahoma and is a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. Selected Works: Translations and Authored The Yambo Ouologuem Reader: The Duty of Violence, A Black Ghostwriter’s Letter to France, & The Thousand and One Bibles of Sex. Edited & Translated by <mask>. Trenton, New Jersey & Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, 2008 The Marxian Hermeneutics of Fredric Jameson, 1995 Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant, 1999 (editor) The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel, 2001 (editor) The Parachute Drop, by Norbert Zongo. Translated by <mask>.Trenton, New Jersey & Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, 2004 Derrida, Africa, and the Middle East, 2009 Chomsky and Deconstruction: The Politics of Unconscious Knowledge, 2011 Taʾrīkh al Fattāsh: The Timbuktu Chronicles 1493–1599, 2011 (editor and translator) In Search of Yambo Ouologuem. Vlaeberg, South Africa: Chimurenga Books, “Best of Chimurenga,” Series 2, Book 5, 2011. Sorcery, Totem, and Jihad in African Philosophy,  “Suspensions: Contemporary Middle Eastern and Islamicate Thought,” New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. Articles "A Conversation With Mary Brave Bird," with R. Todd <mask>, American Indian QuarterlyVol. 24, No. 3 (Summer 2000): 482-493. “Deconstruction, Zionism, and the BDS Movement,” Arena Journal, Issue No.47/48 (2017): 272-304. "Nyama and Heka: African Concepts of the Word," Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1-2 (2006): 17-36. The Killing of Norbert Zongo,” Perspectives on African Literatures at the Millennium, Ed. by Arthur Drayton & Peter Ukpokodu. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2006: 252-260.“Deconstruction and Zionism: Jacques Derrida’s Specters of Marx” Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring) 2001: 56-72. “The Spirit of Zionism: Derrida, Ruah, and the Purloined Birth Right,” Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Metaphysical Politics, Edited by Gianni Vattimo & Michael Marder. New York: Continuum Press, 2013: 113-131. “Après Azawad: Le devoir de violence, djihad, et l’idéologie chérifienne dans le Nord du Mali,” Traduit par Ninon Chavez. Fabula / Les colloques: L’oeuvre deYambo Ouologuem, Un carrefour d’écritures (1968-2018), L’Université de Lausanne et L’Université de Strasbourg.Ed. Christine Le Quellec Cottier & Anthony Mangeon. African Scholarship and Translation In 1997, <mask> traveled to Mopti-Sevaré in Central Mali, where he met the reclusive novelist and marabout, Yambo Ouologuem. <mask>'s interview was the only interview granted by Ouologuem after the time that he went into seclusion in the mid 1970s until his death in 2017. In the interview, Ouologuem revealed that he was a fierce critic of Arab neo-imperialism in West Africa. <mask>'s widely discussed interview was published in ‘’Research In African Literatures’’ and later reprinted as a book in both English and French. <mask> later translated Ouologuem’s works into English in his book, ‘’The Yambo Ouologuem Reader.’’ <mask>’s works on Ouologuem have contributed towards a reconsideration of Ouologuem’s writings at a time that he had been discredited due to plagiarism controversies.In 2001, <mask> edited a collection of writings by Sahelian writers entitled ‘’The Desert Shore’’ that included political essays by the slain Burkinabe journalist Norbert Zongo. Obed Nkunzimana called ‘’The Desert Shore,’’ “A substantial scholarly, humanistic, and ethnical contribution to the understanding of Africa in general and the Sahel in particular.”  <mask> also translated Zongo's ‘’The Parachute Drop’’ into English in 2004, a novel about a corrupt West African dictator which was based on figures like Mobutu Seku Sese and Blaise Compaore. Ngugi wa Thiong’o later endorsed the book, stating, “In this novel, with its clear and readable English translation, Zongo’s spirit rises from the dead to tell the oppressor: I will never stop to fight for a more humane Africa.” <mask>'s work on Zongo's murder brought international attention to Compaore's use of assassination to eliminate his enemies. <mask> later translated Al Hajj Mahmud Kati's Timbuktu chronicle the ‘’Tarikh al fattash’’ into English, a 16th century Songhay Dynasty manuscript. Nubia Kai called <mask>’s translation “an occasion for celebration,” and she attributed the long neglect of Kati's book to institutional racism. <mask>'s translation of the Tarikh al fattashhas been praised for its readable prose, and it remains one of Africa World Press's best-selling books. Cultural Theory Writings and Literary Criticism <mask>'s works in literary criticism have focused on African, Middle Eastern, and Native American authors, including Chinua Achebe, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Frantz Fanon, V. S. Naipaul, Mary Crow Dog, and others.In his early theoretical writings, <mask> identified himself as “Marxian” and wrote his Ph.D. dissertation on Fredric Jameson. <mask>'s later theoretical works have focused on deconstruction, especially the Franco-Algerian theorist, Jacques Derrida. In 2001, <mask> published a controversial essay on Derrida in the journal ‘’Diacritics’’ entitled ‘’Deconstruction and Zionism: Jacques Derrida’s Specters of Marx.” In this essay, <mask> rejected Derrida's universalizing term “messianicity” which he saw as historically specific to Judaic articulations of messianism, as well as Derrida's sympathetic views about Zionism in Israel. Although <mask> criticized Derrida's Zionism, he also argued that Derrida's orientation to theory as a Sephardic Jew from Northwest Africa rendered his work particularly useful for African studies. In ‘’Derrida, Africa, and the Middle East,’’ <mask> built upon Derrida’s deconstruction of Hellenic concepts of the word, and the Senegalese philosopher Cheikh Anta Diop’s writings about ancient Egyptian influence in the Sahel, suggesting that heka, the Egyptian word for “word,” is probably the historical antecedent of the Hebraic term ruah, the Mande term nyama, and the Songhay term naxamala. Regarding this book, Nigerian critic Abiola Irele stated, “Apart from its careful dissection of Derrida’s work in all its scope, Derrida, Africa, and the Middle East represents a major contribution to the on-going debate of the relations between peoples.” The Kenyan critic Emilia Ileva similarly stated, “<mask> has succeeded in making deconstruction far more inclusive than the articulation of it one finds in Derrida’s writings. Derrida’s work may now begin to resonate more clearly in Africa and in African Studies in particular.” Thirteen years after his essay on Derrida and Zionism appeared, <mask> published a follow-up essay in Gianni Vattimo and Michael Marder's ‘’Deconstructing Zionism,’’ which included contributions from Slavoj Zizek, Judith Butler, Luce Irigary, and others.Vattimo and Marder’s volume was harshly criticized as “anti-semitic” by Cary Nelson, Gabriel Brahm Noah, and others. Others defended the volume and <mask>'s contribution to it. Around this time, <mask> wrote a theoretical book entitled ‘’Chomsky and Deconstruction,’’ which responded to Chomsky’s attacks on poststructuralist theorists like Derrida, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva and others. Although <mask>’s book on Chomsky largely concentrated on Chomsky’s linguistics, he later extended his critique to include Chomsky’s political views of U.S. foreign policy in ‘’Sorcery, Totem, and Jihad in African Philosophy,’’ (Bloomsbury, 2017). The anthropologist Paul Stoller called <mask>’s application of Derrida to the Sahel in this book “brilliant,” and the Ajami scholar Fallou Ngom similarly called <mask>'s book “a major contribution to West African Studies.<mask>'s book has nevertheless been criticized in its comparison of Israeli Zionism with the Wahhabi jihadist invasion of Northern Mali in 2012. References External links <mask> reviews Fallou Ngom's 'Muslims Beyond the Arab World: The Odyssey of Ajami and the Muridiyya' Q & A with <mask> on Demonstrations in Cairo, Egypt Faculty page at Western Washington University American literary critics 1961 births Living people Northwestern College (Iowa) alumni University of Oklahoma alumni University of California, Riverside alumni American academics of English literature Western Washington University faculty University of Jordan faculty

Francis S. Low

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<mask> (August 15, 1894 – January 22, 1964) was a decorated officer of the United States Navy with the rank of four-star Admiral. An expert in submarine warfare, <mask> is credited with the idea that twin-engined Army bombers could be launched from an aircraft carrier. This idea was later adopted for the planning of the Doolittle Raid. <mask> distinguished himself as Chief of Staff, U.S. Tenth Fleet during the U-boat campaign in the Atlantic Ocean and completed his career in 1956 as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, and Commander Pacific Reserve Fleet. Early career <mask><mask> was born on August 15, 1894 in Albany, New York as the son of late Commander <mask>, USN, and Mrs. Anna (<mask><mask>. His family later moved to Newton, Massachusetts and young <mask> attended high school there. He subsequently received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in summer of 1911.While at the Academy, <mask> was active in the swimming team and held record in 220-Yard swimming. He was nicknamed "Frog" by his classmates and graduated with Bachelor's degree in June 1915. Some of his classmates also became distinguished general officers later: Arthur C. Davis, Lynde D. McCormick, Arthur D<mask>, Ralph W. Christie, John L. McCrea, Ralph J. Mitchell, Harvey Overesch, Pedro del Valle, Howard L. Vickery, Richard W. Bates, Henry P. Burnett, Archie F. Howard, DeWitt Peck, Oliver H. Ritchie, James M<mask>, <mask> and Raymond R. Wright. <mask> was commissioned ensign at the time of his graduation and attached to the battleship USS Connecticut and later was transferred to the heavy cruiser USS Montana. While aboard that ship, he participated in the Veracruz Expedition and Haitian Campaign. Following his first sea duties, he was then attached to the submarine USS D-3 and began training as submariner at Naval Submarine Base New London, Connecticut. After six months of training, <mask> was attached to the USS O-9 under the command of lieutenant j.g.Robert H. English and participated as his deputy in the coastal patrols and protection of the Atlantic coast from U-boats. She departed Newport November 2, 1918 for European waters, but the termination of hostilities brought the submarine back to the United States. Interwar period Following the end of the War, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of USS L-1 and led her during the training cruises off the coast of Hampton Roads, Virginia. He was transferred to the command of USS L-2 at the end of January 1920 and took part in the submarine experiments with torpedo and undersea detection techniques along the Atlantic coast. <mask> assumed command of newly commissioned USS S-12 at the end of April 1923 and sailed to Guantanamo, Cuba and then via the Panama Canal to Hawaii. He departed S-12 in summer of 1925 in order to attend the junior course at the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island. Following his graduation one year later, <mask> was appointed an instructor in the Department of Seamanship at the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland.He was then attached to the battleship USS New Mexico and participated in the training exercises in the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. He was appointed officer in charge of the Recruiters' Training School, Naval Station, Hampton Roads, Virginia in 1929 and served in this capacity until the summer of 1932. <mask> was then attached to the Staff, Submarine Squadron 5 for a brief period and subsequently assumed command of destroyer USS Paul Jones in June 1932. He commanded that ship during the Yangtze River Patrol and then took part in the patrol along the China coast, while making occasional voyages to and from Manila. <mask> returned to the United States in March 1934 and assumed duty in the Bureau of Navigation, before he was later transferred to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations under Admiral William H<mask>. He returned to the sea in summer of 1937, when he was appointed Commander of Submarine Squadron 13 and held this command the Neutrality Patrol in 1939. World War II <mask> returned to Washington, D.C. in December 1940 and served again in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations under Admiral Harold R<mask>.Following the appointment of Admiral Ernest J. King as new Chief of Naval Operations in March 1942, <mask> remained in his office and assumed duty as Operations Officer with additional duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for antisubmarine warfare. Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, <mask> came up with the idea that twin-engined Army bombers could be launched from an aircraft carrier, after observing several at a naval airfield in Norfolk, Virginia, where the runway was painted with the outline of a carrier deck for landing practice. <mask> sold the idea to Admiral King, who respected <mask>'s opinion and forwarded it to the chief of the Army Air Forces, General Henry H. Arnold, who supported the plan. The operations later became known as Doolittle Raid, the first air operation to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that the Japanese mainland was vulnerable to American air attack, served as retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and provided an important boost to American morale. <mask> remained in this capacity until the beginning of September 1942 and assumed Navy Commendation Medal for his service in Washington.He was subsequently ordered to New York Navy Yard and assumed command of the heavy cruiser, USS Wichita, which was stationed there for repairs. <mask> led his vessel during the training off the Virginia Capes for the rest of the month, after which she steamed to Casco Bay in Maine for further maneuvers. Wichita participated in the Naval Battle of Casablanca within the Operation Torch, an Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, during November 1942 and helped neutralize the primary French defenses, which included coastal guns on El Hank, several submarines, and the incomplete battleship which lay at anchor in the harbor. Wichita was damaged and after series of patrols between Casablanca and Fedhala, she departed for New York for repairs on November 16. <mask> received Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for his service in North African waters. <mask> subsequently commanded his vessel to the Pacific theater and participated in the Battle of Rennell Island in January 1943, before he was recalled to Washington, D.C. on March 10, 1943. After brief stint in Washington, D.C., he was promoted to the rank of Rear admiral on April 6, 1943 and appointed Chief of Staff of newly established U.S. Tenth Fleet under his old superior, Admiral Ernest J.King, who delegated the authority to command Tenth Fleet to <mask>. The Tenth Fleet was established as the result of negotiations between Britain, Canada and the United States in order to intercept U-boat operations against the merchant convoys and other allied vessels. It had no battleships, no carriers, no cruisers, no destroyers. Only desks, plotting boards and laboratories. Its personnel numbered less than 500 all landlubbers and half of them scientists. The radio operators and radio directions finders drew attention of german submarines and although the Tenth Fleet did not sink any enemy submarines, it forwarded the reports of enemy activity to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy. Admiral <mask> was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Tenth Fleet and also maintained the liaison with the General Staff of the United States Army, the British Admiralty and the Canadian Naval Headquarters to insure maximum efficiency in combined operations.He coordinated and directed the activities of Allied anti-submarine forces as they systematically tracked down and destroyed German undersea marauders ranging the vast reaches of the Atlantic. <mask> was also responsible for the protection of Allied shipping in the Eastern, Gulf and Caribbean Sea Frontiers, exercised close control over all convoys under United States cognizance. He remained in this capacity until January 1945, when he was replaced by Rear admiral Allan R. McCann and ordered to the Pacific theater. For his service with Tenth Fleet, <mask> was decorated with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. He was also appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Upon his arrival to the Pacific, <mask> assumed command of Cruiser Division 16, consisting of the battlecruisers and , and directed his force in strikes in support of the landings on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and in strikes on other islands of the Nansei Shoto and the Japanese home islands of Kyushu and southern Honshu. He was later decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service during that campaigns.He then led his command during the combat operations off the coasts off the Philippines and received Philippine Legion of Honor, rank Commander. Later career Following the end of War, <mask> was in charge of the surrender and neutralization of all Japanese Naval installations in Korea until November 1945, when he was appointed Commander, Destroyers Pacific Fleet. <mask> remained in this capacity until March 1947, when he assumed command of Service Forces, Pacific. He was also promoted to the rank of Vice admiral at that date. <mask> was ordered to the Navy Department in November 1949 to conduct a special survey of the Navy's anti-submarine program, and in February 1950 was designated Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Logistics. He was responsible for the planning of budget for logistics for all marine forces and its advocating before the congressional committee on appropriations until May 1953, when he became Commander, Western Sea Frontier, and Commander Pacific Reserve Fleet. Upon relieving by Rear admiral John R. Redman, he retired after 41 years of active service on July 1, 1956 and was advanced to the rank of four-star Admiral on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat.<mask> was decorated with Legion of Honour by France and Order of Merit of the Italian Republic as the token of good will. Retirement Upon his retirement from the Navy, <mask> settled in Oakland, California, where he died on January 22, 1964 at Naval Hospital Oakland and is buried there at Mountain View Cemetery. He was survived by his second wife, Alice Regua Filmer <mask> (1900-1982). Decorations Here is the ribbon bar of Admiral <mask><mask>: See also Western Sea Frontier List of United States Navy four-star admirals References 1894 births 1964 deaths People from Albany, New York United States Naval Academy alumni Naval War College alumni United States Navy admirals United States submarine commanders United States Navy personnel of World War I United States Navy World War II admirals Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Keiko Matsuzaka

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(born July 20, 1952) is a Japanese actress. Born in Ōta, Tokyo, her father was a naturalized South Korean while her mother was Japanese. Career In the 1960s, Matsuzaka became a child actress. Matsuzaka grew into adulthood in film working for Daiei and Shochiku. Matsuzaka played the "Madonna" role in the 1981 film Naniwa no Koi no Torajirō, the 27th in the Otoko wa Tsurai yo series. The producers called on her again for that role in Torajirō no Endan, the 46th of the 49 installments (1993). <mask> also appeared in Legend of the Eight Samurai (1983), Shin Izakaya Yūrei (1996), Dr. Akagi by Shōhei Imamura (1998), Runin: Banished by Eiji Okuda (2004), and Inugamike no Ichizoku (scheduled for release in 2007).She won the award for best actress at the 6th Hochi Film Award for The Gate of Youth and Tora-san's Love in Osaka, and at the 15th Hochi Film Award for The Sting of Death. Her early television appearances have included the tokusatsu superhero series Ultra Seven (1968). She portrayed Nohime, wife of Oda Nobunaga, in the 1973 NHK Taiga drama Kunitori Monogatari. From 1973 to 1981, she appeared in Edo o Kiru, including five seasons as the character Oyuki. The 1975 Taiga drama Genroku Taiheiki featured <mask> as Aguri (Yōzen'in), the wife and later widow of Asano Naganori in the dramatization of the events of the Forty-seven Ronin. She then appeared in Kusa Moeru in the same time slot in 1979, and portrayed Sada (Kawakami Sadayakko), the lead role in the 1985 Taiga drama Haru no Hatō. Having portrayed Aguri, <mask> also played Riku, the wife of Oishi Yoshio, in Chūshingura Yōzen'in no Inbō, broadcast on January 2, 2007.She played Taira no Tokiko in the 2005 NHK Taiga drama Yoshitsune. She has made numerous other television appearances in series and specials, jidaigeki, contemporary dramas, and variety shows. Recently she is portrayed "Ikushima" in the 2008 NHK Taiga Drama Atsuhime. Matsuzaka has represented a variety of products and companies in television commercials. These include Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Nissin Foods, Yutoku Pharmaceutical Industries, Nissan Sunny, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Kleenex, and Ōtsuka Foods. Among her other works are songs released in 1979 and 2002, and a book of photographs of her, also in 2002. Filmography Films Green Light to Joy (1967) Rikugun rakugohei (1971) Ju hyo ereji (1971) Play (1971) Kuro no honryu, aka Ordinary Darkness (1972) Miyamoto Musashi, aka Sword of Fury (1973) Ai yori aoku (1973) Stray Dog (1973) The Last Samurai (1974) Double Clutch (1978) The Incident (1978) Bandits vs. Samurai Squadron (1978) The Three Undelivered Letters (1979) Nichiren (1979) Bad Sorts (1980) May love be restored (1980) The Gate of Youth (1981) Tora-san's Love in Osaka (1981) Lovers Lost (1982) The Go Masters (1982) Fall Guy (1982) Theatre of Life (1983) Meiso chizu (1983) Legend of the Eight Samurai (1983) The Go Masters (1983) Make-up (1984) Shanghai Rhapsody (1984) Nezumi kozo kaito den (1984) House on Fire (1987) Beyond the Shining Sea (1986) Hissatsu!

Alfred Marzorati

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<mask> (28 September 1881 – 11 December 1955) was a Belgian lawyer and colonial administrator. He served at the bar in Brussels, then became a magistrate in the Belgian Congo. During World War I he was a legal advisor to the Belgian forces occupying German East Africa. He was appointed royal commissioner in charge of the Belgian mandate of Ruanda-Urundi in 1919, and strongly supported the 1926 administrative union between these territories and the Belgian Congo. <mask> left Africa due to health problems in 1929, and retired from the colonial service in 1931 to take up an academic career, but continued to play an active role in Belgian colonial affairs for the remainder of his life. He was opposed to bringing European settlers to Africa, and saw Belgium's role as being to help the indigenous people develop a modern economy and political structure which could become fully autonomous. Early years (1881–1912) <mask>-Frédéric-<mask> was born in Tournai, Belgium on 28 September 1881.His parents were Clément-<mask> and Marie-Agnès Ervens. Marzorati attended the Free University of Brussels from 1899 to 1904, graduating with a doctorate in Law. He joined the bar in Brussels, interned with the permanent deputy M. Richard and then became an assistant to Thomas Braun. He became an advocate at the Brussels Court of Appeal. Colonial administrator Magistrate, Belgian Congo (1912–1916) On 27 January 1912 Marzorati became a deputy magistrate in Elizabethville in the Belgian Congo. He then became a deputy of the public prosecutor in Tanganika-Moero territory. In 1914, just before the start of World War II (1914––1918) Marzorati was appointed a judge in the court of Lomami Territory.From 13 November 1914 to 28 March 1915 he was in charge of the Lomami District administration. He then became the president judge at the court of first instance in Stanleyville, and chair of the council of war in Kongolo. Legal advisor, East Africa (1917–1919) Marzorati was on leave from 6 July 1916 to 23 January 1917 in Le Havre and London. He was then appointed auditor general of the occupation troops in the territories that had been conquered from German East Africa, as well as legal advisor to General Justin Malfeyt, commissioner royal in charge of the regions of German East Africa controlled by Belgian troops. He was based first in Tabora and then in Kigoma. Royal commissioner, Ruanda-Urundi (1919–1926) When General Malfeyt returned to Europe in December 1919, Marzorati became interim royal commissioner. In March 1921 Marzorati arranged for the transfer to British control of the East African regions occupied by Belgium apart from Ruanda and Urundi.On 21 September 1921 <mask> returned to Belgium on leave. He was promoted to commissioner general. He married, and returned to Usumbura in Urundi with his wife. During his absence Pierre Ryckmans, the future governor general of the Belgian Congo, was acting royal commissioner. By late 1924 the Belgian Foreign Ministry was starting to suspect that German agitation for return of her colonies was affecting British opinion. Marzorati was concerned that loss of Ruanda and Urundi would deprive Belgium of a source of food and labor for the Katanga mines. He advised the minister that if the territories were to be returned, favorable boundaries should at least be guaranteed.The director general of the colonial ministry, Halewyck de Heusch, prompted the minister to ask the governor general of the Congo and Marzorati whether their administrations should be merged. Marzorati fully approved of the idea, since the more developed administration of the Congo had the people and resources to maintain order and introduce "civilization" through education, infrastructure, penal reforms and stronger administration. Governor, Ruanda-Urundi (1926–1929) Marzorati returned on leave to Belgium on 17 December 1925. He was more interested in the Belgian Congo than the mandated territories, and in 1925 arranged for an administrative union between Ruanda-Urundi and the Belgian Congo, and a change in his title from royal commissioner to vice-governor general of the Belgian Congo and governor of Ruanda-Urundi. On 28 August 1926 he was appointed vice-governor general of the Belgian Congo and governor of Ruanda-Urundi. These territories were not legally part of the Belgian Congo, but were subject to control by the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations. Marzorati represented the Belgian government to this commission.The administrative union with the Belgian Congo was controversial, and Marzorati met the commission in Geneva in 1926 to explain it. Marzorati did not always get on well with Pierre Ryckmans, his subordinate. In May 1927 the agent in charge of the school at Muramvya caused a serious incident. A large group of local people had gathered to dance as a sign of allegiance, but the agent told them to first lay down their weapons, which was contrary to all traditions. Marzorati ordered a strong military march through the region, which Ryckmans opposed on the basis that Belgian superiority was already established. Ryckmans explained at length about the meaning of kwiyereka dances, with many historical examples, before Marzorati backed down. Later Ryckmans learned that Madame Marzorati held grievances against him for pruning the eucalyptus and flamboyant trees in the governor's gardens.Marzorati wanted to maintain the traditional local laws to the extent they were compatible with Belgian colonial ordinances, and gradually adapt these laws to cultural and economic developments. He tried to improve agricultural production to avoid periodic famines, promote development of an indigenous peasantry and facilitate temporary movement of labor to the industrial centers of Katanga Province in the Belgian Congo. Marzorati notified the White Fathers on 20 May 1928 that the rules regarding installation of chapel schools were being modified to allow schools of different denominations to be established. Permission to use sites that had not yet been occupied was withdrawn, and administrative pressure was applied to ensure that any temporary structures would gradually be abandoned and only durable structures would remain. Louis Joseph Postiaux assumed office as deputy governor general of Ruanda-Urundi in August 1926. At the end of 1928 Marzorati almost died from typhoid fever, and Postiaux took over as acting governor in January 1929. Later career (1931–1955) Marzorati returned to Europe on 3 February 1929.During his convalescence he chaired the manpower advisory committee for Ruandi-Urundi, but due to his health could not return to Central Africa. In November 1929 Marzorati again met the Permanent Mandates Commission in Geneva to defend Belgium against strong public criticism of the response to the Rwandan famine. He retired from the colonial service on 9 February 1931. In 1931 he rejoined the Brussels bar, and defended some cases assigned to him by the Ministry of Finance. He represented the government on the Board of the Société minière du Kasai. On 16 May 1931 Marzorati became a lecturer of the Free University of Brussels, holding this position for twenty years. At the start of World War II he became temporary professor of comparative colonial policy and the economic regime of the Belgian Congo at the University of Brussels.After World War II he also taught at the university's Political and Social Sciences School and Business School. He became an associate of the Royal Belgian Colonial Institute (now the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences) on 25 June 1931, and a full member on 24 October 1946. He died in Uccle, Belgium on 11 December 1955. Views Marzorati was opposed to colonization of Africa by white settlers, and wrote in 1954, "The only duty of government is to create the foundation which will allow indigenous society to gradually attain what we might call autonomy, in the sense that this word has in the countries of the West, and to set aside all that is contrary to this development." He believed in intense industrialization, combined with a policy of high wages, which would cause natural selection of profitable businesses and build a self-sufficient economy. In parallel the political evolution of Africans would develop based on district and territorial councils. In 1953 he said, "Better a healthy and vigorous associate, than a weak and discontented servant."Before his death <mask>, a socialist, expressed hope that a movement would be started to consider African peoples and their problems. A.A.J. Van Bilsen tried to realize this wish, and with a group of African and Belgian friends formed the "Groupe-Marzorati" to consider the problem of raising the political awareness of the Congolese without losing sight of the economic, social and educational issues, and the administrative and cultural conditions that constrain politics. Notes Sources 1881 births 1955 deaths 20th-century Belgian lawyers Belgian Congo officials Colonial governors of Ruanda-Urundi People from Tournai Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni

Robert Cohen (boxer)

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<mask> (born 15 November 1930) is a French retired boxer. <mask> was world bantamweight champion from 1954 to 1956. He was managed by <mask>Bobby) Diamond, and Gaston Charles-Raymond. Early life and amateur career <mask> was born in Bone, a port city in Algeria, on November 15, 1930 to a Jewish family in a French territory suffering from the shadow of the Pro-Nazi Vichy regime. Though the family survived the Holocaust, <mask>'s father had little wish for his son to pursue a career in boxing. <mask> would sometimes escape the house using the window to watch his older brother Leon earn a living boxing. Entering the French Amateur Championships after winning an Algerian title in 1950, he was beaten in the finals by Jacques Dumesnil.The following year he lost the finals again to Joseph Perez, but caught the attention of European promoter Charles Raymond who offered to manage him. Professional career <mask>, who at 5' 3-1/2", was a short but muscular champion, who won the French bantamweight title in November 1953 and the European championship in January 1954. Between September 1951 and May 1954, <mask> won a remarkable 34 of 37 fights, losing only one to <mask> in Paris and drawing twice. On October 20, 1952, he defeated Theo Medina in a ten-round points decision in Paris. Andre Valignat fell to <mask> on November 17, 1952 in another ten round points decision. <mask> upset Jean Snyers, winning a ten-round points decision in Paris on February 23, 1953. He defeated Pappy Gault on April 15, 1953 in a ten-round points decision in Paris before a crowd of 8,000.French and European bantam champ On November 6, 1953, <mask> defeated French bantamweight champion Maurice Sandeyron easily taking the title in a fifteen-round bout in Paris, having beaten Sandeyron earlier on January 19, in a ninth-round knockout in a non-title bout. A religious Jew, one source noted that he briefly attended a Synagogue the morning of the match. <mask> defeated Jake Tuli on December 14, 1953, in Manchester, England in ten rounds. Before a crowd of 20,000, on February 27, 1954, <mask> took the European Bantamweight Title, defeating John Kelly in a third-round knockout in Belfast, Northern Ireland. <mask> knocked Kelly to the mat for counts of four, seven and six in the second round. Kelly was down again at the end of the second from a right hook shortly before the bell. Thirty seconds into the third, Kelly went down for the full count from a right to the jaw.World bantam champ On September 19, 1954, he won the vacant World bantamweight title in a fifteen-round split decision in Bangkok, Thailand, against police Lieutenant Chamroem Songkitrat. An enormous crowd of 60,000 that included the King and Queen of Thailand watched the bloody contest. <mask> was left with a badly sprained or broken wrist in the fifth and his opponent with a broken nose. <mask> was formerly the European Bantamweight Champion. Later that year, his marriage took place at the Synagogue de la rue des Tournelles, in Paris, presided by Rabbi David Feuerwerker. On December 20, 1954, he defeated Roy Ankrah in a fourth-round technical knockout in Paris. Stripped of World bantam title On December 23, 1954, <mask> was stripped of his title by the National Boxing Association for failing to defend it within 90 days against Raul "Raton" Macias.Few sanctioning bodies other than the NBA recognized Macias as the World Champion. Both the New York State Athletic Commission and the European Boxing Union continued to recognize <mask> as champion. On December 11, 1955 <mask> lost in a ten-round technical knockout against French featherweight champion Cherif Hamia before a crowd of 14,000. <mask> was down for an eight count in the second from a right cross to the jaw and was down again in the seventh from a right hook. The referee ended the bout 1:27 into the tenth round, when <mask>'s left brow was injured by a left from Hamia. Some time after the bout, <mask> was severely injured in an automobile accident, and suffered a broken jaw. He attempted to defend his title, but the injury shortened his career.On September 3, 1955, he drew with Willie Toweel in a fifteen-round world bantamweight title bout in Johannesburg, South Africa. <mask> dropped Toweel three times in the second and put him down a no count in the tenth. Toweel had never been knocked to the mat in a previous bout. In a brutal bout, <mask> was deeply fatigued by the end of the match. <mask> lost a title bout to Mario D'Agata on June 29, 1956 before a crowd of 38,000, in a seventh-round technical knockout in Rome. D'Agata dropped <mask> to the mat for a nine count near the end of the sixth. After the sixth ended, the referee stopped the fight due to a serious gash over the left brow of <mask>.D'Agata appeared superior in the in-fighting, and many of <mask>'s blows were wide of his mark. America's National Boxing Association (NBA) did not recognize the match as a title bout, though nearly every other world boxing organization did. Only a year and a half earlier, D'Agata had been injured by a shotgun blast. His professional record over 43 bouts was 36 wins (13 KOs), 4 losses, and 3 draws. Life after boxing <mask> retired after his fight with Mario D'Agata, and a comeback attempt three years later against Peter Locke in July 1959. Suffering from injuries, he retired from boxing in the 1960s, and moved with his wife, Zita, to the Congo and began working in his father-in-law's textile and retail business. Unhappy in the textile business, he opened a boxing gym with some success, but his best boxers left for Europe after it was nationalized, and he left the gym.In the 1980s <mask> managed a textile import and export business in Brussels, Belgium. His biography, Gambuch, a book written by Michel Rosenzweig was published in 2012 by the widely-known French publisher L'Harmattan. A movie of <mask>'s life, produced by Shanghai-based Italian entrepreneur Jonathan L. Hasson, was in production in 2012. Hall of Fame <mask>, who is Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. Professional boxing record See also List of bantamweight boxing champions List of select Jewish boxers References External links BoxRec bio When a <mask> was the world champion boxer at The Jewish Chronicle <mask> - CBZ Profile 1930 births Living people Jewish French sportspeople Bantamweight boxers Jewish boxers World bantamweight boxing champions World boxing champions French male boxers Algerian emigrants to Belgium

Croesus

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<mask> ( ; Lydian: ; , Kroisos; reigned: c. 585 – c. 546 BC) was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC. Croesus was renowned for his wealth; Herodotus and Pausanias noted that his gifts were preserved at Delphi. The fall of Croesus had a profound effect on the Greeks, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least," J. A. S. Evans has remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology." Name The name of Croesus was not attested to in contemporary inscriptions in the Lydian language. In 2019, D. Sasseville and K. Euler published a research of Lydian coins apparently minted during his rule, where the name of the ruler was rendered as Qλdãns.The name Croesus comes from the Latin transliteration of the Greek , which was itself the ancient Hellenic adaptation of the Lydian name . is a compound term consisting of the proper name , of a glide () and of the Lydian term , meaning "master, lord, noble". According to J. M. Kearns, Croesus's real personal name would have been , while would have been a honorific name meaning "The noble Karoś". Legendary biography The dynasty which preceded that of Croesus on the throne of Sardis traced their descent from Alcaeus, the son of Hercules by Omphale, Queen of Lydia, during her year of required servitude. Croesus, like his ancestor Hercules, attempted to burn himself on a pyre when the Persians captured Sardis. By emulating the Greek myth, he demonstrated he had – or believed he had – Greek heritage. Aside from a poetical account of Croesus on the pyre in Bacchylides (composed for Hiero of Syracuse, who won the chariot race at Olympia in 468), there are three classical accounts of Croesus: firstly, Herodotus presents the Lydian accounts of the conversation with Solon (Histories 1.29–33), the tragedy of Croesus' son Atys (Histories 1.34–45) and the fall of Croesus (Histories 1.85–89); secondly, Xenophon instances Croesus in his panegyric fictionalized biography of Cyrus: Cyropaedia, 7.1; and thirdly, Ctesias, whose account is also an encomium of Cyrus.According to Herodotus, Croesus is a descendant of Gyges, of the Myrmnadae Clan, who seized power when Gyges killed Candaules after Candaules's wife found out about a conspiracy to watch her disrobe. Early rule and wealth Reportedly, Croesus, on the death of his father Alyattes faced a rival claimant to the throne in Pantaleon, son of Alyattes by a different mother. Croesus prevailed, and a number of the opposing faction were executed, and their property confiscated. As soon as his reign was secure, Croesus continued his predecessors' wars against the Asian Greeks, bringing all the Aeolian and Ionian Settlements on the coasts of Asia-Minor under Lydian rule, from whom he exacted tribute; However, he was willing to be friendly to European and Aegean Greeks, concluding various treaties with them, with Sparta, in particular, later in life. Croesus is credited with issuing the first true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation, the Croeseid (following on from his father Alyattes who invented minting with electrum coins). Indeed, the invention of coinage had passed into Greek society through Hermodike II. Hermodike II, the daughter of a Agamemnon of Cyme claimed descent from the original Agamemnon who conquered Troy.She was likely one of Alyettes’ wives, so may have been <mask>’ mother, because the bull imagery on the croeseid symbolises the Hellenic Zeus—see Europa (consort of Zeus). Zeus, through Hercules, was the divine forefather of his family line. Moreover, the first coins were quite crude and made of electrum, a naturally occurring pale yellow alloy of gold and silver. The composition of these first coins was similar to alluvial deposits found in the silt of the Pactolus river (made famous by Midas), which ran through the Lydian capital, Sardis. Later coins, including some in the British Museum, were made from gold purified by heating with common salt to remove the silver. In Greek and Persian cultures the name of Croesus became a synonym for a wealthy man. He inherited great wealth from his father Alyattes, who had become associated with the Midas myth because Lydian precious metals came from the river Pactolus, in which King Midas supposedly washed away his ability to turn all he touched into gold.In reality, Alyattes’ tax revenues may have been the real ‘Midas touch’ financing his and <mask>' conquests. <mask>' wealth remained proverbial beyond classical antiquity: in English, expressions such as "rich as Croesus" or "richer than Croesus" are used to indicate great wealth to this day. The earliest known such usage in English was John Gower's in Confessio amantis (1390): Original text: Modern spelling: Interview with Solon According to Herodotus, Croesus encountered the Greek sage Solon and showed him his enormous wealth. Croesus, secure in his own wealth and happiness, asked Solon who the happiest man in the world was, and was disappointed by Solon's response that three had been happier than Croesus: Tellus, who died fighting for his country, and the brothers Kleobis and Biton who died peacefully in their sleep after their mother prayed for their perfect happiness because they had demonstrated filial piety by drawing her to a festival in an oxcart themselves. Solon goes on to explain that Croesus cannot be the happiest man because the fickleness of fortune means that the happiness of a man's life cannot be judged until after his death. Sure enough, Croesus' hubristic happiness was reversed by the tragic deaths of his accidentally killed son and, according to Ctesias, his wife's suicide at the fall of Sardis, not to mention his defeat at the hands of the Persians. The interview is in the nature of a philosophical disquisition on the subject "Which man is happy?"It is legendary rather than historical. Thus, the "happiness" of <mask> is presented as a moralistic exemplum of the fickleness of Tyche, a theme that gathered strength from the fourth century, revealing its late date. The story was later retold and elaborated by Ausonius in The Masque of the Seven Sages, in the Suda (entry "Μᾶλλον ὁ Φρύξ," which adds Aesop and the Seven Sages of Greece), and by Tolstoy in his short story "Croesus and Fate". Death of Atys According to legend, Croesus gave refuge at one point to the Phrygian prince Adrastus. Herodotus tells that Adrastus exiled himself to Lydia after accidentally killing his brother. Croesus later experienced a dream for which he took as prophecy in which Atys, his son and heir, would be killed by an iron spearhead. Taking precautions against this, Croesus kept his son from leading in military expeditions and fighting in any way.However, according to Herodotus, a wild boar began to ravage the neighboring province of Mysia, which soon begged Croesus to send a military expedition led by Atys to kill the boar. Croesus thought this would be safe for his son, as Atys would not be fighting an enemy that could throw a spear. Croesus sent Adrastus with Atys as a bodyguard in case they might be waylaid by bandits on the expedition. While fighting the boar, Adrastus accidentally hit Atys with his spear, killing him. Croesus absolved Adrastus for his son's death; however, Adrastus later committed suicide. Croesus' votive offerings to Delphi According to Herodotus, Croesus desired to discover which of the well-known oracles of his time gave trustworthy omens. He sent ambassadors to the most important oracles ordering that on the 100th day from their departure from Sardis they should ask what the king of the Lydians, Croesus, son of Alyattes was doing on this exact date.Then on the 100th day the envoys entered the oracle of Delphi in order to ask for the omen, the Pythia answered in verse: The envoys wrote down the answer and returned to Sardis. Croesus read all the answers brought by his envoys from all the oracles. As soon as he read the answer of the Pythia he bowed, Croesus was persuaded that the words spoken by the Delphi Oracle were true. According to Herodotus, Croesus also believed the Oracle of Amphiaraus to speak truth. Indeed, on the specific date Croesus had put pieces of a tortoise and lamb to boil together in a bronze cauldron, covered with a bronze lid. Then, Croesus wanted to thank and take on his side the oracle of Delphi. He sacrificed three thousand of all kinds of sacrificial animals.Then he lit a bonfire and burned precious objects. After the sacrifice he melted down gold and made

Croesus

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golden blocks, each one 2.5 talents. He ordered his artists to make the copy of a lion out of pure gold, weighing ten talents. At the time of Herodotus this was situated at the Treasury of the Corinthians in Delphi, but 3.5 talents lighter, as the priests had melted down part of it. <mask> also sent along two enormous krateres (wine-mixing bowls), one made of gold and one made of silver, situated on one side and the other of the entrance to the Temple of Apollo. After the fire which destroyed the temple, these krateres were transferred elsewhere: the golden one was transferred to the treasury of the Klazomenians, whereas the silver one was placed again in the vestibule of the new temple. Within this krater took place the mixing of water and wine during the Theophania.In Delphi they used to say that this one had been made by Theodorus of Samos. The votive offerings of <mask> comprised also four silver pithoi (storage jars), situated at the Treasury of the Corinthians, and two perirrhanteria (basins for purification water) made of precious metals and a statue of a woman made of gold; they said that it depicted the woman who kneaded Croesus' bread. Finally, he dedicated the pendants and belts of his wife as well as other simpler and smaller liturgical objects and a golden shield which he offered to the Archaic temple of Athena Pronaia, later on melted by the Phocians in the course of the Third Sacred War. Campaign against Persia and testing of oracle Croesus' uneasy relations with the Ionians obscures the larger fact that he was the last bastion of the Ionian cities against the increasing Persian power in Anatolia. He began preparing a campaign against Cyrus the Great of Persia. Before setting out, he turned to the Delphic oracle and the oracle of Amphiaraus to inquire whether he should pursue this campaign and whether he should also seek an alliance. The oracles answered, with typical ambiguity, that if Croesus attacked the Persians, he would destroy a great empire (ἢν στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας, μεγάλην ἀρχὴν μιν καταλύσειν) – this would become one of the most famous oracular statements from Delphi.The oracles also advised <mask> to find out which Greek state was most powerful and to ally himself with it. <mask>, now feeling secure, formed an alliance with Sparta in addition to those he had with Amasis II of Egypt and Nabonidus of Babylonia, and launched his campaign against the Persian Empire in 547 BC. (The scholar Evans in 1978 examines the conflicting dates implied in Herodotus.) Croesus was intercepted near the Halys River in central Anatolia and an inconclusive battle was fought at Pteria. It was the usual practice in those days for the armies to disband for winter and Croesus did so accordingly. Cyrus did not, however, and he attacked and defeated <mask> in Thymbria and later in Sardis, eventually capturing him. It became clear that the powerful empire destroyed by the war was Croesus's own.Rescue from death and advisor to Cyrus By 546 BC, <mask> was defeated at the Battle of Thymbra under the wall of his capital city of Sardis. After the Siege of Sardis, he was then captured by the Persians. According to various accounts of Croesus's life, Cyrus ordered him to be burned to death on a pyre, but Croesus escaped death. Accounts of his escape vary considerably: In Bacchylides' ode, <mask> with his wife and family mounted the funeral pyre, but before the flames could envelop the king, he was snatched up by Apollo and spirited away to the Hyperboreans. Herodotus tells us that in the Lydian account, Croesus was placed upon a great pyre by Cyrus' orders, for Cyrus wanted to see if any of the heavenly powers would appear to save him from being burned alive. The pile was set ablaze, and as Cyrus watched he saw Croesus call out "Solon" three times. He asked the interpreters to find out why he said this word with such resignation and agony.The interpreters returned the answer that Solon had warned <mask> of the fickleness of good fortune (see Interview with Solon above). This touched Cyrus, who realized that he and <mask> were much the same man, and he bade the servants to quench the blazing fire as quickly as they could. They tried to do this, but the flames were not to be mastered. According to the story, Croesus called out to Apollo and prayed to him. The sky had been clear and the day without a breath of wind, but soon dark clouds gathered and a storm with rain of such violence that the flames were speedily extinguished. Cyrus, thus convinced that Croesus was a good man, made him an advisor who served Cyrus "well" and later Cyrus's son by Cassandane, Cambyses. According to Herodotus, Croesus advised Cyrus to attack the people of Massagetae.Cyrus chose to follow <mask>' advice, and later died in battle against the Massagetae. The Cambridge History of Iran argues that there is no evidence that Cyrus the Great killed <mask>, and in particular rejects the account of burning on a pyre. It interprets Bacchylides' narration as <mask> attempting suicide and then being saved by Cyrus. In 2003, Stephanie West has argued that the historical Croesus did in fact die on the pyre, and that the stories of him as a wise advisor to the courts of Cyrus and Cambyses are purely legendary, showing similarities to the sayings of Ahiqar. A similar conclusion is drawn in a recent article that makes a case for the proposal that the Lydian word Qλdãnś, both meaning 'king' and the name of a god, and pronounced /kʷɾʲ'ðãns/ with four consecutive Lydian sounds unfamiliar to ancient Greeks, could correspond to Greek Κροῖσος, or Croesus. If the identification is correct it might have the interesting historical consequence that king Croesus chose suicide at the stake and was subsequently deified. After defeating Croesus, the Persians adopted gold as the main metal for their coins.Death It is not known when exactly <mask> died, although it could be aligned with the traditional date for Cyrus' conquest of Lydia in 546 BC. In the Nabonidus Chronicle it is said that Cyrus "marched against the country, killed its king, took his possessions, and put there a garrison of his own". Unfortunately, all that remains of the name of the country are traces of the first cuneiform sign. It has long been assumed that this sign should be LU, so that the country referred to would be Lydia, with <mask> as the king that was killed. However, J. Cargill has shown that this restoration was based upon wishful thinking rather than actual traces of the sign LU. Instead, J. Oelsner and R. Rollinger have both read the sign as Ú, which might imply a reference to Urartu. With Herodotus' account also being unreliable chronologically in this case, as J.A. S. Evans has demonstrated, this means that we currently have no way of dating the fall of Sardis; theoretically, it may even have taken place after the fall of Babylon in 539 BC. Evans also asks what happened after the episode at the pyre and suggests that "neither the Greeks nor the Babylonians knew what really happened to Croesus". In popular culture According to the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi (ca. 410–490s AD), who wrote a monumental History of Armenia, the Armenian king Artaxias I accomplished many military deeds, which include the capture of Croesus and the conquest of the Lydian kingdom (2.12–13) References to Croesus' legendary power and wealth, often as a symbol of human vanity, are numerous in literature. The following, by Isaac Watts, is from the poem titled "False Greatness": Another literary example is "Croesus and Fate", a short story by Leo Tolstoy that is a retelling of the account of Croesus as told by Herodotus and Plutarch. Crœsus, King of Lydia, is a tragedy in five parts by Alfred Bate Richards, first published in 1845. See also Croesus (opera) Karun Treasure ("Croesus treasure") Notes External links "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", in Ktèma, 39, 2014, pp.271–288 by Kevin Leloux "Les alliances lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", in Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207 by Kevin Leloux Herodotus' account of Croesus; 1.6–94 (from the Perseus Project, containing links to both English and Greek versions). Croesus was the son of Alyattes and continued the conquest of Ionian cities of Asia Minor that his father had begun. An in-depth account of Croesus' life, by Carlos Parada Livius, Croesus by Jona Lendering Croesus on Ancient History Encyclopedia Gold Coin of Croesus a BBC podcast from the series: "A History of the World in 100 Objects" Kings of Lydia Archaic Greece 540s BC deaths 6th-century BC rulers Mermnad dynasty Monarchs taken prisoner in

Bildad Kaggia

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<mask> (1921 – 7 March 2005) was a Kenyan nationalist, activist, and politician. <mask> was a member of the Mau Mau Central Committee. After independence he became a Member of Parliament. He established himself as a militant, fiery nationalist who wanted to serve the poor and landless people. Because of this he fell out irreconcilably with Jomo Kenyatta. Early life <mask> was born in 1921, at Dagoretti, now part of Nairobi, where his father had moved from his home district of Muranga District. Two years later his father moved back to Murang’a.Kaggia schooled at Santamor Estate and later at the Church Missionary Society School at Kahuhia. Kaggia did very well at the exams and was selected for the famous Alliance High School. Unfortunately, his father was not able to raise the school fee and Kaggia had to take up a clerical job at the District Commissioners' Office at Murang’a. When the Second World War broke out, Kaggia was moved to the military recruiting office. Despite hating war, Kaggia decided to join the army to seize the opportunity to travel to south-west Asia. When the War Office in London decided to create a unit in Britain to rehabilitate captured African soldiers, Kaggia applied and got the post of company quarter-sergeant, the first African to get this post. Most of the work in the army was routine and boring.During the years in the army Kaggia engaged in many correspondence courses (journalism, trade unionism and political science) which later would serve him well during his political career. His experiences in the army made him aware of the evils from racial discrimination and colonialism. In his opinion the foreign religions in Kenya were a stepping stone to colonialism and his people had to be liberated from this as well. Kaggia’s religion (Dini ya Kaggia) Back in Kenya (1946) Kaggia denounced the church in the church. His objective was to create a purely African movement, divorced from European denominations and entirely independent of the European Church's doctrine. The new doctrine should include African customs and traditions. Kaggia had large followings in Central Province.This alarmed the church and their leaders asked the government for help. Subsequently, many times Kaggia and his followers were arrested and imprisoned for holding illegal meetings. Nevertheless, Kaggia's doctrine spread and he had followers from all denominations and his religion was spreading into other provinces, ultimately even reaching Nyanza. Kaggia was opposed to giving the movement a name, but, the people started calling it Andu a Kaggia (Kaggia's people). Later this became Dini ya Kaggia (Kaggia's religion). Kaggia saw that indeed his religion was liberating the minds of people. They were no longer humble, European-fearing people; now they had the courage to attack the mzungu government.Consequently, <mask> decided to leave the religious work to others and shifted his attention from spiritual liberation to political liberation. The Young Radical When Kenyatta was elected chairman of KAU in 1947 <mask> joined KAU hoping that it would become more militant. However, at national level KAU was barely functioning and Kaggia shifted his interest to the trade unions. He admired the fire and militancy of leaders like Kubai en Makhan Singh. Kaggia founded the Clerks and Commercial Workers Union and in 1948 he became its chairman. This union became a member of the general union, the Labour Trade Union of East Africa. In 1950 <mask> became president of Labour Trade Union of East Africa.The trade unions had much support in Nairobi and they took over the KAU branch Nairobi in 1951. Kaggia was elected its general secretary. Later the trade unions tried to take over the national leadership of KAU but this failed when the president of KAU, Jomo Kenyatta, changed the election procedure at the last moment. This almost resulted in a split of KAU, but the 'militants' decided to remain in KAU for the sake of unity. Kaggia started vernacular newspapers like Inoora ria Gikuyu and later Afrika Mpya to report KAU activities. These and other vernacular newspapers were instrumental in spreading the message of the militant leaders who advocated for independence. Kaggia was a leading member of the KAU Study Circle which assisted its members with drafting memomanda, resolutions and discussions papers.He was the President of the Anti Federation League. This league was set up to oppose the proposed Federation with Central Africa, which would strengthen the white settlers' political control of these territories. The Anti-Federation League succeeded in its objective as Kenya did not join the Federation when in 1953 the Central African Federation of three British colonies: Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) was founded. As a member of the African Advisory Council, Kaggia campaigned actively against the Nairobi municipal Council apartheid by-laws, which had created separate European, Asian and African areas in Nairobi. <mask> considered it as one of his biggests achievements that these by-laws were repealed by the Municipal Council. Despairing of constitutional change, he joined Mau Mau and sat on its central Committee. On 20 October 1952, he, along with the rest of the Kapenguria Six, was arrested in Operation Jock Scott, and charged inter alia with managing Mau Mau, and being a senior member of it.He was convicted at trial, and imprisoned until September 1961. Thereafter, he was confined to his home district. On 17 November 1961, all restrictions were lifted. Independence and after In the 1963 elections, he won Kandara Constituency seat on a KANU ticket, and so had the distinction of a seat in independent Kenya's first parliament. <mask> also served as a minister in the Kenyatta cabinet; his denunciations of corruption marked him out as a member of KANU's radical tendency. When Kenyatta and Mboya combined to purge the KANU left, he was one of their victims, with Kenyatta making the trip to Kandara to campaign against him. He joined Odinga's KPU, but eventually retired from active politics in 1974, after failing to recapture his seat.<mask> was the leading Kenyan leftist of the colonial period; probably the strategic planner on Mau Mau's central committee; notably anti-racist; and uncompromisingly committed to the poor. References Bibliography Adenekan, Shola. (25 May 2005) Guardian Obituary <mask>, <mask>. (1975) Roots of Freedom 1921–1963: the autobiography of <mask> <mask>, Nairobi: East African Publishing House. <mask>, <mask> M., Leeuw, W. de and <mask>, M. (2012), The Struggle for Freedom and Justice; the life and times of the freedom fighter and politician <mask> M<mask> (1921-2005), Nairobi: Transafrica Press. Kinyatti, M. (2008) History of Resistance in Kenya (1884-2002), Nairobi: Mau Mau Research Centre. Rosberg, C.G.Jr. and Nottingham J. (1985)The Myth of Mau Mau; Nationalism in Colonial Kenya, Nairobi: Transafrica Press. Spencer, J. (1977) The Kenya African Union 1944-1953: a Party in Search of a Constituency, New York: Columbia University Press. Throup, D. W. (1988), Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau, Nairobi: Heineman Kenya Limited. External links Bildad Kaggia Foundation Kenyan rebels Prisoners and detainees of Kenya 1921 births 2005 deaths Kenya African National Union politicians Members of the National Assembly (Kenya) Government ministers of Kenya Kenyan socialists Kenya People's Union politicians Kenyan expatriates in the United Kingdom

Michael Dov Weissmandl

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<mask> () (25 October 190329 November 1957) was an Orthodox rabbi of the Oberlander Jews of present-day western Slovakia. Along with Gisi Fleischmann he was the leader of the Bratislava Working Group which attempted to save European Jews from deportation to Nazi death camps during the Holocaust and was the first person to urge Allied powers to bomb the railways leading to concentration camp gas chambers. Managing to escape from a sealed cattle car headed for Auschwitz in 1944, he later emigrated to America where he established a yeshiva and self-sustaining agricultural community in New York known as the Yeshiva Farm Settlement. Accusing the Zionist Jewish Agency of having frustrated his rescue efforts during the Holocaust, he became a staunch opponent of Zionism after the war. Weissmandl claimed to have discovered codes in the Biblical text. Early life <mask> was born in Debrecen, Hungary on 25 October 1903 (4 Cheshvan 5664 on the Hebrew calendar) to <mask>, a shochet. A few years later his family moved to Tyrnau (now Trnava, Slovakia).In 1931 he moved to Nitra to study under Rabbi Shmuel <mask> Ungar, whose daughter, Bracha Rachel, he married in 1937. He was thus an oberlander (from the central highlands of Europe), a non-Hasidic Jew. Weissmandl was a scholar and an expert at deciphering ancient manuscripts. In order to carry out his research of these manuscripts, he traveled to the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England. It is related that he was treated with great respect by the Chief Librarian of the Bodleian after an episode when he correctly identified the author of a manuscript that had been misattributed by the library's scholars. World War II and the Holocaust While at Oxford University, Weissmandl volunteered on 1 September 1939 to return to Slovakia as an agent of World Agudath Israel. When the Nazis gathered sixty rabbis from Burgenland and sent them to Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia refused them entry and Austria would not take them back.<mask> flew to England, where he was received by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Foreign Office. Explaining the tragic situation, he succeeded in obtaining entry visas to England for the sixty rabbis. The Working Group When the Nazis, aided by members of the puppet Slovak government, began their moves against the Slovak Jews in 1942, members of the Slovak Judenrat formed an underground organization called the Bratislava Working Group. It was led by Gisi Fleischmann and <mask>. The group's main activity was to help Jews as much as possible, in part through payment of bribes and ransom to German and Slovak officials. In 1942, the Working Group initiated high-level ransom negotiations with the Germans (ref. Fuchs and Kranzler books).The transportation of Slovak Jews was in fact halted for two years after they arranged a $50,000 (in 1952 dollars) ransom deal with the Nazi SS official Dieter Wisliceny. Largely with the help of diplomats, Weissmandl was able to smuggle letters or telegrams to people he hoped would help save the Jews of Europe, alerting them to the progressive Nazi destruction of European Jewry. He managed to send letters to Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and he entrusted a diplomat to deliver a letter to the Vatican for Pope Pius XII. He originated the proposal via Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld in London to bomb the rails leading to Auschwitz, but this, along with subsequent suggestions from others, was ultimately not implemented. He and his Working Group helped distribute the Auschwitz Protocols. The recipients didn't do anything meaningful with the report except Moshe Krausz in Budapest who forwarded it to George Mantello in Switzerland via Romanian diplomat Florian Manilou. Mantello publicized its content immediately upon receipt.This triggered large-scale grass roots demonstrations in Switzerland, sermons in Swiss churches about the tragic plight of Jews and a Swiss press campaign of about 400 headlines protesting the atrocities against Jews. The events in Switzerland and possibly other considerations led to threats of retribution against Hungary's Regent Miklós Horthy by President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and others. This was one of the main factors which convinced Horthy to stop the Hungarian death camp transports. Deportation In October 1944, <mask> and his family were rounded up and put on a train headed for Auschwitz. <mask> escaped from the sealed train by opening a hole with a saw he had secreted in a loaf of bread. He jumped from the moving train and made his way to Bratislava. There he found shelter in a bunker in a storage room of a private house, along with 17 other Jews who included the Rebbe of Stropkov Menachem Mendel Halberstam.Rezső Kasztner visited the bunker several times, once, to the consternation of the inhabitants, in the company of SS officer Max Grüson. In April 1945, Kasztner visited again, this time in the company of another SS officer who took the party to Switzerland in a truck with an escort of German soldiers. On arriving in Switzerland, Weissmandl suffered a major heart attack. Post-war America Personal recovery After the war, Weissmandl arrived in the United States having lost his family and having been unable to save Slovak Jewry. At first, he was so distraught that he would pound the walls and cry bitterly on what had befallen his people. Later he remarried and had children, but he never forgot his family in Europe and suffered from depression his entire life because of the Holocaust. His second marriage was to Leah Teitelbaum (1924/5–9 April 2009), a daughter of Rabbi Chaim Eliyahu Teitelbaum and a native of Beregszász, Hungary.With his second wife, Weissmandl had five children. Establishment of an American yeshiva See: Yeshiva of Nitra In November 1946, Weissmandl and his brother-in-law, Rabbi Sholom Moshe Ungar, re-established the Nitra Yeshiva in Somerville, New Jersey, gathering surviving students from the original Nitra Yeshiva. With the help of Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz, Rabbi Weissmandl bought the Brewster estate in Mount Kisco, in Westchester County, New York and moved his Yeshiva there in 1949. There he established a self-sustaining agricultural community known as the "Yeshiva Farm Settlement". At first, this settlement was not welcome by its neighbors, but in a town hall meeting, Helen Bruce Baldwin (1907–1994) of nearby Chappaqua, wife of New York Times military correspondent and Pulitzer Prize winner, Hanson W. Baldwin, impressed by Rabbi Weissmandl, defended its establishment and wrote a letter-to-the-editor to the New York Times regarding it. Weissmandl designed the community's yeshiva to conform with Talmudic accounts of agricultural settlements, where a man would study Torah continuously until an age suitable for marriage, whereupon he would farm during the day and study in the evenings. While this novel approach was not fully realized, the yeshiva flourished.Currently, the settlement is known as the Nitra community. (See also Kashau (Hasidic dynasty)). Later life During his later years, Weissmandl suffered from chronic heart disease and was frequently hospitalized. He suffered a severe heart attack in the early winter of 1957 and was hospitalized for several weeks. Upon his release, he attended the yeshiva's fundraising banquet, and then was readmitted to the hospital. His health deteriorated and he died on Friday, 29 November 1957 (6 Kislev 5718) at the age of 54. His second wife never remarried.Weissmandl is buried in the Beth Israel Cemetery - also known as Woodbridge Memorial Gardens - in Woodbridge New Jersey, in the Khal Adas Yereim Vien section. On 1 September 2021, his son Rabbi Shmuel <mask> Weissmandl died aged 69 in floodwaters in Elmsford, New York. Religious work Books Two of Weissmandl's books were published posthumously. Toras Chemed (Mt. Kisco, 1958) is a book of religious writings that includes many commentaries and homilies, as well as hermeneutic material of a kabbalistic nature. Included in this book are the observations that led to what is called the Torah Codes. Min HaMeitzar (Jerusalem, 1960) is a book that describes Rabbi Weissmandl's war-time experiences.The title consists of the first two words of Psalm 118:5, meaning "from the depths of despair", literally "From the Straits". This is the main publication in which Weissmandl's accusations against the Zionist organizations appear. According to Yehuda Bauer, the book reflects Weissmandl's ideological biases and was edited by Weissmandl's relatives after his death, limiting the historical reliability of the book. For example, it does not mention the last two transports from Slovakia in October 1942, which contradict Weissmandl's belief that the Working Group's bribes were responsible for the cessation of deportation. In 1958, Rabbi <mask> republished the magnum opus of Rabbi Jonah Teomim-Frankel, Kikayon D'Yonah with his own footnotes and glosses. In the introduction to this volume, Rabbi Weissmandl gives an emotional history lesson. Notes References Some documentaries, recorded talks and songs VERAfilm (Prague), Among Blind Fools (documentary video) David Kranzler z"l - Four Jewish Rescuers Dr David Kranzler - Talk after showing of AMONG BLIND FOOLS about Bratislava Working Group The Rescuers by David Ben Reuven (song) Sources Fuchs, Dr. Abraham (1984).The Unheeded Cry (also in Hebrew as Karati V'ein Oneh). Mesorah Publications. Hecht, Ben. Perfidy (also in Hebrew as Kachas) Kranzler, Dr. David. Thy Brother's Blood On Rabbi <mask> <mask>, Recha Sternbuch and George Mantello Kranzler, Dr. David. Holocaust Hero: Solomon Shoenfeld - The Untold Story of an Extraordinary British Rabbi who Rescued 4000 during the Holocaust Fatran, Gila. The "Working Group", Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 8:2 (1994:Fall) 164–201; also see correspondence in issue 9:2 (1995:Fall) 269-276 Satinover, Jeffrey (1997).Cracking the Bible Code. William Morrow. External links The Working Group, The Story of the Jewish Community in Bratislava, Yad Vashem. Retrieved 22 December 2013 The Holocaust Rescue efforts of Rabbi Chaim <mask> Weissmandl "Torah vs. the Computer" (<mask>'s work on gematria) "A Cry from the Pages" Ten questions to the Zionists by Rabbi <mask> Weissmandl 1903 births 1957 deaths People from Debrecen 20th-century rabbis Slovak Orthodox rabbis Haredi rabbis in Europe American Haredi rabbis Rosh yeshivas Holocaust survivors Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust Blood for goods Bratislava Working Group members Anti-Zionist Haredi rabbis Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States Burials in New Jersey

George Eldredge

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<mask> (September 10, 1898 – March 12, 1977) was an American actor who appeared in over 180 movies during a career that stretched from the 1930s to the early 1960s. He also had a prolific television career during the 1950s. He was the older brother of actor <mask>. Biography Early life Eldredge was born <mask> in San Francisco, California. His father, Rev. <mask>, was a Presbyterian minister in San Francisco. His mother was <mask>, the daughter of <mask>. Dornin, a California legislator and noted Daguerrotypist, and Sarah Baldwin Dornin.In 1922, he married Phyllis Harms, and they had two children, <mask> <mask> and Helene <mask>. He was a photographer for the Berkeley, California Police Department, and prior to embarking on a film career, auditioned for and performed with the San Francisco Opera Company for two seasons in various supporting roles as a baritone. Film career Between 1936 and 1963 Eldredge appeared in 182 films beginning with his role as an English spy in Till We Meet Again. He was typically cast as authority figures such as army generals (The Rookie), doctors (Riders to the Stars), and innumerable police officers. However Eldredge sometimes was cast against type, as in his role as the traitorous Dr. Tobor in the B movie, Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere. Arguably his best known film role came in the 1945 cult exploitation film Mom and Dad where Eldredge portrayed Dan Blake, the father of a teenage girl who accidentally becomes pregnant because her parents withhold knowledge about sex from her. Although the mores of the time prevented most advertising for this film, it still became the number two moneymaker for 1945.In 2005 it received a National Film Preservation award from the Library of Congress. Throughout the 1950s <mask> also had a prolific television career, appearing on such programs as Peter Gunn, Bat Masterson, The Adventures of Superman, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and Perry Mason. He had a recurring role as Dr. Spaulding in all three Spin and Marty series, featured on Disney's Mickey Mouse Club and was seen repeatedly on Bat Masterson. <mask> and the Gladiators, which was a sequel to 20th Century Fox's biblical epic, The Robe. Although he worked steadily for several decades <mask> never became a major star. Many of his roles were small and his name was often unlisted in the credits of the films he played in. His final role was an uncredited part in the 1963 film Johnny Cool.Selected filmography Till We Meet Again (1936) – English Officer Spy (uncredited) Special Agent K-7 (1936) – Ames – Prosecuting Attorney Paroled from the Big House (1938) – 'Red' Herron Hawk of the Wilderness (1938, Serial) – Allan Kendall Exile Express (1939) – Federal Man (uncredited) The Star Maker (1939) – Reporter Northwest Passage (1940) – McMullen (uncredited) Junior G-Men (1940, Serial) – Draftsman Lynch [Chs. 5–6] (uncredited) Take Me Back to Oklahoma (1940) – Sheriff Buzzy Rides the Range (1940) – Fred Ames Roaring Frontiers (1941) – Sheriff (uncredited) Spooks Run Wild (1941) – Policeman (uncredited) They Died with Their Boots On (1941) – Capt. Riley (uncredited) Pacific Blackout (1941) – Police Dispatcher (uncredited) The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942) – Constable (uncredited) Gang Busters (1942, Serial) – Policeman at Bank [Ch. 7] (uncredited) So's Your Aunt Emma (1942) – Jake – Mickey's Trainer (uncredited) The Corpse Vanishes (1942) – Mike Let's Get Tough! (1942) – Marine Recruiter (uncredited) Top Sergeant (1942) – Deputy Joey (uncredited) Joan of Ozark (1942) – Chandler (uncredited) Isle of Missing Men (1942) – Ship's Captain (uncredited) Bowery at Midnight (1942) – Det. Thompson (uncredited) Silver Queen (1942) – Hotel Guest The Living Ghost (1942) – Tony Weldon Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1942) – Policeman Outside Durer's (uncredited) The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943, Serial) – Detective-Guard [Ch. Marshal Ginger (1946) – Health Dept.Official (uncredited) Dead Reckoning (1947) – Police Officer Casey (uncredited) The Unsuspected (1947) – Bit Part (uncredited) The Fabulous Texan (1947) – Tax Collector (uncredited) Reaching from Heaven (1948) – Mr. Gram (uncredited) Angels' Alley (1948) – Policeman (uncredited) Campus Sleuth (1948) – Officer Edwards King of the Gamblers (1948) – Saunders (uncredited) Speed to Spare (1948) – Truck Driving Instructor (uncredited) Jinx Money (1948) – Tax Man (uncredited) Shanghai Chest (1948) – Police Sgt. Pat Finley The Babe Ruth Story (1948) – Reporter (scenes deleted) For the Love of Mary (1948) – (uncredited) False Paradise (1948) – Radley Quick on the Trigger (1948) – Alfred Murdock Bad Boy (1949) – Gambler (uncredited) The Last Bandit (1949) – Bank Teller (uncredited) Sky Dragon (1949) – Det. (1951) – Officer #3 (uncredited) FBI Girl (1951) – Fingerprint Man (uncredited) Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere (1951, Serial) – Dr. Tobor Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) – Doctor (uncredited) Meet Danny Wilson (1952) – Detective Lt. Kelly (uncredited) Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land (1952) – Fred Lewis Flesh and Fury (1952) – Dr. Buell (uncredited) My Six Convicts (1952) – Convict #3 (uncredited) Loan Shark (1952) – Mr. Howell (uncredited) Kansas Territory (1952) – 1st Bartender (uncredited) Without Warning! Kingston The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1953, Serial) – Man O' War Captain (uncredited) Riders to the Stars (1954) – Dr. Paul Dryden Loophole (1954) – Policeman (uncredited) Overland Pacific (1954) – Broden (uncredited) The Mad Magician (1954) – Theatre Manager (uncredited) Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) – Chamberlain (uncredited) The Desperado (1954) – Mr. Bannerman (uncredited) Man with the Steel Whip (1954) – Clem Stokes (uncredited) Woman's World (1954) – Executive Reception Guest (uncredited) Dial Red O (1955) – Major Sutter An Annapolis Story (1955) – Capt.

Leroy Anderson

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<mask> ( ) (June 29, 1908 – May 18, 1975) was an American composer of short, light concert pieces, many of which were introduced by the Boston Pops Orchestra under the direction of Arthur Fiedler. John Williams described him as "one of the great American masters of light orchestral music." Early life Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts to Swedish parents, <mask> was given his first piano lessons by his mother, who was a church organist. He continued studying piano at the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1925, <mask> entered Harvard College, where he studied musical harmony with Walter Spalding, counterpoint with Edward Ballantine, canon and fugue with William C. Heilman, orchestration with Edward B. Hill and Walter Piston, composition, also with Piston, and double bass with Gaston Dufresne. He also studied organ with Henry Gideon. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, magna cum laude in 1929 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.At Harvard University Graduate School, he studied composition with Walter Piston and George Enescu and received a Master of Arts in Music in 1930. Career <mask> continued studying at Harvard, working towards a PhD in German and Scandinavian languages; <mask> spoke English and Swedish during his youth, and eventually became fluent in Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, German, French, Italian, and Portuguese. At the time, he was working as organist and choir director at the East Milton Congregational Church, leading the Harvard University Band, and conducting and arranging for dance bands around Boston. In 1936 his arrangements came to the attention of Arthur Fiedler, who asked to see any original compositions that he could use in his concerts as the 18th conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra at Symphony Hall. <mask>'s first work was the 1938 "Jazz Pizzicato", but at just over ninety seconds, the piece was too short for a three-minute 78 rpm single of the period. Fiedler suggested writing a companion piece, and <mask> wrote '"Jazz Legato" later that same year. The combined recording went on to become one of <mask>'s signature compositions.In 1942, <mask> joined the United States Army, and was assigned in Iceland with the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps as a translator and interpreter; in 1945 he was reassigned to the Pentagon as Chief of the Scandinavian Desk of Military Intelligence. His duties did not, however, prevent him from composing, and in 1945 he wrote "The Syncopated Clock" and "Promenade". <mask> became a reserve officer and was recalled to active duty for the Korean War. He wrote his first hit, "Blue Tango", in 1951, earning a Golden Disc and the No. 1 spot on the Billboard charts. His pieces and his recordings during the 1950s conducting a studio orchestra were immense commercial successes. "Blue Tango" was the first instrumental recording ever to sell one million copies.His most famous pieces are probably "Sleigh Ride" and "The Syncopated Clock". In February 1951, WCBS-TV in New York City selected "The Syncopated Clock" as the theme song for The Late Show, the WCBS late-night movie, using Percy Faith's recording. Mitchell Parish added words to "The Syncopated Clock", and later wrote lyrics for other <mask> tunes, including "Sleigh Ride", which was not written as a Christmas piece, but as a work that describes a winter event. <mask> started the work during a heat wave in August 1946. The Boston Pops' recording of it was the first pure orchestral piece to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Music chart. From 1952 to 1961, <mask>'s composition "Plink, Plank, Plunk!"was used as the theme for the CBS panel show I've Got a Secret. <mask>'s musical style employs creative instrumental effects and occasionally makes use of sound-generating items such as typewriters and sandpaper. <mask> wrote his Piano Concerto in C in 1953 but withdrew it, feeling that it had weak spots. The <mask> family decided to publish the work in 1988. Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra released the first recording of this work; four other recordings, including one for piano and organ, have since been released. In 1958, <mask> composed the music for the Broadway show Goldilocks with orchestrations by Philip J. Lang. Even though it earned two Tony awards, Goldilocks did not achieve commercial success.<mask> never wrote another musical, preferring instead to continue writing orchestral miniatures. His pieces, including "The Typewriter", "Bugler's Holiday", and "A Trumpeter's Lullaby" are performed by orchestras and bands ranging from school groups to professional organizations. <mask> appeared with the Boston Pops on May 18, 1972 which was broadcast by PBS and conducted "The Typewriter" as an encore while Fiedler played the carriage return percussive part. The Boston Pops used the audio of that performance along with some video in a tribute film to Fiedler. American film comedian Jerry Lewis recorded a sketch in black and white using the stage name Pietro Del Canto using a real typewriter and an even cleverer sketch in colour miming with an imaginary typewriter, both to the sound of this tune. <mask> was initiated as an honorary member of the Gamma Omega chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia at Indiana State University in 1969. Death In 1975, <mask> died of cancer in Woodbury, Connecticut and was buried there.He was 66. In popular culture For his contribution to the recording industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1620 Vine Street. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1988, and his music continues to be a staple of "pops" orchestra repertoire. In 1995 the new headquarters of the Harvard University Band was named the Anderson Band Center in honor of <mask>. The <mask> House in Woodbury, Connecticut has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2006, one of his piano works, "Forgotten Dreams", written in 1954, became the background for a British TV advertisement for mobile phone company 3. Previously, Los Angeles station KABC-TV used the song as its sign-off theme at the end of broadcast days in the 1980s, and Mantovani's recording of the song had been the closing theme for WABC-TV's Eyewitness News for much of the 1970s."Forgotten Dreams" was used as a recurring theme in the French film Populaire (2012). The Typewriter was used as the theme song for Esto no tiene nombre, a Puerto Rican television comedy program – loosely based on the TV series Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In – produced by Tommy Muñiz between the late 1960s and late 1970s. It is also the signature tune for the BBC Radio 4 series The News Quiz, which has been running since 1977. Works Orchestral compositions Alma Mater (1954) Chapel Bells Freshman on Main Street Library Reading Room Class Reunion Arietta (1962) Balladette (1962) Belle of the Ball (1951) Blue Tango (1951) Brunoniana: Songs of Brown (1947), a medley of Brown University songs Bugler's Holiday (1954) The Captains and the Kings (1962) Concerto in C Major for Piano and Orchestra (1953) (withdrawn by the composer, and released posthumously) China Doll (1951) Clarinet Candy (1962) Fiddle-Faddle' (1947)The First Day of Spring (1954)Forgotten Dreams (1954)The Girl in Satin (1953)The Golden Years (1962)Governor Bradford March (1948) (published posthumously) Harvard Sketches (1938) (later renamed Alma Mater) Lowell House Bells Freshman in Harvard Square Widener Reading Room Class Day Confetti BattleHome Stretch (1962)Horse and Buggy (1951)Jazz Legato (1938)Jazz Pizzicato (1938)Lullaby of the Drums (1970) (published posthumously)March of the Two Left Feet (1970)Mother's Whistler (1940) (published posthumously)The Penny Whistle Song (1951)The Phantom Regiment (1951)Pirate Dance (1962) (optional SATB chorus)Plink, Plank, Plunk! (1958) Tag-a-long Kid (1958) The Beast in You (1958) The Pussy Foot (1958) There Never Was a Woman (1958) Town House Maxixe (1958) Two Years in the Making (1958) Who's Been Sitting in My Chair? (1958) Gone With the Wind (1961) I'm Too Young to Be a Widow Fiddle-Dee-Dee This Lovely World Vocal compositionsDo You Think That Love Is Here to Stay? (1935)Love May Come and Love May Go (1935)The Music in My Heart (1935)You Can Always Tell a Harvard Man (1962)What's the Use of Love?(1935) Organ compositionsCambridge Centennial March of Industry (1946)Easter Song (194-)Wedding March for Jane and Peter (1972) Other compositionsHens and Chickens (1966) (for beginning piano)Chatterbox (1966) (for beginning piano)Melody on Two Notes (~1965) (for beginning orchestra)An Old Fashioned Song (196-) (for beginning piano)Piece for Rolf (1961) (for two cellos)The Cowboy and His Horse (1966) (for beginning piano)The Whistling Kettle (~1965) (for beginning orchestra)Woodbury Fanfare (1959) (for four trumpets) Discography The following is a selected discography of original recordings by <mask>. They were released from 1958 to 1962 on 33 rpm discs and on digitally remastered compact discs released posthumously. 78 rpm and 45 rpm discs from 1945 to 1962, and releases of identical recordings on different labels in U.K., Germany, New Zealand and elsewhere, are not listed. Recordings by <mask> <mask> Conducts His Own Compositions (Decca DL 7509; 1950) <mask> Conducts His Own Compositions Vol. 2 (Decca DL 7519; 1951) <mask>'s Irish Suite (Decca DL 4050; 1952) Christmas Carols (Decca DL-8193; 1955) <mask> conducts Blue Tango and Other Favorites (Decca DL 8121; 1958) A Christmas Festival (Decca DL 78925 (s); 1959) <mask> Conducts <mask> (Decca DL 78865 (s); 1959) <mask> Conducts His Music (Decca DL 78954 (s); 1960) The New Music of <mask> (Decca DL 74335 (s); 1962) The <mask> Collection (Digitally remastered from original Decca analog recordings) (MCA Classics MCAD2-9815-A & B; 1988) The Best of Leroy Anderson: Sleigh Ride (Digitally remastered from original Decca analog master recordings) (MCA Classics MCAD −11710; 1997) Honors and awards Phi Beta Kappa, elected June 17, 1929. Wilson Co., 1962) Jan-Erik Ander & Jeremy Lamb (translator): New Sweden 1638–1988 (Swedish National Committee for New Sweden '88, 1992) Steven Ledbetter: 100 Years of the Boston Pops (Boston Symphony Orchestra, Inc., 1985) Periodicals Joseph Smith: Leroy Anderson – Scandinavian Review (American-Scandinavian Foundation, 2009) Eliot Spalding: Vita: Leroy Anderson (Harvard Review, 1993) Janet Frank: Syncopated Clock, Indeed! Leroy Anderson Papers at Yale University Music Library Eleanor Anderson — NAMM Oral History Interview (2007) Kurt Anderson — NAMM Oral History Interview (2007) 1908 births 1975 deaths 20th-century American composers 20th-century classical composers 20th-century American male musicians American classical composers American classical musicians American male classical composers American music arrangers American people of Swedish descent Classical musicians from Massachusetts Decca Records artists Deaths from cancer in Connecticut Easy listening musicians Harvard College alumni Light music composers Military personnel from Massachusetts Musicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts People from Woodbury, Connecticut Pupils of Walter Piston Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts

Abu Ogogo

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born 3 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League side Southend United. Career Youth and Arsenal Ogogo began his career as a striker with his local Sunday league club when a scout from Wimbledon approached him for a trial. His trial was successful and he signed for Wimbledon, where he stayed until the club went into administration and the youth team disbanded due to the club's move to Milton Keynes. He was spotted as a fourteen-year-old by Arsenal playing for Fulham and joined after successfully completing a six-week trial, along with former Wimbledon teammates Kieran Gibbs and James Dunne. He started a scholarship with the club in the summer of 2006, and came to prominence in the 2006–07 FA Youth Cup run, where Arsenal were seconds away from reaching the final. It was during this period that Arsenal converted Ogogo from a central midfielder to a right back. In September 2007, he signed his first professional contract with the club on a two-year deal.It was the first time that all the second-year scholars had received professional contracts. He remained a regular in the reserves and also featured twice on the bench in League Cup games. In October 2008, <mask> joined Championship side Nottingham Forest on a two-week trial from Arsenal along with James Dunne and Paul Rodgers, with the view to a permanent deal. He featured in a reserve game victory over Shrewsbury Town but failed to earn a deal with Forest. Barnet (loan) In November 2008 he joined League Two side Barnet on a one-month loan. He made his debut for Barnet in the 4–0 home defeat by Notts County on 15 November 2008. He scored his first goal in senior football when he slotted home a Kenny Gillet cross in a 3–1 defeat to bottom of the table Luton Town.He then went on to receive a second booking and a subsequent red card. Later on in the month, his loan was extended for a further month until January, and then later extended until the end of the season. His Barnet career ended in disastrous fashion as he was sent off for handball in the final game of the season against Port Vale. He made a total of nine appearances for the club scoring once. In May 2009, it was announced that he would be released by Arsenal, after failing to make a breakthrough at the club. Dagenham & Redbridge In June 2009, he signed for League Two side Dagenham & Redbridge on a two-year contract, as a direct replacement for Danny Foster who had recently departed to Brentford. His Daggers career got off to an indifferent start with Ogogo gaining a reputation for getting sent off.When Ogogo was sent off against Macclesfield Town in October 2009, he was consigned to a spell on the bench after the Daggers replaced him with loan signing Seth Nana Twumasi. He made his debut for the club in August 2009, in a 2–1 win at Crewe Alexandra, replacing Jon Nurse as a substitute on the right wing. When he returned to the side in a match against Shrewsbury Town, he came close to another red card following another reckless challenge. Ogogo admitted he learned the hard way, waiting for his chance and slowly cemented his place at right back in the Daggers side as they pushed for the play-offs. He featured for the side in the 2010 League Two play-off Final win over Rotherham United at Wembley Stadium. In August 2010, he signed a new two-year contract extension with the Daggers. He took his impressive form into the club's maiden season in League One, showing his ability to play at a higher level during the 2010–11 season.However, he could not save the Daggers from relegation on the final game of the season in a 5–0 defeat to Peterborough United. He continued to be a first team regular as the Daggers struggled on their return to League Two finishing in the bottom half of the table. In July 2012, he committed to another three-year contract with the club, after impressive for a third successive campaign. He was also appointed captain, succeeding from departing skipper Mark Arber. It was during the 2012–13 season that he was moved from right back to central midfield under new manager Wayne Burnett, after he convinced the manager for the opportunity to switch. However, the club struggled and had to battle for Football League survival, which came as a surprise to Ogogo. He went on to make his 200th appearance for the Daggers in February 2014, in a 1–1 draw with Burton Albion.In April 2014, <mask> claimed the supporters' and club Player of the Year awards, after scoring nine goals during the campaign. In his final season for the club he made 39 appearances, with an injury set-back preventing him from making more appearances. In May 2015, it was announced that <mask> would leave Dagenham & Redbridge in June 2015 when his contract expired as he wished to move on from the club. Shrewsbury Town On 1 June 2015 <mask> signed a two-year deal with Shrewsbury Town, stepping back up to League One. He became a first-team regular, making his Shrewsbury debut on the opening day against Millwall, and scoring his first goal for the club in a 2–0 home win over Bury. His second goal of the season, an injury time effort against Grimsby Town in an FA Cup second-round replay, finally broke the deadlock after the preceding 180 goalless minutes in the tie, to set up a third-round trip to Cardiff City. With Shrewsbury successfully avoiding relegation with one match to spare in their first season back in League One, Ogogo made more appearances for the club than any other player, and won both the Players' Player of the Year and overall Player of the Year awards for his consistent displays in midfield during 2015–16.The following season, Ogogo became more of a peripheral figure in the final weeks of Micky Mellon's management at the club, but was almost ever-present in the first few months under new manager Paul Hurst, who praised him for his infectious good attitude. He suffered a knee injury in February 2017 likely to keep him out for the remainder of the season, although despite this the club opted to extend his contract until summer 2018, during his rehabilitation period. Ahead of the 2017–18 season, <mask> was appointed team captain, alongside club captain Mat Sadler. Coventry City After rejecting a contract offer to stay at Shrewsbury Town, <mask> agreed a three-year contract to join newly-promoted League One side Coventry City on 26 June 2018. Bristol Rovers On 31 January 2019, <mask> joined fellow League One club Bristol Rovers on a free transfer, and made his debut two days later in a 2–1 away win at Southend United, playing the whole match. <mask> scored his first goal for the club on 21 September 2019 in a 3–1 way win at AFC Wimbledon, equalising after Rovers had fallen behind. Dagenham and Redbridge (loan) Having not been given a shirt number for the 2020-21 season, on 23 October 2020 Ogogo dropped down to the National League to join former club Dagenham & Redbridge on loan until January 2021.The following day he made his debut, starting in an FA Cup 4th qualifying round victory over Hartley Wintney. <mask> was made captain during his time at the club, making 13 appearances before returning to the Gas on 11 January 2021. Following his return from his loan spell at Dagenham, <mask> was reintegrated back into the first-team picture by manager Paul Tisdale, who had replaced Garner, and made his first appearance back for the club on 12 January 2021 in a 1–0 EFL Trophy defeat to AFC Wimbledon. He was again left out of the squad however for the second half of the season on account of an injury. At the end of the season it was announced that <mask>'s contract would not be renewed and he would be leaving the club. Southend United On 25 June 2021, <mask> agreed to join recently relegated National League side Southend United on a one-year deal with the option for a second year. Personal life <mask>, who is of Ghanaian descent, was born in Epsom, Surrey and was raised in nearby Tadworth.He attended Merland Rise Primary School (now Epsom Downs Primary), and then The Beacon School in Banstead, Surrey. Career statistics Honours Dagenham & Redbridge League Two play-offs: 2009–10 References External links <mask>go profile at the official Shrewsbury Town F.C. website 1989 births Living people Sportspeople from Epsom Footballers from Surrey English footballers Association football defenders Association football midfielders Wimbledon F.C. players Arsenal F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players Shrewsbury Town F.C.players Coventry City F.C. players Bristol Rovers F.C. players Southend United F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Black British sportspeople English people of Ghanaian descent

Zach Bonner

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<mask> "<mask>" L<mask> (born November 17, 1997) is an American philanthropist and founder of the non-profit charity Little Red Wagon Foundation. Bonner received the Presidential Service Award in 2006. When he was seven years old, he founded the organization to aid the 1.3 million homeless children in the United States. Bonner said that, "These kids don't have a home, they don't have a safe place to sleep at night. They're out on the streets not because they want to be, but because it's out of their control." In 2007, <mask> began his three-stage "My House to the White House" project. The project's purpose was to raise money and awareness for homeless children.In 2007, he walked 280 miles from Tampa to Tallahassee, Florida, while in 2008, he covered 250 miles from Tallahassee to Atlanta, Georgia. In the final leg of the trip, he walked 668 miles from Georgia to Washington D.C. Upon the completion of the "My House to the White House" project, Bonner planned another project, March Across America. From March 23 to September 14, 2010, he walked 2,448 miles from Tampa to Los Angeles. Starring Chandler Canterbury as Bonner, Little Red Wagon, a docudrama about Bonner's philanthropic work, was filmed in 2010 and released in 2012. Philanthropy Bonner has done a variety of volunteer work since he was six years old. In 2004, when Hurricane Charley hit neighborhoods, he collected 27 pickup trucks of water in his little red wagon.He established the Little Red Wagon Foundation to "continue helping kids more efficiently". Bonner teamed up with the StandUp For Kids and collected 400 backpacks of supplies, nicknamed "Zachpacks", for homeless children. The Zachpacks were filled with donated snacks, toys, and toiletries. To date he has distributed over 10,000 of the Zachpacks. Bonner organized Christmas parties for homeless children living in Baker, Louisiana, and he gave Christmas presents to Hurricane Katrina victims. To mitigate the adverse effects of homelessness, Bonner hosted parties for children who live in shelters at Build-A-Bear Workshop, Chuck E. Cheese's, and Six Flags. In April 2007, he organized 24 Hours, an event that simulated being homeless for 24 hours.During that period of time, students in high school stayed in their own separate boxes for 24 hours. 24 Hours 2015 was the seventh year of the event in which youths 12 to 21 years old each paid $24 to live in cardboard boxes for an hour to simulate being homeless. In January 2010, he launched a national campaign to end child homelessness. As keynote speaker at The Children's Philanthropy Center Annual Youth Symposium in Northern Virginia, he inspired young activists to use their voice to create change. The message, "You Matter! Let Your Voice Be Heard" became the signature anthem for their youth advocacy movement. My House to the White House <mask>'s "My House to the White House" project took place in three stages covering 1,225 miles to raise awareness and funds for homeless children.The first leg in 2007 from November 3–26 covered 280 miles from Tampa to Tallahassee, Florida and raised $25,000. The second leg in the fall of 2008 covered over 250 miles from Tallahassee to Atlanta, Georgia. The third leg of the trip began May 11, 2009. The 668-mile, 59-day walk from Georgia to Washington D.C. was completed on July 10. On the final stretch of the walk, 500 people, among them 300 homeless children, walked with Bonner down the National Mall. Bonner met with Saxby Chambliss and spoke with several other U.S. Senators on Capitol Hill.He slept at the Sasha Bruce emergency shelter. March Across America In 2010, he walked from Tampa to Los Angeles. Calling the trip "March Across America", he began the 2,478-mile walk on March 23, 2010. Bonner walked an average of 17–22 miles every day. During his walk, he gave gift cards to people in need. Multiple television and radio stations tracked for their viewers Bonner's journey across America using the "Zach Tracker" GPS. Lee Cowan of NBC Nightly News "Making A Difference" profiled Bonner in early August; Cowan called Bonner a "pint-sized philanthropist".On the show, Bonner said that "When you're having a bad day you (have) to realize that someone else is having a lot worse of a day than you." Bonner planned to complete the walk by September, after 178 days of walking. On September 14, 2010, Bonner completed the nearly 2,500-mile-walk to Santa Monica, California. At the age of 12, he became the youngest person to walk from the East Coast of the United States to the West Coast of the United States. <mask> In A Box Beginning March 26, 2013, Bonner lived seven days in a plexiglas box in a field near Westfield Brandon mall. With plywood serving as the box's bottom, pieces of cardboard, and a sleeping bag, Bonner aimed to imitate a homeless person's lodgings. Naming his fundraising effort "Zach In A Box", he encouraged people to donate non-perishable food.He wanted to coat all four walls of his box with donated canned food items. After seven days of donations from children and adults as well as a $1,000 donation from Sweetbay Supermarket, Bonner gave over 6,000 cans of food to Metropolitan Ministries and Francis House. Food for a Million From noon November 7, 2014, to noon November 8, 2014, at the Metropolitan Ministries' holiday tent in Tampa, Bonner hoped to set a Guinness World Record for amassing the most canned food items in 24 hours. He organized "World's Largest Food Drive: Food for a Million" with Metropolitan Ministries and Feeding America Tampa Bay, an attempt to collect one million pounds of food in 24 hours. Walmart, Winn-Dixie, Performance Food Group, and Publix promised to contribute food to the effort. The previous world record holder was a North Carolina school that collected 559,885 pounds of food in 2011. Bonner's "Food for a Million" drive collected 566,600 pounds.The collected food was delivered to 10 counties: Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco, Polk, Hernando, Citrus, Sumter, Highlands, Hardee, and Manatee. Awards and recognition In 2006, <mask> has received the Presidential Service Award from President George W. Bush. In the same year, he was honored with the Points of Light Award by Florida governor Jeb Bush for his volunteer service. Bonner has met George W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He has been featured on Good Morning America and in 2011 was named a hometown hero by Reader's Digest. In 2007, Bonner was named one of 12 "Huggable Heroes" by the Build-A-Bear Workshop. On March 19, 2008, he received the Alexandra Scott Butterfly Award from the Volvo for life Awards, hosted by Volvo on 42nd Street.In 2009, the readers and editors of Beliefnet chose <mask> as the Most Inspiring Person of the Year. Receiving 22% of the vote, Bonner defeated the "hero pilot" Chesley Sullenberger and students in Iran who protested against a rigged election despite considerable jeopardy to their lives. Elton John donated $25,000 to Bonner's cause after Bonner completed the 1,200-mile-walk from Tampa, Florida, to Washington, D.C. Philanthropy Project movie Michael Guillen, the CEO of the non-profit organization Philanthropy Project, planned to make a $5 million movie about the <mask>'s walks and the Little Red Wagon Foundation. <mask>'s story was selected from among a pool of 6,000 candidates. After the number of candidates was narrowed to 12, <mask>'s story was unanimously chosen. Praising <mask> for his philanthropy, Guillen said that "[h]e's sincere. He's humble.He's generous. He's everything that is good about our country. So... when I see <mask>, I see the future of our country, and I think we're going to be in good hands." Patrick Sheane Duncan is the movie's screenwriter, and David Anspaugh is its director. The John Templeton Foundation funded the film which was produced by Michael Guillen of Philanthropy Project, Barbara Kelly, and Steve Golin and David Kanter of Anonymous Content. Little Red Wagon was filmed in May 2010. Personal life <mask><mask> was born in Searcy, Arkansas on November 17, 1997.He lives in a single-parent household after losing his father in a motorcycle accident and now resides in Valrico, Tampa, Florida with his mother Laurie and sister Kelley. Bonner's mother is a real estate agent and investor. His sister is about 10 years older than he is. Bonner took classes on the Internet through the K12 Florida Virtual Instruction Program. The online program allowed him to keep up in his studies by working outside of the typical school day. In his free time in 2007, Bonner played little league baseball. He also played tennis and went on bike rides with his friends.When he was three years old, Bonner joined Taekwondo's junior program and after years of study, he subsequently earned a black belt. In a November 2007 interview with The Independent Florida Alligator, he said he wished to go to college at Harvard University and attend Yale Law School, so that he can become a prosecutor. In a January 2013 interview with Canada.com, he confirmed that he still wanted to become a lawyer, noting that he was unsure about whether he wanted to be a prosecutor or specialize in family law. That same month, he told The Christian Post that he wanted to study law to "be able to tie in the [Little Red Wagon] Foundation and continue to help more people". A February 2017 article in the Tampa Bay Times noted that Bonner attended the Brandon campus of Hillsborough Community College during high school, and presently works at Apple Inc. After high school, he attended the University of Florida where he studied Computer Science and Software Engineering. References External links Official website for Little Red Wagon Foundation (2017 archive of the website from Internet Archive) Living people 1997 births American child activists American philanthropists People from Valrico, Florida

Nicolas Kiefer

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<mask> (; born 5 July 1977) is a former German professional tennis player. He reached the semifinal of the 2006 Australian Open and won a silver medal in men's doubles with partner Rainer Schüttler at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Kiefer's career-high singles ranking was world No. 4, achieved in January 2000. Tennis career 1995–2005 Kiefer was taken notice of as an outstanding junior. He won the Junior Australian Open, the US Open, and was a finalist and semifinalist at Wimbledon and the French Open finishing as the No. 2 junior behind Mariano Zabaleta when he was 18 in 1995.On 10 January 2000, he reached his second quarterfinal at the Australian Open and afterwards was ranked world No. 4, his highest position. Kiefer was known to have some tennis superstitions. He was sometimes seen tapping his racquet on the corners of the court after a point, and, when serving, frequently asked for the ball with which he had just won a point to re-use it for the next one. 2006–2007 Kiefer became infamous for an incident on 25 January 2006, during the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. While facing Sébastien Grosjean late in the fifth set of a marathon match, Kiefer threw his racquet midpoint. Grosjean lost the point, hitting the ball into the net.Grosjean protested that the racquet distracted his shot. The umpire Carlos Bernardes said he did not believe the act was intentional and noted Grosjean had already hit the ball before the flying racquet could have had any effect on his shot. Grosjean eventually lost the fifth and final set to Kiefer. Kiefer went through to the semi-finals where he was defeated by the 2004 champion Roger Federer. Kiefer injured his wrist while playing at the 2006 French Open, and announced his return on 5 July 2007, having fallen to the 404th position on ATP. He announced that he was "tired of waiting and anxious to start traveling again and to see his name on scoreboards". Kiefer returned at the 2007 Gerry Weber Open, losing in the first round to eventual champion Tomáš Berdych.At Wimbledon, he made the third round after defeating No.30 seed Filippo Volandri and Fabrice Santoro, both in straight sets, before losing in 4 sets (3 of which were tiebreakers) to Novak Djoković. At Newport, however, he ended up losing in round 1. At Los Angeles, he reached the semifinals in only his 4th tournament since coming back from injury; he had to default against Radek Štěpánek, another player coming back from injury, because of an injury sustained during his quarter-final win. He also made an impressive showing at the 2007 Madrid Masters, where he beat number five seed Fernando González in the quarterfinals before losing in the semifinals to world number one Roger Federer 6–4, 6–4. 2008 His 2008 season did not start out well: he lost in the first round of the Australian Open to former world No.1 Juan Carlos Ferrero, first round of 2008 Indian Wells Masters to Dudi Sela, third round of 2008 Miami Masters to world No.2 Rafael Nadal, second round of 2008 Monte Carlo Masters to Philipp Kohlschreiber, first round of 2008 Rome Masters to Ferrero. His first notable result was the quarterfinals of the 2008 Hamburg Masters with victories over world No.10 Stanislas Wawrinka and world No.4 Nikolay Davydenko before losing to Andreas Seppi in three sets. He would lose in the third round of 2008 Wimbledon Championships to Nadal.During the 2008 Canada Masters, at age 31 and ranked No. 37, he made his first Masters final after 73 previous tries, previously finishing as a semifinalist at the 1999 and 2004 Canada Masters (lost to Thomas Johansson and Andy Roddick respectively) and 2007 Madrid Masters (lost to Federer). Along the way, he defeated Mardy Fish, 15th seed Mikhail Youzhny, fourth seed Nikolay Davydenko, seventh seed James Blake, and Gilles Simon; the win over Simon was especially notable because Simon had defeated world No. 1 Roger Federer in the second round. He lost to Nadal in the final in straight sets. Because of his run, he broke back into the top 20 at No. 19.2009 In 2009, he represented Germany in the 2009 Hopman Cup with 19-year-old Sabine Lisicki. In the first match, he lost against Australia's Lleyton Hewitt, who had been six months inactive due to an injury. In the second singles match, Kiefer lost again, this time to USA's James Blake. Nevertheless, Kiefer won both of the doubles matches with Sabine Lisicki against both Australia and the United States. In the third singles match, Kiefer twisted his ankle against Slovakia's Dominik Hrbatý in the first set when Kiefer was up 3–1 and serving. This injury prevented him from participating in the 2009 Australian Open. He re-appeared in the 2009 Davis Cup match against Austria in which he won in the doubles match with Philipp Kohlschreiber against Julian Knowle and Alexander Peya in four sets.Kiefer also played a singles match, the fourth match, against Jürgen Melzer in which Kiefer won in straight sets and gave Germany the victory against Austria. <mask> then participated in the 2009 BNP Paribas Open at Indian Wells in which he beat Bobby Reynolds in straight sets in the second round, but he then lost in the third round to Andy Roddick. In the 2009 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami, Kiefer beat "the magician" Fabrice Santoro in the second round. In the third round Kiefer was defeated by world No. 2 Roger Federer. At the 2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, Kiefer lost in his first match against qualifier Andreas Beck. At the 2009 Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, Kiefer lost again in his first match against Juan Mónaco in straight sets.In the 2009 BMW Open Kiefer was down against Ernests Gulbis 2–6, 0–2 but eventually won in three sets. Kiefer said after the match, "Clay and me, we will never be the best of friends". Kiefer suffered from back problems which eventually made him lose against Jérémy Chardy in the next round. At the 2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open he lost against Tommy Robredo. Kiefer then played the 2009 ARAG World Team Cup, in which he played the doubles matches with Mischa Zverev. They won all of their matches, and Germany reached the final, but lost against Serbia. Despite Germany losing, Kiefer won the doubles match in the final against Viktor Troicki and doubles world No.1 Nenad Zimonjić. Kiefer then participated at the 2009 French Open in which he beat qualifier Ilija Bozoljac in four sets. However, Kiefer lost in the second round against world No. 14 David Ferrer in five sets. Despite this loss, Kiefer claimed that he was proud that he had played up to a fifth set against one of the best tennis players of the world on clay, since clay is Kiefer's least favourite surface. The clay season had now ended, and the grass season started with Kiefer's participation in his favourite tournament, the 2009 Gerry Weber Open. In the first match, he thrashed Viktor Troicki, but retired in the second round against Jürgen Melzer when he was down 1–6 with a muscular strain in his abdomen which forced him to retire from singles and doubles, where he had reached the semifinals with Mischa Zverev.Kiefer participated in the Wimbledon as the 33rd seed but having not fully recovered from his abdomen injury. This was reflected in his match against Fabrice Santoro, where Kiefer lost in straight sets. <mask> then played for Germany in the 2009 Davis Cup quarterfinals against Spain. He did so in the doubles match with Mischa Zverev against Spain's Fernando Verdasco and Feliciano López. <mask> and Zverev lost the match. In the first round of the U.S Open, he beat Michaël Llodra in straight sets, but in the second round he lost to world No. 3 Rafael Nadal.Major finals Olympic finals Doubles: 1 (1 silver medal) Masters Series finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Career finals Singles: 19 (6 titles, 13 runner-ups) Doubles (3 titles, 1 runner-up) Performance timeline Singles Top 10 wins Record against No. 1 players Kiefer's match record against players who have been ranked world No. 1. References External links Kiefer world ranking history Official web site 1977 births Living people People from Holzminden Australian Open (tennis) junior champions German male tennis players Hopman Cup competitors Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic silver medalists for Germany Olympic tennis players of Germany People from Holzminden (district) Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics US Open (tennis) junior champions Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles Tennis people from Lower Saxony

Michael Taylor (designer)

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<mask> (born <mask>, 1927 – June 3, 1986) was an American designer best known for creating the “California Look” of interior design. One of Architectural Digest’s “20 Greatest Designers of All Time” and "Interior Design Legends," <mask> was noted for his rooms of airiness and light with a prominent use of natural forms and the color white. In 1956, he founded his design company, Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. Under <mask> Designs, he manufactured his own designs and in 1985 partnered with Paul Weaver to develop and market interior and exterior furnishings to the wholesale design trade. <mask> worked continuously until his death in 1986. Early life Childhood Born in Modesto, California in 1927, <mask> moved with his family to the northern California town of Santa Rosa in 1933. There, his childhood was greatly influenced by his maternal grandmother who imparted on him an affinity for natural forms by taking him on daily hikes.It was here that the seeds of <mask>’s design philosophy were first planted, with his interest in the arts shining through even at a young age. Where other young boys collected baseball cards, the young <mask> collected bits of porcelain. However, despite an obvious penchant for aesthetics, his parents wished him to become a doctor. A dream they held onto for years and that he nearly lived out. Formative years In 1944, <mask> dropped out of High School, where he played football and was active in theater, to join the U.S. Navy. He served as a Navy paramedic until he was discharged in 1946. That experience, however, soured <mask> on the idea of becoming a doctor.Instead, he moved to San Francisco where, in 1947, he enrolled at the Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design. It was there that <mask> learned what he called "the secrets of color." Over time, he became very close to Mr. Schaeffer, who referred to him as “his dear <mask>,” and who set him up as a partner in a fledgling design company with Frances Mihailoff, a prominent designer in San Francisco at the time. A mere four years after entering the Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design, <mask> was already a partner in an interior design business at the age of 25. Their partnership was so fruitful that they both decided they could make it on their own. In 1956, <mask> began his own interior design company. Career <mask> Interiors After dissolving his partnership with Frances Mihailoff, <mask> set up Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. on Sutter Street in San Francisco in 1956.Working for prominent San Francisco families, <mask>'s reputation grew quickly. What was, at first, a clientele of San Francisco Bay Area socialites soon expanded to Los Angeles, Miami and New York. International acclaim followed and <mask> soon started working abroad as well. Michael Taylor Designs Inc. In 1985 Paul Weaver, former Director of Marketing and VP of McGuire Furniture, approached <mask> with a plan to develop and expand the nascent Michael Taylor Designs product line offered by <mask>'s interiors company into a new entity. Michael Taylor Designs Inc. was officially incorporated on August 5, 1985. After <mask>'s death in 1986 Weaver assumed full control and over the subsequent 24 years greatly expanded the product lines, established nationwide sales showrooms and developed the Taylor brand into one of the most recognized luxury products in the home furnishing industry.Design Philosophy <mask>'s distinct "California Look" begins as an amalgamation of different styles, mixed with his own unique twists and has been called "a posthumous collaboration with some of the great decorators of the past." Starting with Syrie Maugham's emphasis on shades of white, adding in the ornateness of Sister Parish and the simple exquisiteness of Frances Elkins' design; <mask> would then infuse his own style. A look born in the past yet completely new. Implicit in that design philosophy was a melding of styles and ages. A set of antique Italian chairs beside a Roy Lichtenstein print; Chinese chairs set around an unvarnished wood table atop a Yosemite granite base. He stated, "there is no arbitrary law which says that an eighteenth-century French chair and a Sheridan can't be used in the same room. The only consideration is how well these or other pieces look together; do they compete with each other or do they create a felicitous sense of contrast?"And while this fusion seems commonplace now, it was largely unheard of before <mask>. An important piece of the <mask> design aesthetic was to bring the outdoors in, adding natural forms into ornate rooms. Plants were a must and he'd often use large, unshaped boulders indoors. His childhood in northern California, spending much time outdoors, fed his desire for nature infused rooms. But this also served a practical design purpose, as he said, "Plants have a way of preventing a room from appearing overdecorated; they also soften light." And the effect of light on a room drove many of his design decisions. Although noted for his extensive use of the color white, <mask> didn't use white as the centerpiece for the room but rather to bring out the lighting and other aspects in the room.<mask> White, his own hue (warmer than plain white), worked to promote the other colors, a source of light and/or a piece of art. White also served to bring light into the room, making it warmer. <mask> would often spend an entire day in a room before designing it. Watching the way the light worked through the room at different points of the day. Only then, when he had a grasp of the light patterns, would he begin to design. Simplicity was vital to <mask>'s style. His famous saying, "When in doubt, throw it out," was a design mantra of sorts.As he stated, "If (a room) is properly put together, it is often more refreshing to have a wall with nothing hanging on it." However, with a simplified design palette the room risked becoming too sparse and this is where <mask> says his use of scale came into play, "When you take things out, you must increase the size of what's left." And so <mask>'s famed voluminous sofas and chairs came about. Finally, and perhaps most radically, <mask> insisted that a room never look perfectly finished. As he wrote in his 1964 essay, "A New Look at Decorating": Legacy To this day, <mask>'s work informs the design world. Despite passing away more than two decades ago, <mask> has been repeatedly featured in Architectural Digest, most recently in the January 2010 issue. The February 2010 issue of San Francisco magazine's cover feature on up and coming interior designers declared <mask> "the emperor of California Design," and something of a fountainhead for the movement.The next month the San Francisco Chronicle referred to his design of Fleur de Lys restaurant as the "most romantic" in San Francisco. Famed designer, and one of Architectural Digest's "AD100" (their list of the 100 top international architects and interior designers), Suzanne Tucker was <mask>'s protégé. In a 2007 interview, Tucker said, "<mask> was undoubtedly my strongest philosophical influence in that he really demonstrated that design can be a mix of eras and styles, color and form, but the most essential aspect is always scale and proportion." After <mask>'s death in 1986, Tucker together with partner, Timothy F. Marks, bought his interior design business, Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. which has since become Tucker & Marks, Inc. Paul Weaver acquired 100% of the shares in the furniture company, Michael Taylor Designs, in 1986 and operated it until its sale in 2009. Michael Taylor Designs continues to operate showrooms in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami and New York. References External links Michael Taylor Designs website Interior Design Hall of Fame <mask> Quotes Review of Stephen Salny Book Interview with Suzanne Tucker about <mask> American interior designers American furniture designers California people in design 1986 deaths 1927 births American company founders Artists from San Francisco People from the San Francisco Bay Area Restaurant design Rudolph Schaeffer School of Design alumni

Eugene Jackson

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<mask><mask> II (December 25, 1916 – October 26, 2001) was an American child actor who was a regular of the Our Gang short series during the silent Pathé era. Career When he joined the gang, <mask> replaced the series' first black cast member, Ernie Morrison who was billed in the series as Sunshine Sammy, <mask>'s characters nickname was "Pineapple" because of his haircut's similarity to the shape of the pineapple fruit. He played the character "Humidor" in one of Mary Pickford's most successful films, Little Annie Rooney (1925). A large film poster of the cast of Little Annie Rooney, including <mask>, hangs in the lobby of the Mary Pickford Theatre of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Hollywood. <mask> also starred in Hearts in Dixie (1929), one of the first all-talking, big-studio productions to boast a predominately African-American cast. He was the first African-American child to have a speaking part in a major motion picture. In television, <mask> was a recurring character on Julia, the first network sitcom to have a female African-American lead, Diahann Carroll.<mask> played Julia's uncle. <mask>'s last major feature film was The Addams Family (1991) with Anjelica Huston, Raul Julia and Christopher Lloyd. He played a one-armed musician. <mask> wrote an autobiography in 1999 that contains pictures from his career in show business. Death <mask> died of a heart attack in Compton, California on October 26, 2001. He was 84. (1943) - Bellboy (uncredited) Scudda Hoo!Scudda Hay! The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 74–75. External links American male child actors American male film actors American male silent film actors Male actors from New York (state) 1916 births 2001 deaths 20th-century American male actors African-American male child actors American male comedy actors Hal Roach Studios actors Our Gang 20th-century African-American people

Redmond Burke, Baron Leitrim

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<mask>, Baron Leitrim (; ; fl. 1580s–1602) was an Irish noble and soldier who served in Spain and later in Ireland during the Nine Years' War. Family background Burke was a member of the Burke family of Clanricarde, in what is now County Galway. He was one of five brothers who left Ireland to enrol in Spanish service in the late 1580s. They were in Ireland in time to participate in the Nine Years' War. They were sons of John na Seamar Burke (died 1583) and nephews of Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde (died 1601). <mask> was the eldest of the family, and styled Baron or Lord Leitrim, after his father.Annalistic extracts:1600 The Annals of the Four Masters, sub anno 1600, state: <mask> Burke, the son of John of the Shamrocks, son of James, son of Richard Saxonagh, was at this time an illustrious and celebrated gentleman, according to the usages of the Irish. He and his brothers, John Oge, William, and Thomas, remained in the two Ormonds, and in Ely, during the summer, autumn, and winter, of this year; and so great and numerous were the troops and forces of these sons of John Burke, that they ravaged and desolated all the adjacent territories and cantreds. They took many castles on this occasion in Ely and Ormond, among which were Suidhe-an-roin, Bel-atha-Dun-Gair, and Cuil-O'nDubhain, in Ely; and Port-a-Tolchain, in Ormond. 1601 The Annals of the Four Masters have a number of extracts concerning <mask> and his brothers, sub anno 1601. The sons of John of the Shamrocks, the son of Rickard Saxonagh, of whom we have already treated, happened to be encamped during the first days of the month of January in O'Meagher's country, in Ikerrin. Spies and scouts came upon them in that place from the Butlers, after it had been reported by some of their gentlemen that an advantage and opportunity could be had by attacking them in the place where they then were. For this purpose Sir Walter, the son of John, son of James Butler, and Mac Pierce, i.e.James, the son of Edmond, son of James, with some of the gentlemen of the two countries, i.e. of the county of Tipperary and of the county of Kilkenny, came to a conference and meeting on a certain night, at an appointed place. The result of their conference, and the resolution to which they agreed, was, to attack the Connaught camp at day-break next morning. An unusual accident and a sad fatality occurred to the camp of the Bourkes, namely, an advantage was taken of their want of watching, so that their enemies came into the midst of them. They left them lying mangled and slaughtered, pierced and blood-stained corpses, throughout their tents and booths. On this occasion was slain O'Shaughnessy, i.e. John, the son of Gilla-Duv, son of Dermot, son of William, who had been banished from his patrimony, as indeed had been all those plunderers who were along with the sons of John Burke.John Oge, the son of John Burke, was taken prisoner, and conveyed to Kilkenny, to be confined. <mask> Burke, and William, together with a party of their people, escaped from this affray; and they went from thence into Ely, but they did not remain long in that territory, when they proceeded into Ulster, leaving the castles which until then they had possessed in East Munster under slender guard. On their arrival among the Irish of the North, namely, O'Neill and O'Donnell, <mask> proceeded to hire soldiers, to march into Clanrickard; and, as soon as he had mustered a sufficient number of these, he led them, during the first days of spring, across the Erne, and passed along the borders of Breifny O'Rourke, through the counties of Sligo and Roscommon, and across the River Suck, into Clann-Conway. He made a prisoner of the lord of this territory, namely, Mac David (Fiach, son of Hubert Boy, son of William, son of Thomas); and he afterwards proceeded to Tuath-an-Chalaidh, in the upper part of Hy-Many, in the county of Galway. When the Earl of Clanrickard, i.e. Ulick Burke, heard of this thing, he went to the eastern extremity of his country, to await and watch <mask>; but, notwithstanding all his vigilance, <mask>ard, accompanied by all the troops he had been able to muster in the district, arrived, and pitched his camp at the monastery of Kinel-Fheichin. Thus they remained for four or five days, during which time some persons not illustrious were slain between them, until Teige, the son of Brian-na-Murtha, son of Brian Ballagh, son of Owen O'Rourke, arrived with bold companies of sharp-armed soldiers to assist <mask>. When these two parties combined overtook the Earl, he left the camp in which he was, and proceeded through the passes into Clanrickard. The others pursued him to Loughrea; and, the Earl and his people escaping from them on this occasion, they traversed, plundered, and burned the country from Leitrim to Ard-Maeldubhain and as far as the gate of Feadán, in the west of Kinelea. At this time they lost a Munster lord of a territory, i.e. MacDonough, i.e. Donough, the son of Cormac Oge, son of Cormac.What brought him on this expedition was this, he had been carried off as a hostage by O'Neill in the spring of the preceding year, and had remained in Ulster until having regained his liberty he set out with those sons of John Burke, and so fell in this war of the Clann-William. When <mask> arrived with his marauders on the confines of Thomond, they pitched a camp on the western side of Loch-Cutra. Here he was joined by a young gentleman of the Dal-Cais, namely, Teige, the son of Turlough, son of Donnell, son of Conor O'Brien, who had been induced to join him through the advice and solicitation of bad and foolish men, and without consulting or taking counsel of his father or the Earl of Clanrickard, to whom he was related and friendly. When the sons of John Burke and Teige O'Brien had entered into a confederacy with each other, Teige requested, in three days afterwards, that he should get a company to go on an incursion into some angle of Thomond. He was not refused this request, for some of the gentlemen of the camp went along with him, with their kerns. Among these were William, the son of John Burke, and the son of Mac William Burke, i.e. Walter, the son of William, son of David, son of Edmond, son of Ulick.On leaving the camp, they passed along the borders of Kinelea, and Echtghe, and Kinel-Dunghaile. They sent off marauding parties along both banks of the Fergus, into the lower part of Hy-Fearmaic, and the upper part of Clann-Cuilein. Some of them proceeded to Baile-Ui-Aille, and near Clonroad; and they returned that night with their spoils to Cill-Reachtais, in Upper Clann-Cuilein. On their leaving this town, on the following morning, they were overtaken by the rising-out of the two Clann-Cuileins, with their gentlemen. They were also overtaken by the companies of the Earl of Thomond. These pursuing forces of Thomond proceeded to shoot at the insurgents, and killed many of their men, from thence to Miliuc-Ui-Ghrada, in the east of Cenel-Donghaile. The pursuers then returned, and the others carried off the prey to their camp, after having lost some of their gentlemen and common people.Among these was that son of Mac William whom we have already mentioned, namely, Walter, the son of William Burke. Teige, the son of Turlough O' Brien, was wounded the same day by the shot of a ball; so that on his arrival at the camp he was obliged, in despite of his unbending mind and his impetuous spirit, to betake himself to the bed of sickness, and go under the hands of physicians. A great number of the Queen's people came from various places to assist the Earl of Clanrickard. Of these were eight or nine standards of soldiers, sent from the President of the two provinces of Munster. Thither came the Earl's own son, who had been for some time before along with the Lord Justice, with a band of foreign soldiers; thither also came the Deputy of the Governor of the province of Connaught, and there came also an auxiliary force from Galway. When the sons of John Burke heard of this muster, they removed back eastwards, along the mountain, into the fastnesses of the district of Kinel-Fheichin, and remained in the ready huts in which they had been before. They had not been long here when the sons of the Earl, namely, the Baron of Dunkellin and Sir Thomas Burke, with every one of his sons that was capable af bearing arms, arrived in the district in pursuit of them, at the head of very numerous forces, and pitched a splendid and well-furnished camp in the very middle of the district.The Earl of Clanrickard himself was not in this camp, for he had been attacked by a fit of sickness, and a severe, sharp disease, the week before, so that he was not able to undertake an expedition at this time. When the Deputy of the Governor of Connaught and the Baron of Dunkellin received intelligence that Teige O'Brien was lying severely wounded in that camp of Redmond Burke, they sent him a protection in behalf of the Queen, upon which he repaired to them. The Baron sent an escort with him to Leitrim, one of the Earl's castles. But he did not live long there, for he died shortly afterwards; and he was buried successively at Loughrea and Athenry in one week. Alas to the country that lost this young scion! He was expert at every warlike weapon and military engine used by the Irish on the field of battle. He was full of energy and animation, and distinguished for agility, expertness, mildness, comeliness, renown, and hospitality.As for the camps in the district of Kinel-Fheichin, they were front to front, guarding against each other daily, from the festival of St. Patrick to the end of the month of April, when the provisions and stores of flesh meat of the sons of John Burke began to grow scant and to fail; and they, therefore, proceeded to quit the territory; and after their departure they carried off a prey from O'Madden, i.e. Donnell, the son of John, son of Breasal, and then proceeded across the Suck. The sons of the Earl, in the mean time, continued to pursue them; and many persons were slain between them on this occasion. The sons of John Burke then went to Tirconnell, to O'Donnell; and the sons of the Earl returned to their own country and their houses. Kinsale Both William and <mask> were some of the chiefs who were along with Red Hugh O'Donnell at Kinsale. In the aftermath of the battle it was determined that O'Donnell, <mask>, the son of John Burke, and Captain Hugh Mus, the son of Robert, should go to Spain to complain of their distresses and difficulties to the King of Spain. O'Neill and O'Donnell determined that These chiefs left some of their neighbouring confederates in Munster, to plunder it in their absence, namely: Captain Tyrrell, the other sons of John Burke, and other gentlemen besides them.References External links http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100077/index.html http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100005F/text013.html 16th-century Irish people 17th-century Irish people People from County Galway Irish soldiers in the Spanish Army Redmond Irish expatriates in Spain People of Elizabethan Ireland

Eileen Atkins

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Dame <mask>, (born 15 June 1934), is an English actress and occasional screenwriter. She has worked in the theatre, film, and television consistently since 1953. In 2008, she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Cranford. She is also a three-time Olivier Award winner, winning Best Supporting Performance in 1988 (for Multiple roles) and Best Actress for The Unexpected Man (1999) and Honour (2004). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001. <mask> joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1957 and made her Broadway debut in the 1966 production of The Killing of Sister George, for which she received the first of four Tony Award nominations for Best Actress in a Play in 1967. She received subsequent nominations for, Vivat!Vivat Regina! (1972), Indiscretions (1995) and The Retreat from Moscow (2004). Other stage credits include The Tempest (Old Vic 1962), Exit the King (Edinburgh Festival and Royal Court 1963), The Promise (New York 1967), The Night of the Tribades (New York 1977), Medea (Young Vic 1985), A Delicate Balance (Haymarket, West End 1997) and Doubt (New York 2006). <mask> co-created the television dramas Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1975) and The House of Elliot (1991–1993) with Jean Marsh. She also wrote the screenplay for the 1997 film Mrs Dalloway. Her film appearances include I Don't Want to Be Born (1975), Equus (1977), The Dresser (1983), Let Him Have It (1991), Wolf (1994), Jack and Sarah (1995), Gosford Park (2001), Cold Mountain (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006), Evening (2007), Last Chance Harvey (2008), Robin Hood (2010) and Magic in the Moonlight (2014). Early life <mask> was born in the Mothers' Hospital in Lower Clapton, a Salvation Army maternity hospital in East London.Her mother, Annie Ellen (née Elkins), was a barmaid who was 46 when <mask> was born, and her father, Arthur Thomas <mask>, was a gas meter reader who was previously under-chauffeur to the Portuguese Ambassador. She was the third child in the family and when she was born the family moved to a council home in Tottenham. Her father did not, in fact, know how to drive and was responsible, as under-chauffeur, mainly for cleaning the car. At the time <mask> was born, her mother worked in a factory the whole day and then as a barmaid in the Elephant & Castle at night. When <mask> was three, a Gypsy woman came to their door selling lucky heather and clothes pegs. She saw little <mask> and told her mother that her daughter would be a famous dancer. Her mother promptly enrolled her in a dance class.Although she hated it, she studied dancing from age 3 to 15 or 16. From age 7 to 15, which covered the last four years of the Second World War (1941–45), she danced in working men's club circuits for 15 shillings a time as "Baby Eileen". During the war, she performed as well at London's Stage Door canteen for American troops and sang songs like "Yankee Doodle." At one time she was attending dance class four or five times a week. Once, when she was given a line to recite, someone told her mother that she had a Cockney accent. Her mother was appalled but speech lessons were too expensive for the family. Fortunately, a woman took interest in her and paid for her to be educated at Parkside Preparatory School in Tottenham.<mask> has since publicly credited the Principal, Miss D. M. Hall, for the wise and firm guidance under which her character developed. From Parkside she went on to The Latymer School, a grammar school in Edmonton, London. By 12, she was a professional in panto in Clapham and Kilburn. One of her grammar school teachers who used to give them religious instruction, a Rev. Michael Burton, spotted her potential and, without charge, rigorously drilled away her Cockney accent. He also introduced her to the works of William Shakespeare. She studied under him for two years.When she was 14 or 15 and still at Latymer's, she also attended "drama demonstration" sessions twice a year with this same teacher. At around this time (though some sources say she was 12), her first encounter with <mask> took place. She was taken to see <mask>' production of King John at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre. She wrote to him saying that the boy who played Prince Arthur was not good enough and that she could do better. <mask> wrote back and asked that she come to see him. On the day they met, <mask> thought she was a shop girl and not a school girl. She gave a little prince speech and he told her to go to drama school and come back when she was grown up.Rev. Burton came to an agreement with <mask>'s parents that he would try to get her a scholarship for one drama school and that if she did not get the scholarship he would arrange for her to do a teaching course in some other drama school. Her parents were not at all keen on the fact that she would stay in school until 16 as her sister had left at 14 and her brother at 15 but somehow they were persuaded. <mask> was in Latymer's until 16. Out of 300 applicants for a RADA scholarship, she got down to the last three but was not selected, so she did a three-year course on teaching at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. But, although she was taking the teaching course, she also attended drama classes and in fact performed in three plays in her last year. This was in the early 1950s.In her third and last year she had to teach once a week, an experience she later said she hated. She graduated from Guildhall in 1953. As soon as she left Guildhall she got her first job with <mask> in 1953: as Jaquenetta in Love's Labour's Lost at the same Regent's Park Open Air Theatre where she was brought to see <mask>' King John production years before. She was also, very briefly, an assistant stage manager at the Oxford Playhouse until Peter Hall fired her for impudence. She was also part of repertory companies performing in Billy Butlin's holiday camp in Skegness, Lincolnshire. It was there when she met Julian Glover. It took nine years (1953–62) before she was working steadily.Stage She joined the Guild Players Repertory Company in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, as a professional actress in 1952. She appeared as the nurse in Harvey at the Repertory Theatre, Bangor, in 1952. In 1953 she appeared as an attendant in Love's Labours Lost at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre. Her London stage debut was in 1953 as Jaquenetta in <mask>'s staging of Love's Labour's Lost at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park. <mask> has regularly returned to the life and work of Virginia Woolf for professional inspiration. She has played the writer on stage in Patrick Garland's adaptation of A Room of One's Own and also in Vita and Virginia, winning the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and an Obie Award for A Room of One's Own in which she also played in the 1990 television version; she also provided the screenplay for the 1997 film adaptation of Woolf's novel Mrs. Dalloway, and made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film version of Michael Cunningham's Woolf-themed novel, The Hours. <mask> joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1957 and stayed for two seasons.She was with the Old Vic in its 1961–62 season (she appeared in the Old Vic's Repertoire Leaflets of February–April 1962 and April–May 1962). Film and television She appeared as Maggie Clayhanger in all six episodes of Arnold Bennett's Hilda Lessways from 15 May to 19 June 1959, produced by the BBC Midlands with Judi Dench and Brian Smith. In the 1960 Shakespeare production An Age of Kings she played Joan of Arc. She helped create two television series. Along with fellow actress, Jean Marsh, she created the concept for an original television series, Behind the Green Baize Door, which became the award-winning ITV series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–75). Marsh played maid Rose for the duration of the series but <mask> was unable to accept a part because of stage commitments. The same team was also responsible for the BBC series The House of Eliott (1991–93).Her film and television work includes Sons and Lovers (1981), Smiley's People (1982), Oliver Twist (1982), Titus Andronicus (1985), A Better Class of Person (1985), Roman Holiday (1987), The Lost Language of Cranes (1991), Cold Comfort Farm (1995), Talking Heads (1998), Madame Bovary (2000), David Copperfield (2000), Wit (2001) and Bertie and Elizabeth (2002), Cold Mountain (2003), What a Girl Wants (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Ballet Shoes (2005) and Ask the Dust (2006). In the autumn of 2007, she co-starred with Dame Judi Dench and Sir Michael Gambon in the BBC One drama Cranford playing the central role of Miss Deborah Jenkyns. This performance earned her the 2008 BAFTA Award for best actress, as well as the Emmy Award. In September 2007 she played Abigail Dusniak in Waking the Dead Yahrzeit (S6:E11-12). In 2009 <mask> played the evil Nurse Edwina Kenchington in the BBC Two black comedy Psychoville. <mask> replaced Vanessa Redgrave as Eleanor of Aquitaine in the blockbuster movie Robin Hood, starring Russell Crowe, which was released in the UK in May 2010. The same year, she played Louisa in the dark comedy film, Wild Target.<mask> and Jean Marsh, creators of the original 1970s series of Upstairs, Downstairs, were among the cast of a new BBC adaptation, shown over the winter of 2010–11. The new series is set in 1936. Marsh again played Rose while <mask> was cast as the redoubtable Maud, Lady Holland. In August 2011, it was revealed that <mask> had decided not to continue to take part as she was unhappy with the scripts. In September 2011, <mask> joined the cast of ITV comedy-drama series Doc Martin playing the title character's aunt, Ruth Ellingham. She returned as Aunt Ruth for the show's sixth series in September 2013, the seventh in September 2015 and eighth in September 2017. <mask> starred as Lady Spence with Matthew Rhys in an adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's The Scapegoat, shown in September 2012.She has portrayed Queen Mary on two occasions, in the 2002 television film Bertie and Elizabeth and in the 2016 Netflix-produced television series The Crown. <mask> portrayed graduate school professor Evelyn Ashford to Vivian Bearing (Emma Thompson) in the film Wit. Wit is a 2001 American television movie directed by Mike Nichols. The teleplay by Nichols and Emma Thompson is based on the 1999 Pulitzer Prize winning play of the same title by Margaret Edson. The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on 9 February 2001 before being broadcast by HBO on 24 March. It was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and the Warsaw Film Festival later in the year. <mask> had a guest role in BBC Radio 4's long-running rural soap The Archers in September 2016, playing Jacqui, the juror who persuades her fellow jurors to acquit Helen Titchener (née Archer) of the charge of attempted murder and wounding with intent of her abusive husband, Rob.Personal life <mask> was married to actor Julian Glover in 1957; they divorced in 1966. (A day after his divorce, Glover married actress Isla Blair.) She married her second husband, Bill Shepherd, on 2 February 1978. Shepherd died on 24 June 2016. In 1997, she wrote the screenplay for Mrs Dalloway, starring Vanessa Redgrave. The film received excellent reviews but was a box-office failure. This was a financial disaster for <mask> and her husband, who had invested in the film.She said of this incident: "I have to work. I was nearly bankrupted over Mrs Dalloway, and if you are nearly bankrupted, you are in trouble for the rest of your life. I don't have a pension. In any case, it doesn't hurt me to work. I think it's quite good, actually." "All through my career, I have tried to do new work, but there is a problem in the West End as far as new work is concerned. As a theatregoer, I get bored with seeing the same old plays again and again.I felt terrible the other night because I bumped into Greta Scacchi and she asked me if I was coming to see her in The Deep Blue Sea. I said, 'Greta, I'm so old, I've seen it so many times. I've seen it with Peggy Ashcroft, with Vivien Leigh, with Googie Withers, with Penelope Wilton and I played it myself when I was 19. I can't bring myself to see it again.' She was very sweet about it." In 1995, <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer and treated for the condition. She has recovered.Living alone in widowhood during the COVID lockdown, <mask> completed in 2021 at age 87 her autobiography Will She Do? and read an abridged version on BBC Radio 4. Filmography Film Television Theatre Honours <mask> was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) on her 67th birthday, 16 June 2001. On 23 June 2010, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters, honoris causa, by Oxford University. On 5 December 2005 she received the degree of Doctor of Arts, honoris causa, from City University London. She is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame; she was inducted in 1998.Awards and nominations Theatre Awards Tony Awards Drama Desk Awards Olivier Awards Film and Television Awards References External links <mask> at tcm.com <mask> interviewed by Beth Stevens about performing in Doubt on Broadway <mask> interviewed on Theater Talk about performing in Doubt on Broadway Performance details listed at the Theatre Collection archive, University of Bristol 1934 births Living people Actresses awarded British damehoods Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Drama Desk Award winners English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses Actresses from London Laurence Olivier Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Royal Shakespeare Company members English Shakespearean actresses People educated at The Latymer School English women writers British women screenwriters English screenwriters 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Writers from London

James D. Weinrich

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<mask>Jim<mask> (born 1950) is an American sex researcher and psychobiologist. Much of his work examines the relationship of biology and sexual orientation. He won the Outstanding Contributions to Sexual Science Award at the 2011 Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS) Western Region annual meeting. He has also won the SSSS Hugo Beigel Award for the best paper published in The Journal of Sex Research (co-authored with Richard Pillard). <mask> served as the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Bisexuality from 2011-2014. He has also served on the editorial boards for The Journal of Sex Research and the Journal of Homosexuality. Life and career <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Princeton University in 1972.He graduated with a Ph.D. in biology from Harvard University in 1976. He was Robert Trivers' first graduate student, and his 1976 dissertation addressed social-class differences in heterosexual behaviors, and the evolutionary adaptiveness of same-sex attraction. For the next three years, he was a Harvard Junior Fellow. He then moved to Baltimore for a post-doctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins University with sexologist John Money. In 1983, he went to Boston to work with Richard Pillard at Boston University School of Medicine. While working with Pillard, he devised "The Periodic Table of the Gender Transposition." In 1987, he moved to the University of California, San Diego to work with Igor Grant researching effects of AIDS on the brain.He served as Assistant Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and in 1990 was appointed the original Center Manager and Data Manager for the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC). He later became Principal Investigator of the HNRC Sexology Project, serving until 2000. After working for several years as an independent Internet consultant and entrepreneur, Weinrich returned to teaching in 2006, and he returned to school to earn a master's degree in psychology from San Diego State University. Since moving to San Diego, he has taught at San Diego State University, Grossmont College, Miramar College, Southwestern College, San Diego City College, National University and California State University San Marcos. Among Weinrich's contributions are the "Limerent and Lusty Sex Theory" developed with Richard Pillard, which holds that there are two kinds of sex drives, and that both exist in men and women. He and Pillard also found that homosexuality runs in some families. Selected bibliography Pillard RC, <mask> JD (1987).The periodic table model of the gender transpositions: Part I. A theory based on masculinization and defeminization of the brain. Journal of Sex Research. 23(4):425-454. Weinrich JD (1988) The periodic table model of the gender transpositions: Part II. Limerent and lusty sexual attractions and the nature of bisexuality. Journal of Sex Research.24(1), 113-129. <mask> JD (1997). Strange bedfellows: Homosexuality, gay liberation, and the Internet. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. Vol 22(1), Jun 1997, 58-66. Kaplan RM, Anderson JP, Patterson TL, McCutchan JA, <mask> JD, Heaton RK, Atkinson JH, Thal L, Chandler J, Grant I: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (1995). Validity of the Quality of Well-Being Scale for persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection.Psychosomatic Medicine, March 1, 1995, vol. 57 no. 2 138-147. <mask> JD, Atkinson JH Jr, McCutchan JA, Grant I: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (1995). Is gender dysphoria dysphoric? Elevated depression and anxiety in gender dysphoric and nondysphoric homosexual and bisexual men in an HIV sample. Arch Sex Behav.1995 Feb;24(1):55-72. Gonsiorek JC, Sell RL, <mask> JD (1995). Definition and measurement of sexual orientation. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1995;25 Suppl:40-51. <mask> JD (1995). Biological research on sexual orientation: a critique of the critics.J Homosex. 1995;28(1-2):197-213. Snyder PJ, <mask> JD, Pillard RC (1994). Personality and lipid level differences associated with homosexual and bisexual identity in men. Arch Sex Behav. 1994 Aug;23(4):433-51. Pillard RC, Rosen LR, Meyer-Bahlburg H, <mask> JD, Feldman JF, Gruen R, Ehrhardt AA (1993).Psychopathology and social functioning in men prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Psychosom Med. 1993 Nov-Dec;55(6):485-91. <mask> JD, Snyder PJ, Pillard RC, Grant I, Jacobson <mask>, Robinson SR, McCutchan JA (1993). A factor analysis of the Klein sexual orientation grid in two disparate samples. Arch Sex Behav. 1993 Apr;22(2):157-68.Grant I, Olshen RA, Atkinson JH, Heaton RK, Nelson J, McCutchan JA, <mask> JD (1993). Depressed mood does not explain neuropsychological deficits in HIV-infected persons. Neuropsychology, Vol 7(1), Jan 1993, 53-61. <mask> JD, Grant I, Jacobson <mask>, Robinson SR, McCutchan JA: HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (1992). Effects of recalled childhood gender nonconformity on adult genitoerotic role and AIDS exposure. Arch Sex Behav. 1992 Dec;21(6):559-85.<mask> JJ, Grant I, Atkinson JH, Brysk LT, McCutchan JA, Hesselink JR, Heaton RK, <mask> JD, Spector SA, Richman DD (1992). Incidence of AIDS dementia in a two-year follow-up of AIDS and ARC patients on an initial phase II AZT placebo-controlled study: San Diego cohort. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992 Winter;4(1):15-20. Gonsiorek JC, Weinrich JD (1991). Homosexuality: research implications for public policy. Sage Publications, Weinrich JD (1988).Sex survey. Science. 1988 Oct 7;242(4875):16. <mask> JD (1987). Sexual landscapes: why we are what we are, why we love whom we love. Scribner's, Pillard RC, Weinrich JD. Evidence of familial nature of male homosexuality.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Aug;43(8):808-12. Money J, Weinrich JD (1983). Juvenile, pedophile, heterophile: hermeneutics of science, medicine and law in two outcome studies. Med Law. 1983;2(1):39-54. Weinrich JD (1980).Toward a sociobiological theory of the emotions. In Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds.) Emotion: Theory, research, and experience. Academic Press, Weinrich JD (1978). Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: I. A systematic literature search. J Homosex.1978 Spring;3(3):275-89. <mask> JD (1977). Human sociobiology: Pair-bonding and resource predictability (effects of social class and race). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol. 2, No. 2, 1977, pp. 91–118.Weinrich JD (1975). Human family size and marital relations: a biological interpretation. Harvard, Bowdoin Prize for Essays in the Natural Sciences References External links , University of California, San Diego <mask>. Weinrich faculty page via Grossmont College 1950 births American sexologists Living people Princeton University alumni Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

David Penhaligon

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<mask> (6 June 1944 – 22 December 1986) was a British politician from Cornwall who was Liberal Member of Parliament for the constituency of Truro from 1974–86. He was a popular figure in all parties and had potential to be a front-runner for the party leadership had he not been killed in a car accident. In 2014 a Crowdfunder campaign was launched to record his life's work and impact. <mask> was born on D-Day and brought up in Truro. He was a cousin of actress <mask>. He attended Truro School, and then Cornwall Technical College where he studied mechanical engineering. Penhaligon worked for Holman Brothers in Camborne as a research and development engineer working on rock drilling.As an interesting anecdote, he was also a part-time DJ at the Hall for Cornwall where he once encountered 14 year old Roger Taylor, subsequently the Queen drummer, at a musical event that he compered in Truro City Hall during 1964. By 1973 he had qualified as a Chartered Mechanical Engineer; he also took over from his father a sub-post office in Chacewater from 1967 (after his marriage in 1968 to Annette Lidgey, she ran the business). His Liberal activities led to some work in local broadcasting. Penhaligon's decision to join the Liberal Party was inspired in 1963 when, aged 19, he was an important witness to a murder case. His evidence, which supported the case of the defendant Dennis Whitty, was not enough to prevent him from being convicted and hanged. Penhaligon was appalled by the practice of capital punishment. He led the Truro Young Liberals and built up the local party (which had been the weakest in Cornwall) into one of the strongest; he was the chair of the Cornish Young Liberals from 1966 to 1968.However he was not selected as Liberal candidate for Truro in the 1966 general election (nor for any other seat), and he was also rejected for Falmouth and Camborne in 1968 apparently because his strong Cornish accent was thought unattractive. In the 1970 general election he fought the Devon constituency of Totnes when the previous candidate Paul Tyler transferred to Bodmin. He polled poorly in the context of an election in which the party as a whole suffered. However, Penhaligon had acquired useful experience of fighting election campaigns and picked up additional tips from Wallace Lawler's practices in inner-city Birmingham. Campaigning in Truro In 1971 Penhaligon was easily selected as candidate for Truro, a seat which did not look an easier prospect than Totnes. This gave him three years in which to get his name known and meet his prospective constituents (a practice known as 'nursing' a constituency) and when the election came in February 1974 he won nearly 21,000 votes and cut the majority of the sitting Conservative MP to 2,561. Truro became the fourth 'target' constituency for the Liberals for the next election — which would take place within months because of the inconclusive outcome in February.Parliamentary career <mask> was readopted and worked on trying to persuade the remaining Labour voters in the seat to back him. In the October 1974 election he was elected with a majority of 464 votes – the only Liberal gain of that election. Due to House of Commons rules on 'offices of profit under the crown' he transferred his sub-postmastership to his wife. In Parliament he swiftly won a reputation for humorous speeches, urging a national minimum wage and increased state pensions. He voted for fellow Cornish MP John Pardoe over <mask> in the Liberal leadership election of 1976. He was hard to place in conventional political terms: he changed his mind over capital punishment, initially voting against in December 1974, but supporting it in December 1975. Although frequently speaking on national issues, it was clear that Penhaligon's main concern was local.He became known in particular for defending the Cornish tin mining industry and the local Fishing fleets. He spoke with conviction and knowledge about the problems of rural areas in Cornwall with road fuel costs and inadequate infrastructure. Tourism, ice cream and deckchairs In a speech made at Camborne in support of the miners he famously said: Lib-Lab pact When the Lib-Lab pact was first mooted in March 1977, Penhaligon was initially opposed and spoke against it. He later came round and told the Liberal Assembly in September 1977 that it had achieved an 'economic revolution'. At a special Assembly in January 1978 he was a star speaker in persuading the delegates representing Liberal members to continue the pact. The pact allowed the Liberals to influence government legislation and Penhaligon objected to proposals from Tony Benn for an Electricity Industry Bill which would centralise control, which single-handedly prevented any progress. Part of Penhaligon's support for the Lib-Lab pact was his fear that an early general election would result in a poor performance for the Liberals, and his own seat might be vulnerable.In October 1978 after the pact had lapsed, he explained that "Turkeys don't volunteer for Christmas!". The scandal over former party leader Jeremy Thorpe, who was charged with conspiracy to murder in August 1978, was a matter of particular concern and Penhaligon urged Thorpe to stand down and the Liberal Party not to endorse him. When Thorpe did seek re-election, Penhaligon refused to help his campaign. Despite his narrow majority and the belief that he was the most vulnerable of the Liberal MPs, Penhaligon kept his seat with a much larger majority (8,708) in the 1979 general election. Against the Conservative government, he strongly opposed nuclear power. Against the majority of Liberal Party members he strongly supported NATO and nuclear weapons, describing a separate European non-nuclear defence as 'akin to a behaving like a virgin in a brothel', although he supported demands for 'dual key control' of United States cruise missiles based in Britain. In the Alliance Penhaligon supported the SDP-Liberal Alliance from the start, although he resented SDP attempts to take control of the Liberal Party's target seats.He was named in January 1982 as one of the 'firemen' who would sort out any disagreements between the parties (John Horam was his SDP counterpart). He was particularly prominent and impressive in the 1983 election campaign in which he spoke for the Liberal Party on Transport, Industry and Energy; Hugo Young described him as having "a closer grasp of national electoral politics ... than any other Liberal MP". After the election he became an early proponent of a merger between the SDP and the Liberals under a single leader, largely to avoid disputes over allocations of Parliamentary seats. Death and legacy From 1983 Penhaligon headed the Liberal by-election unit which planned the campaigns in individual seats. At the Liberal Assembly in September 1984 he was chosen as President-elect of the Liberal Party (the first sitting MP to be elected to the post), and served as Party President from 1985 to 1986. This carried with it the job of presiding over the Liberal Assembly at the end of his term, which saw a party split over defence policy and whether to support nuclear weapons; Penhaligon did not intervene, something he regretted afterwards. He was appointed as Chief spokesman on the economy in 1985; though admitting he had no financial experience, he challenged the Conservative policy on privatisation and monetarism.He was a central figure in planning the Alliance general election campaign at the time of his death. At 6.45 am on 22 December 1986, he was travelling to a post office to meet workers there when a van skidded on an icy road and hit his Rover SD1 car near Truck Fork, Probus, Cornwall. Penhaligon was pronounced dead at the scene. The van driver was not prosecuted for the accident. The inquest held in March 1987 strongly suggested that Penhaligon was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash, nor was the driver of the van, who was thrown out of his vehicle and suffered two broken legs as a result. Penhaligon's injuries were extensive fracture of his ribs and fracture of the neck vertebrae. The cause of death was damage to the aorta as well as massive damage to the spleen and liver.From July 1986, Penhaligon had employed Matthew Taylor, a University of Oxford graduate, as his research assistant on the economy; Taylor was selected to follow him as Liberal candidate for Truro and was duly returned in the 1987 Truro by-election. Penhaligon's widow wrote his biography in 1989; his son Matthew has previously been an active member of the Liberal Democrats and was the party's candidate for the Mayoralty of Hackney in May 2006. Penhaligon Award The Liberal Democrats remember Penhaligon's ability to recruit and enthuse members through the Penhaligon Award, a trophy presented annually at the party's autumn party conference to the Local Party which demonstrates the greatest increase in party membership together with activities to develop and involve members and activists. References Bibliography Andrew Roth, '<mask>' in 'Parliamentary Profiles L-R' (Parliamentary Profiles Service, London, 1985), <mask>, 'Penhaligon' (Bloomsbury, London, 1989), External links BBC Radio 4, Desert Island Discs, 27 Mar 1987, 45 minute interview with <mask>gon and Michael Parkinson 1944 births 1986 deaths Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Truro People educated at Truro School Politicians from Cornwall Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK) Road incident deaths in England UK MPs 1974–1979 UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987

Peter Hersh

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<mask><mask> is an American ophthalmologist and specialist in LASIK eye surgery, keratoconus, and diseases of the cornea. He co-authored the article in the journal Ophthalmology that presented the results of the study that led to the first approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the excimer laser for the correction of nearsightedness in the United States. Hersh was also medical monitor of the study that led to approval of corneal collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Life and career <mask> grew up in Maplewood, New Jersey and graduated from Columbia High School. <mask> graduated from Princeton University with an A.B. in biochemistry, where he was awarded the Senior Thesis prize for his work on messenger RNA. He received his medical degree (M.D.)from Johns Hopkins University and completed his residency training at Harvard Medical School where he was Chief Resident. He also completed a Fellowship in Cornea and External Disease at Harvard. Afterwards, <mask> remained on the full-time faculty at Harvard. In 1995 he founded the Cornea and Laser Eye Institute (CLEI) – Hersh Vision Group in New Jersey and serves as its director. CLEI is dedicated to clinical care and research in cornea and refractive surgery. He is a clinical professor at the New Jersey Medical School Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and director of the Institute's Cornea and Refractive Surgery Division and is a Visiting Research Collaborator at Princeton University in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He is also the team ophthalmologist for the NY Jets.<mask> is a member of the American Ophthalmological Society and has been awarded the Senior Honor Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology., He is also a past recipient of the Teacher of the Year Award from the Harvard Medical School Residency in Ophthalmology. Research <mask>'s research is focused on developing new techniques and technologies in refractive and corneal surgery. His clinical interests are devoted to LASIK treatment, femtosecond laser uses in LASIK and other corneal surgeries, LASEK/Photorefractive keratectomy, and CK (conductive keratoplasty), and corneal inlays (Intacs) for keratoconus. He authored or co-authored more than 100 research articles and abstracts on these subjects and has written or co-written four textbooks. As director of The Cornea and Laser Eye Institute, <mask> participated in nationwide clinical trials that led to the U.S. FDA's approval of the excimer laser system for the correction of nearsightedness and for the treatment of a variety of corneal diseases in the United States and co-authored the article that presented the results of the study. <mask> is co-author of a patent regarding the use of short pulsed lasers for corneal surgery (#11/843,498) and is the inventor of a number of surgical instruments used in corneal surgery, such as the Hersh Intralase Flap Spatula Hersh was one of two investigators to present the conductive keratoplasty (CK) procedure to the FDA device panel. This led to FDA approval of this procedure in 2002.He expanded on these efforts in his thesis for admission to the American Ophthalmological Society entitled "Optics of Conductive Keratoplasty: Implications for Presbyopia Management". He has also devised new applications of this technique to treat optical irregularities of the cornea. Hersh has done extensive work on corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL), a procedure for decreasing the progression of keratoconus and corneal ectatic disorders, and he has published numerous articles in ophthalmology medical journals analyzing the results of the use of this procedure for keratoconus and ectasia. As of 2013, he is one of the U.S. medical monitors for the medical device and pharmaceutical company Avedro, which has developed a new technique of cross-linking to manage keratoconus. Hersh's Cornea & Laser Eye Institute is one of 7 sites involved in the Avedro clinical trials for patients with keratoconus Publications Books Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures (1998, 2nd ed 2009). <mask>, P S; Zagelbaum, B; Cremers S L. New York: Thieme Publishing, 2009 Refractive Surgery. Wu Hu; Steinert, R; Thompson, V; Slade, S; Hersh, P S. New York: Thieme Publishing 1998 Therapeutic Uses of the Excimer Laser for Corneal Disease.<mask>, P S; Wagoner, M D. New York: Thieme Publishing 1998 Eye Trauma. Shingleton, B; <mask>, P S; Kenyon, K R. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1991 Articles Hersh PS. Separation and Characterization of the Messenger - RNA's Coding for Alpha-and Beta-Tubulin. Princeton University Thesis (May, 1978). Hersh PS & Kenyon KR. Anterior Segment Reconstruction Following Ocular Trauma. Int.Ophth. Clin. 1988;28:57-68. Kenyon KR & Hersh PS. Anterior Segment Reconstruction Following Ocular Trauma. An. Inst.Barraquer. 1988-1989;20:257-274. Larrison WI, <mask> PS, Kunzweiler T & Shingleton BJ. Sports-Related Ocular Trauma. Ophthal. 1990;97:1265-1269. <mask> PS, Kenyon KR.Complications of Radial Keratotomy: Review of the Literature and Implications for a Developing Country. Indian J. Ophthal. 1990;38:132-138. Hersh PS & Kenyon KR. Penetrating Keratoplasty for Severe Complications of Radial Keratotomy. Cornea 1991;10:170-174. Kenyon KR, Starck T & Hersh PS.Penetrating Keratoplasty and Anterior Segment Reconstruction for Severe Ocular Trauma. Ophthal. 1992;99:396-402. <mask> PS, Spinak A, Garrana R & Mayers M. Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy: strategies and results. Refractive and Corneal Surgery 1993;9:S90-S95. <mask> PS, Jordan AJ & Mayers M. Corneal graft rejection episode after excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy. Arch.Ophthal. 1993;111:735-736. <mask> PS, Patel R. Excimer laser correction of myopia and astigmatism using an ablatable mask. Refractive Corneal Surg. 1994;10:250-254. Zagelbaum BM, <mask> PS, Donnenfeld ED, Perry HD & Hochman MA. Ocular trauma in major league baseball players.New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330:1021-1023. <mask> PS. Iridoschisis following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Letter. Cornea. 1994;13:545-546.Kenyon KR, Kenyon BM, Starck T & Hersh PS. Penetrating keratoplasty and anterior segment reconstruction for severe ocular trauma. German Journal of Ophthal. 1994;3:90-99. Michalos P, Avila EN, FLorakis GJ & Hersh PS. Do human tears absorb ultraviolet light? CLAO Journal.1994;20:192-193. Blaker JW & Hersh PS. Theoretical and clinical effect of corneal curvature on excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Refractive Corneal Surg. 1994;10:571-574. <mask> PS, Schwartz-Goldstein B. Summit PRK Topography Study Group.Corneal topography of phase III excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: Characterization and clinical effects. Ophthal. 1995;102:963-978. Schwartz-Goldstein B, Hersh PS. Summit PRK Topography Study Group. Corneal topography of phase III excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: Optical zone centration analysis. Ophthal.1995;102:951-962., Zagelbaum B, Starkey C, <mask> PS, Donnenfeld ED, Perry HD & Jeffers JB. The National Basketball Association (NBA) eye injury study. Arch. Ophthal.. 1995;113:749-752., Carr J, Patel R, <mask> PS. Management of late corneal haze following photorefractive keratectomy. J. Refractive Surg. 1995;11:309-313.Burnstein Y, Klapper D, <mask> PS. Experimental wound rupture following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Arch. Ophthal. 1995;113:1056-1059. Maloney RK, Chan WK, Steinert R, <mask> P & O'Connell M. A multicenter trial of photorefractive keratectomy for residual myopia following previous ocular surgery. Ophthal.1995;102:1042-1053. <mask> PS, Carr JD. Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmic Practice 1995; 13:126-133. Burnstein Y, <mask> PS. Photorefractive keratectomy following radial keratotomy. J Refract Surg.1996;12:163-170., <mask> PS, Shah S, Geiger D, Holladay J. Corneal topography irregularities after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Best Paper of Session Supplement. J Cat Refractive Surg 1995;21:9-13. Shah, SI, <mask> PS. Photorefractive keratectomy for myopia using a 6-mm optical zone. J Refract Surg. 1996;12:341-351., <mask> PS, Shah SI, Durrie D. Monocular diplopia following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy after radial keratotomy.Ophth Surg Lasers. 1996;27:315-317. <mask> PS, Shah S, Holladay JT.

Peter Hersh

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Corneal asphericity following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Ophth Surg Lasers. 1996;27S:421-428. <mask> PS, Shah S, Geiger D, Holladay J, Summit Photorefractive Keratectomy Topography Study Group.Corneal optical irregularity after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. J. Cat. Refract. Surg. 1996:22:197-204. <mask> PS, Burnstein Y, Carr J, Etwaru G, Mayers M. Phototherapeutic keratectomy: surgical strategies and clinical outcomes.Ophthal. 1996;103:1210-1222., <mask> PS, Schein OD, Steinert RF. Characteristics influencing outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthal. 1996;103:1964-1969 . Carr JD, <mask> PS. Excimer laser technology: key concepts for the ophthalmologist.Seminars in Ophthal. 1996;11:212-223. Shah S, <mask> PS. Evolving bias in reporting refractive surgery in the popular press. J. Refract. Surg. 1996;12:638-641.Zagelbaum B, Starkey C, <mask> PS, Donnenfeld ED, Perry HD & Jeffers JB. The National Basketball Association eye injury study. Sports Vision 1996;12:7-11., <mask> PS, Shah S, Summit PRK Topography Study Group. Corneal topography of 6.0 mm excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: Characterization and clinical effects. Ophthal. 1997;104:1333-1342. <mask> PS, Stulting D, Steinert RF, Waring GO, Thompson K, Doney K, O'Connell M. Results of phase III excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia.Ophthal. 1997;104:1535-1553. Scher KS, <mask> PS. Disparity between refractive error and visual acuity after photorefractive keratectomy: Multifocal corneal effects. J Cat Ref Surg. 1997;23:1029-1033. <mask> P. A standardized classification system for corneal topography patterns after laser refractive surgery.J Refract Surg. 1997;13:571-578. <mask> PS, Scher KS, Irani R. Corneal topography of PRK and LASIK. Ophthal. 1998;105:612-619. <mask> PS, Brint SF, Berkeley RB, Durrie DS, Gordon M, Maloney RK, Michelson MA, Thompson VM. PRK versus LASIK for moderate to high myopia: A prospective randomized study.Ophthalmology 1998;15:1512-1522. Steinert RF, <mask> PS. Spherical and aspherical photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia: Two prospective, randomized clinical trials. Tr Am Ophth Soc 1998;96:197-227. Abbas U, <mask> PS Natural history of corneal topography after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology, 1998;15:2212-2224. Manche EE, Carr JD, Haw WW, <mask> PS.Excimer laser refractive surgery. West J Med. 1998;169:30-38 Abbas U, <mask> PS. Copy of Early Corneal topography patterns after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology, 1999; 115:22-26. Chiang PK, <mask> PS. Comparing predictability between eyes after bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis.Ophthalmology, 1999:106;1684-1691. <mask> PS, Abbassi R. Surgically induced astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1999:25:389-398. Fisher EM, Ginsberg NE, Scher KS, <mask> PS. Photorefractive Keratectomy for myopia with a 15 Hz repetition rate.1999;26:363-368. <mask> PS, Steinert RF, Brint SF Phototherapeutic Keratectomy.versus laser in situ keratomileusis. Comparison of optical side effects.Ophthalmology 2000:107:925-933. Ginsberg NE, <mask> PS. Effect of lamellar flap location on corneal topography after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26;992-1000. Dastgheib KA, Clinch TE, Manche EE, <mask> P, Ramsey J. Sloughing of corneal epithelium and wound healing complications associated with laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with epithelial basement membrane dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:297-303.Lumba J, <mask> PS. Topography changes associated with sublamellar epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 26;2000:1413-1416. Karp KO, <mask> PS, Epstein RJ. Delayed keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J. Cat Refract Surg 2000;26:925-928.Abbas UL, <mask> PS. of Late natural history of Corneal Topography after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.PRK Ophthalmology 2001;108:953-959. Asbell PA, Maloney RK, Davidorf J, <mask> P, McDonald M, Manche E. Conductive keratoplasty for the Correction of Hyperopia Trans Am Ophthalmological Society 2001; 99:79-97. McDonald MB, Davidorf J, Maloney RK, Manche EE, <mask> P. Conductive Keratoplasty for Correction of low to moderate Hyperopia Ophthalmology 2002; 109:637-649 Leu G, <mask> PS. Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for the treatment of diffuse lamellar keratitis. J Cat Refract 2002;28: 1471.1474. <mask> PS, Ratkaran R, <mask> D. Contact Lens evaluation of corneal Keratoplasty for the correction of corbeal topography irregularities after laser refractive surgery.J Cat Refract Surg 2002;28:2054-2057. McDonald MB, <mask> P, Manche EE, Maloney RK, Davidorf J, Sabry M. Conductive Keratoplasty for the correction of low to moderate hyperopia US clinical trial 1 year results 355 eyes Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1978-1990 . <mask> PS; Fry KL, Bishop DS.Incidence and Association of Retreatment after LASIK Ophthamology 2003; 110:748-754.Vol 110 No 4 April 2003.pdf <mask> PS, Fry KL, Blaker, JW. Spherical aberration after LASIK and PRK. J Cat Refract Surg 2003;11:2096-2104. Klein S, Fry KL, <mask> PS. LASIK after conductive keratoplasty.J Cat Refract Surg 2004;30:702-705. Steinert RF, Ashrafzadeh A, <mask> PS. Results of phototherapeutic keratectomy in the management of flap striae after LASIK. Ophthalmology 2004;111:740-746. <mask> PS, Fry K, Chandrashekhar R, Fikaris DS. Conductive keratoplasty to complications of LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1941-1947.<mask> PS. Optics of conductive keratoplasty. Implications for presbyopia management. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005;103:412-456. Patel SR, Chu DS, Ayres B, <mask> PS. Corneal edema and penetrating keratoplasty after anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation. J Cat Refract Surg 2005;31:2212-2215.Xu Y, <mask> PS, Chu DS. Wavefront analysis and Scheimpflug imagery in diagnosis of anterior lenticonus. J Cat Refract Surg 2010;36:850-853. Van De Sompel D, Kunkel G, <mask> PS, Smiths AJ. Model of accommodation: Contributions of lens geometry and mechanical properties to the development of presbyopia. J Cat Refract Surg 2010;36:1960-1971. Greenstein SA, Fry KL, Bhatt J, <mask> PS.Natural history of corneal haze after collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: A Scheimpflug and biomicroscopic analysis. J Cat Refract Surg 2010;36:2105-2114. <mask> PS, Greenstein SA, Fry KL. Corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: One year results. J Cat Refract Surg 2011;37:149-160. Greenstein SA, Shah VP, Fry KL, <mask> PS. Corneal thickness changes after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia: One-year results.J Cat Refract Surg 2011; 37:691-700. Archna P, Fry KL, <mask> PS. Relationship of Age and Refraction to Central Corneal Thickness. Cornea 2011; 30: 553-555. Greenstein SA, Fry KL, <mask> PS. Corneal topography indices after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia One-year results. J Cat Refract Surg 2011; 37: 1282-1290.Greenstein SA, Fry KL, Hersh PS. In Vivo Biomechanical Changes After Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Keratoconus and Corneal Ectasia: 1-Year Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial. Cornea 202; 31: 21-25. Greenstein SA, Fry KL, <mask>, MJ, <mask> PS. Higher-order aberrations after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. J Cat Refract Surg 2012; 38: 292-302. Brooks NO, Greenstein SA, Fry KL, <mask> PS.Patient subjective visual function after corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus and corneal ectasia. J Cat Refract Surg 2012; 38:615-619. <mask> PS, Lai MJ, Gelles JD, Lesniak SP. Transepithelial corneal crosslinking for keratoconus. J Cat Refract Surg 2018; 44:313-322. Lai MJ, Greenstein SA, Gelles JD, <mask> PS. Corneal Haze after Transepithelial Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus: A Scheimpflug Densitometry Analysis.Cornea. 2020;39(9):1117-1121. References External links <mask>, <mask>. on WorldCat American ophthalmologists Princeton University alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Johns Hopkins University alumni Columbia High School (New Jersey) alumni People from Maplewood, New

Mona Darkfeather

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Josephine M. Workman better known by her stage name, Princess <mask> (January 13, 1882 – September 3, 1977) was an American actress who starred in Native American and Western dramas. During the silent era of motion pictures, from 1911 to 1917, she appeared in 102 movies. She is best known for her role as Prairie Flower in The Vanishing Tribe (1914). Her career began in 1909 when she replied to a local newspaper advertisement placed by producer/director Thomas Ince's Bison Motion Pictures. During a time when studios rarely hired Native Americans, the movie studio was looking for an actress with the physical attributes to portray an American Indian and who was physically capable of doing stunts and riding horses. While she had never acted before, Workman fit the appearance that Ince wanted. She apparently embellished her riding skills, as she did not have any, but nevertheless quickly learned horsemanship.Given the stage name <mask> (and later "Princess" <mask>), she was cast in her first starring role as an Indian maiden named Owanee in the 1911 movie Owanee's Great Love. Early life She was born Josephine M. Workman in Boyle Heights, California, and baptized at the Plaza Church, Los Angeles, when she was four months old. She was the daughter of Joseph Manuel Workman (1833–1901) and Josephine Mary Belt (1851–1937). Her siblings were Mary Cristina Workman (1870–1963); Agnes Elizabeth Workman (1872–1957); Marie Lucile "Lucy" Workman (1875–1944); William Joseph Workman (1877–1956); George D. Workman (1879–1903); and Nellie Workman (1886–1888). Her grandparents were William Workman (1799-1876), a native of England, and Nicolasa Urioste (1802-1892), who hailed from the Taos Pueblo in New Mexico. According to the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum, her paternal grandmother Nicolasa was of Taos Pueblo descent. Her mother was of Scottish and Chilean descent.Darkfeather claimed Spanish ancestry as well. She was a member of the prominent pioneer Workman family of Los Angeles. In 1870, her grandfather, William Workman (1799–1876), deeded of land, a portion of the Rancho La Puente, to his son, Joseph M. Workman. Through this deed, the land would go to Joseph's children upon his death. Her parents separated in 1893, and Josephine lived with her mother. Joseph Workman deeded his Rancho La Puente land to O.T. Bassett, in 1895.On March 22, 1915, Josephine (Belt) Workman married David D. Parten (1857–1929), a law enforcement officer who died after being accidentally hit by a backing car. Married life Darkfeather married film director and actor Frank E. Montgomery (born Frank Akley; 1870–1944) in 1912. In 1914, Frank E. Montgomery moved to Spokane, Washington to open and direct at the Frank E. Montgomery of the Spokane School of Motion Picture Acting. Darkfeather became associated with the company as an instructor. Darkfeather and Montgomery divorced in 1928. In late 1928, Darkfeather married banker and financer Alfred Wessling until their divorce in 1935. On December 23, 1937, Montgomery and <mask> remarried after nine years of separation and remained married until Montgomery's death in 1944.Film career After replying in 1909 to a Bison Motion Pictures newspaper ad, which called for "exotic-looking girls" to play "Indian maidens", she soon became famous as "Princess <mask>ather", noted for leaping onto her pinto pony, "Comanche", and galloping away bareback. Darkfeather was a noted moving picture artist who regularly starred in roles of Indian and Western dramas. Although she was mostly of European and Chilean descent, Darkfeather's early publicity claimed she was a full-blooded Blackfoot Indian. She said she was an Indian Princess and had been made a blood member of the Blackfoot Nation and given the title of princess by a "Chief Big Thunder". She played Indian roles in one-reel western melodrama shorts, such as A White Indian (1912) and A Blackfoot's Conspiracy (1912), as well as feature length movies. She was by then a major movie star. She also played leading roles as Spanish women in several historical dramas.Darkfeather regularly appeared in Montgomery's films through various motion picture companies that he worked for, including Bison Company, Universal, Kalem Company, and Sawyer Inc. Under the tutelage of her husband/director Frank E Montgomery, Darkfeather played Indian and several Spanish leads in many Bison Company Productions. Darkfeather made movies for Bison starting in 1909, the Selig Polyscope Company between 1909 and 1913, Nestor Studios in 1912 and for Kalem Studios beginning in 1913. Montgomery directed her in the 101-Bison two-reeler The Massacre of the Fourth Cavalry (1912). Other films he directed her in include A Forest Romance, For the Peace of Bear Valley and Justice of the Wild, all released in 1913, in which she played opposite Harry von Meter. Darkfeather was Cecil B. DeMille's first choice to portray the Indian wife, Nat-u-ritch, in his famous western The Squaw Man (1914), but she was too busy, as she and Montgomery were producing their own movies independently for release through the Kalem Company, and she was unavailable to play the role. She and Montgomery joined the Universal Film Company in 1914 and continued to collaborate on scores of westerns.Darkfeather appeared in her last movie, The Hidden Danger, in 1917, then retired from the screen. For a while after she retired as a screen actress, she performed on the stage and headlined as Princess Darkfeather. In late August 1918, she made a special appearance at the Liberty Theater in Tacoma, Washington, as actress, singer and lecturer. In her "rattlesnake" dress, she appeared after each showing of the feature movie, Eyes of the World (1917) starring Monroe Salisbury, to sing and give advice to all girls in the audience with ambition to enter show business. She and her husband, Frank Montgomery, were living at 1117 3rd Avenue in Seattle, Washington, in September 1918, when he registered with the local draft board for World War I. He gave his present occupation as photoplay star manager. In 1920, they were back in Los Angeles, living at 2518 Maple Avenue.Filmography A Cheyenne's Love for a Sioux (1910), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> and Frank Montgomery Owanee's Great Love (1911), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather A Squaw's Retribution (1911), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> Blacksnake's Treachery (1911), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather Darkfeather, the Squaw (1911), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather An Indian Love Story (1911), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather and Dove Eye White Fawn's Peril (1911), Bison.Cast includes: <mask>ather A Spanish Wooing (1911), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Sydney Ayres, Frank Richardson, Frank Clark The Night Herder (1911), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Tom Santschi, Frank Clark, Dell Eagles Bunkie (1912), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Hobart Bosworth, Fred Huntley, Phil Stratton As Told by Princess Bess (1912), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Eugenie Besserer, Hobart Bosworth, Frank Richardson Crucial Test, A (1912), Dir. Frank E Montgomery; Cast includes: Hobart Bosworth, Herbert Rawlinson, Tom Santschi, <mask>, Fred Huntley, Roy Watson At Old Fort Dearborn (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> and Charles Bartlett <mask>'s Strategy (1912), Selig Polyscope Company.Cast includes: <mask>, Hobart Bosworth, Tom Santschi, Frank Richardson The End of the Romance (1912), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Herbert Rawlinson The Hand of Fate (1912), Selig Polyscope Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Hobart Bosworth, Al Ernest Garcia, Fernando Gálvez A White Indian (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather The Massacre of Santa Fe Trail (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Lee Morris, Roy Watson At Old Fort Dearborn (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> and Charles Bartlett When Uncle Sam Was Young (1912), Cast includes: <mask> and Virginia Chester The Tattoo (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, William Bertram, Artie Ortego, Jack Leonard Star Eyes' Stratagem (1912), Bison.Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Charles Bartlett Trapper Bill, King of Scouts (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Roy Watson A Red Man's Love (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, William Bertram, Charles Bartlett, Artie Ortego An Indian Ishmael (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Chief Harvey, Chief Phillipi, Roy Watson Blackfoot Conspiracy (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather The Half-Breed Scout (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Roy Watson, Charles Bartlett, Virginia Chester The Massacre of the Fourth Cavalry (1912), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Roy Watson, William Bertram Big Rock's Last Stand (1912), Bison.Dir. Frank Montgomery; Cast includes: <mask>, William Bertram, Art Ortega, Virginia Chester, Roy Watson Apache Father's Vengeance, An (1913) Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather Mona of the Modocs (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> The Song of the Telegraph (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Charles Bartlett The Red Girl's Sacrifice (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> The Return of Thunder Cloud's Spirit (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask> and Helen Case The Half Breed Parson (1913), Bison.Cast includes: <mask>, Francis Ford, Grace Cunard Owana, the Devil Woman (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask> and Artie Ortego The Spring in the Desert (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask> and Artie Ortego Apache Love (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Chief Harvey <mask> (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>, William Bertram, Artie Ortego The Snake (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Harry von Meter, Artie Ortego, Lee Shumway Darkfeather's Sacrifice (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>ather Juanita (1913), Nestor Film Company.Cast includes: <mask>, J. Gunnis Davis, Lawrence Peyton When the Blood Calls (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Lawrence Peyton The Oath of Conchita (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>ather The Love of Men (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather A Forest Romance (1913), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>, Harry von Meter, J. Gunnis Davis For the Peace of Bear Valley (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Harry von Meter, Inez Fanjoy Justice of the Wild (1913), Nestor Film Company. Cast includes: <mask>, Harry von Meter, L.J.Anderson Against Desperate Odds (1913), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Rex Downs, Charles Bartlett An Indian Maid's Strategy (1913), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Chief Eagle Wing Her Indian Brother (1913), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Anna De Lisle A Dream of the Wild (1914), Kalem. <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Artie Ortego Indian Blood (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Buster Emmons Red Hawk's Sacrifice (1914), Kalem. <mask>, Artie Ortego, Charles Bartlett The Paleface Brave (1914), Kalem.<mask>, Charles Bartlett, Artie Ortego The Indian Ambuscade (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Artie Ortego Indian Fate (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Lucille Neath, Charles Bartlett An Indian's Honor (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, Charles Bartlett The Tigers of the Hills (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Billie Rhodes, J. Gunnis Davis The Hopi Raiders (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Rex Downs, Charles Bartlett The Medicine Man's Vengeance (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, J. Gunnis Davis His Indian Nemesis (1914), Kalem.Cast includes: <mask>, Artie Ortego, J. Gunnis Davis The Navajo Blanket (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: Artie Ortego, <mask>, Big Moon The Fight on Deadwood Trail (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Anna De Lisle, Jack Messick Grey Eagle's Last Stand (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: Big Moon, Eagle Feather, <mask> The War Bonnet (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: Artie Ortego, <mask>, Rex Downs The Redskins and the Renegades (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: Big Moon, <mask>, Chief Eagle Wing Bottled Spider, The (1914) Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>ather At the End of the Rope (1914), Kalem.Cast includes: <mask> Coming of Lone Wolf, The (1914) Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>ather Call of the Tribe, The (1914) Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Art Ortega, Big Moon, Eva Smith The Squaw's Revenge (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Rex Downs, Juanita Martenis The Gypsy Gambler (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>, Charles Bartlett, Rex Downs Brought to Justice (1914) Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>ather Cave of Death, The (1914), Kalem. Cast includes: <mask>ather Vengeance of Winona, The (1914) The Stolen Invention (1915), Monty Film.Cast includes: <mask> A Message for Help (1915), Bison. Cast includes: <mask>ather Circle of Death, The (1916), Cast includes: <mask>ather The Crimson Arrow (1917), Universal. Cast includes: <mask>ather Later life In late January 1921, she won a lawsuit in Los Angeles, which she initiated on June 24, 1918, against Charles N. Bassett to recover an interest in the Rancho La Puente land that her father sold to Bassett's father in 1895. Although she had been 12 years of age in 1895, she was never served with a summons to quit title as an heir of the property, as were her older brothers and sisters. The decision gave her a one-ninth interest in of what was said to be the largest walnut grove in California, at Bassett Station, near El Monte, and she was awarded a cash judgment for $129,163. The decision was reversed, however, by the Supreme Court at San Francisco, on September 22, 1922. <mask> and Montgomery were divorced in 1928.She was married again in 1928 to wealthy banker/financeer Alfred G. Wessling (1869–1941). In 1930, the Wesslings lived at 352 North Myrtle Avenue in Monrovia. They lived at 931 Manhattan Avenue in Hermosa Beach, in 1934. She and Wessling were divorced in 1935. On December 23, 1937, she and Frank Montgomery, who was by then a technician of the Hal Roach Studios sound department, and was currently working on Merrily We Live starring Constance Bennett, were remarried in <mask>'s home at 1420 ½ Mohawk Street, Echo Park. They remained married until his death in 1944. <mask> died at age 94 from a stroke, due to cerebral atherosclerosis, at a convalescent center on South Crenshaw Boulevard, Los Angeles.She is interred in section K, lot 116, grave 7, in the Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California, under the name Josephine Workman. See also Portrayal of Native Americans in film Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States Workman-Temple family Pliny Fisk Temple (Francisco P. Temple) Boyle-Workman family References External links American film actresses American silent film actresses American stage actresses Actresses from Los Angeles 1883 births 1977 deaths People from Boyle Heights, Los Angeles American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Spanish descent History of Los Angeles Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City 20th-century American actresses

Harry Hosier

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<mask> ( – May 1806), better known during his life as "<mask>", was an African American Methodist preacher during the Second Great Awakening in the early United States. Dr. Benjamin Rush said that, "making allowances for his illiteracy, he was the greatest orator in America". His style was widely influential but he was never formally ordained by the Methodist Episcopal Church or the Rev. Richard Allen's separate African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. Name Better known as "<mask>" during his lifetime, <mask>r was illiterate and his name is also recorded variously as Hoosier, Hoshur, and Hossier. Hosier is an occupational surname referring to a maker or seller of hosiery, still commonly worn by men as well as women in the 18th century. It may have been adopted as a slave name from one of <mask>'s masters or referred to his livelihood in Baltimore before meeting Bishop Asbury.The spelling "Hoosier" caused William Piersen, a history professor at Fisk University, to argue for a connection to the Indiana demonym "Hoosier". Horton suggests that, if the uncommon surname Hoosier is correct, it would represent a parallel development: the application to <mask> of the same epithet referring to "low-born" and "fundamentalist" hillbillies of the kind <mask> ministered to in his circuit riding that was later applied to the early settlers on the Indiana shore of the Ohio River. <mask>sier should not be confused with <mask> of St. Eustatius, a methodist preacher who lived in the same 18th century. He had been transferred by the Dutch from America to the Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius. Because of his preachings he was expelled to the continent again. Life Hosier's early life is not well-documented but most sources agree he was a freedman. He was probably born to two African slaves near Fayetteville, North Carolina, but nothing else is known about his parents.He seems to have been sold north to Baltimore, Maryland, (possibly to the plantation of <mask>, a prominent Methodist there) and to have gained his freedom around the end of the American Revolution. He met Bishop Francis Asbury, the "Father of the American Methodist Church", , a meeting Asbury considered "providentially arranged". This meeting may have occurred during Asbury's trip to Todd, North Carolina. Hosier worked as Asbury's carriage driver and servant. Finding that his illiterate guide could memorize long passages verbatim and warm up the crowds for his sermons, Asbury began to read the Bible aloud during their travel from county to county and to train Hosier as a preacher in his own right. The first reference to Hosier in Asbury's journals observes, "If I had <mask> to go with me and meet the colored people, it would be attended with a blessing". Speaking after Asbury, Hosier delivered his first sermon "The Barren Fig Tree", concerning Luke 13:6–9 to the black Methodist congregation at Adams's Chapel in Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1781."The white people looked on with attention" even at the first performance; subsequently, they would often be moved to tears. Dr. Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, declared it to be the greatest sermon he'd ever heard. Although Asbury had originally intended to use Hosier to minister among blacks and they "came a great distance to hear him", his delivery was so effective and affecting that his primary audience seems to have been white. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black to a white congregation. His sermons called on Methodists to reject slavery and champion the common working man. At the same time, he told his black audiences "that they must be holy", which criticism displeased no small number of them.As with most early Methodist preachers, he was a circuit-rider and traveled from Cainhoy, South Carolina, to Boston, Massachusetts, usually in attendance with Asbury. Having grown used to the relative freedom of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was at first unwilling to return south to Virginia and the Carolinas. Asbury was generally anxious to have him come, though, as Hosier's reputation preceded him and news of his coming would draw larger crowds than the bishop alone. John Wesley's representative Thomas Coke was hosted by Asbury in 1784 and 1786. Touring Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Coke wrote in his journal that Hosier was "one of the best preachers in the world" and yet "one of the humblest creatures I ever saw". Hosier was present at the Christmas Conference from December 24, 1784, to January 2, 1785, at Lovely Lane Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland, where the Methodist Episcopal Church of America was formally founded. Along with Richard Allen, he was permitted to observe but not vote on any of the items before the conference.He made a sensation in New York accompanying Asbury there in September 1786. Touring Connecticut and Massachusetts with Freeborn Garrettson, Hosier stayed with Prince Hall, "master mason for the Africans", and preached in Boston before a crowd of a thousand. In 1791, an erroneous accusation against him led to the exclusion of Hosier within the church. The Rev. Henry Boehm credited his "fall" to Hosier's pride in his work: "poor <mask> was so petted and made so much of that he became lifted up". The Carolinian elder Rev. Jenkins was less circumspect: he described "some difficulties" with "an influential colored man, who desired further promotion within the church".Jenkins proclaimed he "generally found that these people cannot bear promotion: like too many white people, they become proud". Hosier was not included in the group of black Methodist preachers who were ordained in 1799. At the end of his life, Hosier was found drunk and scavenging garbage looking for cloth to sell as rags. He subsequently preached that he wrestled with God and screamed Psalm 51 repeatedly before recovering and carrying on his ministry. See also Hoosier Bishop Francis Asbury Bishop Richard Allen St. Absalom Jones Jarena Lee References External links "<mask>sier" from Flashbacks by Patrick M. Reynolds The Asbury Triptych Series: book series on Francis Asbury. Numerous articles on Asbury's traveling preachers including an article on <mask>r. 1750s births 1806 deaths History of Methodism in the United States American Methodist clergy African-American Methodist clergy People from Fayetteville, North Carolina 19th-century Methodist ministers

Alan Hawkshaw

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<mask> (27 March 1937 – 16 October 2021) was a British composer and performer, particularly of library music used as themes for movies and television programs. <mask> worked extensively for the KPM production music company in the 1950s to the 1970s, composing and recording many stock tracks that have been used extensively in film and TV. He was the composer of a number of theme tunes including Grange Hill (originally library music recorded in Munich known as "Chicken Man") and Countdown. In addition, he was an arranger and pianist, and in the United States with the studio group Love De-Luxe scored a number 1 single on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart with "Here Comes That Sound Again" in 1979. His song "Charlie" is heard on Just for Laughs Gags. He was the father of singer-songwriter <mask>ësto, Delerium, BT, Seba and Paradox. Career Born in Leeds, <mask> worked as a printer for several years before becoming a professional musician, first joining the pop group The Crescendos.In the early 1960s, he was a member of rock and roll group Emile Ford and the Checkmates. He also formed the Mohawks band and Rumplestiltskin with some session musicians. At that time, <mask> was an exponent of the Hammond organ, heard in the Mohawks' music, and also on the UK recording of the musical Hair. In 1965 <mask> played piano on The Hollies group composed album track; "Put Yourself in My Place" included on the EMI/Parlophone album; Hollies (1965) being featured on a piano solo during the song. <mask> was also featured playing with David Bowie on the Bowie at the Beeb album, in a performance recorded for the "John Peel in Top Gear" show on 13 May 1968, in which he played a solo on "In The Heat of the Morning". In 1969, Hank Marvin recruited <mask> into The Shadows to tour Japan in which one concert was recorded and subsequently released in Japan, The Shadows Live in Japan (1969), taking a featured lead on piano on "Theme from Exodus". In 1970, <mask> recorded one more studio album with The Shadows, Shades of Rock before leaving this band.He also did appear as keyboardist on The Shadows' spin-off vocal group Marvin, Welch, & Farrar's self-titled debut and follow-up Second Opinion albums both released on EMI's reactivated Regal Zonophone label in 1971. In the 1970s, he played in The Shadows; he worked for Olivia Newton-John, Jane Birkin, and Serge Gainsbourg (including on "L'homme à tête de chou") as a musical director, arranger and pianist and was a keyboard player for Cliff Richard, for whom he also co-wrote (with Douggie Wright) "The Days of Love", one of six shortlisted songs which Richard performed in A Song for Europe that year. He also played keyboards on Donna Summer's 1977 double album Once Upon A Time. One of his best-known compositions is "Blarney's Stoned" (originally recorded for KPM in 1969 under the title "Studio 69") which was used as the theme tune for Dave Allen's television shows The Dave Allen Show and Dave Allen at Large. In 1975, he wrote the theme tune to the BBC's On the Move educational programme, which featured Bob Hoskins as an illiterate lorry driver; the song was sung by The Dooleys. In 1977, he composed "New Earth Parts 1 & 2" for Hank Marvin's Guitar Syndicate LP project. This was subsequently sampled over 30 years later by Jay-Z for his song "Pray".Also, during the late 1970s, music by <mask> appeared in several films by Radley Metzger, including Barbara Broadcast (1977) and Maraschino Cherry (1978). <mask> performed the music The Night Rider (the theme for Cadbury's Milk Tray adverts), which was composed by another prolific creator of advertising themes, Cliff Adams. <mask> also composed "Best Endeavours", which has been the theme for Channel 4 News since 1982, and was used for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's The National news and current affairs programme from 1984 to 1987. His tune "Chicken Man" was used as the theme for Grange Hill from its first series in 1978 until 1989, and revived for the final series of Grange Hill in 2008. Another recording of Chicken Man was used contemporaneously with the original Grange Hill version for the ITV quiz show Give Us A Clue. The Countdown "Chimes" jingle used on Channel 4's Countdown game show was also composed by <mask>. He composed all the music for the Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World series, and the theme "Technicolour", which was used for the BBC Midlands Today programme from 1984 to 1988, following which it was replaced with a remix of this tune from 1989 to 1991.In the United States, he also scored a number 1 single on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart with "Here Comes That Sound Again", as part of Love De-Luxe With Hawkshaw's Discophonia in 1979. In Canada, it reached number 17. Also in 1979, he released a disco album under the performing name "Bizarre" which was essentially a solo project with the help of executive producer Barry Mason. It was released in the UK on Polydor Records (cat. no. 2383 553) in 1979. He also once more appeared with The Shadows, guesting on their 1979 UK chart-topping album String of Hits playing piano on a cover of Paul Simon's "Bridge Over Troubled Water".<mask> is credited with the co-composition (with 'B. Henry' (Bob Henry)) of "I Feel So Good", a 1966 release by Manchester's Playboys (Fontana TF745). The Alan Hawkshaw Foundation, in conjunction with the Performing Rights Society, has provided scholarships to underprivileged music students and media composers at both the Leeds College of Music and the National Film and Television School since 2003. Personal life After a brief early marriage, <mask> married German-born Christiane Bieberbach in 1968; they had two children; singer, composer and musician Kirsty (b. 1969), and Sheldon (b. 1971). He suffered his fourth stroke in July 2021, and died from pneumonia on 16 October, at the age of 84.Honours and awards Fellow of the Leeds College of Music Best Arrangement 1973 "I Honestly Love You" for Olivia Newton-John Ivor Novello Award best film score The Silent Witness 1979 BASCA Nomination Best Television Score for Love Hurts 1991 Gold Badge Award 2008 for services to the industry Doctorate for services to the music industry by Hull University and Leeds College of Music <mask> was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to music and composing. Discography The Shadows 1969: Live in Japan 1970: Shades of Rock 2018: Brian Bennett - Full Circle. Emile Ford and The Checkmates 1961: New Tracks With Emile 1962: Emile The Mohawks The Mohawks were a band formed from session musicians. The Champ (1968) Track listing "The Champ" – UK #58 "Hip Juggler" "Sweet Soul Music" "Dr Jekyll and Hyde Park" "Senior Thump" "Landscape" "Baby Hold On" "Funky Broadway" "Rocky Mountain Roundabout" "Sound of the Witchdoctors" "Beat Me Til I'm Blue" "Can You Hear Me?" Tracks 4, 5, 9 and 11 also appeared on <mask>'s album, Mo'Hawk. References External links Official website 1937 births 2021 deaths English session musicians English composers English Latter Day Saints English television composers English male composers Musicians from Leeds The Shadows members Recipients of the British Empire Medal Deaths from pneumonia in the United Kingdom

Sophie Watts

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<mask> (born 1985) is a British-born film and media executive. Alongside Robert Simonds, she was one of two original members of the global media company STX Entertainment, which owns and controls assets including a movie studio (STXfilms), television studio (STXtv), virtual reality studio (STXsurreal), and a digital content studio (STXdigital). During her tenure, the company secured extensive capitalization from private equity giant TPG Growth, Chinese private equity firm Hony Capital, Chinese streaming giant Tencent, Hong Kong-based information and communications technology company PCCW, the world's largest international cable company Liberty Global, and a number of high net-worth individuals including philanthropist and filmmaker Gigi Pritzker and businessman William Wrigley, Jr. II. <mask> is notable for being the only female media executive in history to have built a Hollywood film studio from the ground up. <mask> was President of STX Entertainment from inception (2011) until January 16, 2018, when she announced her resignation from the company, citing a desire to focus on aggressive new business and turnaround opportunities. During her 7-year tenure, STX Entertainment grew from inception into a media conglomerate which, based on preliminary paperwork for its planned initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, valued the company at over US$2.5 billion. <mask> has spoken widely on the entrepreneurial value of building celebrity-partnered ventures and, following her departure from STX, has built multiple talent-driven companies, including a widely-successful sports league with Mike Tyson, Mike Tyson’s Legends Only League.Personal life <mask> was born in London, England, the daughter of music video and music film producer <mask> - one of the pioneers of the music video industry at Virgin Records - and rock journalist and newspaper editor <mask>. She has publicly protested the publication of her relationship to the prominent Whitney family, of which she is a direct heir, including to the New York Times, citing misrepresentation and security issues. She grew up in London and Bedfordshire and attended Gonville and Caius College at the University of Cambridge. She graduated with First-Class Honours (summa cum laude) in Economic History (Master's), and was awarded recognition as a Senior Scholar of her college, where she wrote a thesis on the economic rise and might of Asia, notably in China and India. Early career Early in her career, <mask> worked in music film, videos and programming with artists including Sir Paul McCartney, Sir Elton John, U2, Beyoncé, Madonna, and Mariah Carey. She moved to Los Angeles in 2007, where she was a producer and financier on film projects including the 2011 documentary Bully. The film was awarded the Producers Guild of America (PGA) Stanley Kramer award in 2013, honoring productions and individuals that “illuminate and raise public awareness of important social issues.” By 2014, the film had been viewed by over 3.5 million secondary students across the United States.STX Entertainment Origins In 2011, <mask> started working with Robert "Bob" Simonds as they began to build a next-generation film, television and multimedia company. The goal of the company was to “make, market and distribute star-driven, commercial" content. Incubated by the private equity firm TPG Growth, the company grew to secure investments from Chinese private equity firm Hony Capital, and others including philanthropist and filmmaker Gigi Pritzker and businessman William “Beau" Wrigley. In 2014, the company announced that it had secured over $1 billion in financing. Other core executives of the STX team included former Viacom Entertainment Chief Operating Officer Tom McGrath (media executive), who functions as the company's COO, and former Crest Animation CEO Noah Fogelson as General Counsel. STXfilms Rather than pursuing the traditional distribution process, STXfilms, the film studio division of STX Entertainment, secured direct distribution agreements with North American theater chains AMC, Regal, Cinemark, Goodrich, Marcus Theatres and Carmike Cinemas. Later on in 2014, STXfilms hired a series of film and media executives, including former Universal Pictures Chairman Adam Fogelson and former Disney production and marketing chief Oren Aviv.In January 2015, STXfilms signed a multiyear television output agreement to release its films exclusively to Showtime Networks during the premium television window, beginning in 2015 and covering the studio’s theatrical releases through 2019. In April 2015, STXfilms entered into a multiyear partnership with Universal Studios Home Entertainment, with Universal handling marketing, sales and distribution services for Blu-ray, DVD and VOD platforms of STX’s theatrical titles in North America. The studio subsequently closed a three-year film slate deal with Huayi Brothers, one of China's largest film companies, which will enable STX to co-produce and co-distribute 12 to 15 films annually. The studio announced that it would make at least 10 “commercial” movies a year and that it would function as a next-generation, fully integrated film studio. STXfilms projects include Bad Moms, Molly's Game, Jackie Chan-starrer The Foreigner, and The Gift. In 2016, STXfilms became the fastest studio that year to hit $100-million at the domestic box office with Bad Moms, earned a People's Choice award winner for best comedy for the film, garnered a Golden Globe nomination for Hailee Steinfeld in The Edge of Seventeen and procured DGA Best New Director nominations for The Gift and The Edge of Seventeen. In October 2017, STXfilms' The Foreigner, a co-production with Jackie Chan's Sparkle Roll Media, crossed $100 million in box office globally.The film was termed "a clear winner given that it cost just $35 million to produce" and "a fine example of how a Chinese co-production can work." Later on in 2017, the studio secured two Golden Globe nominations for writer Aaron Sorkin's directorial debut Molly's Game. Further Growth In April 2016, <mask> announced the opening of STXinternational, headquartered in London and led by former Film4 head David Kosse. Four months later, STX Entertainment announced that it had closed its Series C of financing, led by investors including Hong Kong telecommunications company PCCW Ltd., which is controlled by Richard Li, and Tencent Holdings Ltd. As part of the funding, STX also received new investments from East West Bancorp’s Dominic Ng, as well as existing investors TPG, Hony Capital, business interests of Gigi Pritzker, Michael Pucker and their immediate family, and William Wrigley Jr. The deal valued STX at almost $1.5 billion. On announcement of the deal, the company announced that funds from this round of financing would be used to build its TV division, expand internationally and acquire digital media start-ups. In August 2016, <mask> announced that she had acquired for STX the Virtual Reality creator and distributor Surreal, which was founded in 2015 and in its first year produced over 70 immersive VR experiences.In November 2016, STXtv's Reality division launched under <mask>' purview the variety show Number One Surprise, the first television show created by a US-based company specifically for broadcast in China. Its premiere on Hunan TV and digital platforms was viewed nearly 300 million times, and by March 2017 it was the #1 show in China with over 1 billion total views. In January 2017, it was announced that STX Entertainment had signed a three-year marketing and distribution agreement with EuropaCorp's American division. Under the deal, STXfilms released Their Finest, The Circle and Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets. In November 2017, STXtv announced its first scripted show, entitled "Valley of the Boom," a drama/documentary hybrid limited series about the ’90s tech boom from showrunner and director Matthew Carnahan (House of Lies) and executive producer Arianna Huffington. The show is set to air on NatGeo. IPO In September 2017, it was reported that STX may be close to an initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (SEHK) starting in early 2018.While based in the US, the company has numerous corporate and business relationships with China, and it has been reported that a listing on the SEHK could make it easier for Chinese companies to invest in Hollywood films. STX was valued at $1.5 billion in 2016. In September 2017, the Wall Street Journal stated that the company could be valued at $3.5 billion after raising an additional $500 million following the IPO. At the end of November 2017, John Malone's Liberty Global invested an undisclosed amount of money in the company, with an executive having a seat on STX's board. In April 2018, STX filed preliminary paperwork for its planned initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Resignation from STX In January 2018, <mask> prompted surprise across the media industry by resigning from her role as President at STX Entertainment, where she directly oversaw businesses including television, digital media, and virtual reality. She credited her departure to a desire to focus on "new and more aggressive opportunities" in the media space.In a mutual press release, STX Co-Founder Robert Simonds praised <mask> as "a force of nature...[an] incredibly talented, versatile executive who has been central to every aspect of growing the company, both domestically and internationally, from inception to the multi-billion-dollar endeavor it is today.". <mask> and Simonds had been working together on the idea for STX since 2011. Celebrity Venture Building Following her departure from STX, <mask> leaned heavily into building celebrity ventures. In 2020, she partnered with Mike Tyson to co-found Mike Tyson’s Legends Only League. The league provides retired professional athletes the opportunity to compete in their respective sport. On November 28, 2020, Mike Tyson fought Roy Jones Jr. at the Staples Center in the first event under Legends Only League. The event drew largely positive reviews.The Tyson vs. Jones fight was the highest selling PPV event of 2020 and ranks in the Top-10 for PPV purchased events all-time. <mask> was recognized by USA Today as being “one of the two powerhouse women” responsible for Tyson’s return to the ring. In March 2021, Mike Tyson’s Legends Only League announced that Jamie Foxx will star in, and also executive produce the official scripted series, “Tyson”, which will be directed by Antoine Fuqua and executive produced by Martin Scorsese and <mask>. Panels and Accolades In 2014, <mask> was listed as one of Hollywood's top dealmakers in Variety magazine's "Dealmakers Impact Report" for her work at STX. In September 2016, <mask> was named one of Fortune's 40 under 40, the magazine's annual ranking of the most influential people in business as chosen by "power, influence and success." She was also featured on the Women's Impact Report in 2015, 2016 and 2017, Variety magazine's annual list of women who make a significant impact on the entertainment industry, the National Diversity Council's 2016 list of the "Top 50 Most Powerful Women in Entertainment," and The Hollywood Reporter'''s 2016 Women in Entertainment Power 100, the outlet's annual roster of the most influential women in entertainment. Elle magazine's November 2016 edition named <mask> one of Hollywood's "next-to-know...heavy hitters."In 2017, <mask> was listed on the Variety500, an "index of the 500 most influential business leaders shaping the global $2 trillion entertainment industry." <mask> serves as a judge for the Business Innovation Awards sponsored by the UK Department of Trade and Investment, and for BAFTA LA's US Student Film Awards. She is on the Board of Directors for BAFTA LA and for the American non-profit organization The Trevor Project, which is focused on suicide prevention efforts for the LGBTQ community. "The Board and Staff," thetrevorproject.org. Accessed May 31, 2018. <mask> is credited as an Executive Producer on STX's NBC Primetime television show State of Affairs'', which stars Katherine Heigl and Academy Award nominee Alfre Woodard. The show premiered on November 17, 2014, debuting to a rating of 2.2 in the key demo with an average 8.6 million viewers.References Living people British media executives Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge STX Entertainment 1984 births

Bhupen Hazarika

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<mask> () (8 September 1926 – 5 November 2011) was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet, actor and filmmaker from Assam, widely known as Xudha kontho (meaning cuckoo, literally "nectar-throated"). His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood and have been translated and sung in many languages, most notably in Bengali and Hindi. His songs, based on the themes of communal amity, universal justice and empathy, are especially popular among the people of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is also acknowledged to have introduced the culture and folk music of Assam and Northeast India to Hindi cinema at the national level. He received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction in 1975, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), Padma Shri (1977), and Padma Bhushan (2001), Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1992), the highest award for cinema in India and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (2008), the highest award of the Sangeet Natak Akademi. He was posthumously awarded both the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, in 2012, and the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 2019. <mask> also held the position of the Chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi from December 1998 to December 2003.Biography Early life <mask>, who made fame as a musician, was born on 8 September 1926 to Nilakanta and Shantipriya <mask> in Sadiya (শদিয়া), an interior place of Assam on the bank of river Brahmaputra. His father was originally from Nazira, a town located in Sivasagar district. The eldest of ten children, <mask> <mask> (as well as his siblings) was exposed to the musical influence of his mother, who exposed him to lullabies and traditional Music of Assam. His father moved to the Bharalumukh region of Guwahati in 1929, in search of better prospects, where <mask> <mask> spent his early childhood. In 1932, his father further moved to Dhubri, and in 1935 to Tezpur. It was in Tezpur that <mask> <mask>, then 10-years-of-age, was discovered by Jyotiprasad Agarwala, the noted Assamese lyricist, playwright and the first Assamese filmmaker, and Bishnu Prasad Rabha, renowned Assamese artist and revolutionary poet, where he sang a Borgeet (the traditional classical Assamese devotional songs written by Srimanta Sankardeva and Sri Sri Madhabdeva), taught by his mother at a public function. In 1936, <mask> <mask> accompanied them to Kolkata where he recorded his first song at the Aurora Studio for the Selona Company.His association with the icons of Assamese culture at Tezpur was the beginning of his artistic growth and credentials. Subsequently, <mask> sang two songs in Agarwala's film Indramalati (1939): Kaxote Kolosi Loi and Biswo Bijoyi Naujawan at the age of 12. A revolutionary zeal was rooted during his childhood. Its expression was, no doubt, “Agnijugar firingathi mai” (I am the spark of the age of fire) which was written at 14 years of his age and he was well on his way to becoming a lyricist, composer and singer. Education and career <mask> studied at Sonaram High School at Guwahati, Dhubri Government High School and matriculated from Tezpur High School in 1940. He completed his Intermediate Arts from Cotton College in 1942, and his BA (1944) and MA (1946) in Political Science from Banaras Hindu University. For a brief period he worked at All India Radio, Guwahati when he won a scholarship from Columbia University and set sail for New York in 1949.There he earned a PhD (1952) on his thesis "Proposals for Preparing India's Basic Education to use Audio-Visual Techniques in Adult Education". In New York, <mask> <mask> befriended Paul Robeson, a prominent civil rights activist, who influenced him in He used music as the “instrument of social change” following the path of Paul Robeson who once told him about his guitar - “Guitar is not a musical instrument, it is a social instrument.” His song Bistirno Parore which is based on the tune, imagery and theme of Robeson's Ol' Man River. This song is translated in various Indian languages, including Bengali and Hindi and sung by the artist himself, and is still popular. Being inspired from some other foreign ones, he also composed several other songs in Indian languages. He was exposed to the Spiritual, and the multi-lingual version of We are in the Same Boat Brother became a regular feature in his stage performance. At Columbia University, he met Priyamvada Patel, whom he married in 1950. Tez <mask>, their only child, was born in 1952, and he returned to India in 1953.His famous songs include (in Assamese): Bistirno Parore (বিস্তীৰ্ণ পাৰৰে) Moi Eti Jajabor (মই এটি যাযাবৰ) Ganga Mor Maa (গংগা মোৰ মা) Bimurto Mur Nixati Jen (বিমূৰ্ত মোৰ নিশাটি যেন) Manuhe Manuhor Babey (মানুহে মানুহৰ বাবে) Snehe Aamar Xoto Shrabonor (স্নেহে আমাৰ শত শ্ৰাৱণৰ) Gupute Gupute Kimaan Khelim (গুপুতে গুপুতে কিমান খেলিম) Buku Hom Hom Kore (বুকু হম্‌ হম্‌ কৰে) Sagar sangamat (সাগৰ সংগমত) Shillongore Godhuli (শ্বিলঙৰে গধূলি) IPTA years Hazarika began close association with the leftist Indian People's Theatre Association soon after returning from the US in 1953 and became the Secretary of the Reception Committee of the Third All Assam Conference of IPTA, held in Guwahati in 1955. Professional life After completing his MA he briefly worked at the All India Radio station at Guwahati before embarking for his doctoral studies at Columbia University. His thesis "DEMYSTIFYING DR. BHUPEN HAZARIKA: envisioning education for India", edited by Tej Hazarika and published by Cool Grove Press will be available in the US in days. Soon after completing his education, he became a teacher at the Guwahati University. But after a few years, he left the job and went to Kolkata where he established himself as a successful music director and singer. During that period, Hazarika made several award-winning Assamese films such as Shakuntala, Pratidhwani etc. and composed evergreen music for many Assamese films.He was also considered as a new trend setter in Bengali music. The famous musical genre of West Bengal, the Jivanmukhi geet started by Kabir Suman in 1990's is thought to be influenced by Hazarika. <mask> <mask> composed music for films from Bangladesh too which got international acclaim. He was elected the President of the Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1993. In 1967, <mask> got elected as a member of Assam Assembly from Nauboicha constituency. Social Struggle From early in his life, he was at the forefront of a social battle against the entrenched forces of casteism that sneered at a member of the Koibarta community making it as a musician of note, and kept him away from the upper-caste Brahmin woman he had loved. Eventually, when the spirited Hazarika did marry, it was to a Brahmin woman, his revenge of sorts against a caste-ridden society.Later life He was introduced to Kalpana Lajmi in the early 1970s by his childhood friend and India's top tea planter Hemendra Prasad Barooah in Kolkata. Her first feature film Ek Pal with music score by <mask> was produced by Barooah. Subsequently, Lajmi began assisting him professionally and personally till the end of his life. In the period after the release of Ek Pal (1986) until his death, <mask> <mask> mainly concentrated on Hindi films, most of which were directed by Kalpana Lajmi. Ek Pal (1986), Rudaali (1993) and Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence (2001) are major films this period. Many of his earlier songs were re-written in Hindi and used as played-back songs in these films. These songs tried to cater to the Hindi film milieu and their social activist lyrics were browbeaten into the lowest common denominator.He served as an MLA (Independent) during 1967–72 in the Assam Legislative Assembly from Nauboicha Constituency. He contested as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections from the Guwahati constituency, persuaded by Chandan Mitra via Kalpana Lajmi which he lost to the Indian National Congress candidate Kirip Chaliha. Death <mask> was hospitalized in the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute in Mumbai in 2011. He was admitted to the intensive care unit on 30 June 2011. He died of multi-organ failure on 5 November 2011. His body lay in state at Judges Field in Guwahati and cremated on 9 November 2011 near the Brahmaputra river in a plot of land donated by Gauhati University. His funeral was attended by an estimated half a million people.Legacy and influences As a singer, <mask> was known for his baritone voice; as a lyricist, he was known for poetic compositions and parables which touched on themes ranging from romance to social and political commentary; and as a composer, for his use of folk music. In a poll conducted in Bangladesh, his song, Manush Manusher Jonno (Humans are for humanity)' was chosen to be the second most favourite number after the National anthem of Bangladesh. Some of his most famous compositions were adaptations of American Black Spiritual that he had learned from Paul Robeson, whom he had befriended during his years in New York City in the early 1950s. His famous song "Bistirno Parore" is heavily influenced by Ol' Man River sung by Paul Robeson. During his lifetime, a full-length docu-feature biopic film on his life titled Moi Eti Zazabor('I am a Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka was launched in 1986 at his Nizarapar residence in Guwahati city. Music for this biopic film has been scored by 5-time International Best Music Awards winner only Assamese musician, songwriter, composer and singer Jim Ankan Deka, who also worked as Chief Assistant Director of this film. During the next two decades, the joint directors Late Bora and Deka shot him live for the film during his various public performances all over India, as well as many private moments in his domestic and social life.Arnab Jan Deka also extensively interviewed him regarding his life and its creative aspects for the film, which had been recorded during their joint travel to different metropolises and remote corners of Assam and rest of India. The film has been under production since 1986 with film negative footage of more than 16 hours currently preserved in different film laboratories in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). The film was targeted for public release during the lifetime of Dr <mask> <mask> in 2008. But, the production was halted after sudden demise of one of the co-directors Waesqurni Bora in November 2008. Eventually, after the death of Dr <mask>, the film's subject, the surviving co-director Arnab Jan Deka is currently carrying out necessary works to finish the film at the earliest and release for public consumption in several language versions including English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi, with support from Late Waesqurni Bora's widowed wife Nazma Begum and Dr <mask>'s bereaved family members including his wife Priyam <mask> and Tej <mask>. Meanwhile, two books describing the unforgettable experiences of the making of this milestone biopic film had been authored by its co-director Arnab Jan Deka titled Anya Ek Zazabor and Mor Sinaki Bhupenda, first of which had been officially released in February 1993 by Late G P Sippy, then President of Film Federation of India and producer of world-record holder Hindi film Sholay at a public function organised by Dr <mask> <mask> himself. Awards and honours National and state honours Award for the Best Feature Film in Assamese (Shakuntala; Directed by <mask> <mask>) in the 9th National Film Awards (1961) The Best Music Director National Award for "Chameli Memsaab" (Chameli Memsaab; music by Bhupen Hazarika) in the 23rd National Film Awards (1975) Padma Shri – the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India (1977) Gold medal from the State Government of Arunachal Pradesh for "outstanding contribution towards tribal welfare, and uplift of tribal culture through cinema and music."(1979) Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987) Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1992) Padma Bhushan – the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2001) Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (2008) Asom Ratna — the highest civilian award in the State of Assam, India (2009) Friends of Liberation War Honour, Government of Bangladesh (2011) Padma Vibhushan – the second highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2012, posthumous) Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2019, posthumous) Other awards and recognition All India Critic Association Award for best performing folk artist (1979) In 1979 and 1980 he won the Ritwik Ghatak Award as best music director for two theatre plays, Mohua Sundari, and Nagini Kanyar Kahini Bengal Journalist's Association Indira Gandhi Smriti Puraskar in (1987) First Indian to win Best Music for the film Rudaali at the Asia Pacific International Film Festival in Japan (1993) Honorary Degree from Tezpur University (2001) 10th Kalakar Award for Lifetime Achievement in the year 2002, Kolkata. In February 2009, the All Assam Students Union erected a life size statue of Hazarika on the banks of Digholi Pukhuri in Guwahati. A full-length docu-feature biopic film on his life titled Moi Eti Zazabor('I am an Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka has been under production since 1986 In 2010, Assam Cricket Association renamed the Barshapara Cricket Stadium as Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium. Muktijoddha Padak — Awarded as a "Friend of the Freedom Struggle" award by Bangladesh Government (posthumously, 2011) Asom Sahitya Sabha has honoured him with the title "Biswa Ratna". Hazarika was honoured with commemorative postage stamps by India Post in 2013 and 2016. The longest road bridge of India, Dhola-Sadiya bridge is built over the river Lohit, which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra. It links Dhola and Sadiya both are in Tinsukia district of Assam is named after him Filmography Notes External links Lyrics of 700+ Bhupendra Sangeets Official website Digital Archive of Bhupen Hazarika Gallery 1926 births 2011 deaths Assamese singers Assamese playback singers Assamese-language singers Assamese-language film directors Asom Sahitya Sabha Presidents Columbia University alumni Banaras Hindu University alumni Bollywood playback singers Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Deaths from multiple organ failure Film directors from Assam Singers from Assam Musicians from Assam Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship People from Tinsukia district Indian film score composers Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts Best Music Direction National Film Award winners Cotton College, Guwahati alumni 20th-century Indian musicians Members of the Assam Legislative Assembly Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Indian male film score composers Recipients of the Bharat Ratna 20th-century Indian male singers

Alan Jacobson (writer)

original

<mask> is an American author of mystery, suspense, thriller and action novels. Among his works are the FBI profiler Karen Vail series and the OPSIG Team Black series, as well as stand alone books and short stories. His film reviews, photographs, short stories, and nonfiction articles have appeared in Variety, The Strand Magazine, Suspense Magazine, the New York Post, American Express travel insert, PBS, New York Gossip Girl, Sacramento Valley Chiropractic Association bulletin, and The Eighteen Eleven (Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association journal). Early life <mask> grew up in the Queens, New York neighborhood of Rosedale (the same town featured in his novel, Spectrum). He attended elementary school at PS 138, then Junior High School 231, and Springfield Gardens High School, where he was ranked ninth in his graduating class. Jacobson has spoken openly of his volatile Junior High School experiences during the federal government's failed forced busing experiment in which students were bused from predominantly white neighborhoods into schools in black neighborhoods, and vice versa, in an attempt to force integration in the community. The student body was threatened on a daily basis.Coming from his elementary school, where two of his best friends were black, it was a rude awakening to the realities of ethnic tension that existed in Rosedale, Laurelton, Jamaica, and Springfield Gardens. Despite this, Jacobson chose not to take the attacks personally, and was able to overcome the volatile environment. He recalls attending a group counseling session in his freshman year of high school to address the racial problems that occurred at 231. When it was his turn to speak, he told of being threatened, beaten up, robbed, stuck with needles in the hallways, and held hostage in the school basement's bookroom. But he felt it was done by specific individuals and it was not fair to judge an entire group of people because of the actions of some. Jacobson held a number of jobs as a teenager and young adult, including working part-time in his father's small business in New York City, tutoring English Second Language students at Queens College and Queensborough Community College, and busing tables and making deliveries for Woodro Deli in Cedarhurst, New York; the latter was to make enough money for his move to California in 1982 to attend chiropractic school. (The deli also appeared in Jacobson's novel, Spectrum.)<mask> earned a bachelor's degree in English from Queens College (1982) and a Doctor of Chiropractic from Palmer College of Chiropractic West (1985). Early influences and career During his junior high school years, Jacobson took English from teacher Louis Brill for two years. Jacobson attributes his love for English, and ultimately his pursuit of an English degree, to Brill. No Way Out, the fifth novel in the Karen Vail series, is dedicated to Brill. <mask> and Brill reunited for the first time in nearly forty years at Thrillerfest in New York City in 2015. Jacobson obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Queens College of the City University of New York. There were two transformative learning experiences, one positive and one negative.Again, they involved teachers. On the positive side, Jacobson took two classes from Professor Richard Schotter, himself an accomplished playwright, where Jacobson learned the nuances and importance of writing effective dialogue, something that proved invaluable years later as a novelist. Jacobson has said that writing dialogue is deceivingly difficult because it takes skill to carve away the fat of real exchanges between people and yet make them seem perfectly natural. On the negative side, his Short Story Workshop professor lambasted Jacobson for a story he had written involving two young soldiers from opposing sides of a conflict who became trapped in a cave. One of them had suffered an abdominal injury. The professor criticized Jacobson for writing about a character with an abdominal wound if he had not experienced one himself and thus did not know how painful they were. Twenty years later, in the early stages of his writing career, Jacobson realized the professor had a point.If you were going to write about something like war and abdominal wounds, you needed to know what you were talking about. While writing his first published novel, False Accusations, his path crossed that of the head of the California Department of Justice. During a phone call with Jacobson, he requested a reference on one of Jacobson's employees who was applying to be a forensic scientist. Jacobson then asked the director a question about a novel he was writing (False Accusations) involving the character of Ryan Chandler. <mask>'s early draft of False Accusations referred to Chandler as a criminologist, but the director corrected him. Chandler was a criminalist. Many years before the CSI TV show, no one knew what a criminalist was unless you worked in forensics.But once the difference was explained to him, Jacobson realized he had homework to do to avoid making similar errors. That episode influenced his approach to his fiction. If an FBI agent reached for a Glock, it had better be the right caliber and model because Jacobson does have law enforcement officers who read his novels and they live the reality. He began his career as a Doctor of Chiropractic. He was then appointed to the position of Qualified Medical Evaluator by the State of California, and served as an expert witness within the justice system. Due to an injury Jacobson was forced to leave the medical field. <mask> is known for his depth of research with the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), especially in his work with retired FBI agent Mark Safarik, with whom he co-authored an e-book titled "Staying Safe."Post-graduate work Although he loved writing, he never intended to do it professionally. After getting his Bachelor of Arts in English from Queens College in New York, <mask> moved to California to get his doctor of chiropractic degree from Palmer College of Chiropractic-West in California. He practiced for nearly nine years but his career was cut short when an injury to his wrists forced him to take an administrative role. He ultimately sold his practice and returned to writing, scoring his first bestseller, False Accusations, five years later. Work with the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit While auditing a course on blood spatter pattern analysis at the California Department of Justice's Criminalistics Institute, <mask> met FBI special agent Mark Safarik. Safarik was awaiting a promotion to the behavioral analysis unit at the time. <mask> and Safarik struck up a conversation and became friends.Safarik was himself fascinated by serial killers and profiling concepts and Jacobson was excited to learn as much as he could. In the subsequent months, after Safarik was promoted to Quantico, he invited Jacobson out to visit and tour the FBI Academy and profiling unit. It was the first of many visits Jacobson would make to the FBI Academy and profiling unit spanning over a decade. Shortly after creating the character of Karen Vail and writing the first 75 pages of The 7th Victim, Jacobson met Safarik‘s partner, Supervisory Special Agent Mary Ellen O’Toole, who gave him an understanding of what it was like being a female profiler in a male-dominated unit. Jacobson used this information and experience to fill out Vail's background and tenacity. He continues to work with both Safarik and O’Toole for his Karen Vail series. Spectrum is dedicated to O’Toole and Inmate 1577 to Safarik.Professional influences Jacobson has mentioned authors Steve Martini, David Morrell, Andy McNab, Nelson DeMille, Allan Folsom, Michael Connelly, Michael Crichton, Robert Ludlum, Dennis Lehane, and O. Henry as influences. He has stated that he doesn’t like to name specific authors as he will forget to mention some. <mask>'s relates a story regarding Steve Martini. While an aspiring writer, Jacobson was addicted to Steve Martini novels. When Martini did a book signing at Barnes & Noble, Jacobson attended. While Martini was signing the hardcover to him, Jacobson asked him for advice on getting published. About ten years later, while at the ThrillerFest writers conference in New York City, Jacobson felt a tap on his shoulder.He turned to see his publisher, Roger Cooper of Vanguard Press, standing with Martini. Cooper introduced the two men and Jacobson mentioned that they had met many years earlier at a signing. Weeks later, he asked if Martini would read his new manuscript, Crush. Martini loved the book and wrote a testimonial blurb for it, which appeared on the Crush hardcover jacket. The following year at ThrillerFest, <mask> was standing at the elevators when he again felt a tap on his shoulder. He turned to see Steve Martini standing there with a copy of Crush. He asked Jacobson to autograph it for him.He felt like he had come full circle as a writer. Nelson DeMille was also an early influence. Even though <mask> had created Karen Vail a couple of years before DeMille's John Corey character debuted in Plum Island, Vail was very similar in demeanor to Corey. DeMille agreed. Of Vail's first novel, The 7th Victim (2008), DeMille wrote, “<mask> is a hell of a writer, and his lead character, Karen Vail, is a hell of a lady: tough, smart, funny, and very believable…This reads like a Nelson DeMille book. And I should know”. First publishing contract In 1998, Simon & Schuster's Pocket Books imprint inked Jacobson to a solid six-figure deal for two thrillers, False Accusations and The Hunted.The former was originally published by a small Canadian publisher, Commonwealth, that went into bankruptcy just as it was preparing to ship books to stores. <mask> was able to get them to distribute a fraction of the first printing and it caught on and sold well. But retailers were unable to order additional copies and Jacobson had to sue Commonwealth by hiring a Canadian law firm. He ultimately won the case and the rights reverted to him, thanks to a clause inserted by his entertainment law attorney, Robert Youdelman, Esq. His agent then sold the rights to Emily Bestler, then vice president and editor-in-chief of Pocket Books. This resulted in the two-book deal that included The Hunted (later rebranded as book one of the OPSIG Team Black series). Writing style and philosophy Jacobson writes primarily in the third person, although the serial killer chapters in The 7th Victim were written in the first person.His novels have elements of suspense, thriller, psychological suspense, action, and mystery. He has tackled historical fiction as well, in Inmate 1577 (Karen Vail #4), Spectrum (Karen Vail #6) and briefly in Dark Side of the Moon (OPSIG Team Black #4). The character of Karen Vail was originally conceived in the mid-1990s as a one-chapter FBI agent. But once Jacobson started writing her, he could not stop. He realized he had to find a vehicle for her, and during his research work with the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit, he knew the perfect place for her would be as the first female FBI profiler, in a book featuring her. He was influenced by the strong wills and constitutions of both his mother and his wife, as well as Jacobson's own New York upbringing. Jacobson wrote the first seventy-five pages of The 7th Victim in the first person point of view.However, his agent told him he could not use the first person because his first two novels (False Accusations and The Hunted) were written in the third person. He was frustrated because he thought it was some of his best writing, so he used Find/Replace in Microsoft Word and replaced all the I's with She's and so on. When he read what was left, he realized it was third person with a first person feel, very close to the reader. The reader was privy to Vail's internal thoughts, experiencing things as Vail experienced them, hearing what she was thinking. They are things that people

Alan Jacobson (writer)

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think but never say aloud. Sometimes Vail does say them aloud, which can create problems with colleagues. These thoughts can be sarcastic or dry humor, and they can be very funny.Jacobson characterizes his discovery as being accidental. Jacobson said that as the series has progressed, Vail has learned to tone it down her dry, New York sarcasm. She has grown as a person, that her evolution from book to book is tangible but subtle. Rather than verbalizing those acerbic and often very funny remarks as retorts, she is now more likely to keep them as thoughts between herself and the reader, like an inside joke. Humor Humor finds its way into many of <mask>'s novels. He feels that even in thriller and suspense writing, humor can be magical amid the tension. He says he never forces it, that it occurs organically.It is not until he reads the manuscript for the first time after finishing the first draft that he realizes how many funny exchanges there are between characters. Characters Jacobson believes that characters are of highest priority because that is what often keeps the reader reading. He calls this reader engagement. A successful novel must have characters that readers care about. If they don’t develop a connection with the characters, reading that book would become a chore rather than something they look forward to doing. Setting Jacobson has said that settings are like characters and can help shape a story in key ways. Every place the characters go in his novels is vital to that particular story.Setting can serve as a stressor to that character if she's unfamiliar with that culture, if she does not know the geography, and so on. A test he uses is that if the story can be taken out of the city it is set in and placed in another city, he has not done a good job of integrating the setting into the story. When possible, Jacobson writes parts of his novels on location in the places where his scenes are set. He feels inspired by the surroundings. One example of this was Inmate 1577 (Vail #4). Jacobson spent a lot of time researching Alcatraz, on the island and inside the penitentiary's cell house. Jacobson wrote some of the scenes right there, where his characters were interacting.He found it very stimulating. A number of <mask>'s novels have international locations. The Lost Codex (OPSIG Team Black #3) is set in Washington, DC, New York City, England, France, Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. No Way Out (Vail #5) is set entirely in England, with early chapters in Madrid, Spain. The Dark Side of the Moon is set in Washington, New York City, and Southern California, but half the novel occurs on the Moon. <mask>'s former English teacher, Louis Brill, commented that Jacobson's settings are so well researched you feel as though you are there. His description of Napa Valley made Brill want to go there.Dialogue Jacobson feels that dialogue is vital to a compelling novel. He once asked literary legend Elmore Leonard about how Leonard developed his ear for dialogue. He said he just hears it in his head. At first Jacobson laughed, but then realized that that's how he does it. His characters speak to him. His ear comes from concepts he learned in his playwriting workshop course at Queens College, his life experiences, contact with people all over the world and hearing their word choice, cadence, sentence length, etc. James Patterson told Jacobson the same thing.Jacobson asked how Patterson was able to write the dialogue of black people so well. It came from Patterson's Newburgh, New York upbringing. Jacobson said that writing dialogue looks easy, but like any art, it takes time, practice, and effort to make it look effortless. Craft Early in Jacobson's writing career, his first two novels ended with major twists. His agent wanted him to become a modern-day O’Henry with trademark twists at the end. Jacobson felt that although twists are important to the genre, he did not want to limit himself by constructing a story for the main purpose of concluding with a twist. He is happy if a story and its characters lend themselves to that turn-on-a-dime ending, but he did not want that to be his sole focus.<mask> is an outliner, though he does not write chapter outlines. He prefers instead to write a narrative description of what happens, and when. These outlines can run up to sixty pages. This allows him the flexibility to modify the story as he discovers information during the research phase and as new ideas come to him while writing. While this happens often and he rewrites on the spot, his endings never change. Jacobson has become known as a novelist who heavily researches his books. During his twenty-five year career, Jacobson has embedded himself with law enforcement officers across a range of agencies, including several years with the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit in Quantico; the DEA, US Marshals Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), the NYPD, SWAT, and local bomb squads.He has also worked extensively with the US military, Scotland Yard, criminals, armorers, helicopter and fighter pilots, CEOs, historians, combat surgeons, astronauts, rocket scientists, and Navy SEALs. He said that working with the agents, detectives, and officers allows him to go behind the scenes, ask them questions, see them in their environment, and try out their equipment. Hearing their stories, seeing how they approach different scenarios, sitting in their labs or tactical vehicles, observing them handling criminals and running investigations are the things he takes back with him to the keyboard when writing his novels. Jacobson never intended to write a series. He had seen colleagues become stale writing the same character in the same setting, essentially writing the same book over and over. When approached by his publisher, Roger Cooper, who was prepping The 7th Victim for production, Cooper asked when the next book in the Karen Vail series would be ready. Jacobson told him that The 7th Victim was a one-off, a standalone novel.Cooper told him all the sales reps and bookstores loved Vail and wanted more. Jacobson said he would have to think about it and figure out a way of keeping Vail, and himself, fresh from book to book. About a week later, he figured out how to make that happen and the Karen Vail series was born. In retrospect, <mask> credited Cooper in the acknowledgments to No Way Out (Vail #5), stating that without Cooper's urging, the adventures he has had so much fun writing might never have occurred. Being new to writing a series, Jacobson consulted with both Michael Connelly and Lee Child for advice on what to do and what to avoid. He received completely opposing answers: Connelly suggested he write the best book he can at the time, put everything in it, and worry about the next book later. Child, on the other hand, advocated doling out the information one book at a time, spreading out the revelations a little at a time, with each novel.Jacobson realized that the reason for the difference in their perspectives was the nature of their characters: Harry Bosch is a grounded, career law enforcement officer who follows rules, while Jack Reacher is a drifter who has no rules to follow. Based on this Jacobson felt that Connelly's style fit more with what Jacobson intended for Vail as a series character. Jacobson felt the bottom line is that he doesn’t want the reader to put the book down, where they lose interest and close the book forever. There has to be something that drives the story forward, whether that be intrigue, suspense, mystery, and/or the characters themselves. Good pacing, realistic dialogue, a vivid setting, and rich writing are all key components to a compelling read. Research with law enforcement, military, others Jacobson has stated that he prefers to learn about the way a law enforcement agency works and operates rather than fictionalizing, or just making it up. As a result, he has worked hands-on with the people who actually do the work he is writing about.That means going on ride-alongs with cops, spending time at the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit, shooting pistols and MP-5 submachine guns in the FBI Academy's indoor range, shadowing the SWAT team at their San Diego training facility, touring the DEA's drug laboratory and field offices, learning from members of the US Marshals’ fugitive squad, and federal agencies’ headquarters, working with chief inspectors at London's Scotland Yard and spending time at one of their “Met” police stations in a seedy part of town. He has also worked closely with various branches of the military, from US Marine Corp captains, US Navy commanders, USAF lieutenant colonels, US Army lieutenant generals, and members of the special operations forces. He has taken military training courses in close quarters combat and weapons training at Craft International, where he worked with snipers, British special forces marksmen, protective detail members, retired military personnel, and active duty sheriffs deputies. Personal Safety eBook Jacobson and retired FBI profiler Mark Safarik co-authored a book on personal safety entitled, “Staying Safe: from serial killers to identity thieves, a primer to keep you out of criminals’ crosshairs.” The book came about because of an interview <mask> and Safarik did for The 7th Victim. They were discussing what steps a woman could take to prevent herself from falling victim to the tactics the killer uses in the opening scene. Afterwards, they realized it was important information that everyone should have. They set out to write an article but found they had too much information and ultimately wrote a book.It is updated periodically and given away for free on <mask>'s website as an incentive for readers to sign up for his author newsletter. Author cameo In Spectrum (Karen Vail #6), waiter Al at the Woodro Deli was a tongue-in-cheek cameo for insiders. Jacobson worked at Woodro in 1982 as a busboy; the Spectrum scene was set in 1978.) Hollywood, Film options, TV series efforts Several of <mask>'s novels have been optioned for film and/or television. One project made it to preproduction (The 7th Victim, Vail #1) when the plug was pulled. It was to be the seventh of twelve bestselling novels adapted to two-hour TV movies as part of TNT's Mystery Movie Night. Works by authors including Scott Turow, Sandra Brown, Lisa Gardner, Richard North Patterson, April Smith, Mary Higgins Clark and Carol Higgins Clark, and <mask>on were to be produced.The first six aired to poor ratings and as a result the final six were canceled when the sponsors pulled their remaining $24 million budget. It was not until a year later, when Jacobson was talking with Scott Turow, did Jacobson discover what had sunk the project. Ironically, the National Basketball Association (NBA) strike severely impacted TNT's overall ratings. <mask>'s debut novel, False Accusations, was adapted into a TV movie in 2004 in the Czech Republic. Iconic screenwriter Jirí Hubac penned the screenplay based on <mask>'s bestselling novel. The movie was directed by Zdenek Zelenka. It aired multiple times and was renewed for another set of airings in 2012.Short stories Two of <mask>'s short stories have been published. The first, Fatal Twist, features FBI profiler Karen Vail and was published by the Strand magazine in 2012. The second, Double Take, features two characters from the Karen Vail series, Carmine Russo and Ben Dyer from Spectrum. Russo and Dyer were created for the short story, and were later integrated into Spectrum for the novel. Double Take what originally bundled with Hard Target (OPSIG #2) as a value-added bonus for the ebook release. It was subsequently sold separately. Bibliography Stand Alone Novels/Short Stories OPSIG Team Black Series FBI profiler Karen Vail series Essays References American mystery writers Living people Queens College, City University of New York alumni Year of birth missing (living

Eivind Aarset

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<mask> (born 23 March 1961) is a Norwegian guitarist who has worked with Ray Charles, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Ute Lemper, Ketil Bjørnstad, Andy Sheppard, Mike Mainieri, Arild Andersen, Abraham Laboriel, Dhafer Youssef, Django Bates, and Nils Petter Molvaer. <mask> is married to Norwegian singer Anne-Marie Giørtz. Biography Aarset has worked with Nils Petter Molvær, Bill Laswell, Jon Hassell, Jan Garbarek, David Sylvian, and Marilyn Mazur. After several albums for Jazzland, he recorded Dream Logic for ECM (2012), collaborating with Jan Bang and Erik Honoré on the production and timbral design of melodies and soundscapes. His style has been associated with nu jazz and electronic music. At the 2013 Punkt Festival in Kristiansand, Norway, he accompanied Arve Henriksen, Jan Bang, Erik Honoré, and Ingar Zach, celebrating the release of Narrative from the Subtropics by Jan Bang and Places of Worship by Arve Henriksens, in addition to performing a special "Dream Logic" concert with Jan Bang, Audun Erlien, Wetle Holte and Erland Dahlen. John Kellman at All About Jazz named <mask> Noire (Jazzland, 1998) Light Extracts (Jazzland, 2001) Connected (Jazzland, 2004) Sonic Codex (Jazzland, 2007) Live Extracts (Jazzland, 2010) Dream Logic (ECM, 2012) I.E. Hoy Himmel (WEA, 1989) Millimeter (WEA, 1994) Og Hosten Kommer Tidsnok (WEA, 1991) Om Igjen for Forste Gang (Warner, 2007) With Kjetil Saunes Lystyv (Norsk, 1993) Arkana (Grappa, 1999) Mane Blek (Grappa, 2008) With Oystein Sevag Link (Siddhartha Spiritual Music, 1993) Caravan (Siddhartha Spiritual Music, 2005) The Red Album (Siddhartha Spiritual Music, 2010) With Andy Sheppard Movements in Colour (ECM, 2009) Surrounded by Sea (ECM, 2015) Romaria(ECM, 2018) With Dhafer Youssef Divine Shadows (Jazzland, 2006) Birds Requiem (Okeh, 2013) Sounds of Mirrors (Anteprima, 2018) With others Clay Aiken, Measure of a Man (RCA, 2003) Arild Andersen, Arv (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1994) Arild Andersen, Electra (ECM, 2005) Maj Britt Andersen, Rippel Rappel (Grappa, 1994) Elisabeth Andreassen, Bettans Jul (Polydor, 1996) Ole Edvard Antonsen, Read My Lips (EMI, 1997) Rebekka Bakken, Is That You?

Toivo Vähä

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<mask> (, also known as Ivan Mikhailovich Petrov, Russian: Иван Михайлович Петров, 12 April 1901 – 18 June 1984) was a Finnish born Soviet colonel of the KGB. He fled to Soviet Russia after the 1918 Finnish Civil War and made a long career in the Red Army and the Soviet Border Troops. <mask> was one of the few Finnish exile revolutionaries who survived the Great Purge. He is best known for his role in the 1925 capture of the British super-spy Sidney Reilly during the Operation Trust. Early life <mask> was born to the family of <mask>, an industrial worker, and Maria Lindström. He started working at the age of 14, having several jobs in Helsinki. In 1916, Vähä moved to the industrial community of Dubrovka, near the Russian capital Saint Petersburg.At the time, Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. Vähä had five brothers, who all followed him to Russia after the 1917 February revolution. Their father had emigrated to Russia few years earlier. As the Finnish Civil War broke out in January 1918, Vähä joined the Saint Petersburg Finnish Red Guard, a paramilitary unit composed of Finnish emigrant workers in Saint Petersburg. The battalion was sent to Finland, where Vähä fought in the Battle of Kämärä, and later served as a courier in the Battle of Vilppula. As the Red front collapsed in the Northern Tavastia region, the Saint Petersburg Reds retreated to eastern Finland. After the decisive loss of the Battle of Vyborg in late April, many fled to Soviet Russia.Like hundreds of other Finnish exile Red Guard fighters, Vähä joined the Red Army and fought with the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. In the summer of 1919 Vähä served in Siberia, and was then sent back to Petrograd to join the military academy. In 1920–1923, Vähä took a three-year course at the international Petrograd Red Officer School, where he was joined by four of his brothers. During his time in the academy, Vähä took part in the arrests of the suspects of the Kuusinen Club Incident in September 1920, the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921, and the suppression of the East Karelian uprising in the winter of 1922. After the Battle of Kimasozero in January 1922, Vähä killed three captured Finnish White Guard soldiers on the orders of his platoon leader <mask> Antikainen. Antikainen was later captured in Finland, where he received a life sentence for the murders. After his graduation in March 1923, <mask> was recruited by the NKVD.He served as a border station commander at the Finnish border in the Karelian Isthmus. From 1924 Vähä worked for the GPU in Leningrad, until he was moved to a border station in Sestroretsk in June 1925. Operation Trust In 1924, the Soviet secret police Cheka recruited Vähä to Operation Trust. It was launched in 1921 to set up a fake resistance organization, to identify anti-Bolsheviks. Vähä played the role of a Soviet traitor who helped the counter-revolutionaries, Russian emigrants and western agents to sneak from Finland to the Soviet Union. He was recruited by Finnish Army Intelligence, who mistook Vähä for an ordinary Soviet border guard. In reality he was working under the command of the Polish revolutionary Stanisław Messing, the head of the Leningrad Cheka.Finnish intelligence trusted Vähä, and even recommended him to the British Secret Intelligence Service. In September 1925 the Cheka managed to lure the British agent Sidney Reilly into crossing the border. Vähä smuggled him across the Sestra River and took Reilly to the Pargolovo railway station, where he was arrested. The Finns had successfully tested the route just a few days earlier, when Vähä escorted the courier of the White general Alexander Kutepov to the Soviet side. Reilly was taken to Moscow for interrogation and shot in November 1925. To complete the operation, the Cheka staged Vähä's death to mislead the British. He was held at the Hotel Evropeiskaya in Leningrad, and then secretly shipped to Moscow.Cheka put out a rumour that Vähä was shot as a traitor. In Moscow he was given a new identity as Ivan Petrov. In 1925–28, Vähä studied in the Border Academy, but was sent to the Far East after an old acquaintance recognized him. Vähä then served on the Chinese border in the Argun River area, and fought in the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict. The Great Purge and the World War II Between 1934 and 1937, Vähä served in the Black Sea and the Belorussian Border Guards. He had kept his real identity secret, but as Stalin launched the campaign against ″nationalists″, Vähä's Finnish accent attracted attention. Unfortunately he had close relations with the Army Commander Ieronim Uborevich, who was executed during the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization.Vähä was arrested in February 1938, then declared an ″enemy of the people″ and given the death penalty. For some reason, he was not executed immediately, but kept on a death row for more than a year. In November 1939 <mask> was given a chance to join the army of the Finnish Democratic Republic, a puppet government created during the 1939–1940 Winter War. After the war, he was named as commander of the Red Army Infantry Regiment 126, which was composed of Karelians, Ingrians and Finns. Instead of Ivan Petrov, Vähä was using his real name again. As Nazi Germany launched its campaign against the Soviet Union in June 1941 he was replaced by another Finnish-born officer, Valter Valli. <mask> became the commander of Infantry Regiment 143, and shortly after of Infantry Regiment 936 of the 3rd Belorussian Front.In September 1941, Vähä was wounded near the town of Staraya Russa. After his recovery, he was sent to Ural, where he served as the head of the Zlatoust Infantry Academy until January 1946. Last years <mask> served his last years as a KGB colonel in Kaliningrad. After 1964 Vähä lived in Zhytomyr Oblast in Ukraine and managed various state enterprises. He retired in 1967, and moved to Petrozavodsk in the Karelian ASSR. Vähä wrote an autobiography which was released in 1970 and translated into Finnish in 1974. He also wrote three other memoirs, including one on Operation Trust, and several short stories that were published in the Finnish-language Karelian literature magazine Punalippu.Operation Trust was brought to public attention in 1964. Newspaper stories mentioned <mask>'s name, calling him a Soviet hero. <mask>'s family finally learnt about his former life. When Vähä went underground in 1925, he had abandoned his wife and daughter. Vähä later married again and had another daughter, who was named Lilya, as was his first child. During his last years <mask> publicly criticised Stalinism. He also paid attention to the mistakes of the Soviet Communist Party, which he had joined in 1920.Death <mask> <mask> died in Petrozavodsk in 1984 at the age of 83. The bust on his grave was erected by the KGB. Still highly respected in Russia, in 2001 his last hometown, Petrozavodsk, arranged a large festival to celebrate Vähä's 100th anniversary. In 1990, Soviet author Oleg Tikhonov published a documentary novel of Vähä's life. References 1901 births 1984 deaths People from Iitti People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) Finnish emigrants to the Soviet Union People of the Finnish Civil War (Red side) Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War Soviet military personnel of the Winter War Soviet military personnel of World War II KGB officers Soviet spies Double agents Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Soviet border guards

Travis Lutter

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<mask> (born May 12, 1973) is a retired American mixed martial artist who won The Ultimate Fighter 4 reality show. He is a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Carlos Machado. <mask> was born and raised in Gann Valley, South Dakota in a farmer family of seven. He began wrestling when he was 12 years old, continuing through high school where he earned All-State honors and then also competed during his first two years attending Northern State University, where he majored in criminal justice. <mask> had originally begun training in Muay Thai, before viewing an early UFC event dominated by Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu specialist, Royce Gracie. <mask> then moved to Dallas, Texas and began training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Mixed martial arts career The Ultimate Fighter With this victory, <mask> became the challenger for Anderson Silva's Middleweight title.<mask> dedicated his victory on November 11 to the Wounded Warrior Project, an organization dedicated to support wounded U.S. servicemen. Title shot On the day of the weigh-in, one day before the February 3, 2007 bout at UFC 67, <mask> failed to make weight. He weighed-in at 187 pounds on the first attempt, and 186.5 two hours later on his second attempt. Because of his failure to meet the required 185 pounds, his match with Silva was changed to a three-round, non-title bout. This upset many fans, and he was booed upon his entrance into the octagon. <mask> would go on to lose in the second round via submission due to a triangle choke. After TUF <mask> was scheduled to return to the UFC at UFC 74 on August 25, 2007 against UFC newcomer Ryan Jensen; however he was forced to withdraw from the event due to a neck injury.After over a year's absence from the UFC, <mask> was next matched against former UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin at UFC 83. After nearly catching Franklin with an armbar in the first round, <mask> was defeated by Franklin in the second round by TKO. After losing two consecutive bouts, <mask> was released from his UFC contract. This makes him the first Ultimate Fighter winner to be released from UFC contract. He defeated Jason "The Athlete" MacDonald in the main event of Maximum Fighting Championship 22 on October 2, 2009. <mask>'s next bout occurred on May 21, 2010, against Rafael Natal. This bout was part of the Moosin: God of Martial Arts show in Worcester, Massachusetts.After 2 take down attempts <mask> was noticeably tired, he lost by knockout in the first round. Retirement Due to the extensive neck injury sustained in the Natal fight and the subsequent long layoff from fighting resulted in <mask>'s retirement from professional mixed martial arts competition. Secretly hoping to make it back to the UFC, <mask> did not publicly announce his retirement until a 2019 blog post. Personal life <mask> is married and has four children. <mask> owns and operates a martial arts training center in Fort Worth, TX, offering Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, boxing and mixed martial arts.

Benjamin Bryant (broadcaster)

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<mask> (born 1977) is an American writer, broadcaster, and filmmaker. He was a government official in the Obama Administration and also works as an artist and actor. During the Afghan evacuation in 2021, <mask> coordinated the emergency evacuation of Afghan allies and families, and served as a spokesperson for the "Digital Dunkirk" coalition. <mask> wrote and directed the feature film Station to Station, co-executive produced the drama Anacostia, and hosts “The Brink with <mask>.” As an actor, <mask> portrays "Gregory Marshall" on the serial Forever and a Day. <mask> served on the Pentagon’s Fort Hood Shooting Task Force, “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” Repeal Working Group, and the Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission. In 2011, the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin announced the formal acquisition of several of <mask>'s papers, notes, and recordings. He has led Washington D.C.-based Bryant Zamberlan Group since 2010.Early life and education <mask> was born in Nuremberg, Germany to American parents in a military family. His father is Brigadier General <mask> Jr. He is also the nephew of writer and speaker <mask>-Woolridge. <mask> graduated from Giessen American High School in Giessen, Germany in 1994, commencing study at the University of Texas at Austin, that same year. At Texas, he studied journalism and communication studies from 1994 to 1998, when an extended illness led to medical withdrawal prior to graduation. <mask> completed his Bachelor of Science degree at New York’s Excelsior College. In 2015, <mask> graduated with both a Master of Science in Organization development and Leadership, and a Master of Arts in Administration, from the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas.Career In 1996, <mask> was serving as a radio news intern at Austin radio station KKMJ when the Atlanta Olympic Bombing occurred. Following coverage of his impromptu overnight reporting by Austin American-Statesman columnist Jane Grieg, he was offered a regular on-air role at KKMJ and named Program Director for sister station, KJCE. <mask> later worked as a freelance journalist and columnist before focusing on public relations and crisis communications consulting. He was a writer and editor for the Deepwater News and FHP&R: Force Health Protection & Readiness magazine. He returned to broadcasting as the host of the “BZCast” podcast in 2017, including an exploration of leaking and whistleblowing in the federal government, and in 2018 with “The Brink with <mask>,” a series of one-on-one interviews focusing on Washington D.C. notables, and its spin-off serialized investigative podcast. In 2018, <mask> also appeared in a non-partisan public service announcement entitled "The One Place Everyone is Equal." In 2005, <mask> served as a speechwriter for Rear Admiral Patrick Stillman of the United States Coast Guard, Ellen Embrey, then-Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Force Health Protection and Readiness, and communications advisor for James Finley, then-Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology during the George W. Bush administration.<mask> worked on the Pentagon's Fort Hood Shooting Task Force, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Repeal Working Group, and the Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission, for which he was the agency's final spokesperson. In the 2010s, <mask> made multiple appearances on America Tonight speaking to military issues in the news. Since 2010, <mask> has served as an auxiliarist in the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, including as a Flotilla Staff Officer. Since 2010, <mask> has been the Managing Partner of the Bryant Zamberlan Group of companies, which include a global communications and organizational development consultancy, TV/film production capability, and BZ/MP, a non-profit news/information and media distribution endeavor. In 2011, news reports covered <mask> and Thomas Zamberlan's donation of their original editor's copies from several Presidential and DoD task forces to the Smithsonian Institution. That same year, the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at Bryant's alma mater University of Texas at Austin, acquired <mask>'s personal notes, papers, and recorded recollections related to his work on the Fort Hood investigation and "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" repeals. Task forces and commissions Digital Dunkirk In 2021, during the weeks leading up to the withdrawal of American troops and international presence from Afghanistan, <mask> facilitated the emergency evacuation of Afghan allies and their families and served as a planner and spokesperson for the "Digital Dunkirk" coalition of former and current military, diplomatic personnel, and government civilians working to coordinate evacuations.Film, television and radio <mask> began producing narrative television and film projects in 2016, first joining the digital series Anacostia at the start of its fifth season, as a supervising producer. Beginning with episode five, <mask> was named co-executive producer of the series, a role he continued until September 2019. He occasionally recurred on the series in the role of news anchor "James Vance," an homage to Washington D.C. news anchor Jim Vance. In 2019, the Bryant Zamberlan Group partnered with Gemelli Films and writer-director Candice Cain to produce the first three entries in the "Candy Cain" series of holiday films, Ivy & Mistletoe, starring Cody Calafiore, Carrie Genzel, and Cynthia Gibb; The Maltese Holiday, starring Calafiore, Clayton Snyder, and Abigail Hawk; and Magic in Mount Holly, starring Calafiore, Genzel, Patrick Muldoon, Frank Whaley, Terri Garber, and Jennifer Bassey. <mask> was also an associate producer on Cain's Joy & Hope a western-themed romance co-starring Vivica A. Fox. In 2020, <mask> began production on the sports comedy Aidy Kane, but suspended filming in March 2020 due to coronavirus pandemic.He also debuted in the series regular role of troubled businessman "Gregory Marshall" on the dramatic serial Forever and a Day. <mask> has appeared in two of writer-director Brooke B's audio feature productions, Birthday Blues and Selling the Act, in supporting roles and portrayed "Nolan," the Nutcracker Prince, in JLJ Media's podcast special The Sugar Plum Fairy and the Nutcracker from Molina Productions, a role he reprised as a series regular on "The New Adventures of the Tooth Fairy" series from the same team. Station to Station During the 2020 coronavirus lockdown, <mask> began writing the psychological drama, Station to Station, directing the film on location in September, keeping cast and crew in an isolated "bubble" to adhere to COVID-19 health and safety protocols. In 2021, the film began its festival run, marking <mask>'s official debut as a feature film writer and director. Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal called the film "compelling" and "bold," and K.P. Smith of We Are Entertainment News called it "deeply satisfying." Both reviewers compared <mask>'s work to that of writer-directors Paul Thomas Anderson and Richard Linklater.Station to Station won "Best Narrative Feature," "Best Actor," and "Best Ensemble" in June 2021 at the IndieEye Film Awards and received multiple honors from IndieFEST and FILMHAUS Berlin in the following months. <mask> was specifically recognized by FILMHAUS with "first-time director" and "original concept" nominations. In October 2021, the Las Vegas International Film and Screenwriting Festival announced Station to Station as both an Official Selection and the festival's opening night feature. The film premiered in competition, earning eight jury nominations, including as a finalist for the festival's Best Drama Feature, winning two, and was selected by attendees to receive the 2021 "Audience Award." On January 8, 2022, Station to Station was released via virtual cinema in the United States. Awards and honors In December 1996, <mask> was named by the Austin American-Statesman as one of its year's "most memorable." <mask> received a 2010 Platinum MarCom "Special Category" Award for his work as the Managing Editor of the report of the Fort Hood Task Force, 2012 Davey Award for his appearances on America Tonight, 2019 Communicator Award of Distinction for "The Brink with <mask>" interview specials; and multiple Platinum AVA and Hermes Creative Awards for "The Brink with <mask> Bryant: INTERSECTIONS" podcast.<mask> won a 2020 Hermes Creative Award for the trailer for "Journeys Beyond." Filmography Film Television and streaming Radio and podcasts Personal life <mask> lives in the Washington, D.C. metro area. References External links Bryant Zamberlan Group* Lyon, Lacretia (2020-09-16). <mask>, pt. 1 and (2020-09-23). <mask>, pt. 2, BLEAV Podcast Network.Retrieved 2020-11-09. American television news anchors American television reporters and correspondents 1977 births Living people African-American journalists African-American television hosts African-American television personalities American television hosts American male journalists Moody College of Communication alumni Excelsior College alumni University of the Incarnate Word alumni People from Washington, D.C. American civil servants 20th-century American journalists 21st-century American journalists United States Army civilians United States Department of Defense officials American journalists of Chinese descent American radio DJs American radio news anchors American television producers American painters American press secretaries American men podcasters American podcasters 20th-century African-American people 21st-century African-American people African-American Catholics

Peter Deriashnyj

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<mask> (born 2 July 1946 in Calden, Germany) is a Ukrainian Australian bandurist, composer of secular and sacred music, and choral conductor. He specializes in the Kharkiv style of bandura playing, but also plays folk and rock guitar. Deriashnyj grew up in Newcastle, New South Wales and moved to Sydney to further his professional career and musical education. He studied music theory, composition and voice in Sydney and later became conductor of the Hnat Khotkevych Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble (1972–), the Boyan Ukrainian Choir (1982–1996), the Suzwittia Women's Ensemble (1986–1991), the Strathfield Orthodox Parish choir (1980–2007); and musical director and conductor of the Ivasiuk Folk Ensemble (1984–2000). Early life Kharkiv style bandurist <mask> was born in Calden, Germany in 1946. He emigrated to Australia with his parents, Fedir and Maria and sister Lidia. In November 1950 they arrived in Melbourne on the passenger liner Goya initially living in migrant camps in Bonegilla and Nelson Bay before settling in Newcastle, New South Wales.After completing his education in Newcastle he moved to Sydney in 1966 to pursue studies in electrical engineering at the Sydney Institute of Technology graduating in 1972, also formal musical studies in classical guitar, music theory, composition and voice. At age 10, Deriashnyj began to learn to play the bandura from his father, a known performer on and maker of banduras Fedir Deriashnyj. At age 17 he began to study guitar. Hnat Khotkevych Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble In July 1968 he began to study the Kharkiv style of bandura from Hryhory Bazhul who in the early 1930s in Ukraine had studied bandura under Hnat Khotkevych. In 1969 he wrote his first composition for the bandura "Krai Kozachiy", followed by "Zaspivayu" to the words by Taras Shevchenko, and "Slava Otamanu". He also began to write arrangements of traditional songs for the Kharkiv style bandura. He gave up guitar for bandura, and in 1971 he became the artistic director of a small group of young bandurists originally formed by Hryhory Bazhul, the Hnat Khotkevych Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble of Sydney.Under <mask>'s direction the group expanded in numbers and included choral vocals in their performances. Their first solo concert took place in 1969 in Wollongong, dedicated to the Ukrainian bard Taras Shevchenko. In 1971 he also formed the Sydney School of Bandura to introduce the younger generation to the art of this instrument. Students of the School of Bandura were able to learn both the Kharkiv style and the Chernihiv style but since Kharkiv banduras were difficult to procure and the more plentiful Chernihiv type banduras were being brought from Ukraine, gradually more students played the Chernihiv style. The Sydney School of Bandura was the only one in Australia to teach the Kharkiv style. From 1970 the Bandurist Ensemble toured the eastern states in Australia with concerts and performances and as a quartet performed in Perth, Hobart, Adelaide, Melbourne and Geelong. In 1978 the quartet recorded an LP entitled Bandura and Song.The members of the quartet were Neonila Babchenko-Deriashnyj (soprano), Lidia <mask>-Beal (alto) and <mask> (bass). Choral conducting By 1986 Deriashnyj became a significant cultural figure within the Ukrainian diaspora in Sydney, as the artistic director of the Ukrainian Bandurist Ensemble, the Ivasiuk Folk Ensemble, the Boyan National Choir and the Suzwittia Women's Ensemble. He also conducted the church choir of the parish of the Holy Intercession in Strathfield, simultaneously. In 1984, Deriashnyj prepared a concert in memory of Ukrainian songwriter Volodymyr Ivasyuk, who lost his life in suspicious circumstances. The success of this concert provided the initiative for the participants to form a new vocal ensemble in Sydney, New South Wales. In 1988, the ensembles and choirs under his direction celebrated the millennium of Christianity in Ukraine with concert performances in Brisbane, Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, and Canberra. Solo and duet performances In 2010, during the visit to Australia of Dymytrii (Rudiuk), Metropolitan of Lviv and Sokal, they sang the high mass (arhiyereyska) in Brisbane and Newcastle Orthodox parishes.At the Divine Liturgy in Newcastle, they were awarded a patriarchal citation for service to the Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian people by the Metropolitan on behalf of Filaret, Patriarch of Kyiv and all of Rus-Ukraine. In 2010 they travelled to Canada to conduct and sing for the first Divine Liturgy for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, in the Parish of St. Peter and Paul in New Westminster and to perform in Canada's National Ukrainian Festival at Dauphin, Manitoba, and in the Kyiv Pavilion at the Folklorama Festival in Winnipeg. Deriashnyj played the duma "Dedication to the victims of the Holodomor" during Holodomor-Famine commemorations by the Ukrainian community at the site of the Holodomor memorial in Adelaide in 2010, and at the Ukrainian Orthodox Centre in Canberra in 2011. poet) Blue eyes – Очі сині – words P. Vakulenko Beyond the village – За селом (1982) – words Bozhena Kovalenko (Aust. poet) Oh my maples – Клени, мої клени (1986) words Svitlana Kuzmenko and Stefania Hurko (Canadian Poets) About mother – Про матір – words Ivan Smal-Stotskiy (Australian poet) Murmur from Chihirin – Гомін з Чигрину (1987) – words M. Ch. Farewell – Прощання (1987) – words Bozhena Kovalenko (Aust. poet) Zazhurylasia smereka – Зажурилася смерека (1987) – poem about V. Ivasiuk smuggled out of Ukraine A prayer for Ukraine – Молитва України (1998) – words Tetiana Domashenko Cranes – Лелеки (1998) – words Basil Onyfrienko (Aust.Poet) Song for Sahaydachnoho – Пісня про Сагайдачного (1998) incomplete – words Basil Onyfrienko (Australian poet) Mohutniy Volodartsi (1999) – words Ludmila Sarakula (Australian poet) Ballad about an eagle – Балада про орла (1999) – words Tetiana Voloshko (Australian poet) The Milky Way – Чимацький шлях (2000) – words Klava Roshko (Aust. poet) Song for the Bandura – Бандурі (2008) words Lubov Zabashta Song for Otaman Zelenoho – Пісня про Отамана Зеленого (2009) – words Mykola Shcherbak Sacred music for choir Christ is risen (1981) The Great Litany (1982) First Antiphon – Bless the Lord, O my soul (1983) Lord's Prayer (1984) The Small Litany No. 1, 2, 3 (1985–86) The Great Eucharistic Prayer (1986) Tropar for St. Volodymyr (1988) Commemorating millennium of Christianity in Ukraine It is Right in Truth – Dostoyno ye (1988) Father and Son – Otsia i Sina (1996) The Holy Communion Hymn – (1986) Second Antiphon – Only Begotten Son (1997) Dedicated to Maria and Fedir Deriashnyj Third Antiphon – The Beatitudes (1997) Small Litany for the Catechumens (1998) Pridite poklonimos (1998) The Thrice-Holy Hymn – Sviatiy Bozhe (1998) Aliluyia, Glory to Thee, o Lord(1998) The Creed (1998) The Dismissal (1999) The Annunciation (1999) We have seen the True Light (2000) The Lords Prayer (2001) in memory of victims of 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks God with us (2005) Instrumental arrangements Chariots of fire – music by Vangelis (for 3 banduras) Shchedryk – music by Mykola Leontovych (for 3 banduras) Recordings "Bandura and Song" – featuring bandura quartet and guitarist Victor Marshall. Producer Peter Ilyk. "Songs of Volodymyr Ivasiuk" – sung by the Ivasiuk Ukrainian Folk Ensemble; accompaniment by the Sydney Bandurist Ensemble and Victor Burak on piano. Awards The Taras Shevchenko medal (Bronze) – (Spilka Vizvolenya Ykrayini 1986) for contribution to music in Australia The Taras Shevchenko medal (Gold) – (Spilka Vizvolenya Ykrayini 1988) for contribution to music in the diaspora The Kozak Cross of Glory (Bronze) – (Free Kozaks of Australia) for service to the community The Kozak Cross of Glory (Silver) – (Free Kozaks of Australia) for service to the community The Kozak Cross of Glory (Gold) first order – (Free Kozaks of Australia 2005) – for service to the community The Kozak Cross of Glory (Gold) second order – (Free Kozaks of Australia 2008) – for service to the community The AFUO medal (Silver) – (Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations 1983?) for service to the community in the arts The AFUO medal (Gold) – (Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations 1988) for service to the community in the arts Citation for contribution to art of bandura in diaspora – (Ukraine 2008) Rivne, National Kobzar's Union Patriarchal citation for service to the Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate in the diaspora – Awarded by Metropolitan Dimitri 2010.References Sources Новий обрій ("The New Horizon") No. 4 1971 – Melbourne 1971 – Melbourne Literary-Cultural Association Новий обрій ("The New Horizon") No. 5 1975 – Melbourne 1975 – Melbourne Literary-Cultural Association Новий обрій ("The New Horizon") No. 6 1980 – Melbourne 1980 – Melbourne Literary-Cultural Association The Free Thought – Ukrainian Newspaper, Sydney (Nov. 1969, Dec. 1969, Feb. 1970, Mar. 1970, Apr. 1970, July 1970, Aug. 1970, No. 339, Sep. 1970, No.1097, Feb. 1971, Mar. 1971, No. 1125, No. 1126, No. 1139, Sep. 1971, No. 1155, No. 1176, June 1972, Aug. 1972, No.1163, No. 392, No. 1128, No. 1152, Nov. 1972, No. 1495, No. 1498, No. 1503 No.1693–94, No. 1546, No. 1548, No.1542–42) Church and Life – Ukrainian News press, Melbourne (No. 112, No. 437, No. 474, No. 482, Mar.1979) Ukrainians in Australia, Ukrainian News Press – Melbourne (563) Free World – News Press Winnipeg, May 1971 Artforce Magazine – publication of Australian Arts Council Dutchak V. – "Deriazhny Petro" / Ukrainian Music Encyclopedia, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2006, vol. 1, p. 601 Ukrainian conductors (music) Male conductors (music) 1948 births Living people Composers for bandura Bandurists Kobzars Ukrainian composers Australian people of Ukrainian descent 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians

Angela Cavalieri

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<mask> is an Australian printmaker. Early life and education Cavalieri's parents migrated from Calabria, Italy, to Australia in the post-war period. She studied printmaking at the Victorian College of the Arts from 1981 to 1983. Career Cavalieri continued to exhibit in solo and group exhibitions since 1984. She has been awarded several prizes and has undertaken a number of artist residencies in Europe and Australia. Her work is held in many public and private collections throughout Australia, notably Australian National Gallery, The National Gallery of Victoria, State Library of Queensland, Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne and State Library of Victoria. She is also represented in the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva, Switzerland.Art practice Text, language and the transformative nature of culture are recurring themes in Cavalieri's art practice, referencing in particular her Italian heritage. Her work has been described as "visually seductive, monumental in their proportions and immediate in their impact" by the art historian Sasha Grishin. She surveys the art of writing and storytelling in a visual form in a series of monumental, hand-rolled linocuts on canvas as well as producing small-scale artist's books. Passages from Dante, Petrarch, Italo Calvino and the influences of Italian artists such as Piero della Francesca, Giotto and Piranesi are referenced in her work. The music of the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) also provided Cavalieri with inspiration, as a result of an Arts Centre Melbourne commission to produce a work about an opera in 2011, the State Library of Victoria's Creative Fellowship (2012-2013) and a residency at La Scuola Internazionale di Grafica Residency in Venice (2015), exploring the city where Monteverdi lived in the last decades of his life. 1, Grahame Galleries + Editions, Queensland, 2007 Transitions: European Island and Regional Cultures in Late 20th & Early 21st Centuries, Macquarie University Gallery, Sydney, NSW, 2008 Anthology: selection of works by nine Gallery 101 artists who display the diversity of their multidisciplinary individual artistic practices, Gallery 101, Collins Street, Melbourne, 3 - 28 June, 2008 Surveying the Field, Counihan Gallery, Brunswick, City of Moreland - selection of works by seven leading Australian artists, living or working in the arts in Moreland, 17 July - 16 August, 2009 References Living people Australian printmakers

John Hatch (development specialist)

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Dr<mask> (born November 7, 1940) is an American economic development expert and a pioneer in modern-day microfinance. He is the founder of FINCA International and the Rural Development Services (RDS), and is famous for innovating village banking, arguably the world’s most widely imitated microfinance methodology. Childhood and Family <mask> was born in 1940 in Pullman, Washington. His father, a college professor, could trace his ancestors back 14 generations to the first Pilgrim baby born in the New World. His mother, born in Costa Rica, had ancestors which included an authentic conquistador, a railway-builder, and a co-founder of Pan American World Airlines Education and early career After high school in Massachusetts and a BA in History from Johns Hopkins University, in July 1962 <mask> joined the Peace Corps for a 2-year tour of duty in Colombia. Trained as a "community development" volunteer, he was assigned to a semi-urban barrio known as Hoyo Sapo ("Frog Hole") on the outskirts of Medellín. There, he helped organize the community to construct sewer lines, streets, a community center, library, soccer field, and a footbridge.It was also in Medellin that he became fluent in Spanish, embraced Latin culture, and was first exposed to severe poverty, infant malnutrition, and illiteracy. Little did he realize at the time that he had just embarked on a career of service to the world's poorest families that would continue uninterrupted for the next four decades of his life. Following his duty tour in Colombia he briefly served as an instructor in two Peace Corps training programs. Then, in early 1965 he was recruited as a regional Peace Corps director for Peru. Over the next 30 months he supervised some 55 volunteers working in agricultural cooperatives and credit unions serving the poorest. He returned home for graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, obtaining an MA in Economic History (1970) and a PhD in Economic Development (1973). In between (1970–71) a Fulbright grant allowed him to spend two crop cycles as a hired labor to 30 peasant farmers in Peru, documenting the power and wisdom of their traditional farming practices.The experience taught him deep respect for the subsistence skills of the poor. For the next 12 years he worked as a consultant in the design, management, and evaluation of mostly agricultural projects seeking to benefit the poor, eventually completing over 55 assignments in 28 countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Sadly, he found himself documenting dozens of foreign assistance failures that came closer to destroying than assisting their intended beneficiaries. He longed to create an organization that would allow the poor themselves-not bureaucrats, consultants, or other outsiders-to manage their own development initiatives. Founding FINCA In 1984, <mask> finally created his own nonprofit agency-the Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA). He was inspired with the idea of FINCA while in an airplane high above the Andes, en route to a consultant assignment in Bolivia. He grabbed in-flight cocktail napkins, scraps of paper, and a pen and began writing down ideas, equations, and flow charts as fast as he could.By the time he landed in La Paz, he had the outline of a radically different approach to poverty alleviation: a financial services program that put the poor in charge. “Give poor communities the opportunity, and then get out of the way!” he said. The means to achieving this purpose were "village banks", a self-managed support group of some 25 borrower-owners. Its purpose was to provide the poorest families, particularly those headed by single-mothers, with loans to finance self-employment activities capable of generating additional household income. FINCA currently operates village banking programs in 23 countries and since 1984 it has assisted over 1,000,000 families, lending over $360 million (in 2007) to the world's poorest families with a repayment rate of 98%, while also generating enough income to completely cover the operating costs of the field programs themselves. Moreover, there are now over 800 village banking programs worldwide in 60 countries created by about 30 other nonprofit agencies. Retirement In 2006, <mask> announced his retirement from day-to-day operations at FINCA headquarters in Washington, DC, although he continues to support FINCA in his capacity as a board member, fundraiser, and guest lecturer at universities.He currently lives with his wife Marguerite in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he is pursuing a lifelong interest in watercoloring and screen writing. He is also co-founder of a new nonprofit—the Alliance of Students Against Poverty (ASAP)--which has a goal of ending global poverty by getting two million Americans to pledge "$1/day for those living on less than $1/day, thus raising $10 billion by the year 2025 to be distributed to those microfinance agencies with the best track record of serving the "poorest of the poor". On June 26, 2009, <mask> was presented with the Sargent Shriver Award for Distinguished Humanitarian Service by the National Peace Corps Association. Quotes "Of course, our work is far from done. Yet considering current growth trends, I know that by the time I retire over 200 million households worldwide will have been benefited by the poverty vaccine of microfinance and/or village banking . What I also know is that my grandchildren will inherit a world where severe poverty has been abolished." "...looking ahead to the year 2025, at the age of 85 I plan to take my great grandchildren to visit the "Poverty Museum" in Washington, DC, so they can understand how half the human family used to live, but found a way to lift themselves out of poverty" Publications by <mask> Innovations from the Field.A Daringly Brief Summary of a Huge Phenomenon. By <mask><mask> & Sara Levine, Pathways Out of Poverty. Innovations in Microfinance for the Poorest Families. Kummarian Press (2002) Poverty Assessment by Microfinance Institutions: A Review of Current Practice. By <mask><mask> & Laura Frederick, Development Alternatives, Inc. (1998) Our Knowledge: Traditional Farming Practices in Rural Bolivia Vol:1 Altiplano Region., Vol.2 Temperate Valleys, Vol. 3 Tropics, By <mask><mask>, (1983) MSU rural development series. By <mask><mask>, Dept.of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University (1980) An Evaluation of the AIFLD/HISTADRUT project proposal to assist peasant federations in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. By <mask><mask>, Rural Development Services (1977) A Report on the National Association of Honduran Peasants (ANACH). By <mask><mask>, Rural Development Services (1977) Group farming in the Dominican Republic. By <mask><mask>, Rural Development Services (1977) Strategies for Small Farmer Development, vol. 1. By Elliott R. Morss, <mask><mask>, Donald R. Mickelwait, and Charles F. Sweet, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press (1976) The corn farmers of Motupe: A study of traditional farming practices in northern coastal Peru (Land Tenure Center monographs ; no. 1).By <mask><mask>, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison (1976) See also FINCA International Village Banking FINCA Afghanistan Microcredit Microfinance References Development specialists Johns Hopkins University alumni 1940 births Living people American expatriates in Colombia American expatriates in Peru University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

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<mask> (; born <mask>; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Often referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop", she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. Cher is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances throughout her six-decade-long career. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & <mask> after their song "I Got You Babe" peaked at number one on the US and UK charts. Together they sold 40 million records worldwide. Her solo career was established during the same time, with the top-ten singles "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" and "You Better Sit Down Kids". She became a television personality in the 1970s with her CBS shows; first The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and then the eponymous Cher.She emerged as a fashion trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, <mask> released the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", and "Dark Lady", becoming the female artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time. After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, she released the disco album Take Me Home (1979) and earned $300,000 a week for her 1979–1982 concert residency in Las Vegas. In 1982, <mask> made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in its film adaptation. She subsequently garnered critical acclaim for her performances in films such as Silkwood (1983), Mask (1985), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), and Moonstruck (1987), the last of which won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. She then revived her music career by recording the rock-inflected albums <mask> (1987), Heart of Stone (1989), and Love Hurts (1991), all of which yielded successful singles such as "I Found Someone", "If I Could Turn Back Time", and "Love and Understanding". <mask> contributed to the soundtrack for her next film, Mermaids (1990), which spawned the UK number-one single "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)".She made her directorial debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996). Cher reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the dance-pop album Believe, whose title track topped the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1999 and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK. It features pioneering use of Auto-Tune to distort her vocals, known as the "Cher effect". Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, earning $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $60 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years. During the 2010s, she landed starring roles in the films Burlesque (2010) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) and released studio albums Closer to the Truth (2013) and Dancing Queen (2018), both of which debuted at number three on the Billboard 200.Having sold 100 million records, <mask> is one of the world's best-selling music artists. Her achievements include a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, the Billboard Icon Award, and awards from the Kennedy Center Honors and the Council of Fashion Designers of America. She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. Aside from music and acting, she is noted for her political views, social media presence, philanthropic endeavors, and social activism, including LGBT rights and HIV/AIDS prevention. Life and career 1946–1961: Early life <mask> was born <mask> Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946. Her father, John Sarkisian, was an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems; her mother, Georgia Holt (born Jackie Jean Crouch), is a former model and retired actress who claims Irish, English, German, and Cherokee ancestry. Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old.Her mother later married actor John Southall, with whom she had another daughter, Georganne, Cher's half-sister. Now living in Los Angeles, <mask>'s mother began acting while working as a waitress. She changed her name to Georgia Holt and played minor roles in films and on television. Holt also secured acting parts for her daughters as extras on television shows like The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Her mother's relationship with Southall ended when Cher was nine years old, but she considers him her father and remembers him as a "good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much". Holt remarried and divorced several more times, and she moved her family around the country (including New York, Texas, and California). They often had little money, and Cher recounted having had to use rubber bands to hold her shoes together.At one point, her mother left Cher at an orphanage for several weeks. Although they met every day, both found the experience traumatic. When Cher was in fifth grade, she produced a performance of the musical Oklahoma! for her teacher and class. She organized a group of girls, directing and choreographing their dance routines. Unable to convince boys to participate, she acted the male roles and sang their songs. By age nine, she had developed an unusually low voice.Fascinated by film stars, <mask>'s role model was Audrey Hepburn, particularly due to her role in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's. Cher began to take after the unconventional outfits and behavior of Hepburn's character. She was also inspired by Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis, and Katharine Hepburn. She was disappointed by the absence of dark-haired Hollywood actresses whom she could emulate. She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, "I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer. I just thought, well, I'll be famous.That was my goal." In 1961, Holt married bank manager Gilbert LaPiere, who adopted <mask> (under the name <mask>) and Georganne, and enrolled them at Montclair College Preparatory School, a private school in Encino, whose students were mostly from affluent families. The school's upper-class environment presented a challenge for Cher; biographer Connie Berman wrote, "[she] stood out from the others in both her striking appearance and outgoing personality." A former classmate commented, "I'll never forget seeing Cher for the first time. She was so special ... She was like a movie star, right then and there ... She said she was going to be a movie star and we knew she would." Despite not being an excellent student, Cher was intelligent and creative, according to Berman. She earned high grades, excelling in French and English classes.As an adult, she discovered that she had dyslexia. Cher's unconventional behavior stood out: she performed songs for students during the lunch hours and surprised peers when she wore a midriff-baring top. She later recalled, "I was never really in school. I was always thinking about when I was grown up and famous." 1962–1965: Solo career breakthrough At age 16, Cher dropped out of school, left her mother's house, and moved to Los Angeles with a friend. She took acting classes and worked to support herself, dancing in small clubs along Hollywood's Sunset Strip and introducing herself to performers, managers, and agents. According to Berman, "[Cher] did not hesitate to approach anyone she thought could help her get a break, make a new contact, or get an audition."<mask> met performer Sonny Bono in November 1962 when he was working for record producer Phil Spector. <mask>'s friend moved out, and Cher accepted Sonny's offer to be his housekeeper. Sonny introduced <mask> to Spector, who used her as a backup singer on many recordings, including the Ronettes' "Be My Baby" and the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'". Spector produced her first single, "Ringo, I Love You", which <mask> recorded under the name Bonnie Jo Mason. The song was rejected by many radio stations programmers as they thought Cher's deep contralto vocals were a man's vocals; therefore, they believed it was a male homosexual singing a love song dedicated to the Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. <mask> and Sonny became close friends, eventual lovers, and performed their own unofficial wedding ceremony in a hotel room in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 27, 1964. Although Sonny had wanted to launch Cher as a solo artist, she encouraged him to perform with her because she suffered from stage fright, and he began joining her onstage, singing the harmonies.Cher disguised her nervousness by looking at Sonny; she later commented that she sang to the people through him. In late 1964, they emerged as a duo called Caesar & Cleo, releasing the poorly received singles "Do You Wanna Dance? ", "Love Is Strange", and "Let the Good Times Roll". Cher signed with Liberty Records' Imperial imprint in the end of 1964, and Sonny became her producer. The single "Dream Baby", released under the name "Cherilyn", received airplay in Los Angeles. Imperial encouraged Cher to work with Sonny on her second solo single for the label, a cover version of Bob Dylan's "All I Really Want to Do". It peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1965.Meanwhile, the Byrds had released their own version of the same song. When competition on the singles charts started between <mask> and the Byrds, the group's record label began to promote the B-side of the Byrds' single. Roger McGuinn of the Byrds commented, "We loved the Cher version ... We didn't want to hassle. So we just turned our record over." <mask>'s debut album, All I Really Want to Do (1965), reached number 16 on the Billboard 200; it was later described by AllMusic's Tim Sendra as "one of the stronger folk-pop records of the era". 1965–1967: Sonny and <mask>'s rise to pop stardom In early 1965, Caesar and Cleo began calling themselves Sonny & Cher. Following the recording of "I Got You Babe", they traveled to England in July 1965 at the Rolling Stones' advice; Cher recalled, "[they] had told us ... that Americans just didn't get us and that if we were going to make it big, we were going to have to go to England."According to writer Cintra Wilson, "English newspaper photographers showed up when S&C were thrown out of the London Hilton [because of their outfits] the night they arrived—literally overnight, they were stars. London went gaga for the heretofore-unseen S&C look, which was neither mod nor rocker." "I Got You Babe" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became, according to AllMusic's Bruce Eder, "one of the biggest-selling and most beloved pop/rock hits of the mid-'60s"; Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2003. As the song knocked the Beatles off the top of the British charts, English teenagers began to emulate Sonny and <mask>'s fashion style, such as bell-bottoms, striped pants, ruffled shirts, industrial zippers and fur vests. Upon their return to the US, the duo made several appearances on the teen-pop showcases Hullabaloo and Shindig! and completed a tour of some of the largest arenas in the US. Their shows attracted Cher look-alikes—"girls who were ironing their hair straight and dyeing it black, to go with their vests and bell-bottoms".Cher expanded her creative range by designing a clothing line. Sonny and <mask>'s first album, Look at Us (1965), released for the Atco Records division of Atlantic Records, spent eight weeks at number two on the Billboard 200, behind the Beatles' Help!. Their material became popular, and the duo successfully competed with the dominant British Invasion and Motown sounds of the era. Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny and Cher as "part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest." Sonny and <mask> charted ten Billboard top 40 singles between 1965 and 1972, including five top-ten singles: "I Got You Babe", "Baby Don't Go", "The Beat Goes On", "All I Ever Need Is You", and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done". At one point, they had five songs in the top 50 at the same time, a feat equaled only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley. Together they sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's "it" couple.Cher's following releases kept her solo career fully competitive with her work with Sonny. The Sonny Side of Chér (1966) features "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", which reached number two in the US and number three in the UK and became her first million-seller solo single. Chér, also released in 1966, contains the Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition "Alfie", which was added to the credits of the American version of the 1966 film of the same name and became the first stateside version of the popular song. With Love, Chér (1967) includes songs described by biographer Mark Bego as "little soap-opera stories set to rock music" such as the US top-ten single "You Better Sit Down Kids". 1967–1970: Backlash from the younger generation, first marriage By the end of the 1960s, Sonny and <mask>'s music had ceased to chart. According to Berman, "the heavy, loud sound of groups like Jefferson Airplane and Cream made the folk-rock music of Sonny and Cher seem too bland." Cher later said, "I loved the new sound of Led Zeppelin, Eric Clapton, the electric-guitar oriented bands.Left to myself, I would have changed with the times because the music really turned me on. But [Sonny] didn't like it—and that was that." Their monogamous lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution and the anti-drug position they adopted at the height of the drug culture lost them popularity among American youths. According to Bego, "in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs." In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in the film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful. Cher's next album, Backstage (1968), in which she explores diverse musical genres including Brazilian jazz and anti-war protest settings, was not a commercial success. In 1969, she was dropped from Imperial Records while Sonny and <mask> had been dropped from Atco; however, the label wanted to sign Cher for a solo album.3614 Jackson Highway (1969) was recorded without the guidance of Sonny and incorporates experiments in

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rhythm and blues and soul music. AllMusic's Mark Deming proclaimed it "arguably the finest album of her career", and still "a revelation" decades later. Displeased with the 3614 Jackson Highway album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco. Meanwhile, Sonny dated others, and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People magazine, "[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family." They officially married after she gave birth on March 4, 1969, to Chaz Bono. The duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity (1969).Written and produced by Sonny, who did not appear in the movie, it tells the story of a young woman, played by <mask>, searching for the meaning of life. The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. However, some critics noted that Cher showed signs of acting potential; Cue magazine wrote, "Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing." At the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style. According to writer Cintra Wilson, "Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny".The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers. Television executives took note, and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a "new, sophisticated, and mature" image. Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits. 1971–1974: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback CBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and <mask> their own television program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971. The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971, and had six episodes. Because it was a ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show. Watched by more than 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour was praised for the comedic timing, and deadpan Cher mocked Sonny about his looks and short stature.According to Berman, they "exuded an aura of warmth, playfulness, and caring that only enhanced their appeal. Viewers were further enchanted when a young [Chaz] also appeared on the show. They seemed like a perfect family." Cher honed her acting skills in sketch comedy roles such as the brash housewife Laverne, the sardonic waitress Rosa, and historical vamps, including Cleopatra and Miss Sadie Thompson. The Bob Mackie-designed clothing Cher wore was part of the show's attraction, and her style influenced the fashion trends of the 1970s. In 1971, Sonny and <mask> signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records, and Cher released the single "Classified 1A", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial.Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced <mask>'s second US number-one single, "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", which "proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did", writes Bego. "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was the first single by a solo artist to rank number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the same time as on the Canadian Singles Chart. Billboard called it "one of the 20th century's greatest songs". It was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its second single, "The Way of Love", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and established <mask>'s more confident image as a recording artist. In 1972, Cher released the all-ballad set Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego.Following the release of the album, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record. At Sonny's insistence, in 1973 <mask> released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light, which was commercially unsuccessful. That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett "Half-Breed", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher. Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time, he was convinced that "it's a smash for Cher and for nobody else", so he held the song for months until he got Cher back. "Half-Breed" was featured on the album of the same name and became <mask>'s third US number-one single. Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA. In 1974, <mask> released the song "Dark Lady" as the lead single from the namesake album.It reached the top position on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming <mask>'s fourth number-one single and making her the female artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time. Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard magazine, proved her to be "one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years", as well as a "proven superstar who always sells records". Between 1971 and 1973, Sonny and <mask>'s recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972), Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973), and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973). <mask> later commented on this period: "I could do a whole album ... in three days ... We were on the road ... and we were doing the Sonny & Cher Show". 1974–1979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity <mask> and Sonny had had marital problems since late 1972, but appearances were maintained until 1974. "The public still thinks we are married," Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, "[and] that's the way it has to be."In February 1974, Sonny filed for a separation, citing "irreconcilable differences". A week later, <mask> countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with "involuntary servitude", claiming that he withheld money from her and deprived her of her rightful share of their earnings. The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chaz, which was eventually granted to Cher. Their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975. In 1974, <mask> won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. The same year, Sonny premiered a solo show on ABC, The Sonny Comedy Revue, which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show. It was canceled after 13 weeks.During the divorce proceedings, Cher had a two-year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen, who freed her from her business arrangement with Sonny, under which she was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises, the company he ran. Geffen secured a $2.5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records, and she began work on her first album under that label in 1975. According to Bego, "it was their intention that [this album] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star, and not just a pop singer." Despite Cher's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder, Elton John, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan, the resulting album Stars was commercially and critically unsuccessful. Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, "Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is <mask> Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV." The album has since become a cult classic and is generally considered among her best work.On February 16, 1975, <mask> returned to television with a solo show on CBS. Called Cher, it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson, Elton John, and Bette Midler. The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher's songs, monologues, comedy performance, and her variation of clothing, which was the largest for a weekly TV show. Early critical reception was favorable; the Los Angeles Times exclaimed that "Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny, on the other hand, could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season." Cher lasted for less than a year, replaced by a new show in which she professionally reunited with ex-husband Sonny; she said, "doing a show alone was more than I could handle." On June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of The Allman Brothers Band.She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems, but they reconciled within a month. They had one son, Elijah Blue, on July 10, 1976. Sonny and <mask>'s TV reunion, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere, <mask> and Sonny's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce, her reportedly extravagant lifestyle, and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash that eventually contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977. In 1976, Mego Toys released a line of toys and dolls in the likeness of Sonny and Cher, which coincided with the popularity of The Sonny and Cher Show. The miniature version of Cher ended up being the highest selling doll of 1976, surpassing Barbie. Cher's next albums, I'd Rather Believe in You (1976) and Cherished (1977), the latter a return to her pop style at Warner's producers' insistence, were commercially unsuccessful; Orange Coast magazine's Keith Tuber commented, "A weekly television series ... can spell disaster for a recording artist ...Regular exposure on TV allowed people to see and hear these performers without having to buy their records ... That's what happened to Cher[.]" In 1977, under the rubric "Allman and Woman", she recorded alongside Allman the duet album Two the Hard Way. Their relationship ended following the release of the album, and their divorce was finalized in 1979. Beginning in 1978, she had a two-year live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons. That year, she legally changed her name from <mask> Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames. She returned to prime time television with the ABC specials Cher... Special (1978)—featuring a 15-minute segment in which she performs all of the roles in her version of West Side Story— and Cher... And Other Fantasies (1979). 1979–1982: Second musical comeback, shift from disco music to rock A single mother with two children, Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career.Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single "Take Me Home" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze. Both the album and the single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979, and were certified gold by the RIAA. Sales of the album may have been boosted by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover. Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm for disco music, she changed her mind after the success, commenting, "I never thought I would want to do disco ... [but] it's terrific! It's great music to dance to. I think that danceable music is what everybody wants." Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, <mask> planned to return to rock music in her next album, Prisoner (1979).The album's cover features <mask> draped in chains as a "prisoner of the press", which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave. She included rock songs, which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure. Prisoner produced the single "Hell on Wheels", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie. The song exploits the late 1970s roller-skating fad and contributed to its popularity. In 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, "Bad Love", for the film Foxes. She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal.Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates. Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; <mask> told Rolling Stone, "The critics panned us, and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'" Black Rose disbanded in 1981. During Black Rose's active period, <mask> was simultaneously doing a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week.Titled Cher in Concert, the three-year performance residency opened in June 1979 and eventually became Cher's first world concert tour as a solo artist (also referred to as the Take Me Home Tour), with additional dates in North America, Europe, South Africa, and Australia. It yielded two television specials: Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981) and Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983), the latter of which won Cher the CableACE Award for Best Actress in a Variety Program. In 1981, Cher released a duet with musician Meat Loaf called "Dead Ringer for Love", which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was later described by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as "one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980s". In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by Bego as Cher's "strongest and most consistent solo album in years" despite its low sales. 1982–1986: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus With decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles, Cher decided to further develop her acting career. While she had previously aspired to venture into film, she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit, and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress. Cher later recalled, "I was making a fortune on the road, but I was dying inside.Everyone kept saying, 'Cher, there are

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people who would give anything to have standing room only at Caesars Palace. It would be the pinnacle of their careers.' And I kept thinking, 'Yes, I should be satisfied' ... But I wasn't satisfied." She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg, founder of the Actors Studio, but never enrolled after her plans changed. She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20-year reunion. That year, Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title.Director Mike Nichols, who had seen <mask> onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, a plant co-worker and Meryl Streep's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood. When it premiered in 1983, audiences questioned Cher's ability as an actress. She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits. For her performance, <mask> received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. In 1985, <mask> formed the film production company Isis. Her next film, Mask (1985), reached number two at the box office and was <mask>'s first critical and commercial success as a leading actress. For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son who has a severe physical deformity, she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress.During the making of the film, however, she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich, and was ultimately omitted from the Oscar nomination list. She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula-like costume, later deemed by Vanity Fair'''s Esther Zuckerman as <mask>'s "Oscar revenge dress". "As you can see, I did receive my Academy booklet on how to dress like a serious actress," <mask> declared before presenting the nominees for Best Supporting Actor. The incident garnered her much publicity. <mask>'s May 1986 guest appearance on talk show Late Night with David Letterman, during which she called Letterman "an asshole", attracted much media coverage; Letterman later recalled, "It did hurt my feelings. Cher was one of the few people I've really wanted to have on the show ... I felt like a total fool, especially since I say all kinds of things to people."She returned to the show in 1987, reuniting with Sonny for the last time before his death to sing an impromptu version of "I Got You Babe". According to Rolling Stone's Andy Greene, "they weren't exactly the best of friends at this point, but both of them knew it would make for unforgettable television. Had YouTube existed back then, this would have gone insanely viral the next morning." Rolling Stone listed the performance among "David Letterman's Top 10 Musical Moments" in 2015. 1987–1992: Film stardom, third musical comeback <mask> starred in three films in 1987. In Suspect, she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by one of the jurors in the homicide case she is handling. Alongside Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer, she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell who comes to a small New England town in the comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick.In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she played an Italian widow in love with her fiancé's younger brother. The two last films ranked among the top ten highest-grossing films of 1987, at number ten and five, respectively.The New York Times Janet Maslin wrote Moonstruck "offers further proof that Cher has evolved into the kind of larger-than-life movie star who's worth watching whatever she does." For that film, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. By 1988, Cher had become one of the most bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film. That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales. In 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as "her most impressive string of hits to date", establishing her as a "serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture". Michael Bolton, Jon Bon Jovi, Desmond Child, and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album, Cher.Despite facing strong retail and radio airplay resistance upon its release, the album proved to be a commercial success, certified platinum by the RIAA. Cher features the rock ballad "I Found Someone", Cher's first US top-ten single in more than eight years. By the end of the 1980s, Cher was also receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle, including her tattoos, plastic surgeries, exhibitionist fashion sense, and affairs with younger men. She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz, and Tom Cruise, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Josh Donen, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, and Rob Camilletti, a bagel baker 18-years her junior whom she dated from 1986 to 1989. Cher's 19th studio album Heart of Stone (1989) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA. The music video for its second single, "If I Could Turn Back Time", caused controversy due to Cher's performance on the battleship , straddling a cannon, and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks. The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks, reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher's most successful singles.Other songs from Heart of Stone to reach the US top ten were "After All", a duet with Peter Cetera, and "Just Like Jesse James". At the 1989 People's Choice Awards, Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award. She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1989. Most critics liked the tour's nostalgic nature and admired Cher's showmanship. Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage (1991) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas. In her first film in three years, Mermaids (1990), Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters from town to town at the end of a love affair. She clashed with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin.Believing <mask> would be the star attraction, the producers allowed her creative control for the film. Mermaids was a box office success and received generally positive reviews. One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack, a cover version of Betty Everett's "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks. Cher's final studio album for Geffen Records, Love Hurts (1991), stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top-ten single "Love and Understanding". The album was certified gold by the RIAA. In later years, Cher commented that her Geffen label "hit years" had been especially significant to her, "because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me, and they were popular!" She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991, followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness: A New Attitude and CherFitness: Body Confidence.She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992. That year, the UK-only compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks. It features three new songs: "Oh No Not My Baby", "Whenever You're Near", and "Many Rivers to Cross". 1992–1997: Health and professional struggles, directorial debut Partially due to her experiences filming Mermaids, Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise. According to Berman, "After the success of Moonstruck, she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious." In the early 1990s, she contracted the Epstein–Barr virus and developed chronic fatigue syndrome, which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers. Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects, she starred in infomercials launching health, beauty, and diet products, which earned her close to $10 million in fees.The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live and critics considered them a sellout, many suggesting her film career was over. She told Ladies' Home Journal, "Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things." Cher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994). In 1994, she started a mail-order catalogue business, Sanctuary, selling Gothic-themed products, and contributed a rock version of "I Got You Babe" to MTV's animated series Beavis and Butt-head. Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh <mask>, and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single "Love Can Build a Bridge". Later that year, she signed with Warner Music UK's label WEA and released the album It's a Man's World (1995), which came out of her idea of covering men's songs from a woman's point of view. In general, critics favored the album and its R&B influences, some saying her voice had improved.Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "From an artistic standpoint, this soulful collection of grown-up pop songs ... is the high point of her recording career." It's a Man's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top-ten single "One by One". Tracks were remixed for the American release of the album, abandoning its original rock sound in favor of a style more accessible to US radio. The US release failed commercially, reaching number 64 on the Billboard 200. In 1996, Cher played the wife of a businessman who hires a hitman to murder her in the Chazz Palminteri-scripted dark comedy film Faithful. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, Cher was praised for her role; The New York Times Janet Maslin wrote that she "does her game best to find comic potential in a victim's role." <mask> refused to promote the film, claiming it was "horrible".She made her directorial debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996), in which she starred as a doctor murdered by an anti-abortion fanatic. It drew the highest ratings for an original HBO movie to date, registering an 18.7 rating with a 25 share in HBO homes and attracting 6.9 million viewers. Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus", which aired in November 1997. Written for her, it tells the story of a scientist's grotesque creature who adores Cher because of her role in Mask, in which her character cares for her disfigured son. 1998–1999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback Following Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him "the most unforgettable character" she had met. She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me: <mask> Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998. That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television.Later that year, Cher published The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of "first-time" events in her life, which critics praised as down-to-earth and genuine. Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died, she could not decide whether to include his death in the book; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event. She told Rolling Stone, "I couldn't ignore it, could I? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me." <mask>'s 22nd studio album Believe (1998) marked a musical departure for her, as it comprises dance-pop songs, many of which capture the "disco-era essence"; Cher said, "It's not that I think this is a '70s album ... but there's a thread, a consistency running through it that I love.'" Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries, selling 10 million copies worldwide. The album's title track reached number one in more than 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide.It became the best-selling recording of 1998 and 1999, respectively, in the UK and the US, and <mask>'s most successful single to date. "Believe" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK, selling over 1.84 million copies in the country up until October 2018. It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks, selling over 1.8 million units in the US up until December 1999. The song earned <mask> the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording and the 1999 Billboard Music Award for Hot 100 Single of the Year. On January 31, 1999, <mask> performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Super Bowl XXXIII. Two months later, she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2, which attracted 19.4 million viewers. According to VH1, it was the most popular, and most watched program in the television network's history, as <mask>'s presence was "a huge part of making it exactly that."The Do You Believe? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city in which it was booked, amassing a global audience of more than 1.5 million. Its companion television special, Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998–99, registering a 9.0 rating among adults 18 to 49 and a 13.0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes. Capitalizing on the success of "Believe", Cher's former record company Geffen Records released in April 1999 the US-only compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits, which features the previously unreleased song "Don't Come Cryin' to Me". It was certified gold by the RIAA. Seven months later, Cher released the compilation album The Greatest Hits, which sold three million copies outside of the US up until January 2000. Cher was named the number-one dance artist of 1999 by Billboard.At the 1999 World Music Awards, she received the Legend Award for her "lifelong contribution to the music industry". Her next film, Franco Zeffirelli's Tea with Mussolini (1999), received generally positive reviews, and she earned critical acclaim for her performance as a rich, flamboyant American socialite whose visit to Italy is not welcome among the Englishwomen; one reviewer from Film Comment wrote, "It is only after she appears that you realize how sorely she's been missed from movie screens! For Cher is a star. That is, she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time

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never allowing you to forget: that's Cher." 2000–2009: Touring success, retirement, Vegas residency Not Commercial (2000) was written mostly by Cher after she had attended a songwriters' conference in 1994; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album. As the album was rejected by her record label for being uncommercial, she chose to sell it only on her website. In the song "Sisters of Mercy", she criticized as "cruel, heartless and wicked" the nuns who prevented her mother from retrieving her from a Catholic orphanage.The Catholic church denounced the song. Cher's highly anticipated dance-oriented follow-up to Believe, Living Proof (2001), entered the Billboard 200 at number nine and was certified gold by the RIAA. The album includes the UK top-ten single "The Music's No Good Without You" and "Song for the Lonely", the latter song dedicated to "the courageous people of New York" following the September 11 attacks. In May 2002, she performed during the benefit concert VH1 Divas Las Vegas. At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, she won the Dance/Club Play Artist of the Year Award and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having "helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts". That year, her wealth was estimated at $600 million. In June 2002, Cher embarked on the Living Proof: The Farewell Tour, announced as the final live concert tour of her career, although she vowed to continue making records and films.The show highlighted her successes in music, television, and film, featuring video clips from the 1960s onwards and an elaborate backdrop and stage set-up. Initially scheduled for 49 shows, the worldwide tour was extended several times. By October 2003, it had become the most successful tour ever by a woman, grossing $145 million from 200 shows and playing to 2.2 million fans. A collection of live tracks taken from the tour was released in 2003 as the album Live! The Farewell Tour. The NBC special <mask> – The Farewell Tour (2003) attracted 17 million viewers. It was the highest rated network-TV concert special of 2003 and earned Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special.After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the US division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003. The Very Best of Cher (2003), a greatest-hits collection that surveys her entire career, peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA. She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003), mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend. <mask>'s 326-date Farewell Tour ended in 2005 as one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, seen by over 3.5 million people and earning $250 million. After three years of retirement, she began in 2008 a three-year, 200-performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, for which she earned a reported $60 million. Titled <mask>, the production featured state-of-the-art video and special effects, elaborate set designs, 14 dancers, four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes. 2010–2017: Burlesque, return to music and touring In Burlesque (2010), <mask>'s first musical film since 1967's Good Times, the actress plays a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful is looking to impress.One of the two songs she recorded for the film's soundtrack, the power ballad "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me", reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making <mask> the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. In November 2010, she received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. The next year, she lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper. Dear Mom, Love Cher, a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt, aired on Lifetime in May 2013.Closer to the Truth, Cher's 25th studio album and the first since 2001's Living Proof, entered the Billboard 200 at number three in October 2013, her highest position on that chart to date. Michael Andor Brodeur of The Boston Globe commented that "Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'". Cher premiered the lead single "Woman's World" on the season four finale of the talent show The Voice, her first live TV performance in over a decade. She later joined the show's season five as judge Blake Shelton's team adviser.On June 30, 2013, <mask> headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating Gay Pride day. It became the event's first sellout in five years. In November 2013, she appeared as a guest performer and judge on the seventeenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, during its eighth week, which was dedicated to her. She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, nearly a decade after announcing her "farewell tour". She quipped about that fact during the shows, saying this would actually be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers. The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million. In November 2014, she cancelled all remaining dates due to an infection that affected kidney function.On May 7, 2014, <mask> confirmed a collaboration with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Credited as Bonnie Jo Mason, she uses an alias of hers originated in 1964. Only one copy of the album has been produced, and it was sold by online auction in November 2015. It is the most expensive single album ever sold. After appearing as Marc Jacobs' guest at the 2015 Met Gala, Cher posed for his brand's fall/winter advertising campaign. The fashion designer stated, "This has been a dream of mine for a very, very long time." Classic Cher, a three-year concert residency at both the Park Theater at Monte Carlo Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, and The Theater at MGM National Harbor, Washington, opened in February 2017.At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, Cher performed "Believe" and "If I Could Turn Back Time", her first awards show performance in more than 15 years, and was presented with the Billboard Icon Award by Gwen Stefani, who called her "a role model for showing us how to be strong and true to ourselves [and] the definition of the word Icon." 2018–present: Return to film, Dancing Queen, upcoming projects In 2018, <mask> returned to film for the romantic musical comedy film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. New York magazine's Viviana Olen and Matt Harkins commented that "it's only at the climax of the movie when its true promise is fulfilled: Cher arrives ... It becomes clear that every single movie—no matter how flawless—would be infinitely better if it included Cher." She stars as Ruby Sheridan, who is the grandmother of Sophie, played by Amanda Seyfried, and the mother of Donna, portrayed by Meryl Streep. Cher recorded two ABBA songs for the film's soundtrack: "Fernando" and "Super Trouper".Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA commented, "She makes Fernando her own. It's her song now." On March 4, 2018, <mask> headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Tickets sold out within three hours after she hinted her performance on her Twitter account. In September 2018, <mask> embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour. While promoting Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Cher confirmed she was working on an album that would feature cover versions of songs from ABBA.The album, Dancing Queen, was released on September 28, 2018. Brittany Spanos from Rolling Stone commented that "the 72-year-old makes ABBA songs not only sound like they should've been written for her in the first place but like they firmly belong in 2018". Marc Snetiker from Entertainment Weekly called it Cher's "most significant release since 1998's Believe" and noted that "the album ender, 'One of Us', is frankly one of Cher's best recordings in years." Dancing Queen debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, tying with 2013's Closer to the Truth for <mask>'s highest-charting solo album in the US. With first-week sales of 153,000 units, it earned the year's biggest sales week for a pop album by a female artist, as well as Cher's largest sales week since 1991. Dancing Queen also topped Billboards Top Album Sales chart, making it Cher's first number-one album on that chart.The Cher Show, a jukebox musical based on Cher's life and music, officially premiered at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, on June 28, 2018, and played through July 15. It began Broadway previews November 1, with its official opening on December 3, 2018.Written by Rick Elice, it features three actresses playing <mask> during different stages of her life. The <mask> Show is set to launch a UK and Ireland tour in 2022. On December 2, 2018, Cher received a Kennedy Center Honors prize, the annual Washington distinction for artists who have made extraordinary contributions to culture. The ceremony featured tribute performances by Cyndi Lauper, Little Big Town and Adam Lambert. During 2018, Cher used Twitter to announce she was working on four new projects for the next two years: a Christmas album; a second album of ABBA covers; an autobiography; and a biographical film about her life. In October 2019, Cher launched a new perfume, Cher Eau de Couture, which was four years in the making. Described as "genderless", it is Cher's second fragrance after 1987's Uninhibited.On February 4, 2020, <mask> was announced as the new face of fashion brand Dsquared2. She starred in the brand's spring/summer advertising campaign, which was directed by photographers Mert and Marcus. In May, Cher released her first Spanish-language song, a cover of ABBA's "Chiquitita". Proceeds from the single were donated to UNICEF following the COVID-19 pandemic. In November, Cher spawned a UK top-ten single as part of the charity supergroup BBC Radio 2 Allstars with "Stop Crying Your Heart Out", an Oasis cover recorded in support of BBC's Children in Need charity. <mask> appeared in a voice-over role as a bobblehead version of herself in the animated feature film Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020). The same year, she was featured on The New York Times Magazines list of "The Best Actors of 2020", the first time an actor not in a current-year theatrical release made it on the annual list; film critics Wesley Morris and A. O. Scott commented, "<mask>'s radiant performance in Moonstruck warmed us in quarantine."In May 2021, <mask> guest-starred as God in Pink's music video "All I Know So Far". In January 2022, <mask> appeared as the star of MAC Cosmetics' "Challenge Accepted" campaign alongside rapper Saweetie. Artistry Music and voice Cher has employed various musical styles, including folk rock, pop rock, power ballads, disco, new wave music, rock music, punk rock, arena rock, and hip hop; she said she has done this to "remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord". Her music has mainly dealt with themes of heartbreak, independence, and self-empowerment for women; by doing so, she became "a brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman", according to Out magazine's Judy Wieder. Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder credited Cher's "nearly flawless" song selection as what made her a notorious rock singer; while several of her early songs were penned by or sung with Sonny Bono, most of her solo successes, which outnumbered Sonny and Cher's successes, were composed by independent songwriters, selected by Cher. Not Commercial (2000), Cher's first album mostly written by herself, presents a "1970s singer-songwriter feel" that proves "Cher adept in the role of storyteller", according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis. Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times writes, "There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits".Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism. According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single "The Way of Love" is "either about a woman expressing her love for another woman, or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved" ("What will you do/When he sets you free/Just the way that you/Said good-bye to me"). Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral songs. Cher has a contralto singing voice, described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as "bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato". Ann Powers of The New York Times called it "a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky, a fine vehicle for projecting personality." AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that the "tremendous intensity and passion" of Cher's vocals coupled with her "ability to meld that projection with her acting skills" can provide "an incredibly powerful experience for the listener." The Guardian Laura Snapes described her voice as "miraculous ... capable of conveying vulnerability, vengeance and pain all at once".Paul Simpson, in his book The Rough Guide to Cult Pop (2003), posits that "Cher [is] the possessor of one of the huskiest, most distinctive voices in pop ... which can work wonders with the right material directed by the right producer". He further addresses the believability of her vocal performances: "she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition". Writing about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times stated that "Rock was subsequently blessed with the staggering blues exclamations of Janis Joplin in the late '60s and the raw poetic force of Patti Smith in the mid-'70s. Yet no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher". By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as "dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung". First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose, Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals on her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image. For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.The 1998 song "Believe" has an electronic vocal effect proposed by Cher, and was the first commercial recording to feature Auto-Tune—an audio processor originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies in vocal music recordings—as a deliberate creative effect. According to Rolling Stone Christopher R. Weingarten, the "producers ... used the pitch

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correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool." After the success of the song, the technique became known as the "Cher effect" and has since been widely used in popular music. Cher continued to use Auto-Tune on the albums Living Proof (2001), Closer to the Truth (2013), and Dancing Queen (2018). In a 2013 interview with the Toronto Sun, Cher reflected on how her voice has evolved throughout her career, becoming stronger and suppler over the years. She said working with vocal coaches had made a significant difference: "It's so freaky because people my age are having to lose notes and I'm gaining notes, so that's pretty shocking." Films, videos, and stage Maclean's magazine's Barbara Wickens wrote, "Cher has emerged as probably the most fascinating movie star of her generation ... [because] she has managed to be at once boldly shocking and ultimately enigmatic."New York Post movie critic David Edelstein attributes Cher's "top-ranking star quality" to her ability of projecting "honesty, rawness and emotionality. She wears her vulnerability on her sleeve." Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate wrote that Cher was "one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood. Author Yvonne Tasker, in her book Working Girls: Gender and Sexuality in Popular Cinema (2002), notes that Cher's film roles often mirrors her public image as a rebellious, sexually autonomous, and self-made woman. In her films, she recurrently serves as a social intermediary to disenfranchised male characters, such as Eric Stoltz's Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia victim in Mask (1985), Liam Neeson's mute homeless veteran in Suspect (1987), and Nicolas Cage's socially isolated baker with a wooden hand in Moonstruck (1987). Film critic Kathleen Rowe wrote of Moonstruck that the depiction of Cher's character as "a 'woman on top' [is] enhanced by the unruly star persona Cher brings to the part'". For Moonstruck, <mask> was ranked 1st on Billboards list of "The 100 Best Acting Performances by Musicians in Movies", and her performance was described as "the standard by which you mentally check all others".Moonstruck was acknowledged by the American Film Institute as the eighth best romantic comedy film of all time. Cher's public image is also reflected in her music videos and live performances, in which she "repeatedly comments on her own construction, on her search for perfection and on the performance of the female body", wrote Tasker. Unlike other acts of that time, who often featured female backers mimicking the singer's performance, Cher uses a male dancer dressed as her in the 1992 concert video Cher at the Mirage; author Diane Negra commented, "In authorizing her own quotation, Cher acknowledges herself as fictionalized production, and proffers to her audience a pleasurable plurality." James Sullivan of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that "Cher is well aware that her chameleonic glitz set the stage for the current era of stadium-size razzle-dazzle. She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft." American singer Pink, who is recognized by her acrobatic stage presence, started studying Aerial silks after watching <mask>'s Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004. Cher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".The 1980 video for "Hell on Wheels" involves cinematic techniques and was one of the first music videos ever. Deemed "controversial" for her performance on the battleship , straddling a cannon, and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks, the 1989 music video for "If I Could Turn Back Time" was the first ever to be banned by MTV. Public image FashionTime magazine's Cady Lang described Cher as a "cultural phenomenon [who] has forever changed the way we see celebrity fashion." <mask> emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing "hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas, and Cherokee-inspired tunics". She began working as a model in 1967 for photographer Richard Avedon after then-Vogue magazine editor Diana Vreeland discovered her at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy that year. Avedon took the controversial photo of Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown designed by Bob Mackie for the cover of Time magazine in 1975; Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek described it as "one of the most recreated and monumental looks of all time." Cher first wore the gown to the 1974 Met Gala.According to Vogue magazine's André Leon Talley, "it was really the first time a Hollywood celebrity attended, and it changed everything. We are still seeing versions of that look on The Met red carpet 40 years later." Billboard wrote that Cher has "transformed fashion and [become] one of the most influential style icons in red carpet history". Through her 1970s television shows, Cher became a sex symbol with her inventive and revealing Mackie-designed outfits, and fought the network censors to bare her navel. Although Cher has been erroneously attributed to being the first woman to expose her navel on television (e.g. Nichelle Nichols, BarBara Luna and Diana Ewing in the 1960s TV series Star Trek), she was the most prominent to do so since the establishment of the American Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters in 1951, which prompted network censors to ban navel exposure on US television. People dubbed Cher the "pioneer of the belly beautiful".In 1972, after she was featured on the annual "Best Dressed Women" lists, Mackie stated: "There hasn't been a girl like Cher since Dietrich and Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages." In May 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America recognized Cher with an award for her influence on fashion, Robin Givhan of the Los Angeles Times called her a "fashion visionary" for "striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess". Givhan referenced Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana as "[i]nfluential designers [who] have evoked her name as a source of inspiration and guidance." She concluded that "Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal." Vogue proclaimed Cher "[their] favorite fashion trendsetter" and wrote that "[she] set the grounds for pop stars and celebrities today", describing her as "[e]ternally relevant [and] the ruler of outré reinvention". Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as "the ultimate fashion icon" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, and Kim Kardashian, stating that "[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone, or anything ...They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success." Physical appearance Cher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance—particularly her youthful looks and her tattoos. Journalists have often called her the "poster girl" of plastic surgery. Author Grant McCracken, in his book Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture (2008), draws a parallel between Cher's plastic surgeries and the transformations in her career: "Her plastic surgery is not merely cosmetic. It is hyperbolic, extreme, over the top ... Cher has engaged in a transformational technology that is dramatic and irreversible." Caroline Ramazanoglu, author of Up Against Foucault: Explorations of Some Tensions Between Foucault and Feminism (1993), wrote that "Cher's operations have gradually replaced a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look with a more symmetrical, delicate, 'conventional' ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty ... Her normalised image ... now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves."Cher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the "Ms. Original Rose Tattoo". She got her first tattoo in 1972. According to Sonny Bono, "Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created.She still does. She'll create some controversy and then tell her critics to stick it." In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos. The process was still underway in the 2000s. She commented, "When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised."In 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored <mask> as one of the five "most beautiful women of history" by creating a life-size statue. She was ranked 26th on VH1's list of the "100 Sexiest Artists" published in 2002. <mask> was the inspiration for Mother Gothel, a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Tangled (2010). Director Byron Howard explained that Gothel's exotic appearance, whose beauty, dark curly hair and voluptuous figure were deliberately designed to serve as a foil to Rapunzel's, was based on <mask>'s "exotic and Gothic looking" appearance, continuing that the singer "definitely was one of the people we looked at visually, as far as what gives you a striking character." Social media Cher's social media presence has drawn analysis from journalists. Time named her "Twitter's most outspoken (and beloved) commentator". The New York Times writer Jenna Wortham commended Cher on her social media usage, stating, "Most celebrities' social-media feeds feel painfully self-aware and thirsty ...In her own way, Cher is an outlier, perhaps the last unreconstructed high-profile Twitter user to stand at her digital pulpit and yell (somewhat) incomprehensibly, and be rewarded for it. Online, authenticity and originality are often carefully curated myths. Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye." Monica Heisey of The Guardian described Cher's Twitter account as "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", and remarked, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out." As a gay icon The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity. Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens. According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, "[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and <mask> because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet".According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was "one of the first to bring drag to the masses" as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979. Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon. The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland. Cher guest-starred as herself twice on the show, in 2000—making the episode "Gypsies, Tramps and Weed" (named after her 1971 song "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves") Will & Graces second-highest rating ever— and 2002. Other interests Philanthropy Cher's primary philanthropic endeavors have included support of health research and patients' quality of life, anti-poverty initiatives, veterans rights, and vulnerable children. The Cher Charitable Foundation supports international projects such as the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, Operation Helmet, and the Children's Craniofacial Association. Children Beginning in 1990, Cher served as a donor and as the National Chairperson and Honorary Spokesperson for the Children's Craniofacial Association, whose mission is to "empower and give hope to facially disfigured children and their families".The annual Cher's Family Retreat is held each June to provide craniofacial patients, their siblings and parents an opportunity to interact with others who have endured similar experiences. She supports and promotes Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases. Cher is a donor, fundraiser, and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, an organization that seeks to accelerate action to combat the AIDS pandemic, including the provision of antiretroviral medicine to children and their families with HIV/AIDS. In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for "her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good" and for being "one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS". In 2007, Cher became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School (PVS) in Ukunda, Kenya, which "provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children, ages 2 to 13 years." Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.Soldiers and veterans Cher has been a vocal supporter of American soldiers and returning veterans. She has contributed resources to Operation Helmet, an organization that provides free helmet upgrade kits to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. She has contributed to the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, which serves military personnel who have been disabled in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and those severely injured in other operations. In 1993, she participated in a humanitarian effort in Armenia, taking food and medical supplies to the war-torn region. Poverty Cher has engaged in the construction of houses with Habitat for Humanity and served as the Honorary National Chair of a Habitat's elimination of poverty housing initiative "Raise the Roof", an effort to engage artists in the organization's work while on tour. Environment In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city as part of a partnership with Icelandic Glacial. Elder rights In 2017, Cher weighed in on the need to protect elder rights as she executive produced Edith+Eddie, a documentary about a nonagenarian interracial couple.It received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). COVID-19 Following the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, Cher launched the CherCares Pandemic Resource and Response

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Initiative (CCPRRI) alongside Dr. Irwin Redlener, the head of Columbia University's Pandemic Resource and Response Center. The charity's initial plan is to distribute $1 million to "chronically neglected and forgotten people" during the pandemic through the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF). <mask> told Billboard, "There are rural areas where people of color and Latinos and Native Americans were getting no services. It's not a lot of money — $1 million goes in the blink of an eyelash! — so now I'm trying to get my friends to make it a lot more so we can do something that will really meet people's needs. A friend once told me, 'When people walk in your path, then you know what you have to do.'"Animal rights In November 2020, <mask> joined Four Paws International and traveled to Pakistan to advocate for and work with the country's government to have Kaavan, an elephant who had been confined to a zoo for 35 years, transferred to a wildlife sanctuary in Cambodia. In April 2021, Paramount+ released the documentary film Cher and the Loneliest Elephant, detailing Cher's quest, alongside animal aid groups and veterinarians, to free Kaavan from confinement. LGBT rights <mask>'s older child, Chaz Bono, first came out as a lesbian at age 17, which reportedly caused <mask> to feel "guilt, fear and pain". However, she soon came to accept Chaz's sexual orientation, and came to the conclusion that LGBT people "didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair". She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates. In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men". On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender man, and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.Politics Cher has said that she is not a registered Democrat, but has attended many Democratic conventions and events. Over the years, Cher's political views have attracted media attention, and she has been an outspoken critic of the conservative movement. In an interview with Vanity Fair, she was critical of a variety of political topics, including Republican politicians like Sarah Palin and Jan Brewer. She has commented that she did not understand why anyone would be a Republican because eight years under the administration of George W. Bush "almost killed [her]". During the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do "whatever possible to keep him [Bush] out of office". She told the site, "If you're black in this country if you're a woman in this country, if you are any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left."She added, "I don't like Bush. I don't trust him. I don't like his record. He's stupid. He's lazy." On October 27, 2003, Cher anonymously called a C-SPAN phone-in program to recount a visit she made to maimed soldiers at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and criticized the lack of media coverage and government attention given to injured servicemen. She remarked that she watches C-SPAN every day.Although she identified herself as an unnamed entertainer, she was recognized by the C-SPAN host, who subsequently questioned her about her 1992 support for independent presidential candidate Ross Perot. She said, "When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now". On Memorial Day weekend in 2006, Cher called into C-SPAN's Washington Journal endorsing Operation Helmet, a group that provides helmets to help soldiers avoid head injuries while in the war zone. On June 14, 2006, she made a guest appearance on C-SPAN with Dr. Bob Meaders, the founder of Operation Helmet. That year, in an interview with Stars and Stripes, she explained her "against the war in Iraq but for the troops" position: "I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what they think is right. They do what they're told to do.They do it with a really good heart. They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything." <mask> supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy on radio and TV programs. However, in a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she "still thinks Hillary would have done a better job", although she "accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems". During the 2012 United States presidential election, <mask> and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled "Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights".In the PSA, the pair criticized Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the US Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were "part of God's plan". In September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-gay legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event. In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made a series of critical comments on Twitter, stating that "Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump". In October 2018, after the victory in Brazil's presidential election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro, Cher called him a "pig" and "a politician from hell", before declaring that Bolsonaro should be "locked in prison for the rest of his life". In September 2020, Cher raised nearly $2 million for Joe Biden's presidential campaign at a virtual, LGBTQ-themed fundraiser. In October, she traveled to Nevada and Arizona to campaign on behalf of Biden, and released a cover version of "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe", a song conceived for the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, with lyrics updated to be about Biden. The same month, Cher posted messages on Twitter in support of Armenia and Artsakh regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh war.She stated, "We stand with the people of Armenia [and] urge our leaders in Washington to conduct the sustained and rigorous diplomacy necessary to bring peace to the Artsakh region." Legacy and impact Rolling Stone Rob Sheffield stated how "there are no other careers remotely like hers, [particularly] in the history of pop music" and referred to Cher as "the one-woman embodiment of the whole gaudy story of pop music." According to Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder, Cher "has been and remains today one of the Rock Era's most dominant figures". He described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance, from her early hippie days to her later outlandish outfits, and her attitude—the perfect female punk long before punk even was a rock term." Billboard Joe Lynch described Cher as "a woman who pioneered an androgynous musical identity in the mid '60s", and who by doing so "teed things up for people like Bowie and Patti Smith".Billboard Keith Caulfield wrote that "there's divas, and then there's Cher." The New York Times Matthew Schneier stated, "[Cher] has earned her mononym. Her star power is such that she has spored an entire industry of imitators, both figurative and literal."Dazed magazine's Shon Faye elaborates: "If Madonna and Lady Gaga and Kylie and Cyndi Lauper were playing football, Cher would be the stadium they played on, and the sun that shone down on them." According to Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News, "Her music has changed with the times over the decades, rather than changing those times through groundbreaking work"; however, he felt that subsequent female pop singers were heavily inspired by Cher's abilities to combine "showmanship with deep musicality ... to make valid statements in a wide variety of trend-driven idioms ... to ease effortlessly between pop subgenres [and] to shock without alienating her fans", as well as by her charismatic stage presence and the strong LGBT support among her fan base. Cher is commonly referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop". Her work in music, film, television, and fashion has influenced artists including Benjamin Francis Leftwich, Betsy, Beyoncé, Bonnie McKee, Britney Spears, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Cleo, Cyndi Lauper, Drew Barrymore, Dua Lipa, Gemma Chan, Gwen Stefani, Helena Vondráčková, Jennifer Lopez, Kacey Musgraves, Kanye West, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Lil' Kim, Lizzo, Miley Cyrus, Paulina Rubio, Pink, Madonna, Marc Jacobs, Ralph, Rihanna, Rita Ora, Rob Halford of Judas Priest, RuPaul, Sarah Paulson, Saweetie, Shirley Manson of Garbage, Taylor Swift, Tina Turner, Tracy Chapman, Troye Sivan, and Zendaya. Cher has repeatedly reinvented herself through various personas, for which Professor Richard Aquila from Ball State University called her "the ultimate pop chameleon". According to Entertainment WeeklyMarc Snetiker, "Cher has floated through generation after generation, scooping up new fans, thrilling old ones, reinventing her own myth and glittering splendidly through it all." Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek credited Cher as having "revolutionized the idea of what a pop star could visually accomplish, the way they could create multiple personas that live on and off-stage."James Reed from The Boston Globe elaborates: "Along with David Bowie, she is one of the original chameleons in pop music, constantly in flux and challenging our perceptions of her[.]" The New York Times declared Cher as the "Queen of the Comeback". According to author Lucy O'Brien, "Cher adheres to the American Dream of reinvention of self: 'Getting old does not have to mean getting obsolete.'" Author Craig Crawford, in his book The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World (2007), describes Cher as "a model of flexible career management", and relates her career successes to a constant reshaping of her image according to the evolving trends of popular culture. He further explains that she billed "each dramatic turnaround of style as another example of rebellion—an image that allowed her to make calculated changes while appearing to be consistent." Author Grant McCracken stated, "The term 'reinvention' is now often used to talk about the careers of American celebrities. But in Cher's case, it is particularly apt [because she] is inclined to lock on to each new fashion wave [and] is swept violently down the diffusion stream and out of fashion.Only substantial re-creation permits her to return to stardom." Her "integrity" and "perseverance" are highlighted in the Reaching Your Goals book series of illustrated inspirational stories for children, in which her life is detailed emphasizing the importance of self-actualization: "For years, Cher worked hard to become a successful singer. Then she worked hard to become an actress. Even when she needed money, she turned down movie roles that weren't right for her. Her goal has always been to be a good actress, not just a rich and famous one." Cher's "ability to forge an immensely successful and lengthy career as a woman in a male-dominated entertainment world" has drawn attention from feminist critics. According to author Diane Negra, Cher was presented in the beginning of her career as a product of male creativity; Cher remembers, "It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think".However, her image eventually changed due to her "refusal of dependence on a man and the determination not only to forge a career (as an actor) on her own terms but to refuse the conventional role assigned to women over forty years old in an industry that fetishises youth", wrote author Yvonne Tasker. She was featured in the 16th-anniversary edition of Ms. magazine as an "authentic feminist hero" and a 1980s role model for women: "Cher, the straightforward, tattooed, dyslexic single mother, the first Oscar winner to have entered into matrimony with a known heroin addict and to have admitted to being a fashion victim by choice, has finally landed in an era that's not afraid to applaud real women." Stephanie Brush from The New York Times wrote, following the telecast of Cher's Oscar win in 1988, that she "performs the function for women moviegoers that Jack Nicholson has always fulfilled for men. Free of the burden of ever having been America's sweetheart, she is the one who represents us [women] in our revenge fantasies, telling all the fatheads ... exactly where they can go. You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years." Cher's 1996 interview for Dateline NBCs Jane Pauley became a viral video in 2016; in it, Cher tells the story of her mother asking her to "settle down and marry a rich man," to which Cher replies, "Mom, I am a rich man."<mask>'s "Mom, I am a rich man" quote was included in Taylor Swift's 2019 music video "You Need to Calm Down". Bustle magazine's Erica Kam commented, "[Cher's quote] puts a spin on typical gender norms ... It would make sense, then, that Swift would want to follow Cher's example." Alec Mapa of The Advocate elaborates: "While the rest of us were sleeping, Cher's been out there for the last four decades living out every single one of our childhood fantasies ... Cher embodies an unapologetic freedom and fearlessness that some of us can only aspire to." Rolling Stone Jancee Dunn wrote, "Cher is the coolest woman who ever stood in shoes. Why? Because her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.'There are folks all over America who would, in their heart of hearts, love to date people half their age, get multiple tattoos and wear feathered headdresses. Cher does it for us." Alexander Fury of The Independent wrote that Cher "represents a seemingly immortal, omnipotent, uni-monikered level of fame." Bego stated: "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation, and the subject of a mountain of press coverage." Lynch wrote that "the world would certainly be different if she hadn't stayed so irrevocably Cher from the start." Achievements As a solo artist, <mask>),

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making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.She is one of the few artists to win three of the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony), and one of five actor-singers to have had a US number-one single and won an acting Academy Award. Her breakthrough single, Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe", is a Grammy Hall of Fame inductee and was featured on Rolling Stone "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list compiled in 2003. Her 1971 single "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was called "one of the 20th century's greatest songs" by Billboard magazine. Her 1998 song "Believe" is the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK. It was voted the world's eighth favorite song in a poll conducted by BBC in 2003—the only American song to be named on the list. "Believe" was placed on the 2021 revised list of Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 1988, <mask> became the first performer to receive an Academy Award for acting and a RIAA-certified gold album in the same year since the inception of gold awards in 1958.<mask> is the only artist to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. She has held US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles over the longest period of time in history: 33 years, seven months and three weeks between "I Got You Babe", which topped the chart for the first time on August 14, 1965, and "Believe", whose last week at number one was April 3, 1999. With "Believe", she became the oldest female artist to have a US number-one song in the rock era, at the age of 52. Billboard ranked her at number 43 on their "Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time" list. In 2014, the magazine listed her as the 23rd highest-grossing touring act since 1990, with total earned revenue of $351.6 million and 4.5 million attendance at her shows. Cher has received numerous honorary awards, including the 1985 Woman of the Year Award by the Hasty Pudding Theatricals society at Harvard University, the Vanguard Award at the 1998 GLAAD Media Awards, the Legend Award at the 1999 World Music Awards, a special award for influence on fashion at the 1999 CFDA Fashion Awards, the Lucy Award for Innovation in Television at the 2000 Women in Film Awards, the Artist Achievement Award at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Glamour Awards, the Legend Award at the 2013 Attitude Awards, the Award of Inspiration at the 2015 amfAR Gala, the Icon Award at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, the 2018 Kennedy Center Honor, the Ambassador for the Arts Award at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography, and the 2020 Spirit of Katharine Hepburn Award. In 2010, Cher received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.Her name is on a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as part of the duo Sonny & Cher. She had also been selected for the honour as a solo artist in 1983, but forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance. In 2003, <mask> appeared at number 41 on VH1's list of "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", which recognizes "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society". She was ranked 31st on VH1's list of "The 100 Greatest Women in Music" for the period 1992–2012. Esquire magazine placed her at number 44 on their list of "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time". She was featured on the "100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time" list compiled by People. In a 2001 poll, Biography magazine ranked her as their third favorite leading actress of all time, behind Audrey Hepburn and Katharine

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<mask> (born December 24, 1970 in Plainfield, New Jersey) is an American voice actor, best known for lending his voice to English Versions of Japanese anime and video games, affiliated with Bang Zoom! Entertainment, Viz Media, and Funimation. He is best known for his roles as Johan Liebert in Monster, Vector the Crocodile in the Sonic the Hedgehog video games, Robert E.O. Speedwagon in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Hisoka in the 2011 version of Hunter × Hunter, Ōgai Mori in Bungo Stray Dogs, Gabriel Agreste a.k.a. Hawk Moth (Shadow Moth in later seasons) in Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, and Zhongli in Genshin Impact. Personal life <mask> has been married to Rosemary Do since October 10, 2010. They have two daughters.Filmography Anime 86 – Ernst Zimmerman Accel World – Red Rider (Previous Red King) A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- – Susumu Kurose Attack on Titan (season 4) – Roeg B-Daman Crossfire – Smash Dragold B - The Beginning - Yellow Beastars – Gouhin Blade of the Immortal – Manji Bleach – Coyote Starrk, Aaroniero Arruruerie (Top Skull), Mabashi, Tesra Lindocruz, Tensa Zangetsu Blood Lad – Heads Hydra Blue Dragon – Lemaire Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga – Yaozo Shima BNA: Brand New Animal – Gem Horner Bungo Stray Dogs – Ōgai Mori Buso Renkin – Masashi Daihama, Mita Cannon Busters – Seezar, Additional Voices Charlotte (TV series) – Interpreter (Ep. 11) Code Geass – Kewell Soresi, Yoshitaka Minami Coppelion – Onihei Mishima Devilman Crybaby – Kukun Digimon Fusion – Apollomon Whispered Doraemon – Mr. S Dorohedoro – En Drifting Dragons – Gibbs Durarara!! – Tom Tanaka Eureka Seven – William B. Baxter Fate/Apocrypha – Caster of Red Glitter Force – Ulric, Brute, Rascal, various Ghost in the Shell: SAC 2045 – Standard Granblue Fantasy The Animation – Pommern Godzilla Singular Point – Gorō Ōtaki Gurren Lagann – Makken Haré+Guu – Robert Honey and Clover – Kazuo Aida, Kazushi Yamazaki, Luigi Fujiwara How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom – Albert Elfrieden Hunter × Hunter 2011 series – Hisoka Morow In the Land of Leadale – Kartatz Japan Sinks: 2020 – Kōichirō Mutō Jujutsu Kaisen – Masamichi Yaga, Ultimate Mechamaru/Kokichi Muta JoJo's Bizarre Adventure – Robert E.O. Speedwagon K – Mikoto Suoh (Red King), Goki Zenjo Kannazuki no Miko – Yukihito Kekkaishi – Gagin, Mr. Kurosu, Ohdo (Ep. 4), Spy (Eps. 19 - 20), Takemitsu Kengan Ashura – Yohei Bando, Yamashita Kazuo Kuroko's Basketball – Mitsuhiro Hayakawa, Kagetora Aida, Kentaro Seto Kuromukuro – Imusa, Girolamo Casiraghi Lagrange: The Flower of Rin-ne series – Villagulio Lost Song – Bazra Bearmors Lupin III: Jigen's Gravestone – Lupin Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic – Masrur, Goltas (Ep.2-3, 6) Magic☆Hospital! – Dr. Ben Robinson Mahoromatic: I'm Home – Kiyomi Kawaguchi, Ryuga MÄR – Girom, Boss, Rolan, Danna Toramizu March Comes In like a Lion – Takashi Hayashida Mob Psycho 100 – Megumu Koyama Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans – Chad Chadan Mobile Suit Gundam SEED DESTINY HD Remaster - Gilbert Durandal Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin – Char Aznable Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn – Full Frontal, Char Aznable Monster – Johan Liebert Naruto – Kimimaro, Gantetsu Naruto: Shippuden – Kimimaro, Yura, Ginkaku, Kusune (Ep. 184), Sukune (Ep. 187), Kyūsuke, Young Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan series – Zen, Nurarihyon (Young), Mokugyo Daruma, Inuhōō One-Punch Man – Deep Sea King Paradise Kiss – Konishi, Noriji Phantom the Animation – Zwei (credited as David Keefir) Pokémon: Twilight Wings – Chairman Rose The Prince of Tennis II: Hyotei vs. Rikkai Game of Future – Yushi Oshitari Rozen Maiden – Detective Kun-Kun Rozen Maiden: Träumend – Laplace's Demon, Shirosaki, Detective Kun-Kun Sailor Moon – Kenji Tsukino (Viz dub), Old Fortuneteller (Ep. 2), Yusuke (Ep. 6), Professor Tomoe (Viz dub) Sailor Moon Crystal – Kenji Tsukino, Professor Tomoe Samurai Champloo – Sunobi, Pinwheel Peddler Saiyuki Reload Gunlock – Yakumo The Seven Deadly Sins (season 1) – Monspeet Shaman King (2021 TV series) – Mikihisa Skip Beat! – Takenori Sawara Stitch!– Gantu Strait Jacket – Jack Roland Sword Art Online – Shozo Yuki (Asuna's Father, Ep. 15), Kagemune (Ep. 16, 20), G-Takusu (Ep. Hood vs. Evil – Additional Voices Hotel Transylvania 3 – Additional Voices The Jungle Bunch – Igor Jungle Master – Additional Voices Tyler Perry's Madea's Tough Love – Helicopter Cop My Hero Academia: Two Heroes – Wolfram Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror – Haruka's Father - credited as David Roach One Piece Film: Gold – Gild Tesoro Penguin Highway – Aoyama's father Redline – Johnny Bova Live-action dubbing Azumi 2: Death or Love – Tsuchigamo Better than Us – Victor Toropov Masquerade – Park Choong-seo Sesame Street – Ziggy the Rapping Zebrasaurus Violetta – Gregorio Foreign show dubbing Video games Web Series Pencil and Parsecs - K'lev References External links Living people 21st-century American male actors Audiobook narrators African-American male actors American male video game actors American male radio actors American male voice actors 21st-century African-American people People from New Jersey People from Plainfield, New Jersey 1970 births

Howard Unruh

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<mask> (January 21, 1921 – October 19, 2009) was an American mass murderer who shot and killed thirteen people during a twelve-minute walk through his neighborhood in Camden, New Jersey, United States, on September 6, 1949, when he was 28 years old. The incident became known as the "Walk of Death". Unruh was found to be criminally insane, and died in 2009 after a lengthy illness at the age of 88 following sixty years of confinement. Background and possible motives for killings <mask> was the son of <mask> and Freda E. Vollmer. He had a younger brother, James; they were raised by their mother after their parents separated. Unruh grew up in East Camden, New Jersey, attended Cramer Junior High School, and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in January 1939. The Woodrow Wilson High School yearbook from 1939 indicated that he was shy and that his ambition was to become a government employee.Unruh enlisted in the United States Army on October 27, 1942, and saw active service as a armor crewman across Europe between October 1944 and July 1945. He was remembered by his Section Chief, Norman E. Koehn, as a first-class soldier who never drank, swore, or chased girls, yet spent much time reading his Bible and writing long letters to his mother. It was also cited that Unruh kept meticulous notes on the enemies killed in battles, down to the details of the corpses. He was awarded the European Theater of Operations Medal, the Victory Medal, and the Good Conduct Medal. Unruh was honorably discharged at the end of the war and returned to New Jersey to live with his mother. Both his brother and his father later indicated that Unruh's wartime experiences had changed him, making him moody, nervous and detached. Unruh briefly found work as a sheet-metal worker before enrolling at the Temple University School of Pharmacy in Philadelphia, but quit after a month citing "poor physical condition" as the reason.Supported by his mother's income working in a soap factory, he hung about their house, decorating it with his medals, reading his Bible, and practicing his shooting in the basement, which he turned into a practice range. It was around this time that Unruh's relations with his neighbors began to deteriorate, and his resentment grew over what he regarded as "derogatory remarks made about my character". His brother James pointed to an ongoing feud between Unruh and his neighbor, pharmacist Maurice Cohen, over Unruh's use of Cohen's backyard as a means to access his apartment. On the evening prior to the killings, Unruh went to a movie theater in Philadelphia and sat through several shows before returning home about 3 a.m. He had gone to the theater to meet a man for a date, but was delayed and arrived to find that the man had gone. Upon his return home, the gate he had installed that day had been removed. Shootings At approximately 7 a.m. on September 6, 1949, Unruh ate a breakfast prepared by his mother, who then left to visit a neighbor, Carolina Pinner.At about 9:20 a.m., armed with his Luger P08 pistol, an eight-round magazine, and more ammunition carried in his pockets, he left his apartment and walked out onto River Road in Camden. Approaching a bread delivery truck, Unruh shoved his pistol through the door and shot at the driver. He missed his shot by a few inches and the driver unsuccessfully attempted to warn residents. Unruh visited the shop of one of his neighbors, shoemaker John Pilarchik, whom he shot and killed instantly. He next visited the barbershop of another neighbor, Clark Hoover, who was cutting the hair of six-year old Orris Smith; shooting Hoover in the head and Smith in the neck, both fatally. Running to Cohen's pharmacy, Unruh encountered insurance man James Hutton and killed him when he didn't move out of his way. Unruh proceeded to the rear of the pharmacy and witnessed Cohen and his wife Rose running up the stairs into their apartment.Once in the apartment, Cohen climbed through a window and onto the porch roof, while Rose hid herself and their son, 12-year-old Charles, in separate closets. However, Unruh discovered the closet Rose was hiding in and shot three times through the door before opening it and firing once more into her face. Walking across the apartment, he spotted Cohen's mother Minnie, age 63, trying to call the police, and shot her multiple times. He then followed Cohen onto a porch roof and shot him in the back, causing him to fall to the pavement below. Charles, still hiding in the second closet, managed to escape undetected. Unruh then walked into the middle of River Road and fired at an approaching sedan, killing the driver, Alvin Day, and causing the car to careen onto the sidewalk. He then visited the business of tailor Thomas Zegrino; he was absent, but his wife Helga was present and was killed by the gunman.Zegrino would be the only one of Unruh's intended targets to survive the rampage. After firing through the locked front door of a grocery store, Unruh approached a car waiting at the intersection and shot the occupants: Helen Wilson, her son John, and mother Emma Matlack; the two women died instantly, while the boy later died at Cooper Hospital. Unruh then fired through an apartment window, killing 2-year-old Thomas Hamilton. The child's caregiver, Irene Rice, collapsed upon witnessing the shooting and was treated for severe shock; Unruh would later claim that he didn't know who he saw in the window or whether he hit them. Unruh next fired upon another car coming down the street; its occupants, Charles Peterson and James Crawford, managed to escape to a nearby tavern and survived. Witness William McNeely saw Frank Engel run out of the tavern and shoot at Unruh, but he apparently missed and then ran back inside. In fact, he had succeeded in shooting Unruh in the leg, which police would only discover at the end of a lengthy interview with Unruh.Unruh fired at several other people across the street, missing them. He then found Madeline Harris and her son Armand outside their home hanging out blankets to dry, and shot at them; both were injured but survived. Hearing police sirens in the distance, Unruh returned to his apartment, which was soon surrounded by police. The first officer on the scene was Detective William E. Kelly, Sr. A gunfight ensued, during which journalist Philip Buxton of the Camden Evening Courier located Unruh's number in the local telephone directory and dialled. Unruh answered in what was described as "a strong, clear voice", and had the following conversation with Buxton: "Is this <mask>?" "Yes ... what's the last name of the party you want?" "Unruh."(Pause) "What's the last name of the party you want?" "Unruh. I'm a friend, and I want to know what they're doing to you." "They're not doing a damned thing to me, but I'm doing plenty to them." (In a soothing, reassuring voice) "How many have you killed?" "I don't know yet, because I haven't counted them ... (pause) but it looks like a pretty good score." "Why are you killing people?""I don't know. I can't answer that yet, I'm too busy." (At that point Buxton heard Unruh move away from the phone as gunfire was heard in the background) "I'll have to talk to you later ... a couple of friends are coming to get me" ... (voice trails off). The gunfight ended when police threw two tear gas bombs into the apartment, the second of which ignited, filling the room with gas. Two armed officers, Patrolman Charles Hance and Captain Everett Joslin, went up to the first floor of the building and shouted, "Come down with your hands up", to which Unruh replied, "I give up. Don't shoot." Unruh emerged from the room and stumbled down the stairs, falling at the feet of the officers and was handcuffed by Sergeant Earl Wright.Detectives found an apartment filled with what was described as an arsenal of weapons, guns, knives, bullet-making equipment and more than 700 rounds. In a drawer were several marksmanship medals, and in the basement was Unruh's target range. On a table was a Bible opened to Matthew Chapter 24. Police also found books relating to sex hygiene. Arrest and incarceration Under police interrogation, Unruh gave a meticulous account of his actions, which was later released by Camden County prosecutor Mitchell Cohen (no relation to Maurice Cohen). Only at the end of this interrogation did police discover that Unruh had a bullet wound in his left thigh. He was subsequently taken to Cooper Hospital for treatment, where his thirteenth victim, John Wilson, was already dying.Charges were filed for thirteen counts of "willful and malicious slayings with malice aforethought" and three counts of "atrocious assault and battery". Unruh was eventually diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia by psychologists and found to be insane, making him immune to criminal prosecution. When he was able to leave Cooper Hospital, Unruh was sent to the New Jersey Hospital for the Insane (now Trenton Psychiatric Hospital), to be held in a private cell in the maximum-security Vroom Building. He remained incarcerated there for the rest of his life until his death in 2009. Unruh's last public words, made during an interview with a psychologist, were, "I'd have killed a thousand if I had enough bullets." Victims Unruh killed 13 and injured three. Those killed, and their ages, are listed below: John Joseph Pilarchik, 27 Orris Martin Smith, 6 Clark Hoover, 45 James Hutton, 46 Rose Cohen, 38 Minnie Cohen, 63 Dr. Maurice J. Cohen, 39 Alvin Day, 24 Thomas Hamilton, 2 Helga Kautzach Zegrino, 28 Emma Matlack, 68 Helen Wilson, 37 John Wilson, 9 Miscellaneous Maurice and Rose Cohen's son Charles, then aged 12, survived the murder of his family by hiding in a closet.Charles H. Cohen (January 31, 1937 – September 4, 2009) was the maternal grandfather of Carly Novell, who survived the February 14, 2018, shooting incident at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, by hiding in a closet like her grandfather did in 1949. Charles Cohen died at the age of 72 on September 4, 2009, and was buried two days later on September 6, 2009 (during the 60th anniversary of the mass murder and just one month before Unruh's death). See also List of rampage killers Gun violence in the United States Mass shootings in the United States Ernest Ingenito (1924–1995) another New Jersey-based spree killer Notes References External links The Quiet One, Time Magazine (September 19, 1949) A Portrait of the Jersey mass killer as an old man, The New York Times (March 8, 1982) Sixty years ago today, a Camden gunman killed 13, The Philadelphia Inquirer (September 6, 2009) <mask>, 88, Dies; Killed 13 of His Neighbors in Camden in 1949, The New York Times'' (October 19, 2009) <mask>h – 1939 Woodrow Wilson High School yearbook entry Life Magazine September 19, 1949 1921 births 2009 deaths 1949 murders in the United States United States Army personnel of World War II American murderers of children People acquitted by reason of insanity People acquitted of murder American spree killers People from Camden, New Jersey Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey) alumni United States Army soldiers Military personnel from New Jersey 20th-century American criminals American male criminals Mass shootings in the United States People with schizophrenia LGBT people from New Jersey 20th-century LGBT people

Baghdasar Arzoumanian

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<mask> (1916 - 2001) (, also Bagdasar, Paghtasar, Paghtassar, Baghdik, Bagdik, Arzumanian, Arzoumanyan, Arzumanyan) was an Armenian architect and designer based in Yerevan, Armenia. He was the author of a large corpus of civil and religious buildings as well as many smaller design works. Education and background <mask> was born in v. Mutsk (formerly Mazra, Bardzravan) of Syunik Province, Armenia. From 1928 to 1936 he studied at the Technical School after Alexander Tamanyan. In 1938 he was admitted to the Constructions Department of the Institute for Polytechnical Sciences of Yerevan. In 1942 he was recruited into the Soviet army and took part in World War II. He served in the army until 1946 when he returned to Yerevan to continue his studies.He graduated from the Institute in 1949. During his professional career he worked with "Yerevan Project" Institute and the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and provided valuable input into 20th century Armenian architecture. He died on November 19, 2001 in Yerevan. Bishop Paren Avetikian visited the family of the architect to present the condolences of the Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin and Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians. Civil buildings <mask> is the author of many civil buildings in Armenia. Below is a list of his most important buildings: City hall of Vanadzor and Hotel Gougark in the Hayk Square (then known as Kirov Square) of the city of Vanadzor (coauthor: Hovhannes Margarian), completed during the 1950s. Erebuni Museum (1968, coauthor: Shmavon Azatian).Museum dedicated to 2450th anniversary of establishment of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Metro Station "David of Sasoun", (coauthors: Sargis Nersisian and Areg Israyelian). Degustation Hall of the Yerevan Brandy Factory (coauthors: Sargis Nersisian and Hasmik Alexanian). Yerevan Cable-way Station. <mask> <mask> is author/coauthor of the RA Police building in Yerevan, various apartment buildings, reconstruction of Moscow Cinema in Yerevan. He is author of numerous memorials dedicated to the victory in the World War II that are located in various parts of Armenia. Service to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin (1956–2001) Early works Vanatoon (Monastic Residence) – 1978 Alex and Marie Manoogian Museum – 1982 Design works Along with his architectural works, <mask> <mask> left many design works.Khachkars and memorials <mask> <mask> is author of many khachkars and memorials. Many of them are located on the grounds of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin (i.e. Motherland-Diaspora Memorial). He is also the author of memorial in the Monastery of Geghard, memorial and khachkars next to the Prelacy of the Araratian Patriarchal Diocese. Jewellery works The Golden Alphabet (1976) and the Golden Cross (1979) of <mask> Arzoumanian are very famous all over Armenia and symbolise its past and present. These works are kept in the Pontifical Residence of the Catholicos of All Armenians. Among other works are: State Emblem of the Soviet Armenia (1981) Souvenir dedicated to the 30th anniversary of service of Vasken I, Catholicos of All Armenians (1985) The list continues with various crosiers, rings, the liturgical dressing of the Catholicos of All Armenians.Arzoumanian is author of the design of catholicosal medals St. Gregory the Illuminator, St. Sahak – St. Mesrop, and St. Nerses Shnorhali (Nerses the Gracious). Interior design <mask> <mask> is the author of the Throne Hall of the Catholicos of All Armenians. Iconostases Besides iconostases of the churches of his own design, Arzoumanian is the author of the iconostases of following churches: St. Sarkis Vicarial Church of Yerevan, Armenia (authors of renovation: Rafayel Israyelian and Artsrun Galikyan), St. Catherine Armenian Church of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Graphical works There are a number of graphical works by <mask> <mask> which include design of Etchmiadzin Monthly, Catholicosal Decrees, designs of various books, friendly jests. <mask> <mask> is the graphical designer and the author of the text of the book "Armenian Churches". Tombstones Baghasar <mask> is the author of the tombstones of: Vazgen I, Catholicos of All Armenians, Karekin I, Catholicos of All Armenians, Saint Mesrob Mashtots. Other works <mask> Arzoumanian is the author of the "Dpratoun" building in Oshakan, Armenia.He is also the designer of the entrance door of the Residence of the Catholicos of All Armenians. Churches <mask> <mask> is author of 8 Armenian churches and 2 renovation projects. Renovation projects <mask> is the author of renovation of the following churches: St. John the Baptist Church of Yerevan (entire renovation and the bell-tower), St. Gregory the Illuminator Church of the Kinali Island, Turkey. New churches <mask> <mask> is the architect of the following churches: St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Church in Odessa, Ukraine (1995), St. Sarkis Church of Nork District of Yerevan, Armenia (1999), Holy Resurrection Church of Nerkin Dvin, Armenia, Holy Resurrection Church of Spitak, Armenia (1999), Holy Martyrs Church of Kashatagh, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (2002, the church was consecrated after his death), St. Hakob (James) Church of Gyumri, Armenia (2002, the church was consecrated after his death), St. Hakob (James) Church of the Vaskenian Theological Academy near Sevan, Armenia Holy Trinity Church of Yerevan, Armenia (2005, the church was consecrated after his death). See also video of St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Church in Odessa. Medals and awards St. Gregory the Illuminator Medal Golden Medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1991) Title of Merited Constructor of Armenia (1966) <mask> <mask> also holds numerous medals for his military career during World War II (2nd Order Medal of the Patriotic War, Red Star Medal, Medal of Honour, Medal of Bravery, Medal for Victory against Germany, Medal for Taking Kyoniksberg, Medal of Marshal Baghramian). Gallery Bibliography There are 30 bibliographical references in the book of Varazdat Harutyunyan devoted to Baghdasar Arzoumanian: ., Google Translation. Films See also Academic and Architect Varazdat Harutyunyan speaking about <mask> <mask> (April 2007, in Armenian) References 1916 births 2001 deaths Architects from Yerevan People from Syunik Province Soviet architects

Kay Sage

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<mask> (June 25, 1898 – January 8, 1963), usually known as <mask>, was an American Surrealist artist and poet active between 1936 and 1963. A member of the Golden Age and Post-War periods of Surrealism, she is mostly recognized for her artistic works, which typically contain themes of an architectural nature. Biography <mask> was born in Albany, New York, into a family made wealthy from the timber industry. Her father, Henry M<mask>, was a state assemblyman the year after her birth and later was a five-term state senator. Her mother was Anne Wheeler (Ward) <mask>. <mask> had an elder sister, <mask>. Early life <mask> left her husband and older daughter soon after <mask>'s birth to live and travel in Europe with <mask> as her companion.She and <mask> divorced in 1908, but <mask> continued to support his ex-wife and younger daughter, and <mask> visited him and his new wife in Albany occasionally and wrote him frequent letters. <mask> and her mother established a home in Rapallo, Italy, but visited many other places as well, including Paris. Katherine became fluent in French and Italian, speaking colloquial versions of these languages that she learned from the servants who helped to raise her. She attended a number of schools, including the Foxcroft School in Virginia, where she became a lifelong friend of the heiress Flora Payne Whitney. As a child she drew and wrote as hobbies, but her first formal training in painting was at the Corcoran Art School in Washington, D.C., in 1919–1920. After she and her mother went back to Italy in 1920, she studied art in Rome for several years, learning conventional techniques and styles. She particularly enjoyed painting outdoors in the Roman Campagna with teacher Oronato Carlandi and fellow students.Much later, <mask> stated that "these were the happiest days of my life", and she told friend and gallery owner Julien Levy in 1961 that her campagna experience shaped her "perspective idea of distance and going away." Nonetheless, in later years <mask> usually claimed that she was self-taught perhaps because, as one of her biographers, Judith Suther, states, most of what she had learned in Rome bore so little relationship to the kind of painting she eventually did that "she felt as if she had studied with no one." <mask> met a young Italian nobleman, Ranieri Bourbon del Monte Santa Maria, Prince di San Faustino, in Rome around 1923 and fell in love with him, believing at first, as she wrote to a friend in 1924, that he was "me in another form." They married on March 30, 1925. For ten years the couple lived the idle life of upper-class Italians, which <mask> later described as "a stagnant swamp." She looked back on that time as years that she simply "threw away to the crows. No reason, no purpose, nothing."Her husband was content with their lifestyle, but <mask> was not: as she wrote in her autobiography, China Eggs, "Some sort of inner sense in me was reserving my potentialities for something better and more constructive." Surrealism and Tanguy Perhaps spurred by the deaths of her father in 1933 and her sister, from tuberculosis, in 1934 (Anne had joined <mask> and her mother in Italy in the 1920s, and the sisters became quite close during Anne's final illness), <mask> left her husband in 1935 with plans to build an independent life as an artist; they obtained a papal annulment of their marriage several years later. In December 1936, as she prepared to leave Italy and move to Paris, <mask> had her first solo art exhibit, six oil paintings shown at the Galleria del Milione in Milan. In A House of Her Own, her 1997 biography of <mask>, Judith Suther describes these works as "experimental abstract compositions." <mask> moved to Paris in March 1937 and rented a luxurious apartment there. In early 1938 she saw the International Surrealist Exhibit at Galerie Beaux-Arts; consisting of 299 pieces by 60 artists from 14 countries. She was especially struck by the paintings of Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico, which featured what Magdalena Holzhey, in a book devoted to de Chirico, calls "empty squares and receding depths, shadowy arcades and soaring towers."<mask> bought one of de Chirico's paintings, La Surprise, and kept it all her life. This exposure to Surrealism inspired <mask> to begin painting in earnest. She exhibited six of her new oils in the Salon des Surindépendants show at the Porte de Versailles in the fall of 1938. These semiabstract paintings, including Afterwards and The World Is Blue, borrowed motifs and styles from de Chirico and the Surrealists but showed hints of <mask>'s own future work as well. Art historian Whitney Chadwick states that <mask>'s paintings were "imbued with an aura of purified form and a sense of motionlessness and impending doom found nowhere else in Surrealism." Around this time the artist began signing her works "<mask>." Several stories are told about <mask>'s meeting with her future husband, Surrealist artist Yves Tanguy.One came from Greek poet Nicolas Calas, who recalled that he and Tanguy accompanied Surrealist leader André Breton to the Surindépendants exhibit and were impressed enough by <mask>'s paintings to seek her out. Calas claimed that Breton was sure that the paintings must have been made by a man. Tanguy at the time was married to Jeannette Ducroq, but they were separated, and he and <mask> immediately fell in love. <mask>, still well off, was generous with her money and the group of impoverished artists badly needed such support, but some resented her wealth and what they felt was a haughty attitude that fitted her former title of "Princess" all too well. Her alliance with Tanguy contributed to a rift between Tanguy and Breton, who had formerly been close friends. Nonetheless, <mask> continued to call herself a Surrealist. Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, beginning World War II, and <mask> sailed back to the United States a month later.She immediately set up plans to help the Surrealists immigrate as well and establish themselves in the new country by means of art exhibitions—starting with Tanguy, who joined her in New York City in November. She arranged for Tanguy to have a solo show at the New York gallery of Pierre Matisse, son of the famous painter Henri Matisse, a month after he arrived. <mask> had her own solo show, her first in the United States, at the same gallery in June 1940. <mask> and Tanguy married on August 17, 1940, in Reno, Nevada, after he obtained a final divorce from duCroq. Mature work <mask> did the bulk of her mature work between 1940, when she married Tanguy, and 1955, when he died suddenly from a cerebral hemorrhage. During most of that time the two artists lived at Town Farm in Woodbury, Connecticut. (They leased a house in the area beginning in 1941 but maintained a New York apartment for a while as well; in 1946 they purchased the farm and moved to Woodbury permanently.)They converted a barn on the farm into his-and-hers studios, separated by a partition with a door. Their large home was decorated with numerous pieces of Surrealist art and a variety of unusual objects, including a stuffed raven in a cage and an Eskimo mask. Although the Tanguys visited, and were visited by, many members of both the French expatriate and American art communities, such as mobile designer Alexander Calder and his family, they had difficulty keeping close friends. "Again and again <mask> is described [by people who knew her] as imperious, forbidding, moody, quick to anger, remote, private, solitary, aloof, contradictory, and unapproachable," Judith Suther writes. Tanguy, though friendlier, became notorious for his behavior when drunk, which included grabbing the heads of other men at a gathering and striking them hard and repeatedly with his own. During these years <mask>'s art gained a solid reputation among art critics, though she found it difficult to emerge from the shadow of the better-known Tanguy. Her work was regularly included in national exhibits, won prizes, and was sold to major art museums.In 1943, <mask>'s work was included in Peggy Guggenheim's show Exhibition by 31 Women at the Art of This Century gallery in New York. She had several solo shows at the galleries of Julien Levy and, beginning in 1950, Catherine Viviano in New York. In the Third Sleep won the Watson F. Blair Purchase Prize from the Art Institute of Chicago in October 1945, <mask>'s first major public recognition. In 1951, All Soundings Are Referred to High Water won first prize in oils at the Eastern States Exposition of Connecticut Contemporary Art, and Nests of Lightning won first honorable mention in the 22nd Corcoran Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting. <mask> and Tanguy had a large joint exhibition at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut—their first and almost only exhibition together—in August and September 1954. Last years and death The relationship between <mask> and Yves Tanguy was as enigmatic as their art. At the same parties during which he banged his head against those of other men, Tanguy assaulted <mask> verbally and sometimes physically, pushing her and sometimes even threatening her with a knife.<mask>, according to friends' accounts, made no response to her husband's aggression except to try to persuade him to go home. Friends also said that Tanguy did not like <mask>'s painting and felt jealous of the fame that came to her. However contentious or abusive their relationship was, <mask> was devastated by Tanguy's death. "Yves was my only friend who understood everything," she wrote to Jehan Mayoux, an old friend of Tanguy's, about a month after Tanguy's fatal stroke. <mask> did fewer new paintings after Tanguy died, partly because of her depression and partly because of her decreasing eyesight due to cataracts. Instead, she devoted her time to two projects: preserving Tanguy's reputation through retrospective shows and a complete catalogue of his work, and writing poetry, mostly in the slangy French she had learned in her youth and spoken with Tanguy. With the help of longtime friend Marcel Duhamel—and her own subsidies to cover most of the printing costs—<mask> arranged for a book of this poetry, Demain, Monsieur Silber, to be published in France in June 1957.Around 1955 she also wrote a partial autobiography, China Eggs, which covered her life up to about the time she left San Faustino, but she never tried to publish it. One of the chief paintings in a show of 13 of <mask>'s oils at the Viviano Gallery in November 1958 was called The Answer Is No. This seems to have reflected <mask>'s own state of mind. She filed her will in Waterbury in December 1958, and on April 28–29, 1959, a few weeks after she completed a massive catalogue of Tanguy's paintings, she attempted to end her life with an overdose of sleeping pills. A housekeeper found her, however, and she was revived. In 1959 and 1960 she underwent operations to remove her cataracts, which she had formerly refused to do. Unfortunately, the surgeries were painful and had only limited success, and by this time she was suffering from

Kay Sage

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other health problems as well, including some that may have resulted from her years of heavy smoking and drinking.During 1960 and 1961, as a substitute for painting, she made small sculptures of wire, stones, bullets, and other unusual materials. Catherine Viviano hosted a show of these objects, titled "Your Move," in November 1961, as well as a major retrospective show of <mask>'s paintings in April 1960. <mask> wrote in a journal in August 1961, "I have said all that I have to say. There is nothing left for me to do but scream." On January 8, 1963, she put a fatal bullet through her heart. Following instructions in her will, Pierre Matisse buried urns containing <mask>'s and Tanguy's ashes in the water off the coast of Tanguy's native Brittany in 1964. Art and writing Poetry and writing <mask> is known chiefly as a visual artist.However, she also wrote five volumes of poetry, chiefly in French, including Faut dire c'qui est, in September 1959. She wrote four short plays and an unpublished autobiography, China Eggs. Features of Artistic Style <mask> consistently identified herself as a Surrealist, and authors who have written about her usually do so as well. One of her biographers, Judith Suther, writes: I call <mask> a Surrealist because her painting resonates with the unsettling paradoxes and hallucinatory qualities prized by André Breton and his group. . . . More fundamentally, I call <mask> a Surrealist because her allegiance to the Surrealist identity lies at the heart of her self-image as an artist. Critics during <mask>'s lifetime frequently compared her work to that of Tanguy, who was better known, and usually assumed that, when their work had features in common, those features must have originated with him. More recent feminist scholars have stated that the influence more likely was mutual—what Judith Suther calls "a constant, usually unconscious interchange." Suther and others also point out differences between the two artists: for example, the large architectural constructions that dominate <mask>'s paintings are quite unlike the smaller biomorphic or metallic forms that people associate with Tanguy's landscapes.Both Suther and Régine Tessier, the latter in a sketch of <mask> in Notable American Women: The Modern Period, note key features of <mask>'s mature work. Most of <mask>'s paintings focus on free-standing architectural structures, including walls, towers, and latticework, which could represent buildings either under construction or ruined and decaying. Her use of arched entryways and slanted perspectives may in be attributed to the painter Giorgio de Chirico. Some contain figures that might or might not be human, hidden by flowing drapery. (Le Passage, one of <mask>'s last paintings, is perhaps the only one containing a definite human figure; even Small Portrait, thought by many to be a self-portrait, is hardly recognizable as a face.) Like Tanguy, <mask> often sets her objects on deserts or plains that recede to immeasurably distant horizons. She renders her forms in meticulous, photographic detail, using a gray-green-ochre palette that Tessier describes as "reminiscent of the sulphurous light before a thunderstorm".Critics frequently called <mask>'s work disturbing or depressing, even when they praised her painterly skill. <mask> almost never commented on what her paintings represented or how their seemingly ominous mood should be interpreted. One exception was her statement to a Time magazine critic that The Instant, a painting that appeared in her 1950 show at the Catherine Viviano gallery, was "a sort of showing of what's inside—things half mechanical, half alive." Books In addition to her autobiography, China Eggs, and four Surrealist one-act plays, <mask> wrote several books of poetry, three in French, one in English and one in Italian. There are also more than two hundred unpublished poems in the Archives of American Art (Flora Whitney Miller Papers, and sixty unpublished poems in the Stephen Robeson Miller Research Papers about <mask>, see citation below.) Their style is colloquial, their wit sharp and often directed at herself. Many are dialogues, perhaps imagined conversations with Tanguy (with whom she spoke the same kind of street-language French she used in the poems) or perhaps discussions between different parts of herself.Her published works are: Piove in giardino (1937) Demain, Monsieur Silber (1957) The More I Wonder (1957, probably a translation into English of Demain, Monsieur Silber) Faut dire c'qui est (1959) Mordicus (1962) See also Women Surrealists References Suggested reading Chadwick, Whitney. Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1985. Hubert, Renée Riese. "The Silent Couple: <mask> and Yves Tanguy," in her Magnifying Mirrors: Women, Surrealism, and Partnership. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, pp. 173–198.Mattatuck Museum Historical Society. "A Tribute to <mask>." Mattatuck, Conn.: Mattatuck Museum, 1965. Miller, Stephen Robeson. "The Surrealist Imagery of <mask>" Art International, Lugano, Switzerland, v. 26, September–October 1983, pp. 32–47; 54–56. Miller, Stephen Robeson."In the Interim: the Constructivist Surrealism of <mask>" in Surrealism and Women, edited by Mary Ann Caws, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991. Mentions the author's illustrated Kay Sage Catalogue Raisonne, in which the works are arranged chronologically, on microfilm at the Archives of American Art (see below). Miller, Stephen Robeson. Double Solitaire: The Surreal Worlds of <mask> and Yves Tanguy. Katonah, N. Y.: Katonah Museum of Art/Mint Museum, 2011-2012. One of Miller's books, <mask>: The Biographical Chronology and Four Surrealist One-Act Plays (2001), the book's title a reference to his exhaustive 1983 Archives of American Art chronology on microfilm (see citation below), was published to coincide with the Katonah-Mint exhibition, as is stated in the exhibition's catalogue. In his essay in this publication, Jonathan Stuhlman demonstrably shows just how <mask> influenced Tagnuy's work.Miller, Stephen Robeson. <mask>: The Biographical Chronology and Four Surrealist One-Act Plays, New York: Gallery of Surrealism, 2011. (Note: In 1976, Marcel Duhamel, <mask>'s literary executor in France, six months before his death, gave her four Surrealist one-act plays to Stephen Robeson Miller with the understanding that the latter would eventually publish them. First listed in Books in Print in 1995 as "date not set" with a Boston, Massachusetts, publisher (Nelmar Press), this book was eventually published by the Gallery of Surrealism, New York, to coincide with the Sage and Tanguy exhibition at the Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York, cited above, of which Miller was curator. Miller included with the plays an edited and revised version of his 1983 one hundred page Archives of American Art chronology on microfilm reel nos. 2886-2888 which extensively incorporated quotations from his interviews and correspondence with people who knew <mask> and which forms part of the collection named by the AAA "The Stephen Robeson Miller Research Papers about <mask>, 1898–1983". Additionally, included for each year in the Chronology, is the source for each quotation/entry and a list of the titles of the works she had executed during that year, thereby making it a catalogue raisonne of <mask>'s Surrealist works without illustrations (see below).Miller, Stephen Robeson. "Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne of the Surrealist Art of <mask>" on microfilm at the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1983, in which the works appear chronologically. This chronological approach permitted the inclusion of <mask>'s only print, a lithograph made for the Galerie Maeght in Paris for the exhibition called Le Surrealisme en 1947, and several illustrations of works that do not appear in the 2018 Catalogue Raisonne published by Delmonico/Prestel Verlag. (Stephen Robeson Miller regrets that in his Chronology in the Kay Sage Catalogue Raisonne, published in 2018, there was not time before the book went to press to include the following correction: <mask> saw her first Tanguy painting Je vous attends (I await you), 1934, at the Galerie Charpentier in Paris in January 1935, not at the same gallery during the summer of 1936. Proof of this information is the checklist of the exhibition called "Le Temps Present: Peinture, Sculpture, Gravure: 1er Exposition de 1935" held from January 10–28 at the Galerie Charpentier, Paris, with Tanguy's painting listed as number 232, courtesy of the Pierre Matisse Foundation, New York). Rosenberg, Karen. "A House of Her Own: <mask>, Solitary Surrealist."Women's Review of Books, v. 15 i. 6 (March 1998), p. 4 ff. Suther, Judith D. A House of Her Own: <mask>, Solitary Surrealist. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. The author stated in her Acknowledgements, that Miller had abandoned his book on <mask>, but this was not possible because the citation Miller had in Books in Print predated Suther's book's citation in Books in Print, and demonstrated his desire to publish further. Also, Miller and Suther for a period of time had discussed collaborating on a book about <mask>, but Miller later decided he did not wish to collaborate with her because he wanted to do his own book, which would be a catalogue raisonne with his commentary about her paintings, <mask>'s unpublished one-act plays, and his one-hundred page Chronological biography in the Archives of American Art. Tessier, Régine."<mask>, <mask>n," in Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green, eds., Notable American Women: The Modern Period. Cambridge, Mass. : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980, pp. 618–619. von Maur, Karin, ed. Yves Tanguy and Surrealism. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2001.External links "Kay Sage Catalogue Raisonné." "<mask> Papers, 1925-circa 1985, Bulk 1950–1965." Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. "Stephen Robeson Miller research material on <mask>, 1898-1983." Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. "<mask>." All-Art.Accessed December 11, 2011. "<mask>." ArtCyclopedia. Accessed December 11, 2011. "<mask>." Mattatuck Collections, Mattatuck Museum. Accessed December 11, 2011."<mask> (American—1898–1963)." Accessed December 11, 2011. Morris, Gary. "Surreal Women: Leonor Fini and <mask>." Morphizm. Posted May 15, 2006; accessed December 11, 2011. Poosti, Tara."<mask> (1898–1963): Surrealist." Sullivan Goss. Accessed December 11, 2011. Vieuille, Chantal. "<mask> ou le surréalisme américain." Editions Complicités. In French.Accessed December 24, 2011. 1922 <mask> passport photo, flickr.com Women surrealist artists 1898 births 1963 deaths American women painters American surrealist artists Artists from Albany, New York Artists who committed suicide Painters from New York (state) Suicides by firearm in Connecticut 20th-century American painters 20th-century American women artists People from Woodbury, Connecticut Surrealist artists 1963 suicides Princesses by marriage Italian

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<mask> (born May 11, 1950) is an American former political advisor and retired U.S. Marine Corps general who served as White House chief of staff for President Donald Trump from July 31, 2017, to January 2, 2019. He had previously served as Secretary of Homeland Security in the Trump administration and was commander of United States Southern Command. He is now a board member at Caliburn International. <mask> enlisted in the Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and was commissioned as an officer near the end of college. He rose through the ranks, eventually serving in his last military post from 2012 to 2016 as a four-star general leading United States Southern Command, the unified combatant command responsible for American military operations in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Prior to joining the Trump administration in January 2017, <mask> had been on the board of advisors of DC Capital Partners, an investment firm that now owns Caliburn. <mask> was selected as the first Secretary of Homeland Security in the Trump administration.<mask> earned a reputation for being an aggressive enforcer of immigration law. After six months, he was selected to replace Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff in an attempt to bring more stability to the White House. He was the first career military officer to serve in the position since Alexander Haig during the Nixon and Ford Administrations. Early life and education <mask> was born on May 11, 1950, in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Josephine "Honey" (Pedalino) and <mask><mask>. His family was Catholic, his father of Irish ancestry and his mother of Italian descent. His father was a postal worker in Brighton. He grew up in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston.Before he reached the age of 16, he hitchhiked to Washington state and rode the trains back, including a freight-hop from Seattle to Chicago. He then served for one year in the United States Merchant Marine, where he says "my first time overseas was taking 10,000 tons of beer to Vietnam". In 1970, when his mother told him that his draft number was coming up, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps. He served in an infantry company with the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and was discharged to the inactive reserve as a sergeant in 1972 so that he could attend college. He returned to active duty with the Marines in 1975, completed Officer Candidates School, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant on December 27, 1975. In 1976, he graduated from the University of Massachusetts Boston and in 1984, he received a Master of Arts degree in National Security Affairs from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service. In 1995, <mask> graduated from the National Defense University in Washington, DC with a Master of Science in Strategic Studies.Military career <mask> returned to the Second Marine Division where he served as a rifle platoon and weapons platoon commander, company executive officer, assistant operations officer, and rifle company commander. Sea duty in Mayport, Florida, followed, at which time he served aboard aircraft carriers and . In 1980, then-Captain <mask> attended the U.S. Army's Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. After graduation, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., serving there from 1981 through 1984, as an assignment monitor. <mask> returned to the Second Marine Division in 1984, to command a rifle company and weapons company. Promoted to major in 1987, he then served as a battalion operations officer. In 1987, <mask> transferred to the Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, serving first as the head of the Offensive Tactics Section, Tactics Group, and later assuming the duties of the Director of the Infantry Officer Course.After three years of instructing young officers, he attended the Marine Corps Command and Staff College, and the School for Advanced Warfare, both located at Quantico. Completing duty under instruction and selected for lieutenant colonel, he was assigned as commanding officer, 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (1st LAR), 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, California. During his tenure, 1st LAR was called in to provide augmentation support for police in the city of Long Beach, California during the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Holding this command position for two years, <mask> returned to the East Coast in 1994, to attend the National War College in Washington, D.C. He graduated in 1995 and was selected to serve as the Commandant's Liaison Officer to the U.S. House of Representatives, Capitol Hill, where he was promoted to colonel. In 1999, <mask> transferred to joint duty and served as the special assistant to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, in Mons, Belgium. He returned to the United States in 2001 and was assigned to a third tour of duty at Camp Lejeune, now as the assistant chief of staff G-3 with the Second Marine Division.In 2002, <mask> again served with the 1st Marine Division, this time as the assistant division commander. Much of <mask>'s two-year assignment was spent deployed in Iraq. In March 2003, while in Iraq, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general, which was the first known promotion of a Marine Corps colonel in an active combat zone since that of another First Marine Division assistant division commander, Chesty Puller, in January 1951. In April 2003, <mask> took command of the newly formed Task Force Tripoli and drove it north from Baghdad into Samarra and Tikrit. <mask> has stated that during the initial assault on Baghdad he was asked by a reporter for The Los Angeles Times if, considering the size of the Iraqi Army and the vast supplies of tanks, artillery and chemical weapons available to Saddam's forces, he would ever consider defeat. <mask>'s response, as recounted by him at a 2007 San Diego Military Advisory Council networking breakfast, was, "hell these are Marines. Men like them held Guadalcanal and took Iwo Jima, Baghdad ain't shit."[sic] His next assignment was as legislative assistant to the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Michael Hagee. In January 2007, <mask> was nominated for major general, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on September 11, 2007. <mask>'s next assignment, in July 2007, was as commanding general, I Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward). On February 9, 2008 <mask> assumed command of the Multi-National Force–West in Iraq, replacing Major General Walter E. Gaskin. After a year in Iraq, <mask> returned to the United States in February 2009. <mask> was nominated for lieutenant general on March 9, 2011, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 16, 2011. <mask> was the senior military assistant to the Secretary of Defense and personally greeted Secretary Leon Panetta at the entrance to the Pentagon on July 1, 2011, Panetta's first day as secretary.<mask> was nominated for General on January 31, 2012, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 26, 2012. He succeeded General Douglas M<mask> as commander of U.S. Southern Command on November 19, 2012. In a May 2014 speech regarding the War on Terror, <mask> said: If you think this war against our way of life is over because some of the self-appointed opinion-makers and chattering class grow 'war weary,' because they want to be out of Iraq or Afghanistan, you are mistaken. This enemy is dedicated to our destruction. He will fight us for generations, and the conflict will move through various phases as it has since 9/11. <mask> was succeeded as commander by Navy Admiral Kurt W. Tidd on January 14, 2016. Secretary of Homeland Security On December 7, 2016, then President-elect Donald Trump nominated <mask> to head the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a cabinet-level position.People familiar with the transition said that Trump's team was drawn to <mask> because of his southwest border expertise. On January 20, 2017, <mask> was confirmed as Secretary of Homeland Security by the United States Senate with a vote of 88–11. On that evening, he was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence. In an April 2017 speech at George Washington University, <mask> said, "If lawmakers do not like the laws they've passed and we are charged to enforce, then they should have the courage and skill to change the laws. Otherwise they should shut up and support the men and women on the front lines." <mask> indicated days into the administration his interest in having the U.S.–Mexico border wall completed within two years. On April 21, 2017, <mask> said the U.S.–Mexico border wall would begin construction "by the end of the summer."Two days later, <mask> said he believed "a border wall is essential" as there were "tremendous threats" such as drugs and individuals coming into the US. On May 2, <mask> stated his surprise in office holders "rejoicing in the fact that the wall will be slower to be built and, consequently, the southwest border under less control than it could be." In May 2017, <mask> said of terrorism, "It's everywhere. It's constant. It's nonstop. The good news for us in America is we have amazing people protecting us every day. But it can happen here almost anytime."He said that the threat from terrorism was so severe that some people would "never leave the house" if they knew the truth. In July, <mask> allegedly blocked Milwaukee County Sheriff David Clarke from taking a position in the DHS, though it was never confirmed. Assessment of tenure Of his tenure as Secretary of Homeland Security, USA Today wrote, "<mask> oversaw some of the most controversial policies of Trump's agenda, including a travel ban targeting several majority-Muslim countries, a reduction in refugee admissions and stepped-up deportations of undocumented immigrants." According to the New Yorker, <mask> left the DHS with a reputation as one of the most aggressive enforcers of immigration law in recent American history. His record belies the short length of his tenure. In six months, <mask> eliminated guidelines that governed federal immigration agents' work; vastly expanded the categories of immigrants being targeted for deportation; threatened to abandon the Obama-era program that grants legal status to undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children; and has even broached the idea of splitting up mothers and children at the border to "deter" people from coming to the U.S. The DHS under <mask> "became one of the few branches of the federal government that has been both willing and able to execute Trump's policy priorities."Unlike other agency heads, <mask> did not clash with Trump. White House Chief of Staff Trump appointed <mask> to the post of White House Chief of Staff on July 28, 2017, replacing Reince Priebus. Priebus's ousting and <mask>'s appointment followed an internal power struggle within the White House. <mask> took office on July 31, 2017. That same day, with Trump's approval, <mask> removed Anthony Scaramucci from his role as communications director, just ten days after Scaramucci was appointed to that role. Reportedly, <mask> had requested permission to remove Scaramucci after "Scaramucci had boasted about reporting directly to the president, not the chief of staff." On August 18, 2017, <mask> removed Steve Bannon from his role as White House Chief Strategist, on behalf of President Trump.Early into his tenure,

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media outlets such as The New York Times, The Washington Post and FiveThirtyEight speculated that <mask> would bring moderation and discipline to the White House. In August 2017, early into <mask>'s tenure, the Washington Post wrote that <mask> had "left no discernible imprint on the White House's philosophy" and that it was unclear if he would bring calm and rigor to the White House. In a lengthy article on <mask>'s tenure, the New York Times in October 2017 wrote that "for all of the talk of Mr. <mask> as a moderating force and the so-called grown-up in the room, it turns out that he harbors strong feelings on patriotism, national security and immigration that mirror the hard-line views of his outspoken boss." By February 2018, <mask> had emerged as a hardliner on several issues (immigration, in particular) and been embroiled in a number of controversies, and there were reports of pressure on <mask> to resign. When Donald Trump arrived in Singapore in June 2018 for the North Korea–United States summit, the New York Times reported that <mask> had told a recent group of visiting senators the White House was "a miserable place to work." The reported comment renewed months-long speculation that <mask> would resign from his job of White House Chief of Staff. According to several news outlets in early 2018, <mask>'s influence in the White House had been diminished and Trump made several key decisions without his presence.On December 7, 2018, CNN and others reported that <mask> and Trump were no longer on speaking terms and that <mask> was expected to resign in the coming days. On December 8, Trump announced that <mask> would be leaving at the end of the year. On December 14, 2018, the White House announced that Mick Mulvaney would replace <mask> as the White House Chief of Staff. On the day after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, <mask> said he supported Trump's removal from office by use of the 25th Amendment, adding, "What happened on Capitol Hill yesterday is a direct result of his poisoning the minds of people with the lies and the frauds." Controversies DC Capital Partners conflict of interest In January 2017, The Intercept reported that <mask> failed to disclose his position as vice-chair on the Spectrum Group, a defense contractor lobbying firm, on his ethics form, while taking a position at the Department of Homeland Security. <mask>'s membership on the board of DC Capital Partners and its for-profit detention facilities at the Southern Border and Florida, operated by its subsidiary Caliburn International had called into question his neutrality as they have been described as private for-profit concentration camps. Caliburn CEO James Van Dusen said, "With four decades of military and humanitarian leadership, in-depth understanding of international affairs and knowledge of current economic drivers around the world, General <mask> is a strong strategic addition to our team."Candidates in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries objected, including Cory Booker who said <mask>'s actions in joining the board were "disgusting," with Elizabeth Warren calling his role, "corruption at its absolute worst." In July 2019, the House Oversight Committee announced it was probing <mask>'s conflict of interest in the camps while he was the White House Chief of Staff. <mask> Wilson dispute In October 2017, Congresswoman <mask> Wilson (D-FL) criticized Trump for his phone call to the widow of a slain U.S. soldier, saying his remarks had been insensitive. Wilson had been in the widow's car when Trump had called her. A few days later, <mask> held a press briefing where he defended Trump's phone call, which he had overheard, saying Trump "expressed his condolences in the best way that he could." <mask> harshly criticized Wilson, calling her "the empty barrel that makes the most noise" and stating that in a 2015 speech Wilson had "stood up" to inappropriately claim credit for securing federal funding for an FBI building in her district. Video of her 2015 speech showed his description to be inaccurate.Later that month, while in an interview with conservative commentator Laura Ingraham, <mask> said he stood by his comments on Wilson and would "never" apologize for his comments. <mask> said he would "talk about before her comments and at the reception afterwards" as a "package deal", but refused to elaborate further. Civil War remarks In the same October 2017 interview with Laura Ingraham, <mask> said that "the lack of ability to compromise led to the Civil War." He also described Robert E. Lee as an "honorable man" who "gave up ... his country to fight for his state," and claimed, "men and women of good faith on both sides made their stand where their conscience had to make their stand." Several historians of the Civil War described <mask>'s remarks as ignorant, and as a misuse of history reminiscent of Lost Cause mythology. They also broadly reject <mask>'s remark that a failure to compromise led to the Civil War, noting that the war was predominantly fought over slavery and that a number of compromises on slavery were made in the lead-up to the war. The White House defended <mask>'s remarks, citing non-fiction writer and historian <mask>.DACA remarks On February 6, 2018, <mask> made recorded remarks concerning a discrepancy between how many had enrolled in DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) and how many were to be offered a path to citizenship, by saying "The difference between 690 [thousand] and 1.8 million were the people that some would say were too afraid to sign up; others would say are too lazy to get off their asses, but they didn't sign up". Confrontation with Corey Lewandowski In February 2018, The New York Times reported that <mask> had been in a physical confrontation with former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski. According to anonymous sources, <mask> had a heated argument with Lewandoski in which he accused him of profiting off Trump's presidency. This led to <mask> grabbing Lewandowski by the collar and pushing him up against the wall just outside the Oval Office. The sources said Lewandowski did not respond physically to <mask>, and when Secret Service agents arrived, Lewandowski and <mask> went their separate ways. Firing of White House aide Rob Porter On February 7, 2018, White House staff secretary Rob Porter resigned in the wake of reports that his two ex-wives accused him of domestic abuse, allegations that Porter said are false and "a coordinated smear campaign". One ex-wife had a protective order from 2010 against Porter, and the other had photographic evidence of the alleged abuse.The protective order had prevented Porter from obtaining a full security clearance, though the order's associated ex-wife said Porter's "integrity and ability to do his job is impeccable". According to an unnamed senior administration official, <mask> was aware of the protective order and the domestic abuse allegations, and had promoted Porter within the White House. Approached by media about the allegations, <mask> initially praised Porter, saying he was a "man of true integrity and honor, and I can't say enough good things about him. He is a friend, a confidante and a trusted professional. I am proud to serve alongside him." Per an unnamed White House official, Porter resigned over the objections of <mask>, who had worked closely with Porter since becoming White House Chief of Staff. In a February 8 email to White House staff, <mask> wrote, "While we are all processing the shocking and troubling allegations made against a former White House staffer, I want you to know that we all take matters of domestic violence very seriously.Domestic violence is abhorrent and has no place in our society". On February 9, 2018, The Washington Post reported that <mask> had instructed senior staff and aides to tell reporters that <mask> took immediate action to fire Porter upon hearing that domestic abuse allegations were credible; the Post noted this "version of events contradicts both the public record and accounts from numerous other White House officials in recent days as the Porter drama unfolded." <mask> told reporters on March 2, 2018 that he sought Porter's resignation immediately after learning of the accusations on February 6 and regretted his handling of Porter's departure. Firing of Omarosa Manigault In August 2018, a tape was released of <mask> firing White House staffer Omarosa Manigault in the Situation Room, and allegedly threatening her legally as well as reputationally, saying to her: "I'd like to see this be a friendly departure. There are pretty significant legal issues that we hope don't develop into something that, that'll make it ugly for you." When questioned whether the President knew of the firing, <mask> replied: "The [White House] staff, and everybody on the staff, works for me and not the president." <mask>'s use of the Situation Room to isolate and fire Manigault also led to controversy about potential misuse of the high-security facility by <mask>, as well as the fact he was unknowingly recorded within it.Donald Trump's comments on Adolf Hitler On July 6, 2021, it was reported that during a 2018 trip to France to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I, then President Donald Trump told <mask>, "Well, Hitler did a lot of good things." <mask> did not publicly reveal the President's comments for more than two years. The story was ultimately reported by Wall Street Journal reporter Michael Bender in his book Frankly, We Did Win This Election': The Inside Story of How Trump Lost. On July 7, Trump's spokesperson denied that the former president praised Hitler, calling the claim "totally false", as reported by the Washington Examiner. Personal life <mask> married Karen Hernest in 1976. They raised three children together: Robert, <mask>., and Kathleen. On November 9, 2010, <mask>'s 29-year-old son, First Lieutenant Robert Michael <mask>, was killed in action when he stepped on a landmine while leading a platoon of Marines on a patrol in Sangin, Afghanistan.The younger <mask> was a former enlisted Marine and was on his third combat tour, his first combat tour as a U.S. Marine Corps infantry officer. At the time of his death, <mask> was with Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines. <mask>'s death made <mask> the highest-ranking American military officer to lose a child in Iraq or Afghanistan. <mask>'s other son is a Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel. Military awards <mask>'s military decorations and awards: See also References External links Biography at U.S. Department of Defense |- |- |- |- |- 1950 births American politicians of Italian descent American people of Irish descent Catholics from Massachusetts Living people Military personnel from Massachusetts People from Boston Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni Trump administration cabinet members United States Marines United States Marine Corps generals United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War United States Secretaries of Homeland Security University of Massachusetts Boston alumni White House Chiefs of Staff Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United

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<mask> (born December 16, 1960) is an American actor and former professional wrestler. He is best known for his various <mask> gimmicks, each distinguished by the ring names <mask>, <mask>, and Sycho <mask> in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE). Between those promotions, <mask> enjoyed major championship success and performed to an international television audience in four decades from the 1980s to the 2010s. <mask> is a six-time world champion, having won the WWF Championship twice, the WCW World Heavyweight Championship twice, and the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship twice. In addition to world title success, <mask> held the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship once, among other accolades. During his tenures with the WWF and WCW, <mask> headlined multiple pay-per-views for both organizations, main-eventing WrestleManias VIII and 13 in 1992 and 1997 respectively, as well as WCW's counterpart to that event, Starrcade, in 2000. Professional wrestling career Early career (1987–1989) <mask> entered the wrestling sport after an encounter with Randy Savage and his brother Lanny Poffo.After being trained by Tojo Yamamoto, <mask> made his debut as he teamed with Austin Idol and wrestled the team of Nick Bockwinkel and Jerry Lawler. He then adopted the masked wrestler persona known as Lord Humongous. He began his career in Continental Championship Wrestling (CCW) in 1987, under a mask and the name Lord Humungous. On Christmas Day 1987 he won the NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division), going on to be the final titleholder. Later he turned fan favourite after rekindling a (kayfabe) childhood friendship with Shane Douglas, resulting in the two forming a tag team and capturing the NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship. He also competed in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he challenged Tatsumi Fujinami for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship under the name Vicious Warrior, but was unable to win the title. <mask> then made a very brief stint in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), where he adopted one of his most notable ring names: <mask>, which he took from the punk rock musician of the same name who played bass for the Sex Pistols.NWA World Championship Wrestling (1989–1991) The Skyscrapers (1989) In 1989, <mask> signed with World Championship Wrestling and retained his <mask> ring name. He made his televised debut in WCW by defeating DeWayne Bruce on the June 17, 1989 episode of Pro. Originally slated as a singles wrestler, <mask> was eventually paired with Danny Spivey to form The Skyscrapers. Managed by Teddy Long, The Skyscrapers feuded with The Steiner Brothers and The Road Warriors. During this time, he incorporated the Powerbomb as his finishing move. However, the team was short-lived; <mask> was replaced by "Mean" Mark Callous after suffering a broken rib and a punctured lung during a match with The Steiner Brothers at the November 1989 Clash of the Champions IX. Four Horsemen (1990–1991) Following his recovery, <mask> was introduced on the May 11, 1990 edition of NWA Power Hour as the newest member of Ric Flair's Four Horsemen, and he was billed by the ring announcers as being from "wherever he damn well pleases".<mask> was the "muscle" of the group and initially brought in to counter-act the strength of RoboCop at Capital Combat. His first televised match back was a 26-second loss to Lex Luger on Clash of the Champions XI: Coastal Crush in which the referee performed a fast three count (in an interview in 2018, <mask> stated the reason for the quick loss was punishment by booker Ole Anderson for having been seen playing softball during time off while he was rehabilitating from his punctured lung). As one of the Horsemen, <mask> feuded with Paul Orndorff and the Junkyard Dog. He attacked NWA World Heavyweight Champion Sting following the champion's title match of Clash of the Champions XII, setting up his first feud as a singles wrestler. At Halloween Havoc, a fake Sting (Barry Windham), in collusion with <mask>, let <mask> pin him after switching places with the real Sting in order for <mask> to win the belt. However, they were thwarted when the real Sting came out and beat <mask> to retain the title. <mask>'s association with the Horsemen became tenuous following this episode, and he began a quasi-face run in November 1990 when he faced The Nightstalker at Clash of the Champions XIII: Thanksgiving Thunder, which Eudy won.However, was attacked post-match by the debuting Big Cat, in response of which <mask> recruited former partner Spivey for a short-lived reunion of the Skyscrapers at Starrcade in December, where the two defeated The Big Cat and The Motor City Madman. Following this match <mask> made an abrupt return to heel status, ending Trucker Norm's WCW run in January 1991 and squashing Joey Maggs at Clash of the Champions XIV: Dixie Dynamite later that month. He returned to full-fledged Horsemen activity and participated in the WarGames match at WrestleWar. The Horsemen amicably split in April 1991, during which time he entered negotiations with the WWF. Despite a huge contract offer and a promise of a world championship run, <mask> announced his intentions to leave WCW. Before departing he had a short feud with 7'7" (231 cm) tall El Gigante (who was billed as being 8'0" (242 cm)), that ended with his loss to the giant at SuperBrawl I. World Wrestling Federation (1991–1992) At a Superstars taping on May 28, 1991, <mask> made his WWF debut in an untelevised segment attacking The Mountie following Mountie's open offer.He defeated Ted DiBiase in his first WWF match at a non-televised event in Calgary on July 8. On the June 8 episode of Prime Time Wrestling, vignettes began airing promoting his WWF debut and introducing him as <mask>. On the July 20 episode of Superstars, <mask> debuted on WWF television and was announced as the special guest referee for the main event of that year's SummerSlam, where The Ultimate Warrior and the WWF Champion Hulk Hogan teamed up against The Triangle of Terror (Sgt. Slaughter, Col. Mustafa, and Gen. Adnan) in a 3-on-2 handicap match. Later that night, <mask> saved Randy Savage and Miss Elizabeth from an attack at the hands of Jake Roberts and The Undertaker at the newly wed couple's reception. During this time, <mask> defeated Kato in his first televised match on the September 21 episode of Superstars. In a match with Roberts, <mask> injured his biceps and was forced to miss the Survivor Series pay-per-view.<mask> returned at the Royal Rumble, which had a special stipulation: the winner would win the vacant WWF Championship, which had been stripped from Hulk Hogan. <mask> entered at No. 29 and was among the final four wrestlers, along with Hogan, Randy Savage, and Ric Flair, before he eliminated both Savage and then Hogan, leaving himself and Flair in the ring. Hogan, who was still at ringside after being eliminated, grabbed <mask>'s arm and tried to pull him over the top rope, giving Flair the chance to grab <mask>'s legs and throw him out to win the match and become the new WWF Champion. Less than a week later, on the January 25 episode of Superstars, WWF President Jack Tunney held a press conference to announce who would face Flair for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania VIII. Before Tunney even announced who the number one contender would be, <mask> stood up as if Tunney called his name. Yet to <mask>'s annoyance, Tunney chose Hogan.<mask> clutched the stack of papers he fanned himself with earlier and gave a menacing glance in Hogan's direction. After the press conference, <mask> said what Jack Tunney did was "bogus." <mask> later issued an apology to Hogan, which Hogan accepted. <mask> and Hogan then teamed up to face The Undertaker and Flair on Saturday Night's Main Event XXX. During the match, after he double clotheslined Undertaker and Flair, Hogan reached to <mask> for a tag. However, <mask> refused to tag in and walked out of the match. Despite this, Hogan won the match by disqualification.On February 23 on an episode of Wrestling Challenge, <mask> appeared as a guest on Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake's "The Barber Shop". Knowing that Hulk Hogan (Beefcake's long-time real-life friend) was not in the arena, <mask> threatened Beefcake and chased him off the set before destroying the Barber Shop with a chair. Later that night, it was announced that Hogan would battle <mask> (and not WWF Champion Ric Flair) at the main event of WrestleMania VIII, resulting in Flair facing Randy Savage for the WWF Championship instead. A week later, <mask> hired Harvey Whippleman as his manager. <mask> also began a post-match gimmick where he would further "injure" his defeated opponents with one or more powerbombs (his finishing move), and sometimes – after the defeated wrestler placed on a stretcher – following this up by grabbing the stretcher and running it into a fixture, such as a ring post or guardrail. At WrestleMania VIII, <mask> lost his match to Hogan by disqualification when Papa Shango interfered on <mask>'s behalf, allowing the two to double-team Hogan until the returning Ultimate Warrior stormed the ring and saved Hogan. Nearing the end of the match, <mask> kicked out of Hogan's trademark running leg drop.<mask> was disqualified when Whippleman quickly jumped into the ring to get involved. On a November 22, 2011, edition of Wrestling Observer Radio, Dave Meltzer confirmed that <mask> failed a drug test prior to his WrestleMania match with Hulk Hogan. He was allowed to do the match and then went on their European tour. After the tour, he was told he was going to serve his suspension, resulting in <mask> quitting instead and pursuing a career in softball. At the time of his departure from the WWF, <mask> was about to embark on a feud with The Ultimate Warrior, the story being that <mask> was angry the Warrior had stuck his nose in his business at WrestleMania VIII. <mask> competed on the WWF's European tour in April 1992, then began his feud with Warrior in the United States. They wrestled on two house shows, with Warrior winning twice by disqualification.After wrestling Warrior in Boston, Massachusetts on April 26, <mask> voluntarily quit the company due to disagreements with the Warrior and WWF management in particular about the outcome of his match with Warrior. The WWF replaced <mask> with Papa Shango in the feud with Warrior. Return to WCW (1993) <mask>, under his <mask> ring name, returned to WCW in May 1993 as a mystery competitor of Col. Robert Parker against Van Hammer at Slamboree. <mask> defeated Hammer in a stretcher match. That summer he teamed with Big Van Vader and reignited his feud with Sting. At Fall Brawl, Sting's team (Sting, Davey Boy Smith, Dustin Rhodes, and The Shockmaster) defeated <mask>'s team (<mask>, Vader, and Harlem Heat) in a WarGames match. At Halloween Havoc, <mask> faced Sting in a rematch of the same pay-per-view three years previous, but was beaten via a roll-up.The following week on television <mask> turned on Rob Parker and became a babyface. During their United Kingdom tour in Blackburn, Lancashire on October 27, <mask> was involved in a hotel room scuffle with Arn Anderson that resulted in both wrestlers stabbing each other with scissors. Both were rushed to the hospital, as Anderson suffered scissor stab wounds to the chest and stomach. Vicious stabbed Anderson twenty times, while being stabbed four times himself. <mask> was released from WCW. It had been planned to have <mask> challenge then WCW World Heavyweight Champion Vader at that year's Starrcade, but <mask>'s departure removed him from this match and Ric Flair was elevated to be the challenger against Vader. Based on Worldwide tapings that took place prior to his departure, <mask> would have defeated Vader and become the new champion.United States Wrestling Association (1994–1996) Following his departure from WCW, <mask> returned to what was now WCCW merged into United States Wrestling Association (USWA) in Memphis, where he began feuding with old rival Jerry Lawler. On July 16, he won the promotion's Unified World Heavyweight Championship by forfeit when Lawler, who had been attacked and injured by <mask> earlier in the card, could not appear for the scheduled match. While Lawler was able to defeat <mask> in non-title matches, <mask> was able to retain his title in several championship defenses through screwjobs initiated by The Spellbinder, his ally at the time. <mask> also participated in the UWF Blackjack Brawl in September 1994, challenging "Dr. Death" Steve Williams for the UWF World Heavyweight Championship. On February 6, 1995, Lawler won the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship back from <mask>. Later the two of them were tag team partners. Once again on August 30, 1996, <mask> won the title back from Lawler.On September 2 he dropped the title back to Lawler. Return to WWF (1995–1997) Alliance with Shawn Michaels and Million Dollar Corporation (1995) On the February 20, 1995 episode of Raw <mask> entered the WWE as the bodyguard of Shawn Michaels. Along with Jenny McCarthy, <mask> accompanied Michaels to ringside for Michaels' WWF Championship match against then-champion and Michaels' former bodyguard, Diesel, at WrestleMania XI. Michaels had the match won after hitting his signature Superkick, but <mask> stood on the ring apron and distracted referee Earl Hebner, allowing Diesel time to recover and pin Michaels after a Jackknife Powerbomb to win the match and retain his title. The next night on Raw, Michaels expressed dissatisfaction with <mask>'s interference and gave him the night off for his rematch against Diesel at the first-ever In Your House pay-per-view. In response, <mask> replied to Shawn, "You don't give me the night off! ", and attacked Michaels from behind before hitting him with a powerbomb three times, turning Michaels into a face again.Diesel came to Michaels' aid and clotheslined <mask> over the top rope. Michaels claimed to have sustained a legitimate back injury as a result of the attack and was sidelined for six weeks, thus taking him out of the title match. Two weeks later on the April 17 episode of Raw, Ted DiBiase announced <mask> as the newest member of the Million Dollar Corporation after Bam Bam Bigelow left the Corporation. After joining, <mask> challenged Diesel to a match for the WWF Championship at in Your House, which Diesel accepted. Diesel won the match via disqualification, and thus retained his title, when Tatanka interfered. After the match, <mask> and Tatanka continued to double-team Diesel until Bam Bam Bigelow came out to save him. At the King of the Ring, Diesel and Bam Bam Bigelow defeated <mask> and Tatanka.<mask> faced Diesel once again at In Your House 2: The Lumberjacks for the WWF Championship in a lumberjack match, which Diesel won to end the feud. Following this, <mask> moved on to a feud with Shawn Michaels and was scheduled to face him at SummerSlam, but was replaced by Razor Ramon at the request of WWF President Gorilla Monsoon, with Ramon challenging for Michaels' Intercontinental Championship in a ladder match as <mask> was seen watching on the backstage television monitors. On the September 5 episode of Raw, <mask> faced Michaels for the title but lost after being hit with three superkicks. <mask> then started a brief feud with Henry Godwinn, culminating in a victory over Godwinn at In Your House 3: Triple Header. On the November 13 episode of Raw, <mask> faced the Intercontinental Champion Razor Ramon in a non-title match, with Ramon's friend The 1–2–3 Kid as the special guest referee. Razor was about to deliver the Razor's Edge on <mask>, but The 1–2–3 Kid helped <mask> avoid it, allowing <mask> to pin Ramon after a powerbomb, with the Kid making a fast count. After the match, the Kid turned heel and joined the Million Dollar Corporation.In the first elimination match at Survivor Series, Sid and Corporation leader Ted DiBiase helped The 1–2–3 Kid pin Marty Jannetty to win and become the sole survivor for his team. Later in the event, <mask> was randomly teamed up with his rival Shawn Michaels, Ahmed Johnson, and The British Bulldog to face Yokozuna, Owen Hart, Razor Ramon, and Dean Douglas in a "Wild Card" Survivor Series match. <mask> was eliminated by Razor Ramon after Michaels hit <mask> with superkick. After his elimination, <mask> powerbombed Michaels. At In Your House 5: Seasons Beatings, Razor Ramon and Marty Jannetty defeated <mask> and The 1–2–3 Kid. <mask> and The 1–2–3 Kid teamed up the next night to participate in the first-ever Raw Bowl, which The Smoking Gunns won. Shortly after, <mask> suffered a serious neck injury and left the WWF.WWF Champion (1996–1997) <mask> would not be seen again until the July 8 episode of Raw, when he took up the gimmick of "Sycho <mask>". Under this version of his <mask> gimmick, <mask> was a strident-voiced and intense character, who was prone to erratically unstable mannerisms, such as in his random contemplative stares off into the distance, excessive eye-blinking, laughter turned sudden seriousness, etc. In his return, he was announced as the replacement for The Ultimate Warrior (who left the WWF) for the six-man tag team match, teaming with former rival Shawn Michaels and Ahmed Johnson against Vader, Owen Hart, and The British Bulldog at the main event of In Your House 9: International Incident, effectively making him a face. However, <mask>'s team lost the match. The next night on Raw, <mask> started a feud with The British Bulldog, whom he faced at SummerSlam on August 18 and pinned after a powerbomb. At In Your House 10: Mind Games on September 22, Shawn Michaels hit Mankind

Sid Eudy

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with the Sweet Chin Music and went for the pin to retain the WWF Championship, but Vader came out, broke up the count, attacked him, which got Mankind disqualified. After the match, Mankind and Vader double-teamed Michaels until <mask> came out to make the save.He and Vader fought their way backstage, starting a feud between the two. <mask> fought Vader at In Your House 11: Buried Alive on October 20 in a match where the winner would face Shawn Michaels for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series on November 17. As <mask> was about to powerbomb Vader, Vader's manager Jim Cornette got on the ring apron to distract him. Michaels responded and pulled Cornette off the apron before hitting him with the Sweet Chin Music. <mask> then pinned Vader with a chokeslam to win the match and to become the number-one contender for the WWF Championship. After the match, <mask> celebrated his victory with Michaels. At the Survivor Series, history repeated itself.<mask> grabbed a camera from the operator and prepared to hit Michaels with it. Michaels' manager, Jose Lothario, got on the ring apron and told <mask> to put the camera down, but he refused and hit Lothario in the chest with it instead. Although this was the act of a heel, the audience cheered wildly for him and booed Michaels, just as they had done, in <mask>'s favor, four and a half years earlier against Hogan at the Royal Rumble. <mask> dropped the camera, and as soon as he turned around, Michaels hit him with the Sweet Chin Music; however, Michaels went outside the ring to check on his manager instead of going for the pin. <mask> hit Michaels in the back with the camera, then threw him back in the ring before hitting him with the powerbomb to win the WWF Championship. At In Your House 12: It's Time on December 15, <mask> defended the title against Bret Hart in a match where the winner would defend the title against Shawn Michaels at the 1997 Royal Rumble on January 19. Hart made <mask> tap out to the Sharpshooter, but the referee was knocked out and unable to witness the submission.As Michaels was commentating at ringside, <mask> and Hart left the ring and started fighting right beside him. After <mask> had pushed Michaels and then climbed into the ring with Hart, Michaels went to hit <mask> but the latter threw Hart into him. He then pinned him after a powerbomb to retain the title. At the Royal Rumble, <mask> lost the title to Michaels. During the match, <mask> hit the chokeslam on Michaels and repeatedly powerbombed him outside the ring. Later on in the match, Jose Lothario got on the ring apron, and <mask> approached him, but before he could do anything to him, Michaels hit <mask> in the back and the face with the camera, knocking him out in the process. Michaels went for the pin, but <mask> managed to kick out.Michaels then hit <mask> with Sweet Chin Music to become the WWF World Heavyweight Champion for the second time. He soon forfeited that same title due to being unable to wrestle, a claim widely disputed by many during that time, especially Bret Hart, who still believes that Michaels did not want to drop the title to him at WrestleMania 13. At In Your House 13: Final Four in Chattanooga, a four corners elimination title match was held for the vacant championship belt between Bret Hart, The Undertaker, Stone Cold Steve Austin and Vader. Hart won, and was scheduled to face <mask> the following night, on the February 17, 1997, episode of Raw. During that match, Hart had <mask> trapped in the Sharpshooter submission when Stone Cold Steve Austin, whom Hart was feuding with, came to the outside of the ring and hit Hart with a steel chair, allowing <mask> to hit Hart with the powerbomb to win the WWF Championship for the second time. At WrestleMania 13 on March 23, <mask> lost the title against The Undertaker when Hart interfered during the match, allowing the latter to hit the Tombstone Piledriver and pin <mask> to win the WWF Championship. The next night on Raw is War, <mask> made one more appearance after Bret Hart attacked an injured Shawn Michaels in the ring after a face-to-face promo about Hart turning on the fans.Following this, <mask> was kept off television until the May 12 episode of Raw is War where he returned as a face. He competed against Owen Hart and defeated him to become the partner of The Legion of Doom in their feud with The Hart Foundation. At King of the Ring on June 8, <mask> and The Legion of Doom faced The Hart Foundation (Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, and Jim Neidhart) in a six-man tag team match, which The Hart Foundation won when Owen pinned <mask> with a roll-up. On June 9, <mask> defeated Owen on Raw before disappearing from television for over a month. His last match was a loss to Owen in a house show in Toronto, Canada. He returned on the July 14 episode of Raw, making a brief final appearance before leaving the WWF once again to recover from a neck injury that would require surgery. Independent Circuit (1998) After leaving WWF from a neck injury and being inactive for nearly a year, <mask> wrestled in the independent circuit in Mississippi and New Jersey.He defeated King Kong Bundy at the Eddie Gilbert Memorial Brawl on February 28. <mask> would work for Power Pro Wrestling in Tennessee. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999) After some time on the Tennessee independent circuit, <mask> debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in January 1999, where he had matches with The Dudley Boyz, John Kronus, Skull Von Krush and Justin Credible. He left ECW in May due to the monetary problems plaguing the promotion. Second return to WCW (1999–2001) The Millennium Man and United States Heavyweight Champion (1999) At the behest of his real-life friends Kevin Nash and Scott Hall, <mask> returned to WCW at The Great American Bash in June 1999, joining Randy Savage's heel stable Team Madness. Upon his return, he took the nickname of "The Millennium Man" and faced the WCW World Champion Kevin Nash on the July 5, 1999, episode of WCW Nitro. <mask> was dubbed as undefeated having a winning streak much like Goldberg had previously; although, the majority of this streak was due to <mask> coming to the ring and power bombing wrestlers already in a match or immediately following their match and thus "defeating" them.On September 12, 1999, <mask> won his first and only WCW United States Heavyweight Championship from Chris Benoit at Fall Brawl. He then began a feud with Goldberg who challenged him for the United States Heavyweight Championship at Halloween Havoc. Earlier that night, however, their backstage fighting led <mask> to require stitches, though he refused to be treated, which led to <mask> bleeding openly the entire night. After brawling with Goldberg, a weary <mask> lost the match due to excessive bleeding, awarding Goldberg the United States Heavyweight Championship against his opponent's will. <mask> lost again to Goldberg in an "I Quit" match at Mayhem, effectively ending their feud and <mask>'s "streak." WCW later released a VHS home video highlighting <mask>'s return to WCW called <mask>ious: Millennium Man. World Heavyweight Champion (2000) After the "Millennium Man" gimmick ran dry, <mask> became a face and started to contend for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.He was placed in a match at Souled Out in January to fill the suddenly vacant title after Bret Hart was forced to relinquish it due to a concussion. <mask> would lose the match to Chris Benoit, but the title was again vacated as Benoit left for the WWF the next day. The on-screen explanation was that <mask>'s foot was under the rope during his submission loss. The next week, <mask> was presented with a challenge by Nash, who had become commissioner of WCW. If he could beat Don and Ron Harris in a match on Monday Nitro that night, he would face Nash for the championship that night. <mask> managed to defeat the Harris Brothers and eventually Nash himself to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Two nights later on Thunder, Nash stripped <mask> of the championship due to him not beating the legal Harris brother in the match on Nitro.A rematch between <mask> and Nash was set up, but <mask> again defeated Nash on Nitro to win the title for a second time. He later successfully defended the title at SuperBrawl 2000 in a three-way match against Scott Hall and Jeff Jarrett. At Uncensored, <mask> defended his title against Jeff Jarrett thanks in part to help from a returning Hulk Hogan, which set up a match for the following night's Nitro pitting <mask> and Hogan vs. Jarrett and Scott Steiner. During the course of the match, <mask> turned heel and attacked Hogan, due to his being incensed that the fans were chanting Hogan's name. He chokeslammed Hogan and forced the referee to count Hogan being pinned, although the official result was a no contest. This apparently might have been to set up a match for the upcoming Spring Stampede pay-per-view in April. However, shortly after this, WCW began its New Blood angle and <mask> (along with all the other WCW champions at the time) was stripped of his championship.He did not play a large role in the angle that followed, and was kept off of television for several months. Injury and first retirement (2000–2001) He returned late in the year as a challenger for Scott Steiner's WCW World Heavyweight Championship, but <mask> failed to defeat Steiner in their title match at Starrcade. On January 14, 2001, at the Sin pay-per-view in Indianapolis at Conseco Fieldhouse (now Gainbridge Fieldhouse), <mask> faced Steiner, Jeff Jarrett and Road Warrior Animal in a Four Corners match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, however, he suffered a near career-ending injury. Members of WCW management allegedly felt that Eudy needed to broaden his arsenal of wrestling moves and suggested that he try an aerial maneuver, despite his "unwillingness". Eudy felt it unnecessary for a wrestler of his size and type to do high spots and did not feel comfortable doing them. During the match, <mask> suffered a leg fracture following his leap from the second turnbuckle in an attempted big boot on Steiner.This had him awkwardly landing on one foot while kicking with the other, severely fracturing the leg he landed on. <mask> broke his left leg in half, snapping both the tibia and fibula, with at least one of the bones breaking through the skin. The fracture was too graphic for many television stations to re-air, although it was shown on the following Nitro. The injury put <mask> out of action indefinitely, and he pondered retiring from wrestling for good: "I had about a year left on my contract, and I was thinking back then prior to hurting my leg what was I going to do as far as wrapping up my career. The only thing I really wanted to do was ideally go out in a big pay-per-view, like a WrestleMania or something like that main event, leave like that, and not come back again. It would really be the retirement match". A 17-inch (43 cm) rod was placed in his leg during the two-hour surgery.For a while, <mask> used a cane to walk. <mask> later sued WCW, claiming that he was made to jump off the second rope against his objections. The injury forced a plot change in the SuperBrawl Revenge event. The main event was supposed to be Kevin Nash, Diamond Dallas Page, and <mask> against Scott Steiner, Jeff Jarrett, and Road Warrior Animal but was rewritten as Kevin Nash versus Scott Steiner. WCW would then be purchased by the WWF the following month, ceasing any possibility of <mask>'s return to that company. Recovery and later career (2002–2017) Following surgery, <mask> was faced with the prospect of rehabilitation of his leg for three to five days per week for at least the next year. He was told by his doctor that he would never run again, and <mask> set a goal of being able to do so.At first he was limited to using a cane, but through extensive effort was able to not only walk again, but in time run. During his arduous rehabilitation, <mask> made several appearances as World Wrestling All-Stars's (WWA) commissioner during its 2002 Australian tour, though at the beginning of WWA's Sydney show, it was announced that <mask> would not be featured due to a broken arm. <mask> also filed a lawsuit with the Universal Wrestling Corporation (the Turner holding company for what remained of WCW's unpurchased assets), seeking redress for the injury that he sustained. The judge ultimately ruled in favor of the UWC. After almost three and a half years of rehabilitation and preparation, <mask> returned to active wrestling on June 5, 2004 with the Canadian-based Internet Wrestling Syndicate. Appearing as Pierre Carl Ouellet's mystery partner, Eudy competed in and won a ten team battle royal. On July 14, 2007, <mask> debuted in Memphis Wrestling and started a feud with old rival Jerry Lawler while serving as "Hollywood" Jimmy Blaylock's enforcer.<mask> also appeared at the Juggalo Championship Wrestling event Evansville Invasion, helping Tracy Smothers attack the promotion's Heavyweight Champion Corporal Robinson. Following this, <mask> had a match at the "Jerry Lawler 35th Anniversary Wrestling event" on November 7, 2008, at the Tennessee Fairgrounds. He wrestled in the main event and lost to Lawler. On February 28, 2009, <mask> returned to Memphis Wrestling and won a battle royal before defeating Lawler in a rematch. Later that year <mask> began a European tour with American Wrestling Rampage. He was undefeated during the tour, including wins over X-Pac. Following this <mask>'s appearances were greatly reduced as he began focusing on competition in over-50 bodybuilding.He would wrestle only three times in total in 2010 and 2011, defeating Chase Stevens, Josef von Schmidt, and Eddie Kingston. On the June 25, 2012, episode of Raw, <mask> made his return to WWE as Sycho <mask> in a match against Heath Slater, where he defeated Slater as part of the ongoing celebration building up to WWE's 1000th episode of Raw. It was his first appearance on Raw since the July 14, 1997 episode and his first match on the show since June 9, 1997. <mask> would reappear on the actual 1000th episode on July 23, where he and other WWE Legends helped Lita take down Slater. On August 5, 2017, <mask> wrestled the last match of his career. He defeated Paul Rosenberg in Ottawa, Ontario for Great North Wrestling. Personal life <mask> and his wife, Sabrina Paige (née Estes), were married on December 30, 1983, in Shelby County, Tennessee.They have two sons: Frank, a cast member on the CBS reality show Big Brother 14 & 18, and Gunnar <mask>, who is also a wrestler. <mask> is a fan of softball. During his time off from wrestling, he briefly played softball between 1997 and 1999. Legal troubles In January 2011, <mask> was arrested in Shelby County, Tennessee. Initially pulled over for and charged with not wearing his seatbelt, <mask> was also charged with misdemeanor possession of marijuana and driving without a license. He was later released on $1,000 bond. Other media <mask> made an appearance in the 2000 film Ready to Rumble alongside David Arquette and Scott Caan.In 2011, he starred alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle and Kevin Nash in the horror movie River of Darkness. He also starred in the 2011 horror film Death from Above, alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle, James Storm, Matt Morgan, Terry Gerin and Jessica Kresa. On August 2, 2012, he appeared on the CBS reality show Big Brother 14 where his son, Frank, was a contestant. <mask> was a playable character in the NES version of WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge, the Game Boy game WWF Superstars 2 and the SNES version of WWF Super Wrestlemania. For WCW he appeared in WCW Backstage Assault. Unrelated to any wrestling promotion he was a playable character in both Legends of Wrestling II and Showdown: Legends of Wrestling as well. <mask> appears as Sycho <mask> in WWE 2K17, as downloadable content.<mask> is also part of the roster in WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19. Filmography Championships and accomplishments American Wrestling Federation AWF Super Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Continental Wrestling Association CWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Northeast NWA Northeast Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year (1996) Ranked No. 16 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991 Ranked No. 122 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003 Southeastern Championship Wrestling NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time) NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shane Douglas United States Wrestling Association USWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time) USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (2 times) World Championship Wrestling WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time) WCW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times) World Wrestling Federation WWF Championship (2 times) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Most Overrated (1993) Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1993) Worst on Interviews (1999) Worst Worked Match of the Year (1990) vs. The Nightstalker References External links 1960 births 20th century professional wrestlers American male professional wrestlers American male sport wrestlers American softball players Fictional bodyguards Fictional kings Living people Masked wrestlers NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions People from Marion, Arkansas People from West Memphis, Arkansas Professional wrestlers from Arkansas Stabbing survivors The Four Horsemen (professional wrestling) members The Million Dollar Corporation members USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champions WCW World Heavyweight Champions WWE

Earl Thomas

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<mask> (born May 7, 1989) is a former American football free safety. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft. During his time with the Seahawks, he was a core member of the Legion of Boom defense and won Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. He played college football at Texas and received consensus All-American honors. <mask> signed with the Baltimore Ravens as a free agent in 2019 and played one season with the team. High school career <mask> attended West Orange-Stark High School in Orange, Texas, where he played for the West Orange-Stark Mustangs high school football team. While there, he was an all-state selection and three-year starter at defensive back, running back and wide receiver.He recorded 112 career tackles with 11 interceptions, two kickoff return touchdowns and two punt return touchdowns, while also having 1,850 rushing yards and 2,140 receiving yards in his career. Also a standout athlete, <mask> was on the school's track & field team, where he competed as a sprinter and jumper, and was a member of the 4 × 200 meters relay team that reached the state finals, at 1:27.92. He finished second in the long jump at the 2007 Region 3-3A Meet, with a personal-best mark of 7.14 meters. Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was ranked as the No. 12 athlete in 2007. College career <mask> attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he played for coach Mack Brown's Texas Longhorns football team from 2007 to 2009. After redshirting his first year at Texas, <mask> started all 13 games at strong safety for the Longhorns in 2008, and ranked second on the team with 63 combined tackles and 17 pass breakups, the most ever by a Longhorn freshman.He also had two interceptions, four forced fumbles, and a blocked kick. <mask> subsequently earned multiple All-Freshman honors, as he was named to FWAA's Freshman All-America team, Sporting News′ Freshman All-American team, College Football News′ All-Freshman first team, and Rivals.com's Freshman All-America team. As a redshirt sophomore in 2009, <mask> intercepted eight passes, returning two of them for touchdowns. The Longhorns were undefeated in the regular season and <mask> played in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game where they lost to Alabama. <mask> chose to forgo his final two seasons of eligibility at Texas to declare for the 2010 NFL Draft where he was the third defensive back taken after Eric Berry and Joe Haden. Professional career On January 8, 2010, <mask> released a statement through the University of Texas which announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2010 NFL Draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed the majority of drills, but chose to skip the short shuttle and three-cone drill.On March 31, 2010, he participated at Texas' pro day and improved his 40-yard dash (4.37s), 20-yard dash (2.47s), and 10-yard dash (1.49s). <mask> sustained a hamstring injury during his workout and was unable to complete his entire performance. He attended pre-draft visits and private workouts with multiple teams, including the Pittsburgh Steelers, Cleveland Browns, and Miami Dolphins. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the top safety in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked the second best safety by NFL analyst Mel Kiper Jr. and ESPN Scouts Inc., and was ranked the second best cornerback prospect by DraftScout.com. Seattle Seahawks 2010 The Seattle Seahawks selected <mask> in the first round (14th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. <mask> was the second safety drafted in 2010, behind Eric Berry.At age 20, he was one of the youngest players eligible for the draft. On July 31, 2010, the Seattle Seahawks signed <mask> to a five-year, $18.30 million contract that includes $11.75 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $500,000. Head coach Pete Carroll named <mask> the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Lawyer Milloy. He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Seattle Seahawks' season-opener against the San Francisco 49ers and recorded seven combined tackles in their 31–6 victory. On September 26, 2010, <mask> made six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and two interceptions during a 27–20 victory against the San Diego Chargers in Week 3. <mask> made his first career interception off a pass by Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers, that was originally intended for tight end Antonio Gates, and returned it for a 34-yard gain in the fourth quarter. On November 14, 2010, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles in the Seahawks' 36–18 victory at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 10.In Week 12, <mask> collected eight combined tackles and returned a blocked punt for the first touchdown of his career during a 42–24 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> recovered a blocked punt that Kennard Cox blocked by Dustin Colquitt and returned it for a ten-yard touchdown in the first quarter. <mask> started all 16 games during his rookie season in 2010 and recorded 76 combined tackles (64 solo), seven pass deflections, five interceptions, and a forced fumble. The Seattle Seahawks finished first in the NFC West with a 7-9 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 9, 2011, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded eight solo tackles and a pass deflection during a 41–36 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card Round. The following week, he made four solo tackles as the Seahawks lost 35–24 at the Chicago Bears in the NFC Divisional Round. 2011 <mask> entered training camp slated as the starting free safety.Head coach Pete Carroll named <mask> and Kam Chancellor the starting safeties to begin the regular season. In Week 8, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (four solo) during a 34–12 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. The following week, <mask> recorded a season-high eight solo tackles in the Seahawks' 23–13 loss at the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9. On December 27, 2011, it was announced that <mask> was selected to play in the 2012 Pro Bowl, marking the first Pro Bowl selection of his career. Kam Chancellor and Brandon Browner were also selected to the 2012 Pro Bowl. He finished the season with 98 combined tackles (69 solo), seven pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts. <mask> was named second-team All-Pro and was ranked 66th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.2012 <mask> and Kam Chancellor returned as the Seahawks' starting safety duo. On November 4, 2012, <mask> collected a season-high seven combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 30–20 victory against the Minnesota Viking in Week 9. The following week, he tied his season-high of seven combined tackles as the Seahawks defeated the New York Jets 28–7 in Week 10. On December 16, 2012, <mask> recorded five combined tackles, broke up a pass, and had the first pick six of his career during a 50–17 win at the Buffalo Bills in Week 15. <mask> intercepted a pass by quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick, that was originally intended for tight end Scott Chandler, and returned it for a 57-yard touchdown in the third quarter. On December 26, 2012, it was announced that <mask> was selected to the 2013 Pro Bowl and was the sole member of the Seahawks' defense to be selected in 2012. <mask> started in a 16 games in 2012 and recorded 66 combined tackles (42 solo), nine pass deflections, three interceptions, a forced fumble, and one touchdown.On January 2, he was selected to the 2013 All-Pro Team. The Seattle Seahawks finished second in the NFC West with an 11–5 record and earned a Wild Card berth. On January 6, 2013, <mask> started in the NFC Wild Card Round and made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Robert Griffin III during the Seahawks' 24–14 victory over the Washington Redskins. The following week, he recorded four combined tackles, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by Matt Ryan in a 30–28 loss at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional Round. 2013 The Seattle Seahawks' new defensive coordinator Dan Quinn retained <mask> and Kam Chancellor as the starting safeties and Richard Sherman and Brandon Browner as the starting cornerbacks after Gus Bradley accepted the head coaching position with the Jacksonville Jaguars. In Week 4, he recorded seven solo tackles, deflected a pass, made an interception, and forced a fumble during a 23–20 win at the Houston Texans in Week 4. On October 28, 2013, <mask> collected a season-high ten solo tackles and made one pass deflection during a 14–9 victory at the St. Louis Rams in Week 9.The following week, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (eight solo) in the Seahawks' 27–24 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 10. On December 27, 2013, it was announced that <mask> was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl, but was later replaced by Antrel Rolle due to his participation in Super Bowl XLVIII. <mask> started in all 16 games and recorded a career-high 105 combined tackles. (78 solo), nine pass deflections, five interceptions, and two forced fumbles. The Seattle Seahawks finished first in the NFC West with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. On January 11, 2014, <mask> recorded 11 combined tackles (seven solo) and broke up two passes as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional Round. The following week, they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship Game.On February 2, 2014, <mask> started in Super Bowl XLVIII and made seven combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 43–8 victory against the Denver Broncos. 2014 On April 28, 2014, the Seattle Seahawks signed <mask> to a four-year, $40 million contract extension with $27.72 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $9.50 million. On November 9, 2014, <mask> recorded six combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his only interception of the season during a 38–17 victory against the New York Giants in Week 10. <mask> intercepted a pass by quarterback Eli Manning, that was intended for wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr., and returned it for a 47-yard gain in the fourth quarter. In Week 17, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (11 solo) in the Seahawks' 20–6 win against the St. Louis Rams. On December 23, 2015, <mask> was announced as a selection to play in the 2016 Pro Bowl. He finished the season with 97 combined tackles (71 solo), five pass deflections, three forced fumbles, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts.The Seahawks had the top-ranked defense in the NFL in fewest points allowed for the third straight season and finished atop the NFC West with a 12–4 record. On January 10, 2015, <mask> collected 11 combined tackles (five solo), two passes defended, and a forced fumble as the

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Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the Divisional Round. The following week, he made five combined tackles, but suffered a dislocated shoulder in the second quarter of their 28–22 victory against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship. On February 1, 2015, <mask> recorded nine combined tackles in the Seahawks' 28–24 loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. 2015 On February 24, 2015, <mask> underwent surgery to repair his shoulder injury after he separated it during the NFC Championship Game. He was expected to miss 6–8 months and subsequently missed training camp and the preseason. The Seattle Seahawks' promoted defensive backs coach Kris Richard to defensive coordinator after Dan Quinn accepted the head coaching position with the Atlanta Falcons.Richard retained <mask> and Kam Chancellor as the starting safeties to begin the regular season. He started in the Seattle Seahawks' season-opener at the St. Louis Rams and collected a season-high nine combined tackles in their 34–31 loss. On October 18, 2015, <mask> made four combined tackles, a season-high four pass deflections, and an interception during a 27–23 loss to the Carolina Panthers. He intercepted a pass by quarterback Cam Newton, that was originally intended for wide receiver Jerricho Cotchery, in the first quarter. On December 22, 2015, it was announced that <mask> was voted to the 2016 Pro Bowl, marking his fifth consecutive selection. <mask> elected not to play in the 2016 Pro Bowl in an attempt to get his body healthy and was replaced by Harrison Smith. He started in all 16 games in 2015 and recorded 64 combined tackles (45 solo), nine pass deflections, five interceptions, and one forced fumble.He was ranked 66th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. 2016 On October 30, 2016, <mask> recorded two combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned a fumble recovery for a touchdown during a 25–20 loss at the New Orleans Saints in Week 8. <mask> recovered a fumble and returned it for a 34-yard touchdown after Cliff Avril stripped the ball from Saints' running back Mark Ingram during the first quarter. Afterwards, <mask> hugged a referee, the side judge Alex Kemp, and was flagged for unsportsmanlike conduct for doing it. In Week 10, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles in the Seahawks' 31–24 win at the New England Patriots. On November 20, 2016, <mask> made four combined tackles and a pass deflection before exiting in the third quarter of the Seahawks' 26–15 win against the Philadelphia Eagles due to a hamstring injury. His injury sidelined him for the Seahawks' Week 12 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and became the first game he missed during his career.The injury ended his streak of 107 consecutive regular season games. On December 4, 2016, <mask> suffered a broken tibia after he collided with teammate Kam Chancellor while breaking up a pass in the second quarter of the Seahawks' 40–7 victory against the Carolina Panthers in Week 13. He tweeted shortly after the injury that he was considering retirement. On December 6, 2016, the Seattle Seahawks officially placed <mask> on injured reserve. Before being placed on IR, <mask> was leading all safeties in Pro Bowl votes making it likely he would have gone to his sixth straight. He finished the 2016 season with 48 combined tackles (24 solo), a career-high ten pass deflections, two interceptions, a fumble recovery, and a touchdown in 11 games and 11 starts. Despite the injury, <mask> was still ranked 30th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.2017 <mask> started in the Seattle Seahawks' season-opener at the Green Bay Packers and collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (seven solo) and a pass deflection in their 17-9 loss. He also had an interception off Aaron Rodgers that was negated by an offsides penalty on defensive end Michael Bennett. In Week 5, <mask> piled up seven tackles, intercepted Jared Goff, and forced a fumble at the goal line on Todd Gurley in a 16–10 win over the Los Angeles Rams, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 8, against the Houston Texans, <mask> recorded a 78-yard interception return for a touchdown off Deshaun Watson, the second pick-six of his career. <mask> would also add five tackles in the 41–38 victory, although he suffered a hamstring injury late in the fourth quarter. On December 19, 2017, <mask> was named to his sixth Pro Bowl. <mask> was ranked #48 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.2018 At the start of the 2018 season, <mask> did not report to training camp expressing that he would hold out until the Seahawks either renegotiated his current contract or traded him to another team. After missing all of training camp and the preseason, <mask> reported to the Seahawks just days prior to Week 1 and was activated to the roster. On September 9, 2018, during the season opener against the Denver Broncos, <mask> recorded an interception from quarterback Case Keenum just five minutes into the game. This marked his 9th consecutive season recording an interception. In Week 3, against the Dallas Cowboys, <mask> recorded his second career game with two interceptions in the 24–13 victory. During a Week 4 matchup against the Arizona Cardinals, <mask> was carted off the field in the fourth quarter with a lower leg injury with an air cast attached to it, and gave "the finger" to Pete Carroll. It proved to be the last time he would take the field in a Seahawks uniform; he had suffered a broken leg, ending his 2018 season.He was placed on injured reserve on October 2, 2018. Baltimore Ravens On March 13, 2019, <mask> signed a four-year, $55 million contract with the Baltimore Ravens with $32 million guaranteed. He had agreed in principle to sign a one-year, $12 million deal with the Kansas City Chiefs a day earlier; the Chiefs were about to ferry him to Kansas City on a private jet when the Ravens outbid them at the last minute. After years of playing in the Seahawks' relatively simple Cover 3 scheme, <mask> initially found it hard to adjust to the Ravens' more complicated system. However, during the season opener against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> intercepted quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick on the Ravens' first defensive series of the season, prompting one defensive coach to yell, "We got <mask>!" It marked the 10th consecutive season in which <mask> recorded at least one interception. The Ravens went on to win 59–10.During the Ravens' Week 4 game against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> lost some goodwill with Ravens fans when he missed a chance to stop an 88-yard touchdown burst by Nick Chubb. <mask> said he pulled up at midfield because he had pulled a hamstring on a similar play during his days in Seattle (in 2017 against the Houston Texans), and did not want to risk injury. On October 6, 2019, in a game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> made a helmet-to-helmet hit which knocked Steelers QB Mason Rudolph unconscious. Rudolph did not return for the rest of the game. On October 21, <mask> was fined $21,000 for the hit. In week 9 against the New England Patriots, <mask> recorded his second interception of the season, picking off Tom Brady in the 37–20 win. In week 10 against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> recovered a fumble forced by teammate Chuck Clark on running back Giovani Bernard in the 49–13 win.In week 14 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> recorded a team high 7 tackles and sacked Josh Allen during the 24–17 win, clinching a playoff berth. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> recorded a team-high 7 tackles and sacked quarterback Ryan Tannehill during the 28–12 loss. On August 21, 2020, <mask> and fellow safety Chuck Clark got into an argument during practice after <mask> missed a coverage that allowed Mark Andrews to score a long touchdown. <mask> threw his helmet down and punched Clark and was sent home. After the Ravens told <mask> not to come to practice on August 22, they released him on August 23 for conduct detrimental to the team–or, as the team put it, "personal conduct that has adversely affected the Baltimore Ravens". His release came after players told coach John Harbaugh and general manager Eric DeCosta that they did not want <mask> on the team. Harbaugh consulted the team's "Leadership Council" of veteran players, and only one of them wanted <mask> to return.No other team signed him during the season. According to an article by The Athletic, even though <mask> had made seven of the last nine Pro Bowls, he had developed a reputation for being "uncoachable." According to a number of his former Seahawks teammates and coaches, the Seahawks had been able to manage the situation until 2017, when Chancellor suffered a career-ending neck injury (he did not play at all in 2018 and retired the following spring) and Sherman had his season ended by a ruptured Achilles tendon. In what proved to be a warning sign, <mask> put out feelers to the Cowboys, which was dismissed at the time as "<mask> being <mask>." By 2018, he frequently refused to practice, ostensibly to protect his value in free agency. While in Baltimore, <mask> never really became a part of the Ravens' locker-room culture. He was often fined for skipping meetings or showing up late, and left the team on his own at least twice.During the 2020 preseason, <mask> became increasingly surly and withdrawn, frequently skipping meetings and walk-throughs. The altercation with Clark happened in part because Clark believed <mask> would not have blown the coverage had he taken part in walk-throughs. According to The Athletic, <mask>' reputation for being uncoachable and a poor teammate was a major reason why no other team called his number after the Ravens released him. Reportedly, the Houston Texans mulled signing him, but backed off after several players let it be known they did not want him on the team. NFL career statistics Regular season Postseason Personal life On May 6, 2020, it was reported by TMZ that on April 13, <mask> was allegedly held at gunpoint by his wife Nina after finding him and his brother, <mask>, in bed with other women. <mask>'s arrest was reported the following day. In November 2020, <mask> filed for divorce.She was later granted a restraining order against her husband. See also Legion of Boom List of Texas Longhorns football All-Americans List of Seattle Seahawks first-round draft picks References External links Seattle Seahawks bio Texas Longhorns bio 1989 births Living people People from Orange, Texas African-American players of American football Players of American football from Texas American football safeties Texas Longhorns football players All-American college football players Seattle Seahawks players Baltimore Ravens players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players National Conference Pro Bowl players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people American Conference Pro Bowl

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<mask> (27 June 1914 – 26 February 1981) was an English writer and conservationist. As a conservationist, he co-founded the Inland Waterways Association, a group which has preserved from destruction and restored England's inland canal system. As a writer, he is best known for his supernatural fiction, which he described as "strange stories". The writer of his obituary in The Times, as quoted by Mike Ashley, said, "... his most outstanding and lasting achievement was as a writer of what he himself like to call 'strange tales.' He brought to these his immense knowledge of the occult, psychological insights and a richness of background and characterisation which rank his stories with those of M.R. James and Walter de la Mare." Ashley himself wrote: "<mask>'s writings are an acquired taste like fine wines.I have no doubt that his work will always remain unknown to the majority of readers, and perhaps he would have wanted it that way. He wrote what and how he wanted, for expression, not for popularity. In another of his letters to me he said 'I have received a good deal of esteem, but never a big commercial success, and am usually wondering whether anything by me will ever be published again.' ... It is astonishing that someone of <mask>'s stature should have difficulty in selling his work. Perhaps now, too late for <mask>'s benefit, someone will have the sense to publish it." This situation has since been remedied by an extensive programme of reprints of <mask>'s work by Tartarus Press, Faber, and New York Review Books Classics.<mask> was born in London, England, the son of architect William Arthur <mask> and Mabel Violet Marsh. He attended Highgate School from January 1928 until July 1931. Mike Ashley reported that at the time he compiled his Who's Who in Horror and Fantasy Fiction, <mask> objected to the inclusion of his date of birth. Instead he said that the entry should read "<mask>, <mask>. Man of Mystery". "That", he said, "would be helpful. I should approve entirely."On his mother's side, <mask> was the grandson of the prolific Victorian novelist Richard Marsh (1857–1915), known for his occult thriller The Beetle (1897), a book as popular in its time as Bram Stoker's Dracula. He was involved in an investigation into the well-known haunting of Borley Rectory. Another indication of his lifelong interest in the supernatural is his longstanding membership of the Society for Psychical Research and The Ghost Club. He remarked in a letter to Mike Ashley, "What impact such things have had on me, and the sources of my inspiration, are simply too much for a letter. If you wish to pursue such topics, I shall be pleased to have a talk." Unfortunately that talk never took place, but Ashley points out that <mask>'s early life, including some supernatural episodes, will be found detailed in his autobiography, The Attempted Rescue (Gollancz, 1966). He originally helped with some clerical work in his father's architectural office.In the opening lines of The Attempted Rescue, <mask> described his father as "the oddest man I have ever known". Of <mask>'s character, Elizabeth Jane Howard said in a 2011 interview at the Tartarus Press blog, that he "hated children" and of his childhood that "He told me about his childhood but I think he exaggerated that. I went to the house in Stanmore where he was brought up, and his mother did go and leave him, and that probably had a much worse effect than he realised on him. He was reading by the time he was four and he went to very good schools. Highgate was a very good school. I think it probably was a fairly lonely childhood. … He could be very prickly and difficult, or he could be very charming.He certainly had the gift of the gab." <mask> was married to literary agent and children's book author Edith Ray Gregorson (1914–1983) (known as 'Ray') from 1941 to 1957. She authored Lemuel (illustrated by Peter Scott, husband of Elizabeth Jane Howard, with whom Aickman had an affair) and Timothy Tramcar. He had been responsible for the general direction of the very successful Market Harborough Festival of Boats and Yachts, attended by more than 50,000 visitors. This was topped in 1962 when he directed the Waterborne concert with fireworks at the City of London Festival, with an audience of 100,000. With a keen interest in the theatre, ballet, and music, <mask> also served as a chairman of the London Opera Society (1954–69) and was active in the London Opera Club, the Ballet Minerva, and the Mikron Theatre Company (a company which performs via touring the canal waterways of Britain). In the mid-1970s, <mask> lived in a flat in Willoughby House on the Barbican Estate.In 1977 he moved to a flat in Gledhow Gardens, Earls Court, where he lived until his death. <mask> was diagnosed with cancer in the winter of 1979. He refused to have conventional treatment and consulted a homoeopath. He had planned to go to the US in the autumn of 1980, to receive a fantasy award, but he was too ill to travel, despite rallying in the summer. He died in the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital on 26 February 1981. His obituary appeared in The Times on 28 February. Later, there was a memorial concert at the Royal Society of Arts, at which various well-known people, including the naturalist Sir Peter Scott, paid tribute to him.In 2015 R. B. Russell and Rosalie Parker of Tartarus Press released a feature-length documentary on the life and work of <mask>, which was premiered at the World Fantasy Convention. It includes interviews with friends of <mask>, and the authors Reggie Oliver and Jeremy Dyson. It can now be seen on YouTube. Conservation <mask> is probably best remembered for his co-founding of the Inland Waterways Association, a group devoted to restoring and preserving England's then-neglected and largely derelict inland canal system. The association was sparked off by a letter sent by <mask> to L. T. C. Rolt following the publication in 1944 of Rolt's highly successful book Narrow Boat, describing the declining and largely unknown world of the British canals. The inaugural meeting took place on 15 February 1946 in London, with <mask> as chairman and Rolt as honorary secretary. The IWA organised successful campaigns and attracted notable supporters, including as president the writer and parliamentarian Sir A. P. Herbert and as vice-president the naturalist Peter Scott.Scott's wife, Elizabeth Jane Howard, was part-time secretary, working in <mask>'s flat in Gower Street; she had an affair with <mask>, which she describes in her autobiography Slipstream (Macmillan, 2002). <mask> began to have policy disagreements with Rolt. <mask> wanted to campaign to keep all of the waterways open, whereas Rolt had sympathies with the traditional canal workers and believed it necessary to prioritise which canals could be kept open. The disagreement became public: <mask> had organised the IWA's first boat rally and festival in August 1950 and attempted to prevent Rolt from attending and promoting his book The Inland Waterways of England; nevertheless, Rolt attended, as did his publisher, Philip Unwin. <mask> engineered a change to the rules to require all members to conform to agreed IWA principles, and in early 1951 Rolt and others were excluded from membership. <mask> published two nonfiction books on the waterways in 1955. Nevertheless, the IWA has been one of the most successful conservation organisations in British history, succeeding in restoring and reopening much of the original canal network.Literary work Fiction As a writer, <mask> is best known for the 48 "strange stories" that were published in eight volumes, one of them posthumous. The American collection Painted Devils consists of revised versions of stories which had previously appeared in other books. After three of his stories appeared in We Are for the Dark (1954), occasional short stories appeared in magazines and anthologies during the rest of the 1950s, but <mask>'s involvement with his many societies kept him from any writing at length. The year 1964 thus came as a watershed, with a slightly mystical novel, The Late Breakfasters, a story collection (Dark Entries) and the first Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories, which he edited for eight volumes. "Those, if any, who wish to know more about me", <mask> wrote in 1965, "should plunge beneath the frivolous surface of The Late Breakfasters." Opening as a comedy of manners, its playful seriousness slowly fades into an elegiac variation on the great Greek myth of thwarted love. His own subsequent collections were Powers of Darkness (1966), Sub Rosa (1968), Cold Hand in Mine (1976), Tales of Love and Death (1977) and Intrusions (1980).In the essay that <mask> wrote in response to receiving a World Fantasy Award, he wrote: Cold Hand in Mine and Painted Devils featured dust jacket drawings by acclaimed gothic illustrator Edward Gorey. August Derleth proposed that Arkham House should publish a book of <mask>'s best stories, but was unable to meet the author's demands and withdrew the proposal. The original collections of short stories are quite scarce, though copies of the U.S. edition of Cold Hand in Mine are very plentiful. The Model: A Novel of the Fantastic (New York: Arbor House, 1987) was a novella which remained unpublished in his lifetime. <mask> had hoped to have the work illustrated by Edward Gorey. According to Mike Ashley, "<mask> bemoaned the lack of publisher interest in this work of about 35,000 words." Tartarus Press published a new collection of unpublished and uncollected fiction and non-fiction in 2015 as The Strangers and Other Writings.Awards In 1975, <mask> received the World Fantasy Award for short fiction for his story "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal". This story had originally appeared in February 1973 in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction; it was reprinted in Cold Hand in Mine. The winning of this award pleased <mask> immensely, as at that time he considered it his best story. In 1981, the year of his death, <mask> was awarded the British Fantasy Award for his story "The Stains", which had first appeared in the anthology New Terrors (London: Pan, 1980), edited by Ramsey Campbell. It subsequently appeared posthumously in Night Voices. Adaptations In 1968, a television adaptation of "Ringing the Changes", retitled "The Bells of Hell", appeared on the BBC 2 programme Late Night

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Horror. A radio play version based on "Ringing the Changes" was broadcast on the CBC Radio drama series Nightfall on 31 October 1980.In 1987, HTV West produced a six-episode anthology series for television called Night Voices, of which four were based upon stories by <mask>: "The Hospice", "The Inner Room", "Hand In Glove" and "The Trains". A 1997 adaptation of "The Swords", directed by Tony Scott appeared as the first episode of the cable original horror anthology series The Hunger. Jeremy Dyson has adapted <mask>'s work into drama in a number of forms. A musical staging of his short story "The Same Dog", for which Dyson co-wrote the libretto with Joby Talbot, premiered in 2000 at the Barbican Concert Hall. In 2000, with his League of Gentlemen collaborator Mark Gatiss, Dyson adapted <mask>'s short story "Ringing the Changes" into a BBC Radio Four radio play. This aired exactly twenty years after the CBC adaptation, on Halloween 2000. Dyson also directed a 2002 short film based on <mask>'s story "The Cicerones" with Gatiss as the principal actor.In August 2019 BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast five of <mask>'s short stories as part of its Short Works series. "Just a Song at Twilight", "Le Miroir", "Raising the Wind", "The Coffin House" and "The Fully-Conducted Tour" were read by Tim McInnerny. As editor In addition to writing his own stories, <mask> edited the first eight volumes of the Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories between 1964 and 1972. He was assisted in this by Christine Bernard, an editor at Collins. He selected six of his own stories for inclusion over the course of the series. The fourth and sixth volumes lack one of his tales. He also supplied an introduction for every volume except the sixth.Nonfiction <mask>'s autobiographical writing consists of the two memoirs The Attempted Rescue (London: Victor Gollancz, 1966) and The River Runs Uphill: A Story of Success and Failure (Burton-on-Trent: Pearson, 1986). In 2001, Tartarus Press reissued the former volume in a new edition with a foreword by the writer and Aickman enthusiast Jeremy Dyson. Tartarus also reprinted the latter, with extra text which had been edited out of the first edition. For a time, <mask> served as theatre critic for The Nineteenth Century and After. His reviews remain, to date, uncollected in book form. He also wrote two books relating to his conservation activities, Know Your Waterways and The Story of Our Inland Waterways (both 1955). Unpublished works <mask> produced a number of works that remain unpublished.These include the plays Allowance for Error, Duty and The Golden Round. A philosophical work entitled Panacea: The Synthesis of an Attitude runs to over 1,000 pages in manuscript form. Copies of these items are preserved, along with <mask>'s manuscripts and other papers, in the <mask> Collection at the British Library, with some papers deposited at Bowling Green State University, Ohio. Bibliography Fiction Novels The Late Breakfasters. London: Victor Gollancz, 1964. Library reprint: Bath: Cedric Chivers, 1978. Reprint: London: Faber Finds, 2014; Richmond, VA: Valancourt Books, 2016.The Model. New York: Arbor House, 1987. Reprint: London: Faber Finds, 2014. Go Back at Once. Tartarus Press, 2020 (a novel written in the 1970s, which remained unpublished until this limited edition of 500 copies). Short story collections Original collections We Are for the Dark: Six Ghost Stories. London: Jonathan Cape, 1951.(Collection containing three stories by Elizabeth Jane Howard and the following three by <mask>): "The Trains" (first published in The Tatler, Christmas 1951, as by Elizabeth Jane Howard and <mask>) "The Insufficient Answer" "The View" Note: Howard's stories here are collected, with an additional story, "Mr Wrong" in her Three Miles Up and Other Strange Stories (Tartarus Press, ). Dark Entries: Curious and Macabre Ghost Stories. London: Collins, 1964. Reprint: London: Faber, 2014. "The School Friend" "Ringing the Changes" "Choice of Weapons" "The Waiting Room" (first published in The Sketch, Christmas 1956) "The View" "Bind Your Hair" Powers of Darkness: Macabre Stories. London: Collins, 1966. "Your Tiny Hand Is Frozen" (first published in The Tatler, Christmas 1953) "My Poor Friend" "The Visiting Star" (first published in The Tatler, 13 November 1952) "Larger than Oneself" "A Roman Question" "The Wine-Dark Sea" Sub Rosa: Strange Tales.London: Victor Gollancz, 1968. "Ravissante" "The Inner Room" "Never Visit Venice" "The Unsettled Dust" "The Houses of the Russians" "No Stronger than a Flower" "The Cicerones" "Into the Wood" Cold Hand in Mine: Eight Strange Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1975. Reprint: Faber, 2014, with a new introduction, "Uneasy Does It: An Introduction to <mask>" by Reece Shearsmith and a new afterword, "Memories of a Friend", by Jean Richardson. "The Swords" "The Real Road to the Church" "Niemandswasser" "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal" "The Hospice" "The Same Dog" "Meeting Mr Millar" "The Clock Watcher" Tales of Love and Death. London: Victor Gollancz, 1977. "Growing Boys" "Marriage" "Le Miroir" "Compulsory Games" "Raising the Wind" "Residents Only" "Wood" Intrusions: Strange Tales.London: Victor Gollancz, 1980. "Hand in Glove" "No Time Is Passing" "The Fetch" "The Breakthrough" "The Next Glade" "Letters to the Postman" Night Voices: Strange Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1985. (Reprints "The Trains" and also includes the following): "The Stains" "Just a Song at Twilight" "Laura" "Rosamund's Bower" "Mark Ingestre: The Customer's Tale" The Strangers and Other Writings. Tartarus Press, 2015. (Collects unpublished and uncollected fiction and non-fiction. Fiction only listed here): "The Case of Wallingford's Tiger" "The Whistler" "A Disciple of Plato" "The Coffin House" "The Flying Anglo-Dutchman" "The Strangers" "The Fully-Conducted Tour" Reprint collections Painted Devils: Strange Stories.New York: Scribner's, 1979. (Revised stories): "Ravissante" "The Houses of the Russians" "The View" "Ringing the Changes" "The School Friend" "The Waiting Room" "Marriage" "Larger than Oneself" "My Poor Friend" The Wine-Dark Sea. New York: Arbor House/William Morrow, 1988. Reprint: London: Faber, 2014. "The Wine-Dark Sea" "The Trains" "Your Tiny Hand is Frozen" "Growing Boys" "The Fetch" "The Inner Room" "Never Visit Venice" "The Next Glade" (Removed from Faber edition) "Into the Wood" "Bind Your Hair" (Removed from Faber edition) "The Stains" (Removed from Faber edition) The Unsettled Dust. London: Mandarin, 1990. Reprint: London: Faber, 2014."The Unsettled Dust" "The Houses of the Russians" "No Stronger than a Flower" "The Cicerones" "The Next Glade" "Ravissante" "Bind Your Hair" "The Stains" The Collected Strange Stories. Horam, East Sussex: Tartarus/Durtro, 1999. (Two volumes) The Late Breakfasters and Other Strange Stories. Richmond, VA: Valancourt, 2016. (Reprints the 1964 novel and the following short stories) "My Poor Friend" "The Visiting Star" "Larger Than Oneself" "A Roman Question" "Mark Ingestre: The Customer's Tale" "Rosamund's Bower" Compulsory Games. New York, NY: NYRB Classics, 2018. "Compulsory Games" "Hand in Glove" "Marriage" "Le Miroir" "No Time Is Passing" "Raising the Wind" "Residents Only" "Wood" "The Strangers" "The Coffin House" "Letters to the Postman" "Laura" "The Fully-Conducted Tour" "A Disciple of Plato" "Just a Song at Twilight" Nonfiction Know Your Waterways.London: Coram, 1955. The Story of Our Inland Waterways. London: Pitman, 1955. Autobiography The Attempted Rescue. London: Victor Gollancz 1966. The River Runs Uphill: A Story of Success and Failure. Burton on Trent: Pearson, 1986.References Sources Further reading Bolton, David. Race Against Time: How Britain's Waterways Were Saved. London: Methuen, 1990. (Contains a great deal of material about <mask>, including several photographs, and the final chapter is devoted to him.) Briggs, Scott D. "<mask>: Sojourns into the Unknown". Studies in Weird Fiction 12 (Spring 1993), pp. 7–12.Challinor, Philip. Akin to Poetry: Observations on Some Strange Tales of <mask>. Baton Rouge: Gothic Press, 2010. (Eight critical essays.) Clute, John. "<mask>, 1914–1981". Strokes: Essays and Reviews, 1966–1986.Seattle: Serconia Press, 1988. (Revised version of Clute's essay in Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror, ed. E. F. Bleiler [New York: Scribners, 1985].) Crawford, Gary William. "Love and Death in the Tales of <mask>". Nyctalops 18 (1983), pp. 51–55.(Includes the bibliography "<mask>ckman: A Preliminary Checklist".) ———. "The Poetics of the Unconscious: The 'Strange' Stories of <mask>". Discovering Modern Horror Fiction II, ed. Darrell Schweitzer. Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1988. ———.<mask>: An Introduction. Baton Rouge: Gothic Press, 2003. (The most detailed biographical and critical study produced to date.) ———, ed. Insufficient Answers. Baton Rouge: Gothic Press, 2012. (Three critical essays by different hands.)Howard, Elizabeth Jane. Slipstream. London: Macmillan, 2002. (Autobiography including an account of her relationship with <mask>.) Joshi, S. T. "So Little Is Definite". The Modern Weird Tale. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001.Morris, Christine Pasanen. "The Female 'Outsider' in the Short Fiction of <mask>". Nyctalops 18 (1983), pp. 55–58. Ricketts, Martin. "Enigma Macabre: An Evaluation of the Short Stories of <mask>". Shadow 3:1 (Nov. 1972), pp.4–9. Russell, R. B. <mask>: An Attempted Biography. North Yorkshire: Tartarus Press, 2022. (First full-length biography.) Articles, essays and papers by other authors have appeared on the website <mask>ckman: An Appreciation, and in the journals Studies in Weird Fiction (published by Necronomicon Press), All Hallows (published by the Ghost Story Society), Studies in the Fantastic, Supernatural Tales and Wormwood. External links Website devoted to life and works of <mask> The Works of <mask> "Aickman, <mask>" in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy <mask> at the British Library 1914 births 1981 deaths People educated at Highgate School English conservationists English fantasy writers English short story writers English memoirists English horror writers World Fantasy Award-winning writers Ghost story writers Parapsychologists British waterways activists 20th-century English novelists 20th-century British short story writers Weird fiction

Victor Axelrod

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<mask> is an American musician, producer, and audio engineer from Brooklyn, New York. Since the mid-1990s, he has worked primarily in the genres of reggae, Afrobeat and soul, recording and producing under his own name and using the alias Ticklah. <mask> became a founding member of Antibalas and Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings after meeting musicians Martin Perna and Gabe Roth (a.k.a. Bosco Mann) in the late 1990s. Starting in 1996, <mask> appeared as a session musician playing keyboards for Easy Star Records, a New York City independent reggae label. This studio relationship eventually resulted in him taking on the role of co-producer and engineer of the label's release Dub Side of the Moon, a 2003 dub reggae reinterpretation of the Pink Floyd album The Dark Side of the Moon recorded by the Easy Star All-Stars. By 2002, both Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings and Antibalas had begun touring and were in high demand.Being in both bands was no longer feasible, so <mask> decided to focus his attention solely on Antibalas. However, he continued to occasionally appear on subsequent recordings playing keyboard and organ for Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings. <mask> eventually left Antibalas in 2013. In 2006, producer Mark Ronson hired <mask> and other members of the Dap-Kings to play on the Amy Winehouse album Back to Black. This was to be the first of many Ronson productions where he utilized <mask> and this group of musicians. The collective appeared on three of Ronson's solo albums (Version, Record Collection, Late Night Feelings) along with soundtracks, remixes and special projects with artists including Rufus Wainwright, Lady Gaga, Adele, Daniel Merriweather, Lily Allen, Miike Snow and Erykah Badu. In 2007, Easy Star Records released an Axelrod solo album, Ticklah vs. Axelrod, continuing his relationship with the label.The record was a mixture of instrumental, dub and vocal tracks featuring Vinia Mojica, Rob Symeonn, Tamar-kali, Mayra Vega and Mikey General. In 2008, <mask> remixed the popular Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings song "How Long Do I Have to Wait for You” in a rocksteady style. Originally appearing on the Scion sampler compilation Volume 19: Daptone Records Remixed, this track was later released as a single on Daptone Records. Wanting to build on the momentum of its success, Daptone encouraged <mask> to make more recordings for the label in a similar vein. This instigation would result in a series of singles that would feature such singers as Bob and Gene, Charles Bradley, Leon Dinero, Screechy Dan, and the band The Frightnrs. Concurrently, in 2008, <mask> partnered with New York City reggae and jungle DJ Liondub to release singles on his new sublabel Liondub 45. This gave Axelrod another outlet to release various reggae music he was making with both established and up-and-coming artists.Releases included collaborations between <mask> and Sugar Minott, Judah Eskender Tafari, Jahdan Blakkemoore, Courtney John, and <mask>. In 2009 some of his songs were featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars on the in-game Ticklah radio station. In 2011, guitarist/producer Jay Nugent enlisted <mask> to engineer an EP that he was producing for The Frightnrs, a reggae band from Queens, NY. Following that, <mask> began to work extensively with the group, serving as the producer and engineer on two acclaimed projects: Inna Lovers Quarrel EP which was released by Diplo’s label Mad Decent label in 2015 and the album Nothing More to Say, released by Daptone Records in 2016. Despite their resemblance, <mask> is not related to Ray Dorset of Mungo Jerry.

Suzy Kolber

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Suzanne Lisa "<mask>" <mask> (; born May 14, 1964) is an American football sideline reporter, co-producer, and sportscaster for ESPN. She was one of the original anchors of ESPN2 when it launched in 1993. Three years later, she left ESPN2 to join Fox Sports, and rejoined ESPN in late 1999. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Jewish family. She went to Sandy Run Middle School in Dresher, Pennsylvania, and is a 1982 graduate of Pennsylvania's Upper Dublin High School. She graduated from the University of Miami in 1986. At ten years old, <mask> won a spot on the school football team.However, she quit because of a strong disagreement from adults and her parents. Career before ESPN Kolber graduated from the University of Miami in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in telecommunications. While an undergraduate, she worked at Dynamic Cable in Coral Gables, Florida, as a sports director (1984–86) and was on the UM water ski team. After graduation, she worked at CBS Sports in New York City as a videotape coordinator (1986). From 1985 to 1989, Kolber produced the 5:30 p.m. ET sportscast at WTVJ-TV in Miami, winning a local Sports Emmy in 1988. From 1989 to 1990, she freelanced as a specials producer for WPLG-TV in Miami.In addition, she produced two magazine shows, Greyhound Racing America in Miami, Florida (1988–90) and Cowboys Special Edition in Irving, Texas (1990–91). In 1991, Kolber's freelance assignments included work as a reporter/producer for Breeders' Cup Newsfeed in Greenwich, Connecticut; a field producer for Inside Edition in New York City; a sports specials producer for WCIX-TV in Miami, and a producer/director for NFL Films. She was a weekend sports anchor and weekday feature reporter at WPEC-TV in West Palm Beach, Florida from December 1991 until she moved to ESPN in 1993. ESPN Kolber has covered a variety of assignments for ESPN from the National Football League to the 1996 ESPN X Games bicycle-stunt events and Grand Slam tennis events. She is most recognized as a sideline reporter on ESPN’s Monday Night Football with Michele Tafoya. In 2007, she was also a host for ESPN’s pre-race NASCAR Countdown program. <mask> joined ESPN’s MNF team during its inaugural year in 2006 after five previous seasons on ESPN's Sunday Night Football (2001–05).As a member of the MNF team, Kolber helped the longtime franchise become the most-watched program in cable television history. <mask> worked the ABC Sports broadcast of Super Bowl XL in Detroit in 2006 with Michele Tafoya and contributed to the network’s pre-game show. She also became the first female recipient of the Maxwell Club Sports Broadcaster of the Year Award in 2006 and was named to Sports Business Daily’s 2004 list of the 10 favorite sports TV personalities of the past 10 years. <mask> regularly hosts ESPN’s year-round NFL Live news and information show, and she has played a major role in ESPN’s comprehensive coverage of the annual NFL Draft, hosting the Day 2 telecast (2004–2006) and leading analysis segments on Day 1. For the 1999 through 2003 NFL seasons, <mask> was the host of NFL Matchup. She also previously contributed “Backstage” segments to Monday Night Countdown. During the NFL off-season, Kolber serves as an anchor on SportsCenter and as an on-site and studio host for ESPN's tennis coverage at the French Open (since 2004–2006) and Wimbledon (since 2003–2006/2009).In 1996, 2000 and 2001, she hosted the Summer X Games and Winter X Games, and she co-hosted the event again in Aspen in 2006. She also hosted horse racing events including all three legs of the Triple Crown for ESPN/ESPN2 studio programs. <mask> returned to ESPN in August 1999 after originally joining the network in 1993 as co-host for ESPN2's SportsNight, when the network debuted October 1 of that year. She later served as an anchor on SportsCenter, a reporter on College GameDay and co-host of the X Games in 1995 and 1996. <mask> also hosted ESPN2's SportsFigures, which uses sports celebrities and analogies to teach math and physics. While covering the 2011 NFL Draft, Kolber came under fire for her interview with Mark Ingram Jr., who started to sob when Kolber read an e-mail from Ingram's imprisoned father. The interview was perceived by some as being manipulative.On Tuesday, September 13, 2011, the ESPN2 debut of the show NFL32 with <mask> <mask> and Chris Mortensen hit the air. With a backdrop similar to a sports bar (complete with wainscoting, sports memorabilia, and dark woodwork), the show focuses on "dissect the biggest topics of the day from all 32 NFL teams" and attributes much of its design to that of the Dan Patrick Show, a well listened to and watched national radio and television show on DirecTV's Audience network. The Namath incident On December 20, 2003, Kolber received national attention when, covering a New York Jets game, former Jets quarterback Joe Namath twice stated, in a nationally televised sideline interview with Kolber, that he wanted to kiss her, and "couldn't care less about the team strugg-a-ling." Kolber responded, "Thanks, Joe. I'll take that as a huge compliment." Namath later apologized and blamed the incident on his obvious intoxication. Soon after, Namath entered an outpatient alcoholism treatment program.Namath chronicled the episode, including his battle with alcoholism in his book Namath and later said that remembering the embarrassment he felt after the interview aired helped him maintain a lasting sobriety. Monday Night Football <mask> joined ESPN's Monday Night Football crew as a sideline reporter along with Michele Tafoya when the network took over the longtime football series from ABC Sports in 2006. After Tafoya left ESPN for NBC Sports at the end of the 2010–2011 NFL season, ESPN used a rotating solo sideline reporter for the 2011–2012 NFL season, with reporters such as Wendi Nix, Ed Werder and Rachel Nichols stepping into the role each week, with Kolber as a fill-in. Kolber requested to do more in-studio work so she didn't have to be away from her child. The show NFL32 (now NFL Insiders) was created as a result of this request. Lisa Salters was named the new full-time solo sideline reporter for Monday Night Football starting with the 2012–2013 NFL season, effectively ending Kolber's tenure as sideline reporter for the show, although both Salters and <mask> continue to co-produce the show in some capacity. NASCAR Countdown In the two weeks prior to <mask>'s arrival in 2007, Brent Musburger was mysteriously absent from his position as lead host of NASCAR Countdown on the ABC/ESPN network.On the week of the race on May 19, ESPN gave no reason for his absence but announced <mask> as the new host of Nextel Cup and Busch Series studio programming. She was subsequently replaced by Allen Bestwick as host of NASCAR Countdown. Monday Night Countdown After substituting for the then-ailing Stuart Scott during most of the 2014 NFL season, <mask> took over Scott's role permanently as an on-site host of Monday Night Countdown, starting with the 2015 NFL season, after Scott died on January 4, 2015. Fox Sports <mask> left ESPN for Fox Sports in November 1996, where she anchored Fox Sports News for the fledgling Fox Sports Net and reported from NFL games, among other duties. She served as the lead reporter for the network's coverage of the NFL on Fox teaming up with the network's No. 1 announcer team of Pat Summerall and John Madden for one game in 1998. She also covered horse racing.She served as studio host for the network's coverage of the NHL on Fox, including both the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals and the Playoffs. In March 1999, Kolber co-hosted a Fox non-sports presentation with Maury Povich, Opening the Lost Tombs: Live From Egypt, an archaeological event that promised to "unveil five-thousand year old mysteries." Fox's TV cameras showed the first live excavation on Egypt's ancient Giza plateau; Kolber reported live from the tomb. She returned to ESPN in August 1999. Endorsements <mask>'s football broadcast narrative is featured on Sega's video game, ESPN NFL Football for Microsoft's Xbox and Sony's PlayStation 2. <mask> also is a national television spokesperson for Chevrolet and Pepsi-Cola commercials. In 1995's ESPN Extreme Games for PlayStation, she has multiple video sequences hyping up the player, introducing levels, and hinting at secret areas.The re-release of the game, 1Xtreme, removed all of her videos, and any reference to ESPN. References External links Official biography at ESPN.com American television sports announcers American television sports anchors American television reporters and correspondents ESPN people National Football League announcers National Hockey League broadcasters Television personalities from Philadelphia University of Miami alumni Women sports announcers Tennis commentators Motorsport announcers American horse racing announcers College football announcers 1964 births Living people People from Upper Dublin Township, Pennsylvania Jewish American sportspeople American women television journalists

Judi Tyabji

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<mask> (born 2 January 1965) is a former British Columbia politician, who was the youngest elected Member of the Legislative Assembly, and the wife of former provincial Leader of the Opposition Gordon Wilson. Early life <mask> was born in Calcutta, India, in 1965 to English and Indian parents who immigrated their family in the mid-1970s to Canada, first to Toronto then to Kelowna, where she attended Catholic elementary and high schools. Her father <mask> was an executive for Calona Wines then owned Okanagan Vineyards Winery in Oliver, British Columbia. In 1986, she graduated from the University of Victoria with a degree in political science then went to work as an assistant for the federal Liberal party. Politics After Gordon Wilson became leader of the provincial Liberal party in 1987, <mask> became their regional representative. Shortly after her giving birth to her first child, she was their nominee for a by-election in Boundary-Similkameen. She lost her first election to the NDP's Bill Barlee, but raised the Liberal share of vote in the riding from 2% to 11%.After Jean Chrétien became the federal Liberal leader, she briefly switched to the NDP then returned to the provincial Liberals when they disconnected from the federal party in 1991. When she was 26 years old and pregnant with her third child, Tyabji earned what was described as a "surprise victory" in her first election win in October 1991 by defeating a Social Credit cabinet minister and a prominent NDP activist to become the MLA for the newly created riding of Okanagan-East.Tyabji was the only Liberal elected in the province's Interior region that year and in the Okanagan since before World War Two. She was the youngest MLA on record at the time and the first to give birth while in office. She was also appointed Environment Critic by the Liberals. Wilson affair She served as an MLA for Okanagan East (Kelowna) from 1991 to 1996, including sitting with the British Columbia Liberal Party from 1991 until 1993 when Wilson's leadership of the Liberals was challenged after it came to light that he was having an extramarital affair with <mask>, whom he had recently named as the party's House Leader. Wilson and Tyabji retained their seats in the Legislature and sat as members of a new party, the Progressive Democratic Alliance. Wilson and <mask> then married in 1994, the same year she lost custody of her three children to her ex-husband.In the 1996 provincial election, Wilson retained his seat, while Tyabji lost hers. Wilson afterwards, in 1997, crossed the floor to join the British Columbia New Democratic Party government of Glen Clark as Minister of Finance and Minister of Employment, Investment and International Trade. He subsequently folded his party, the PDA. Tyabji ran for municipal countil for the City of Powell River in 1999 and topped the polls, then served as Councillor for two years and as Director of the Regional District. On Council, she was Chair of the Planning Committee, Chair of Parks, Recreation and Culture, and Chair of the Waterfront Development Committee, which oversaw the revitalization of the Westview Harbour and many other downtown amenities. Post-politics After leaving politics she hosted a daily talk show on Victoria-based CHEK-TV until suing CHEK for breach of contract in 1998. She served as a municipal councillor in Powell River from November 1999 until October 2001.She was a co-founder and CEO of a software company from 2004 to 2012, and has been a management consultant in multimedia and business development since 1996. In 2008, Tyabji, her firm Tugboat Enterprises, and The Province newspaper were sued for defamation by Blair Wilson (despite same surname not related to Gordon Wilson) who was the federal Member of Parliament for West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country and who later lost his attempt at re-election. This multiparty litigation continued until a 56 day trial began in 2015, ending in 2016, and resulting in a complete dismissal of all allegations against both <mask> and Tugboat in 2017 by Madame Justice Dardi. In 2018, <mask>'s son Kaz pleaded guilty to intention to possess a controlled substance, a reduced charge from the original high profile charge of importation of fentanyl made against him in 2015. He had been refused bail, despite having no prior record, on 'tertiary grounds' and the RCMP held a news conference announcing the importation charge while he was in the Calgary Remand Centre, where he was held without bail for almost six months. He was previously charged with assault. She expressed pride for his guilty plea online.Kaz <mask> is a student at UBC's Allard School of Law and following these incidents was on the Dean's list at Vancouver Island University in Powell River. Authored publications In 1994, she authored 'Political Affairs', her first book on BC Politics, which include a chapter on public policy by Gordon Wilson. In 2002, authored a book Daggers Unsheathed: The Political Assassination of Glen Clark about the Glen Clark political era from his seeking the NDP leadership in 1995 to Clark's acquittal in 2002 related to Casinogate scandal. In 2016, authored a biography Behind The Smile of then-Premier Christy Clark All three books were national bestsellers in Canada. Election results |- |- |- |- bgcolor="white" !align="right" colspan=3|Total Valid Votes !align="right"| 22,299 !align="right"|100.00 |- bgcolor="white" |- bgcolor="white" !align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align="right"|349 !align="right"| |} |- |- |- |- |- bgcolor="white" !align="right" colspan=3|Total Valid Votes !align="right"| 29,868 !align="right"|100.00 |- bgcolor="white" !align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots !align="right"|87 !align="right"| |- bgcolor="white" |} References 1965 births British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs British Columbia municipal councillors Canadian politicians of Indian descent Canadian television talk show hosts Canadian women television personalities Living people People from Kelowna People from Powell River, British Columbia Progressive Democratic Alliance MLAs Women MLAs in British Columbia Women municipal councillors in Canada University of Victoria alumni

Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri

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<mask> (1651–1725) was a seventeenth-century Italian adventurer and traveler. He was among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on ships involved in the carrying trade; his travels, undertaken for pleasure rather than profit, may have inspired Around the World in Eighty Days. Some suspected him of spying for the Vatican (or rather for the Jesuits) on his journey. Biographic information <mask> was born in Taurianova, 1651, and died in Naples, 1725. He obtained a doctorate in law at the College of Jesuits in Naples. After completing his studies he briefly entered the judiciary. In 1685 he took time off to travel around Europe (France, Spain, Germany, and Hungary).In Hungary he was wounded during the siege of Buda. In 1687 he returned to Naples and re-entered the judiciary. He also began work on his first two books: "Relazione delle Campagne d'Ungheria" (1689) with co-author Matteo Egizio, and "Viaggi in Europa" (1693). At this time <mask> encountered frustrations with his legal profession. He was denied certain opportunities because he did not have an established aristocratic origin. Eventually, he decided to suspend his career for a round-the-world trip across the globe. This five-year trip would lead to his best known six-volume book, Giro Del Mondo (1699).World voyage <mask> <mask> realized that he could finance his trip by carefully purchasing goods at each stage that would have enhanced value at the next stage: at Bandar-Abbas on the Persian Gulf, he asserts, the traveler should pick up "dates, wine, spirits, and all the fruits of Persia, which one carries to India either dried or pickled in vinegar, on which one makes a good profit".<ref>Quoted in Fernand Braudel. The Wheels of Commerce: Civilisation and Capitalism 15th-18th Century 1979 p. 169.</ref> <mask> <mask> started his world trip in 1693, with a visit to Egypt, Constantinople, and the Holy Land. At the time, this Middle Eastern route was already becoming a standard ingredient of any excursion into foreign lands, a hike that was almost not worth writing home about. However, from there the Italian 'tourist' would take less traveled paths. After crossing Armenia and Persia, he visited Southern India and entered China, where the Jesuit missionaries assumed that such an unusual Italian visitor could be a spy working for the pope. This fortuitous misunderstanding opened for <mask> many of the most tightly closed doors of the country. He got to visit the emperor at Beijing, attended the Lantern Festival celebrations and toured the Great Wall."Most of the structure, as has been said, is of brick, so well built that it does not only last but looks new after several ages. It is above 1800 years since the Emperor Xi-hoam-ti caused it to be built against the incursions of the Tartars. This was one of the greatest, and most extravagant works that ever was undertaken. In prudence the Chinese should have secured the most dangerous passes: But what I thought most ridiculous was to see the wall run up to the top of a vast high and steep mountain, where the Birds would hardly build much less the Tartar horses climb... And if they conceited those people could make their way climbing the clefts and rocks it was certainly a great folly to believe their Rage could be stopped by so low a wall." From Macau, <mask> <mask> sailed to the Philippines, where he stayed two months while waiting for the departure of a Manila galleon, for which he carried quicksilver, for a 300% profit in Mexico. In the meantime, as <mask> described it in his journal, the half-year-long transoceanic trip to Acapulco was a nightmare plagued with bad food, epidemic outbursts, and the occasional storm. In Mexico, he became friends with Mexican creole patriot and savant Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, who took the Italian traveler to the great ruins of Teotihuacan.Sigüenza spoke with <mask> about his theories of the ancient Mexicans and entrusted him with information about the Mexican calendar, which had appeared in <mask>'s account. As well as having visited the pyramids at Teotihuacan, he also visited several mining towns. After leaving Mexico city he visited the city of Puebla de Los Angeles and several towns as he traveled to the port city of Veracruz, where he joined a Spanish fleet headed toward Cuba. After nearly five years of wandering around the world, <mask> was finally on his way back to Europe when he joined the Spanish treasure fleet in Cuba. PublicationsRelazione delle Campagne d'Ungheria (1689) Viaggi in Europa (1693)Giro Del Mondo (1699) Part 1 (Turkey and Middle East) Part 2 (Persia) Part 3 (Hindustan) Part 4 (China) Part 5 (Philippines) Part 6 (New Spain) Voyage Round the World (1704, London: English Translation - a.k.a. John Francis <mask> Careri)Voyage du Tour du Monde (1719, Paris: French Translation - a.k.a. Jean Francois <mask> Careri) Literary significance and criticism The aim of Giro Del Mondo - a faithful description of the countries visited - was emphasized by Giosef-Antonio Guerrieri in his preface.While pointing out the difference between the account of a journey and "an imaginary journey", Guerrieri praised <mask> <mask> for the reliability of his experiences, and criticized those who were prone to fantasize over geographic maps. For many years scholars and experts did not consider <mask> <mask>'s adventurous journey authentic. With time, however, its truthfulness was proved, and it was also ascertained that he collected important historical documents in order to know those exotic realities in greater detail. Indeed, the sixth volume of Giro Del Mondo, which covers only Mexico, contains information gathered from codices that existed prior to the Conquest, which he got access to via Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora; it also contains several illustrations of Aztec warriors gathered from these codices. In New Spain, <mask> <mask> had the opportunity to study the pyramids carefully (their affinity to the Egyptian pyramids led him to believe that the ancient Egyptians and the Amerindians both descended from the inhabitants of Atlantis), which Sigüenza had long held.Quoted by Stefania Buccini: The Americas in Italian literature and culture, 1700-1825 Penn State Press, 1997 p.19 Due to lack of funds, Sigüenza himself had been unable to publish much on the ancient Mexicans, but through <mask>'s work was able to disseminate his ideas and even drawings from the ancient Mexican manuscripts. An 1849 release of The Calcutta Review'' (a periodical now published by the University of Calcutta), stated the following about <mask>'s writings concerning India: "In a previous number of this Review we made an attempt to describe something of the Court and Camp of the best and wisest prince Muhainmedan India had ever beheld (Aurungzebe, Mogul emperor of Hindustan)... To this we are urged by two main considerations, the character of the age, and the materials at our command.... Sir H. M. Elliot's work has... met with, to a certain extent, adverse criticism, and some doubts have been raised as to the soundness, or the justice, of its conclusions. It is therefore (possible that readers may be willing) to peruse a description of the Government of Aurungzebe, taken not from native historians, but from the accounts of men who saw with the eyes of travelers.From three men, who all visited India during the reign of Aurungzebe, the most valuable and the most curious information is attainable... The second of the triumvirate, on whom we mainly rely, is the Doctor John Francis <mask> Careri. Natural curiosity and domestic misfortunes were, he tells us, his motives for traveling. Of the three (sources this paper is based), he is the most discursive in his narration, the most piquant in his anecdotes, the most amusing in his simplicity. As he traveled for no one particular aim, but to see and to hear, there are few Indian topics, on which he does not give us something. Natural productions, the beasts and the birds, manners, Hindu theology, state maxims, the causes of Portuguese supremacy and degradation, anecdotes of the camp, the convent, and the Harem, accidents by water and land, complaints of personal inconvenience, and remarks on the tendency of Eastern despotism, are scattered plentifully throughout a narrative, which owes very much to the author's own liveliness and observation, but occasionally something, we are compelled to say, to the labours of others who had gone before. His plagiarism is, however, confined to specifications of caste or creed.Where he saw or suffered personally, his narrative is clear, picturesque, and beyond suspicion." Italian Capuchin friar Ilarione da Bergamo had read <mask>'s account of New Spain when he wrote his travel narrative in the late eighteenth century. He refrained from going into detail in some descriptions because <mask> had already given a full account. See also Pedro Cubero Maria de Lajara External links www.common-place.org Baroque Cycle related website "Giro Del Mondo" (Italian Version) English translation from 1704 (also at the Internet Archive) "Voyage du Tour du Monde": French translations of the first and fifth parts "The Americas in Italian Literature and Culture, 1700-1825" "The Calcutta Review" Volumes 11-12, 1849 References 1651 births 1725 deaths People from the Province of Reggio Calabria 17th-century travelers 17th-century Italian male writers 17th-century Italian jurists 17th-century Latin-language writers Italian travel writers Italian male non-fiction writers Italian Mesoamericanists 17th-century Mesoamericanists Aztec scholars Historians of Mesoamerica Circumnavigators of the globe Jules Verne

Dafne Schippers

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<mask> (; born 15 June 1992) is a Dutch track and field athlete. She competes primarily in the sprints, having previously participated in the heptathlon. She is the 2015 and 2017 World Champion and won silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 200 metres. <mask> holds the European record in the 200 m with a time of 21.63 s and is the 5th-fastest woman of all time at this distance. She holds the national record in the 100 m and is co-record holder in the 4 × 100 m relay. Early life <mask> was born on 15 June 1992 in Utrecht, the Netherlands. She started competing in athletics at the age of nine at the track and field club Hellas in Utrecht.Early career <mask> originally competed in the heptathlon and won gold medals at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics and 2011 European Athletics Junior Championships. At the 2010 World Junior Championships she also won a bronze in the 4 × 100 meters relay with her team mates Loreanne Kuhurima, Eva Lubbers and Jamile Samuel. In 2011 at the World Championships in Daegu, South Korea, she broke the Dutch national record in the 200 m in the heats in 22.69, before finishing 9th in the semifinals, missing the final by 0.04 seconds. The 4 × 100 meter relay team (Kadene Vassell, <mask>, Anouk Hagen and Samuel) were eliminated in the heats in a national record of 43.44. In 2012, she was invited to participate at the prestigious heptathlon Hypo-Meeting in Götzis (Austria), where she finished 5th. She also competed at the 2012 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki (Finland). She finished 5th at the 200 meters.The race was disappointing after She had won her heat in 23.01 and recorded the fastest semi-final time of 22.70. The Dutch 4x100 meters relay team (Kadene Vassell, <mask>, Eva Lubbers and Samuel), were second in 42.80, a national record, behind the German team. A year later, she started with a third place at the Hypo-Meeting, with 6287 points. Next, she won gold in the 100 m and bronze in the long jump at the 2013 European Athletics U23 Championships. At the subsequent 2013 World Championships in Moscow, <mask> won the bronze medal in the heptathlon, collapsing over the line after taking a massive seven seconds off her personal best in the 800 metres to see off Briton Katarina Johnson-Thompson and Germany's Claudia Rath for the bronze. She became the first Dutch woman to win a medal in the hepthatlon at the World Athletics Championships. She improved the 200 m record during the heptathlon at the 2014 Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, her time of 22.35 being one of the best 200 m performances ever in a heptathlon.She finished third at the hepthatlon with 6545 points, a new national record. At the European championships of 2014 Schippers won gold medals in the 100 m and the 200 m. The 4x100 meters relay team, one of the favourites for the title, did not finish in the final due to a botched first baton change. Shifting to sprinting Her success at the 2014 European Athletics Championships prompted discussion over her long-term prospects and whether she should focus on sprinting, or continue her career in the heptathlon. In June 2015 <mask> announced via Twitter that she would focus on sprinting in the run-up to the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing (China) and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The 2015 season had started well with a win in the 60 m at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Prague, (Czech Republic). At the 2015 World Championships in Beijing Schippers won the silver medal in the 100 m and gold in the 200 m, just before Elaine Thompson. Her 200 m winning time of 21.63 seconds was a new European record and made her the third fastest woman in history over that distance.The Dutch 4 × 100 meters relay team (Nadine Visser, <mask>, Naomi Sedney and Samuel) finished fifth in 42.32, but was disqualified for a changeover infringement. In the heats the team had also run 42.32, a new national record. Her stunning victory opened her up to scrutiny about possible doping. There were questions about the acne on Schippers back and face, which can be a sign of steroid abuse. Most insiders, however, dismissed those claims, pointing out that the acne was hereditary in the family and the fast track in Beijing. Next year, she won the 100 m at the 2016 European Athletics Championships in Amsterdam in 10.90, by 3 tenths of a second. The Dutch team led by <mask>, with Samuel, Tessa van Schagen and anchor runner Naomi Sedney won the 4x100 meters relay with a national record of 42.04.At the 2016 Summer Olympics expectation was high that she would add an Olympic title to the gold medal at the 2015 World Championships, following in the footsteps of Fanny Blankers-Koen who had dominated the sprint events at the 1948 Summer Olympic Games, winning four golds. However, she finished fifth in the 100 m final, and won the silver medal in the 200 m behind Elaine Thompson who became the first woman for 28 years to complete the Olympic sprint double. After defeat in the 200 m, Schippers remained forlorn on the side of the track for a while, took off her spikes and hurled them to one side in frustration. "I came here for gold", she told reporters, disappointment showing in her face. "I'm not happy with the silver." The Dutch relay team was eliminated in the heats due to a botched relay handover between Samuel and <mask>. Change of coaches After the disappointment of Rio, <mask> decided to change.She parted with Bart Bennema as her coach, who had overseen her transition from a outstanding heptathlete, winning bronze in the IAAF World Championships Moscow 2013, into a successful 100m and 200m sprinter. Both felt that she had to try a different approach to progress, and so she decided join U.S. coach and sprint guru Rana Reider and focus on the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, to defend her world title in the 200m. After winning the bronze in the 100m, she won the 200 m title, joining Jamaican Merlene Ottey and USA’s Allyson Felix as the only athletes to successfully defend a world title in the event. “It’s a great feeling to be world champion for the second time,” she said. “I was a bit nervous beforehand, but I’m a final runner, and bring my best in finals, so I’m very grateful for the experience today. There were so many Dutch fans in the stadium, all wearing orange. To win this two times in a row is brilliant."The Dutch 4 × 100 m relay team (Madiea Ghafoor, <mask>, Sedney, Samuel) finished 8th. For the 2018 season, the focus for the "Flying Dutchwoman of the sprints" was on the 2018 European Athletics Championships at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Germany. However, it was British sprinter Dina Asher-Smith who became the star of the sprint in Berlin, winning gold on both the 100m and 200 m, as well as the 4x100 m relay. <mask> won a bronze on the 100 m and a silver on the 200 m. The 4 x 100 m relay team with <mask>, Marije van Hunenstijn, Samuel and Sedney also finished second. Due to the disappointing results, the collaboration between <mask> and Reider came under scrutiny. Although Reider did prepare her for her special second world title at 200 m and bronze at 100 m at the 2017 World Championships, many other races looked rigid and she had lost her most important weapon, the 'acceleration' in the end. Due to increased power training she became more muscular, but on the track this did not lead to improvements.She could not improve her 2015 top chrono's. Reider suddenly left the National Sports Centre Papendal in the Netherlands in November 2018, and <mask> returned to her first coach, Bart Bennema. Nevertheless, the 2019 season was not successful. She did win a silver at the 2019 European Athletics Indoor Championships in the 60 m race. But at the 2019 World Championships in Doha, <mask> had to withdraw before the final of the 100 m with an adductor problem. She subsequently withdrew from the 200 m and the 4 x100 m relay. Trivia The Dafne Schippersbrug (Dafne Schippers Bridge) in Utrecht, where <mask> grew up, was opened in April 2017, and named in her honour.

Stephen Jones (Babybird)

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<mask> (born 16 September 1962) is an English musician and novelist. Career Lo-fi period After studying at Nottingham Trent University, <mask> became involved with an experimental theatre company, Dogs in Honey, in Nottingham in the late 1980s, writing songs for productions. By 1994, <mask> had written over 400 songs and gained a publishing contract with Chrysalis Music. However, he was unable to gain a recording contract, and formed a plan to self-finance the release of a series of albums featuring his home demos, limited to 1,000 copies of each, under the name Baby Bird. The first of these was I Was Born a Man, released in August 1995 and positively received by the NME. Babybird the band During the second half of 1995, <mask> toured under the name Babybird with Huw Chadbourne (keyboards), Robert Gregory (drums), John Pedder (bass) and Luke Scott (guitar). Two further collections of demos were released, Bad Shave and Fatherhood (a fourth album, The Happiest Man Alive was released in early 1996).By the end of the year, a decent public following had been built up, as well as quite considerable excitement within the press and music industry. Babybird were signed to Echo Records (a division of the Chrysalis Group), and the first "proper" single, a full-band recording of "Goodnight", which had appeared in demo form on Fatherhood, was eventually released in the summer of 1996, becoming a minor chart hit in the UK. "You're Gorgeous" The second single, "You're Gorgeous", reached number 3 in the UK singles chart in October 1996, and was also one of the biggest selling singles of the year, going on to chart around the world. After "You're Gorgeous" The album Ugly Beautiful produced two more hit singles, "Candy Girl" and "Cornershop". Shortly after Ugly Beautiful, a fifth album of demos was released – Dying Happy. Babybird returned in 1998 with There's Something Going On, preceded by a single, "Bad Old Man". The album was a modest success and was followed by further minor hits, "If You'll Be Mine" and "Back Together".The 2000 album Bugged was well-received critically. However, sales were poor and the two singles from it, "The F-Word" (later the theme tune to a UK TV cookery show of the same name) and "Out of Sight" barely dented the charts. Babybird were dropped by their record label soon after. A third single from the album "Fireflies/Getaway" was released on Animal Noise records, but sold few copies. The band subsequently split. After Babybird In the following years, <mask> returned to where he had started – releasing albums of demos (under his own name) to a small but appreciative audience. This time round he produced two albums of instrumental music designed to help him develop a career in film music.<mask> 1985–2001 was released in 2001, and Plastic Tablets came out in 2003. <mask> created the soundtrack for the film Blessed in 2004. Between the two instrumental albums, <mask> collaborated with the Manchester-based dance artist Aim on a single, "Good Disease", and worked on an album of demo songs. This became the hip-hop influenced Almost Cured of Sadness, on Sanctuary Records. Again, <mask> was to score a critical success, but legal problems over samples delayed its release. It and the single "Friend" received little promotion and sold few copies. In October 2005, a posting on the official Babybird website announced that the band had reformed.The subsequent album was called Between My Ears There Is Nothing But Music. Again, Babybird failed to achieve commercial success, and were dropped by the Echo label. Two more albums followed on Unison records: 2010's "Ex-Maniac", and 2011's "The Pleasures of Self Destruction". Sales were disappointing, and Unison declined to release further Babybird albums. Death Of The Neighbourhood In 2008, <mask> worked on a solo project entitled 'Death of the Neighbourhood' . The eponymous debut album, a 32 track 2-disc CD set was released on 10 November 2008 on ATIC Records. The album features "Cokeholes", which was released as a three track single on 27 October 2008.Black Reindeer In 2012, <mask> announced the beginning of a new musical identity, Black Reindeer. The first Black Reindeer album, "Music for the Film That Never Got Made", was released on Bandcamp. Seven more albums of instrumental music followed through 2013. The Great Sadness In 2013, <mask> released a new song with vocals entitled "The Great Sadness". Fiction <mask> has produced two works of fiction, The Bad Book in 2000 and Harry and Ida Swop Teeth (also the title of a Babybird b-side) in 2003. He also collaborated with DED Associates, who have designed many of his CD covers, on a 2000 art book Travel Sickness. Published works (UK) Baby Bird discography Singles "Snake Caves" / "Lemonade Baby" (Gorgonzola Records, October 1995) "Drunk Car" (Easy!Tiger Records, July 1999) Compilation tracks and guest appearances "Larry Bright" (on Mortal Wombat EP, Fierce Panda Records, October 1995) "Alan Ladd" (on Volume 15, Volume Records, February 1996) "Plastic Diamond" (with All Seeing I on Pickled Eggs and Sherbet, FFRR, September 1999) Albums I Was Born a Man (Baby Bird Recordings, July 1995) "I'll just say that I Was Born A Man is the only record I've heard this year with lyrics worth remembering and music that's impossible to forget, because I'd rather you listen to it than me talking about it." – Melody Maker "...whatever ultra-naff low-fidelity keyboard tinklings he undertakes; he carries with him incredibly touching pieces like Dead Bird Sings that create, in the middle of this tank top of a record, an altogether different kind of sadness." – NME Bad Shave (Baby Bird Recordings, October 1995) "...unique, customised but never self-indulgent or irritatingly inaccessible. It's as off as it's beautiful, as rich as it's lo fi... imagine Ray Davies emerging, blinking and bearded, Howard Hughes like, after years in the darkness and you'll have some idea of the deeply, deeply English yet marvellously, utterly alien world of Baby Bird." – Melody Maker Fatherhood (Baby Bird Recordings, December 1995) "...a mixture of whimsy, egotism and madness with a good bit of talent stirred in...his puzzled world-view is unique. He fills the 20 tracks with strangenesses. Weirdly wonderful."– The Guardian "Fatherhood is another unpredictable and magical journey through the thoughts of <mask>, a man who is clearly in love with sweet melodies and the millions of ways you can fuck them up...you might find the whole experience as cigar-puffingly satisfying as becoming a dad." – The Independent The Happiest Man Alive (Baby Bird Recordings, April 1996) No. 127 "...an oblique sadist of spectacular talent. The Happiest Man Alive has an entire central nervous system of its own. It's a Frankenstein's monster of an album, gruesome and miraculous, stitched together from what would appear to be fragments of a dozen different psyches lodged inside one head." – Melody Maker Dying Happy (Baby Bird Recordings, November 1996) "Halfway between songs and instrumentals, some of the tracks on Dying Happy just don't work at all, but some of them are riveting." – The Times The Original Lo-Fi (Sanctuary Records, November 2002) "The five albums in question form a song-cycle tracking the life-cycle from birth to death.The sheer wealth and diversity of music crammed into this tiny box makes it an absolute bargain." – The Independent "The Original Lo-Fi should cement Baby Bird's reputation as one of the finest experimental pop artists of his time ... Written, performed, and produced as only <mask> is capable of, the songs compiled on The Original Lo-Fi are easily among the finest musical confections of a generation." – AllMusic Babybird discography Singles "Goodnight" (Echo Records, June 1996) No. 28 UK "You're Gorgeous" (Echo Records, September 1996) No. 3 UK "Candy Girl" (Echo Records, February 1997) No. 14 UK "Cornershop" (Echo Records, May 1997) No.37 UK "Bad Old Man" (Echo Records, April 1998) No. 31 UK "If You'll Be Mine" (Echo Records, July 1998) No. 28 UK "Back Together (remix)" (Echo Records, February 1999) No. 22 UK "The F-Word" (Echo Records, March 2000) No. 35 UK "Out of Sight" (Echo Records, May 2000) No. 58 UK "Getaway" / "Fireflies" (Animal Noise, September 2000) "Lighter N Spoon" (popup records Hamburg, April 2008) Compilation tracks "Bad Twin" (on The Avengers OST, Atlantic Records, August 1998) Albums Ugly Beautiful (Echo Records, October 1996) No. 9 There's Something Going On (Echo Records, August 1998) No.28 Bugged (Echo Records, June 2000) No. 104 Best of Babybird (Echo Records, February 2004) Between My Ears There's Nothing But Music (Echo Records, September 2006 and popup records Hamburg, February 2008) Ex-Maniac 2010 The Pleasures of Self Destruction (31 October 2011) Happy Stupid Nothing (7 March 2019) <mask> solo discography Singles "Good Disease" (with Aim, Grand Central Records, June 2002) "Friend" (Sanctuary Records, June 2003) Compilation tracks "We Make All the Flowers Grow" (with Luke Scott on Total Lee, a Tribute to Lee Hazlewood, City Slang Records, June 2002) Film score Blessed (Warner Bros, 2004) Albums <mask> 1985–2001 (Easy! Tiger Records, October 2001) "This isn't the best introduction to <mask>. Nonetheless, '1985–2001' is another interesting dispatch from the no-frills renaissance man." – NME Almost Cured of Sadness (Sanctuary Records, March 2003) "He was always an affecting songwriter as well as an extremely able band frontman, but it is these solo lo-fi tinkerings that really provide the keys to his soul. His latest LP is a delight, an effortless charmer on which the childlike sweetness of his voice perfectly serves 19 deceptively simple songs that together make a series of multi-textured gems." – The Times Plastic Tablets (Delf Music, September 2003) "This vast collection of poignant, evocative instrumental work – like soundtracks for imaginary movies – reminds you why there was so much fuss about him."– Daily Telegraph Albums as Black Reindeer Music For the Film That Never Got Made (October 2012) Real Life is Overrated (December 2012) A Difficult Third Album (February 2013) Due to a Lack of Excitement (March 2013) All Is Good (April 2013) The Ten Stages of Alcohol (June 2013) The End of Youth (July 2013) Death Is Stupid (September 2013) Death Is Stupid 2 (October 2013) <mask> fiction The Bad Book (IMP Fiction, London, March 2000) "Veering imperiously between maudlin monochrome and exuberant technicolor, he proves as adept with narrative and metaphor as he is with choruses and couplets." – The Times Travel Sickness (Die Gestalten Verlag, Berlin, September 2000) "...maximalism at its most memorable and unnerving. Find it." – I-D Magazine Harry and Ida Swop Teeth (IMP Fiction, London, April 2003) "Nightmarish and weird, but unsettlingly compelling" – BBC References External links September 2006 interview of "Babybird" (<mask>) by Jane Gazzo <mask> on Twitter Black Reindeer Twitter feed <mask>' official Bandcamp page 21st-century English novelists English male singers English pop musicians Britpop musicians Alumni of Nottingham Trent University 1962 births Living people People from Telford People from Shropshire English male novelists Countertenors 21st-century English male writers

Rony Jason

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<mask> (born March 21, 1984), better known as <mask>, is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist who competed in the Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional MMA competitor since 2006, Bezerra was also the Featherweight winner of Globo's The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. His nickname is based on Friday the 13th film character <mask>s; he wears the Voorhees mask on his walk to the Octagon. Background Born and raised in Brazil, Bezerra began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of 16, and was talented, winning various titles. Bezerra has also trained in kickboxing and judo. Bezerra attended law school before dropping out to further pursue a career in professional mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career Early career Bezerra made his professional MMA debut in 2006, where he fought Alessandro Cabeca in his professional debut, winning via second-round TKO.At only 2-0, Bezerra took a fight against another up-and-comer, and future UFC Interim Bantamweight Champion, Renan Barão. The fight was very closely contested and ended in a split decision loss for Bezerra. He won his next fight via submission before suffering his second loss to Joao Paulo Rodrigues de Souza. Bezerra bounced back from the loss with first round submission wins over future UFC fighter, Felipe Arantes and tough journeyman, Felipe Alves. On December 5, 2009 at the Platinum Fight Brazil 2 fight card, Bezerra fought future Bellator contender, Genair da Silva. He lost the fight via doctor stoppage after the end of round two. After the loss, Bezerra went on a five fight winning streak, where he claimed multiple titles for several promotions, and was named BloodyElbow.com's 2012 #1 Bantamweight prospect, despite never fighting in the division.The Ultimate Fighter In March 2012, it was revealed that Bezerra was selected to be a participant on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. Bezerra defeated Dileno Lopes via technical knockout in the first round to move into the Ultimate Fighter house, and become an official cast member. Bezerra was selected as the first overall pick by Wanderlei Silva, to be a part of Team Wanderlei. In the last quarterfinal fight, Bezerra was selected to fight his close friend and training partner Anistavio Meideiros. Bezerra won the fight via technical submission after applying an armbar to Meideiros, nearly breaking his arm which forced the referee to intervene and stop the fight. In the semi-final round, Bezerra was matched-up against Hugo Viana from Team Vitor. After three rounds, Bezerra was declared the winner via unanimous decision.The win moved him into the finals set to take place at UFC 147. Ultimate Fighting Championship Bezerra officially made his UFC debut at UFC 147 on June 23, 2012 against Godofredo Pepey to determine the Featherweight winner of The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Bezerra fought Sam Sicilia on October 13, 2012 at UFC 153. After a hard back-and-forth slug fest, Bezerra dropped Sicilia with a big right and finished with hammerfists to earn the second-round TKO stoppage. He won Knockout of the Night honors with his performance. Bezerra next faced The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes fighter Mike Wilkinson on June 8, 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV: Nogueira vs. Werdum.He won the fight via submission in the first round. Bezerra was expected to face Jeremy Stephens on October 9, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 29. However, Bezerra pulled out of the bout citing an injury (lumbar hernia). The bout eventually took place on November 9, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 32. Bezerra lost the fight via knockout in the first round. Bezerra faced Steven Siler on March 23, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 38. He won the fight via a controversial TKO stoppage in the first round.Siler was initially dropped by two punches from Bezerra. Siler, having his back on the mat, immediately threw an up-kick as soon as Bezerra proceeded to walk toward him. At the very same time the referee stepped in to stop the fight as a conscious Siler was attempting to defend himself. Bezerra faced Robbie Peralta on May 31, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale. He lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision. Bezerra was expected to face Tom Niinimäki on December 20, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 58. However, Bezerra pulled out of the bout on December 10 and was replaced by promotional newcomer Renato Moicano.Bezerra faced Damon Jackson on May 30, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 67. He won the fight via triangle choke submission in the first round. The victory also produced a Performance of the Night bonus. On June 18, 2015, it was announced that Bezerra tested positive for hydrochlorothiazide, which is a banned diuretic, therefore his submission victory was overturned and he received a nine-month suspension. The UFC rescinded <mask>'s $50,000 "Performance of the Night" award. Bezerra faced Dennis Bermudez on August 6, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 92. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.Bezerra faced Jeremy Kennedy on March 11, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 106. He lost the bout by unanimous decision. On October 10, 2017, Bezerra was released from UFC roster. Post-UFC career After being released from the UFC, Bezerra signed with Lux Fight League. He made his promotional debut against Diego Lopes at Lux 004 on March 15, 2019, losing the fight via unanimous decision. Bezerra made his sophomore appearance in the promotion against Edgar Díaz Guzman at Lux 005 on July 19, 2019. He won the fight via first-round knockout.Next Bezerra faced Alexander Grozin at RCC Intro 6 on November 16, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Controversies On November 9, 2013, after losing to Jeremy Stephens at UFC Fight Night 32: Belfort vs. Henderson, Bezerra punched a hole in a wall at the backstage where he required a dozen stitches and was suspended 30 days from Brazilian MMA Athletic Commission (CABMMA). In October 2017, two videos were released where Bezerra was seen yelling and striking his sister who was lying on the pavement with multiple bystanders attempting to restrain him.